sourcemeta · jviotti · Nov 21, 2025 · Nov 21, 2025
diff --git a/src/command_fmt.cc b/src/command_fmt.cc
@@ -96,6 +96,8 @@ auto sourcemeta::jsonschema::fmt(const sourcemeta::core::Options &options)
                 << "\n";
     }
 
-    throw Fail{EXIT_FAILURE};
+    // Report a different exit code for formatting check failures, to
+    // distinguish them from other errors
+    throw Fail{2};
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/command_lint.cc b/src/command_lint.cc
@@ -238,7 +238,8 @@ auto sourcemeta::jsonschema::lint(const sourcemeta::core::Options &options)
           output << "\n";
         }
       } else {
-        result = false;
+        // Exception was caught - exit immediately with error code 1
+        throw Fail{EXIT_FAILURE};
       }
     }
   } else {
@@ -263,7 +264,8 @@ auto sourcemeta::jsonschema::lint(const sourcemeta::core::Options &options)
               if (subresult.first) {
                 return EXIT_SUCCESS;
               } else {
-                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+                // Return 2 for logical lint failures
+                return 2;
               }
             } catch (const sourcemeta::core::SchemaUnknownBaseDialectError &) {
               throw FileError<sourcemeta::core::SchemaUnknownBaseDialectError>(
@@ -274,8 +276,12 @@ auto sourcemeta::jsonschema::lint(const sourcemeta::core::Options &options)
             }
           });
 
-      if (wrapper_result != EXIT_SUCCESS) {
+      if (wrapper_result == 2) {
+        // Logical lint failure
         result = false;
+      } else if (wrapper_result != EXIT_SUCCESS) {
+        // Exception was caught - exit immediately with error code 1
+        throw Fail{EXIT_FAILURE};
       }
     }
   }
@@ -299,6 +305,8 @@ auto sourcemeta::jsonschema::lint(const sourcemeta::core::Options &options)
   }
 
   if (!result) {
-    throw Fail{EXIT_FAILURE};
+    // Report a different exit code for linting failures, to
+    // distinguish them from other errors
+    throw Fail{2};
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/command_test.cc b/src/command_test.cc
@@ -250,6 +250,8 @@ auto sourcemeta::jsonschema::test(const sourcemeta::core::Options &options)
   }
 
   if (!result) {
-    throw Fail{EXIT_FAILURE};
+    // Report a different exit code for test failures, to
+    // distinguish them from other errors
+    throw Fail{2};
   }
 }
diff --git a/test/format/fail_check_many.sh b/test/format/fail_check_many.sh
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ cat << 'EOF' > "$TMP/schemas/3.json"
 EOF
 
 "$1" fmt "$TMP/schemas" --check >"$TMP/output.txt" 2>&1 && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
 fail: $(realpath "$TMP")/schemas/1.json

diff --git a/test/format/fail_check_many_json.sh b/test/format/fail_check_many_json.sh
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ cat << 'EOF' > "$TMP/schemas/3.json"
 EOF
 
 "$1" fmt "$TMP/schemas" --check --json >"$TMP/output.json" 2>&1 && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.json"
 {

diff --git a/test/format/fail_check_single.sh b/test/format/fail_check_single.sh
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ cat << 'EOF' > "$TMP/schema.json"
 EOF
 
 "$1" fmt "$TMP/schema.json" --check >"$TMP/output.txt" 2>&1 && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
 fail: $(realpath "$TMP")/schema.json

diff --git a/test/format/fail_check_single_indentation.sh b/test/format/fail_check_single_indentation.sh
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ cat << 'EOF' > "$TMP/schema.json"
 EOF
 
 "$1" fmt "$TMP/schema.json" --indentation 4 --check >"$TMP/output.txt" 2>&1 && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
 fail: $(realpath "$TMP")/schema.json

diff --git a/test/format/fail_check_single_json.sh b/test/format/fail_check_single_json.sh
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ EOF
 
 "$1" fmt "$TMP/this/is/a/very/very/very/long/path/schema.json" \
   --check --json >"$TMP/output.json" 2>&1 && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.json"
 {

diff --git a/test/format/fail_check_single_json_indentation.sh b/test/format/fail_check_single_json_indentation.sh
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ EOF
 
