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 \input{preamble} % OK, start here. % \begin{document} \title{Derived Categories of Spaces} \maketitle \phantomsection \label{section-phantom} \tableofcontents \section{Introduction} \label{section-introduction} \noindent In this chapter we discuss derived categories of modules on algebraic spaces. There do not seem to be good introductory references addressing this topic; it is covered in the literature by referring to papers dealing with derived categories of modules on algebraic stacks, for example see \cite{olsson_sheaves}. \section{Conventions} \label{section-conventions} \noindent If $\mathcal{A}$ is an abelian category and $M$ is an object of $\mathcal{A}$ then we also denote $M$ the object of $K(\mathcal{A})$ and/or $D(\mathcal{A})$ corresponding to the complex which has $M$ in degree $0$ and is zero in all other degrees. \medskip\noindent If we have a ring $A$, then $K(A)$ denotes the homotopy category of complexes of $A$-modules and $D(A)$ the associated derived category. Similarly, if we have a ringed space $(X, \mathcal{O}_X)$ the symbol $K(\mathcal{O}_X)$ denotes the homotopy category of complexes of $\mathcal{O}_X$-modules and $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$ the associated derived category. \section{Generalities} \label{section-generalities} \noindent In this section we put some general results on cohomology of unbounded complexes of modules on algebraic spaces. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-restrict-direct-image-open} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $f : X \to Y$ be a morphism of algebraic spaces over $S$. Given an \'etale morphism $V \to Y$, set $U = V \times_Y X$ and denote $g : U \to V$ the projection morphism. Then $(Rf_*E)|_V = Rg_*(E|_U)$ for $E$ in $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Represent $E$ by a K-injective complex $\mathcal{I}^\bullet$ of $\mathcal{O}_X$-modules. Then $Rf_*(E) = f_*\mathcal{I}^\bullet$ and $Rg_*(E|_U) = g_*(\mathcal{I}^\bullet|_U)$ by Cohomology on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-cohomology-lemma-restrict-K-injective-to-open}. Hence the result follows from Properties of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-properties-lemma-pushforward-etale-base-change-modules}. \end{proof} \begin{definition} \label{definition-supported-on} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X$ be an algebraic space over $S$. Let $E$ be an object of $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$. Let $T \subset |X|$ be a closed subset. We say $E$ is {\it supported on $T$} if the cohomology sheaves $H^i(E)$ are supported on $T$. \end{definition} \section{Derived category of quasi-coherent modules on the small \'etale site} \label{section-derived-quasi-coherent-etale} \noindent Let $X$ be a scheme. In this section we show that $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$ can be defined in terms of the small \'etale site $X_\etale$ of $X$. Denote $\mathcal{O}_\etale$ the structure sheaf on $X_\etale$. Consider the morphism of ringed sites \begin{equation} \label{equation-epsilon} \epsilon : (X_\etale, \mathcal{O}_\etale) \longrightarrow (X_{Zar}, \mathcal{O}_X). \end{equation} denoted $\text{id}_{small, \etale, Zar}$ in Descent, Lemma \ref{descent-lemma-compare-sites}. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-epsilon-flat} The morphism $\epsilon$ of (\ref{equation-epsilon}) is a flat morphism of ringed sites. In particular the functor $\epsilon^* : \textit{Mod}(\mathcal{O}_X) \to \textit{Mod}(\mathcal{O}_\etale)$ is exact. Moreover, if $\epsilon^*\mathcal{F} = 0$, then $\mathcal{F} = 0$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} The second assertion follows from the first by Modules on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-modules-lemma-flat-pullback-exact}. To prove the first assertion we have to show that $\mathcal{O}_\etale$ is a flat $\epsilon^{-1}\mathcal{O}_X$-module. To do this it suffices to check $\mathcal{O}_{X, x} \to \mathcal{O}_{\etale, \overline{x}}$ is flat for any geometric point $\overline{x}$ of $X$, see Modules on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-modules-lemma-check-flat-stalks}, Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-lemma-point-morphism-sites}, and \'Etale Cohomology, Remarks \ref{etale-cohomology-remarks-enough-points}. By \'Etale Cohomology, Lemma \ref{etale-cohomology-lemma-describe-etale-local-ring} we see that $\mathcal{O}_{\etale, \overline{x}}$ is the strict henselization of $\mathcal{O}_{X, x}$. Thus $\mathcal{O}_{X, x} \to \mathcal{O}_{\etale, \overline{x}}$ is faithfully flat by More on Algebra, Lemma \ref{more-algebra-lemma-dumb-properties-henselization}. The final statement follows also: if $\epsilon^*\mathcal{F} = 0$, then $$0 = \epsilon^*\mathcal{F}_{\overline{x}} = \mathcal{F}_x \otimes_{\mathcal{O}_{X, x}} \mathcal{O}_\etale$$ (Modules on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-modules-lemma-pullback-stalk}) for all geometric points $\overline{x}$. By faithful flatness of $\mathcal{O}_{X, x} \to \mathcal{O}_{\etale, \overline{x}}$ we conclude $\mathcal{F}_x = 0$ for all $x \in X$. \end{proof} \noindent Let $X$ be a scheme. Notation as in (\ref{equation-epsilon}). Recall that $\epsilon^* : \QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X) \to \QCoh(\mathcal{O}_\etale)$ is an equivalence by Descent, Proposition \ref{descent-proposition-equivalence-quasi-coherent} and Remark \ref{descent-remark-change-topologies-ringed-sites}. Moreover, $\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_\etale)$ forms a Serre subcategory of $\textit{Mod}(\mathcal{O}_\etale)$ by Descent, Lemma \ref{descent-lemma-equivalence-quasi-coherent-limits}. Hence we can let $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_\etale)$ be the triangulated subcategory of $D(\mathcal{O}_\etale)$ whose objects are the complexes with quasi-coherent cohomology sheaves, see Derived Categories, Section \ref{derived-section-triangulated-sub}. The functor $\epsilon^*$ is exact (Lemma \ref{lemma-epsilon-flat}) hence induces $\epsilon^* : D(\mathcal{O}_X) \to D(\mathcal{O}_\etale)$ and since pullbacks of quasi-coherent modules are quasi-coherent also $\epsilon^* : D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X) \to D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_\etale)$. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-derived-quasi-coherent-small-etale-site} Let $X$ be a scheme. The functor $\epsilon^* : D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X) \to D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_\etale)$ defined above is an equivalence. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} We will prove this by showing the functor $R\epsilon_* : D(\mathcal{O}_\etale) \to D(\mathcal{O}_X)$ induces a quasi-inverse. We will use freely that $\epsilon_*$ is given by restriction to $X_{Zar} \subset X_\etale$ and the description of $\epsilon^* = \text{id}_{small, \etale, Zar}^*$ in Descent, Lemma \ref{descent-lemma-compare-sites}. \medskip\noindent For a quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-module $\mathcal{F}$ the adjunction map $\mathcal{F} \to \epsilon_*\epsilon^*\mathcal{F}$ is an isomorphism by the fact that $\mathcal{F}^a$ (Descent, Definition \ref{descent-definition-structure-sheaf}) is a sheaf as proved in Descent, Lemma \ref{descent-lemma-sheaf-condition-holds}. Conversely, every quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_\etale$-module $\mathcal{H}$ is of the form $\epsilon^*\mathcal{F}$ for some quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-module $\mathcal{F}$, see Descent, Proposition \ref{descent-proposition-equivalence-quasi-coherent}. Then $\mathcal{F} = \epsilon_*\mathcal{H}$ by what we just said and we conclude that the adjunction map $\epsilon^*\epsilon_*\mathcal{H} \to \mathcal{H}$ is an isomorphism for all quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_\etale$-modules $\mathcal{H}$. \medskip\noindent Let $E$ be an object of $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_\etale)$ and denote $\mathcal{H}^q = H^q(E)$ its $q$th cohomology sheaf. Let $\mathcal{B}$ be the set of affine objects of $X_\etale$. Then $H^p(U, \mathcal{H}^q) = 0$ for all $p > 0$, all $q \in \mathbf{Z}$, and all $U \in \mathcal{B}$, see Descent, Proposition \ref{descent-proposition-same-cohomology-quasi-coherent} and Cohomology of Schemes, Lemma \ref{coherent-lemma-quasi-coherent-affine-cohomology-zero}. By Cohomology on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-cohomology-lemma-cohomology-over-U-trivial} this means that $$H^q(U, E) = H^0(U, \mathcal{H}^q)$$ for all $U \in \mathcal{B}$. In particular, we find that this holds for affine opens $U \subset X$. It follows that the $q$th cohomology of $R\epsilon_*E$ over $U$ is the value of the sheaf $\epsilon_*\mathcal{H}^q$ over $U$. Applying sheafification we obtain $$H^q(R\epsilon_*E) = \epsilon_*\mathcal{H}^q$$ which in particular shows that $R\epsilon_*$ induces a functor $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_\etale) \to D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$. Since $\epsilon^*$ is exact we then obtain $H^q(\epsilon^*R\epsilon_*E) = \epsilon^*\epsilon_*\mathcal{H}^q = \mathcal{H}^q$ (by discussion above). Thus the adjunction map $\epsilon^*R\epsilon_*E \to E$ is an isomorphism. \medskip\noindent Conversely, for $F \in D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$ the adjunction map $F \to R\epsilon_*\epsilon^*F$ is an isomorphism for the same reason, i.e., because the cohomology sheaves of $R\epsilon_*\epsilon^*F$ are isomorphic to $\epsilon_*H^m(\epsilon^*F) = \epsilon_*\epsilon^*H^m(F) = H^m(F)$. \end{proof} \section{Derived category of quasi-coherent modules} \label{section-derived-quasi-coherent} \noindent Let $S$ be a scheme. Lemma \ref{lemma-derived-quasi-coherent-small-etale-site} shows that the category $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_S)$ can be defined in terms of complexes of $\mathcal{O}_S$-modules on the scheme $S$ or by complexes of $\mathcal{O}$-modules on the small \'etale site of $S$. Hence the following definition is compatible with the definition in the case of schemes. \begin{definition} \label{definition-derived-quasi-coherent} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X$ be an algebraic space over $S$. The {\it derived category of $\mathcal{O}_X$-modules with quasi-coherent cohomology sheaves} is denoted $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$. \end{definition} \noindent This makes sense by Properties of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-properties-lemma-properties-quasi-coherent} and Derived Categories, Section \ref{derived-section-triangulated-sub}. Thus we obtain a canonical functor \begin{equation} \label{equation-compare} D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)) \longrightarrow D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X) \end{equation} see Derived Categories, Equation (\ref{derived-equation-compare}). \medskip\noindent Observe that a flat morphism $f : Y \to X$ of algebraic spaces induces an exact functor $f^* : \textit{Mod}(\mathcal{O}_X) \to \textit{Mod}(\mathcal{O}_Y)$, see Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-flat-morphism-sites} and Modules on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-modules-lemma-flat-pullback-exact}. In particular $Lf^* : D(\mathcal{O}_X) \to D(\mathcal{O}_Y)$ is computed on any representative complex (Derived Categories, Lemma \ref{derived-lemma-right-derived-exact-functor}). We will write $Lf^* = f^*$ when $f$ is flat and we have $H^i(f^*E) = f^*H^i(E)$ for $E$ in $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$ in this case. We will use this often when $f$ is \'etale. Of course in the \'etale case the pullback functor is just the restriction to $Y_\etale$, see Properties of Spaces, Equation (\ref{spaces-properties-equation-restrict-modules}). \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-check-quasi-coherence-on-covering} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X$ be an algebraic space over $S$. Let $E$ be an object of $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$. The following are equivalent \begin{enumerate} \item $E$ is in $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$, \item for every \'etale morphism $\varphi : U \to X$ where $U$ is an affine scheme $\varphi^*E$ is an object of $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_U)$, \item for every \'etale morphism $\varphi : U \to X$ where $U$ is a scheme $\varphi^*E$ is an object of $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_U)$, \item there exists a surjective \'etale morphism $\varphi : U \to X$ where $U$ is a scheme such that $\varphi^*E$ is an object of $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_U)$, and \item there exists a surjective \'etale morphism of algebraic spaces $f : Y \to X$ such that $Lf^*E$ is an object of $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y)$. \end{enumerate} \end{lemma} \begin{proof} This follows immediately from the discussion preceding the lemma and Properties of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-properties-lemma-characterize-quasi-coherent}. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-quasi-coherence-direct-sums} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X$ be an algebraic space over $S$. Then $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$ has direct sums. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} By Injectives, Lemma \ref{injectives-lemma-derived-products} the derived category $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$ has direct sums and they are computed by taking termwise direct sums of any representatives. Thus it is clear that the cohomology sheaf of a direct sum is the direct sum of the cohomology sheaves as taking direct sums is an exact functor (in any Grothendieck abelian category). The lemma follows as the direct sum of quasi-coherent sheaves is quasi-coherent, see Properties of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-properties-lemma-properties-quasi-coherent}. \end{proof} \noindent We will need some information on derived limits. We warn the reader that in the lemma below the derived limit will typically not be an object of $D_\QCoh$. