diff --git a/TODO b/TODO
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..50b1494b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TODO
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+'-' in e.g. [[@en - @en-US]] is called "Minus". "Excl" would be better.
diff --git a/negativeSyntax/Dot-Minus-emptylanguageStem.shex b/negativeSyntax/Dot-Minus-emptylanguageStem.shex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4a33e6d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/negativeSyntax/Dot-Minus-emptylanguageStem.shex
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<http://a.example/S1> [. - @~]
diff --git a/negativeSyntax/emptylanguageStem-Minus-emptylanguageStem.shex b/negativeSyntax/emptylanguageStem-Minus-emptylanguageStem.shex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d7083e5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/negativeSyntax/emptylanguageStem-Minus-emptylanguageStem.shex
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<http://a.example/S1> [@~ - @~]
diff --git a/negativeSyntax/manifest.jsonld b/negativeSyntax/manifest.jsonld
index 23afc29f..7d3d83ce 100644
--- a/negativeSyntax/manifest.jsonld
+++ b/negativeSyntax/manifest.jsonld
@@ -487,6 +487,20 @@
           "status": "mf:proposed",
           "shex": "a.shex"
         },
+        {
+          "@id": "#Dot-Minus-emptylanguageStem",
+          "@type": "sht:NegativeSyntax",
+          "name": "Dot-Minus-emptylanguageStem",
+          "status": "mf:proposed",
+          "shex": "Dot-Minus-emptylanguageStem.shex"
+        },
+        {
+          "@id": "#emptylanguageStem-Minus-emptylanguageStem",
+          "@type": "sht:NegativeSyntax",
+          "name": "emptylanguageStem-Minus-emptylanguageStem",
+          "status": "mf:proposed",
+          "shex": "emptylanguageStem-Minus-emptylanguageStem.shex"
+        },
         {
           "@id": "#base-no-uri",
           "@type": "sht:NegativeSyntax",
diff --git a/negativeSyntax/manifest.ttl b/negativeSyntax/manifest.ttl
index 465c6870..aaa61fd9 100644
--- a/negativeSyntax/manifest.ttl
+++ b/negativeSyntax/manifest.ttl
@@ -76,6 +76,8 @@
     <#STRING_LITERAL_LONG2-ending-QUOTATION_MARK4>
     <#STRING_LITERAL_LONG2-unterminated>
     <#a>
+    <#Dot-Minus-emptylanguageStem>
+    <#emptylanguageStem-Minus-emptylanguageStem>
     <#base-no-uri>
     <#base-uri-dot>
     <#bnodedot>
@@ -520,6 +522,18 @@
   sx:shex <a.shex> ;
   .
 
+<#Dot-Minus-emptylanguageStem> a sht:NegativeSyntax ;
+  mf:name "Dot-Minus-emptylanguageStem" ;
+  mf:status mf:proposed ;
+  sx:shex <Dot-Minus-emptylanguageStem.shex> ;
+  .
+
+<#emptylanguageStem-Minus-emptylanguageStem> a sht:NegativeSyntax ;
+  mf:name "emptylanguageStem-Minus-emptylanguageStem" ;
+  mf:status mf:proposed ;
+  sx:shex <emptylanguageStem-Minus-emptylanguageStem.shex> ;
+  .
+
 <#base-no-uri> a sht:NegativeSyntax ;
   mf:name "base-no-uri" ;
   mf:status mf:proposed ;
diff --git a/schemas/1val1emptylanguageStem.json b/schemas/1val1emptylanguageStem.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa52d020
--- /dev/null
+++ b/schemas/1val1emptylanguageStem.json
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+{
+  "@context": "http://www.w3.org/ns/shex.jsonld",
+  "type": "Schema",
+  "shapes": [
+    {
+      "id": "http://a.example/S1",
+      "type": "Shape",
+      "expression": {
+        "type": "TripleConstraint",
+        "predicate": "http://a.example/p1",
+        "valueExpr": {
+          "type": "NodeConstraint",
+          "values": [
+            {
+              "type": "LanguageStem",
+              "stem": ""
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/schemas/1val1emptylanguageStem.shex b/schemas/1val1emptylanguageStem.shex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e32ed09e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/schemas/1val1emptylanguageStem.shex
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+<http://a.example/S1> {
+   <http://a.example/p1> [@~]
+}
diff --git a/schemas/1val1emptylanguageStem.ttl b/schemas/1val1emptylanguageStem.ttl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a4711c95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/schemas/1val1emptylanguageStem.ttl
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+PREFIX ex: <http://a.example>
+PREFIX sx: <http://www.w3.org/ns/shex#>
+PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
+
+[] a sx:Schema ;
+    sx:shapes <http://a.example/S1> .
