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 \input{preamble} % OK, start here. % \begin{document} \title{Criteria for Representability} \maketitle \phantomsection \label{section-phantom} \tableofcontents \section{Introduction} \label{section-introduction} \noindent The purpose of this chapter is to find criteria guaranteeing that a stack in groupoids over the category of schemes with the fppf topology is an algebraic stack. Historically, this often involved proving that certain functors were representable, see Grothendieck's lectures \cite{Gr-I}, \cite{Gr-II}, \cite{Gr-III}, \cite{Gr-IV}, \cite{Gr-V}, and \cite{Gr-VI}. This explains the title of this chapter. Another important source of this material comes from the work of Artin, see \cite{ArtinI}, \cite{ArtinII}, \cite{Artin-Theorem-Representability}, \cite{Artin-Construction-Techniques}, \cite{Artin-Algebraic-Spaces}, \cite{Artin-Algebraic-Approximation}, \cite{Artin-Implicit-Function}, and \cite{ArtinVersal}. \medskip\noindent Some of the notation, conventions and terminology in this chapter is awkward and may seem backwards to the more experienced reader. This is intentional. Please see Quot, Section \ref{quot-section-introduction} for an explanation. \section{Conventions} \label{section-conventions} \noindent The conventions we use in this chapter are the same as those in the chapter on algebraic stacks, see Algebraic Stacks, Section \ref{algebraic-section-conventions}. \section{What we already know} \label{section-done-so-far} \noindent The analogue of this chapter for algebraic spaces is the chapter entitled Bootstrap'', see Bootstrap, Section \ref{bootstrap-section-introduction}. That chapter already contains some representability results. Moreover, some of the preliminary material treated there we already have worked out in the chapter on algebraic stacks. Here is a list: \begin{enumerate} \item We discuss morphisms of presheaves representable by algebraic spaces in Bootstrap, Section \ref{bootstrap-section-morphism-representable-by-spaces}. In Algebraic Stacks, Section \ref{algebraic-section-morphisms-representable-by-algebraic-spaces} we discuss the notion of a $1$-morphism of categories fibred in groupoids being representable by algebraic spaces. \item We discuss properties of morphisms of presheaves representable by algebraic spaces in Bootstrap, Section \ref{bootstrap-section-representable-by-spaces-properties}. In Algebraic Stacks, Section \ref{algebraic-section-representable-properties} we discuss the notion of a $1$-morphism of categories fibred in groupoids being representable by algebraic spaces. \item We proved that if $F$ is a sheaf whose diagonal is representable by algebraic spaces and which has an \'etale covering by an algebraic space, then $F$ is an algebraic space, see Bootstrap, Theorem \ref{bootstrap-theorem-bootstrap}. (This is a weak version of the result in the next item on the list.) \item \label{item-bootstrap-final} We proved that if $F$ is a sheaf and if there exists an algebraic space $U$ and a morphism $U \to F$ which is representable by algebraic spaces, surjective, flat, and locally of finite presentation, then $F$ is an algebraic space, see Bootstrap, Theorem \ref{bootstrap-theorem-final-bootstrap}. \item We have also proved the smooth'' analogue of (\ref{item-bootstrap-final}) for algebraic stacks: If $\mathcal{X}$ is a stack in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$ and if there exists a stack in groupoids $\mathcal{U}$ over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$ which is representable by an algebraic space and a $1$-morphism $u : \mathcal{U} \to \mathcal{X}$ which is representable by algebraic spaces, surjective, and smooth then $\mathcal{X}$ is an algebraic stack, see Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-smooth-surjective-morphism-implies-algebraic}. \end{enumerate} Our first task now is to prove the analogue of (\ref{item-bootstrap-final}) for algebraic stacks in general; it is Theorem \ref{theorem-bootstrap}. \section{Morphisms of stacks in groupoids} \label{section-1-morphisms} \noindent This section is preliminary and should be skipped on a first reading. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-etale-permanence} Let $\mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y} \to \mathcal{Z}$ be $1$-morphisms of categories fibred in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. If $\mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Z}$ and $\mathcal{Y} \to \mathcal{Z}$ are representable by algebraic spaces and \'etale so is $\mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Let $\mathcal{U}$ be a representable category fibred in groupoids over $S$. Let $f : \mathcal{U} \to \mathcal{Y}$ be a $1$-morphism. We have to show that $\mathcal{X} \times_\mathcal{Y} \mathcal{U}$ is representable by an algebraic space and \'etale over $\mathcal{U}$. Consider the composition $h : \mathcal{U} \to \mathcal{Z}$. Then $$\mathcal{X} \times_\mathcal{Z} \mathcal{U} \longrightarrow \mathcal{Y} \times_\mathcal{Z} \mathcal{U}$$ is a $1$-morphism between categories fibres in groupoids which are both representable by algebraic spaces and both \'etale over $\mathcal{U}$. Hence by Properties of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-properties-lemma-etale-permanence} this is represented by an \'etale morphism of algebraic spaces. Finally, we obtain the result we want as the morphism $f$ induces a morphism $\mathcal{U} \to \mathcal{Y} \times_\mathcal{Z} \mathcal{U}$ and we have $$\mathcal{X} \times_\mathcal{Y} \mathcal{U} = (\mathcal{X} \times_\mathcal{Z} \mathcal{U}) \times_{(\mathcal{Y} \times_\mathcal{Z} \mathcal{U})} \mathcal{U}.$$ \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-stack-in-setoids-descent} Let $\mathcal{X}, \mathcal{Y}, \mathcal{Z}$ be stacks in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. Suppose that $\mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ and $\mathcal{Z} \to \mathcal{Y}$ are $1$-morphisms. If \begin{enumerate} \item $\mathcal{Y}$, $\mathcal{Z}$ are representable by algebraic spaces $Y$, $Z$ over $S$, \item the associated morphism of algebraic spaces $Y \to Z$ is surjective, flat and locally of finite presentation, and \item $\mathcal{Y} \times_\mathcal{Z} \mathcal{X}$ is a stack in setoids, \end{enumerate} then $\mathcal{X}$ is a stack in setoids. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} This is a special case of Stacks, Lemma \ref{stacks-lemma-stack-in-setoids-descent}. \end{proof} \noindent The following lemma is the analogue of Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-smooth-surjective-morphism-implies-algebraic} and will be superseded by the stronger Theorem \ref{theorem-bootstrap}. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-flat-finite-presentation-surjective-diagonal} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $u : \mathcal{U} \to \mathcal{X}$ be a $1$-morphism of stacks in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. If \begin{enumerate} \item $\mathcal{U}$ is representable by an algebraic space, and \item $u$ is representable by algebraic spaces, surjective, flat and locally of finite presentation, \end{enumerate} then $\Delta : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{X} \times \mathcal{X}$ representable by algebraic spaces. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Given two schemes $T_1$, $T_2$ over $S$ denote $\mathcal{T}_i = (\Sch/T_i)_{fppf}$ the associated representable fibre categories. Suppose given $1$-morphisms $f_i : \mathcal{T}_i \to \mathcal{X}$. According to Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-representable-diagonal} it suffices to prove that the $2$-fibered product $\mathcal{T}_1 \times_\mathcal{X} \mathcal{T}_2$ is representable by an algebraic space. By Stacks, Lemma \ref{stacks-lemma-2-fibre-product-stacks-in-setoids-over-stack-in-groupoids} this is in any case a stack in setoids. Thus $\mathcal{T}_1 \times_\mathcal{X} \mathcal{T}_2$ corresponds to some sheaf $F$ on $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$, see Stacks, Lemma \ref{stacks-lemma-stack-in-setoids-characterize}. Let $U$ be the algebraic space which represents $\mathcal{U}$. By assumption $$\mathcal{T}_i' = \mathcal{U} \times_{u, \mathcal{X}, f_i} \mathcal{T}_i$$ is representable by an algebraic space $T'_i$ over $S$. Hence $\mathcal{T}_1' \times_\mathcal{U} \mathcal{T}_2'$ is representable by the algebraic space $T'_1 \times_U T'_2$. Consider the commutative diagram $$\xymatrix{ & \mathcal{T}_1 \times_{\mathcal X} \mathcal{T}_2 \ar[rr]\ar'[d][dd] & & \mathcal{T}_1 \ar[dd] \\ \mathcal{T}_1' \times_\mathcal{U} \mathcal{T}_2' \ar[ur]\ar[rr]\ar[dd] & & \mathcal{T}_1' \ar[ur]\ar[dd] \\ & \mathcal{T}_2 \ar'[r][rr] & & \mathcal X \\ \mathcal{T}_2' \ar[rr]\ar[ur] & & \mathcal{U} \ar[ur] }$$ In this diagram the bottom square, the right square, the back square, and the front square are $2$-fibre products. A formal argument then shows that $\mathcal{T}_1' \times_\mathcal{U} \mathcal{T}_2' \to \mathcal{T}_1 \times_{\mathcal X} \mathcal{T}_2$ is the base change'' of $\mathcal{U} \to \mathcal{X}$, more precisely the diagram $$\xymatrix{ \mathcal{T}_1' \times_\mathcal{U} \mathcal{T}_2' \ar[d] \ar[r] & \mathcal{U} \ar[d] \\ \mathcal{T}_1 \times_{\mathcal X} \mathcal{T}_2 \ar[r] & \mathcal{X} }$$ is a $2$-fibre square. Hence $T'_1 \times_U T'_2 \to F$ is representable by algebraic spaces, flat, locally of finite presentation and surjective, see Algebraic Stacks, Lemmas \ref{algebraic-lemma-map-fibred-setoids-representable-algebraic-spaces}, \ref{algebraic-lemma-base-change-representable-by-spaces}, \ref{algebraic-lemma-map-fibred-setoids-property}, and \ref{algebraic-lemma-base-change-representable-transformations-property}. Therefore $F$ is an algebraic space by Bootstrap, Theorem \ref{bootstrap-theorem-final-bootstrap} and we win. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-second-diagonal} Let $\mathcal{X}$ be a category fibred in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. The following are equivalent \begin{enumerate} \item $\Delta_\Delta : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{X} \times_{\mathcal{X} \times \mathcal{X}} \mathcal{X}$ is representable by algebraic spaces, \item for every $1$-morphism $\mathcal{V} \to \mathcal{X} \times \mathcal{X}$ with $\mathcal{V}$ representable (by a scheme) and the fibre product $\mathcal{Y} = \mathcal{X} \times_{\Delta, \mathcal{X} \times \mathcal{X}} \mathcal{V}$ has diagonal representable by algebraic spaces. \end{enumerate} \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Although this is a bit of a brain twister, it is completely formal. Namely, recall that $\mathcal{X} \times_{\mathcal{X} \times \mathcal{X}} \mathcal{X} = \mathcal{I}_\mathcal{X}$ is the inertia of $\mathcal{X}$ and that $\Delta_\Delta$ is the identity section of $\mathcal{I}_\mathcal{X}$, see Categories, Section \ref{categories-section-inertia}. Thus condition (1) says the following: Given a scheme $V$, an object $x$ of $\mathcal{X}$ over $V$, and a morphism $\alpha : x \to x$ of $\mathcal{X}_V$ the condition $\alpha = \text{id}_x$'' defines an algebraic space over $V$. (In other words, there exists a monomorphism of algebraic spaces $W \to V$ such that a morphism of schemes $f : T \to V$ factors through $W$ if and only if $f^*\alpha = \text{id}_{f^*x}$.) \medskip\noindent On the other hand, let $V$ be a scheme and let $x, y$ be objects of $\mathcal{X}$ over $V$. Then $(x, y)$ define a morphism $\mathcal{V} = (\Sch/V)_{fppf} \to \mathcal{X} \times \mathcal{X}$. Next, let $h : V' \to V$ be a morphism of schemes and let $\alpha : h^*x \to h^*y$ and $\beta : h^*x \to h^*y$ be morphisms of $\mathcal{X}_{V'}$. Then $(\alpha, \beta)$ define a morphism $\mathcal{V}' = (\Sch/V)_{fppf} \to \mathcal{Y} \times \mathcal{Y}$. Condition (2) now says that (with any choices as above) the condition $\alpha = \beta$'' defines an algebraic space over $V$. \medskip\noindent To see the equivalence, given $(\alpha, \beta)$ as in (2) we see that (1) implies that $\alpha^{-1} \circ \beta = \text{id}_{h^*x}$'' defines an algebraic space. The implication (2) $\Rightarrow$ (1) follows by taking $h = \text{id}_V$ and $\beta = \text{id}_x$. \end{proof} \section{Limit preserving on objects} \label{section-limit-preserving} \noindent Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $p : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ be a $1$-morphism of categories fibred in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. We will say that $p$ is {\it limit preserving on objects} if the following condition holds: Given any data consisting of \begin{enumerate} \item an affine scheme $U = \lim_{i \in I} U_i$ which is written as the directed limit of affine schemes $U_i$ over $S$, \item an object $y_i$ of $\mathcal{Y}$ over $U_i$ for some $i$, \item an object $x$ of $\mathcal{X}$ over $U$, and \item an isomorphism $\gamma : p(x) \to y_i|_U$, \end{enumerate} then there exists an $i' \geq i$, an object $x_{i'}$ of $\mathcal{X}$ over $U_{i'}$, an isomorphism $\beta : x_{i'}|_U \to x$, and an isomorphism $\gamma_{i'} : p(x_{i'}) \to y_i|_{U_{i'}}$ such that \begin{equation} \label{equation-limit-preserving} \vcenter{ \xymatrix{ p(x_{i'}|_U) \ar[d]_{p(\beta)} \ar[rr]_{\gamma_{i'}|_U} & & (y_i|_{U_{i'}})|_U \ar@{=}[d] \\ p(x) \ar[rr]^\gamma & & y_i|_U } } \end{equation} commutes. In this situation we say that $(i', x_{i'}, \beta, \gamma_{i'})$ is a {\it solution} to the problem posed by our data (1), (2), (3), (4)''. The motivation for this definition comes from Limits of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-limits-lemma-characterize-relative-limit-preserving}. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-base-change-limit-preserving} Let $p : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ and $q : \mathcal{Z} \to \mathcal{Y}$ be $1$-morphisms of categories fibred in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. If $p : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ is limit preserving on objects, then so is the base change $p' : \mathcal{X} \times_\mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z} \to \mathcal{Z}$ of $p$ by $q$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} This is formal. Let $U = \lim_{i \in I} U_i$ be the directed limit of affine schemes $U_i$ over $S$, let $z_i$ be an object of $\mathcal{Z}$ over $U_i$ for some $i$, let $w$ be an object of $\mathcal{X} \times_\mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z}$ over $U$, and let $\delta : p'(w) \to z_i|_U$ be an isomorphism. We may write $w = (U, x, z, \alpha)$ for some object $x$ of $\mathcal{X}$ over $U$ and object $z$ of $\mathcal{Z}$ over $U$ and isomorphism $\alpha : p(x) \to q(z)$. Note that $p'(w) = z$ hence $\delta : z \to z_i|_U$. Set $y_i = q(z_i)$ and $\gamma = q(\delta) \circ \alpha : p(x) \to y_i|_U$. As $p$ is limit preserving on objects there exists an $i' \geq i$ and an object $x_{i'}$ of $\mathcal{X}$ over $U_{i'}$ as well as isomorphisms $\beta : x_{i'}|_U \to x$ and $\gamma_{i'} : p(x_{i'}) \to y_i|_{U_{i'}}$ such that (\ref{equation-limit-preserving}) commutes. Then we consider the object $w_{i'} = (U_{i'}, x_{i'}, z_i|_{U_{i'}}, \gamma_{i'})$ of $\mathcal{X} \times_\mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z}$ over $U_{i'}$ and define isomorphisms $$w_{i'}|_U = (U, x_{i'}|_U, z_i|_U, \gamma_{i'}|_U) \xrightarrow{(\beta, \delta^{-1})} (U, x, z, \alpha) = w$$ and $$p'(w_{i'}) = z_i|_{U_{i'}} \xrightarrow{\text{id}} z_i|_{U_{i'}}.$$ These combine to give a solution to the problem. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-composition-limit-preserving} Let $p : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ and $q : \mathcal{Y} \to \mathcal{Z}$ be $1$-morphisms of categories fibred in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. If $p$ and $q$ are limit preserving on objects, then so is the composition $q \circ p$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} This is formal. Let $U = \lim_{i \in I} U_i$ be the directed limit of affine schemes $U_i$ over $S$, let $z_i$ be an object of $\mathcal{Z}$ over $U_i$ for some $i$, let $x$ be an object of $\mathcal{X}$ over $U$, and let $\gamma : q(p(x)) \to z_i|_U$ be an isomorphism. As $q$ is limit preserving on objects there exist an $i' \geq i$, an object $y_{i'}$ of $\mathcal{Y}$ over $U_{i'}$, an isomorphism $\beta : y_{i'}|_U \to p(x)$, and an isomorphism $\gamma_{i'} : q(y_{i'}) \to z_i|_{U_{i'}}$ such that (\ref{equation-limit-preserving}) is commutative. As $p$ is limit preserving on objects there exist an $i'' \geq i'$, an object $x_{i''}$ of $\mathcal{X}$ over $U_{i''}$, an isomorphism $\beta' : x_{i''}|_U \to x$, and an isomorphism $\gamma'_{i''} : p(x_{i''}) \to y_{i'}|_{U_{i''}}$ such that (\ref{equation-limit-preserving}) is commutative. The solution is to take $x_{i''}$ over $U_{i''}$ with isomorphism $$q(p(x_{i''})) \xrightarrow{q(\gamma'_{i''})} q(y_{i'})|_{U_{i''}} \xrightarrow{\gamma_{i'}|_{U_{i''}}} z_i|_{U_{i''}}$$ and isomorphism $\beta' : x_{i''}|_U \to x$. We omit the verification that (\ref{equation-limit-preserving}) is commutative. