From f6bd96b3688923377dd9050e2b271a7c288a54fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Waleed Latif <walif6@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Jul 2026 15:54:43 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1/6] fix(mcp): replace single-IP pinning with
 validate-at-connect SSRF guard

Swaps the MCP transport + OAuth guard from pin-one-resolved-IP to the standard
pattern (LibreChat getSSRFConnect): DNS resolves normally and EVERY socket
connect filters the resolved addresses against the private/reserved blocklist,
closing the validate-then-trust window a rebind could race and removing the
non-standard mechanism implicated in the headers-then-no-body stalls (no
reference MCP client pins IPs; a pinned attempt welded to a bad flow cannot
escape, while retries rotate via resolver round-robin and succeed).

Adversarially reviewed before shipping; both findings closed here:
- Redirects are now followed manually with per-hop validation: an IP-literal
  redirect target (which bypasses ANY connect-time lookup - Node skips the
  custom lookup for numeric hosts) is checked explicitly, closing a metadata-
  endpoint redirect hole the old pin also had.
- Custom request headers are dropped on cross-origin hops, so a redirect to a
  second attacker host cannot harvest configured auth headers.

Policy gating unchanged: the guard activates exactly where the pin did
(validateMcpServerSsrf non-null; allowlist mode / localhost-on-self-hosted stay
unguarded). Non-MCP consumers of the pinned fetch are untouched. 397 tests
incl. new rebinding, mixed-answer, IP-literal-redirect, and hop-cap coverage.
---
 .../core/security/input-validation.server.ts  | 135 ++++++++++++-
 .../core/security/ssrf-guarded-lookup.test.ts | 185 ++++++++++++++++++
 apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.test.ts               |   2 +-
 apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.ts                    |  16 +-
 apps/sim/lib/mcp/oauth/revoke.test.ts         |   2 +-
 apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.test.ts         |  53 +++--
 apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.ts              |  40 ++--
 7 files changed, 374 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 apps/sim/lib/core/security/ssrf-guarded-lookup.test.ts

diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/core/security/input-validation.server.ts b/apps/sim/lib/core/security/input-validation.server.ts
index f8532021313..54b898bad49 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/core/security/input-validation.server.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/core/security/input-validation.server.ts
@@ -105,10 +105,7 @@ export async function validateUrlWithDNS(
   }
 
   try {
-    // Prefer IPv4: pinning strips Happy Eyeballs' fallback, and a pinned IPv6 address hangs
-    // on IPv4-only egress (e.g. AWS NAT gateways). See validateMcpServerSsrf.
-    const resolved = await dns.lookup(cleanHostname, { all: true, verbatim: true })
-    const { address } = resolved.find((entry) => entry.family === 4) ?? resolved[0]
+    const { address } = await dns.lookup(cleanHostname, { verbatim: true })
 