+
+<http://a.example/S1> a sx:Shape ;
+    sx:expression [ a sx:TripleConstraint ;
+            sx:predicate <http://a.example/p1> ;
+            sx:valueExpr [ a sx:NodeConstraint ;
+                    sx:values ( [ a sx:LanguageStem ;
+                                sx:stem "" ] ) ] ] .
+
diff --git a/schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3.json b/schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..db24a526
--- /dev/null
+++ b/schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3.json
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+{
+  "@context": "http://www.w3.org/ns/shex.jsonld",
+  "type": "Schema",
+  "shapes": [
+    {
+      "id": "http://a.example/S1",
+      "type": "Shape",
+      "expression": {
+        "type": "TripleConstraint",
+        "predicate": "http://a.example/p1",
+        "valueExpr": {
+          "type": "NodeConstraint",
+          "values": [
+            {
+              "type": "LanguageStemRange",
+              "stem": "",
+              "exclusions": [
+                "fr-be",
+                "fr-cd",
+                "fr-ch"
+              ]
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3.shex b/schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3.shex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0df883d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3.shex
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<http://a.example/S1> {
+   <http://a.example/p1> [@~
+                          - @fr-be
+                          - @fr-cd
+                          - @fr-ch]
+}
diff --git a/schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3.ttl b/schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3.ttl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b2bc38e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3.ttl
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+PREFIX ex: <http://a.example>
+PREFIX sx: <http://www.w3.org/ns/shex#>
+PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
+
+[] a sx:Schema ;
+    sx:shapes <http://a.example/S1> .
+
+<http://a.example/S1> a sx:Shape ;
+    sx:expression [ a sx:TripleConstraint ;
+            sx:predicate <http://a.example/p1> ;
+            sx:valueExpr [ a sx:NodeConstraint ;
+                    sx:values ( [ a sx:LanguageStemRange ;
+                                sx:exclusion ("fr-be"
+                                    "fr-cd"
+                                    "fr-ch") ;
+                                sx:stem "" ] ) ] ] .
+
diff --git a/schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3.json b/schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e8c96547
--- /dev/null
+++ b/schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3.json
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+{
+  "@context": "http://www.w3.org/ns/shex.jsonld",
+  "type": "Schema",
+  "shapes": [
+    {
+      "id": "http://a.example/S1",
+      "type": "Shape",
+      "expression": {
+        "type": "TripleConstraint",
+        "predicate": "http://a.example/p1",
+        "valueExpr": {
+          "type": "NodeConstraint",
+          "values": [
+            {
+              "type": "LanguageStemRange",
+              "stem": "",
+              "exclusions": [
+                {
+                  "type": "LanguageStem",
+                  "stem": "fr-be"
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "LanguageStem",
+                  "stem": "fr-cd"
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "LanguageStem",
+                  "stem": "fr-ch"
+                }
+              ]
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3.shex b/schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3.shex
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d2f78e87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3.shex
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<http://a.example/S1> {
+   <http://a.example/p1> [@~
+                          - @fr-be~
+                          - @fr-cd~
+                          - @fr-ch~]
+}
diff --git a/schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3.ttl b/schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3.ttl
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6e164bd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3.ttl
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+PREFIX ex: <http://a.example>
+PREFIX sx: <http://www.w3.org/ns/shex#>
+PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
+
+[] a sx:Schema ;
+    sx:shapes <http://a.example/S1> .