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-representable-by-spaces-limit-preserving} Let $p : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ be a $1$-morphism of categories fibred in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. If $p$ is representable by algebraic spaces, then the following are equivalent: \begin{enumerate} \item $p$ is limit preserving on objects, and \item $p$ is locally of finite presentation (see Algebraic Stacks, Definition \ref{algebraic-definition-relative-representable-property}). \end{enumerate} \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Assume (2). Let $U = \lim_{i \in I} U_i$ be the directed limit of affine schemes $U_i$ over $S$, let $y_i$ be an object of $\mathcal{Y}$ over $U_i$ for some $i$, let $x$ be an object of $\mathcal{X}$ over $U$, and let $\gamma : p(x) \to y_i|_U$ be an isomorphism. Let $X_{y_i}$ denote an algebraic space over $U_i$ representing the $2$-fibre product $$(\Sch/U_i)_{fppf} \times_{y_i, \mathcal{Y}, p} \mathcal{X}.$$ Note that $\xi = (U, U \to U_i, x, \gamma^{-1})$ defines an object of this $2$-fibre product over $U$. Via the $2$-Yoneda lemma $\xi$ corresponds to a morphism $f_\xi : U \to X_{y_i}$ over $U_i$. By Limits of Spaces, Proposition \ref{spaces-limits-proposition-characterize-locally-finite-presentation} there exists an $i' \geq i$ and a morphism $f_{i'} : U_{i'} \to X_{y_i}$ such that $f_\xi$ is the composition of $f_{i'}$ and the projection morphism $U \to U_{i'}$. Also, the $2$-Yoneda lemma tells us that $f_{i'}$ corresponds to an object $\xi_{i'} = (U_{i'}, U_{i'} \to U_i, x_{i'}, \alpha)$ of the displayed $2$-fibre product over $U_{i'}$ whose restriction to $U$ recovers $\xi$. In particular we obtain an isomorphism $\gamma : x_{i'}|U \to x$. Note that $\alpha : y_i|_{U_{i'}} \to p(x_{i'})$. Hence we see that taking $x_{i'}$, the isomorphism $\gamma : x_{i'}|U \to x$, and the isomorphism $\beta = \alpha^{-1} : p(x_{i'}) \to y_i|_{U_{i'}}$ is a solution to the problem. \medskip\noindent Assume (1). Choose a scheme $T$ and a $1$-morphism $y : (\Sch/T)_{fppf} \to \mathcal{Y}$. Let $X_y$ be an algebraic space over $T$ representing the $2$-fibre product $(\Sch/T)_{fppf} \times_{y, \mathcal{Y}, p} \mathcal{X}$. We have to show that $X_y \to T$ is locally of finite presentation. To do this we will use the criterion in Limits of Spaces, Remark \ref{spaces-limits-remark-limit-preserving}. Consider an affine scheme $U = \lim_{i \in I} U_i$ written as the directed limit of affine schemes over $T$. Pick any $i \in I$ and set $y_i = y|_{U_i}$. Also denote $i'$ an element of $I$ which is bigger than or equal to $i$. By the $2$-Yoneda lemma morphisms $U \to X_y$ over $T$ correspond bijectively to isomorphism classes of pairs $(x, \alpha)$ where $x$ is an object of $\mathcal{X}$ over $U$ and $\alpha : y|_U \to p(x)$ is an isomorphism. Of course giving $\alpha$ is, up to an inverse, the same thing as giving an isomorphism $\gamma : p(x) \to y_i|_U$. Similarly for morphisms $U_{i'} \to X_y$ over $T$. Hence (1) guarantees that the canonical map $$\colim_{i' \geq i} X_y(U_{i'}) \longrightarrow X_y(U)$$ is surjective in this situation. It follows from Limits of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-limits-lemma-surjection-is-enough} that $X_y \to T$ is locally of finite presentation. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-open-immersion-limit-preserving} Let $p : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ be a $1$-morphism of categories fibred in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. Assume $p$ is representable by algebraic spaces and an open immersion. Then $p$ is limit preserving on objects. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} This follows from Lemma \ref{lemma-representable-by-spaces-limit-preserving} and (via the general principle Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-representable-transformations-property-implication}) from the fact that an open immersion of algebraic spaces is locally of finite presentation, see Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-open-immersion-locally-finite-presentation}. \end{proof} \noindent Let $S$ be a scheme. In the following lemma we need the notion of the {\it size} of an algebraic space $X$ over $S$. Namely, given a cardinal $\kappa$ we will say $X$ has $\text{size}(X) \leq \kappa$ if and only if there exists a scheme $U$ with $\text{size}(U) \leq \kappa$ (see Sets, Section \ref{sets-section-categories-schemes}) and a surjective \'etale morphism $U \to X$. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-check-representable-limit-preserving} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $\kappa = \text{size}(T)$ for some $T \in \Ob((\Sch/S)_{fppf})$. Let $f : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ be a $1$-morphism of categories fibred in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$ such that \begin{enumerate} \item $\mathcal{Y} \to (\Sch/S)_{fppf}$ is limit preserving on objects, \item for an affine scheme $V$ locally of finite presentation over $S$ and $y \in \Ob(\mathcal{Y}_V)$ the fibre product $(\Sch/V)_{fppf} \times_{y, \mathcal{Y}} \mathcal{X}$ is representable by an algebraic space of size $\leq \kappa$\footnote{The condition on size can be dropped by those ignoring set theoretic issues.}, \item $\mathcal{X}$ and $\mathcal{Y}$ are stacks for the Zariski topology. \end{enumerate} Then $f$ is representable by algebraic spaces. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Let $V$ be a scheme over $S$ and $y \in \mathcal{Y}_V$. We have to prove $(\Sch/V)_{fppf} \times_{y, \mathcal{Y}} \mathcal{X}$ is representable by an algebraic space. \medskip\noindent Case I: $V$ is affine and maps into an affine open $\Spec(\Lambda) \subset S$. Then we can write $V = \lim V_i$ with each $V_i$ affine and of finite presentation over $\Spec(\Lambda)$, see Algebra, Lemma \ref{algebra-lemma-ring-colimit-fp}. Then $y$ comes from an object $y_i$ over $V_i$ for some $i$ by assumption (1). By assumption (3) the fibre product $(\Sch/V_i)_{fppf} \times_{y_i, \mathcal{Y}} \mathcal{X}$ is representable by an algebraic space $Z_i$. Then $(\Sch/V)_{fppf} \times_{y, \mathcal{Y}} \mathcal{X}$ is representable by $Z \times_{V_i} V$. \medskip\noindent Case II: $V$ is general. Choose an affine open covering $V = \bigcup_{i \in I} V_i$ such that each $V_i$ maps into an affine open of $S$. We first claim that $\mathcal{Z} = (\Sch/V)_{fppf} \times_{y, \mathcal{Y}} \mathcal{X}$ is a stack in setoids for the Zariski topology. Namely, it is a stack in groupoids for the Zariski topology by Stacks, Lemma \ref{stacks-lemma-2-product-stacks-in-groupoids}. Then suppose that $z$ is an object of $\mathcal{Z}$ over a scheme $T$. Denote $g : T \to V$ the morphism corresponding to the projection of $z$ in $(\Sch/V)_{fppf}$. Consider the Zariski sheaf $\mathit{I} = \mathit{Isom}_{\mathcal{Z}}(z, z)$. By Case I we see that $\mathit{I}|_{g^{-1}(V_i)} = *$ (the singleton sheaf). Hence $\mathcal{I} = *$. Thus $\mathcal{Z}$ is fibred in setoids. To finish the proof we have to show that the Zariski sheaf $Z : T \mapsto \Ob(\mathcal{Z}_T)/\cong$ is an algebraic space, see Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-characterize-representable-by-space}. There is a map $p : Z \to V$ (transformation of functors) and by Case I we know that $Z_i = p^{-1}(V_i)$ is an algebraic space. The morphisms $Z_i \to Z$ are representable by open immersions and $\coprod Z_i \to Z$ is surjective (in the Zariski topology). Hence $Z$ is a sheaf for the fppf topology by Bootstrap, Lemma \ref{bootstrap-lemma-glueing-sheaves}. Thus Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-lemma-glueing-algebraic-spaces} applies and we conclude that $Z$ is an algebraic space\footnote{ To see that the set theoretic condition of that lemma is satisfied we argue as follows: First choose the open covering such that $|I| \leq \text{size}(V)$. Next, choose schemes $U_i$ of size $\leq \max(\kappa, \text{size}(V))$ and surjective \'etale morphisms $U_i \to Z_i$; we can do this by assumption (2) and Sets, Lemma \ref{sets-lemma-bound-size-fibre-product} (details omitted). Then Sets, Lemma \ref{sets-lemma-what-is-in-it} implies that $\coprod U_i$ is an object of $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. Hence $\coprod Z_i$ is an algebraic space by Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-lemma-coproduct-algebraic-spaces}. }. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-check-property-limit-preserving} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $f : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ be a $1$-morphism of categories fibred in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. Let $\mathcal{P}$ be a property of morphisms of algebraic spaces as in Algebraic Stacks, Definition \ref{algebraic-definition-relative-representable-property}. If \begin{enumerate} \item $f$ is representable by algebraic spaces, \item $\mathcal{Y} \to (\Sch/S)_{fppf}$ is limit preserving on objects, \item for an affine scheme $V$ locally of finite presentation over $S$ and $y \in \mathcal{Y}_V$ the resulting morphism of algebraic spaces $f_y : F_y \to V$, see Algebraic Stacks, Equation (\ref{algebraic-equation-representable-by-algebraic-spaces}), has property $\mathcal{P}$. \end{enumerate} Then $f$ has property $\mathcal{P}$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Let $V$ be a scheme over $S$ and $y \in \mathcal{Y}_V$. We have to show that $F_y \to V$ has property $\mathcal{P}$. Since $\mathcal{P}$ is fppf local on the base we may assume that $V$ is an affine scheme which maps into an affine open $\Spec(\Lambda) \subset S$. Thus we can write $V = \lim V_i$ with each $V_i$ affine and of finite presentation over $\Spec(\Lambda)$, see Algebra, Lemma \ref{algebra-lemma-ring-colimit-fp}. Then $y$ comes from an object $y_i$ over $V_i$ for some $i$ by assumption (2). By assumption (3) the morphism $F_{y_i} \to V_i$ has property $\mathcal{P}$. As $\mathcal{P}$ is stable under arbitrary base change and since $F_y = F_{y_i} \times_{V_i} V$ we conclude that $F_y \to V$ has property $\mathcal{P}$ as desired. \end{proof} \section{Formally smooth on objects} \label{section-formally-smooth} \noindent Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $p : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ be a $1$-morphism of categories fibred in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. We will say that $p$ is {\it formally smooth on objects} if the following condition holds: Given any data consisting of \begin{enumerate} \item a first order thickening $U \subset U'$ of affine schemes over $S$, \item an object $y'$ of $\mathcal{Y}$ over $U'$, \item an object $x$ of $\mathcal{X}$ over $U$, and \item an isomorphism $\gamma : p(x) \to y'|_U$, \end{enumerate} then there exists an object $x'$ of $\mathcal{X}$ over $U'$ with an isomorphism $\beta : x'|_U \to x$ and an isomorphism $\gamma' : p(x') \to y'$ such that \begin{equation} \label{equation-formally-smooth} \vcenter{ \xymatrix{ p(x'|_U) \ar[d]_{p(\beta)} \ar[rr]_{\gamma'|_U} & & y'|_U \ar@{=}[d] \\ p(x) \ar[rr]^\gamma & & y'|_U } } \end{equation} commutes. In this situation we say that $(x', \beta, \gamma')$ is a {\it solution} to the problem posed by our data (1), (2), (3), (4)''. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-base-change-formally-smooth} Let $p : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ and $q : \mathcal{Z} \to \mathcal{Y}$ be $1$-morphisms of categories fibred in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. If $p : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ is formally smooth on objects, then so is the base change $p' : \mathcal{X} \times_\mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z} \to \mathcal{Z}$ of $p$ by $q$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} This is formal. Let $U \subset U'$ be a first order thickening of affine schemes over $S$, let $z'$ be an object of $\mathcal{Z}$ over $U'$, let $w$ be an object of $\mathcal{X} \times_\mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z}$ over $U$, and let $\delta : p'(w) \to z'|_U$ be an isomorphism. We may write $w = (U, x, z, \alpha)$ for some object $x$ of $\mathcal{X}$ over $U$ and object $z$ of $\mathcal{Z}$ over $U$ and isomorphism $\alpha : p(x) \to q(z)$. Note that $p'(w) = z$ hence $\delta : z \to z|_U$. Set $y' = q(z')$ and $\gamma = q(\delta) \circ \alpha : p(x) \to y'|_U$. As $p$ is formally smooth on objects there exists an object $x'$ of $\mathcal{X}$ over $U'$ as well as isomorphisms $\beta : x'|_U \to x$ and $\gamma' : p(x') \to y'$ such that (\ref{equation-formally-smooth}) commutes. Then we consider the object $w = (U', x', z', \gamma')$ of $\mathcal{X} \times_\mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z}$ over $U'$ and define isomorphisms $$w'|_U = (U, x'|_U, z'|_U, \gamma'|_U) \xrightarrow{(\beta, \delta^{-1})} (U, x, z, \alpha) = w$$ and $$p'(w') = z' \xrightarrow{\text{id}} z'.$$ These combine to give a solution to the problem. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-composition-formally-smooth} Let $p : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ and $q : \mathcal{Y} \to \mathcal{Z}$ be $1$-morphisms of categories fibred in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. If $p$ and $q$ are formally smooth on objects, then so is the composition $q \circ p$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} This is formal. Let $U \subset U'$ be a first order thickening of affine schemes over $S$, let $z'$ be an object of $\mathcal{Z}$ over $U'$, let $x$ be an object of $\mathcal{X}$ over $U$, and let $\gamma : q(p(x)) \to z'|_U$ be an isomorphism. As $q$ is formally smooth on objects there exist an object $y'$ of $\mathcal{Y}$ over $U'$, an isomorphism $\beta : y'|_U \to p(x)$, and an isomorphism $\gamma' : q(y') \to z'$ such that (\ref{equation-formally-smooth}) is commutative. As $p$ is formally smooth on objects there exist an object $x'$ of $\mathcal{X}$ over $U'$, an isomorphism $\beta' : x'|_U \to x$, and an isomorphism $\gamma'' : p(x') \to y'$ such that (\ref{equation-formally-smooth}) is commutative. The solution is to take $x'$ over $U'$ with isomorphism $$q(p(x')) \xrightarrow{q(\gamma'')} q(y') \xrightarrow{\gamma'} z'$$ and isomorphism $\beta' : x'|_U \to x$. We omit the verification that (\ref{equation-formally-smooth}) is commutative. \end{proof} \noindent Note that the class of formally smooth morphisms of algebraic spaces is stable under arbitrary base change and local on the target in the fpqc topology, see More on Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-more-morphisms-lemma-base-change-formally-smooth} and \ref{spaces-more-morphisms-lemma-descending-property-formally-smooth}. Hence condition (2) in the lemma below makes sense. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-representable-by-spaces-formally-smooth} Let $p : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ be a $1$-morphism of categories fibred in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. If $p$ is representable by algebraic spaces, then the following are equivalent: \begin{enumerate} \item $p$ is formally smooth on objects, and \item $p$ is formally smooth (see Algebraic Stacks, Definition \ref{algebraic-definition-relative-representable-property}). \end{enumerate} \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Assume (2). Let $U \subset U'$ be a first order thickening of affine schemes over $S$, let $y'$ be an object of $\mathcal{Y}$ over $U'$, let $x$ be an object of $\mathcal{X}$ over $U$, and let $\gamma : p(x) \to y'|_U$ be an isomorphism. Let $X_{y'}$ denote an algebraic space over $U'$ representing the $2$-fibre product $$(\Sch/U')_{fppf} \times_{y', \mathcal{Y}, p} \mathcal{X}.