     const resolvedIsLoopback =
       ipaddr.isValid(address) &&
@@ -422,6 +419,136 @@ export function createPinnedLookup(resolvedIP: string): LookupFunction {
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * DNS lookup that resolves normally and validates EVERY resolved address against
+ * the SSRF policy at socket-connect time (the LibreChat `getSSRFConnect` pattern).
+ * Private/reserved/loopback records are filtered out; if nothing publicly routable
+ * remains the connect fails. Because the check runs on each dial — including
+ * redirects and reconnects — there is no validated-then-trusted window for a DNS
+ * rebind to slip through, and unlike single-IP pinning the connector keeps the
+ * full public address set, so the OS/undici can fall back across addresses.
+ * IPv4 is ordered first (`verbatim: false`) — our egress is IPv4-only.
+ */
+export function createSsrfGuardedLookup(): LookupFunction {
+  return (hostname, options, callback) => {
+    dns
+      .lookup(hostname, { all: true, verbatim: false })
+      .then((addresses) => {
+        const usable = addresses.filter((entry) => !isPrivateOrReservedIP(entry.address))
+        if (usable.length === 0) {
+          callback(
+            new Error(`Blocked by SSRF policy: ${hostname} has no publicly routable address`),
+            '',
+            4
+          )
+          return
+        }
+        if (options.all) callback(null, usable)
+        else callback(null, usable[0].address, usable[0].family)
+      })
+      .catch((error) => callback(toError(error), '', 4))
+  }
+}
+
+const MAX_GUARDED_REDIRECTS = 5
+
+/**
+ * Rejects a redirect hop whose target is a private/reserved IP LITERAL. Node's
+ * `net.connect` bypasses the custom `lookup` for numeric hosts (`isIP(host)`
+ * short-circuits), so the connect-time guard never sees IP-literal dials —
+ * a 3xx to `http://169.254.169.254/` would otherwise connect directly. Hostname
+ * targets are covered by {@link createSsrfGuardedLookup} at connect time.
+ */
+function assertGuardedRedirectTarget(url: URL): void {
+  if (url.protocol !== 'http:' && url.protocol !== 'https:') {
+    throw new Error(`Blocked by SSRF policy: redirect to unsupported protocol ${url.protocol}`)
+  }
+  const host =
+    url.hostname.startsWith('[') && url.hostname.endsWith(']')
+      ? url.hostname.slice(1, -1)
+      : url.hostname
+  if (ipaddr.isValid(host) && isPrivateOrReservedIP(host)) {
+    throw new Error('Blocked by SSRF policy: redirect to a private or reserved address')
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Manual, revalidating redirect follower used by the guarded fetch. Auto-follow
+ * is unsafe here on two counts the connect-time lookup cannot cover: IP-literal
+ * redirect targets bypass the lookup entirely (validated per hop instead), and
+ * undici retains CUSTOM request headers across cross-origin redirects (it strips
+ * only Authorization/Cookie) — so caller headers are dropped on any cross-origin
+ * hop. Exported for tests.
+ */
+export async function followRedirectsGuarded(
+  rawFetch: (url: string, init: UndiciRequestInit) => Promise<Response>,
+  input: string,
+  init: UndiciRequestInit
+): Promise<Response> {
+  let currentUrl = new URL(input)
+  let method = (init.method ?? 'GET').toUpperCase()
+  let body = init.body
+  let headers = init.headers
+  for (let hop = 0; ; hop++) {
+    const response = await rawFetch(currentUrl.href, {
+      ...init,
+      method,
+      body,
+      headers,
+      redirect: 'manual',
+    })
+    const status = response.status
+    const location = response.headers.get('location')
+    if (![301, 302, 303, 307, 308].includes(status) || !location) return response
+    if (hop >= MAX_GUARDED_REDIRECTS) {
+      throw new Error(`Blocked by SSRF policy: more than ${MAX_GUARDED_REDIRECTS} redirects`)
+    }
+    const nextUrl = new URL(location, currentUrl)
+    assertGuardedRedirectTarget(nextUrl)
+    await response.body?.cancel().catch(() => {})
+    // Per the fetch spec: 303 (and 301/302 on POST) switch to a bodyless GET.
+    if (status === 303 || ((status === 301 || status === 302) && method === 'POST')) {
+      method = 'GET'
+      body = undefined
+    }
+    if (nextUrl.origin !== currentUrl.origin) headers = undefined
+    currentUrl = nextUrl
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * SSRF-guarded `fetch` + its `Agent` for outbound requests to user-controlled
+ * hosts: DNS resolves normally, and every socket connect validates the chosen
+ * addresses via {@link createSsrfGuardedLookup}; redirects are followed manually
+ * with per-hop validation (see {@link followRedirectsGuarded}) so IP-literal
+ * targets can't bypass the lookup and custom headers never cross origins. See
+ * {@link createPinnedFetchWithDispatcher} for the `maxResponseSize` semantics.
+ */
+export function createSsrfGuardedFetchWithDispatcher(options?: { maxResponseSize?: number }): {
+  fetch: typeof fetch
+  dispatcher: Agent
+} {
+  const dispatcher = new Agent({
+    allowH2: false,
+    connect: { lookup: createSsrfGuardedLookup() },
+    ...(options?.maxResponseSize !== undefined ? { maxResponseSize: options.maxResponseSize } : {}),
+  })
+
+  const rawFetch = async (url: string, init: UndiciRequestInit): Promise<Response> => {
+    const response = await undiciFetch(url, { ...init, dispatcher })
+    // double-cast-allowed: undici Response and DOM Response are structurally compatible at runtime
+    return response as unknown as Response
+  }
+
+  const guarded = async (input: RequestInfo | URL, init?: RequestInit): Promise<Response> => {
+    const target = typeof input === 'string' ? input : input instanceof URL ? input.href : input.url
+    // double-cast-allowed: DOM RequestInit and undici RequestInit are structurally compatible at runtime but the TS types differ
+    return followRedirectsGuarded(rawFetch, target, (init ?? {}) as unknown as UndiciRequestInit)
+  }
+
+  return { fetch: guarded, dispatcher }
+}
+
 /**
  * Builds a standard `fetch`-compatible function that pins every outbound
  * connection to `resolvedIP`, preventing DNS-rebinding (TOCTOU) between URL
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/core/security/ssrf-guarded-lookup.test.ts b/apps/sim/lib/core/security/ssrf-guarded-lookup.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..69aa4aedc4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/core/security/ssrf-guarded-lookup.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+/**
+ * @vitest-environment node
+ */
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+const { mockDnsLookup } = vi.hoisted(() => ({ mockDnsLookup: vi.fn() }))
+
+vi.mock('dns/promises', () => ({ default: { lookup: mockDnsLookup } }))
+
+import { createSsrfGuardedLookup } from '@/lib/core/security/input-validation.server'
+
+type LookupResult = { address: string; family: number }
+
+function runLookup(
+  hostname: string,
+  options: { all?: boolean } = {}
+): Promise<{ err: Error | null; address?: string | LookupResult[]; family?: number }> {
+  return new Promise((resolve) => {
+    const lookup = createSsrfGuardedLookup()
+    type LookupCb = (err: Error | null, address?: string | LookupResult[], family?: number) => void
+    // double-cast-allowed: net.LookupFunction's overloaded callback shapes collapse to this in practice
+    ;(lookup as unknown as (h: string, o: object, cb: LookupCb) => void)(
+      hostname,
+      options,
+      (err: Error | null, address?: string | LookupResult[], family?: number) =>
+        resolve({ err, address, family })
+    )
+  })
+}
+
+describe('createSsrfGuardedLookup', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('passes through a public address', async () => {
+    mockDnsLookup.mockResolvedValue([{ address: '93.184.216.34', family: 4 }])
+    const r = await runLookup('example.com')
+    expect(r.err).toBeNull()
+    expect(r.address).toBe('93.184.216.34')
+    expect(r.family).toBe(4)
+  })
+
+  it.each([
+    ['loopback', '127.0.0.1'],
+    ['RFC1918 10.x', '10.0.0.5'],
+    ['RFC1918 192.168.x', '192.168.1.1'],
+    ['link-local metadata', '169.254.169.254'],
+    ['IPv6 loopback', '::1'],
+    ['IPv4-mapped private', '::ffff:10.0.0.1'],
+  ])('fails the connect when the host resolves only to %s', async (_label, ip) => {
+    mockDnsLookup.mockResolvedValue([{ address: ip, family: ip.includes(':') ? 6 : 4 }])
+    const r = await runLookup('rebind.attacker.example')
+    expect(r.err?.message).toMatch(/Blocked by SSRF policy/)
+  })
+
+  it('filters private records out of a mixed answer and connects only to public ones', async () => {
+    // A rebinding server can interleave private records with public ones; only the
+    // public set may ever reach the socket.
+    mockDnsLookup.mockResolvedValue([
+      { address: '10.1.2.3', family: 4 },
+      { address: '93.184.216.34', family: 4 },
+      { address: '169.254.169.254', family: 4 },
+    ])
+    const r = await runLookup('mixed.example', { all: true })
+    expect(r.err).toBeNull()
+    expect(r.address).toEqual([{ address: '93.184.216.34', family: 4 }])
+  })
+
+  it('re-validates on every call (no validated-then-trusted window)', async () => {
+    // First resolution is public; the rebind flips to private — the second connect fails.
+    mockDnsLookup.mockResolvedValueOnce([{ address: '93.184.216.34', family: 4 }])
+    mockDnsLookup.mockResolvedValueOnce([{ address: '169.254.169.254', family: 4 }])
+
+    const first = await runLookup('rebind.example')
+    const second = await runLookup('rebind.example')
+
+    expect(first.err).toBeNull()
+    expect(second.err?.message).toMatch(/Blocked by SSRF policy/)
+  })
+
+  it('propagates DNS resolution failures', async () => {
+    mockDnsLookup.mockRejectedValue(new Error('ENOTFOUND'))
+    const r = await runLookup('nope.invalid')
+    expect(r.err?.message).toBe('ENOTFOUND')
+  })
+
+  it('returns the full public set for options.all (fallback across addresses)', async () => {
+    mockDnsLookup.mockResolvedValue([
+      { address: '104.21.22.105', family: 4 },
+      { address: '172.67.204.95', family: 4 },
+    ])
+    const r = await runLookup('multi.example', { all: true })
+    expect(r.err).toBeNull()
+    expect(r.address).toHaveLength(2)
+  })
+})
+
+import { followRedirectsGuarded } from '@/lib/core/security/input-validation.server'
+
+function redirectTo(location: string, status = 302): Response {
+  return new Response(null, { status, headers: { location } })
+}
+
+describe('followRedirectsGuarded', () => {
+  it('returns a non-redirect response as-is', async () => {
+    const raw = vi.fn(async () => new Response('ok', { status: 200 }))
+    const res = await followRedirectsGuarded(raw, 'https://a.example/x', {})
+    expect(res.status).toBe(200)
+    expect(raw).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('follows a same-origin redirect and keeps the caller headers', async () => {
+    const raw = vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(redirectTo('https://a.example/y'))
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(new Response('ok', { status: 200 }))
+    const res = await followRedirectsGuarded(raw, 'https://a.example/x', {
+      headers: { 'x-api-key': 'secret' },
+    })
+    expect(res.status).toBe(200)
+    expect(raw.mock.calls[1][0]).toBe('https://a.example/y')
+    expect(raw.mock.calls[1][1].headers).toEqual({ 'x-api-key': 'secret' })
+  })
+
+  it('drops custom headers on a cross-origin redirect', async () => {
+    const raw = vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(redirectTo('https://b.example/harvest'))
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(new Response('ok', { status: 200 }))
+    await followRedirectsGuarded(raw, 'https://a.example/x', {
+      headers: { 'x-api-key': 'secret' },
+    })
+    expect(raw.mock.calls[1][1].headers).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('blocks a redirect to a private IP literal (metadata endpoint)', async () => {
+    const raw = vi.fn(async () => redirectTo('http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/'))
+    await expect(followRedirectsGuarded(raw, 'https://a.example/x', {})).rejects.toThrow(
+      /Blocked by SSRF policy/
+    )
+    expect(raw).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('blocks a redirect to a bracketed private IPv6 literal', async () => {
+    const raw = vi.fn(async () => redirectTo('http://[::1]/admin'))
+    await expect(followRedirectsGuarded(raw, 'https://a.example/x', {})).rejects.toThrow(
+      /Blocked by SSRF policy/
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('blocks non-http(s) redirect protocols', async () => {
+    const raw = vi.fn(async () => redirectTo('file:///etc/passwd'))
+    await expect(followRedirectsGuarded(raw, 'https://a.example/x', {})).rejects.toThrow(
+      /unsupported protocol/
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('caps the number of hops', async () => {
+    const raw = vi.fn(async () => redirectTo('https://a.example/loop'))
+    await expect(followRedirectsGuarded(raw, 'https://a.example/x', {})).rejects.toThrow(
+      /more than \d+ redirects/
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('switches POST to a bodyless GET on 303', async () => {
+    const raw = vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(redirectTo('https://a.example/next', 303))
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(new Response('ok', { status: 200 }))
+    await followRedirectsGuarded(raw, 'https://a.example/x', { method: 'POST', body: 'data' })
+    expect(raw.mock.calls[1][1].method).toBe('GET')
+    expect(raw.mock.calls[1][1].body).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  it('preserves method and body on 307', async () => {
+    const raw = vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(redirectTo('https://a.example/next', 307))
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(new Response('ok', { status: 200 }))
+    await followRedirectsGuarded(raw, 'https://a.example/x', { method: 'POST', body: 'data' })
+    expect(raw.mock.calls[1][1].method).toBe('POST')
+    expect(raw.mock.calls[1][1].body).toBe('data')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.test.ts b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.test.ts
index dda637bbe88..a723e5a6f10 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.test.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.test.ts
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ vi.mock('@sim/logger', () => ({
 }))
 