+
+<http://a.example/S1> a sx:Shape ;
+    sx:expression [ a sx:TripleConstraint ;
+            sx:predicate <http://a.example/p1> ;
+            sx:valueExpr [ a sx:NodeConstraint ;
+                    sx:values ( [ a sx:LanguageStemRange ;
+                                sx:exclusion ([ a sx:LanguageStem ;
+                                        sx:stem "fr-be" ]
+                                    [ a sx:LanguageStem ;
+                                        sx:stem "fr-cd" ]
+                                    [ a sx:LanguageStem ;
+                                        sx:stem "fr-ch" ]) ;
+                                sx:stem "" ] ) ] ] .
+
diff --git a/schemas/manifest.jsonld b/schemas/manifest.jsonld
index d5fd7bb4..26d3630f 100644
--- a/schemas/manifest.jsonld
+++ b/schemas/manifest.jsonld
@@ -1838,6 +1838,33 @@
           "json": "1val1language.json",
           "ttl": "1val1language.ttl"
         },
+        {
+          "@id": "#1val1emptylanguageStem",
+          "@type": "sht:RepresentationTest",
+          "name": "1val1emptylanguageStem",
+          "status": "mf:proposed",
+          "shex": "1val1emptylanguageStem.shex",
+          "json": "1val1emptylanguageStem.json",
+          "ttl": "1val1emptylanguageStem.ttl"
+        },
+        {
+          "@id": "#1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3",
+          "@type": "sht:RepresentationTest",
+          "name": "1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3",
+          "status": "mf:proposed",
+          "shex": "1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3.shex",
+          "json": "1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3.json",
+          "ttl": "1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3.ttl"
+        },
+        {
+          "@id": "#1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3",
+          "@type": "sht:RepresentationTest",
+          "name": "1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3",
+          "status": "mf:proposed",
+          "shex": "1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3.shex",
+          "json": "1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3.json",
+          "ttl": "1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3.ttl"
+        },
         {
           "@id": "#1val1languageStem",
           "@type": "sht:RepresentationTest",
diff --git a/schemas/manifest.ttl b/schemas/manifest.ttl
index f4266bbe..02c04892 100644
--- a/schemas/manifest.ttl
+++ b/schemas/manifest.ttl
@@ -212,6 +212,9 @@
         <#1val1dotMinuslanguage3>
         <#1val1dotMinuslanguageStem3>
         <#1val1language>
+        <#1val1emptylanguageStem>
+        <#1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3>
+        <#1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3>
         <#1val1languageStem>
         <#1val1languageStemMinuslanguage3>
         <#1val1languageStemMinuslanguageStem3>
@@ -2117,6 +2120,30 @@
     sx:ttl <1val1language.ttl> ;
     .
 
+<#1val1emptylanguageStem> a sht:RepresentationTest ;
+    mf:name "1val1emptylanguageStem" ;
+    mf:status mf:proposed ;
+    sx:shex <1val1emptylanguageStem.shex> ;
+    sx:json <1val1emptylanguageStem.json> ;
+    sx:ttl <1val1emptylanguageStem.ttl> ;
+    .
+
+<#1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3> a sht:RepresentationTest ;
+    mf:name "1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3" ;
+    mf:status mf:proposed ;
+    sx:shex <1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3.shex> ;
+    sx:json <1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3.json> ;
+    sx:ttl <1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3.ttl> ;
+    .
+
+<#1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3> a sht:RepresentationTest ;
+    mf:name "1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3" ;
+    mf:status mf:proposed ;
+    sx:shex <1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3.shex> ;
+    sx:json <1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3.json> ;
+    sx:ttl <1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3.ttl> ;
+    .