$$ Note that $\xi = (U, U \to U', x, \gamma^{-1})$ defines an object of this $2$-fibre product over $U$. Via the $2$-Yoneda lemma $\xi$ corresponds to a morphism $f_\xi : U \to X_{y'}$ over $U'$. As $X_{y'} \to U'$ is formally smooth by assumption there exists a morphism $f' : U' \to X_{y'}$ such that $f_\xi$ is the composition of $f'$ and the morphism $U \to U'$. Also, the $2$-Yoneda lemma tells us that $f'$ corresponds to an object $\xi' = (U', U' \to U', x', \alpha)$ of the displayed $2$-fibre product over $U'$ whose restriction to $U$ recovers $\xi$. In particular we obtain an isomorphism $\gamma : x'|U \to x$. Note that $\alpha : y' \to p(x')$. Hence we see that taking $x'$, the isomorphism $\gamma : x'|U \to x$, and the isomorphism $\beta = \alpha^{-1} : p(x') \to y'$ is a solution to the problem. \medskip\noindent Assume (1). Choose a scheme $T$ and a $1$-morphism $y : (\Sch/T)_{fppf} \to \mathcal{Y}$. Let $X_y$ be an algebraic space over $T$ representing the $2$-fibre product $(\Sch/T)_{fppf} \times_{y, \mathcal{Y}, p} \mathcal{X}$. We have to show that $X_y \to T$ is formally smooth. Hence it suffices to show that given a first order thickening $U \subset U'$ of affine schemes over $T$, then $X_y(U') \to X_y(U')$ is surjective (morphisms in the category of algebraic spaces over $T$). Set $y' = y|_{U'}$. By the $2$-Yoneda lemma morphisms $U \to X_y$ over $T$ correspond bijectively to isomorphism classes of pairs $(x, \alpha)$ where $x$ is an object of $\mathcal{X}$ over $U$ and $\alpha : y|_U \to p(x)$ is an isomorphism. Of course giving $\alpha$ is, up to an inverse, the same thing as giving an isomorphism $\gamma : p(x) \to y'|_U$. Similarly for morphisms $U' \to X_y$ over $T$. Hence (1) guarantees the surjectivity of $X_y(U') \to X_y(U')$ in this situation and we win. \end{proof} \section{Surjective on objects} \label{section-formally-surjective} \noindent Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $p : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ be a $1$-morphism of categories fibred in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. We will say that $p$ is {\it surjective on objects} if the following condition holds: Given any data consisting of \begin{enumerate} \item a field $k$ over $S$, and \item an object $y$ of $\mathcal{Y}$ over $\Spec(k)$, \end{enumerate} then there exists an extension $k \subset K$ of fields over $S$, an object $x$ of $\mathcal{X}$ over $\Spec(K)$ such that $p(x) \cong y|_{\Spec(K)}$. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-base-change-surjective} Let $p : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ and $q : \mathcal{Z} \to \mathcal{Y}$ be $1$-morphisms of categories fibred in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. If $p : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ is surjective on objects, then so is the base change $p' : \mathcal{X} \times_\mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z} \to \mathcal{Z}$ of $p$ by $q$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} This is formal. Let $z$ be an object of $\mathcal{Z}$ over a field $k$. As $p$ is surjective on objects there exists an extension $k \subset K$ and an object $x$ of $\mathcal{X}$ over $K$ and an isomorphism $\alpha : p(x) \to q(z)|_{\Spec(K)}$. Then $w = (\Spec(K), x, z|_{\Spec(K)}, \alpha)$ is an object of $\mathcal{X} \times_\mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z}$ over $K$ with $p'(w) = z|_{\Spec(K)}$. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-composition-surjective} Let $p : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ and $q : \mathcal{Y} \to \mathcal{Z}$ be $1$-morphisms of categories fibred in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. If $p$ and $q$ are surjective on objects, then so is the composition $q \circ p$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} This is formal. Let $z$ be an object of $\mathcal{Z}$ over a field $k$. As $q$ is surjective on objects there exists a field extension $k \subset K$ and an object $y$ of $\mathcal{Y}$ over $K$ such that $q(y) \cong x|_{\Spec(K)}$. As $p$ is surjective on objects there exists a field extension $K \subset L$ and an object $x$ of $\mathcal{X}$ over $L$ such that $p(x) \cong y|_{\Spec(L)}$. Then the field extension $k \subset L$ and the object $x$ of $\mathcal{X}$ over $L$ satisfy $q(p(x)) \cong z|_{\Spec(L)}$ as desired. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-representable-by-spaces-surjective} Let $p : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ be a $1$-morphism of categories fibred in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. If $p$ is representable by algebraic spaces, then the following are equivalent: \begin{enumerate} \item $p$ is surjective on objects, and \item $p$ is surjective (see Algebraic Stacks, Definition \ref{algebraic-definition-relative-representable-property}). \end{enumerate} \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Assume (2). Let $k$ be a field and let $y$ be an object of $\mathcal{Y}$ over $k$. Let $X_y$ denote an algebraic space over $k$ representing the $2$-fibre product $$(\Sch/\Spec(k))_{fppf} \times_{y, \mathcal{Y}, p} \mathcal{X}.$$ As we've assumed that $p$ is surjective we see that $X_y$ is not empty. Hence we can find a field extension $k \subset K$ and a $K$-valued point $x$ of $X_y$. Via the $2$-Yoneda lemma this corresponds to an object $x$ of $\mathcal{X}$ over $K$ together with an isomorphism $p(x) \cong y|_{\Spec(K)}$ and we see that (1) holds. \medskip\noindent Assume (1). Choose a scheme $T$ and a $1$-morphism $y : (\Sch/T)_{fppf} \to \mathcal{Y}$. Let $X_y$ be an algebraic space over $T$ representing the $2$-fibre product $(\Sch/T)_{fppf} \times_{y, \mathcal{Y}, p} \mathcal{X}$. We have to show that $X_y \to T$ is surjective. By Morphisms of Spaces, Definition \ref{spaces-morphisms-definition-surjective} we have to show that $|X_y| \to |T|$ is surjective. This means exactly that given a field $k$ over $T$ and a morphism $t : \Spec(k) \to T$ there exists a field extension $k \subset K$ and a morphism $x : \Spec(K) \to X_y$ such that $$\xymatrix{ \Spec(K) \ar[d] \ar[r]_x & X_y \ar[d] \\ \Spec(k) \ar[r]^t & T }$$ commutes. By the $2$-Yoneda lemma this means exactly that we have to find $k \subset K$ and an object $x$ of $\mathcal{X}$ over $K$ such that $p(x) \cong t^*y|_{\Spec(K)}$. Hence (1) guarantees that this is the case and we win. \end{proof} \section{Algebraic morphisms} \label{section-algebraic} \noindent The following notion is occasionally useful. \begin{definition} \label{definition-algebraic} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $F : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ be a $1$-morphism of stacks in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. We say that $F$ is {\it algebraic} if for every scheme $T$ and every object $\xi$ of $\mathcal{Y}$ over $T$ the $2$-fibre product $$(\Sch/T)_{fppf} \times_{\xi, \mathcal{Y}} \mathcal{X}$$ is an algebraic stack over $S$. \end{definition} \noindent With this terminology in place we have the following result that generalizes Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-representable-morphism-to-algebraic}. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-algebraic-morphism-to-algebraic} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $F : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ be a $1$-morphism of stacks in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. If \begin{enumerate} \item $\mathcal{Y}$ is an algebraic stack, and \item $F$ is algebraic (see above), \end{enumerate} then $\mathcal{X}$ is an algebraic stack. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} By assumption (1) there exists a scheme $T$ and an object $\xi$ of $\mathcal{Y}$ over $T$ such that the corresponding $1$-morphism $\xi : (\Sch/T)_{fppf} \to \mathcal{Y}$ is smooth an surjective. Then $\mathcal{U} = (\Sch/T)_{fppf} \times_{\xi, \mathcal{Y}} \mathcal{X}$ is is an algebraic stack by assumption (2). Choose a scheme $U$ and a surjective smooth $1$-morphism $(\Sch/U)_{fppf} \to \mathcal{U}$. The projection $\mathcal{U} \longrightarrow \mathcal{X}$ is, as the base change of the morphism $\xi : (\Sch/T)_{fppf} \to \mathcal{Y}$, surjective and smooth, see Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-base-change-representable-transformations-property}. Then the composition $(\Sch/U)_{fppf} \to \mathcal{U} \to \mathcal{X}$ is surjective and smooth as a composition of surjective and smooth morphisms, see Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-composition-representable-transformations-property}. Hence $\mathcal{X}$ is an algebraic stack by Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-smooth-surjective-morphism-implies-algebraic}. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-map-from-algebraic} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $F : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ be a $1$-morphism of stacks in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. If $\mathcal{X}$ is an algebraic stack and $\Delta : \mathcal{Y} \to \mathcal{Y} \times \mathcal{Y}$ is representable by algebraic spaces, then $F$ is algebraic. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Choose a representable stack in groupoids $\mathcal{U}$ and a surjective smooth $1$-morphism $\mathcal{U} \to \mathcal{X}$. Let $T$ be a scheme and let $\xi$ be an object of $\mathcal{Y}$ over $T$. The morphism of $2$-fibre products $$(\Sch/T)_{fppf} \times_{\xi, \mathcal{Y}} \mathcal{U} \longrightarrow (\Sch/T)_{fppf} \times_{\xi, \mathcal{Y}} \mathcal{X}$$ is representable by algebraic spaces, surjective, and smooth as a base change of $\mathcal{U} \to \mathcal{X}$, see Algebraic Stacks, Lemmas \ref{algebraic-lemma-base-change-representable-by-spaces} and \ref{algebraic-lemma-base-change-representable-transformations-property}. By our condition on the diagonal of $\mathcal{Y}$ we see that the source of this morphism is representable by an algebraic space, see Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-representable-diagonal}. Hence the target is an algebraic stack by Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-smooth-surjective-morphism-implies-algebraic}. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-diagonals-and-algebraic-morphisms} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $F : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ be a $1$-morphism of stacks in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. If $F$ is algebraic and $\Delta : \mathcal{Y} \to \mathcal{Y} \times \mathcal{Y}$ is representable by algebraic spaces, then $\Delta : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{X} \times \mathcal{X}$ is representable by algebraic spaces. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Assume $F$ is algebraic and $\Delta : \mathcal{Y} \to \mathcal{Y} \times \mathcal{Y}$ is representable by algebraic spaces. Take a scheme $U$ over $S$ and two objects $x_1, x_2$ of $\mathcal{X}$ over $U$. We have to show that $\mathit{Isom}(x_1, x_2)$ is an algebraic space over $U$, see Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-representable-diagonal}. Set $y_i = F(x_i)$. We have a morphism of sheaves of sets $$f : \mathit{Isom}(x_1, x_2) \to \mathit{Isom}(y_1, y_2)$$ and the target is an algebraic space by assumption. Thus it suffices to show that $f$ is representable by algebraic spaces, see Bootstrap, Lemma \ref{bootstrap-lemma-representable-by-spaces-over-space}. Thus we can choose a scheme $V$ over $U$ and an isomorphism $\beta : y_{1, V} \to y_{2, V}$ and we have to show the functor $$(\Sch/V)_{fppf} \to \textit{Sets},\quad T/V \mapsto \{\alpha : x_{1, T} \to x_{2, T} \text{ in }\mathcal{X}_T \mid F(\alpha) = \beta|_T\}$$ is an algebraic space. Consider the objects $z_1 = (V, x_{1, V}, \text{id})$ and $z_2 = (V, x_{2, V}, \beta)$ of $$\mathcal{Z} = (\Sch/V)_{fppf} \times_{y_{1, V}, \mathcal{Y}} \mathcal{X}$$ Then it is straightforward to verify that the functor above is equal to $\mathit{Isom}(z_1, z_2)$ on $(\Sch/V)_{fppf}$. Hence this is an algebraic space by our assumption that $F$ is algebraic (and the definition of algebraic stacks). \end{proof} \section{Spaces of sections} \label{section-spaces-sections} \noindent Given morphisms $W \to Z \to U$ we can consider the functor that associates to a scheme $U'$ over $U$ the set of sections $\sigma : Z_{U'} \to W_{U'}$ of the base change $W_{U'} \to Z_{U'}$ of the morphism $W \to Z$. In this section we prove some preliminary lemmas on this functor. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-surjection-space-of-sections} Let $Z \to U$ be a finite morphism of schemes. Let $W$ be an algebraic space and let $W \to Z$ be a surjective \'etale morphism. Then there exists a surjective \'etale morphism $U' \to U$ and a section $$\sigma : Z_{U'} \to W_{U'}$$ of the morphism $W_{U'} \to Z_{U'}$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} We may choose a separated scheme $W'$ and a surjective \'etale morphism $W' \to W$. Hence after replacing $W$ by $W'$ we may assume that $W$ is a separated scheme. Write $f : W \to Z$ and $\pi : Z \to U$. Note that $f \circ \pi : W \to U$ is separated as $W$ is separated (see Schemes, Lemma \ref{schemes-lemma-compose-after-separated}). Let $u \in U$ be a point. Clearly it suffices to find an \'etale neighbourhood $(U', u')$ of $(U, u)$ such that a section $\sigma$ exists over $U'$. Let $z_1, \ldots, z_r$ be the points of $Z$ lying above $u$. For each $i$ choose a point $w_i \in W$ which maps to $z_i$. We may pick an \'etale neighbourhood $(U', u') \to (U, u)$ such that the conclusions of More on Morphisms, Lemma \ref{more-morphisms-lemma-etale-splits-off-quasi-finite-part-technical-variant} hold for both $Z \to U$ and the points $z_1, \ldots, z_r$ and $W \to U$ and the points $w_1, \ldots, w_r$. Hence, after replacing $(U, u)$ by $(U', u')$ and relabeling, we may assume that all the field extensions $\kappa(u) \subset \kappa(z_i)$ and $\kappa(u) \subset \kappa(w_i)$ are purely inseparable, and moreover that there exist disjoint union decompositions $$Z = V_1 \amalg \ldots \amalg V_r \amalg A, \quad W = W_1 \amalg \ldots \amalg W_r \amalg B$$ by open and closed subschemes with $z_i \in V_i$, $w_i \in W_i$ and $V_i \to U$, $W_i \to U$ finite. After replacing $U$ by $U \setminus \pi(A)$ we may assume that $A = \emptyset$, i.e., $Z = V_1 \amalg \ldots \amalg V_r$. After replacing $W_i$ by $W_i \cap f^{-1}(V_i)$ and $B$ by $B \cup \bigcup W_i \cap f^{-1}(Z \setminus V_i)$ we may assume that $f$ maps $W_i$ into $V_i$. Then $f_i = f|_{W_i} : W_i \to V_i$ is a morphism of schemes finite over $U$, hence finite (see Morphisms, Lemma \ref{morphisms-lemma-finite-permanence}). It is also \'etale (by assumption), $f_i^{-1}(\{z_i\}) = w_i$, and induces an isomorphism of residue fields $\kappa(z_i) = \kappa(w_i)$ (because both are purely inseparable extensions of $\kappa(u)$ and $\kappa(z_i) \subset \kappa(w_i)$ is separable as $f$ is \'etale). Hence by \'Etale Morphisms, Lemma \ref{etale-lemma-finite-etale-one-point} we see that $f_i$ is an isomorphism in a neighbourhood $V_i'$ of $z_i$. Since $\pi : Z \to U$ is closed, after shrinking $U$, we may assume that $W_i \to V_i$ is an isomorphism. This proves the lemma. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-space-of-sections} Let $Z \to U$ be a finite locally free morphism of schemes. Let $W$ be an algebraic space and let $W \to Z$ be an \'etale morphism. Then the functor $$F : (\Sch/U)_{fppf}^{opp} \longrightarrow \textit{Sets},$$ defined by the rule $$U' \longmapsto F(U') = \{\sigma : Z_{U'} \to W_{U'}\text{ section of }W_{U'} \to Z_{U'}\}$$ is an algebraic space and the morphism $F \to U$ is \'etale. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Assume first that $W \to Z$ is also separated. Let $U'$ be a scheme over $U$ and let $\sigma \in F(U')$. By Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-section-immersion} the morphism $\sigma$ is a closed immersion. Moreover, $\sigma$ is \'etale by Properties of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-properties-lemma-etale-permanence}. Hence $\sigma$ is also an open immersion, see Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-etale-universally-injective-open}. In other words, $Z_\sigma = \sigma(Z_{U'}) \subset W_{U'}$ is an open subspace such that the morphism $Z_\sigma \to Z_{U'}$ is an isomorphism. In particular, the morphism $Z_\sigma \to U'$ is finite. Hence we obtain a transformation of functors $$F \longrightarrow (W/U)_{fin}, \quad \sigma \longmapsto (U' \to U, Z_\sigma)$$ where $(W/U)_{fin}$ is the finite part of the morphism $W \to U$ introduced in More on Groupoids in Spaces, Section \ref{spaces-more-groupoids-section-finite}. It is clear that this transformation of functors is injective (since we can recover $\sigma$ from $Z_\sigma$ as the inverse of the isomorphism $Z_\sigma \to Z_{U'}$). By More on Groupoids in Spaces, Proposition \ref{spaces-more-groupoids-proposition-finite-algebraic-space} we know that $(W/U)_{fin}$ is an algebraic space \'etale over $U$. Hence to finish the proof in this case it suffices to show that $F \to (W/U)_{fin}$ is representable and an open immersion. To see this suppose that we are given a morphism of schemes $U' \to U$ and an open subspace $Z' \subset W_{U'}$ such that $Z' \to U'$ is finite. Then it suffices to show that there exists an open subscheme $U'' \subset U'$ such that a morphism $T \to U'$ factors through $U''$ if and only if $Z' \times_{U'} T$ maps isomorphically to $Z \times_{U'} T$. This follows from More on Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-more-morphisms-lemma-where-isomorphism} (here we use that $Z \to B$ is flat and locally of finite presentation as well as finite). Hence we have proved the lemma in case $W \to Z$ is separated as well as \'etale. \medskip\noindent In the general case we choose a separated scheme $W'$ and a surjective \'etale morphism $W' \to W$. Note that the morphisms $W' \to W$ and $W \to Z$ are separated as their source is separated. Denote $F'$ the functor associated to $W' \to Z \to U$ as in the lemma. In the first paragraph of the proof we showed that $F'$ is representable by an algebraic space \'etale over $U$. By Lemma \ref{lemma-surjection-space-of-sections} the map of functors $F' \to F$ is surjective for the \'etale topology on $\Sch/U$. Moreover, if $U'$ and $\sigma : Z_{U'} \to W_{U'}$ define a point $\xi \in F(U')$, then the fibre product $$F'' = F' \times_{F, \xi} U'$$ is the functor on $\Sch/U'$ associated to the morphisms $$W'_{U'} \times_{W_{U'}, \sigma} Z_{U'} \to Z_{U'} \to U'.