 vi.mock('@/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch', () => ({
-  createPinnedMcpFetch: vi.fn(() => ({ fetch: vi.fn(), close: mockPinnedClose })),
+  createGuardedMcpFetch: vi.fn(() => ({ fetch: vi.fn(), close: mockPinnedClose })),
 }))
 
 /**
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.ts b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.ts
index 80931413320..8ce043d7bfd 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import { getErrorMessage } from '@sim/utils/errors'
 import { getMaxExecutionTimeout } from '@/lib/core/execution-limits'
 import { getMcpSafeErrorDiagnostics } from '@/lib/mcp/error-diagnostics'
 import { McpOauthRedirectRequired } from '@/lib/mcp/oauth'
-import { createPinnedMcpFetch } from '@/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch'
+import { createGuardedMcpFetch } from '@/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch'
 import {
   type McpClientOptions,
   McpConnectionError,
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ export class McpClient {
   private onToolsChanged?: McpToolsChangedCallback
   private authProvider?: McpClientOptions['authProvider']
   private isConnected = false
-  private closePinnedTransport?: () => Promise<void>
+  private closeGuardedTransport?: () => Promise<void>
 
   constructor(options: McpClientOptions) {
     this.config = options.config
@@ -96,12 +96,14 @@ export class McpClient {
       throw new McpError('OAuth MCP server requires an authProvider')
     }
     const useOauth = this.config.authType === 'oauth'
-    const pinned = resolvedIP ? createPinnedMcpFetch(resolvedIP) : undefined
-    this.closePinnedTransport = pinned?.close
+    // `resolvedIP` non-null signals the SSRF policy is active for this server (it is null in
+    // allowlist mode / localhost-on-self-hosted); the guard validates addresses per-connect.
+    const guarded = resolvedIP ? createGuardedMcpFetch() : undefined
+    this.closeGuardedTransport = guarded?.close
     this.transport = new StreamableHTTPClientTransport(new URL(this.config.url), {
       authProvider: useOauth ? this.authProvider : undefined,
       requestInit: { headers: this.config.headers },
-      ...(pinned ? { fetch: pinned.fetch } : {}),
+      ...(guarded ? { fetch: guarded.fetch } : {}),
     })
 
     this.client = new Client(
@@ -235,9 +237,9 @@ export class McpClient {
    * followed by the caller's `disconnect()`) never destroy the same Agent twice.
    */
   private async closeTransportAgent(): Promise<void> {
-    const close = this.closePinnedTransport
+    const close = this.closeGuardedTransport
     if (!close) return
-    this.closePinnedTransport = undefined
+    this.closeGuardedTransport = undefined
     try {
       await close()
     } catch (error) {
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/oauth/revoke.test.ts b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/oauth/revoke.test.ts
index beb3a9dd0ab..09dca357301 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/oauth/revoke.test.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/oauth/revoke.test.ts
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ const {
 }))
 
 vi.mock('@/lib/core/security/input-validation.server', () => ({
-  createPinnedFetchWithDispatcher: vi.fn(() => ({
+  createSsrfGuardedFetchWithDispatcher: vi.fn(() => ({
     fetch: mockUndiciFetch,
     dispatcher: { destroy: vi.fn(() => Promise.resolve()) },
   })),
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.test.ts b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.test.ts
index fc873cfffdd..63ec1eba7dd 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.test.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.test.ts
@@ -5,48 +5,45 @@ import { sleep } from '@sim/utils/helpers'
 import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
 
 const {
-  mockCreatePinnedFetchWithDispatcher,
+  mockCreateGuardedFetchWithDispatcher,
   mockValidateMcpServerSsrf,
   sentinelFetch,
   mockDestroy,
 } = vi.hoisted(() => ({
-  mockCreatePinnedFetchWithDispatcher: vi.fn(),
+  mockCreateGuardedFetchWithDispatcher: vi.fn(),
   mockValidateMcpServerSsrf: vi.fn(),
   sentinelFetch: vi.fn(),
   mockDestroy: vi.fn(),
 }))
 
 vi.mock('@/lib/core/security/input-validation.server', () => ({
-  createPinnedFetchWithDispatcher: mockCreatePinnedFetchWithDispatcher,
+  createSsrfGuardedFetchWithDispatcher: mockCreateGuardedFetchWithDispatcher,
 }))
 vi.mock('@/lib/mcp/domain-check', () => ({
   validateMcpServerSsrf: mockValidateMcpServerSsrf,
 }))
 
-import { createPinnedMcpFetch, createSsrfGuardedMcpFetch } from '@/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch'
+import { createGuardedMcpFetch, createSsrfGuardedMcpFetch } from '@/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch'
 
-/** The per-request pinned Agent is always built with a DoS-backstop response cap. */
+/** The per-request guarded Agent is always built with a DoS-backstop response cap. */
 const withResponseCap = expect.objectContaining({ maxResponseSize: expect.any(Number) })
 
-describe('createPinnedMcpFetch', () => {
+describe('createGuardedMcpFetch', () => {
   beforeEach(() => {
     vi.clearAllMocks()
     mockDestroy.mockResolvedValue(undefined)
-    mockCreatePinnedFetchWithDispatcher.mockReturnValue({
+    mockCreateGuardedFetchWithDispatcher.mockReturnValue({
       fetch: sentinelFetch,
       dispatcher: { destroy: mockDestroy },
     })
   })
 
-  it('builds the transport on HTTP/1.1 — never opts into allowH2 (undici h2 stalls)', () => {
-    const { close } = createPinnedMcpFetch('203.0.113.10')
+  it('builds the transport on the guarded connector with no response cap (streaming)', () => {
+    const { close } = createGuardedMcpFetch()
 
-    // Called with the IP only: no `allowH2`, so the Agent stays on undici's h1.1 default.
-    expect(mockCreatePinnedFetchWithDispatcher).toHaveBeenCalledWith('203.0.113.10')
-    const options = mockCreatePinnedFetchWithDispatcher.mock.calls[0][1] as
-      | { allowH2?: boolean }
-      | undefined
-    expect(options?.allowH2).toBeUndefined()
+    // No options: no `allowH2` opt-in (h1.1 default) and no maxResponseSize —
+    // the long-lived transport must stream unbounded SSE.
+    expect(mockCreateGuardedFetchWithDispatcher).toHaveBeenCalledWith()
 