+
 <#1val1languageStem> a sht:RepresentationTest ;
     mf:name "1val1languageStem" ;
     mf:status mf:proposed ;
diff --git a/validation/manifest.jsonld b/validation/manifest.jsonld
index 64269c70..82f51ef0 100644
--- a/validation/manifest.jsonld
+++ b/validation/manifest.jsonld
@@ -12358,6 +12358,204 @@
           "comment": "<S> { <p1> [@fr] } on { <s1> <p1> 'septante'@fr-be }",
           "status": "mf:proposed"
         },
+        {
+          "@id": "#1val1emptylanguageStem_passLAtfr",
+          "@type": "sht:ValidationTest",
+          "action": {
+            "schema": "../schemas/1val1emptylanguageStem.shex",
+            "shape": "http://a.example/S1",
+            "data": "Is1_Ip1_LAtfr.ttl",
+            "focus": "http://a.example/s1"
+          },
+          "extensionResults": [],
+          "name": "1val1emptylanguageStem_passLAtfr",
+          "trait": [
+            "Stem",
+            "ValueSet"
+          ],
+          "comment": "<S> { <p1> [@~] } on { <s1> <p1> 'septante'@fr }",
+          "status": "mf:proposed"
+        },
+        {
+          "@id": "#1val1emptylanguageStem_fail-literal",
+          "@type": "sht:ValidationFailure",
+          "action": {
+            "schema": "../schemas/1val1emptylanguageStem.shex",
+            "shape": "http://a.example/S1",
+            "data": "Is1_Ip1_Lab.ttl",
+            "focus": "http://a.example/s1"
+          },
+          "extensionResults": [],
+          "name": "1val1emptylanguageStem_fail-literal",
+          "trait": [
+            "Stem",
+            "ValueSet"
+          ],
+          "comment": "<S> { <p1> [@~] } on { <s1> <p1> '' }",
+          "status": "mf:proposed"
+        },
+        {
+          "@id": "#1val1emptylanguageStem_fail-empty",
+          "@type": "sht:ValidationFailure",
+          "action": {
+            "schema": "../schemas/1val1emptylanguageStem.shex",
+            "shape": "http://a.example/S1",
+            "data": "Is1_Ip1_L.ttl",
+            "focus": "http://a.example/s1"
+          },
+          "extensionResults": [],
+          "name": "1val1emptylanguageStem_fail-empty",
+          "trait": [
+            "Stem",
+            "ValueSet"
+          ],
+          "comment": "<S> { <p1> [@~] } on { <s1> <p1> '' }",
+          "status": "mf:proposed"
+        },
+        {
+          "@id": "#1val1emptylanguageStem_fail-integer",
+          "@type": "sht:ValidationFailure",
+          "action": {
+            "schema": "../schemas/1val1emptylanguageStem.shex",
+            "shape": "http://a.example/S1",
+            "data": "Is1_Ip1_INT12345.ttl",
+            "focus": "http://a.example/s1"
+          },
+          "extensionResults": [],
+          "name": "1val1emptylanguageStem_fail-integer",
+          "trait": [
+            "Stem",
+            "ValueSet"
+          ],
+          "comment": "<S> { <p1> [@~] } on { <s1> <p1> 12345 }",
+          "status": "mf:proposed"
+        },
+        {
+          "@id": "#1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3_passLAtfr",
+          "@type": "sht:ValidationTest",
+          "action": {
+            "schema": "../schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3.shex",
+            "shape": "http://a.example/S1",
+            "data": "Is1_Ip1_LAtfr.ttl",
+            "focus": "http://a.example/s1"
+          },
+          "extensionResults": [],
+          "name": "1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3_passLAtfr",
+          "trait": [
+            "Stem",
+            "ValueSet"
+          ],
+          "comment": "<S> { <p1> [@~-@fr-be-@fr-cd-@fr-ch] } on { <s1> <p1> 'septante'@fr }",
+          "status": "mf:proposed"
+        },
+        {
+          "@id": "#1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3_failLAtfr-be",
+          "@type": "sht:ValidationFailure",
+          "action": {
+            "schema": "../schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3.shex",
+            "shape": "http://a.example/S1",
+            "data": "Is1_Ip1_LAtfr-be.ttl",
+            "focus": "http://a.example/s1"
+          },
+          "extensionResults": [],
+          "name": "1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3_failLAtfr-be",
+          "trait": [
+            "Stem",
+            "ValueSet"
+          ],
+          "comment": "<S> { <p1> [@~-@fr-be-@fr-cd-@fr-ch] } on { <s1> <p1> 'septante'@fr-be }",
+          "status": "mf:proposed"
+        },
+        {
+          "@id": "#1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3_passLAtfr-be-fbcl",
+          "@type": "sht:ValidationTest",
+          "action": {
+            "schema": "../schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3.shex",
+            "shape": "http://a.example/S1",