$$ Since the first morphism is separated as a base change of a separated morphism, we see that $F''$ is an algebraic space \'etale over $U'$ by the result of the first paragraph. It follows that $F' \to F$ is a surjective \'etale transformation of functors, which is representable by algebraic spaces. Hence $F$ is an algebraic space by Bootstrap, Theorem \ref{bootstrap-theorem-final-bootstrap}. Since $F' \to F$ is an \'etale surjective morphism of algebraic spaces it follows that $F \to U$ is \'etale because $F' \to U$ is \'etale. \end{proof} \section{Relative morphisms} \label{section-relative-morphisms} \noindent We continue the discussion started in More on Morphisms, Section \ref{more-morphisms-section-relative-morphisms}. \medskip\noindent Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $Z \to B$ and $X \to B$ be morphisms of algebraic spaces over $S$. Given a scheme $T$ we can consider pairs $(a, b)$ where $a : T \to B$ is a morphism and $b : T \times_{a, B} Z \to T \times_{a, B} X$ is a morphism over $T$. Picture \begin{equation} \label{equation-hom} \vcenter{ \xymatrix{ T \times_{a, B} Z \ar[rd] \ar[rr]_b & & T \times_{a, B} X \ar[ld] & Z \ar[rd] & & X \ar[ld] \\ & T \ar[rrr]^a & & & B } } \end{equation} Of course, we can also think of $b$ as a morphism $b : T \times_{a, B} Z \to X$ such that $$\xymatrix{ T \times_{a, B} Z \ar[r] \ar[d] \ar@/^1pc/[rrr]_-b & Z \ar[rd] & & X \ar[ld] \\ T \ar[rr]^a & & B }$$ commutes. In this situation we can define a functor \begin{equation} \label{equation-hom-functor} \mathit{Mor}_B(Z, X) : (\Sch/S)^{opp} \longrightarrow \textit{Sets}, \quad T \longmapsto \{(a, b)\text{ as above}\} \end{equation} Sometimes we think of this as a functor defined on the category of schemes over $B$, in which case we drop $a$ from the notation. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-hom-functor-sheaf} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $Z \to B$ and $X \to B$ be morphisms of algebraic spaces over $S$. Then \begin{enumerate} \item $\mathit{Mor}_B(Z, X)$ is a sheaf on $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. \item If $T$ is an algebraic space over $S$, then there is a canonical bijection $$\Mor_{\Sh((\Sch/S)_{fppf})}(T, \mathit{Mor}_B(Z, X)) = \{(a, b)\text{ as in }(\ref{equation-hom})\}$$ \end{enumerate} \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Let $T$ be an algebraic space over $S$. Let $\{T_i \to T\}$ be an fppf covering of $T$ (as in Topologies on Spaces, Section \ref{spaces-topologies-section-fppf}). Suppose that $(a_i, b_i) \in \mathit{Mor}_B(Z, X)(T_i)$ such that $(a_i, b_i)|_{T_i \times_T T_j} = (a_j, b_j)|_{T_i \times_T T_j}$ for all $i, j$. Then by Descent on Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-descent-lemma-fpqc-universal-effective-epimorphisms} there exists a unique morphism $a : T \to B$ such that $a_i$ is the composition of $T_i \to T$ and $a$. Then $\{T_i \times_{a_i, B} Z \to T \times_{a, B} Z\}$ is an fppf covering too and the same lemma implies there exists a unique morphism $b : T \times_{a, B} Z \to T \times_{a, B} X$ such that $b_i$ is the composition of $T_i \times_{a_i, B} Z \to T \times_{a, B} Z$ and $b$. Hence $(a, b) \in \mathit{Mor}_B(Z, X)(T)$ restricts to $(a_i, b_i)$ over $T_i$ for all $i$. \medskip\noindent Note that the result of the preceding paragraph in particular implies (1). \medskip\noindent Let $T$ be an algebraic space over $S$. In order to prove (2) we will construct mutually inverse maps between the displayed sets. In the following when we say pair'' we mean a pair $(a, b)$ fitting into (\ref{equation-hom}). \medskip\noindent Let $v : T \to \mathit{Mor}_B(Z, X)$ be a natural transformation. Choose a scheme $U$ and a surjective \'etale morphism $p : U \to T$. Then $v(p) \in \mathit{Mor}_B(Z, X)(U)$ corresponds to a pair $(a_U, b_U)$ over $U$. Let $R = U \times_T U$ with projections $t, s : R \to U$. As $v$ is a transformation of functors we see that the pullbacks of $(a_U, b_U)$ by $s$ and $t$ agree. Hence, since $\{U \to T\}$ is an fppf covering, we may apply the result of the first paragraph that deduce that there exists a unique pair $(a, b)$ over $T$. \medskip\noindent Conversely, let $(a, b)$ be a pair over $T$. Let $U \to T$, $R = U \times_T U$, and $t, s : R \to U$ be as above. Then the restriction $(a, b)|_U$ gives rise to a transformation of functors $v : h_U \to \mathit{Mor}_B(Z, X)$ by the Yoneda lemma (Categories, Lemma \ref{categories-lemma-yoneda}). As the two pullbacks $s^*(a, b)|_U$ and $t^*(a, b)|_U$ are equal, we see that $v$ coequalizes the two maps $h_t, h_s : h_R \to h_U$. Since $T = U/R$ is the fppf quotient sheaf by Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-lemma-space-presentation} and since $\mathit{Mor}_B(Z, X)$ is an fppf sheaf by (1) we conclude that $v$ factors through a map $T \to \mathit{Mor}_B(Z, X)$. \medskip\noindent We omit the verification that the two constructions above are mutually inverse. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-base-change-hom-functor} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $Z \to B$, $X \to B$, and $B' \to B$ be morphisms of algebraic spaces over $S$. Set $Z' = B' \times_B Z$ and $X' = B' \times_B X$. Then $$\mathit{Mor}_{B'}(Z', X') = B' \times_B \mathit{Mor}_B(Z, X)$$ in $\Sh((\Sch/S)_{fppf})$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} The equality as functors follows immediately from the definitions. The equality as sheaves follows from this because both sides are sheaves according to Lemma \ref{lemma-hom-functor-sheaf} and the fact that a fibre product of sheaves is the same as the corresponding fibre product of pre-sheaves (i.e., functors). \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-etale-covering-hom-functor} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $Z \to B$ and $X' \to X \to B$ be morphisms of algebraic spaces over $S$. Assume \begin{enumerate} \item $X' \to X$ is \'etale, and \item $Z \to B$ is finite locally free. \end{enumerate} Then $\mathit{Mor}_B(Z, X') \to \mathit{Mor}_B(Z, X)$ is representable by algebraic spaces and \'etale. If $X' \to X$ is also surjective, then $\mathit{Mor}_B(Z, X') \to \mathit{Mor}_B(Z, X)$ is surjective. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Let $U$ be a scheme and let $\xi = (a, b)$ be an element of $\mathit{Mor}_B(Z, X)(U)$. We have to prove that the functor $$h_U \times_{\xi, \mathit{Mor}_B(Z, X)} \mathit{Mor}_B(Z, X')$$ is representable by an algebraic space \'etale over $U$. Set $Z_U = U \times_{a, B} Z$ and $W = Z_U \times_{b, X} X'$. Then $W \to Z_U \to U$ is as in Lemma \ref{lemma-space-of-sections} and the sheaf $F$ defined there is identified with the fibre product displayed above. Hence the first assertion of the lemma. The second assertion follows from this and Lemma \ref{lemma-surjection-space-of-sections} which guarantees that $F \to U$ is surjective in the situation above. \end{proof} \begin{proposition} \label{proposition-hom-functor-algebraic-space} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $Z \to B$ and $X \to B$ be morphisms of algebraic spaces over $S$. If $Z \to B$ is finite locally free then $\mathit{Mor}_B(Z, X)$ is an algebraic space. \end{proposition} \begin{proof} Choose a scheme $B' = \coprod B'_i$ which is a disjoint union of affine schemes $B'_i$ and an \'etale surjective morphism $B' \to B$. We may also assume that $B'_i \times_B Z$ is the spectrum of a ring which is finite free as a $\Gamma(B'_i, \mathcal{O}_{B'_i})$-module. By Lemma \ref{lemma-base-change-hom-functor} and Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-lemma-base-change-representable-transformations-property} the morphism $\mathit{Mor}_{B'}(Z', X') \to \mathit{Mor}_B(Z, X)$ is surjective \'etale. Hence by Bootstrap, Theorem \ref{bootstrap-theorem-final-bootstrap} it suffices to prove the proposition when $B = B'$ is a disjoint union of affine schemes $B'_i$ so that each $B'_i \times_B Z$ is finite free over $B'_i$. Then it actually suffices to prove the result for the restriction to each $B'_i$. Thus we may assume that $B$ is affine and that $\Gamma(Z, \mathcal{O}_Z)$ is a finite free $\Gamma(B, \mathcal{O}_B)$-module. \medskip\noindent Choose a scheme $X'$ which is a disjoint union of affine schemes and a surjective \'etale morphism $X' \to X$. By Lemma \ref{lemma-etale-covering-hom-functor} the morphism $\mathit{Mor}_B(Z, X') \to \mathit{Mor}_B(Z, X)$ is representable by algebraic spaces, \'etale, and surjective. Hence by Bootstrap, Theorem \ref{bootstrap-theorem-final-bootstrap} it suffices to prove the proposition when $X$ is a disjoint union of affine schemes. This reduces us to the case discussed in the next paragraph. \medskip\noindent Assume $X = \coprod_{i \in I} X_i$ is a disjoint union of affine schemes, $B$ is affine, and that $\Gamma(Z, \mathcal{O}_Z)$ is a finite free $\Gamma(B, \mathcal{O}_B)$-module. For any finite subset $E \subset I$ set $$F_E = \mathit{Mor}_B(Z, \coprod\nolimits_{i \in E} X_i).$$ By More on Morphisms, Lemma \ref{more-morphisms-lemma-hom-from-finite-free-into-affine} we see that $F_E$ is an algebraic space. Consider the morphism $$\coprod\nolimits_{E \subset I\text{ finite}} F_E \longrightarrow \mathit{Mor}_B(Z, X)$$ Each of the morphisms $F_E \to \mathit{Mor}_B(Z, X)$ is an open immersion, because it is simply the locus parametrizing pairs $(a, b)$ where $b$ maps into the open subscheme $\coprod\nolimits_{i \in E} X_i$ of $X$. Moreover, if $T$ is quasi-compact, then for any pair $(a, b)$ the image of $b$ is contained in $\coprod\nolimits_{i \in E} X_i$ for some $E \subset I$ finite. Hence the displayed arrow is in fact an open covering and we win\footnote{Modulo some set theoretic arguments. Namely, we have to show that $\coprod F_E$ is an algebraic space. This follows because $|I| \leq \text{size}(X)$ and $\text{size}(F_E) \leq \text{size}(X)$ as follows from the explicit description of $F_E$ in the proof of More on Morphisms, Lemma \ref{more-morphisms-lemma-hom-from-finite-free-into-affine}. Some details omitted.} by Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-lemma-glueing-algebraic-spaces}. \end{proof} \section{Restriction of scalars} \label{section-restriction-of-scalars} \noindent Suppose $X \to Z \to B$ are morphisms of algebraic spaces over $S$. Given a scheme $T$ we can consider pairs $(a, b)$ where $a : T \to B$ is a morphism and $b : T \times_{a, B} Z \to X$ is a morphism over $Z$. Picture \begin{equation} \label{equation-pairs} \vcenter{ \xymatrix{ & X \ar[d] \\ T \times_{a, B} Z \ar[d] \ar[ru]^b \ar[r] & Z \ar[d] \\ T \ar[r]^a & B } } \end{equation} In this situation we can define a functor \begin{equation} \label{equation-restriction-of-scalars} \text{Res}_{Z/B}(X) : (\Sch/S)^{opp} \longrightarrow \textit{Sets}, \quad T \longmapsto \{(a, b)\text{ as above}\} \end{equation} Sometimes we think of this as a functor defined on the category of schemes over $B$, in which case we drop $a$ from the notation. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-restriction-of-scalars-sheaf} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X \to Z \to B$ be morphisms of algebraic spaces over $S$. Then \begin{enumerate} \item $\text{Res}_{Z/B}(X)$ is a sheaf on $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. \item If $T$ is an algebraic space over $S$, then there is a canonical bijection $$\Mor_{\Sh((\Sch/S)_{fppf})}(T, \text{Res}_{Z/B}(X)) = \{(a, b)\text{ as in }(\ref{equation-pairs})\}$$ \end{enumerate} \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Let $T$ be an algebraic space over $S$. Let $\{T_i \to T\}$ be an fppf covering of $T$ (as in Topologies on Spaces, Section \ref{spaces-topologies-section-fppf}). Suppose that $(a_i, b_i) \in \text{Res}_{Z/B}(X)(T_i)$ such that $(a_i, b_i)|_{T_i \times_T T_j} = (a_j, b_j)|_{T_i \times_T T_j}$ for all $i, j$. Then by Descent on Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-descent-lemma-fpqc-universal-effective-epimorphisms} there exists a unique morphism $a : T \to B$ such that $a_i$ is the composition of $T_i \to T$ and $a$. Then $\{T_i \times_{a_i, B} Z \to T \times_{a, B} Z\}$ is an fppf covering too and the same lemma implies there exists a unique morphism $b : T \times_{a, B} Z \to X$ such that $b_i$ is the composition of $T_i \times_{a_i, B} Z \to T \times_{a, B} Z$ and $b$. Hence $(a, b) \in \text{Res}_{Z/B}(X)(T)$ restricts to $(a_i, b_i)$ over $T_i$ for all $i$. \medskip\noindent Note that the result of the preceding paragraph in particular implies (1). \medskip\noindent Let $T$ be an algebraic space over $S$. In order to prove (2) we will construct mutually inverse maps between the displayed sets. In the following when we say pair'' we mean a pair $(a, b)$ fitting into (\ref{equation-pairs}). \medskip\noindent Let $v : T \to \text{Res}_{Z/B}(X)$ be a natural transformation. Choose a scheme $U$ and a surjective \'etale morphism $p : U \to T$. Then $v(p) \in \text{Res}_{Z/B}(X)(U)$ corresponds to a pair $(a_U, b_U)$ over $U$. Let $R = U \times_T U$ with projections $t, s : R \to U$. As $v$ is a transformation of functors we see that the pullbacks of $(a_U, b_U)$ by $s$ and $t$ agree. Hence, since $\{U \to T\}$ is an fppf covering, we may apply the result of the first paragraph that deduce that there exists a unique pair $(a, b)$ over $T$. \medskip\noindent Conversely, let $(a, b)$ be a pair over $T$. Let $U \to T$, $R = U \times_T U$, and $t, s : R \to U$ be as above. Then the restriction $(a, b)|_U$ gives rise to a transformation of functors $v : h_U \to \text{Res}_{Z/B}(X)$ by the Yoneda lemma (Categories, Lemma \ref{categories-lemma-yoneda}). As the two pullbacks $s^*(a, b)|_U$ and $t^*(a, b)|_U$ are equal, we see that $v$ coequalizes the two maps $h_t, h_s : h_R \to h_U$. Since $T = U/R$ is the fppf quotient sheaf by Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-lemma-space-presentation} and since $\text{Res}_{Z/B}(X)$ is an fppf sheaf by (1) we conclude that $v$ factors through a map $T \to \text{Res}_{Z/B}(X)$. \medskip\noindent We omit the verification that the two constructions above are mutually inverse. \end{proof} \noindent Of course the sheaf $\text{Res}_{Z/B}(X)$ comes with a natural transformation of functors $\text{Res}_{Z/B}(X) \to B$. We will use this without further mention in the following. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-etale-base-change-restriction-of-scalars} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X \to Z \to B$ and $B' \to B$ be morphisms of algebraic spaces over $S$. Set $Z' = B' \times_B Z$ and $X' = B' \times_B X$. Then $$\text{Res}_{Z'/B'}(X') = B' \times_B \text{Res}_{Z/B}(X)$$ in $\Sh((\Sch/S)_{fppf})$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} The equality as functors follows immediately from the definitions. The equality as sheaves follows from this because both sides are sheaves according to Lemma \ref{lemma-restriction-of-scalars-sheaf} and the fact that a fibre product of sheaves is the same as the corresponding fibre product of pre-sheaves (i.e., functors). \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-etale-covering-restriction-of-scalars} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X' \to X \to Z \to B$ be morphisms of algebraic spaces over $S$. Assume \begin{enumerate} \item $X' \to X$ is \'etale, and \item $Z \to B$ is finite locally free. \end{enumerate} Then $\text{Res}_{Z/B}(X') \to \text{Res}_{Z/B}(X)$ is representable by algebraic spaces and \'etale. If $X' \to X$ is also surjective, then $\text{Res}_{Z/B}(X') \to \text{Res}_{Z/B}(X)$ is surjective. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Let $U$ be a scheme and let $\xi = (a, b)$ be an element of $\text{Res}_{Z/B}(X)(U)$. We have to prove that the functor $$h_U \times_{\xi, \text{Res}_{Z/B}(X)} \text{Res}_{Z/B}(X')$$ is representable by an algebraic space \'etale over $U$. Set $Z_U = U \times_{a, B} Z$ and $W = Z_U \times_{b, X} X'$. Then $W \to Z_U \to U$ is as in Lemma \ref{lemma-space-of-sections} and the sheaf $F$ defined there is identified with the fibre product displayed above. Hence the first assertion of the lemma. The second assertion follows from this and Lemma \ref{lemma-surjection-space-of-sections} which guarantees that $F \to U$ is surjective in the situation above. \end{proof} \noindent At this point we can use the lemmas above to prove that $\text{Res}_{Z/B}(X)$ is an algebraic space whenever $Z \to B$ is finite locally free in almost exactly the same way as in the proof that $\mathit{Mor}_B(Z, X)$ is an algebraic spaces, see Proposition \ref{proposition-hom-functor-algebraic-space}. Instead we will directly deduce this result from the following lemma and the fact that $\mathit{Mor}_B(Z, X)$ is an algebraic space. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-fibre-diagram} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X \to Z \to B$ be morphisms of algebraic spaces over $S$. The following diagram $$\xymatrix{ \mathit{Mor}_B(Z, X) \ar[r] & \mathit{Mor}_B(Z, Z) \\ \text{Res}_{Z/B}(X) \ar[r] \ar[u] & B \ar[u]_{\text{id}_Z} }$$ is a cartesian diagram of sheaves on $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Omitted. Hint: Exercise in the functorial point of view in algebraic geometry. \end{proof} \begin{proposition} \label{proposition-restriction-of-scalars-algebraic-space} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X \to Z \to B$ be morphisms of algebraic spaces over $S$. If $Z \to B$ is finite locally free then $\text{Res}_{Z/B}(X)$ is an algebraic space. \end{proposition} \begin{proof} By Proposition \ref{proposition-hom-functor-algebraic-space} the functors $\mathit{Mor}_B(Z, X)$ and $\mathit{Mor}_B(Z, Z)$ are algebraic spaces. Hence this follows from the cartesian diagram of Lemma \ref{lemma-fibre-diagram} and the fact that fibre products of algebraic spaces exist and are given by the fibre product in the underlying category of sheaves of sets (see Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-lemma-fibre-product-spaces-over-sheaf-with-representable-diagonal}). \end{proof} \section{Finite Hilbert stacks} \label{section-finite-hilbert-stacks} \noindent In this section we prove some results concerning the finite Hilbert stacks $\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ introduced in Examples of Stacks, Section \ref{examples-stacks-section-hilbert-d-stack}. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-map-hilbert} Consider a $2$-commutative diagram $$\xymatrix{ \mathcal{X}' \ar[r]_G \ar[d]_{F'} & \mathcal{X} \ar[d]^F \\ \mathcal{Y}' \ar[r]^H & \mathcal{Y} }$$ of stacks in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$ with a given $2$-isomorphism $\gamma : H \circ F' \to F \circ G$. In this situation we obtain a canonical $1$-morphism $\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}'/\mathcal{Y}') \to \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$. This morphism is compatible with the forgetful $1$-morphisms of Examples of Stacks, Equation (\ref{examples-stacks-equation-diagram-hilbert-d-stack}). \end{lemma} \begin{proof} We map the object $(U, Z, y', x', \alpha')$ to the object $(U, Z, H(y'), G(x'), \gamma \star \text{id}_H \star \alpha')$ where $\star$ denotes horizontal composition of $2$-morphisms, see Categories, Definition \ref{categories-definition-horizontal-composition}. To a morphism $(f, g, b, a) : (U_1, Z_1, y_1', x_1', \alpha_1') \to (U_2, Z_2, y_2', x_2', \alpha_2')$ we assign $(f, g, H(b), G(a))$. We omit the verification that this defines a functor between categories over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-cartesian-map-hilbert} In the situation of Lemma \ref{lemma-map-hilbert} assume that the given square is $2$-cartesian. Then the diagram $$\xymatrix{ \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}'/\mathcal{Y}') \ar[r] \ar[d] & \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y}) \ar[d] \\ \mathcal{Y}' \ar[r] & \mathcal{Y} }$$ is $2$-cartesian. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} We get a $2$-commutative diagram by Lemma \ref{lemma-map-hilbert} and hence we get a $1$-morphism (i.e., a functor) $$\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}'/\mathcal{Y}') \longrightarrow \mathcal{Y}' \times_\mathcal{Y} \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$$ We indicate why this functor is essentially surjective. Namely, an object of the category on the right hand side is given by a scheme $U$ over $S$, an object $y'$ of $\mathcal{Y}'_U$, an object $(U, Z, y, x, \alpha)$ of $\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ over $U$ and an isomorphism $H(y') \to y$ in $\mathcal{Y}_U$. The assumption means exactly that there exists an object $x'$ of $\mathcal{X}'_Z$ such that there exist isomorphisms $G(x') \cong x$ and $\alpha' : y'|_Z \to F'(x')$ compatible with $\alpha$. Then we see that $(U, Z, y', x', \alpha')$ is an object of $\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}'/\mathcal{Y}')$ over $U$. Details omitted. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-etale-covering-hilbert} In the situation of Lemma \ref{lemma-map-hilbert} assume \begin{enumerate} \item $\mathcal{Y}' = \mathcal{Y}$ and $H = \text{id}_\mathcal{Y}$, \item $G$ is representable by algebraic spaces and \'etale. \end{enumerate} Then $\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}'/\mathcal{Y}) \to \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ is representable by algebraic spaces and \'etale. If $G$ is also surjective, then $\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}'/\mathcal{Y}) \to \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ is surjective. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Let $U$ be a scheme and let $\xi = (U, Z, y, x, \alpha)$ be an object of $\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ over $U$. We have to prove that the $2$-fibre product \begin{equation} \label{equation-to-show} (\Sch/U)_{fppf} \times_{\xi, \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})} \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}'/\mathcal{Y}) \end{equation} is representable by an algebraic space \'etale over $U$. An object of this over $U'$ corresponds to an object $x'$ in the fibre category of $\mathcal{X}'$ over $Z_{U'}$ such that $G(x') \cong x|_{Z_{U'}}$. By assumption the $2$-fibre product $$(\Sch/Z)_{fppf} \times_{x, \mathcal{X}} \mathcal{X}'$$ is representable by an algebraic space $W$ such that the projection $W \to Z$ is \'etale. Then (\ref{equation-to-show}) is representable by the algebraic space $F$ parametrizing sections of $W \to Z$ over $U$ introduced in Lemma \ref{lemma-space-of-sections}. Since $F \to U$ is \'etale we conclude that $\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}'/\mathcal{Y}) \to \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ is representable by algebraic spaces and \'etale. Finally, if $\mathcal{X}' \to \mathcal{X}$ is surjective also, then $W \to Z$ is surjective, and hence $F \to U$ is surjective by Lemma \ref{lemma-surjection-space-of-sections}. Thus in this case $\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}'/\mathcal{Y}) \to \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ is also surjective. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-etale-map-hilbert} In the situation of Lemma \ref{lemma-map-hilbert}. Assume that $G$, $H$ are representable by algebraic spaces and \'etale. Then $\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}'/\mathcal{Y}') \to \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ is representable by algebraic spaces and \'etale. If also $H$ is surjective and the induced functor $\mathcal{X}' \to \mathcal{Y}' \times_\mathcal{Y} \mathcal{X}$ is surjective, then $\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}'/\mathcal{Y}') \to \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ is surjective. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Set $\mathcal{X}'' = \mathcal{Y}' \times_\mathcal{Y} \mathcal{X}$. By Lemma \ref{lemma-etale-permanence} the $1$-morphism $\mathcal{X}' \to \mathcal{X}''$ is representable by algebraic spaces and \'etale (in particular the condition in the second statement of the lemma that $\mathcal{X}' \to \mathcal{X}''$ be surjective makes sense). We obtain a $2$-commutative diagram $$\xymatrix{ \mathcal{X}' \ar[r] \ar[d] & \mathcal{X}'' \ar[r] \ar[d] & \mathcal{X} \ar[d] \\ \mathcal{Y}' \ar[r] & \mathcal{Y}' \ar[r] & \mathcal{Y} }$$ It follows from Lemma \ref{lemma-cartesian-map-hilbert} that $\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}''/\mathcal{Y}')$ is the base change of $\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ by $\mathcal{Y}' \to \mathcal{Y}$. In particular we see that $\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}''/\mathcal{Y}') \to \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ is representable by algebraic spaces and \'etale, see Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-base-change-representable-transformations-property}. Moreover, it is also surjective if $H$ is. Hence if we can show that the result holds for the left square in the diagram, then we're done. In this way we reduce to the case where $\mathcal{Y}' = \mathcal{Y}$ which is the content of Lemma \ref{lemma-etale-covering-hilbert}. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-relative-hilbert} Let $F : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ be a $1$-morphism of stacks in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. Assume that $\Delta : \mathcal{Y} \to \mathcal{Y} \times \mathcal{Y}$ is representable by algebraic spaces. Then $$\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y}) \longrightarrow \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}) \times \mathcal{Y}$$ see Examples of Stacks, Equation (\ref{examples-stacks-equation-diagram-hilbert-d-stack}) is representable by algebraic spaces. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Let $U$ be a scheme and let $\xi = (U, Z, p, x, 1)$ be an object of $\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}) = \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/S)$ over $U$. Here $p$ is just the structure morphism of $U$. The fifth component $1$ exists and is unique since everything is over $S$. Also, let $y$ be an object of $\mathcal{Y}$ over $U$. We have to show the $2$-fibre product \begin{equation} \label{equation-res-isom} (\Sch/U)_{fppf} \times_{\xi \times y, \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}) \times \mathcal{Y}} \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y}) \end{equation} is representable by an algebraic space. To explain why this is so we introduce $$I = \mathit{Isom}_\mathcal{Y}(y|_Z, F(x))$$ which is an algebraic space over $Z$ by assumption. Let $a : U' \to U$ be a scheme over $U$. What does it mean to give an object of the fibre category of (\ref{equation-res-isom}) over $U'$? Well, it means that we have an object $\xi' = (U', Z', y', x', \alpha')$ of $\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ over $U'$ and isomorphisms $(U', Z', p', x', 1) \cong (U, Z, p, x, 1)|_{U'}$ and $y' \cong y|_{U'}$. Thus $\xi'$ is isomorphic to $(U', U' \times_{a, U} Z, a^*y, x|_{U' \times_{a, U} Z}, \alpha)$ for some morphism $$\alpha : a^*y|_{U' \times_{a, U} Z} \longrightarrow F(x|_{U' \times_{a, U} Z})$$ in the fibre category of $\mathcal{Y}$ over $U' \times_{a, U} Z$. Hence we can view $\alpha$ as a morphism $b : U' \times_{a, U} Z \to I$. In this way we see that (\ref{equation-res-isom}) is representable by $\text{Res}_{Z/U}(I)$ which is an algebraic space by Proposition \ref{proposition-restriction-of-scalars-algebraic-space}. \end{proof} \noindent The following lemma is a (partial) generalization of Lemma \ref{lemma-etale-covering-hilbert}. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-representable-on-top} Let $F : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ and $G : \mathcal{X}' \to \mathcal{X}$ be $1$-morphisms of stacks in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. If $G$ is representable by algebraic spaces, then the $1$-morphism $$\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}'/\mathcal{Y}) \longrightarrow \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$$ is representable by algebraic spaces. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Let $U$ be a scheme and let $\xi = (U, Z, y, x, \alpha)$ be an object of $\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ over $U$. We have to prove that the $2$-fibre product \begin{equation} \label{equation-to-show-again} (\Sch/U)_{fppf} \times_{\xi, \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})} \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}'/\mathcal{Y}) \end{equation} is representable by an algebraic space \'etale over $U$. An object of this over $a : U' \to U$ corresponds to an object $x'$ of $\mathcal{X}'$ over $U' \times_{a, U} Z$ such that $G(x') \cong x|_{U' \times_{a, U} Z}$. By assumption the $2$-fibre product $$(\Sch/Z)_{fppf} \times_{x, \mathcal{X}} \mathcal{X}'$$ is representable by an algebraic space $X$ over $Z$. It follows that (\ref{equation-to-show-again}) is representable by $\text{Res}_{Z/U}(X)$, which is an algebraic space by Proposition \ref{proposition-restriction-of-scalars-algebraic-space}. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-limit-preserving} Let $F : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ be a $1$-morphism of stacks in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. Assume $F$ is representable by algebraic spaces and locally of finite presentation. Then $$p : \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y}) \to \mathcal{Y}$$ is limit preserving on objects. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} This means we have to show the following: Given \begin{enumerate} \item an affine scheme $U = \lim_i U_i$ which is written as the directed limit of affine schemes $U_i$ over $S$, \item an object $y_i$ of $\mathcal{Y}$ over $U_i$ for some $i$, and \item an object $\Xi = (U, Z, y, x, \alpha)$ of $\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ over $U$ such that $y = y_i|_U$, \end{enumerate} then there exists an $i' \geq i$ and an object $\Xi_{i'} = (U_{i'}, Z_{i'}, y_{i'}, x_{i'}, \alpha_{i'})$ of $\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ over $U_{i'}$ with $\Xi_{i'}|_U = \Xi$ and $y_{i'} = y_i|_{U_{i'}}$. Namely, the last two equalities will take care of the commutativity of (\ref{equation-limit-preserving}). \medskip\noindent Let $X_{y_i} \to U_i$ be an algebraic space representing the $2$-fibre product $$(\Sch/U_i)_{fppf} \times_{y_i, \mathcal{Y}, F} \mathcal{X}.$$ Note that $X_{y_i} \to U_i$ is locally of finite presentation by our assumption on $F$. Write $\Xi$. It is clear that $\xi = (Z, Z \to U_i, x, \alpha)$ is an object of the $2$-fibre product displayed above, hence $\xi$ gives rise to a morphism $f_\xi : Z \to X_{y_i}$ of algebraic spaces over $U_i$ (since $X_{y_i}$ is the functor of isomorphisms classes of objects of $(\Sch/U_i)_{fppf} \times_{y, \mathcal{Y}, F} \mathcal{X}$, see Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-characterize-representable-by-space}). By Limits, Lemmas \ref{limits-lemma-descend-finite-presentation} and \ref{limits-lemma-descend-finite-locally-free} there exists an $i' \geq i$ and a finite locally free morphism $Z_{i'} \to U_{i'}$ of degree $d$ whose base change to $U$ is $Z$. By Limits of Spaces, Proposition \ref{spaces-limits-proposition-characterize-locally-finite-presentation} we may, after replacing $i'$ by a bigger index, assume there exists a morphism $f_{i'} : Z_{i'} \to X_{y_i}$ such that $$\xymatrix{ Z \ar[d] \ar[r] \ar@/^3ex/[rr]^{f_\xi} & Z_{i'} \ar[d] \ar[r]_{f_{i'}} & X_{y_i} \ar[d] \\ U \ar[r] & U_{i'} \ar[r] & U_i }$$ is commutative. We set $\Xi_{i'} = (U_{i'}, Z_{i'}, y_{i'}, x_{i'}, \alpha_{i'})$ where \begin{enumerate} \item $y_{i'}$ is the object of $\mathcal{Y}$ over $U_{i'}$ which is the pullback of $y_i$ to $U_{i'}$, \item $x_{i'}$ is the object of $\mathcal{X}$ over $Z_{i'}$ corresponding via the $2$-Yoneda lemma to the $1$-morphism $$(\Sch/Z_{i'})_{fppf} \to \mathcal{S}_{X_{y_i}} \to (\Sch/U_i)_{fppf} \times_{y_i, \mathcal{Y}, F} \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{X}$$ where the middle arrow is the equivalence which defines $X_{y_i}$ (notation as in Algebraic Stacks, Sections \ref{algebraic-section-representable-by-algebraic-spaces} and \ref{algebraic-section-split}). \item $\alpha_{i'} : y_{i'}|_{Z_{i'}} \to F(x_{i'})$ is the isomorphism coming from the $2$-commutativity of the diagram $$\xymatrix{ (\Sch/Z_{i'})_{fppf} \ar[r] \ar[rd] & (\Sch/U_i)_{fppf} \times_{y_i, \mathcal{Y}, F} \mathcal{X} \ar[r] \ar[d] & \mathcal{X} \ar[d]^F \\ & (\Sch/U_{i'})_{fppf} \ar[r] & \mathcal{Y} }$$ \end{enumerate} Recall that $f_\xi : Z \to X_{y_i}$ was the morphism corresponding to the object $\xi = (Z, Z \to U_i, x, \alpha)$ of $(\Sch/U_i)_{fppf} \times_{y_i, \mathcal{Y}, F} \mathcal{X}$ over $Z$. By construction $f_{i'}$ is the morphism corresponding to the object $\xi_{i'} = (Z_{i'}, Z_{i'} \to U_i, x_{i'}, \alpha_{i'})$. As $f_\xi = f_{i'} \circ (Z \to Z_{i'})$ we see that the object $\xi_{i'} = (Z_{i'}, Z_{i'} \to U_i, x_{i'}, \alpha_{i'})$ pulls back to $\xi$ over $Z$. Thus $x_{i'}$ pulls back to $x$ and $\alpha_{i'}$ pulls back to $\alpha$. This means that $\Xi_{i'}$ pulls back to $\Xi$ over $U$ and we win. \end{proof} \section{The finite Hilbert stack of a point} \label{section-hilbert-point} \noindent Let $d \geq 1$ be an integer. In Examples of Stacks, Definition \ref{examples-stacks-definition-hilbert-d-stack} we defined a stack in groupoids $\mathcal{H}_d$. In this section we prove that $\mathcal{H}_d$ is an algebraic stack. We will throughout assume that $S = \Spec(\mathbf{Z})$. The general case will follow from this by base change. Recall that the fibre category of $\mathcal{H}_d$ over a scheme $T$ is the category of finite locally free morphisms $\pi : Z \to T$ of degree $d$. Instead of classifying these directly we first study the quasi-coherent sheaves of algebras $\pi_*\mathcal{O}_Z$. \medskip\noindent Let $R$ be a ring. Let us temporarily make the following definition: A {\it free $d$-dimensional algebra over $R$} is given by a commutative $R$-algebra structure $m$ on $R^{\oplus d}$ such that $e_1 = (1, 0, \ldots, 0)$ is a unit\footnote{It may be better to think of this as a pair consisting of a multiplication map $m : R^{\oplus d} \otimes_R R^{\oplus d} \to R^{\oplus d}$ and a ring map $\psi : R \to R^{\oplus d}$ satisfying a bunch of axioms.