     // close() tears down the pooled sockets (incl. the long-lived SSE) on disconnect.
     void close()
@@ -58,24 +55,21 @@ describe('createSsrfGuardedMcpFetch', () => {
   beforeEach(() => {
     vi.clearAllMocks()
     mockDestroy.mockResolvedValue(undefined)
-    mockCreatePinnedFetchWithDispatcher.mockReturnValue({
+    mockCreateGuardedFetchWithDispatcher.mockReturnValue({
       fetch: sentinelFetch,
       dispatcher: { destroy: mockDestroy },
     })
     sentinelFetch.mockImplementation(async () => new Response('ok'))
   })
 
-  it('validates each request URL and pins to the resolved IP', async () => {
+  it('validates each request URL and issues it over the guarded connector', async () => {
     mockValidateMcpServerSsrf.mockResolvedValue('203.0.113.10')
     const fetchLike = createSsrfGuardedMcpFetch()
     await fetchLike('https://attacker.example/revoke', { method: 'POST' })
 
     expect(mockValidateMcpServerSsrf).toHaveBeenCalledWith('https://attacker.example/revoke')
-    // The pinned Agent is always built with the DoS-backstop response-size cap.
-    expect(mockCreatePinnedFetchWithDispatcher).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
-      '203.0.113.10',
-      withResponseCap
-    )
+    // The guarded Agent is always built with the DoS-backstop response-size cap.
+    expect(mockCreateGuardedFetchWithDispatcher).toHaveBeenCalledWith(withResponseCap)
     expect(sentinelFetch).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
       'https://attacker.example/revoke',
       expect.objectContaining({ method: 'POST', signal: expect.any(AbortSignal) })
@@ -258,7 +252,7 @@ describe('createSsrfGuardedMcpFetch', () => {
 
     await expect(fetchLike('https://slow-dns.example/token')).rejects.toThrow(/timed out after 5ms/)
     // Never got past validation, so no request was issued and no Agent was created.
-    expect(mockCreatePinnedFetchWithDispatcher).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(mockCreateGuardedFetchWithDispatcher).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
     expect(sentinelFetch).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
     expect(mockDestroy).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
   })
@@ -274,7 +268,7 @@ describe('createSsrfGuardedMcpFetch', () => {
     await expect(
       fetchLike('https://slow.example/token', { signal: controller.signal })
     ).rejects.toThrow('pre-aborted')
-    expect(mockCreatePinnedFetchWithDispatcher).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(mockCreateGuardedFetchWithDispatcher).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
     // Let the swallowed validation rejection settle so a leak would surface here.
     await sleep(0)
   })
@@ -288,7 +282,7 @@ describe('createSsrfGuardedMcpFetch', () => {
     controller.abort(new Error('caller cancelled'))
 
     await expect(pending).rejects.toThrow('caller cancelled')
-    expect(mockCreatePinnedFetchWithDispatcher).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(mockCreateGuardedFetchWithDispatcher).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
   })
 
   it('propagates a caller-initiated abort unchanged (composed with the deadline)', async () => {
@@ -320,7 +314,7 @@ describe('createSsrfGuardedMcpFetch', () => {
     await expect(
       fetchLike('http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/', { method: 'POST' })
     ).rejects.toThrow('blocked')
-    expect(mockCreatePinnedFetchWithDispatcher).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(mockCreateGuardedFetchWithDispatcher).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
     expect(sentinelFetch).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
   })
 
@@ -330,10 +324,7 @@ describe('createSsrfGuardedMcpFetch', () => {
     await fetchLike(new URL('https://attacker.example/discover'))
 
     expect(mockValidateMcpServerSsrf).toHaveBeenCalledWith('https://attacker.example/discover')
-    expect(mockCreatePinnedFetchWithDispatcher).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
-      '203.0.113.10',
-      withResponseCap
-    )
+    expect(mockCreateGuardedFetchWithDispatcher).toHaveBeenCalledWith(withResponseCap)
   })
 
   it('falls back to global fetch when validation returns no IP', async () => {
@@ -345,7 +336,7 @@ describe('createSsrfGuardedMcpFetch', () => {
       const fetchLike = createSsrfGuardedMcpFetch()
       await fetchLike('https://allowed.internal/mcp')
 
-      expect(mockCreatePinnedFetchWithDispatcher).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+      expect(mockCreateGuardedFetchWithDispatcher).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
       expect(globalFetch).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
       // No pinned Agent was created, so there is nothing to tear down.
       expect(mockDestroy).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.ts b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.ts
index 162f568c2af..4f3c9bb1e57 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.ts
@@ -1,31 +1,39 @@
 import type { FetchLike } from '@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/shared/transport.js'
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import type { Agent } from 'undici'
-import { createPinnedFetchWithDispatcher } from '@/lib/core/security/input-validation.server'
+import { createSsrfGuardedFetchWithDispatcher } from '@/lib/core/security/input-validation.server'
 import { validateMcpServerSsrf } from '@/lib/mcp/domain-check'
 import { McpError } from '@/lib/mcp/types'
 
 const logger = createLogger('McpOauthFetch')
 const transportLogger = createLogger('McpTransportFetch')
 
-/** Pinned fetch for the live MCP transport, plus a handle to release its sockets. */
-export interface PinnedMcpFetch {
+/** SSRF-guarded fetch for the live MCP transport, plus a handle to release its sockets. */
+export interface GuardedMcpFetch {
   fetch: typeof fetch
   /** Tears down the Agent's pooled sockets; call when the MCP client disconnects. */
   close: () => Promise<void>
 }
 