+            "data": "Is1_Ip1_LAtfr-be-fbcl.ttl",
+            "focus": "http://a.example/s1"
+          },
+          "extensionResults": [],
+          "name": "1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3_passLAtfr-be-fbcl",
+          "trait": [
+            "Stem",
+            "ValueSet"
+          ],
+          "comment": "<S> { <p1> [@~-@fr-be-@fr-cd-@fr-ch] } on { <s1> <p1> 'septante'@fr-be-fbcl }",
+          "status": "mf:proposed"
+        },
+        {
+          "@id": "#1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3_LAtfr",
+          "@type": "sht:ValidationTest",
+          "action": {
+            "schema": "../schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3.shex",
+            "shape": "http://a.example/S1",
+            "data": "Is1_Ip1_LAtfr.ttl",
+            "focus": "http://a.example/s1"
+          },
+          "extensionResults": [],
+          "name": "1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3_LAtfr",
+          "trait": [
+            "Stem",
+            "ValueSet"
+          ],
+          "comment": "<S> { <p1> [@~-@fr-be~-@fr-cd~-@fr-ch~] } on { <s1> <p1> 'septante'@fr }",
+          "status": "mf:proposed"
+        },
+        {
+          "@id": "#1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3_failLAtfr-be",
+          "@type": "sht:ValidationFailure",
+          "action": {
+            "schema": "../schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3.shex",
+            "shape": "http://a.example/S1",
+            "data": "Is1_Ip1_LAtfr-be.ttl",
+            "focus": "http://a.example/s1"
+          },
+          "extensionResults": [],
+          "name": "1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3_failLAtfr-be",
+          "trait": [
+            "Stem",
+            "ValueSet"
+          ],
+          "comment": "<S> { <p1> [@~-@fr-be~-@fr-cd~-@fr-ch~] } on { <s1> <p1> 'septante'@fr-be }",
+          "status": "mf:proposed"
+        },
+        {
+          "@id": "#1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3_LAtfr-be-fbcl",
+          "@type": "sht:ValidationFailure",
+          "action": {
+            "schema": "../schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3.shex",
+            "shape": "http://a.example/S1",
+            "data": "Is1_Ip1_LAtfr-be-fbcl.ttl",
+            "focus": "http://a.example/s1"
+          },
+          "extensionResults": [],
+          "name": "1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3_LAtfr-be-fbcl",
+          "trait": [
+            "Stem",
+            "ValueSet"
+          ],
+          "comment": "<S> { <p1> [@~-@fr-be~-@fr-cd~-@fr-ch~] } on { <s1> <p1> 'septante'@fr-be-fbcl }",
+          "status": "mf:proposed"
+        },
+        {
+          "@id": "#1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3_LAtfrc",
+          "@type": "sht:ValidationTest",
+          "action": {
+            "schema": "../schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3.shex",
+            "shape": "http://a.example/S1",
+            "data": "Is1_Ip1_LAtfrc.ttl",
+            "focus": "http://a.example/s1"
+          },
+          "extensionResults": [],
+          "name": "1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3_LAtfrc",
+          "trait": [
+            "Stem",
+            "ValueSet"
+          ],
+          "comment": "<S> { <p1> [@~-@fr-be~-@fr-cd~-@fr-ch~] } on { <s1> <p1> 'septante'@frc }",
+          "status": "mf:proposed"
+        },
         {
           "@id": "#1val1languageStem_passLAtfr",
           "@type": "sht:ValidationTest",
diff --git a/validation/manifest.ttl b/validation/manifest.ttl
index d522b13a..7541f314 100644
--- a/validation/manifest.ttl
+++ b/validation/manifest.ttl
@@ -811,6 +811,17 @@
         <#1val1literalStemMinusliteralStem3_v1a>
         <#1val1language_passLAtfr>
         <#1val1language_failLAtfr-be>
+        <#1val1emptylanguageStem_passLAtfr>
+        <#1val1emptylanguageStem_fail-literal>
+        <#1val1emptylanguageStem_fail-empty>
+        <#1val1emptylanguageStem_fail-integer>
+        <#1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3_passLAtfr>
+        <#1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3_failLAtfr-be>
+        <#1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3_passLAtfr-be-fbcl>
+        <#1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3_LAtfr>
+        <#1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3_failLAtfr-be>
+        <#1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3_LAtfr-be-fbcl>
+        <#1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3_LAtfrc>
         <#1val1languageStem_passLAtfr>
         <#1val1languageStem_failLAtfrc>
         <#1val1languageStem_passLAtfr-be>
@@ -11039,6 +11050,149 @@
     ]
     .