}. We think of $m$ as an $R$-linear map $$m : R^{\oplus d} \otimes_R R^{\oplus d} \longrightarrow R^{\oplus d}$$ such that $m(e_1, x) = m(x, e_1) = x$ and such that $m$ defines a commutative and associative ring structure. If we write $m(e_i, e_j) = \sum a_{ij}^ke_k$ then we see this boils down to the conditions $$\left\{ \begin{matrix} \sum_l a_{ij}^la_{lk}^m = \sum_l a_{il}^ma_{jk}^l & \forall i, j, k, m \\ a_{ij}^k = a_{ji}^k & \forall i, j, k \\ a_{i1}^j = \delta_{ij} & \forall i, j \end{matrix} \right.$$ where $\delta_{ij}$ is the Kronecker $\delta$-function. OK, so let's define $$R_{univ} = \mathbf{Z}[a_{ij}^k]/J$$ where the ideal $J$ is the ideal generated by the relations displayed above. Denote $$m_{univ} : R_{univ}^{\oplus d} \otimes_{R_{univ}} R_{univ}^{\oplus d} \longrightarrow R_{univ}^{\oplus d}$$ the free $d$-dimensional algebra $m$ over $R_{univ}$ whose structure constants are the classes of $a_{ij}^k$ modulo $J$. Then it is clear that given any free $d$-dimensional algebra $m$ over a ring $R$ there exists a unique $\mathbf{Z}$-algebra homomorphism $\psi : R_{univ} \to R$ such that $\psi_*m_{univ} = m$ (this means that $m$ is what you get by applying the base change functor $- \otimes_{R_{univ}} R$ to $m_{univ}$). In other words, setting $X = \Spec(R_{univ})$ we obtain a canonical identification $$X(T) = \{\text{free }d\text{-dimensional algebras }m\text{ over }R\}$$ for varying $T = \Spec(R)$. By Zariski localization we obtain the following seemingly more general identification \begin{equation} \label{equation-objects} X(T) = \{\text{free }d\text{-dimensional algebras } m\text{ over }\Gamma(T, \mathcal{O}_T)\} \end{equation} for any scheme $T$. \medskip\noindent Next we talk a little bit about {\it isomorphisms of free $d$-dimensional $R$-algebras}. Namely, suppose that $m$, $m'$ are two free $d$-dimensional algebras over a ring $R$. An {\it isomorphism from $m$ to $m'$} is given by an invertible $R$-linear map $$\varphi : R^{\oplus d} \longrightarrow R^{\oplus d}$$ such that $\varphi(e_1) = e_1$ and such that $$m \circ \varphi \otimes \varphi = \varphi \circ m'.$$ Note that we can compose these so that the collection of free $d$-dimensional algebras over $R$ becomes a category. In this way we obtain a functor \begin{equation} \label{equation-FAd} FA_d : \Sch_{fppf}^{opp} \longrightarrow \textit{Groupoids} \end{equation} from the category of schemes to groupoids: to a scheme $T$ we associate the set of free $d$-dimensional algebras over $\Gamma(T, \mathcal{O}_T)$ endowed with the structure of a category using the notion of isomorphisms just defined. \medskip\noindent The above suggests we consider the functor $G$ in groups which associates to any scheme $T$ the group $$G(T) = \{g \in \text{GL}_d(\Gamma(T, \mathcal{O}_T)) \mid g(e_1) = e_1\}$$ It is clear that $G \subset \text{GL}_d$ (see Groupoids, Example \ref{groupoids-example-general-linear-group}) is the closed subgroup scheme cut out by the equations $x_{11} = 1$ and $x_{i1} = 0$ for $i > 1$. Hence $G$ is a smooth affine group scheme over $\Spec(\mathbf{Z})$. Consider the action $$a : G \times_{\Spec(\mathbf{Z})} X \longrightarrow X$$ which associates to a $T$-valued point $(g, m)$ with $T = \Spec(R)$ on the left hand side the free $d$-dimensional algebra over $R$ given by $$a(g, m) = g^{-1} \circ m \circ g \otimes g.$$ Note that this means that $g$ defines an isomorphism $m \to a(g, m)$ of $d$-dimensional free $R$-algebras. We omit the verification that $a$ indeed defines an action of the group scheme $G$ on the scheme $X$. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-represent-FAd} The functor in groupoids $FA_d$ defined in (\ref{equation-FAd}) is isomorphic (!) to the functor in groupoids which associates to a scheme $T$ the category with \begin{enumerate} \item set of objects is $X(T)$, \item set of morphisms is $G(T) \times X(T)$, \item $s : G(T) \times X(T) \to X(T)$ is the projection map, \item $t : G(T) \times X(T) \to X(T)$ is $a(T)$, and \item composition $G(T) \times X(T) \times_{s, X(T), t} G(T) \times X(T) \to G(T) \times X(T)$ is given by $((g, m), (g', m')) \mapsto (gg', m')$. \end{enumerate} \end{lemma} \begin{proof} We have seen the rule on objects in (\ref{equation-objects}). We have also seen above that $g \in G(T)$ can be viewed as a morphism from $m$ to $a(g, m)$ for any free $d$-dimensional algebra $m$. Conversely, any morphism $m \to m'$ is given by an invertible linear map $\varphi$ which corresponds to an element $g \in G(T)$ such that $m' = a(g, m)$. \end{proof} \noindent In fact the groupoid $(X, G \times X, s, t, c)$ described in the lemma above is the groupoid associated to the action $a : G \times X \to X$ as defined in Groupoids, Lemma \ref{groupoids-lemma-groupoid-from-action}. Since $G$ is smooth over $\Spec(\mathbf{Z})$ we see that the two morphisms $s, t : G \times X \to X$ are smooth: by symmetry it suffices to prove that one of them is, and $s$ is the base change of $G \to \Spec(\mathbf{Z})$. Hence $(G \times X, X, s, t, c)$ is a smooth groupoid scheme, and the quotient stack $[X/G]$ is an algebraic stack by Algebraic Stacks, Theorem \ref{algebraic-theorem-smooth-groupoid-gives-algebraic-stack}. \begin{proposition} \label{proposition-finite-hilbert-point} The stack $\mathcal{H}_d$ is equivalent to the quotient stack $[X/G]$ described above. In particular $\mathcal{H}_d$ is an algebraic stack. \end{proposition} \begin{proof} Note that by Groupoids in Spaces, Definition \ref{spaces-groupoids-definition-quotient-stack} the quotient stack $[X/G]$ is the stackification of the category fibred in groupoids associated to the presheaf in groupoids'' which associates to a scheme $T$ the groupoid $$(X(T), G(T) \times X(T), s, t, c).$$ Since this presheaf in groupoids'' is isomorphic to $FA_d$ by Lemma \ref{lemma-represent-FAd} it suffices to prove that the $\mathcal{H}_d$ is the stackification of (the category fibred in groupoids associated to the presheaf in groupoids'') $FA_d$. To do this we first define a functor $$\Spec : FA_d \longrightarrow \mathcal{H}_d$$ Recall that the fibre category of $\mathcal{H}_d$ over a scheme $T$ is the category of finite locally free morphisms $Z \to T$ of degree $d$. Thus given a scheme $T$ and a free $d$-dimensional $\Gamma(T, \mathcal{O}_T)$-algebra $m$ we may assign to this the object $$Z = \underline{\Spec}_T(\mathcal{A})$$ of $\mathcal{H}_{d, T}$ where $\mathcal{A} = \mathcal{O}_T^{\oplus d}$ endowed with a $\mathcal{O}_T$-algebra structure via $m$. Moreover, if $m'$ is a second such free $d$-dimensional $\Gamma(T, \mathcal{O}_T)$-algebra and if $\varphi : m \to m'$ is an isomorphism of these, then the induced $\mathcal{O}_T$-linear map $\varphi : \mathcal{O}_T^{\oplus d} \to \mathcal{O}_T^{\oplus d}$ induces an isomorphism $$\varphi : \mathcal{A}' \longrightarrow \mathcal{A}$$ of quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_T$-algebras. Hence $$\underline{\Spec}_T(\varphi) : \underline{\Spec}_T(\mathcal{A}) \longrightarrow \underline{\Spec}_T(\mathcal{A}')$$ is a morphism in the fibre category $\mathcal{H}_{d, T}$. We omit the verification that this construction is compatible with base change so we get indeed a functor $\Spec : FA_d \to \mathcal{H}_d$ as claimed above. \medskip\noindent To show that $\Spec : FA_d \to \mathcal{H}_d$ induces an equivalence between the stackification of $FA_d$ and $\mathcal{H}_d$ it suffices to check that \begin{enumerate} \item $\mathit{Isom}(m, m') = \mathit{Isom}(\Spec(m), \Spec(m'))$ for any $m, m' \in FA_d(T)$. \item for any scheme $T$ and any object $Z \to T$ of $\mathcal{H}_{d, T}$ there exists a covering $\{T_i \to T\}$ such that $Z|_{T_i}$ is isomorphic to $\Spec(m)$ for some $m \in FA_d(T_i)$, and \end{enumerate} see Stacks, Lemma \ref{stacks-lemma-stackify-groupoids}. The first statement follows from the observation that any isomorphism $$\underline{\Spec}_T(\mathcal{A}) \longrightarrow \underline{\Spec}_T(\mathcal{A}')$$ is necessarily given by a global invertible matrix $g$ when $\mathcal{A} = \mathcal{A}' = \mathcal{O}_T^{\oplus d}$ as modules. To prove the second statement let $\pi : Z \to T$ be a finite locally free morphism of degree $d$. Then $\mathcal{A}$ is a locally free sheaf $\mathcal{O}_T$-modules of rank $d$. Consider the element $1 \in \Gamma(T, \mathcal{A})$. This element is nonzero in $\mathcal{A} \otimes_{\mathcal{O}_{T, t}} \kappa(t)$ for every $t \in T$ since the scheme $Z_t = \Spec(\mathcal{A} \otimes_{\mathcal{O}_{T, t}} \kappa(t))$ is nonempty being of degree $d > 0$ over $\kappa(t)$. Thus $1 : \mathcal{O}_T \to \mathcal{A}$ can locally be used as the first basis element (for example you can use Algebra, Lemma \ref{algebra-lemma-cokernel-flat} parts (1) and (2) to see this). Thus, after localizing on $T$ we may assume that there exists an isomorphism $\varphi : \mathcal{A} \to \mathcal{O}_T^{\oplus d}$ such that $1 \in \Gamma(\mathcal{A})$ corresponds to the first basis element. In this situation the multiplication map $\mathcal{A} \otimes_{\mathcal{O}_T} \mathcal{A} \to \mathcal{A}$ translates via $\varphi$ into a free $d$-dimensional algebra $m$ over $\Gamma(T, \mathcal{O}_T)$. This finishes the proof. \end{proof} \section{Finite Hilbert stacks of spaces} \label{section-spaces-hilbert} \noindent The finite Hilbert stack of an algebraic space is an algebraic stack. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-hilbert-stack-of-space} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X$ be an algebraic space over $S$. Then $\mathcal{H}_d(X)$ is an algebraic stack. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} The $1$-morphism $$\mathcal{H}_d(X) \longrightarrow \mathcal{H}_d$$ is representable by algebraic spaces according to Lemma \ref{lemma-representable-on-top}. The stack $\mathcal{H}_d$ is an algebraic stack according to Proposition \ref{proposition-finite-hilbert-point}. Hence $\mathcal{H}_d(X)$ is an algebraic stack by Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-representable-morphism-to-algebraic}. \end{proof} \noindent This lemma allows us to bootstrap. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-hilbert-stack-relative-space} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $F : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ be a $1$-morphism of stacks in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$ such that \begin{enumerate} \item $\mathcal{X}$ is representable by an algebraic space, and \item $F$ is representable by algebraic spaces, surjective, flat, and locally of finite presentation. \end{enumerate} Then $\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ is an algebraic stack. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Choose a representable stack in groupoids $\mathcal{U}$ over $S$ and a $1$-morphism $f : \mathcal{U} \to \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X})$ which is representable by algebraic spaces, smooth, and surjective. This is possible because $\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X})$ is an algebraic stack by Lemma \ref{lemma-hilbert-stack-of-space}. Consider the $2$-fibre product $$\mathcal{W} = \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y}) \times_{\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}), f} \mathcal{U}.$$ Since $\mathcal{U}$ is representable (in particular a stack in setoids) it follows from Examples of Stacks, Lemma \ref{examples-stacks-lemma-faithful-hilbert} and Stacks, Lemma \ref{stacks-lemma-2-fibre-product-gives-stack-in-setoids} that $\mathcal{W}$ is a stack in setoids. The $1$-morphism $\mathcal{W} \to \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ is representable by algebraic spaces, smooth, and surjective as a base change of the morphism $f$ (see Algebraic Stacks, Lemmas \ref{algebraic-lemma-base-change-representable-by-spaces} and \ref{algebraic-lemma-base-change-representable-transformations-property}). Thus, if we can show that $\mathcal{W}$ is representable by an algebraic space, then the lemma follows from Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-smooth-surjective-morphism-implies-algebraic}. \medskip\noindent The diagonal of $\mathcal{Y}$ is representable by algebraic spaces according to Lemma \ref{lemma-flat-finite-presentation-surjective-diagonal}. We may apply Lemma \ref{lemma-relative-hilbert} to see that the $1$-morphism $$\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y}) \longrightarrow \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}) \times \mathcal{Y}$$ is representable by algebraic spaces. Consider the $2$-fibre product $$\mathcal{V} = \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y}) \times_{(\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}) \times \mathcal{Y}), f \times F} (\mathcal{U} \times \mathcal{X}).$$ The projection morphism $\mathcal{V} \to \mathcal{U} \times \mathcal{X}$ is representable by algebraic spaces as a base change of the last displayed morphism. Hence $\mathcal{V}$ is an algebraic space (see Bootstrap, Lemma \ref{bootstrap-lemma-representable-by-spaces-over-space} or Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-base-change-by-space-representable-by-space}). The $1$-morphism $\mathcal{V} \to \mathcal{U}$ fits into the following $2$-cartesian diagram $$\xymatrix{ \mathcal{V} \ar[d] \ar[r] & \mathcal{X} \ar[d]^F \\ \mathcal{W} \ar[r] & \mathcal{Y} }$$ because $$\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y}) \times_{(\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}) \times \mathcal{Y}), f \times F} (\mathcal{U} \times \mathcal{X}) = (\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y}) \times_{\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}), f} \mathcal{U}) \times_{\mathcal{Y}, F} \mathcal{X}.