 /**
- * Pinned fetch for the long-lived MCP transport (one Agent reused per connection).
+ * SSRF-guarded fetch for the long-lived MCP transport (one Agent reused per connection).
+ *
+ * DNS resolves normally and EVERY socket connect validates the resolved addresses
+ * against the private/reserved blocklist (validate-at-connect, the LibreChat
+ * pattern), and redirects are followed manually with per-hop validation — an
+ * IP-literal redirect target (which bypasses any connect-time lookup) is checked
+ * explicitly, and custom headers are dropped on cross-origin hops. This replaces
+ * the previous single-IP pin, which no reference MCP client uses and which welded
+ * every request to one address with no fallback.
  *
  * Runs HTTP/1.1: we do not opt into undici's experimental `allowH2`, whose h2 path stalls
  * with headers-but-no-body on reused POST sessions (nodejs/undici #2311, #3433, #4143) —
  * the streamable-HTTP `initialize` hang behind a CDN. Both official MCP SDKs use h1.1, and
  * the transport has no concurrency to gain from h2. `close` tears down pooled sockets
- * (incl. the SSE connection) on disconnect; IP-pinning is protocol-independent.
+ * (incl. the SSE connection) on disconnect.
  */
-export function createPinnedMcpFetch(resolvedIP: string): PinnedMcpFetch {
-  const { fetch: pinnedFetch, dispatcher } = createPinnedFetchWithDispatcher(resolvedIP)
+export function createGuardedMcpFetch(): GuardedMcpFetch {
+  const { fetch: guardedFetch, dispatcher } = createSsrfGuardedFetchWithDispatcher()
   // Per-request phase logging: a stalled transport request (e.g. a first `initialize` that hangs
   // to the client timeout) shows whether it stalls BEFORE response headers ("request" with no
   // "response headers" = connect/request stall) or AFTER ("response headers" then the SDK's
@@ -44,7 +52,7 @@ export function createPinnedMcpFetch(resolvedIP: string): PinnedMcpFetch {
     const startedAt = Date.now()
     transportLogger.info('MCP transport request', { host, method })
     try {
-      const response = await pinnedFetch(input, init)
+      const response = await guardedFetch(input, init)
       transportLogger.info('MCP transport response headers', {
         host,
         method,
@@ -180,11 +188,13 @@ function releaseStreamOnSettle(
  * Builds a `FetchLike` for one-shot MCP OAuth calls (discovery, dynamic client
  * registration, token exchange/refresh, RFC 7009 revocation). Each hop's URL comes from
  * attacker-controllable authorization-server metadata, so every request is re-validated
- * against the SSRF policy and pinned to the resolved IP.
+ * against the SSRF policy up front (fail fast, friendly errors) AND at socket-connect
+ * time via the guarded lookup, with redirects followed manually under per-hop
+ * validation (IP-literal targets included) and cross-origin header stripping.
  *
  * The SDK provides none of the safety itself (no timeout on OAuth legs, lazy body reads),
  * so the guard owns it: the `timeoutMs` deadline covers validation + request + the buffered
- * body read; the per-request pinned Agent is `destroy()`ed on every path; and the returned
+ * body read; the per-request guarded Agent is `destroy()`ed on every path; and the returned
  * `Response` is a detached in-memory copy. Only our own deadline is relabeled to `McpError`.
  *
  * @param timeoutMs Per-request deadline in ms (defaults to 30s; override for tests).
@@ -204,16 +214,16 @@ export function createSsrfGuardedMcpFetch(timeoutMs: number = OAUTH_FETCH_TIMEOU
     try {
       logger.info('OAuth guarded fetch: validating', { host })
       const resolvedIP = await withDeadline(validateMcpServerSsrf(target), signal)
-      logger.info('OAuth guarded fetch: requesting', { host, pinned: Boolean(resolvedIP) })
+      logger.info('OAuth guarded fetch: requesting', { host, guarded: Boolean(resolvedIP) })
       let response: Response
       if (resolvedIP) {
-        const pinned = createPinnedFetchWithDispatcher(resolvedIP, {
+        const guarded = createSsrfGuardedFetchWithDispatcher({
           maxResponseSize: MAX_OAUTH_RESPONSE_BYTES,
         })
-        dispatcher = pinned.dispatcher
-        response = await withDeadline(pinned.fetch(url, { ...init, signal }), signal)
+        dispatcher = guarded.dispatcher
+        response = await withDeadline(guarded.fetch(url, { ...init, signal }), signal)
       } else {
-        // No pin (self-hosted allowlist) — global fetch over the shared dispatcher.
+        // No guard (self-hosted allowlist / localhost carve-out) — global fetch as before.
         response = await withDeadline(globalThis.fetch(url, { ...init, signal }), signal)
       }
       // The probe's `initialize` can stream (text/event-stream); hand it back live so the

From a518963f55f5116a17a76346b6cf28ed289808ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Waleed Latif <walif6@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Jul 2026 16:11:16 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2/6] fix(mcp): restore IPv4 preference and harden the guarded
 redirect follower

- Restore validateUrlWithDNS's prefer-IPv4 resolution (a stale working-tree hunk
  accidentally reverted #5798 for the still-pinned non-MCP consumers).
- Validate the INITIAL url's IP-literal in followRedirectsGuarded, not just
  redirect hops, so the exported guard is self-contained.
- Drop entity headers (content-length/type/encoding) when a 301/302/303 switches
  a POST to a bodyless GET, which undici would otherwise reject.
- Lift method/headers/body/signal from a Request input instead of silently
  downgrading a guarded POST Request to a bare GET.
---
 .../core/security/input-validation.server.ts  | 36 +++++++++++++++++--
 .../core/security/ssrf-guarded-lookup.test.ts | 26 ++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 59 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/core/security/input-validation.server.ts b/apps/sim/lib/core/security/input-validation.server.ts
index 54b898bad49..a25789206c7 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/core/security/input-validation.server.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/core/security/input-validation.server.ts
@@ -105,7 +105,10 @@ export async function validateUrlWithDNS(
   }
 
   try {
-    const { address } = await dns.lookup(cleanHostname, { verbatim: true })
+    // Prefer IPv4: pinning strips Happy Eyeballs' fallback, and a pinned IPv6 address hangs
+    // on IPv4-only egress (e.g. AWS NAT gateways). See validateMcpServerSsrf.
+    const resolved = await dns.lookup(cleanHostname, { all: true, verbatim: true })
+    const { address } = resolved.find((entry) => entry.family === 4) ?? resolved[0]
 
     const resolvedIsLoopback =
       ipaddr.isValid(address) &&
@@ -486,6 +489,9 @@ export async function followRedirectsGuarded(
   init: UndiciRequestInit
 ): Promise<Response> {
   let currentUrl = new URL(input)
+  // The initial URL gets the same IP-literal check as redirect hops, so the exported
+  // guard is self-contained even when a caller skips its own up-front validation.
+  assertGuardedRedirectTarget(currentUrl)
   let method = (init.method ?? 'GET').toUpperCase()
   let body = init.body
   let headers = init.headers
@@ -506,10 +512,20 @@ export async function followRedirectsGuarded(
     const nextUrl = new URL(location, currentUrl)
     assertGuardedRedirectTarget(nextUrl)
     await response.body?.cancel().catch(() => {})
-    // Per the fetch spec: 303 (and 301/302 on POST) switch to a bodyless GET.
+    // Per the fetch spec: 303 (and 301/302 on POST) switch to a bodyless GET, dropping
+    // the entity headers that described the removed body (a retained Content-Length /
+    // Content-Type on a bodyless GET is malformed and undici rejects it).
     if (status === 303 || ((status === 301 || status === 302) && method === 'POST')) {
       method = 'GET'
       body = undefined
+      if (headers !== undefined) {
+        const sanitized = new Headers(headers as HeadersInit)
+        sanitized.delete('content-length')
+        sanitized.delete('content-type')
+        sanitized.delete('content-encoding')
+        sanitized.delete('transfer-encoding')
+        headers = sanitized as unknown as UndiciRequestInit['headers']
+      }
     }
     if (nextUrl.origin !== currentUrl.origin) headers = undefined
     currentUrl = nextUrl
@@ -542,8 +558,22 @@ export function createSsrfGuardedFetchWithDispatcher(options?: { maxResponseSize
 
   const guarded = async (input: RequestInfo | URL, init?: RequestInit): Promise<Response> => {
     const target = typeof input === 'string' ? input : input instanceof URL ? input.href : input.url
+    // A Request input carries its own method/headers/body/signal; lift them into the
+    // init (explicit init fields win, per fetch semantics) so the manual redirect
+    // follower doesn't silently downgrade a guarded POST Request to a bare GET.
+    let effectiveInit: RequestInit = init ?? {}
+    if (typeof Request !== 'undefined' && input instanceof Request) {
+      const bodyAllowed = input.method !== 'GET' && input.method !== 'HEAD'
+      effectiveInit = {
+        method: input.method,
+        headers: input.headers,
+        body: bodyAllowed ? await input.clone().arrayBuffer() : undefined,
+        signal: input.signal,
+        ...init,
+      }
+    }
     // double-cast-allowed: DOM RequestInit and undici RequestInit are structurally compatible at runtime but the TS types differ
-    return followRedirectsGuarded(rawFetch, target, (init ?? {}) as unknown as UndiciRequestInit)
+    return followRedirectsGuarded(rawFetch, target, effectiveInit as unknown as UndiciRequestInit)
   }
 
