diff --git a/lib/holidays/definition/repository/proc_result_cache.rb b/lib/holidays/definition/repository/proc_result_cache.rb
index 8b3b465e..6f35a8db 100644
--- a/lib/holidays/definition/repository/proc_result_cache.rb
+++ b/lib/holidays/definition/repository/proc_result_cache.rb
@@ -43,7 +43,10 @@ def validate!(function, function_arguments)
         end
 
         def build_proc_key(function, function_arguments)
-          Digest::MD5.hexdigest("#{function.to_s}_#{function_arguments.join('_')}")
+          args_string = function_arguments.map { |arg|
+            arg.is_a?(Date) ? arg.iso8601 : arg.to_s
+          }.join("_")
+          Digest::MD5.hexdigest("#{function.to_s}_#{args_string}")
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/test/holidays/definition/repository/test_proc_result_cache.rb b/test/holidays/definition/repository/test_proc_result_cache.rb
index 6bedaab3..78f4a9d3 100644
--- a/test/holidays/definition/repository/test_proc_result_cache.rb
+++ b/test/holidays/definition/repository/test_proc_result_cache.rb
@@ -68,6 +68,21 @@ def test_accepts_mix_of_integers_and_dates_for_multiple_function_arguments
     assert_equal(Date.civil(2016, 1, 6), @subject.lookup(function, date, modifier))
   end
 
+  def test_build_proc_key_uses_iso8601_for_date_arguments
+    # This test ensures Date arguments are formatted using iso8601 rather than
+    # implicit to_s, which avoids Ruby 3.1+ deprecation warnings about
+    # Date#to_s without a format argument.
+    function = lambda { |date| date + 1 }
+    date = Date.civil(2016, 1, 15)
+
+    # Call lookup twice with the same date - should hit the cache
+    result1 = @subject.lookup(function, date)
+    result2 = @subject.lookup(function, date)
+
+    assert_equal(result1, result2)
+    assert_equal(Date.civil(2016, 1, 16), result1)
+  end
+
   def test_lookup_raises_error_if_function_argument_is_not_valid
     function = lambda { |year| Date.civil(year, 2, 1) - 1 }
     function_argument = "2015"