 
+<#1val1emptylanguageStem_passLAtfr> a sht:ValidationTest ;
+    mf:name "1val1emptylanguageStem_passLAtfr" ;
+    sht:trait sht:ValueSet , sht:Stem ;
+    rdfs:comment "<S> { <p1> [@~] } on { <s1> <p1> 'septante'@fr }" ;
+    mf:status mf:proposed ;
+    mf:action [
+      sht:schema <../schemas/1val1emptylanguageStem.shex> ;
+      sht:shape <http://a.example/S1> ;
+      sht:data <Is1_Ip1_LAtfr.ttl> ;
+      sht:focus <http://a.example/s1>
+    ]
+    .
+
+<#1val1emptylanguageStem_fail-literal> a sht:ValidationFailure ;
+    mf:name "1val1emptylanguageStem_fail-literal" ;
+    sht:trait sht:ValueSet , sht:Stem ;
+    rdfs:comment "<S> { <p1> [@~] } on { <s1> <p1> '' }" ;
+    mf:status mf:proposed ;
+    mf:action [
+      sht:schema <../schemas/1val1emptylanguageStem.shex> ;
+      sht:shape <http://a.example/S1> ;
+      sht:data <Is1_Ip1_Lab.ttl> ;
+      sht:focus <http://a.example/s1>
+    ] ;
+    .
+
+<#1val1emptylanguageStem_fail-empty> a sht:ValidationFailure ;
+    mf:name "1val1emptylanguageStem_fail-empty" ;
+    sht:trait sht:ValueSet , sht:Stem ;
+    rdfs:comment "<S> { <p1> [@~] } on { <s1> <p1> '' }" ;
+    mf:status mf:proposed ;
+    mf:action [
+      sht:schema <../schemas/1val1emptylanguageStem.shex> ;
+      sht:shape <http://a.example/S1> ;
+      sht:data <Is1_Ip1_L.ttl> ;
+      sht:focus <http://a.example/s1>
+    ] ;
+    .
+
+<#1val1emptylanguageStem_fail-integer> a sht:ValidationFailure ;
+    mf:name "1val1emptylanguageStem_fail-integer" ;
+    sht:trait sht:ValueSet , sht:Stem ;
+    rdfs:comment "<S> { <p1> [@~] } on { <s1> <p1> 12345 }" ;
+    mf:status mf:proposed ;
+    mf:action [
+      sht:schema <../schemas/1val1emptylanguageStem.shex> ;
+      sht:shape <http://a.example/S1> ;
+      sht:data <Is1_Ip1_INT12345.ttl> ;
+      sht:focus <http://a.example/s1>
+    ] ;
+    .
+
+<#1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3_passLAtfr> a sht:ValidationTest ;
+    mf:name "1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3_passLAtfr" ;
+    sht:trait sht:ValueSet , sht:Stem ;
+    rdfs:comment "<S> { <p1> [@~-@fr-be-@fr-cd-@fr-ch] } on { <s1> <p1> 'septante'@fr }" ;
+    mf:status mf:proposed ;
+    mf:action [
+      sht:schema <../schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3.shex> ;
+      sht:shape <http://a.example/S1> ;
+      sht:data <Is1_Ip1_LAtfr.ttl> ;
+      sht:focus <http://a.example/s1>
+    ]
+    .