   return { fetch: guarded, dispatcher }
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/core/security/ssrf-guarded-lookup.test.ts b/apps/sim/lib/core/security/ssrf-guarded-lookup.test.ts
index 69aa4aedc4b..598d01953fa 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/core/security/ssrf-guarded-lookup.test.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/core/security/ssrf-guarded-lookup.test.ts
@@ -183,3 +183,29 @@ describe('followRedirectsGuarded', () => {
     expect(raw.mock.calls[1][1].body).toBe('data')
   })
 })
+
+describe('followRedirectsGuarded — hardening', () => {
+  it('blocks a private IP-literal as the INITIAL url (guard is self-contained)', async () => {
+    const raw = vi.fn(async () => new Response('ok'))
+    await expect(
+      followRedirectsGuarded(raw, 'http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/', {})
+    ).rejects.toThrow(/Blocked by SSRF policy/)
+    expect(raw).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('drops entity headers when a 303 switches POST to a bodyless GET', async () => {
+    const raw = vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(redirectTo('https://a.example/next', 303))
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(new Response('ok', { status: 200 }))
+    await followRedirectsGuarded(raw, 'https://a.example/x', {
+      method: 'POST',
+      body: '{"a":1}',
+      headers: { 'content-type': 'application/json', 'content-length': '7', 'x-keep': 'yes' },
+    })
+    const hopHeaders = new Headers(raw.mock.calls[1][1].headers)
+    expect(hopHeaders.get('content-type')).toBeNull()
+    expect(hopHeaders.get('content-length')).toBeNull()
+    expect(hopHeaders.get('x-keep')).toBe('yes')
+  })
+})

From b5adb5197aa381c0541814c8ee2f6ad3e2e14792 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Waleed Latif <walif6@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Jul 2026 16:26:16 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 3/6] fix(mcp): annotate headers double-cast and cancel
 redirect body before throw paths

- Add the missing double-cast-allowed annotation on the sanitized-headers cast
  (strict boundary audit).
- Cancel the redirect response body before the hop-cap / blocked-target throws
  so those paths can't leave a socket checked out on the long-lived Agent.
---
 apps/sim/lib/core/security/input-validation.server.ts | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/core/security/input-validation.server.ts b/apps/sim/lib/core/security/input-validation.server.ts
index a25789206c7..cbcb20d3c7d 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/core/security/input-validation.server.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/core/security/input-validation.server.ts
@@ -506,12 +506,14 @@ export async function followRedirectsGuarded(
     const status = response.status
     const location = response.headers.get('location')
     if (![301, 302, 303, 307, 308].includes(status) || !location) return response
+    // Cancel the redirect body up front so the throw paths below (hop cap, blocked
+    // target) can't leave a socket checked out on the long-lived Agent.
+    await response.body?.cancel().catch(() => {})
     if (hop >= MAX_GUARDED_REDIRECTS) {
       throw new Error(`Blocked by SSRF policy: more than ${MAX_GUARDED_REDIRECTS} redirects`)
     }
     const nextUrl = new URL(location, currentUrl)
     assertGuardedRedirectTarget(nextUrl)
-    await response.body?.cancel().catch(() => {})
     // Per the fetch spec: 303 (and 301/302 on POST) switch to a bodyless GET, dropping
     // the entity headers that described the removed body (a retained Content-Length /
     // Content-Type on a bodyless GET is malformed and undici rejects it).
@@ -524,6 +526,7 @@ export async function followRedirectsGuarded(
         sanitized.delete('content-type')
         sanitized.delete('content-encoding')
         sanitized.delete('transfer-encoding')
+        // double-cast-allowed: Headers is a valid undici HeadersInit at runtime but the DOM/undici types differ
         headers = sanitized as unknown as UndiciRequestInit['headers']
       }
     }

From ccde12e54c50fee891e00d904ff7b4da3df189ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Waleed Latif <walif6@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Jul 2026 16:37:37 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 4/6] fix(mcp): keep self-hosted private-resolving hosts
 unguarded (old-pin parity)

A DNS alias resolving to loopback/private is only reachable on self-hosted,
where the policy explicitly permits it; the guarded lookup would filter the
address and strand the connect where the old pin connected. Both MCP gates
(transport + OAuth guard) now route private/loopback resolutions over the
unguarded path, same as the localhost carve-out. Test IPs moved off RFC-5737
TEST-NET (which is correctly classified reserved).
---
 apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.test.ts       |  6 +++---
 apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.ts            |  7 ++++++-
 apps/sim/lib/mcp/oauth/revoke.test.ts |  2 ++
 apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.test.ts | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.ts      | 10 ++++++++--
 5 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.test.ts b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.test.ts
index a723e5a6f10..f5e6b85298c 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.test.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.test.ts
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ describe('McpClient notification handler', () => {
     const client = new McpClient({
       config: createConfig(),
       securityPolicy: { requireConsent: false, auditLevel: 'basic' },
-      resolvedIP: '203.0.113.10',
+      resolvedIP: '93.184.216.34',
     })
 
     // A failed connect discards the client without a disconnect(), so the Agent
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ describe('McpClient notification handler', () => {
     const client = new McpClient({
       config: createConfig(),
       securityPolicy: { requireConsent: false, auditLevel: 'basic' },
-      resolvedIP: '203.0.113.10',
+      resolvedIP: '93.184.216.34',
     })
 
     await client.connect()
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ describe('McpClient notification handler', () => {
     const client = new McpClient({
       config: createConfig(),
       securityPolicy: { requireConsent: false, auditLevel: 'basic' },
-      resolvedIP: '203.0.113.10',
+      resolvedIP: '93.184.216.34',
     })
 
     await expect(client.connect()).rejects.toThrow()
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.ts b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.ts
index 8ce043d7bfd..aee4197402b 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.ts
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import {
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import { getErrorMessage } from '@sim/utils/errors'
 import { getMaxExecutionTimeout } from '@/lib/core/execution-limits'
+import { isPrivateOrReservedIP } from '@/lib/core/security/input-validation.server'
 import { getMcpSafeErrorDiagnostics } from '@/lib/mcp/error-diagnostics'
 import { McpOauthRedirectRequired } from '@/lib/mcp/oauth'
 import { createGuardedMcpFetch } from '@/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch'
@@ -98,7 +99,11 @@ export class McpClient {
     const useOauth = this.config.authType === 'oauth'
     // `resolvedIP` non-null signals the SSRF policy is active for this server (it is null in
     // allowlist mode / localhost-on-self-hosted); the guard validates addresses per-connect.
-    const guarded = resolvedIP ? createGuardedMcpFetch() : undefined
+    // A private/loopback resolvedIP only reaches here on self-hosted (where the policy
+    // permits it) — the guarded lookup would filter it, so those connect unguarded like the
+    // localhost carve-out.
+    const guarded =
+      resolvedIP && !isPrivateOrReservedIP(resolvedIP) ? createGuardedMcpFetch() : undefined
     this.closeGuardedTransport = guarded?.close
     this.transport = new StreamableHTTPClientTransport(new URL(this.config.url), {
       authProvider: useOauth ? this.authProvider : undefined,
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/oauth/revoke.test.ts b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/oauth/revoke.test.ts
index 09dca357301..1e69c99f8d8 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/oauth/revoke.test.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/oauth/revoke.test.ts
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ const {
 }))
 
 vi.mock('@/lib/core/security/input-validation.server', () => ({
+  isPrivateOrReservedIP: (ip: string) =>
+    ip.startsWith('127.') || ip.startsWith('10.') || ip === '::1',
   createSsrfGuardedFetchWithDispatcher: vi.fn(() => ({
     fetch: mockUndiciFetch,
     dispatcher: { destroy: vi.fn(() => Promise.resolve()) },
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.test.ts b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.test.ts
index 63ec1eba7dd..13f71eb54b0 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.test.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.test.ts
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ const {
 