$$ Hence $\mathcal{V} \to \mathcal{W}$ is representable by algebraic spaces, surjective, flat, and locally of finite presentation as a base change of $F$. It follows that the same thing is true for the corresponding sheaves of sets associated to $\mathcal{V}$ and $\mathcal{W}$, see Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-map-fibred-setoids-property}. Thus we conclude that the sheaf associated to $\mathcal{W}$ is an algebraic space by Bootstrap, Theorem \ref{bootstrap-theorem-final-bootstrap}. \end{proof} \section{LCI locus in the Hilbert stack} \label{section-lci} \noindent Please consult Examples of Stacks, Section \ref{examples-stacks-section-hilbert-d-stack} for notation. Fix a $1$-morphism $F : \mathcal{X} \longrightarrow \mathcal{Y}$ of stacks in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. Assume that $F$ is representable by algebraic spaces. Fix $d \geq 1$. Consider an object $(U, Z, y, x, \alpha)$ of $\mathcal{H}_d$. There is an induced $1$-morphism $$(\Sch/Z)_{fppf} \longrightarrow (\Sch/U)_{fppf} \times_{y, \mathcal{Y}, F} \mathcal{X}$$ (by the universal property of $2$-fibre products) which is representable by a morphism of algebraic spaces over $U$. Namely, since $F$ is representable by algebraic spaces, we may choose an algebraic space $X_y$ over $U$ which represents the $2$-fibre product $(\Sch/U)_{fppf} \times_{y, \mathcal{Y}, F} \mathcal{X}$. Since $\alpha : y|_Z \to F(x)$ is an isomorphism we see that $\xi = (Z, Z \to U, x, \alpha)$ is an object of the $2$-fibre product $(\Sch/U)_{fppf} \times_{y, \mathcal{Y}, F} \mathcal{X}$ over $Z$. Hence $\xi$ gives rise to a morphism $x_\alpha : Z \to X_y$ of algebraic spaces over $U$ as $X_y$ is the functor of isomorphisms classes of objects of $(\Sch/U)_{fppf} \times_{y, \mathcal{Y}, F} \mathcal{X}$, see Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-characterize-representable-by-space}. Here is a picture \begin{equation} \label{equation-relative-map} \vcenter{ \xymatrix{ Z \ar[r]_{x_\alpha} \ar[rd] & X_y \ar[d] \\ & U } } \quad\quad \vcenter{ \xymatrix{ (\Sch/Z)_{fppf} \ar[rd] \ar[r]_-{x, \alpha} & (\Sch/U)_{fppf} \times_{y, \mathcal{Y}, F} \mathcal{X} \ar[r] \ar[d] & \mathcal{X} \ar[d]^F \\ & (\Sch/U)_{fppf} \ar[r]^y & \mathcal{Y} } } \end{equation} We remark that if $(f, g, b, a) : (U, Z, y, x, \alpha) \to (U', Z', y', x', \alpha')$ is a morphism between objects of $\mathcal{H}_d$, then the morphism $x'_{\alpha'} : Z' \to X'_{y'}$ is the base change of the morphism $x_\alpha$ by the morphism $g : U' \to U$ (details omitted). \medskip\noindent Now assume moreover that $F$ is flat and locally of finite presentation. In this situation we define a full subcategory $$\mathcal{H}_{d, lci}(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y}) \subset \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$$ consisting of those objects $(U, Z, y, x, \alpha)$ of $\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ such that the corresponding morphism $x_\alpha : Z \to X_y$ is unramified and a local complete intersection morphism (see Morphisms of Spaces, Definition \ref{spaces-morphisms-definition-unramified} and More on Morphisms of Spaces, Definition \ref{spaces-more-morphisms-definition-lci} for definitions). \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-lci-locus-stack-in-groupoids} Let $S$ be a scheme. Fix a $1$-morphism $F : \mathcal{X} \longrightarrow \mathcal{Y}$ of stacks in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. Assume $F$ is representable by algebraic spaces, flat, and locally of finite presentation. Then $\mathcal{H}_{d, lci}(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ is a stack in groupoids and the inclusion functor $$\mathcal{H}_{d, lci}(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y}) \longrightarrow \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$$ is representable and an open immersion. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Let $\Xi = (U, Z, y, x, \alpha)$ be an object of $\mathcal{H}_d$. It follows from the remark following (\ref{equation-relative-map}) that the pullback of $\Xi$ by $U' \to U$ belongs to $\mathcal{H}_{d, lci}(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ if and only if the base change of $x_\alpha$ is unramified and a local complete intersection morphism. Note that $Z \to U$ is finite locally free (hence flat, locally of finite presentation and universally closed) and that $X_y \to U$ is flat and locally of finite presentation by our assumption on $F$. Then More on Morphisms of Spaces, Lemmas \ref{spaces-more-morphisms-lemma-where-unramified} and \ref{spaces-more-morphisms-lemma-where-lci} imply exists an open subscheme $W \subset U$ such that a morphism $U' \to U$ factors through $W$ if and only if the base change of $x_\alpha$ via $U' \to U$ is unramified and a local complete intersection morphism. This implies that $$(\Sch/U)_{fppf} \times_{\Xi, \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})} \mathcal{H}_{d, lci}(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$$ is representable by $W$. Hence the final statement of the lemma holds. The first statement (that $\mathcal{H}_{d, lci}(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ is a stack in groupoids) follows from this and Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-open-fibred-category-is-algebraic}. \end{proof} \noindent Local complete intersection morphisms are locally unobstructed''. This holds in much greater generality than the special case that we need in this chapter here. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-lci-unobstructed} Let $U \subset U'$ be a first order thickening of affine schemes. Let $X'$ be an algebraic space flat over $U'$. Set $X = U \times_{U'} X'$. Let $Z \to U$ be finite locally free of degree $d$. Finally, let $f : Z \to X$ be unramified and a local complete intersection morphism. Then there exists a commutative diagram $$\xymatrix{ (Z \subset Z') \ar[rd] \ar[rr]_{(f, f')} & & (X \subset X') \ar[ld] \\ & (U \subset U') }$$ of algebraic spaces over $U'$ such that $Z' \to U'$ is finite locally free of degree $d$ and $Z = U \times_{U'} Z'$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} By More on Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-more-morphisms-lemma-unramified-lci} the conormal sheaf $\mathcal{C}_{Z/X}$ of the unramified morphism $Z \to X$ is a finite locally free $\mathcal{O}_Z$-module and by More on Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-more-morphisms-lemma-transitivity-conormal-lci} we have an exact sequence $$0 \to i^*\mathcal{C}_{X/X'} \to \mathcal{C}_{Z/X'} \to \mathcal{C}_{Z/X} \to 0$$ of conormal sheaves. Since $Z$ is affine this sequence is split. Choose a splitting $$\mathcal{C}_{Z/X'} = i^*\mathcal{C}_{X/X'} \oplus \mathcal{C}_{Z/X}$$ Let $Z \subset Z''$ be the universal first order thickening of of $Z$ over $X'$ (see More on Morphisms of Spaces, Section \ref{spaces-more-morphisms-section-universal-thickening}). Denote $\mathcal{I} \subset \mathcal{O}_{Z''}$ the quasi-coherent sheaf of ideals corresponding to $Z \subset Z''$. By definition we have $\mathcal{C}_{Z/X'}$ is $\mathcal{I}$ viewed as a sheaf on $Z$. Hence the splitting above determines a splitting $$\mathcal{I} = i^*\mathcal{C}_{X/X'} \oplus \mathcal{C}_{Z/X}$$ Let $Z' \subset Z''$ be the closed subscheme cut out by $\mathcal{C}_{Z/X} \subset \mathcal{I}$ viewed as a quasi-coherent sheaf of ideals on $Z''$. It is clear that $Z'$ is a first order thickening of $Z$ and that we obtain a commutative diagram of first order thickenings as in the statement of the lemma. \medskip\noindent Since $X' \to U'$ is flat and since $X = U \times_{U'} X'$ we see that $\mathcal{C}_{X/X'}$ is the pullback of $\mathcal{C}_{U/U'}$ to $X$, see More on Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-more-morphisms-lemma-deform}. Note that by construction $\mathcal{C}_{Z/Z'} = i^*\mathcal{C}_{X/X'}$ hence we conclude that $\mathcal{C}_{Z/Z'}$ is isomorphic to the pullback of $\mathcal{C}_{U/U'}$ to $Z$. Applying More on Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-more-morphisms-lemma-deform} once again (or its analogue for schemes, see More on Morphisms, Lemma \ref{more-morphisms-lemma-deform}) we conclude that $Z' \to U'$ is flat and that $Z = U \times_{U'} Z'$. Finally, More on Morphisms, Lemma \ref{more-morphisms-lemma-deform-property} shows that $Z' \to U'$ is finite locally free of degree $d$. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-lci-formally-smooth} Let $F : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ be a $1$-morphism of stacks in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. Assume $F$ is representable by algebraic spaces, flat, and locally of finite presentation. Then $$p : \mathcal{H}_{d, lci}(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y}) \to \mathcal{Y}$$ is formally smooth on objects. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} We have to show the following: Given \begin{enumerate} \item an object $(U, Z, y, x, \alpha)$ of $\mathcal{H}_{d, lci}(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ over an affine scheme $U$, \item a first order thickening $U \subset U'$, and \item an object $y'$ of $\mathcal{Y}$ over $U'$ such that $y'|_U = y$, \end{enumerate} then there exists an object $(U', Z', y', x', \alpha')$ of $\mathcal{H}_{d, lci}(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ over $U'$ with $Z = U \times_{U'} Z'$, with $x = x'|_Z$, and with $\alpha = \alpha'|_U$. Namely, the last two equalities will take care of the commutativity of (\ref{equation-formally-smooth}). \medskip\noindent Consider the morphism $x_\alpha : Z \to X_y$ constructed in Equation (\ref{equation-relative-map}). Denote similarly $X'_{y'}$ the algebraic space over $U'$ representing the $2$-fibre product $(\Sch/U')_{fppf} \times_{y', \mathcal{Y}, F} \mathcal{X}$. By assumption the morphism $X'_{y'} \to U'$ is flat (and locally of finite presentation). As $y'|_U = y$ we see that $X_y = U \times_{U'} X'_{y'}$. Hence we may apply Lemma \ref{lemma-lci-unobstructed} to find $Z' \to U'$ finite locally free of degree $d$ with $Z = U \times_{U'} Z'$ and with $Z' \to X'_{y'}$ extending $x_\alpha$. By construction the morphism $Z' \to X'_{y'}$ corresponds to a pair $(x', \alpha')$. It is clear that $(U', Z', y', x', \alpha')$ is an object of $\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ over $U'$ with $Z = U \times_{U'} Z'$, with $x = x'|_Z$, and with $\alpha = \alpha'|_U$. As we've seen in Lemma \ref{lemma-lci-locus-stack-in-groupoids} that $\mathcal{H}_{d, lci}(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y}) \subset \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ is an open substack'' it follows that $(U', Z', y', x', \alpha')$ is an object of $\mathcal{H}_{d, lci}(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ as desired. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-lci-surjective} Let $F : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ be a $1$-morphism of stacks in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. Assume $F$ is representable by algebraic spaces, flat, surjective, and locally of finite presentation. Then $$\coprod\nolimits_{d \geq 1} \mathcal{H}_{d, lci}(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y}) \longrightarrow \mathcal{Y}$$ is surjective on objects. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} It suffices to prove the following: For any field $k$ and object $y$ of $\mathcal{Y}$ over $\Spec(k)$ there exists an integer $d \geq 1$ and an object $(U, Z, y, x, \alpha)$ of $\mathcal{H}_{d, lci}(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ with $U = \Spec(k)$. Namely, in this case we see that $p$ is surjective on objects in the strong sense that an extension of the field is not needed. \medskip\noindent Denote $X_y$ the algebraic space over $U = \Spec(k)$ representing the $2$-fibre product $(\Sch/U')_{fppf} \times_{y', \mathcal{Y}, F} \mathcal{X}$. By assumption the morphism $X_y \to \Spec(k)$ is surjective and locally of finite presentation (and flat). In particular $X_y$ is nonempty. Choose a nonempty affine scheme $V$ and an \'etale morphism $V \to X_y$. Note that $V \to \Spec(k)$ is (flat), surjective, and locally of finite presentation (by Morphisms of Spaces, Definition \ref{spaces-morphisms-definition-locally-finite-presentation}). Pick a closed point $v \in V$ where $V \to \Spec(k)$ is Cohen-Macaulay (i.e., $V$ is Cohen-Macaulay at $v$), see More on Morphisms, Lemma \ref{more-morphisms-lemma-flat-finite-presentation-CM-open}. Applying More on Morphisms, Lemma \ref{more-morphisms-lemma-slice-CM} we find a regular immersion $Z \to V$ with $Z = \{v\}$. This implies $Z \to V$ is a closed immersion. Moreover, it follows that $Z \to \Spec(k)$ is finite (for example by Algebra, Lemma \ref{algebra-lemma-isolated-point}). Hence $Z \to \Spec(k)$ is finite locally free of some degree $d$. Now $Z \to X_y$ is unramified as the composition of an closed immersion followed by an \'etale morphism (see Morphisms of Spaces, Lemmas \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-composition-unramified}, \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-etale-unramified}, and \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-immersion-unramified}). Finally, $Z \to X_y$ is a local complete intersection morphism as a composition of a regular immersion of schemes and an \'etale morphism of algebraic spaces (see More on Morphisms, Lemma \ref{more-morphisms-lemma-regular-immersion-lci} and Morphisms of Spaces, Lemmas \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-etale-smooth} and \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-smooth-syntomic} and More on Morphisms of Spaces, Lemmas \ref{spaces-more-morphisms-lemma-flat-lci} and \ref{spaces-more-morphisms-lemma-composition-lci}). The morphism $Z \to X_y$ corresponds to an object $x$ of $\mathcal{X}$ over $Z$ together with an isomorphism $\alpha : y|_Z \to F(x)$. We obtain an object $(U, Z, y, x, \alpha)$ of $\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$. By what was said above about the morphism $Z \to X_y$ we see that it actually is an object of the subcategory $\mathcal{H}_{d, lci}(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ and we win. \end{proof} \section{Bootstrapping algebraic stacks} \label{section-bootstrap} \noindent The following theorem is one of the main results of this chapter. \begin{theorem} \label{theorem-bootstrap} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $F : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ be a $1$-morphism of stacks in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$. If \begin{enumerate} \item $\mathcal{X}$ is representable by an algebraic space, and \item $F$ is representable by algebraic spaces, surjective, flat and locally of finite presentation, \end{enumerate} then $\mathcal{Y}$ is an algebraic stack. \end{theorem} \begin{proof} By Lemma \ref{lemma-flat-finite-presentation-surjective-diagonal} we see that the diagonal of $\mathcal{Y}$ is representable by algebraic spaces. Hence we only need to verify the existence of a $1$-morphism $f : \mathcal{V} \to \mathcal{Y}$ of stacks in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$ with $\mathcal{V}$ representable and $f$ surjective and smooth. By Lemma \ref{lemma-hilbert-stack-relative-space} we know that $$\coprod\nolimits_{d \geq 1} \mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$$ is an algebraic stack. It follows from Lemma \ref{lemma-lci-locus-stack-in-groupoids} and Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-open-fibred-category-is-algebraic} that $$\coprod\nolimits_{d \geq 1} \mathcal{H}_{d, lci}(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$$ is an algebraic stack as well. Choose a representable stack in groupoids $\mathcal{V}$ over $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$ and a surjective and smooth $1$-morphism $$\mathcal{V} \longrightarrow \coprod\nolimits_{d \geq 1} \mathcal{H}_{d, lci}(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y}).$$ We claim that the composition $$\mathcal{V} \longrightarrow \coprod\nolimits_{d \geq 1} \mathcal{H}_{d, lci}(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y}) \longrightarrow \mathcal{Y}$$ is smooth and surjective which finishes the proof of the theorem. In fact, the smoothness will be a consequence of Lemmas \ref{lemma-limit-preserving} and \ref{lemma-lci-formally-smooth} and the surjectivity a consequence of Lemma \ref{lemma-lci-surjective}. We spell out the details in the following paragraph. \medskip\noindent By construction $\mathcal{V} \to \coprod\nolimits_{d \geq 1} \mathcal{H}_{d, lci}(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ is representable by algebraic spaces, surjective, and smooth (and hence also locally of finite presentation and formally smooth by the general principle Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-representable-transformations-property-implication} and More on Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-more-morphisms-lemma-smooth-formally-smooth}). Applying Lemmas \ref{lemma-representable-by-spaces-limit-preserving}, \ref{lemma-representable-by-spaces-formally-smooth}, and \ref{lemma-representable-by-spaces-surjective} we see that $\mathcal{V} \to \coprod\nolimits_{d \geq 1} \mathcal{H}_{d, lci}(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y})$ is limit preserving on objects, formally smooth on objects, and surjective on objects. The $1$-morphism $\coprod\nolimits_{d \geq 1} \mathcal{H}_{d, lci}(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y}) \to \mathcal{Y}$ is \begin{enumerate} \item limit preserving on objects: this is Lemma \ref{lemma-limit-preserving} for $\mathcal{H}_d(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y}) \to \mathcal{Y}$ and we combine it with Lemmas \ref{lemma-lci-locus-stack-in-groupoids}, \ref{lemma-open-immersion-limit-preserving}, and \ref{lemma-composition-limit-preserving} to get it for $\mathcal{H}_{d, lci}(\mathcal{X}/\mathcal{Y}) \to \mathcal{Y}$, \item formally smooth on objects by Lemma \ref{lemma-lci-formally-smooth}, and \item surjective on objects by Lemma \ref{lemma-lci-surjective}. \end{enumerate} Using Lemmas \ref{lemma-composition-limit-preserving}, \ref{lemma-composition-formally-smooth}, and \ref{lemma-composition-surjective} we conclude that the composition $\mathcal{V} \to \mathcal{Y}$ is limit preserving on objects, formally smooth on objects, and surjective on objects. Using Lemmas \ref{lemma-representable-by-spaces-limit-preserving}, \ref{lemma-representable-by-spaces-formally-smooth}, and \ref{lemma-representable-by-spaces-surjective} we see that $\mathcal{V} \to \mathcal{Y}$ is locally of finite presentation, formally smooth, and surjective. Finally, using (via the general principle Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-representable-transformations-property-implication}) the infinitesimal lifting criterion (More on Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-more-morphisms-lemma-smooth-formally-smooth}) we see that $\mathcal{V} \to \mathcal{Y}$ is smooth and we win. \end{proof} \section{Applications} \label{section-applications} \noindent Our first task is to show that the quotient stack $[U/R]$ associated to a flat and locally finitely presented groupoid'' is an algebraic stack. See Groupoids in Spaces, Definition \ref{spaces-groupoids-definition-quotient-stack} for the definition of the quotient stack. The following lemma is preliminary and is the analogue of Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-smooth-quotient-smooth-presentation}. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-flat-quotient-flat-presentation} Let $S$ be a scheme contained in $\Sch_{fppf}$. Let $(U, R, s, t, c)$ be a groupoid in algebraic spaces over $S$. Assume $s, t$ are flat and locally of finite presentation. Then the morphism $\mathcal{S}_U \to [U/R]$ is flat, locally of finite presentation, and surjective. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Let $T$ be a scheme and let $x : (\Sch/T)_{fppf} \to [U/R]$ be a $1$-morphism. We have to show that the projection $$\mathcal{S}_U \times_{[U/R]} (\Sch/T)_{fppf} \longrightarrow (\Sch/T)_{fppf}$$ is surjective and smooth. We already know that the left hand side is representable by an algebraic space $F$, see Algebraic Stacks, Lemmas \ref{algebraic-lemma-diagonal-quotient-stack} and \ref{algebraic-lemma-representable-diagonal}. Hence we have to show the corresponding morphism $F \to T$ of algebraic spaces is surjective, locally of finite presentation, and flat. Since we are working with properties of morphisms of algebraic spaces which are local on the target in the fppf topology we may check this fppf locally on $T$. By construction, there exists an fppf covering $\{T_i \to T\}$ of $T$ such that $x|_{(\Sch/T_i)_{fppf}}$ comes from a morphism $x_i : T_i \to U$. (Note that $F \times_T T_i$ represents the $2$-fibre product $\mathcal{S}_U \times_{[U/R]} (\Sch/T_i)_{fppf}$ so everything is compatible with the base change via $T_i \to T$.) Hence we may assume that $x$ comes from $x : T \to U$. In this case we see that $$\mathcal{S}_U \times_{[U/R]} (\Sch/T)_{fppf} = (\mathcal{S}_U \times_{[U/R]} \mathcal{S}_U) \times_{\mathcal{S}_U} (\Sch/T)_{fppf} = \mathcal{S}_R \times_{\mathcal{S}_U} (\Sch/T)_{fppf}$$ The first equality by Categories, Lemma \ref{categories-lemma-2-fibre-product-erase-factor} and the second equality by Groupoids in Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-groupoids-lemma-quotient-stack-2-cartesian}. Clearly the last $2$-fibre product is represented by the algebraic space $F = R \times_{s, U, x} T$ and the projection $R \times_{s, U, x} T \to T$ is flat and locally of finite presentation as the base change of the flat locally finitely presented morphism of algebraic spaces $s : R \to U$. It is also surjective as $s$ has a section (namely the identity $e : U \to R$ of the groupoid). This proves the lemma. \end{proof} \noindent Here is the first main result of this section. \begin{theorem} \label{theorem-flat-groupoid-gives-algebraic-stack} Let $S$ be a scheme contained in $\Sch_{fppf}$. Let $(U, R, s, t, c)$ be a groupoid in algebraic spaces over $S$. Assume $s, t$ are flat and locally of finite presentation. Then the quotient stack $[U/R]$ is an algebraic stack over $S$. \end{theorem} \begin{proof} We check the two conditions of Theorem \ref{theorem-bootstrap} for the morphism $$(\Sch/U)_{fppf} \longrightarrow [U/R].$$ The first is trivial (as $U$ is an algebraic space). The second is Lemma \ref{lemma-flat-quotient-flat-presentation}. \end{proof} \section{When is a quotient stack algebraic?} \label{section-quotient-algebraic} \noindent In Groupoids in Spaces, Section \ref{spaces-groupoids-section-stacks} we have defined the quotient stack $[U/R]$ associated to a groupoid $(U, R, s, t, c)$ in algebraic spaces. Note that $[U/R]$ is a stack in groupoids whose diagonal is representable by algebraic spaces (see Bootstrap, Lemma \ref{bootstrap-lemma-quotient-stack-isom} and Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-representable-diagonal}) and such that there exists an algebraic space $U$ and a $1$-morphism $(\Sch/U)_{fppf} \to [U/R]$ which is an fppf surjection'' in the sense that it induces a map on presheaves of isomorphism classes of objects which becomes surjective after sheafification. However, it is not the case that that $[U/R]$ is an algebraic stack in general. This is not a contradiction with Theorem \ref{theorem-bootstrap} as the $1$-morphism $(\Sch/U)_{fppf} \to [U/R]$ is not representable by algebraic spaces in general, and if it is it may not be flat and locally of finite presentation. \medskip\noindent The easiest way to make examples of non-algebraic quotient stacks is to look at quotients of the form $[S/G]$ where $S$ is a scheme and $G$ is a group scheme over $S$ acting trivially on $S$. Namely, we will see below (Lemma \ref{lemma-BG-algebraic}) that if $[S/G]$ is algebraic, then $G \to S$ has to be flat and locally of finite presentation. An explicit example can be found in Examples, Section \ref{examples-section-not-algebraic-stack}. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-quotient-algebraic} Let $S$ be a scheme and let $B$ be an algebraic space over $S$. Let $(U, R, s, t, c)$ be a groupoid in algebraic spaces over $B$. The quotient stack $[U/R]$ is an algebraic stack if and only if there exists a morphism of algebraic spaces $g : U' \to U$ such that \begin{enumerate} \item the composition $U' \times_{g, U, t} R \to R \xrightarrow{s} U$ is a surjection of sheaves, and \item the morphisms $s', t' : R' \to U'$ are flat and locally of finite presentation where $(U', R', s', t', c')$ is the restriction of $(U, R, s, t, c)$ via $g$. \end{enumerate} \end{lemma} \begin{proof} First, assume that $g : U' \to U$ satisfies (1) and (2). Property (1) implies that $[U'/R'] \to [U/R]$ is an equivalence, see Groupoids in Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-groupoids-lemma-quotient-stack-restrict-equivalence}. By Theorem \ref{theorem-flat-groupoid-gives-algebraic-stack} the quotient stack $[U'/R']$ is an algebraic stack. Hence $[U/R]$ is an algebraic stack too, see Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-equivalent}. \medskip\noindent Conversely, assume that $[U/R]$ is an algebraic stack. We may choose a scheme $W$ and a surjective smooth $1$-morphism $$f : (\Sch/W)_{fppf} \longrightarrow [U/R].$$ By the $2$-Yoneda lemma (Algebraic Stacks, Section \ref{algebraic-section-2-yoneda}) this corresponds to an object $\xi$ of $[U/R]$ over $W$. By the description of $[U/R]$ in Groupoids in Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-groupoids-lemma-quotient-stack-objects} we can find a surjective, flat, locally finitely presented morphism $b : U' \to W$ of schemes such that $\xi' = b^*\xi$ corresponds to a morphism $g : U' \to U$. Note that the $1$-morphism $$f' : (\Sch/U')_{fppf} \longrightarrow [U/R].$$ corresponding to $\xi'$ is surjective, flat, and locally of finite presentation, see Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-composition-representable-transformations-property}. Hence $(\Sch/U')_{fppf} \times_{[U/R]} (\Sch/U')_{fppf}$ which is represented by the algebraic space $$\mathit{Isom}_{[U/R]}(\text{pr}_0^*\xi', \text{pr}_1^*\xi') = (U' \times_S U') \times_{(g \circ \text{pr}_0, g \circ \text{pr}_1), U \times_S U} R = R'$$ (see Groupoids in Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-groupoids-lemma-quotient-stack-morphisms} for the first equality; the second is the definition of restriction) is flat and locally of finite presentation over $U'$ via both $s'$ and $t'$ (by base change, see Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-base-change-representable-transformations-property}). By this description of $R'$ and by Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-map-space-into-stack} we obtain a canonical fully faithful $1$-morphism $[U'/R'] \to [U/R]$. This $1$-morphism is essentially surjective because $f'$ is flat, locally of finite presentation, and surjective (see Stacks, Lemma \ref{stacks-lemma-characterize-essentially-surjective-when-ff}); another way to prove this is to use Algebraic Stacks, Remark \ref{algebraic-remark-flat-fp-presentation}. Finally, we can use Groupoids in Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-groupoids-lemma-quotient-stack-restrict-equivalence} to conclude that the composition $U' \times_{g, U, t} R \to R \xrightarrow{s} U$ is a surjection of sheaves. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-group-quotient-algebraic} Let $S$ be a scheme and let $B$ be an algebraic space over $S$. Let $G$ be a group algebraic space over $B$. Let $X$ be an algebraic space over $B$ and let $a : G \times_B X \to X$ be an action of $G$ on $X$ over $B$. The quotient stack $[X/G]$ is an algebraic stack if and only if there exists a morphism of algebraic spaces $\varphi : X' \to X$ such that \begin{enumerate} \item $G \times_B X' \to X$, $(g, x') \mapsto a(g, \varphi(x'))$ is a surjection of sheaves, and \item the two projections $X'' \to X'$ of the algebraic space $X''$ given by the rule $$T \longmapsto \{(x'_1, g, x'_2) \in (X' \times_B G \times_B X')(T) \mid \varphi(x'_1) = a(g, \varphi(x'_2))\}$$ are flat and locally of finite presentation. \end{enumerate} \end{lemma} \begin{proof} This lemma is a special case of Lemma \ref{lemma-quotient-algebraic}. Namely, the quotient stack $[X/G]$ is by Groupoids in Spaces, Definition \ref{spaces-groupoids-definition-quotient-stack} equal to the quotient stack $[X/G \times_B X]$ of the groupoid in algebraic spaces $(X, G \times_B X, s, t, c)$ associated to the group action in Groupoids in Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-groupoids-lemma-groupoid-from-action}. There is one small observation that is needed to get condition (1). Namely, the morphism $s : G \times_B X \to X$ is the second projection and the morphism $t : G \times_B X \to X$ is the action morphism $a$. Hence the morphism $h : U' \times_{g, U, t} R \to R \xrightarrow{s} U$ from Lemma \ref{lemma-quotient-algebraic} corresponds to the morphism $$X' \times_{\varphi, X, a} (G \times_B X) \xrightarrow{\text{pr}_1} X$$ in the current setting. However, because of the symmetry given by the inverse of $G$ this morphism is isomorphic to the morphism $$(G \times_B X) \times_{\text{pr}_1, X, \varphi} X' \xrightarrow{a} X$$ of the statement of the lemma. Details omitted. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-BG-algebraic} Let $S$ be a scheme and let $B$ be an algebraic space over $S$. Let $G$ be a group algebraic space over $B$. Endow $B$ with the trivial action of $G$. Then the quotient stack $[B/G]$ is an algebraic stack if and only if $G$ is flat and locally of finite presentation over $B$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} If $G$ is flat and locally of finite presentation over $B$, then $[B/G]$ is an algebraic stack by Theorem \ref{theorem-flat-groupoid-gives-algebraic-stack}. \medskip\noindent Conversely, assume that $[B/G]$ is an algebraic stack. By Lemma \ref{lemma-group-quotient-algebraic} and because the action is trivial, we see there exists an algebraic space $B'$ and a morphism $B' \to B$ such that (1) $B' \to B$ is a surjection of sheaves and (2) the projections $$B' \times_B G \times_B B' \to B'$$ are flat and locally of finite presentation. Note that the base change $B' \times_B G \times_B B' \to G \times_B B'$ of $B' \to B$ is a surjection of sheaves also. Thus it follows from Descent on Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-descent-lemma-curiosity} that the projection $G \times_B B' \to B'$ is flat and locally of finite presentation. By (1) we can find an fppf covering $\{B_i \to B\}$ such that $B_i \to B$ factors through $B' \to B$. Hence $G \times_B B_i \to B_i$ is flat and locally of finite presentation by base change. By Descent on Spaces, Lemmas \ref{spaces-descent-lemma-descending-property-flat} and \ref{spaces-descent-lemma-descending-property-locally-finite-presentation} we conclude that $G \to B$ is flat and locally of finite presentation. \end{proof} \section{Algebraic stacks in the \'etale topology} \label{section-stacks-etale} \noindent Let $S$ be a scheme. Instead of working with stacks in groupoids over the big fppf site $(\Sch/S)_{fppf}$ we could work with stacks in groupoids over the big \'etale site $(\Sch/S)_\etale$. All of the material in Algebraic Stacks, Sections \ref{algebraic-section-representable}, \ref{algebraic-section-2-yoneda}, \ref{algebraic-section-representable-morphism}, \ref{algebraic-section-split}, \ref{algebraic-section-representable-by-algebraic-spaces}, \ref{algebraic-section-morphisms-representable-by-algebraic-spaces}, \ref{algebraic-section-representable-properties}, and \ref{algebraic-section-stacks} makes sense for categories fibred in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_\etale$. Thus we get a second notion of an algebraic stack by working in the \'etale topology. This notion is (a priori) weaker then the notion introduced in Algebraic Stacks, Definition \ref{algebraic-definition-algebraic-stack} since a stack in the fppf topology is certainly a stack in the \'etale topology. However, the notions are equivalent as is shown by the following lemma. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-stacks-etale} Denote the common underlying category of $\Sch_{fppf}$ and $\Sch_\etale$ by $\Sch_\alpha$ (see Sheaves on Stacks, Section \ref{stacks-sheaves-section-sheaves} and Topologies, Remark \ref{topologies-remark-choice-sites}). Let $S$ be an object of $\Sch_\alpha$. Let $$p : \mathcal{X} \to \Sch_\alpha/S$$ be a category fibred in groupoids with the following properties: \begin{enumerate} \item $\mathcal{X}$ is a stack in groupoids over $(\Sch/S)_\etale$, \item the diagonal $\Delta : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{X} \times \mathcal{X}$ is representable by algebraic spaces\footnote{Here we can either mean sheaves in the \'etale topology whose diagonal is representable and which have an \'etale surjective covering by a scheme or algebraic spaces as defined in Algebraic Spaces, Definition \ref{spaces-definition-algebraic-space}. Namely, by Bootstrap, Lemma \ref{bootstrap-lemma-spaces-etale} there is no difference.}, and \item there exists $U \in \Ob(\Sch_\alpha/S)$ and a $1$-morphism $(\Sch/U)_\etale \to \mathcal{X}$ which is surjective and smooth. \end{enumerate} Then $\mathcal{X}$ is an algebraic stack in the sense of Algebraic Stacks, Definition \ref{algebraic-definition-algebraic-stack}. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Note that properties (2) and (3) of the lemma and the corresponding properties (2) and (3) of Algebraic Stacks, Definition \ref{algebraic-definition-algebraic-stack} are independent of the topology. This is true because these properties involve only the notion of a $2$-fibre product of categories fibred in groupoids, $1$- and $2$-morphisms of categories fibred in groupoids, the notion of a $1$-morphism of categories fibred in groupoids representable by algebraic spaces, and what it means for such a $1$-morphism to be surjective and smooth. Thus all we have to prove is that an \'etale stack in groupoids $\mathcal{X}$ with properties (2) and (3) is also an fppf stack in groupoids. \medskip\noindent Using (2) let $R$ be an algebraic space representing $$(\Sch_\alpha/U) \times_\mathcal{X} (\Sch_\alpha/U)$$ By (3) the projections $s, t : R \to U$ are smooth. Exactly as in the proof of Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-map-space-into-stack} there exists a groupoid in spaces $(U, R, s, t, c)$ and a canonical fully faithful $1$-morphism $[U/R]_\etale \to \mathcal{X}$ where $[U/R]_\etale$ is the \'etale stackification of presheaf in groupoids $$T \longmapsto (U(T), R(T), s(T), t(T), c(T))$$ Claim: If $V \to T$ is a surjective smooth morphism from an algebraic space $V$ to a scheme $T$, then there exists an \'etale covering $\{T_i \to T\}$ refining the covering $\{V \to T\}$. This follows from More on Morphisms, Lemma \ref{more-morphisms-lemma-etale-dominates-smooth} or the more general Sheaves on Stacks, Lemma \ref{stacks-sheaves-lemma-surjective-flat-locally-finite-presentation}. Using the claim and arguing exactly as in Algebraic Stacks, Lemma \ref{algebraic-lemma-stack-presentation} it follows that $[U/R]_\etale \to \mathcal{X}$ is an equivalence. \medskip\noindent Next, let $[U/R]$ denote the quotient stack in the fppf topology which is an algebraic stack by Algebraic Stacks, Theorem \ref{algebraic-theorem-smooth-groupoid-gives-algebraic-stack}. Thus we have $1$-morphisms $$U \to [U/R]_\etale \to [U/R].$$ Both \$U \to [U/R]_