+
+<#1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3_failLAtfr-be> a sht:ValidationFailure ;
+    mf:name "1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3_failLAtfr-be" ;
+    sht:trait sht:ValueSet , sht:Stem ;
+    rdfs:comment "<S> { <p1> [@~-@fr-be-@fr-cd-@fr-ch] } on { <s1> <p1> 'septante'@fr-be }" ;
+    mf:status mf:proposed ;
+    mf:action [
+      sht:schema <../schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3.shex> ;
+      sht:shape <http://a.example/S1> ;
+      sht:data <Is1_Ip1_LAtfr-be.ttl> ;
+      sht:focus <http://a.example/s1>
+    ] ;
+    .
+
+<#1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3_passLAtfr-be-fbcl> a sht:ValidationTest ;
+    mf:name "1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3_passLAtfr-be-fbcl" ;
+    sht:trait sht:ValueSet , sht:Stem ;
+    rdfs:comment "<S> { <p1> [@~-@fr-be-@fr-cd-@fr-ch] } on { <s1> <p1> 'septante'@fr-be-fbcl }" ;
+    mf:status mf:proposed ;
+    mf:action [
+      sht:schema <../schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguage3.shex> ;
+      sht:shape <http://a.example/S1> ;
+      sht:data <Is1_Ip1_LAtfr-be-fbcl.ttl> ;
+      sht:focus <http://a.example/s1>
+    ]
+    .
+
+<#1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3_LAtfr> a sht:ValidationTest ;
+    mf:name "1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3_LAtfr" ;
+    sht:trait sht:ValueSet , sht:Stem ;
+    rdfs:comment "<S> { <p1> [@~-@fr-be~-@fr-cd~-@fr-ch~] } on { <s1> <p1> 'septante'@fr }" ;
+    mf:status mf:proposed ;
+    mf:action [
+      sht:schema <../schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3.shex> ;
+      sht:shape <http://a.example/S1> ;
+      sht:data <Is1_Ip1_LAtfr.ttl> ;
+      sht:focus <http://a.example/s1>
+    ]
+    .
+
+<#1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3_LAtfrc> a sht:ValidationTest ;
+    mf:name "1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3_LAtfrc" ;
+    sht:trait sht:ValueSet , sht:Stem ;
+    rdfs:comment "<S> { <p1> [@~-@fr-be~-@fr-cd~-@fr-ch~] } on { <s1> <p1> 'septante'@frc }" ;
+    mf:status mf:proposed ;
+    mf:action [
+      sht:schema <../schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3.shex> ;
+      sht:shape <http://a.example/S1> ;
+      sht:data <Is1_Ip1_LAtfrc.ttl> ;
+      sht:focus <http://a.example/s1>
+    ]
+    .
+
+<#1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3_failLAtfr-be> a sht:ValidationFailure ;
+    mf:name "1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3_failLAtfr-be" ;
+    sht:trait sht:ValueSet , sht:Stem ;
+    rdfs:comment "<S> { <p1> [@~-@fr-be~-@fr-cd~-@fr-ch~] } on { <s1> <p1> 'septante'@fr-be }" ;
+    mf:status mf:proposed ;
+    mf:action [
+      sht:schema <../schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3.shex> ;
+      sht:shape <http://a.example/S1> ;
+      sht:data <Is1_Ip1_LAtfr-be.ttl> ;
+      sht:focus <http://a.example/s1>
+    ]
+    .
+
+<#1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3_LAtfr-be-fbcl> a sht:ValidationFailure ;
+    mf:name "1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3_LAtfr-be-fbcl" ;
+    sht:trait sht:ValueSet , sht:Stem ;
+    rdfs:comment "<S> { <p1> [@~-@fr-be~-@fr-cd~-@fr-ch~] } on { <s1> <p1> 'septante'@fr-be-fbcl }" ;
+    mf:status mf:proposed ;
+    mf:action [
+      sht:schema <../schemas/1val1emptylanguageStemMinuslanguageStem3.shex> ;
+      sht:shape <http://a.example/S1> ;
+      sht:data <Is1_Ip1_LAtfr-be-fbcl.ttl> ;
+      sht:focus <http://a.example/s1>
+    ] ;
+    .
+
 <#1val1languageStem_passLAtfr> a sht:ValidationTest ;
     mf:name "1val1languageStem_passLAtfr" ;
     sht:trait sht:ValueSet , sht:Stem ;