 vi.mock('@/lib/core/security/input-validation.server', () => ({
   createSsrfGuardedFetchWithDispatcher: mockCreateGuardedFetchWithDispatcher,
+  isPrivateOrReservedIP: (ip: string) =>
+    ip.startsWith('127.') || ip.startsWith('10.') || ip === '::1',
 }))
 vi.mock('@/lib/mcp/domain-check', () => ({
   validateMcpServerSsrf: mockValidateMcpServerSsrf,
@@ -345,3 +347,22 @@ describe('createSsrfGuardedMcpFetch', () => {
     }
   })
 })
+
+describe('self-hosted private-resolution carve-out', () => {
+  it('routes a loopback-resolving host over global fetch (guarded lookup would filter it)', async () => {
+    // Self-hosted DNS alias -> 127.0.0.1: policy allows it, so the guard must not
+    // strand the connect. Falls back to global fetch, same as the allowlist path.
+    mockValidateMcpServerSsrf.mockResolvedValue('127.0.0.1')
+    const globalFetch = vi
+      .spyOn(globalThis, 'fetch')
+      .mockImplementation(async () => new Response('ok'))
+    try {
+      const fetchLike = createSsrfGuardedMcpFetch()
+      await fetchLike('https://my-local-alias/mcp')
+      expect(mockCreateGuardedFetchWithDispatcher).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+      expect(globalFetch).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    } finally {
+      globalFetch.mockRestore()
+    }
+  })
+})
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.ts b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.ts
index 4f3c9bb1e57..85756f85e11 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 import type { FetchLike } from '@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/shared/transport.js'
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import type { Agent } from 'undici'
-import { createSsrfGuardedFetchWithDispatcher } from '@/lib/core/security/input-validation.server'
+import {
+  createSsrfGuardedFetchWithDispatcher,
+  isPrivateOrReservedIP,
+} from '@/lib/core/security/input-validation.server'
 import { validateMcpServerSsrf } from '@/lib/mcp/domain-check'
 import { McpError } from '@/lib/mcp/types'
 
@@ -216,7 +219,10 @@ export function createSsrfGuardedMcpFetch(timeoutMs: number = OAUTH_FETCH_TIMEOU
       const resolvedIP = await withDeadline(validateMcpServerSsrf(target), signal)
       logger.info('OAuth guarded fetch: requesting', { host, guarded: Boolean(resolvedIP) })
       let response: Response
-      if (resolvedIP) {
+      // A private/loopback resolvedIP only occurs on self-hosted where the policy permits
+      // it — the guarded lookup would filter it out, so those go over global fetch like the
+      // allowlist carve-out below.
+      if (resolvedIP && !isPrivateOrReservedIP(resolvedIP)) {
         const guarded = createSsrfGuardedFetchWithDispatcher({
           maxResponseSize: MAX_OAUTH_RESPONSE_BYTES,
         })

From 8ada731f33cd1c52b6b777f6f1905e506dacbe0d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Waleed Latif <walif6@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Jul 2026 16:46:00 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 5/6] fix(mcp): pin (not skip) self-hosted private resolutions;
 refuse cross-origin body forwards
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

- The private/loopback carve-out now keeps the LEGACY PIN to the validated
  address instead of falling back to unguarded fetch — preserving both the old
  behavior and its anti-rebinding property for self-hosted DNS aliases.
- Cross-origin redirect hops now also refuse to forward a request body (307/308
  preserve method+body; post-pin those redirects really dial the new origin, so
  an open redirect could exfiltrate OAuth client secrets). Bodyless cross-origin
  redirects still follow. Tests for both.
---
 .../core/security/input-validation.server.ts  | 12 ++++++-
 .../core/security/ssrf-guarded-lookup.test.ts | 21 ++++++++++++
 apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.ts                    | 13 +++++---
 apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.test.ts         | 33 +++++++++++--------
 apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.ts              | 27 ++++++++++++---
 5 files changed, 82 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/core/security/input-validation.server.ts b/apps/sim/lib/core/security/input-validation.server.ts
index cbcb20d3c7d..3ac3c6ea731 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/core/security/input-validation.server.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/core/security/input-validation.server.ts
@@ -530,7 +530,17 @@ export async function followRedirectsGuarded(
         headers = sanitized as unknown as UndiciRequestInit['headers']
       }
     }
-    if (nextUrl.origin !== currentUrl.origin) headers = undefined
+    if (nextUrl.origin !== currentUrl.origin) {
+      headers = undefined
+      // 307/308 preserve method+body; forwarding a body cross-origin can hand OAuth
+      // client secrets / tokens to an open-redirect target now that redirects really
+      // dial the new origin. No legitimate MCP/OAuth flow does this — refuse it.
+      if (body !== undefined && body !== null) {
+        throw new Error(
+          'Blocked by SSRF policy: cross-origin redirect would forward a request body'
+        )
+      }
+    }
     currentUrl = nextUrl
   }
 }
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/core/security/ssrf-guarded-lookup.test.ts b/apps/sim/lib/core/security/ssrf-guarded-lookup.test.ts
index 598d01953fa..b504017c435 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/core/security/ssrf-guarded-lookup.test.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/core/security/ssrf-guarded-lookup.test.ts
@@ -209,3 +209,24 @@ describe('followRedirectsGuarded — hardening', () => {
     expect(hopHeaders.get('x-keep')).toBe('yes')
   })
 })
+
+describe('followRedirectsGuarded — cross-origin body protection', () => {
+  it('refuses a cross-origin 307 that would forward a request body', async () => {
+    const raw = vi.fn(async () => redirectTo('https://b.example/steal', 307))
+    await expect(
+      followRedirectsGuarded(raw, 'https://a.example/token', {
+        method: 'POST',
+        body: 'client_secret=shh',
+      })
+    ).rejects.toThrow(/cross-origin redirect would forward a request body/)
+  })
+
+  it('allows a bodyless cross-origin redirect', async () => {
+    const raw = vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(redirectTo('https://b.example/next', 302))
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(new Response('ok', { status: 200 }))
+    const res = await followRedirectsGuarded(raw, 'https://a.example/x', {})
+    expect(res.status).toBe(200)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.ts b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.ts
index aee4197402b..9cb281888fc 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import { getMaxExecutionTimeout } from '@/lib/core/execution-limits'
 import { isPrivateOrReservedIP } from '@/lib/core/security/input-validation.server'
 import { getMcpSafeErrorDiagnostics } from '@/lib/mcp/error-diagnostics'
 import { McpOauthRedirectRequired } from '@/lib/mcp/oauth'
-import { createGuardedMcpFetch } from '@/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch'
+import { createGuardedMcpFetch, createPinnedPrivateMcpFetch } from '@/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch'
 import {
   type McpClientOptions,
   McpConnectionError,
@@ -100,10 +100,13 @@ export class McpClient {
     // `resolvedIP` non-null signals the SSRF policy is active for this server (it is null in
     // allowlist mode / localhost-on-self-hosted); the guard validates addresses per-connect.
     // A private/loopback resolvedIP only reaches here on self-hosted (where the policy
-    // permits it) — the guarded lookup would filter it, so those connect unguarded like the
-    // localhost carve-out.
-    const guarded =
-      resolvedIP && !isPrivateOrReservedIP(resolvedIP) ? createGuardedMcpFetch() : undefined
+    // permits it) — the guarded lookup would filter it, so that case keeps the legacy pin
+    // to the validated address (old behavior + its anti-rebinding property).
+    const guarded = resolvedIP
+      ? isPrivateOrReservedIP(resolvedIP)
+        ? createPinnedPrivateMcpFetch(resolvedIP)
+        : createGuardedMcpFetch()
+      : undefined
     this.closeGuardedTransport = guarded?.close
     this.transport = new StreamableHTTPClientTransport(new URL(this.config.url), {
       authProvider: useOauth ? this.authProvider : undefined,
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.test.ts b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.test.ts
index 13f71eb54b0..608499f17b1 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.test.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.test.ts
@@ -6,11 +6,13 @@ import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
 