 "$1" fmt "$TMP/this/is/a/very/very/very/long/path/schema.json" \
   --check --json --indentation 4 >"$TMP/output.json" 2>&1 && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.json"
 {

diff --git a/test/lint/fail_lint.sh b/test/lint/fail_lint.sh
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ EOF
 
 cd "$TMP"
 "$1" lint "$TMP/schema.json" >"$TMP/stderr.txt" 2>&1 && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
 schema.json:4:3:

diff --git a/test/lint/fail_lint_default.sh b/test/lint/fail_lint_default.sh
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ EOF
 
 cd "$TMP"
 "$1" lint "$TMP/schema.json" >"$TMP/stderr.txt" 2>&1 && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
 schema.json:6:7:

diff --git a/test/lint/fail_lint_default_dialect.sh b/test/lint/fail_lint_default_dialect.sh
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ cd "$TMP"
 "$1" lint "$TMP/schema.json" \
   --default-dialect "http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#" \
   >"$TMP/stderr.txt" 2>&1 && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
 schema.json:3:3:

diff --git a/test/lint/fail_lint_default_dialect_config.sh b/test/lint/fail_lint_default_dialect_config.sh
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ EOF
 cd "$TMP"
 "$1" lint "$TMP/schema.json" --verbose \
   >"$TMP/stderr.txt" 2>&1 && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
 Using configuration file: $(realpath "$TMP")/jsonschema.json

diff --git a/test/lint/fail_lint_default_dialect_config_relative.sh b/test/lint/fail_lint_default_dialect_config_relative.sh
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ EOF
 cd "$TMP"
 "$1" lint schema.json --verbose \
   >"$TMP/stderr.txt" 2>&1 && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
 Using configuration file: $(realpath "$TMP")/jsonschema.json

diff --git a/test/lint/fail_lint_directory_json.sh b/test/lint/fail_lint_directory_json.sh
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ cat << 'EOF' > "$TMP/schemas/bar.json"
 EOF
 
 "$1" lint "$TMP/schemas" --json >"$TMP/output.json" 2>&1 && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.json"
 {

diff --git a/test/lint/fail_lint_directory_unresolvable.sh b/test/lint/fail_lint_directory_unresolvable.sh
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ error: Could not resolve the reference to an external schema
   at file path $(realpath "$TMP")/baz.json
 
 This is likely because you forgot to import such schema using \`--resolve/-r\`
-Linting: $(realpath "$TMP")/foo.json
 EOF
 
 diff "$TMP/output.txt" "$TMP/expected.txt"
diff --git a/test/lint/fail_lint_directory_unresolvable_dialect.sh b/test/lint/fail_lint_directory_unresolvable_dialect.sh
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ error: Could not resolve the metaschema of the schema
   at file path $(realpath "$TMP")/baz.json
 
 This is likely because you forgot to import such schema using \`--resolve/-r\`
-Linting: $(realpath "$TMP")/foo.json
 EOF
 
 diff "$TMP/output.txt" "$TMP/expected.txt"
diff --git a/test/lint/fail_lint_directory_unresolvable_fix.sh b/test/lint/fail_lint_directory_unresolvable_fix.sh
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ error: Could not resolve the reference to an external schema
   at file path $(realpath "$TMP")/baz.json
 
 This is likely because you forgot to import such schema using \`--resolve/-r\`
-Linting: $(realpath "$TMP")/foo.json
 EOF
 
 diff "$TMP/output.txt" "$TMP/expected.txt"
diff --git a/test/lint/fail_lint_disable_many.sh b/test/lint/fail_lint_disable_many.sh
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ EOF
 
 cd "$TMP"
 "$1" lint "$TMP/schema.json" --exclude enum_to_const -x enum_with_type >"$TMP/stderr.txt" 2>&1 && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
 schema.json:4:3:

diff --git a/test/lint/fail_lint_disable_one.sh b/test/lint/fail_lint_disable_one.sh
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ EOF
 
 cd "$TMP"
 "$1" lint "$TMP/schema.json" --exclude enum_to_const >"$TMP/stderr.txt" 2>&1 && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
 schema.json:4:3:

diff --git a/test/lint/fail_lint_disable_one_verbose.sh b/test/lint/fail_lint_disable_one_verbose.sh
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ EOF
 
 cd "$TMP"
 "$1" lint "$TMP/schema.json" --verbose --exclude enum_to_const >"$TMP/stderr.txt" 2>&1 && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
 Disabling rule: enum_to_const

diff --git a/test/lint/fail_lint_disable_unknown_verbose.sh b/test/lint/fail_lint_disable_unknown_verbose.sh
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ EOF
 
 cd "$TMP"
 "$1" lint "$TMP/schema.json" --verbose --exclude foo_bar >"$TMP/stderr.txt" 2>&1 && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
 warning: Cannot exclude unknown rule: foo_bar

diff --git a/test/lint/fail_lint_examples.sh b/test/lint/fail_lint_examples.sh
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ EOF
 
 cd "$TMP"
 "$1" lint "$TMP/schema.json" >"$TMP/stderr.txt" 2>&1 && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
 schema.json:6:21:

diff --git a/test/lint/fail_lint_invalid_embedded_resource.sh b/test/lint/fail_lint_invalid_embedded_resource.sh
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ EOF
 
 cd "$TMP"
 "$1" lint "$TMP/schema.json" >"$TMP/stderr.txt" 2>&1 && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat "$TMP/stderr.txt"
 

diff --git a/test/lint/fail_lint_json.sh b/test/lint/fail_lint_json.sh
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ cat << 'EOF' > "$TMP/schema.json"
 EOF
 