 const {
   mockCreateGuardedFetchWithDispatcher,
+  mockCreatePinnedFetchWithDispatcher,
   mockValidateMcpServerSsrf,
   sentinelFetch,
   mockDestroy,
 } = vi.hoisted(() => ({
   mockCreateGuardedFetchWithDispatcher: vi.fn(),
+  mockCreatePinnedFetchWithDispatcher: vi.fn(),
   mockValidateMcpServerSsrf: vi.fn(),
   sentinelFetch: vi.fn(),
   mockDestroy: vi.fn(),
@@ -18,6 +20,7 @@ const {
 
 vi.mock('@/lib/core/security/input-validation.server', () => ({
   createSsrfGuardedFetchWithDispatcher: mockCreateGuardedFetchWithDispatcher,
+  createPinnedFetchWithDispatcher: mockCreatePinnedFetchWithDispatcher,
   isPrivateOrReservedIP: (ip: string) =>
     ip.startsWith('127.') || ip.startsWith('10.') || ip === '::1',
 }))
@@ -349,20 +352,22 @@ describe('createSsrfGuardedMcpFetch', () => {
 })
 
 describe('self-hosted private-resolution carve-out', () => {
-  it('routes a loopback-resolving host over global fetch (guarded lookup would filter it)', async () => {
-    // Self-hosted DNS alias -> 127.0.0.1: policy allows it, so the guard must not
-    // strand the connect. Falls back to global fetch, same as the allowlist path.
+  it('keeps the legacy pin for a loopback-resolving host (guarded lookup would filter it)', async () => {
+    // Self-hosted DNS alias -> 127.0.0.1: policy allows it. The guarded lookup would
+    // strand the connect and an unguarded fallback would reopen rebinding — so this case
+    // pins to the validated address, preserving the old behavior and its security property.
     mockValidateMcpServerSsrf.mockResolvedValue('127.0.0.1')
-    const globalFetch = vi
-      .spyOn(globalThis, 'fetch')
-      .mockImplementation(async () => new Response('ok'))
-    try {
-      const fetchLike = createSsrfGuardedMcpFetch()
-      await fetchLike('https://my-local-alias/mcp')
-      expect(mockCreateGuardedFetchWithDispatcher).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
-      expect(globalFetch).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
-    } finally {
-      globalFetch.mockRestore()
-    }
+    mockCreatePinnedFetchWithDispatcher.mockReturnValue({
+      fetch: sentinelFetch,
+      dispatcher: { destroy: mockDestroy },
+    })
+    sentinelFetch.mockImplementation(async () => new Response('ok'))
+    const fetchLike = createSsrfGuardedMcpFetch()
+    await fetchLike('https://my-local-alias/mcp')
+    expect(mockCreatePinnedFetchWithDispatcher).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      '127.0.0.1',
+      expect.objectContaining({ maxResponseSize: expect.any(Number) })
+    )
+    expect(mockCreateGuardedFetchWithDispatcher).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
   })
 })
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.ts b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.ts
index 85756f85e11..3a83b783cc1 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/pinned-fetch.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import type { FetchLike } from '@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/shared/transport.js'
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
 import type { Agent } from 'undici'
 import {
+  createPinnedFetchWithDispatcher,
   createSsrfGuardedFetchWithDispatcher,
   isPrivateOrReservedIP,
 } from '@/lib/core/security/input-validation.server'
@@ -35,6 +36,18 @@ export interface GuardedMcpFetch {
  * the transport has no concurrency to gain from h2. `close` tears down pooled sockets
  * (incl. the SSE connection) on disconnect.
  */
+/**
+ * Legacy single-IP pin, kept ONLY for self-hosted private/loopback resolutions
+ * (a DNS alias the policy explicitly permits): the guarded lookup would filter
+ * the address and strand the connect, while an unguarded fallback would reopen
+ * rebinding/redirect escape. Pinning to the validated address preserves the old
+ * behavior and its security property for exactly this carve-out.
+ */
+export function createPinnedPrivateMcpFetch(resolvedIP: string): GuardedMcpFetch {
+  const { fetch: pinnedFetch, dispatcher } = createPinnedFetchWithDispatcher(resolvedIP)
+  return { fetch: pinnedFetch, close: () => dispatcher.destroy() }
+}
+
 export function createGuardedMcpFetch(): GuardedMcpFetch {
   const { fetch: guardedFetch, dispatcher } = createSsrfGuardedFetchWithDispatcher()
   // Per-request phase logging: a stalled transport request (e.g. a first `initialize` that hangs
@@ -219,10 +232,16 @@ export function createSsrfGuardedMcpFetch(timeoutMs: number = OAUTH_FETCH_TIMEOU
       const resolvedIP = await withDeadline(validateMcpServerSsrf(target), signal)
       logger.info('OAuth guarded fetch: requesting', { host, guarded: Boolean(resolvedIP) })
       let response: Response
-      // A private/loopback resolvedIP only occurs on self-hosted where the policy permits
-      // it — the guarded lookup would filter it out, so those go over global fetch like the
-      // allowlist carve-out below.
-      if (resolvedIP && !isPrivateOrReservedIP(resolvedIP)) {
+      if (resolvedIP && isPrivateOrReservedIP(resolvedIP)) {
+        // Self-hosted private/loopback resolution (policy-permitted): the guarded lookup
+        // would filter the address, and an unguarded fallback would reopen rebinding —
+        // keep the legacy pin to the validated address for exactly this case.
+        const pinned = createPinnedFetchWithDispatcher(resolvedIP, {
+          maxResponseSize: MAX_OAUTH_RESPONSE_BYTES,
+        })
+        dispatcher = pinned.dispatcher
+        response = await withDeadline(pinned.fetch(url, { ...init, signal }), signal)
+      } else if (resolvedIP) {
         const guarded = createSsrfGuardedFetchWithDispatcher({
           maxResponseSize: MAX_OAUTH_RESPONSE_BYTES,
         })

From 616abae40424cb1b6b10a220770fad1a08044018 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Waleed Latif <walif6@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 21 Jul 2026 16:52:16 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 6/6] chore(mcp): true up stale pinned-era doc comments

---
 apps/sim/lib/core/security/input-validation.server.ts | 3 ++-
 apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.ts                            | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/core/security/input-validation.server.ts b/apps/sim/lib/core/security/input-validation.server.ts
index 3ac3c6ea731..09e758fa008 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/core/security/input-validation.server.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/core/security/input-validation.server.ts
@@ -106,7 +106,8 @@ export async function validateUrlWithDNS(
 
   try {
     // Prefer IPv4: pinning strips Happy Eyeballs' fallback, and a pinned IPv6 address hangs
-    // on IPv4-only egress (e.g. AWS NAT gateways). See validateMcpServerSsrf.
+    // on IPv4-only egress (e.g. AWS NAT gateways) — still-pinned consumers (providers, SSO,
+    // A2A) depend on this ordering.
     const resolved = await dns.lookup(cleanHostname, { all: true, verbatim: true })
     const { address } = resolved.find((entry) => entry.family === 4) ?? resolved[0]
 
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.ts b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.ts
index 9cb281888fc..7e7590fc7a2 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/mcp/client.ts
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ export class McpClient {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Tears down the pinned transport's HTTP/2 Agent, releasing its sockets. Must run
+   * Tears down the guarded transport's Agent, releasing its sockets. Must run
    * on every terminal path — successful disconnect, and failed or cancelled connect —
    * since a failed `connect()` discards this client without a `disconnect()` call.
    * Idempotent: the handle is cleared before use so repeat calls (a failed connect