 "$1" lint "$TMP/schema.json" --json >"$TMP/output.json" 2>&1 && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.json"
 {

diff --git a/test/lint/fail_lint_only.sh b/test/lint/fail_lint_only.sh
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ EOF
 
 cd "$TMP"
 "$1" lint "$TMP/schema.json" >"$TMP/stderr.txt" 2>&1 && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
 schema.json:4:3:

diff --git a/test/lint/fail_lint_with_id.sh b/test/lint/fail_lint_with_id.sh
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ EOF
 
 cd "$TMP"
 "$1" lint "$TMP/schema.json" >"$TMP/stderr.txt" 2>&1 && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat << 'EOF' > "$TMP/expected.txt"
 schema.json:4:3:

diff --git a/test/lint/fail_lint_yaml.sh b/test/lint/fail_lint_yaml.sh
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ EOF
 
 cd "$TMP"
 "$1" lint "$TMP/schema.yaml" >"$TMP/stderr.txt" 2>&1 && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
 schema.yaml:3:1:

diff --git a/test/test/fail_anyof.sh b/test/test/fail_anyof.sh
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ EOF
 
 "$1" test "$TMP/test.json" --resolve "$TMP/schema.json" 1> "$TMP/output.txt" 2>&1 \
   && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat "$TMP/output.txt"
 

diff --git a/test/test/fail_false_single_resolve.sh b/test/test/fail_false_single_resolve.sh
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ EOF
 
 "$1" test "$TMP/test.json" --resolve "$TMP/schema.json" 1> "$TMP/output.txt" 2>&1 \
   && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
 $(realpath "$TMP")/test.json:

diff --git a/test/test/fail_false_single_resolve_verbose.sh b/test/test/fail_false_single_resolve_verbose.sh
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ EOF
 
 "$1" test "$TMP/test.json" --resolve "$TMP/schema.json" --verbose 1> "$TMP/output.txt" 2>&1 \
   && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
 Detecting schema resources from file: $(realpath "$TMP")/schema.json

diff --git a/test/test/fail_multi_resolve.sh b/test/test/fail_multi_resolve.sh
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ EOF
 
 "$1" test "$TMP/test.json" --resolve "$TMP/schema.json" 1> "$TMP/output.txt" 2>&1 \
   && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
 $(realpath "$TMP")/test.json:

diff --git a/test/test/fail_multi_resolve_verbose.sh b/test/test/fail_multi_resolve_verbose.sh
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ EOF
 
 "$1" test "$TMP/test.json" --resolve "$TMP/schema.json" --verbose 1> "$TMP/output.txt" 2>&1 \
   && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
 Detecting schema resources from file: $(realpath "$TMP")/schema.json

diff --git a/test/test/fail_multi_test.sh b/test/test/fail_multi_test.sh
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ EOF
 
 "$1" test "$TMP/tests" --resolve "$TMP/schema.json" 1> "$TMP/output.txt" 2>&1 \
   && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
 $(realpath "$TMP")/tests/1.json:

diff --git a/test/test/fail_true_resolve_fragment.sh b/test/test/fail_true_resolve_fragment.sh
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ EOF
 
 "$1" test "$TMP/test.json" --resolve "$TMP/schema.json" 1> "$TMP/output.txt" 2>&1 \
   && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
 $(realpath "$TMP")/test.json:

diff --git a/test/test/fail_true_single_resolve.sh b/test/test/fail_true_single_resolve.sh
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ EOF
 
 "$1" test "$TMP/test.json" --resolve "$TMP/schema.json" 1> "$TMP/output.txt" 2>&1 \
   && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
 $(realpath "$TMP")/test.json:

diff --git a/test/test/fail_true_single_resolve_verbose.sh b/test/test/fail_true_single_resolve_verbose.sh
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ EOF
 
 "$1" test "$TMP/test.json" --resolve "$TMP/schema.json" --verbose 1> "$TMP/output.txt" 2>&1 \
   && CODE="$?" || CODE="$?"
-test "$CODE" = "1" || exit 1
+test "$CODE" = "2" || exit 1
 
 cat << EOF > "$TMP/expected.txt"
 Detecting schema resources from file: $(realpath "$TMP")/schema.json