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-Rlim-quasi-coherent} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X$ be an algebraic space over $S$. Let $(K_n)$ be an inverse system of $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$ with derived limit $K = R\lim K_n$ in $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$. Assume $H^q(K_{n + 1}) \to H^q(K_n)$ is surjective for all $q \in \mathbf{Z}$ and $n \geq 1$. Then \begin{enumerate} \item $H^q(K) = \lim H^q(K_n)$, \item $R\lim H^q(K_n) = \lim H^q(K_n)$, and \item for every affine open $U \subset X$ we have $H^p(U, \lim H^q(K_n)) = 0$ for $p > 0$. \end{enumerate} \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Let $\mathcal{B} \subset \Ob(X_\etale)$ be the set of affine objects. Since $H^q(K_n)$ is quasi-coherent we have $H^p(U, H^q(K_n)) = 0$ for $U \in \mathcal{B}$ by the discussion in Cohomology of Spaces, Section \ref{spaces-cohomology-section-higher-direct-image} and Cohomology of Schemes, Lemma \ref{coherent-lemma-quasi-coherent-affine-cohomology-zero}. Moreover, the maps $H^0(U, H^q(K_{n + 1})) \to H^0(U, H^q(K_n))$ are surjective for $U \in \mathcal{B}$ by similar reasoning. Part (1) follows from Cohomology on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-cohomology-lemma-derived-limit-suitable-system} whose conditions we have just verified. Parts (2) and (3) follow from Cohomology on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-cohomology-lemma-inverse-limit-is-derived-limit}. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-quasi-coherence-pullback} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $f : Y \to X$ be a morphism of algebraic spaces over $S$. The functor $Lf^*$ sends $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$ into $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y)$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Choose a diagram $$\xymatrix{ U \ar[d]_a \ar[r]_h & V \ar[d]^b \\ X \ar[r]^f & Y }$$ where $U$ and $V$ are schemes, the vertical arrows are \'etale, and $a$ is surjective. Since $a^* \circ Lf^* = Lh^* \circ b^*$ the result follows from Lemma \ref{lemma-check-quasi-coherence-on-covering} and the case of schemes which is Derived Categories of Schemes, Lemma \ref{perfect-lemma-quasi-coherence-pullback}. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-quasi-coherence-tensor-product} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X$ be an algebraic space over $S$. For objects $K, L$ of $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$ the derived tensor product $K \otimes^\mathbf{L} L$ is in $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Let $\varphi : U \to X$ be a surjective \'etale morphism from a scheme $U$. Since $\varphi^*(K \otimes_{\mathcal{O}_X}^\mathbf{L} L) = \varphi^*K \otimes_{\mathcal{O}_U}^\mathbf{L} \varphi^*L$ we see from Lemma \ref{lemma-check-quasi-coherence-on-covering} that this follows from the case of schemes which is Derived Categories of Schemes, Lemma \ref{perfect-lemma-quasi-coherence-tensor-product}. \end{proof} \noindent The following lemma will help us to compute'' a right derived functor on an object of $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-nice-K-injective} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X$ be an algebraic space over $S$. Let $E$ be an object of $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$. Then the canonical map $E \to R\lim \tau_{\geq -n}E$ is an isomorphism\footnote{In particular, $E$ has a K-injective representative as in Cohomology on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-cohomology-lemma-K-injective}.}. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Denote $\mathcal{H}^i = H^i(E)$ the $i$th cohomology sheaf of $E$. Let $\mathcal{B}$ be the set of affine objects of $X_\etale$. Then $H^p(U, \mathcal{H}^i) = 0$ for all $p > 0$, all $i \in \mathbf{Z}$, and all $U \in \mathcal{B}$ as $U$ is an affine scheme. See discussion in Cohomology of Spaces, Section \ref{spaces-cohomology-section-higher-direct-image} and Cohomology of Schemes, Lemma \ref{coherent-lemma-quasi-coherent-affine-cohomology-zero}. Thus the lemma follows from Cohomology on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-cohomology-lemma-is-limit-dimension} with $d = 0$. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-application-nice-K-injective} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X$ be an algebraic space over $S$. Let $F : \textit{Mod}(\mathcal{O}_X) \to \textit{Ab}$ be a functor and $N \geq 0$ an integer. Assume that \begin{enumerate} \item $F$ is left exact, \item $F$ commutes with countable direct products, \item $R^pF(\mathcal{F}) = 0$ for all $p \geq N$ and $\mathcal{F}$ quasi-coherent. \end{enumerate} Then for $E \in D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$ the maps $R^pF(E) \to R^pF(\tau_{\geq p - N + 1}E)$ are isomorphisms. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} By shifting the complex we see it suffices to prove the assertion for $p = 0$. Write $E_n = \tau_{\geq -n}E$. We have $E = R\lim E_n$, see Lemma \ref{lemma-nice-K-injective}. Thus $RF(E) = R\lim RF(E_n)$ in $D(\textit{Ab})$ by Injectives, Lemma \ref{injectives-lemma-RF-commutes-with-Rlim}. Thus we have a short exact sequence $$0 \to R^1\lim R^{-1}F(E_n) \to R^0F(E) \to \lim R^0F(E_n) \to 0$$ see More on Algebra, Remark \ref{more-algebra-remark-compare-derived-limit}. To finish the proof we will show that the term on the left is zero and that the term on the right equals $R^0F(E_{N - 1})$. \medskip\noindent We have a distinguished triangle $$H^{-n}(E)[n] \to E_n \to E_{n - 1} \to H^{-n}(E)[n + 1]$$ (Derived Categories, Remark \ref{derived-remark-truncation-distinguished-triangle}) in $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$. Since $H^{-n}(E)$ is quasi-coherent we have $$R^pF(H^{-n}(E)[n]) = R^{p + n}F(H^{-n}(E)) = 0$$ for $p + n \geq N$ and $$R^pF(H^{-n}(E)[n + 1]) = R^{p + n + 1}F(H^{-n}(E)) = 0$$ for $p + n + 1 \geq N$. We conclude that $$R^pF(E_n) \to R^pF(E_{n - 1})$$ is an isomorphism for all $n \gg p$ and an isomorphism for $n \geq N$ for $p = 0$. Thus the systems $R^pF(E_n)$ all satisfy the ML condition and $R^1\lim$ gives zero (see discussion in More on Algebra, Section \ref{more-algebra-section-Rlim}). Moreover, the system $R^0F(\tau_{\geq - n}E)$ is constant starting with $n = N - 1$ as desired. \end{proof} \section{Total direct image} \label{section-total-direct-image} \noindent The following lemma is the analogue of Cohomology of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-cohomology-lemma-vanishing-higher-direct-images}. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-quasi-coherence-direct-image} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $f : X \to Y$ be a quasi-separated and quasi-compact morphism of algebraic spaces over $S$. \begin{enumerate} \item The functor $Rf_*$ sends $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$ into $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y)$. \item If $Y$ is quasi-compact, there exists an integer $N = N(X, Y, f)$ such that for an object $E$ of $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$ with $H^m(E) = 0$ for $m > 0$ we have $H^m(Rf_*E) = 0$ for $m \geq N$. \item In fact, if $Y$ is quasi-compact we can find $N = N(X, Y, f)$ such that for every morphism of algebraic spaces $Y' \to Y$ the same conclusion holds for the functor $R(f')_*$ where $f' : X' \to Y'$ is the base change of $f$. \end{enumerate} \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Let $E$ be an object of $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$. To prove (1) we have to show that $Rf_*E$ has quasi-coherent cohomology sheaves. This question is local on $Y$, hence we may assume $Y$ is quasi-compact. Pick $N = N(X, Y, f)$ as in Cohomology of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-cohomology-lemma-vanishing-higher-direct-images}. Thus $R^pf_*\mathcal{F} = 0$ for all quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-modules $\mathcal{F}$ and all $p \geq N$. Moreover $R^pf_*\mathcal{F}$ is quasi-coherent for all $p$ by Cohomology of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-cohomology-lemma-higher-direct-image}. These statements remain true after base change. \medskip\noindent First, assume $E$ is bounded below. We will show (1) and (2) and (3) hold for such $E$ with our choice of $N$. In this case we can for example use the spectral sequence $$R^pf_*H^q(E) \Rightarrow R^{p + q}f_*E$$ (Derived Categories, Lemma \ref{derived-lemma-two-ss-complex-functor}), the quasi-coherence of $R^pf_*H^q(E)$, and the vanishing of $R^pf_*H^q(E)$ for $p \geq N$ to see that (1), (2), and (3) hold in this case. \medskip\noindent Next we prove (2) and (3). Say $H^m(E) = 0$ for $m > 0$. Let $V$ be an affine object of $Y_\etale$. We have $H^p(V \times_Y X, \mathcal{F}) = 0$ for $p \geq N$, see Cohomology of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-cohomology-lemma-quasi-coherence-higher-direct-images-application}. Hence we may apply Lemma \ref{lemma-application-nice-K-injective} to the functor $\Gamma(V \times_Y X, -)$ to see that $$R\Gamma(V, Rf_*E) = R\Gamma(V \times_Y X, E)$$ has vanishing cohomology in degrees $\geq N$. Since this holds for all $V$ affine in $Y_\etale$ we conclude that $H^m(Rf_*E) = 0$ for $m \geq N$. \medskip\noindent Next, we prove (1) in the general case. Recall that there is a distinguished triangle $$\tau_{\leq -n - 1}E \to E \to \tau_{\geq -n}E \to (\tau_{\leq -n - 1}E)[1]$$ in $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$, see Derived Categories, Remark \ref{derived-remark-truncation-distinguished-triangle}. By (2) we see that $Rf_*\tau_{\leq -n - 1}E$ has vanishing cohomology sheaves in degrees $\geq -n + N$. Thus, given an integer $q$ we see that $R^qf_*E$ is equal to $R^qf_*\tau_{\geq -n}E$ for some $n$ and the result above applies. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-quasi-coherence-pushforward-direct-sums} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $f : X \to Y$ be a quasi-separated and quasi-compact morphism of algebraic spaces over $S$. Then $Rf_* : D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X) \to D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_S)$ commutes with direct sums. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Let $E_i$ be a family of objects of $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$ and set $E = \bigoplus E_i$. We want to show that the map $$\bigoplus Rf_*E_i \longrightarrow Rf_*E$$ is an isomorphism. We will show it induces an isomorphism on cohomology sheaves in degree $0$ which will imply the lemma. Choose an integer $N$ as in Lemma \ref{lemma-quasi-coherence-direct-image}. Then $R^0f_*E = R^0f_*\tau_{\geq -N}E$ and $R^0f_*E_i = R^0f_*\tau_{\geq -N}E_i$ by the lemma cited. Observe that $\tau_{\geq -N}E = \bigoplus \tau_{\geq -N}E_i$. Thus we may assume all of the $E_i$ have vanishing cohomology sheaves in degrees $< -N$. Next we use the spectral sequences $$R^pf_*H^q(E) \Rightarrow R^{p + q}f_*E \quad\text{and}\quad R^pf_*H^q(E_i) \Rightarrow R^{p + q}f_*E_i$$ (Derived Categories, Lemma \ref{derived-lemma-two-ss-complex-functor}) to reduce to the case of a direct sum of quasi-coherent sheaves. This case is handled by Cohomology of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-cohomology-lemma-colimit-cohomology}. \end{proof} \begin{remark} \label{remark-match-total-direct-images} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $f : X \to Y$ be a morphism of representable algebraic spaces $X$ and $Y$ over $S$. Let $f_0 : X_0 \to Y_0$ be a morphism of schemes representing $f$ (awkward but temporary notation). Then the diagram $$\xymatrix{ D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_{X_0}) \ar@{=}[rrrrrr]_{\text{Lemma \ref{lemma-derived-quasi-coherent-small-etale-site}}} & & & & & & D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X) \\ D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_{Y_0}) \ar[u]^{Lf^*_0} \ar@{=}[rrrrrr]^{\text{Lemma \ref{lemma-derived-quasi-coherent-small-etale-site}}} & & & & & & D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y) \ar[u]_{Lf^*} }$$ (Lemma \ref{lemma-quasi-coherence-pullback} and Derived Categories of Schemes, Lemma \ref{perfect-lemma-quasi-coherence-pullback}) is commutative. This follows as the equivalences $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_{X_0}) \to D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$ and $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_{Y_0}) \to D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y)$ of Lemma \ref{lemma-derived-quasi-coherent-small-etale-site} come from pulling back by the (flat) morphisms of ringed sites $\epsilon : X_\etale \to X_{0, Zar}$ and $\epsilon : Y_\etale \to Y_{0, Zar}$ and the diagram of ringed sites $$\xymatrix{ X_{0, Zar} \ar[d]_{f_0} & X_\etale \ar[l]^\epsilon \ar[d]^f \\ Y_{0, Zar} & Y_\etale \ar[l]_\epsilon }$$ is commutative (details omitted). If $f$ is quasi-compact and quasi-separated, equivalently if $f_0$ is quasi-compact and quasi-separated, then we claim $$\xymatrix{ D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_{X_0}) \ar[d]_{Rf_{0, *}} \ar@{=}[rrrrrr]_{\text{Lemma \ref{lemma-derived-quasi-coherent-small-etale-site}}} & & & & & & D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X) \ar[d]^{Rf_*} \\ D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_{Y_0}) \ar@{=}[rrrrrr]^{\text{Lemma \ref{lemma-derived-quasi-coherent-small-etale-site}}} & & & & & & D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y) }$$ (Lemma \ref{lemma-quasi-coherence-direct-image} and Derived Categories of Schemes, Lemma \ref{perfect-lemma-quasi-coherence-direct-image}) is commutative as well. This also follows from the commutative diagram of sites displayed above as the proof of Lemma \ref{lemma-derived-quasi-coherent-small-etale-site} shows that the functor $R\epsilon_*$ gives the equivalences $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X) \to D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_{X_0})$ and $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y) \to D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_{Y_0})$. \end{remark} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-affine-morphism} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $f : X \to Y$ be an affine morphism of algebraic spaces over $S$. Then $Rf_* : D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X) \to D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y)$ reflects isomorphisms. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} The statement means that a morphism $\alpha : E \to F$ of $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$ is an isomorphism if $Rf_*\alpha$ is an isomorphism. We may check this on cohomology sheaves. In particular, the question is \'etale local on $Y$. Hence we may assume $Y$ and therefore $X$ is affine. In this case the problem reduces to the case of schemes (Derived Categories of Schemes, Lemma \ref{perfect-lemma-affine-morphism}) via Lemma \ref{lemma-derived-quasi-coherent-small-etale-site} and Remark \ref{remark-match-total-direct-images}. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-affine-morphism-pull-push} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $f : X \to Y$ be an affine morphism of algebraic spaces over $S$. For $E$ in $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y)$ we have $Rf_* Lf^* E = E \otimes^\mathbf{L}_{\mathcal{O}_Y} f_*\mathcal{O}_X$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Since $f$ is affine the map $f_*\mathcal{O}_X \to Rf_*\mathcal{O}_X$ is an isomorphism (Cohomology of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-cohomology-lemma-affine-vanishing-higher-direct-images}). There is a canonical map $E \otimes^\mathbf{L} f_*\mathcal{O}_X = E \otimes^\mathbf{L} Rf_*\mathcal{O}_X \to Rf_* Lf^* E$ adjoint to the map $$Lf^*(E \otimes^\mathbf{L} Rf_*\mathcal{O}_X) = Lf^*E \otimes^\mathbf{L} Lf^*Rf_*\mathcal{O}_X \longrightarrow Lf^* E \otimes^\mathbf{L} \mathcal{O}_X = Lf^* E$$ coming from $1 : Lf^*E \to Lf^*E$ and the canonical map $Lf^*Rf_*\mathcal{O}_X \to \mathcal{O}_X$. To check the map so constructed is an isomorphism we may work locally on $Y$. Hence we may assume $Y$ and therefore $X$ is affine. In this case the problem reduces to the case of schemes (Derived Categories of Schemes, Lemma \ref{perfect-lemma-affine-morphism-pull-push}) via Lemma \ref{lemma-derived-quasi-coherent-small-etale-site} and Remark \ref{remark-match-total-direct-images}. \end{proof} \section{Being proper over a base} \label{section-proper-over-base} \noindent This section is the analogue of Cohomology of Schemes, Section \ref{coherent-section-proper-over-base}. As usual with material having to do with topology on the sets of points, we have to be careful translating the material to algebraic spaces. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-closed-proper-over-base} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $f : X \to Y$ be a morphism of algebraic spaces over $S$ which is locally of finite type. Let $T \subset |X|$ be a closed subset. The following are equivalent \begin{enumerate} \item the morphism $Z \to Y$ is proper if $Z$ is the reduced induced algebraic space structure on $T$ (Properties of Spaces, Definition \ref{spaces-properties-definition-reduced-induced-space}), \item for some closed subspace $Z \subset X$ with $|Z| = T$ the morphism $Z \to Y$ is proper, and \item for any closed subspace $Z \subset X$ with $|Z| = T$ the morphism $Z \to Y$ is proper. \end{enumerate} \end{lemma} \begin{proof} The implications (3) $\Rightarrow$ (1) and (1) $\Rightarrow$ (2) are immediate. Thus it suffices to prove that (2) implies (3). We urge the reader to find their own proof of this fact. Let $Z'$ and $Z''$ be closed subspaces with $T = |Z'| = |Z''|$ such that $Z' \to Y$ is a proper morphism of algebraic spaces. We have to show that $Z'' \to Y$ is proper too. Let $Z''' = Z' \cup Z''$ be the scheme theoretic union, see Morphisms of Spaces, Definition \ref{spaces-morphisms-definition-scheme-theoretic-intersection-union}. Then $Z'''$ is another closed subspace with $|Z'''| = T$. This follows for example from the description of scheme theoretic unions in Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-scheme-theoretic-union}. Since $Z'' \to Z'''$ is a closed immersion it suffices to prove that $Z''' \to Y$ is proper (see Morphisms of Spaces, Lemmas \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-closed-immersion-proper} and \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-composition-proper}). The morphism $Z' \to Z'''$ is a bijective closed immersion and in particular surjective and universally closed. Then the fact that $Z' \to Y$ is separated implies that $Z''' \to Y$ is separated, see Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-image-universally-closed-separated}. Moreover $Z''' \to Y$ is locally of finite type as $X \to Y$ is locally of finite type (Morphisms of Spaces, Lemmas \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-immersion-locally-finite-type} and \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-composition-finite-type}). Since $Z' \to Y$ is quasi-compact and $Z' \to Z'''$ is a universal homeomorphism we see that $Z''' \to Y$ is quasi-compact. Finally, since $Z' \to Y$ is universally closed, we see that the same thing is true for $Z''' \to Y$ by Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-image-proper-is-proper}. This finishes the proof. \end{proof} \begin{definition} \label{definition-proper-over-base} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $f : X \to Y$ be a morphism of algebraic spaces over $S$ which is locally of finite type. Let $T \subset |X|$ be a closed subset. We say {\it $T$ is proper over $Y$} if the equivalent conditions of Lemma \ref{lemma-closed-proper-over-base} are satisfied. \end{definition} \noindent The lemma used in the definition above is false if the morphism $f : X \to Y$ is not locally of finite type. Therefore we urge the reader not to use this terminology if $f$ is not locally of finite type. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-closed-closed-proper-over-base} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $f : X \to Y$ be a morphism of algebraic spaces over $S$ which is locally of finite type. Let $T' \subset T \subset |X|$ be closed subsets. If $T$ is proper over $Y$, then the same is true for $T'$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Omitted. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-base-change-closed-proper-over-base} Let $S$ be a scheme. Consider a cartesian diagram of algebraic spaces over $S$ $$\xymatrix{ X' \ar[d]_{f'} \ar[r]_{g'} & X \ar[d]^f \\ Y' \ar[r]^g & Y }$$ with $f$ locally of finite type. If $T$ is a closed subset of $|X|$ proper over $Y$, then $|g'|^{-1}(T)$ is a closed subset of $|X'|$ proper over $Y'$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Observe that the statement makes sense as $f'$ is locally of finite type by Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-base-change-finite-type}. Let $Z \subset X$ be the reduced induced closed subspace structure on $T$. Denote $Z' = (g')^{-1}(Z)$ the scheme theoretic inverse image. Then $Z' = X' \times_X Z = (Y' \times_Y X) \times_X Z = Y' \times_Y Z$ is proper over $Y'$ as a base change of $Z$ over $Y$ (Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-base-change-proper}). On the other hand, we have $T' = |Z'|$. Hence the lemma holds. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-functoriality-closed-proper-over-base} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $B$ be an algebraic space over $S$. Let $f : X \to Y$ be a morphism of algebraic spaces which are locally of finite type over $B$. \begin{enumerate} \item If $Y$ is separated over $B$ and $T \subset |X|$ is a closed subset proper over $B$, then $|f|(T)$ is a closed subset of $|Y|$ proper over $B$. \item If $f$ is universally closed and $T \subset |X|$ is a closed subset proper over $B$, then $|f|(T)$ is a closed subset of $Y$ proper over $B$. \item If $f$ is proper and $T \subset |Y|$ is a closed subset proper over $B$, then $|f|^{-1}(T)$ is a closed subset of $|X|$ proper over $B$. \end{enumerate} \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Proof of (1). Assume $Y$ is separated over $B$ and $T \subset |X|$ is a closed subset proper over $B$. Let $Z$ be the reduced induced closed subspace structure on $T$ and apply Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-scheme-theoretic-image-is-proper} to $Z \to Y$ over $B$ to conclude. \medskip\noindent Proof of (2). Assume $f$ is universally closed and $T \subset |X|$ is a closed subset proper over $B$. Let $Z$ be the reduced induced closed subspace structure on $T$ and let $Z'$ be the reduced induced closed subspace structure on $|f|(T)$. We obtain an induced morphism $Z \to Z'$. Denote $Z'' = f^{-1}(Z')$ the scheme theoretic inverse image. Then $Z'' \to Z'$ is universally closed as a base change of $f$ (Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-base-change-proper}). Hence $Z \to Z'$ is universally closed as a composition of the closed immersion $Z \to Z''$ and $Z'' \to Z'$ (Morphisms of Spaces, Lemmas \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-closed-immersion-proper} and \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-composition-proper}). We conclude that $Z' \to B$ is separated by Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-image-universally-closed-separated}. Since $Z \to B$ is quasi-compact and $Z \to Z'$ is surjective we see that $Z' \to B$ is quasi-compact. Since $Z' \to B$ is the composition of $Z' \to Y$ and $Y \to B$ we see that $Z' \to B$ is locally of finite type (Morphisms of Spaces, Lemmas \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-immersion-locally-finite-type} and \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-composition-finite-type}). Finally, since $Z \to B$ is universally closed, we see that the same thing is true for $Z' \to B$ by Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-image-proper-is-proper}. This finishes the proof. \medskip\noindent Proof of (3). Assume $f$ is proper and $T \subset |Y|$ is a closed subset proper over $B$. Let $Z$ be the reduced induced closed subspace structure on $T$. Denote $Z' = f^{-1}(Z)$ the scheme theoretic inverse image. Then $Z' \to Z$ is proper as a base change of $f$ (Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-base-change-proper}). Whence $Z' \to B$ is proper as the composition of $Z' \to Z$ and $Z \to B$ (Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-composition-proper}). This finishes the proof. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-union-closed-proper-over-base} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $f : X \to Y$ be a morphism of algebraic spaces over $S$ which is locally of finite type. Let $T_i \subset |X|$, $i = 1, \ldots, n$ be closed subsets. If $T_i$, $i = 1, \ldots, n$ are proper over $Y$, then the same is true for $T_1 \cup \ldots \cup T_n$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Let $Z_i$ be the reduced induced closed subscheme structure on $T_i$. The morphism $$Z_1 \amalg \ldots \amalg Z_n \longrightarrow X$$ is finite by Morphisms of Spaces, Lemmas \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-closed-immersion-finite} and \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-finite-union-finite}. As finite morphisms are universally closed (Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-finite-proper}) and since $Z_1 \amalg \ldots \amalg Z_n$ is proper over $S$ we conclude by Lemma \ref{lemma-functoriality-closed-proper-over-base} part (2) that the image $Z_1 \cup \ldots \cup Z_n$ is proper over $S$. \end{proof} \noindent Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $f : X \to Y$ be a morphism of algebraic spaces over $S$ which is locally of finite type. Let $\mathcal{F}$ be a finite type, quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-module. Then the support $\text{Supp}(\mathcal{F})$ of $\mathcal{F}$ is a closed subset of $|X|$, see Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-support-finite-type}. Hence it makes sense to say the support of $\mathcal{F}$ is proper over $Y$''. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-module-support-proper-over-base} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $f : X \to Y$ be a morphism of algebraic spaces over $S$ which is locally of finite type. Let $\mathcal{F}$ be a finite type, quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-module. The following are equivalent \begin{enumerate} \item the support of $\mathcal{F}$ is proper over $Y$, \item the scheme theoretic support of $\mathcal{F}$ (Morphisms of Spaces, Definition \ref{spaces-morphisms-definition-scheme-theoretic-support}) is proper over $Y$, and \item there exists a closed subspace $Z \subset X$ and a finite type, quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_Z$-module $\mathcal{G}$ such that (a) $Z \to Y$ is proper, and (b) $(Z \to X)_*\mathcal{G} = \mathcal{F}$. \end{enumerate} \end{lemma} \begin{proof} The support $\text{Supp}(\mathcal{F})$ of $\mathcal{F}$ is a closed subset of $|X|$, see Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-support-finite-type}. Hence we can apply Definition \ref{definition-proper-over-base}. Since the scheme theoretic support of $\mathcal{F}$ is a closed subspace whose underlying closed subset is $\text{Supp}(\mathcal{F})$ we see that (1) and (2) are equivalent by Definition \ref{definition-proper-over-base}. It is clear that (2) implies (3). Conversely, if (3) is true, then $\text{Supp}(\mathcal{F}) \subset |Z|$ and hence $\text{Supp}(\mathcal{F})$ is proper over $Y$ for example by Lemma \ref{lemma-closed-closed-proper-over-base}. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-base-change-module-support-proper-over-base} Let $S$ be a scheme. Consider a cartesian diagram of algebraic spaces over $S$ $$\xymatrix{ X' \ar[d]_{f'} \ar[r]_{g'} & X \ar[d]^f \\ Y' \ar[r]^g & Y }$$ with $f$ locally of finite type. Let $\mathcal{F}$ be a finite type, quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-module. If the support of $\mathcal{F}$ is proper over $Y$, then the support of $(g')^*\mathcal{F}$ is proper over $Y'$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Observe that the statement makes sense because $(g')*\mathcal{F}$ is of finite type by Modules on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-modules-lemma-local-pullback}. We have $\text{Supp}((g')^*\mathcal{F}) = |g'|^{-1}(\text{Supp}(\mathcal{F}))$ by Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-support-finite-type}. Thus the lemma follows from Lemma \ref{lemma-base-change-closed-proper-over-base}. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-cat-module-support-proper-over-base} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $f : X \to Y$ be a morphism of algebraic spaces over $S$ which is locally of finite type. Let $\mathcal{F}$, $\mathcal{G}$ be finite type, quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-module. \begin{enumerate} \item If the supports of $\mathcal{F}$, $\mathcal{G}$ are proper over $Y$, then the same is true for $\mathcal{F} \oplus \mathcal{G}$, for any extension of $\mathcal{G}$ by $\mathcal{F}$, for $\Im(u)$ and $\Coker(u)$ given any $\mathcal{O}_X$-module map $u : \mathcal{F} \to \mathcal{G}$, and for any quasi-coherent quotient of $\mathcal{F}$ or $\mathcal{G}$. \item If $Y$ is locally Noetherian, then the category of coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-modules with support proper over $Y$ is a Serre subcategory (Homology, Definition \ref{homology-definition-serre-subcategory}) of the abelian category of coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-modules. \end{enumerate} \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Proof of (1). Let $T$, $T'$ be the support of $\mathcal{F}$ and $\mathcal{G}$. Then all the sheaves mentioned in (1) have support contained in $T \cup T'$. Thus the assertion itself is clear from Lemmas \ref{lemma-closed-closed-proper-over-base} and \ref{lemma-union-closed-proper-over-base} provided we check that these sheaves are finite type and quasi-coherent. For quasi-coherence we refer the reader to Properties of Spaces, Section \ref{spaces-properties-section-quasi-coherent}. For finite type'' we refer the reader to Properties of Spaces, Section \ref{spaces-properties-section-properties-modules}. \medskip\noindent Proof of (2). The proof is the same as the proof of (1). Note that the assertions make sense as $X$ is locally Noetherian by Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-locally-finite-type-locally-noetherian} and by the description of the category of coherent modules in Cohomology of Spaces, Section \ref{spaces-cohomology-section-coherent}. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-support-proper-over-base-pushforward} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $f : X \to Y$ be a morphism of algebraic spaces over $S$. Assume $f$ is locally of finite type and $Y$ locally Noetherian. Let $\mathcal{F}$ be a coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-module with support proper over $Y$. Then $R^pf_*\mathcal{F}$ is a coherent $\mathcal{O}_Y$-module for all $p \geq 0$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} By Lemma \ref{lemma-module-support-proper-over-base} there exists a closed immersion $i : Z \to X$ with $g = f \circ i : Z \to Y$ proper and $\mathcal{F} = i_*\mathcal{G}$ for some coherent module $\mathcal{G}$ on $Z$. We see that $R^pg_*\mathcal{G}$ is coherent on $S$ by Cohomology of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-cohomology-lemma-proper-pushforward-coherent}. On the other hand, $R^qi_*\mathcal{G} = 0$ for $q > 0$ (Cohomology of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-cohomology-lemma-finite-pushforward-coherent}). By Cohomology on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-cohomology-lemma-relative-Leray} we get $R^pf_*\mathcal{F} = R^pg_*\mathcal{G}$ and the lemma follows. \end{proof} \section{Derived category of coherent modules} \label{section-derived-coherent} \noindent Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X$ be a locally Noetherian algebraic space over $S$. In this case the category $\textit{Coh}(\mathcal{O}_X) \subset \textit{Mod}(\mathcal{O}_X)$ of coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-modules is a weak Serre subcategory, see Homology, Section \ref{homology-section-serre-subcategories} and Cohomology of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-cohomology-lemma-coherent-abelian-Noetherian}. Denote $$D_{\textit{Coh}}(\mathcal{O}_X) \subset D(\mathcal{O}_X)$$ the subcategory of complexes whose cohomology sheaves are coherent, see Derived Categories, Section \ref{derived-section-triangulated-sub}. Thus we obtain a canonical functor \begin{equation} \label{equation-compare-coherent} D(\textit{Coh}(\mathcal{O}_X)) \longrightarrow D_{\textit{Coh}}(\mathcal{O}_X) \end{equation} see Derived Categories, Equation (\ref{derived-equation-compare}). \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-direct-image-coherent} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $f : X \to Y$ be a morphism of algebraic spaces over $S$. Assume $f$ is locally of finite type and $Y$ is Noetherian. Let $E$ be an object of $D^b_{\textit{Coh}}(\mathcal{O}_X)$ such that the support of $H^i(E)$ is proper over $Y$ for all $i$. Then $Rf_*E$ is an object of $D^b_{\textit{Coh}}(\mathcal{O}_Y)$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Consider the spectral sequence $$R^pf_*H^q(E) \Rightarrow R^{p + q}f_*E$$ see Derived Categories, Lemma \ref{derived-lemma-two-ss-complex-functor}. By assumption and Lemma \ref{lemma-support-proper-over-base-pushforward} the sheaves $R^pf_*H^q(E)$ are coherent. Hence $R^{p + q}f_*E$ is coherent, i.e., $E \in D_{\textit{Coh}}(\mathcal{O}_Y)$. Boundedness from below is trivial. Boundedness from above follows from Cohomology of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-cohomology-lemma-vanishing-higher-direct-images} or from Lemma \ref{lemma-quasi-coherence-direct-image}. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-direct-image-coherent-bdd-below} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $f : X \to Y$ be a morphism of algebraic spaces over $S$. Assume $f$ is locally of finite type and $Y$ is Noetherian. Let $E$ be an object of $D^+_{\textit{Coh}}(\mathcal{O}_X)$ such that the support of $H^i(E)$ is proper over $S$ for all $i$. Then $Rf_*E$ is an object of $D^+_{\textit{Coh}}(\mathcal{O}_Y)$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} The proof is the same as the proof of Lemma \ref{lemma-direct-image-coherent}. You can also deduce it from Lemma \ref{lemma-direct-image-coherent} by considering what the exact functor $Rf_*$ does to the distinguished triangles $\tau_{\leq a}E \to E \to \tau_{\geq a + 1}E \to \tau_{\leq a}E[1]$. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-coherent-internal-hom} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X$ be a locally Noetherian algebraic space over $S$. If $L$ is in $D^+_{\textit{Coh}}(\mathcal{O}_X)$ and $K$ in $D^-_{\textit{Coh}}(\mathcal{O}_X)$, then $R\SheafHom(K, L)$ is in $D^+_{\textit{Coh}}(\mathcal{O}_X)$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} We can check whether an object of $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$ is in $D_{\textit{Coh}}(\mathcal{O}_X)$ \'etale locally on $X$, see Cohomology of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-cohomology-lemma-coherent-Noetherian}. Hence this lemma follows from the case of schemes, see Derived Categories of Schemes, Lemma \ref{perfect-lemma-coherent-internal-hom}. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-ext-finite} Let $A$ be a Noetherian ring. Let $X$ be a proper algebraic space over $A$. For $L$ in $D^+_{\textit{Coh}}(\mathcal{O}_X)$ and $K$ in $D^-_{\textit{Coh}}(\mathcal{O}_X)$, the $A$-modules $\text{Ext}_{\mathcal{O}_X}^n(K, L)$ are finite. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Recall that $$\text{Ext}_{\mathcal{O}_X}^n(K, L) = H^n(X, R\SheafHom_{\mathcal{O}_X}(K, L)) = H^n(\Spec(A), Rf_*R\SheafHom_{\mathcal{O}_X}(K, L))$$ see Cohomology on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-cohomology-lemma-section-RHom-over-U} and Cohomology on Sites, Section \ref{sites-cohomology-section-leray}. Thus the result follows from Lemmas \ref{lemma-coherent-internal-hom} and \ref{lemma-direct-image-coherent-bdd-below}. \end{proof} \section{Induction principle} \label{section-induction} \noindent In this section we discuss an induction principle for algebraic spaces analogues to what is Cohomology of Schemes, Lemma \ref{coherent-lemma-induction-principle} for schemes. To formulate it we introduce the notion of an {\it elementary distinguished square}; this terminology is borrowed from \cite{MV}. The principle as formulated here is implicit in the paper \cite{GruRay} by Raynaud and Gruson. A related principle for algebraic stacks is \cite[Theorem D]{rydh_etale_devissage} by David Rydh. \begin{definition} \label{definition-elementary-distinguished-square} Let $S$ be a scheme. A commutative diagram $$\xymatrix{ U \times_W V \ar[r] \ar[d] & V \ar[d]^f \\ U \ar[r]^j & W }$$ of algebraic spaces over $S$ is called an {\it elementary distinguished square} if \begin{enumerate} \item $U$ is an open subspace of $W$ and $j$ is the inclusion morphism, \item $f$ is \'etale, and \item setting $T = W \setminus U$ (with reduced induced subspace structure) the morphism $f^{-1}(T) \to T$ is an isomorphism. \end{enumerate} We will indicate this by saying: Let $(U \subset W, f : V \to W)$ be an elementary distinguished square.'' \end{definition} \noindent Note that if $(U \subset W, f : V \to W)$ is an elementary distinguished square, then we have $W = U \cup f(V)$. Thus $\{U \to W, V \to W\}$ is an \'etale covering of $W$. It turns out that these \'etale coverings have nice properties and that in some sense there are enough'' of them. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-make-more-elementary-distinguished-squares} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $(U \subset W, f : V \to W)$ be an elementary distinguished square of algebraic spaces over $S$. \begin{enumerate} \item If $V' \subset V$ and $U \subset U' \subset W$ are open subspaces and $W' = U' \cup f(V')$ then $(U' \subset W', f|_{V'} : V' \to W')$ is an elementary distinguished square. \item If $p : W' \to W$ is a morphism of algebraic spaces, then $(p^{-1}(U) \subset W', V \times_W W' \to W')$ is an elementary distinguished square. \end{enumerate} \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Omitted. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-induction-principle} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X$ be a quasi-compact and quasi-separated algebraic space over $S$. Let $P$ be a property of the quasi-compact and quasi-separated objects of $X_{spaces, \etale}$. Assume that \begin{enumerate} \item $P$ holds for every affine object of $X_{spaces, \etale}$, \item for every elementary distinguished square $(U \subset W, f : V \to W)$ such that \begin{enumerate} \item $W$ is a quasi-compact and quasi-separated object of $X_{spaces, \etale}$, \item $U$ is quasi-compact, \item $V$ is affine, and \item $P$ holds for $U$, $V$, and $U \times_W V$, \end{enumerate} then $P$ holds for $W$. \end{enumerate} Then $P$ holds for every quasi-compact and quasi-separated object of $X_{spaces, \etale}$ and in particular for $X$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} We first claim that $P$ holds for every representable quasi-compact and quasi-separated object of $X_{spaces, \etale}$. Namely, suppose that $U \to X$ is \'etale and $U$ is a quasi-compact and quasi-separated scheme. By assumption (1) property $P$ holds for every affine open of $U$. Moreover, if $W, V \subset U$ are quasi-compact open with $V$ affine and $P$ holds for $W$, $V$, and $W \cap V$, then $P$ holds for $W \cup V$ by (2) (as the pair $(W \subset W \cup V, V \to W \cup V)$ is an elementary distinguished square). Thus $P$ holds for $U$ by the induction principle for schemes, see Cohomology of Schemes, Lemma \ref{coherent-lemma-induction-principle}. \medskip\noindent To finish the proof it suffices to prove $P$ holds for $X$ (because we can simply replace $X$ by any quasi-compact and quasi-separated object of $X_{spaces, \etale}$ we want to prove the result for). We will use the filtration $$\emptyset = U_{n + 1} \subset U_n \subset U_{n - 1} \subset \ldots \subset U_1 = X$$ and the morphisms $f_p : V_p \to U_p$ of Decent Spaces, Lemma \ref{decent-spaces-lemma-filter-quasi-compact-quasi-separated}. We will prove that $P$ holds for $U_p$ by descending induction on $p$. Note that $P$ holds for $U_{n + 1}$ by (1) as an empty algebraic space is affine. Assume $P$ holds for $U_{p + 1}$. Note that $(U_{p + 1} \subset U_p, f_p : V_p \to U_p)$ is an elementary distinguished square, but (2) may not apply as $V_p$ may not be affine. However, as $V_p$ is a quasi-compact scheme we may choose a finite affine open covering $V_p = V_{p, 1} \cup \ldots \cup V_{p, m}$. Set $W_{p, 0} = U_{p + 1}$ and $$W_{p, i} = U_{p + 1} \cup f_p(V_{p, 1} \cup \ldots \cup V_{p, i})$$ for $i = 1, \ldots, m$. These are quasi-compact open subspaces of $X$. Then we have $$U_{p + 1} = W_{p, 0} \subset W_{p, 1} \subset \ldots \subset W_{p, m} = U_p$$ and the pairs $$(W_{p, 0} \subset W_{p, 1}, f_p|_{V_{p, 1}}), (W_{p, 1} \subset W_{p, 2}, f_p|_{V_{p, 2}}),\ldots, (W_{p, m - 1} \subset W_{p, m}, f_p|_{V_{p, m}})$$ are elementary distinguished squares by Lemma \ref{lemma-make-more-elementary-distinguished-squares}. Note that $P$ holds for each $V_{p, 1}$ (as affine schemes) and for $W_{p, i} \times_{W_{p, i + 1}} V_{p, i + 1}$ as this is a quasi-compact open of $V_{p, i + 1}$ and hence $P$ holds for it by the first paragraph of this proof. Thus (2) applies to each of these and we inductively conclude $P$ holds for $W_{p, 1}, \ldots, W_{p, m} = U_p$. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-induction-principle-separated} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X$ be a quasi-compact and quasi-separated algebraic space over $S$. Let $\mathcal{B} \subset \Ob(X_{spaces, \etale})$. Let $P$ be a property of the elements of $\mathcal{B}$. Assume that \begin{enumerate} \item every $W \in \mathcal{B}$ is quasi-compact and quasi-separated, \item if $W \in \mathcal{B}$ and $U \subset W$ is quasi-compact open, then $U \in \mathcal{B}$, \item if $V \in \Ob(X_{spaces, \etale})$ is affine, then (a) $V \in \mathcal{B}$ and (b) $P$ holds for $V$, \item for every elementary distinguished square $(U \subset W, f : V \to W)$ such that \begin{enumerate} \item $W \in \mathcal{B}$, \item $U$ is quasi-compact, \item $V$ is affine, and \item $P$ holds for $U$, $V$, and $U \times_W V$, \end{enumerate} then $P$ holds for $W$. \end{enumerate} Then $P$ holds for every $W \in \mathcal{B}$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} This is proved in exactly the same manner as the proof of Lemma \ref{lemma-induction-principle}. (We remark that (4)(d) makes sense as $U \times_W V$ is a quasi-compact open of $V$ hence an element of $\mathcal{B}$ by conditions (2) and (3).) \end{proof} \begin{remark} \label{remark-how-to} How to choose the collection $\mathcal{B}$ in Lemma \ref{lemma-induction-principle-separated}? Here are some examples: \begin{enumerate} \item If $X$ is quasi-compact and separated, then we can choose $\mathcal{B}$ to be the set of quasi-compact and separated objects of $X_{spaces, \etale}$. Then $X \in \mathcal{B}$ and $\mathcal{B}$ satisfies (1), (2), and (3)(a). With this choice of $\mathcal{B}$ Lemma \ref{lemma-induction-principle-separated} reproduces Lemma \ref{lemma-induction-principle}. \item If $X$ is quasi-compact with affine diagonal, then we can choose $\mathcal{B}$ to be the set of objects of $X_{spaces, \etale}$ which are quasi-compact and have affine diagonal. Again $X \in \mathcal{B}$ and $\mathcal{B}$ satisfies (1), (2), and (3)(a). \item If $X$ is quasi-compact and quasi-separated, then the smallest subset $\mathcal{B}$ which contains $X$ and satisfies (1), (2), and (3)(a) is given by the rule $W \in \mathcal{B}$ if and only if either $W$ is a quasi-compact open subspace of $X$, or $W$ is a quasi-compact open of an affine object of $X_{spaces, \etale}$. \end{enumerate} \end{remark} \noindent Here is a variant where we extend the truth from an open to larger opens. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-induction-principle-enlarge} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X$ be a quasi-compact and quasi-separated algebraic space over $S$. Let $W \subset X$ be a quasi-compact open subspace. Let $P$ be a property of quasi-compact open subspaces of $X$. Assume that \begin{enumerate} \item $P$ holds for $W$, and \item for every elementary distinguished square $(W_1 \subset W_2, f : V \to W_2)$ where such that \begin{enumerate} \item $W_1$, $W_2$ are quasi-compact open subspaces of $X$, \item $W \subset W_1$, \item $V$ is affine, and \item $P$ holds for $W_1$, \end{enumerate} then $P$ holds for $W_2$. \end{enumerate} Then $P$ holds for $X$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} We can deduce this from Lemma \ref{lemma-induction-principle-separated}, but instead we will give a direct argument by explicitly redoing the proof of Lemma \ref{lemma-induction-principle}. We will use the filtration $$\emptyset = U_{n + 1} \subset U_n \subset U_{n - 1} \subset \ldots \subset U_1 = X$$ and the morphisms $f_p : V_p \to U_p$ of Decent Spaces, Lemma \ref{decent-spaces-lemma-filter-quasi-compact-quasi-separated}. We will prove that $P$ holds for $W_p = W \cup U_p$ by descending induction on $p$. This will finish the proof as $W_1 = X$. Note that $P$ holds for $W_{n + 1} = W \cap U_{n + 1} = W$ by (1). Assume $P$ holds for $W_{p + 1}$. Observe that $W_p \setminus W_{p + 1}$ (with reduced induced subspace structure) is a closed subspace of $U_p \setminus U_{p + 1}$. Since $(U_{p + 1} \subset U_p, f_p : V_p \to U_p)$ is an elementary distinguished square, the same is true for $(W_{p + 1} \subset W_p, f_p : V_p \to W_p)$. However (2) may not apply as $V_p$ may not be affine. However, as $V_p$ is a quasi-compact scheme we may choose a finite affine open covering $V_p = V_{p, 1} \cup \ldots \cup V_{p, m}$. Set $W_{p, 0} = W_{p + 1}$ and $$W_{p, i} = W_{p + 1} \cup f_p(V_{p, 1} \cup \ldots \cup V_{p, i})$$ for $i = 1, \ldots, m$. These are quasi-compact open subspaces of $X$ containing $W$. Then we have $$W_{p + 1} = W_{p, 0} \subset W_{p, 1} \subset \ldots \subset W_{p, m} = W_p$$ and the pairs $$(W_{p, 0} \subset W_{p, 1}, f_p|_{V_{p, 1}}), (W_{p, 1} \subset W_{p, 2}, f_p|_{V_{p, 2}}),\ldots, (W_{p, m - 1} \subset W_{p, m}, f_p|_{V_{p, m}})$$ are elementary distinguished squares by Lemma \ref{lemma-make-more-elementary-distinguished-squares}. Now (2) applies to each of these and we inductively conclude $P$ holds for $W_{p, 1}, \ldots, W_{p, m} = W_p$. \end{proof} \section{Mayer-Vietoris} \label{section-mayer-vietoris} \noindent In this section we prove that an elementary distinguished triangle gives rise to various Mayer-Vietoris sequences. \medskip\noindent Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $U \to X$ be an \'etale morphism of algebraic spaces over $S$. In Properties of Spaces, Section \ref{spaces-properties-section-localize} it was shown that $U_{spaces, \etale} = X_{spaces, \etale}/U$ compatible with structure sheaves. Hence in this situation we often think of the morphism $j_U : U \to X$ as a localization morphism (see Modules on Sites, Definition \ref{sites-modules-definition-localize-ringed-site}). In particular we think of pullback $j_U^*$ as restriction to $U$ and we often denote it by ${}|_U$; this is compatible with Properties of Spaces, Equation (\ref{spaces-properties-equation-restrict-modules}). In particular we see that \begin{equation} \label{equation-stalk-restriction} (\mathcal{F}|_U)_{\overline{u}} = \mathcal{F}_{\overline{x}} \end{equation} if $\overline{u}$ is a geometric point of $U$ and $\overline{x}$ the image of $\overline{u}$ in $X$. Moreover, restriction has an exact left adjoint $j_{U!}$, see Modules on Sites, Lemmas \ref{sites-modules-lemma-extension-by-zero} and \ref{sites-modules-lemma-extension-by-zero-exact}. Finally, recall that if $\mathcal{G}$ is an $\mathcal{O}_X$-module, then \begin{equation} \label{equation-stalk-j-shriek} (j_{U!}\mathcal{G})_{\overline{x}} = \bigoplus\nolimits_{\overline{u}} \mathcal{G}_{\overline{u}} \end{equation} for any geometric point $\overline{x} : \Spec(k) \to X$ where the direct sum is over those morphisms $\overline{u} : \Spec(k) \to U$ such that $j_U \circ \overline{u} = \overline{x}$, see Modules on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-modules-lemma-stalk-j-shriek} and Properties of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-properties-lemma-points-small-etale-site}. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-exact-sequence-lower-shriek} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $(U \subset X, V \to X)$ be an elementary distinguished square of algebraic spaces over $S$. \begin{enumerate} \item For a sheaf of $\mathcal{O}_X$-modules $\mathcal{F}$ we have a short exact sequence $$0 \to j_{U \times_X V!}\mathcal{F}|_{U \times_X V} \to j_{U!}\mathcal{F}|_U \oplus j_{V!}\mathcal{F}|_V \to \mathcal{F} \to 0$$ \item For an object $E$ of $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$ we have a distinguished triangle $$j_{U \times_X V!}E|_{U \times_X V} \to j_{U!}E|_U \oplus j_{V!}E|_V \to E \to j_{U \times_X V!}E|_{U \times_X V}[1]$$ in $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$. \end{enumerate} \end{lemma} \begin{proof} To show the sequence of (1) is exact we may check on stalks at geometric points by Properties of Spaces, Theorem \ref{spaces-properties-theorem-exactness-stalks}. Let $\overline{x}$ be a geometric point of $X$. By Equations (\ref{equation-stalk-restriction}) and (\ref{equation-stalk-j-shriek}) taking stalks at $\overline{x}$ we obtain the sequence $$0 \to \bigoplus\nolimits_{(\overline{u}, \overline{v})} \mathcal{F}_{\overline{x}} \to \bigoplus\nolimits_{\overline{u}} \mathcal{F}_{\overline{x}} \oplus \bigoplus\nolimits_{\overline{v}} \mathcal{F}_{\overline{x}} \to \mathcal{F}_{\overline{x}} \to 0$$ This sequence is exact because for every $\overline{x}$ there either is exactly one $\overline{u}$ mapping to $\overline{x}$, or there is no $\overline{u}$ and exactly one $\overline{v}$ mapping to $\overline{x}$. \medskip\noindent Proof of (2). We have seen in Cohomology on Sites, Section \ref{sites-cohomology-section-properties-K-injective} that the restriction functors and the extension by zero functors on derived categories are computed by just applying the functor to any complex. Let $\mathcal{E}^\bullet$ be a complex of $\mathcal{O}_X$-modules representing $E$. The distinguished triangle of the lemma is the distinguished triangle associated (by Derived Categories, Section \ref{derived-section-canonical-delta-functor} and especially Lemma \ref{derived-lemma-derived-canonical-delta-functor}) to the short exact sequence of complexes of $\mathcal{O}_X$-modules $$0 \to j_{U \times_X V!}\mathcal{E}^\bullet|_{U \times_X V} \to j_{U!}\mathcal{E}^\bullet|_U \oplus j_{V!}\mathcal{E}^\bullet|_V \to \mathcal{E}^\bullet \to 0$$ which is short exact by (1). \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-exact-sequence-j-star} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $(U \subset X, V \to X)$ be an elementary distinguished square of algebraic spaces over $S$. \begin{enumerate} \item For every sheaf of $\mathcal{O}_X$-modules $\mathcal{F}$ we have a short exact sequence $$0 \to \mathcal{F} \to j_{U, *}\mathcal{F}|_U \oplus j_{V, *}\mathcal{F}|_V \to j_{U \times_X V, *}\mathcal{F}|_{U \times_X V} \to 0$$ \item For any object $E$ of $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$ we have a distinguished triangle $$E \to Rj_{U, *}E|_U \oplus Rj_{V, *}E|_V \to Rj_{U \times_X V, *}E|_{U \times_X V} \to E[1]$$ in $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$. \end{enumerate} \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Let $W$ be an object of $X_\etale$. We claim the sequence $$0 \to \mathcal{F}(W) \to \mathcal{F}(W \times_X U) \oplus \mathcal{F}(W \times_X V) \to \mathcal{F}(W \times_X U \times_X V)$$ is exact and that an element of the last group can locally on $W$ be lifted to the middle one. By Lemma \ref{lemma-make-more-elementary-distinguished-squares} the pair $(W \times_X U \subset W, V \times_X W \to W)$ is an elementary distinguished square. Thus we may assume $W = X$ and it suffices to prove the same thing for $$0 \to \mathcal{F}(X) \to \mathcal{F}(U) \oplus \mathcal{F}(V) \to \mathcal{F}(U \times_X V)$$ We have seen that $$0 \to j_{U \times_X V!}\mathcal{O}_{U \times_X V} \to j_{U!}\mathcal{O}_U \oplus j_{V!}\mathcal{O}_V \to \mathcal{O}_X \to 0$$ is a exact sequence of $\mathcal{O}_X$-modules in Lemma \ref{lemma-exact-sequence-lower-shriek} and applying the right exact functor $\Hom_{\mathcal{O}_X}(- , \mathcal{F})$ gives the sequence above. This also means that the obstruction to lifting $s \in \mathcal{F}(U \times_X V)$ to an element of $\mathcal{F}(U) \oplus \mathcal{F}(V)$ lies in $\text{Ext}^1_{\mathcal{O}_X}(\mathcal{O}_X, \mathcal{F}) = H^1(X, \mathcal{F})$. By locality of cohomology (Cohomology on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-cohomology-lemma-kill-cohomology-class-on-covering}) this obstruction vanishes \'etale locally on $X$ and the proof of (1) is complete. \medskip\noindent Proof of (2). Choose a K-injective complex $\mathcal{I}^\bullet$ representing $E$ whose terms $\mathcal{I}^n$ are injective objects of $\textit{Mod}(\mathcal{O}_X)$, see Injectives, Theorem \ref{injectives-theorem-K-injective-embedding-grothendieck}. Then $\mathcal{I}^\bullet|U$ is a K-injective complex (Cohomology on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-cohomology-lemma-restrict-K-injective-to-open}). Hence $Rj_{U, *}E|_U$ is represented by $j_{U, *}\mathcal{I}^\bullet|_U$. Similarly for $V$ and $U \times_X V$. Hence the distinguished triangle of the lemma is the distinguished triangle associated (by Derived Categories, Section \ref{derived-section-canonical-delta-functor} and especially Lemma \ref{derived-lemma-derived-canonical-delta-functor}) to the short exact sequence of complexes $$0 \to \mathcal{I}^\bullet \to j_{U, *}\mathcal{I}^\bullet|_U \oplus j_{V, *}\mathcal{I}^\bullet|_V \to j_{U \times_X V, *}\mathcal{I}^\bullet|_{U \times_X V} \to 0.$$ This sequence is exact by (1). \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-unbounded-relative-mayer-vietoris} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $f : X \to Y$ be a morphism of algebraic spaces over $S$. Let $(U \subset X, V \to X)$ be an elementary distinguished square. Denote $a = f|_U : U \to Y$, $b = f|_V : V \to Y$, and $c = f|_{U \times_X V} : U \times_X V \to Y$ the restrictions. For every object $E$ of $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$ there exists a distinguished triangle $$Rf_*E \to Ra_*(E|_U) \oplus Rb_*(E|_V) \to Rc_*(E|_{U \times_X V}) \to Rf_*E[1]$$ in $D(\mathcal{O}_Y)$. This triangle is functorial in $E$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Choose a K-injective complex $\mathcal{I}^\bullet$ representing $E$. We may assume $\mathcal{I}^n$ is an injective object of $\textit{Mod}(\mathcal{O}_X)$ for all $n$, see Injectives, Theorem \ref{injectives-theorem-K-injective-embedding-grothendieck}. Then $Rf_*E$ is computed by $f_*\mathcal{I}^\bullet$. Similarly for $U$, $V$, and $U \cap V$ by Cohomology on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-cohomology-lemma-restrict-K-injective-to-open}. Hence the distinguished triangle of the lemma is the distinguished triangle associated (by Derived Categories, Section \ref{derived-section-canonical-delta-functor} and especially Lemma \ref{derived-lemma-derived-canonical-delta-functor}) to the short exact sequence of complexes $$0 \to f_*\mathcal{I}^\bullet \to a_*\mathcal{I}^\bullet|_U \oplus b_*\mathcal{I}^\bullet|_V \to c_*\mathcal{I}^\bullet|_{U \times_X V} \to 0.$$ To see this is a short exact sequence of complexes we argue as follows. Pick an injective object $\mathcal{I}$ of $\textit{Mod}(\mathcal{O}_X)$. Apply $f_*$ to the short exact sequence $$0 \to \mathcal{I} \to j_{U, *}\mathcal{I}|_U \oplus j_{V, *}\mathcal{I}|_V \to j_{U \times_X V, *}\mathcal{I}|_{U \times_X V} \to 0$$ of Lemma \ref{lemma-exact-sequence-j-star} and use that $R^1f_*\mathcal{I} = 0$ to get a short exact sequence $$0 \to f_*\mathcal{I} \to f_*j_{U, *}\mathcal{I}|_U \oplus f_*j_{V, *}\mathcal{I}|_V \to f_*j_{U \times_X V, *}\mathcal{I}|_{U \times_X V} \to 0$$ The proof is finished by observing that $a_* = f_*j_{U, *}$ and similarly for $b_*$ and $c_*$. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-mayer-vietoris-hom} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $(U \subset X, V \to X)$ be an elementary distinguished square of algebraic spaces over $S$. For objects $E$, $F$ of $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$ we have a Mayer-Vietoris sequence $$\xymatrix{ & \ldots \ar[r] & \text{Ext}^{-1}(E_{U \times_X V}, F_{U \times_X V}) \ar[lld] \\ \Hom(E, F) \ar[r] & \Hom(E_U, F_U) \oplus \Hom(E_V, F_V) \ar[r] & \Hom(E_{U \times_X V}, F_{U \times_X V}) }$$ where the subscripts denote restrictions to the relevant opens and the $\Hom$'s are taken in the relevant derived categories. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Use the distinguished triangle of Lemma \ref{lemma-exact-sequence-lower-shriek} to obtain a long exact sequence of $\Hom$'s (from Derived Categories, Lemma \ref{derived-lemma-representable-homological}) and use that $\Hom(j_{U!}E|_U, F) = \Hom(E|_U, F|_U)$ by Cohomology on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-cohomology-lemma-adjoint-lower-shriek-restrict}. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-unbounded-mayer-vietoris} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $(U \subset X, V \to X)$ be an elementary distinguished square of algebraic spaces over $S$. For an object $E$ of $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$ we have a distinguished triangle $$R\Gamma(X, E) \to R\Gamma(U, E) \oplus R\Gamma(V, E) \to R\Gamma(U \times_X V, E) \to R\Gamma(X, E)[1]$$ and in particular a long exact cohomology sequence $$\ldots \to H^n(X, E) \to H^n(U, E) \oplus H^0(V, E) \to H^n(U \times_X V, E) \to H^{n + 1}(X, E) \to \ldots$$ The construction of the distinguished triangle and the long exact sequence is functorial in $E$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Choose a K-injective complex $\mathcal{I}^\bullet$ representing $E$ whose terms $\mathcal{I}^n$ are injective objects of $\textit{Mod}(\mathcal{O}_X)$, see Injectives, Theorem \ref{injectives-theorem-K-injective-embedding-grothendieck}. In the proof of Lemma \ref{lemma-exact-sequence-j-star} we found a short exact sequence of complexes $$0 \to \mathcal{I}^\bullet \to j_{U, *}\mathcal{I}^\bullet|_U \oplus j_{V, *}\mathcal{I}^\bullet|_V \to j_{U \times_X V, *}\mathcal{I}^\bullet|_{U \times_X V} \to 0$$ Since $H^1(X, \mathcal{I}^n) = 0$, we see that taking global sections gives an exact sequence of complexes $$0 \to \Gamma(X, \mathcal{I}^\bullet) \to \Gamma(U, \mathcal{I}^\bullet) \oplus \Gamma(V, \mathcal{I}^\bullet) \to \Gamma(U \times_X V, \mathcal{I}^\bullet) \to 0$$ Since these complexes represent $R\Gamma(X, E)$, $R\Gamma(U, E)$, $R\Gamma(V, E)$, and $R\Gamma(U \times_X V, E)$ we get a distinguished triangle by Derived Categories, Section \ref{derived-section-canonical-delta-functor} and especially Lemma \ref{derived-lemma-derived-canonical-delta-functor}. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-restrict-lower-shriek} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $j : U \to X$ be a \'etale morphism of algebraic spaces over $S$. Given an \'etale morphism $V \to Y$, set $W = V \times_X U$ and denote $j_W : W \to V$ the projection morphism. Then $(j_!E)|_V = j_{W!}(E|_W)$ for $E$ in $D(\mathcal{O}_U)$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} This is true because $(j_!\mathcal{F})|_V = j_{W!}(\mathcal{F}|_W)$ for an $\mathcal{O}_X$-module $\mathcal{F}$ as follows immediately from the construction of the functors $j_!$ and $j_{W!}$, see Modules on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-modules-lemma-extension-by-zero}. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-pushforward-with-support-in-open} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $(U \subset X, j : V \to X)$ be an elementary distinguished square of algebraic spaces over $S$. Set $T = |X| \setminus |U|$. \begin{enumerate} \item If $E$ is an object of $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$ supported on $T$, then (a) $E \to Rj_*(E|_V)$ and (b) $j_!(E|_V) \to E$ are isomorphisms. \item If $F$ is an object of $D(\mathcal{O}_V)$ supported on $j^{-1}T$, then (a) $F \to (j_!F)|_V$, (b) $(Rj_*F)|_V \to F$, and (c) $j_!F \to Rj_*F$ are isomorphisms. \end{enumerate} \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Let $E$ be an object of $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$ whose cohomology sheaves are supported on $T$. Then we see that $E|_U = 0$ and $E|_{U \times_X V} = 0$ as $T$ doesn't meet $U$ and $j^{-1}T$ doesn't meet $U \times_X V$. Thus (1)(a) follows from Lemma \ref{lemma-exact-sequence-j-star}. In exactly the same way (1)(b) follows from Lemma \ref{lemma-exact-sequence-lower-shriek}. \medskip\noindent Let $F$ be an object of $D(\mathcal{O}_V)$ whose cohomology sheaves are supported on $j^{-1}T$. By Lemma \ref{lemma-restrict-direct-image-open} we have $(Rj_*F)|_U = Rj_{W, *}(F|_W) = 0$ because $F|_W = 0$ by our assumption. Similarly $(j_!F)|_U = j_{W!}(F|_W) = 0$ by Lemma \ref{lemma-restrict-lower-shriek}. Thus $j_!F$ and $Rj_*F$ are supported on $T$ and $(j_!F)|_V$ and $(Rj_*F)|_V$ are supported on $j^{-1}(T)$. To check that the maps (2)(a), (b), (c) are isomorphisms in the derived category, it suffices to check that these map induce isomorphisms on stalks of cohomology sheaves at geometric points of $T$ and $j^{-1}(T)$ by Properties of Spaces, Theorem \ref{spaces-properties-theorem-exactness-stalks}. This we may do after replacing $X$ by $V$, $U$ by $U \times_X V$, $V$ by $V \times_X V$ and $F$ by $F|_{V \times_X V}$ (restriction via first projection), see Lemmas \ref{lemma-restrict-direct-image-open}, \ref{lemma-restrict-lower-shriek}, and \ref{lemma-make-more-elementary-distinguished-squares}. Since $V \times_X V \to V$ has a section this reduces (2) to the case that $j : V \to X$ has a section. \medskip\noindent Assume $j$ has a section $\sigma : X \to V$. Set $V' = \sigma(X)$. This is an open subspace of $V$. Set $U' = j^{-1}(U)$. This is another open subspace of $V$. Then $(U' \subset V, V' \to V)$ is an elementary distinguished square. Observe that $F|_{U'} = 0$ and $F|_{V' \cap U'} = 0$ because $F$ is supported on $j^{-1}(T)$. Denote $j' : V' \to V$ the open immersion and $j_{V'} : V' \to X$ the composition $V' \to V \to X$ which is the inverse of $\sigma$. Set $F' = \sigma^*F$. The distinguished triangles of Lemmas \ref{lemma-exact-sequence-lower-shriek} and \ref{lemma-exact-sequence-j-star} show that $F = j'_!(F|_{V'})$ and $F = Rj'_*(F|_{V'})$. It follows that $j_!F = j_!j'_!(F|_{V'}) = j_{V'!}F = F'$ because $j_{V'} : V' \to X$ is an isomorphism and the inverse of $\sigma$. Similarly, $Rj_*F = Rj_*Rj'_*F = Rj_{V', *}F = F'$. This proves (2)(c). To prove (2)(a) and (2)(b) it suffices to show that $F = F'|_V$. This is clear because both $F$ and $F'|_V$ restrict to zero on $U'$ and $U' \cap V'$ and the same object on $V'$. \end{proof} \noindent We can glue complexes! \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-glue} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $(U \subset X, V \to X)$ be an elementary distinguished square of algebraic spaces over $S$. Suppose given \begin{enumerate} \item an object $A$ of $D(\mathcal{O}_U)$, \item an object $B$ of $D(\mathcal{O}_V)$, and \item an isomorphism $c : A|_{U \times_X V} \to B|_{U \times_X V}$. \end{enumerate} Then there exists an object $F$ of $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$ and isomorphisms $f : F|_U \to A$, $g : F|_V \to B$ such that $c = g|_{U \times_X V} \circ f^{-1}|_{U \times_X V}$. Moreover, given \begin{enumerate} \item an object $E$ of $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$, \item a morphism $a : A \to E|_U$ of $D(\mathcal{O}_U)$, \item a morphism $b : B \to E|_V$ of $D(\mathcal{O}_V)$, \end{enumerate} such that $$a|_{U \times_X V} = b|_{U \times_X V} \circ c.$$ Then there exists a morphism $F \to E$ in $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$ whose restriction to $U$ is $a \circ f$ and whose restriction to $V$ is $b \circ g$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Denote $j_U$, $j_V$, $j_{U \times_X V}$ the corresponding morphisms towards $X$. Choose a distinguished triangle $$F \to Rj_{U, *}A \oplus Rj_{V, *}B \to Rj_{U \times_X V, *}(B|_{U \times_X V}) \to F[1]$$ Here the map $Rj_{V, *}B \to Rj_{U \times_X V, *}(B|_{U \times_X V})$ is the obvious one. The map $Rj_{U, *}A \to Rj_{U \times_X V, *}(B|_{U \times_X V})$ is the composition of $Rj_{U, *}A \to Rj_{U \times_X V, *}(A|_{U \times_X V})$ with $Rj_{U \times_X V, *}c$. Restricting to $U$ we obtain $$F|_U \to A \oplus (Rj_{V, *}B)|_U \to (Rj_{U \times_X V, *}(B|_{U \times_X V}))|_U \to F|_U[1]$$ Denote $j : U \times_X V \to U$. Compatibility of restriction and total direct image (Lemma \ref{lemma-restrict-direct-image-open}) shows that both $(Rj_{V, *}B)|_U$ and $(Rj_{U \times_X V, *}(B|_{U \times_X V}))|_U$ are canonically isomorphic to $Rj_*(B|_{U \times_X V})$. Hence the second arrow of the last displayed equation has a section, and we conclude that the morphism $F|_U \to A$ is an isomorphism. \medskip\noindent To see that the morphism $F|_V \to B$ is an isomorphism we will use a trick. Namely, choose a distinguished triangle $$F|_V \to B \to B' \to F[1]|_V$$ in $D(\mathcal{O}_V)$. Since $F|_U \to A$ is an isomorphism, and since we have the isomorphism $c : A|_{U \times_X V} \to B|_{U \times_X V}$ the restriction of $F|_V \to B$ is an isomorphism over $U \times_X V$. Thus $B'$ is supported on $j_V^{-1}(T)$ where $T = |X| \setminus |U|$. On the other hand, there is a morphism of distinguished triangles $$\xymatrix{ F \ar[r] \ar[d] & Rj_{U, *}F|_U \oplus Rj_{V, *}F|_V \ar[r] \ar[d] & Rj_{U \times_X V, *}F|_{U \times_X V} \ar[r] \ar[d] & F[1] \ar[d] \\ F \ar[r] & Rj_{U, *}A \oplus Rj_{V, *}B \ar[r] & Rj_{U \times_X V, *}(B|_{U \times_X V}) \ar[r] & F[1] }$$ The all of the vertical maps in this diagram are isomorphisms, except for the map $Rj_{V, *}F|_V \to Rj_{V, *}B$, hence that is an isomorphism too (Derived Categories, Lemma \ref{derived-lemma-third-isomorphism-triangle}). This implies that $Rj_{V, *}B' = 0$. Hence $B' = 0$ by Lemma \ref{lemma-pushforward-with-support-in-open}. \medskip\noindent The existence of the morphism $F \to E$ follows from the Mayer-Vietoris sequence for $\Hom$, see Lemma \ref{lemma-mayer-vietoris-hom}. \end{proof} \section{The coherator} \label{section-coherator} \noindent Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X$ be an algebraic space over $S$. The {\it coherator} is a functor $$Q_X : \textit{Mod}(\mathcal{O}_X) \longrightarrow \QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$$ which is right adjoint to the inclusion functor $\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X) \to \textit{Mod}(\mathcal{O}_X)$. It exists for any algebraic space $X$ and moreover the adjunction mapping $Q_X(\mathcal{F}) \to \mathcal{F}$ is an isomorphism for every quasi-coherent module $\mathcal{F}$, see Properties of Spaces, Proposition \ref{spaces-properties-proposition-coherator}. Since $Q_X$ is left exact (as a right adjoint) we can consider its right derived extension $$RQ_X : D(\mathcal{O}_X) \longrightarrow D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)).$$ Since $Q_X$ is right adjoint to the inclusion functor $\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X) \to \textit{Mod}(\mathcal{O}_X)$ we see that $RQ_X$ is right adjoint to the canonical functor $D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)) \to D(\mathcal{O}_X)$ by Derived Categories, Lemma \ref{derived-lemma-derived-adjoint-functors}. \medskip\noindent In this section we will study the functor $RQ_X$. In Section \ref{section-better-coherator} we will study the (closely related) right adjoint to the inclusion functor $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X) \to D(\mathcal{O}_X)$ (when it exists). \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-affine-pushforward} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $f : X \to Y$ be an affine morphism of algebraic spaces over $S$. Then $f_*$ defines a derived functor $f_* : D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)) \to D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y))$. This functor has the property that $$\xymatrix{ D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)) \ar[d]_{f_*} \ar[r] & D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X) \ar[d]^{Rf_*} \\ D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y)) \ar[r] & D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y) }$$ commutes. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} The functor $f_* : \QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X) \to \QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y)$ is exact, see Cohomology of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-cohomology-lemma-affine-vanishing-higher-direct-images}. Hence $f_*$ defines a derived functor $f_* : D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)) \to D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y))$ by simply applying $f_*$ to any representative complex, see Derived Categories, Lemma \ref{derived-lemma-right-derived-exact-functor}. For any complex of $\mathcal{O}_X$-modules $\mathcal{F}^\bullet$ there is a canonical map $f_*\mathcal{F}^\bullet \to Rf_*\mathcal{F}^\bullet$. To finish the proof we show this is a quasi-isomorphism when $\mathcal{F}^\bullet$ is a complex with each $\mathcal{F}^n$ quasi-coherent. The statement is \'etale local on $Y$ hence we may assume $Y$ affine. As an affine morphism is representable we reduce to the case of schemes by the compatibility of Remark \ref{remark-match-total-direct-images}. The case of schemes is Derived Categories of Schemes, Lemma \ref{perfect-lemma-affine-pushforward}. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-flat-pushforward-coherator} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $f : X \to Y$ be a morphism of algebraic spaces over $S$. Assume $f$ is quasi-compact, quasi-separated, and flat. Then, denoting $$\Phi : D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)) \to D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y))$$ the right derived functor of $f_* : \QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X) \to \QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y)$ we have $RQ_Y \circ Rf_* = \Phi \circ RQ_X$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} We will prove this by showing that $RQ_Y \circ Rf_*$ and $\Phi \circ RQ_X$ are right adjoint to the same functor $D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y)) \to D(\mathcal{O}_X)$. \medskip\noindent Since $f$ is quasi-compact and quasi-separated, we see that $f_*$ preserves quasi-coherence, see Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-pushforward}. Recall that $\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$ is a Grothendieck abelian category (Properties of Spaces, Proposition \ref{spaces-properties-proposition-coherator}). Hence any $K$ in $D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X))$ can be represented by a K-injective complex $\mathcal{I}^\bullet$ of $\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$, see Injectives, Theorem \ref{injectives-theorem-K-injective-embedding-grothendieck}. Then we can define $\Phi(K) = f_*\mathcal{I}^\bullet$. \medskip\noindent Since $f$ is flat, the functor $f^*$ is exact. Hence $f^*$ defines $f^* : D(\mathcal{O}_Y) \to D(\mathcal{O}_X)$ and also $f^* : D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y)) \to D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X))$. The functor $f^* = Lf^* : D(\mathcal{O}_Y) \to D(\mathcal{O}_X)$ is left adjoint to $Rf_* : D(\mathcal{O}_X) \to D(\mathcal{O}_Y)$, see Cohomology on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-cohomology-lemma-adjoint}. Similarly, the functor $f^* : D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y)) \to D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X))$ is left adjoint to $\Phi : D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)) \to D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y))$ by Derived Categories, Lemma \ref{derived-lemma-derived-adjoint-functors}. \medskip\noindent Let $A$ be an object of $D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y))$ and $E$ an object of $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$. Then \begin{align*} \Hom_{D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y))}(A, RQ_Y(Rf_*E)) & = \Hom_{D(\mathcal{O}_Y)}(A, Rf_*E) \\ & = \Hom_{D(\mathcal{O}_X)}(f^*A, E) \\ & = \Hom_{D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X))}(f^*A, RQ_X(E)) \\ & = \Hom_{D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y))}(A, \Phi(RQ_X(E))) \end{align*} This implies what we want. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-affine-coherator} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X$ be an affine algebraic space over $S$. Set $A = \Gamma(X, \mathcal{O}_X)$. Then \begin{enumerate} \item $Q_X : \textit{Mod}(\mathcal{O}_X) \to \QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$ is the functor which sends $\mathcal{F}$ to the quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-module associated to the $A$-module $\Gamma(X, \mathcal{F})$, \item $RQ_X : D(\mathcal{O}_X) \to D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X))$ is the functor which sends $E$ to the complex of quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-modules associated to the object $R\Gamma(X, E)$ of $D(A)$, \item restricted to $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$ the functor $RQ_X$ defines a quasi-inverse to (\ref{equation-compare}). \end{enumerate} \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Let $X_0 = \Spec(A)$ be the affine scheme representing $X$. Recall that there is a morphism of ringed sites $\epsilon : X_\etale \to X_{0, Zar}$ which induces equivalences $$\xymatrix{ \QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X) \ar@<1ex>[r]^{{\epsilon_*}} & \QCoh(\mathcal{O}_{X_0}) \ar@<1ex>[l]^{{\epsilon^*}} }$$ see Lemma \ref{lemma-derived-quasi-coherent-small-etale-site}. Hence we see that $Q_X = \epsilon^* \circ Q_{X_0} \circ \epsilon_*$ by uniqueness of adjoint functors. Hence (1) follows from the description of $Q_{X_0}$ in Derived Categories of Schemes, Lemma \ref{perfect-lemma-affine-coherator} and the fact that $\Gamma(X_0, \epsilon_*\mathcal{F}) = \Gamma(X, \mathcal{F})$. Part (2) follows from (1) and the fact that the functor from $A$-modules to quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-modules is exact. The third assertion now follows from the result for schemes (Derived Categories of Schemes, Lemma \ref{perfect-lemma-affine-coherator}) and Lemma \ref{lemma-derived-quasi-coherent-small-etale-site}. \end{proof} \begin{proposition} \label{proposition-quasi-compact-affine-diagonal} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X$ be a quasi-compact algebraic space over $S$ with affine diagonal. Then the functor (\ref{equation-compare}) $$D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)) \longrightarrow D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$$ is an equivalence with quasi-inverse given by $RQ_X$. \end{proposition} \begin{proof} We first use the induction principle to prove $i_X$ is fully faithful. Let $\mathcal{B} \subset \Ob(X_{spaces, \etale})$ be the set of objects which are quasi-compact and have affine diagonal. For $U \in \mathcal{B}$ let $P(U) =$ the functor $i_U : D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_U)) \to D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_U)$ is fully faithful''. By Remark \ref{remark-how-to} conditions (1), (2), and (3)(a) of Lemma \ref{lemma-induction-principle-separated} hold and we are left with proving (3)(b) and (4). Condition (3)(b) holds by Lemma \ref{lemma-affine-coherator}. \medskip\noindent Let $(U \subset W, V \to W)$ be an elementary distinguished square with $V$ affine. Assume that $P$ holds for $U$, $V$, and $U \times_W V$. We have to show that $P$ holds for $W$. We may replace $X$ by $W$, i.e., we may assume $W = X$ (we do this just to simplify the notation). \medskip\noindent Suppose that $A, B$ are objects of $D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X))$. We want to show that $$\Hom_{D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X))}(A, B) \longrightarrow \Hom_{D(\mathcal{O}_X)}(i_X(A), i_X(B))$$ is bijective. Let $T = |X| \setminus |U|$. \medskip\noindent Assume first $i_X(B)$ is supported on $T$. In this case the map $$i_X(B) \to Rj_{V, *}(i_X(B)|_V) = Rj_{V, *}(i_V(B|_V))$$ is a quasi-isomorphism (Lemma \ref{lemma-pushforward-with-support-in-open}). The morphism $V \to X$ is affine as $V$ is affine and $X$ has affine diagonal (Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-affine-permanence}). Thus we have an object $j_{V, *}(B|_V)$ in $\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$ and an isomorphism $i_X(j_{V, *}(B|_V)) \to Rj_{V, *}(i_V(B|_V))$ in $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$ (Lemma \ref{lemma-affine-pushforward}). Moreover, $j_{V, *}$ and ${-}|_V$ are adjoint functors on the derived categories of quasi-coherent modules, see proof Lemma \ref{lemma-flat-pushforward-coherator}. The adjunction map $B \to j_{V, *}(B|_V)$ becomes an isomorphism after applying $i_X$, whence is an isomorphism in $D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X))$. Hence \begin{align*} \Mor_{D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X))}(A, B) & = \Mor_{D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X))}(A, j_{V, *}(B|_V)) \\ & = \Mor_{D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_V))}(A|_V, B|_V) \\ & = \Mor_{D(\mathcal{O}_V)}(i_V(A|_V), i_V(B|_V)) \\ & = \Mor_{D(\mathcal{O}_X)}(i_X(A), Rj_{V, *}(i_V(B|_V))) \\ & = \Mor_{D(\mathcal{O}_X)}(i_X(A), i_X(B)) \end{align*} as desired. \medskip\noindent In general, choose any complex $\mathcal{B}^\bullet$ of quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-modules representing $B$. Next, choose any quasi-isomorphism $s : \mathcal{B}^\bullet|_U \to \mathcal{C}^\bullet$ of complexes of quasi-coherent modules on $U$. As $j_U : U \to X$ is quasi-compact and quasi-separated the functor $j_{U, *}$ transforms quasi-coherent modules into quasi-coherent modules (Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-pushforward}). Thus there is a canonical map $\mathcal{B}^\bullet \to j_{U, *}(\mathcal{B}^\bullet|_U) \to j_{U, *}\mathcal{C}^\bullet$ of complexes of quasi-coherent modules on $X$. Set $B'' = j_{U, *}\mathcal{C}^\bullet$ in $D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X))$ and choose a distinguished triangle $$B \to B'' \to B' \to B^\bullet[1]$$ in $D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X))$. Since the first arrow of the triangle restricts to an isomorphism over $U$ we see that $B'$ is supported on $T$. Hence in the diagram $$\xymatrix{ \Hom_{D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X))}(A, B'[-1]) \ar[r] \ar[d] & \Hom_{D(\mathcal{O}_X)}(i_X(A), i_X(B')[-1]) \ar[d] \\ \Hom_{D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X))}(A, B) \ar[r] \ar[d] & \Hom_{D(\mathcal{O}_X)}(i_X(A), i_X(B)) \ar[d] \\ \Hom_{D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X))}(A, B'') \ar[r] \ar[d] & \Hom_{D(\mathcal{O}_X)}(i_X(A), i_X(B'')) \ar[d] \\ \Hom_{D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X))}(A, B') \ar[r] & \Hom_{D(\mathcal{O}_X)}(i_X(A), i_X(B')) }$$ we have exact columns and the top and bottom horizontal arrows are bijective. Finally, choose a complex $\mathcal{A}^\bullet$ of quasi-coherent modules representing $A$. \medskip\noindent Let $\alpha : i_X(A) \to i_X(B)$ be a morphism between in $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$. The restriction $\alpha|_U$ comes from a morphism in $D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_U))$ by assumption. Hence there exists a choice of $s : \mathcal{B}^\bullet|_U \to \mathcal{C}^\bullet$ as above such that $\alpha|_U$ is represented by an actual map of complexes $\mathcal{A}^\bullet|_U \to \mathcal{C}^\bullet$. This corresponds to a map of complexes $\mathcal{A} \to j_{U, *}\mathcal{C}^\bullet$. In other words, the image of $\alpha$ in $\Hom_{D(\mathcal{O}_X)}(i_X(A), i_X(B''))$ comes from an element of $\Hom_{D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X))}(A, B'')$. A diagram chase then shows that $\alpha$ comes from a morphism $A \to B$ in $D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X))$. Finally, suppose that $a : A \to B$ is a morphism of $D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X))$ which becomes zero in $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$. After choosing $\mathcal{B}^\bullet$ suitably, we may assume $a$ is represented by a morphism of complexes $a^\bullet : \mathcal{A}^\bullet \to \mathcal{B}^\bullet$. Since $P$ holds for $U$ the restriction $a^\bullet|_U$ is zero in $D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_U))$. Thus we can choose $s$ such that $s \circ a^\bullet|_U : \mathcal{A}^\bullet|_U \to \mathcal{C}^\bullet$ is homotopic to zero. Applying the functor $j_{U, *}$ we conclude that $\mathcal{A}^\bullet \to j_{U, *}\mathcal{C}^\bullet$ is homotopic to zero. Thus $a$ maps to zero in $\Hom_{D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X))}(A, B'')$. Thus we may assume that $a$ is the image of an element of $b \in \Hom_{D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X))}(A, B'[-1])$. The image of $b$ in $\Hom_{D(\mathcal{O}_X)}(i_X(A), i_X(B')[-1])$ comes from a $\gamma \in \Hom_{D(\mathcal{O}_X)}(A, B''[-1])$ (as $a$ maps to zero in the group on the right). Since we've seen above the horizontal arrows are surjective, we see that $\gamma$ comes from a $c$ in $\Hom_{D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X))}(A, B''[-1])$ which implies $a = 0$ as desired. \medskip\noindent Since $i_X$ is fully faithful with right adjoint $RQ_X$ we see that $RQ_X \circ i_X = \text{id}$ (Categories, Lemma \ref{categories-lemma-adjoint-fully-faithful}). To finish the proof we show that for any $E$ in $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$ the map $i_X(RQ_X(E)) \to E$ is an isomorphism. Choose a distinguished triangle $$i_X(RQ_X(E)) \to E \to E' \to i_X(RQ_X(E))[1]$$ in $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$. A formal argument using the above shows that $i_X(RQ_X(E')) = 0$. Thus it suffices to prove that for $E \in D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$ the condition $i_X(RQ_X(E)) = 0$ implies that $E = 0$. Consider an \'etale morphism $j : V \to X$ with $V$ affine. By Lemmas \ref{lemma-affine-coherator}, \ref{lemma-affine-pushforward}, and \ref{lemma-flat-pushforward-coherator} we have $$Rj_*(E|_V) = Rj_*(i_V(RQ_V(E|_V))) = i_X(j_*(RQ_V(E|_V))) = i_X(RQ_X(Rj_*(E|_V)))$$ Choose a distinguished triangle $$E \to Rj_*(E|_V) \to E' \to E[1]$$ Apply $RQ_X$ to get a distinguished triangle $$0 \to RQ_X(Rj_*(E|_V)) \to RQ_X(E') \to 0[1]$$ in other words the map in the middle is an isomorphism. Combined with the string of equalities above we find that our first distinguished triangle becomes a distinguished triangle $$E \to i_X(RQ_X(E')) \to E' \to E[1]$$ where the middle morphism is the adjunction map. However, the composition $E \to E'$ is zero, hence $E \to i_X(RQ_X(E'))$ is zero by adjunction! Since this morphism is isomorphic to the morphism $E \to Rj_*(E|_V)$ adjoint to $\text{id} : E|_V \to E|_V$ we conclude that $E|_V$ is zero. Since this holds for all affine $V$ \'etale over $X$ we conclude $E$ is zero as desired. \end{proof} \begin{remark} \label{remark-argument-proves} Analyzing the proof of Proposition \ref{proposition-quasi-compact-affine-diagonal} we see that we have shown the following. Let $X$ be a quasi-compact and quasi-separated scheme. Suppose that for every \'etale morphism $j : V \to X$ with $V$ affine the right derived functor $$\Phi : D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_U)) \to D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X))$$ of the left exact functor $j_* : \QCoh(\mathcal{O}_V) \to \QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$ fits into a commutative diagram $$\xymatrix{ D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_V)) \ar[d]_\Phi \ar[r]_{i_V} & D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_V) \ar[d]^{Rj_*} \\ D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)) \ar[r]^{i_X} & D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X) }$$ Then the functor (\ref{equation-compare}) $$D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)) \longrightarrow D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$$ is an equivalence with quasi-inverse given by $RQ_X$. \end{remark} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-direct-image-coherator} Let $S$ be a scheme and let $f : X \to Y$ be a morphism of algebraic spaces over $S$. Assume $X$ and $Y$ are quasi-compact and have affine diagonal. Then, denoting $$\Phi : D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)) \to D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y))$$ the right derived functor of $f_* : \QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X) \to \QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y)$ the diagram $$\xymatrix{ D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)) \ar[d]_\Phi \ar[r] & D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X) \ar[d]^{Rf_*} \\ D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y)) \ar[r] & D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y) }$$ is commutative. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Observe that the horizontal arrows in the diagram are equivalences of categories by Proposition \ref{proposition-quasi-compact-affine-diagonal}. Hence we can identify these categories (and similarly for other quasi-compact algebraic spaces with affine diagonal) and then the statement of the lemma is that the canonical map $\Phi(K) \to Rf_*(K)$ is an isomorphism for all $K$ in $D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X))$. Note that if $K_1 \to K_2 \to K_3 \to K_1[1]$ is a distinguished triangle in $D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X))$ and the statement is true for two-out-of-three, then it is true for the third. \medskip\noindent Let $\mathcal{B} \subset \Ob(X_{spaces, \etale})$ be the set of objects which are quasi-compact and have affine diagonal. For $U \in \mathcal{B}$ and any morphism $g : U \to Z$ where $Z$ is a quasi-compact algebraic space over $S$ with affine diagonal, denote $$\Phi_g : D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_U)) \to D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Z))$$ the derived extension of $g_*$. Let $P(U) =$ for any $K$ in $D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_U))$ and any $g : U \to Z$ as above the map $\Phi_g(K) \to Rg_*K$ is an isomorphism''. By Remark \ref{remark-how-to} conditions (1), (2), and (3)(a) of Lemma \ref{lemma-induction-principle-separated} hold and we are left with proving (3)(b) and (4). \medskip\noindent Checking condition (3)(b). Let $U$ be an affine scheme \'etale over $X$. Let $g : U \to Z$ be as above. Since the diagonal of $Z$ is affine the morphism $g : U \to Z$ is affine (Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-affine-permanence}). Hence $P(U)$ holds by Lemma \ref{lemma-affine-pushforward}. \medskip\noindent Checking condition (4). Let $(U \subset W, V \to W)$ be an elementary distinguished square in $X_{spaces, \etale}$ with $U, W, V$ in $\mathcal{B}$ and $V$ affine. Assume that $P$ holds for $U$, $V$, and $U \times_W V$. We have to show that $P$ holds for $W$. Let $g : W \to Z$ be a morphism to a quasi-compact algebraic space with affine diagonal. Let $K$ be an object of $D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_W))$. Consider the distinguished triangle $$K \to Rj_{U, *}K|_U \oplus Rj_{V, *}K|_V \to Rj_{U \times_W V, *}K|_{U \times_W V} \to K[1]$$ in $D(\mathcal{O}_W)$. By the two-out-of-three property mentioned above, it suffices to show that $\Phi_g(Rj_{U, *}K|_U) \to Rg_*(Rj_{U, *}K|_U)$ is an isomorphism and similarly for $V$ and $U \times_W V$. This is discussed in the next paragraph. \medskip\noindent Let $j : U \to W$ be a morphism $X_{spaces, \etale}$ with $U, W$ in $\mathcal{B}$ and $P$ holds for $U$. Let $g : W \to Z$ be a morphism to a quasi-compact algebraic space with affine diagonal. To finish the proof we have to show that $\Phi_g(Rj_*K) \to Rg_*(Rj_*K)$ is an isomorphism for any $K$ in $D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_U))$. Let $\mathcal{I}^\bullet$ be a K-injective complex in $\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_U)$ representing $K$. From $P(U)$ applied to $j$ we see that $j_*\mathcal{I}^\bullet$ represents $Rj_*K$. Since $j_* : \QCoh(\mathcal{O}_U) \to \QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$ has an exact left adjoint $j^* : \QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X) \to \QCoh(\mathcal{O}_U)$ we see that $j_*\mathcal{I}^\bullet$ is a K-injective complex in $\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_W)$, see Derived Categories, Lemma \ref{derived-lemma-adjoint-preserve-K-injectives}. Hence $\Phi_g(Rj_*K)$ is represented by $g_*j_*\mathcal{I}^\bullet = (g \circ j)_*\mathcal{I}^\bullet$. By $P(U)$ applied to $g \circ j$ we see that this represents $R_{g \circ j, *}(K) = Rg_*(Rj_*K)$. This finishes the proof. \end{proof} \section{The coherator for Noetherian spaces} \label{section-coherator-Noetherian} \noindent We need a little bit more about injective modules to treat the case of a Noetherian algebraic space. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-affine-injective-colimit-direct-sum-pushforwards-artin} Let $S$ be a Noetherian affine scheme. Every injective object of $\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_S)$ is a filtered colimit $\colim_i \mathcal{F}_i$ of quasi-coherent sheaves of the form $$\mathcal{F}_i = (Z_i \to S)_*\mathcal{G}_i$$ where $Z_i$ is the spectrum of an Artinian ring and $\mathcal{G}_i$ is a coherent module on $Z_i$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Let $S = \Spec(A)$. Let $\mathcal{J}$ be an injective object of $\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_S)$. Since $\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_S)$ is equivalent to the category of $A$-modules we see that $\mathcal{J}$ is equal to $\widetilde{J}$ for some injective $A$-module $J$. By Dualizing Complexes, Proposition \ref{dualizing-proposition-structure-injectives-noetherian} we can write $J = \bigoplus E_\alpha$ with $E_\alpha$ indecomposable and therefore isomorphic to the injective hull of a reside field at a point. Thus (because finite disjoint unions of Artinian schemes are Artinian) we may assume that $J$ is the injective hull of $\kappa(\mathfrak p)$ for some prime $\mathfrak p$ of $A$. Then $J = \bigcup J[\mathfrak p^n]$ where $J[\mathfrak p^n]$ is the injective hull of $\kappa(\mathfrak p)$ over $A_\mathfrak/\mathfrak p^nA_\mathfrak p$, see Dualizing Complexes, Lemma \ref{dualizing-lemma-union-artinian}. Thus $\widetilde{J}$ is the colimit of the sheaves $(Z_n \to X)_*\mathcal{G}_n$ where $Z_n = \Spec(A_\mathfrak p/\mathfrak p^nA_\mathfrak p)$ and $\mathfrak G_n$ the coherent sheaf associated to the finite $A_\mathfrak/\mathfrak p^nA_\mathfrak p$-module $J[\mathfrak p^n]$. Finiteness follows from Dualizing Complexes, Lemma \ref{dualizing-lemma-finite}. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-injective-colimit-direct-sum-pushforwards-artin} Let $S$ be an affine scheme. Let $X$ be a Noetherian algebraic space over $S$. Every injective object of $\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$ is a direct summand of a filtered colimit $\colim_i \mathcal{F}_i$ of quasi-coherent sheaves of the form $$\mathcal{F}_i = (Z_i \to X)_*\mathcal{G}_i$$ where $Z_i$ is the spectrum of an Artinian ring and $\mathcal{G}_i$ is a coherent module on $Z_i$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Choose an affine scheme $U$ and a surjective \'etale morphism $j : U \to X$ (Properties of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-properties-lemma-quasi-compact-affine-cover}). Then $U$ is a Noetherian affine scheme. Choose an injective object $\mathcal{J}'$ of $\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_U)$ such that there exists an injection $\mathcal{J}|_U \to \mathcal{J}'$. Then $$\mathcal{J} \to j_*\mathcal{J}'$$ is an injective morphism in $\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$, hence identifies $\mathcal{J}$ as a direct summand of $j_*\mathcal{J}'$. Thus the result follows from the corresponding result for $\mathcal{J}'$ proved in Lemma \ref{lemma-affine-injective-colimit-direct-sum-pushforwards-artin}. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-flat-pullback-injective-quasi-coherent} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $f : X \to Y$ be a flat, quasi-compact, and quasi-separated morphism of algebraic spaces over $S$. If $\mathcal{J}$ is an injective object of $\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$, then $f_*\mathcal{J}$ is an injective object of $\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y)$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Since $f$ is quasi-compact and quasi-separated, the functor $f_*$ transforms quasi-coherent sheaves into quasi-coherent sheaves (Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-pushforward}). The functor $f^*$ is a left adjoint to $f_*$ which transforms injections into injections. Hence the result follows from Homology, Lemma \ref{homology-lemma-adjoint-preserve-injectives} \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-injective-pushforward} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X$ be a Noetherian algebraic space over $S$. If $\mathcal{J}$ is an injective object of $\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$, then \begin{enumerate} \item $H^p(U, \mathcal{J}|_U) = 0$ for $p > 0$ and for every quasi-compact and quasi-separated algebraic space $U$ \'etale over $X$, \item for any morphism $f : X \to Y$ of algebraic spaces over $S$ with $Y$ quasi-separated we have $R^pf_*\mathcal{J} = 0$ for $p > 0$. \end{enumerate} \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Proof of (1). Write $\mathcal{J}$ as a direct summand of $\colim \mathcal{F}_i$ with $\mathcal{F}_i = (Z_i \to X)_*\mathcal{G}_i$ as in Lemma \ref{lemma-injective-colimit-direct-sum-pushforwards-artin}. It is clear that it suffices to prove the vanishing for $\colim \mathcal{F}_i$. Since pullback commutes with colimits and since $U$ is quasi-compact and quasi-separated, it suffices to prove $H^p(U, \mathcal{F}_i|_U) = 0$ for $p > 0$, see Cohomology of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-cohomology-lemma-colimits}. Observe that $Z_i \to X$ is an affine morphism, see Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-Artinian-affine}. Thus $$\mathcal{F}_i|_U = (Z_i \times_X U \to U)_*\mathcal{G}'_i = R(Z_i \times_X U \to U)_*\mathcal{G}'_i$$ where $\mathcal{G}'_i$ is the pullback of $\mathcal{G}_i$ to $Z_i \times_X U$, see Cohomology of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-cohomology-lemma-affine-base-change}. Since $Z_i \times_X U$ is affine we conclude that $\mathcal{G}'_i$ has no higher cohomology on $Z_i \times_X U$. By the Leray spectral sequence we conclude the same thing is true for $\mathcal{F}_i|_U$ (Cohomology on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-cohomology-lemma-apply-Leray}). \medskip\noindent Proof of (2). Let $f : X \to Y$ be a morphism of algebraic spaces over $S$. Let $V \to Y$ be an \'etale morphism with $V$ affine. Then $V \times_Y X \to X$ is an \'etale morphism and $V \times_Y X$ is a quasi-compact and quasi-separated algebraic space \'etale over $X$ (details omitted). Hence $H^p(V \times_Y X, \mathcal{J})$ is zero by part (1). Since $R^pf_*\mathcal{J}$ is the sheaf associated to the presheaf $V \mapsto H^p(V \times_Y X, \mathcal{J})$ the result is proved. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-Noetherian-pushforward} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $f : X \to Y$ be a morphism of Noetherian algebraic spaces over $S$. Then $f_*$ on quasi-coherent sheaves has a right derived extension $\Phi : D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)) \to D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y))$ such that the diagram $$\xymatrix{ D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)) \ar[d]_{\Phi} \ar[r] & D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X) \ar[d]^{Rf_*} \\ D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y)) \ar[r] & D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y) }$$ commutes. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Since $X$ and $Y$ are Noetherian the morphism is quasi-compact and quasi-separated (see Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-quasi-compact-quasi-separated-permanence}). Thus $f_*$ preserve quasi-coherence, see Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-pushforward}. Next, Let $K$ be an object of $D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X))$. Since $\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$ is a Grothendieck abelian category (Properties of Spaces, Proposition \ref{spaces-properties-proposition-coherator}), we can represent $K$ by a K-injective complex $\mathcal{I}^\bullet$ such that each $\mathcal{I}^n$ is an injective object of $\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$, see Injectives, Theorem \ref{injectives-theorem-K-injective-embedding-grothendieck}. Thus we see that the functor $\Phi$ is defined by setting $$\Phi(K) = f_*\mathcal{I}^\bullet$$ where the right hand side is viewed as an object of $D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_Y))$. To finish the proof of the lemma it suffices to show that the canonical map $$f_*\mathcal{I}^\bullet \longrightarrow Rf_*\mathcal{I}^\bullet$$ is an isomorphism in $D(\mathcal{O}_Y)$. To see this it suffices to prove the map induces an isomorphism on cohomology sheaves. Pick any $m \in \mathbf{Z}$. Let $N = N(X, Y, f)$ be as in Lemma \ref{lemma-quasi-coherence-direct-image}. Consider the short exact sequence $$0 \to \sigma_{\geq m - N - 1}\mathcal{I}^\bullet \to \mathcal{I}^\bullet \to \sigma_{\leq m - N - 2}\mathcal{I}^\bullet \to 0$$ of complexes of quasi-coherent sheaves on $X$. By Lemma \ref{lemma-quasi-coherence-direct-image} we see that the cohomology sheaves of $Rf_*\sigma_{\leq m - N - 2}\mathcal{I}^\bullet$ are zero in degrees $\geq m - 1$. Thus we see that $R^mf_*\mathcal{I}^\bullet$ is isomorphic to $R^mf_*\sigma_{\geq m - N - 1}\mathcal{I}^\bullet$. In other words, we may assume that $\mathcal{I}^\bullet$ is a bounded below complex of injective objects of $\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$. This case follows from Leray's acyclicity lemma (Derived Categories, Lemma \ref{derived-lemma-leray-acyclicity}) with required vanishing because of Lemma \ref{lemma-injective-pushforward}. \end{proof} \begin{proposition} \label{proposition-Noetherian} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X$ be a Noetherian algebraic space over $S$. Then the functor (\ref{equation-compare}) $$D(\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)) \longrightarrow D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$$ is an equivalence with quasi-inverse given by $RQ_X$. \end{proposition} \begin{proof} This follows using the exact same argument as in the proof of Proposition \ref{proposition-quasi-compact-affine-diagonal} using Lemma \ref{lemma-Noetherian-pushforward}. See discussion in Remark \ref{remark-argument-proves}. \end{proof} \section{Pseudo-coherent and perfect complexes} \label{section-spell-out} \noindent In this section we study the general notions defined in Cohomology on Sites, Sections \ref{sites-cohomology-section-strictly-perfect}, \ref{sites-cohomology-section-pseudo-coherent}, \ref{sites-cohomology-section-tor}, and \ref{sites-cohomology-section-perfect} for the \'etale site of an algebraic space. In particular we match this with what happens for schemes. \medskip\noindent First we compare the notion of a pseudo-coherent complex on a scheme and on its associated small \'etale site. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-descend-finite-type} Let $X$ be a scheme. Let $\mathcal{F}$ be an $\mathcal{O}_X$-module. The following are equivalent \begin{enumerate} \item $\mathcal{F}$ is of finite type as an $\mathcal{O}_X$-module, and \item $\epsilon^*\mathcal{F}$ is of finite type as an $\mathcal{O}_\etale$-module on the small \'etale site of $X$. \end{enumerate} Here $\epsilon$ is as in (\ref{equation-epsilon}). \end{lemma} \begin{proof} The implication (1) $\Rightarrow$ (2) is a general fact, see Modules on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-modules-lemma-local-pullback}. Assume (2). By assumption there exists an \'etale covering $\{f_i : X_i \to X\}$ such that $\epsilon^*\mathcal{F}|_{(X_i)_\etale}$ is generated by finitely many sections. Let $x \in X$. We will show that $\mathcal{F}$ is generated by finitely many sections in a neighbourhood of $x$. Say $x$ is in the image of $X_i \to X$ and denote $X' = X_i$. Let $s_1, \ldots, s_n \in \Gamma(X', \epsilon^*\mathcal{F}|_{X'_\etale})$ be generating sections. As $\epsilon^*\mathcal{F} = \epsilon^{-1}\mathcal{F} \otimes_{\epsilon^{-1}\mathcal{O}_X} \mathcal{O}_\etale$ we can find an \'etale morphism $X'' \to X'$ such that $x$ is in the image of $X' \to X$ and such that $s_i|_{X''} = \sum s_{ij} \otimes a_{ij}$ for some sections $s_{ij} \in \epsilon^{-1}\mathcal{F}(X'')$ and $a_{ij} \in \mathcal{O}_\etale(X'')$. Denote $U \subset X$ the image of $X'' \to X$. This is an open subscheme as $f'' : X'' \to X$ is \'etale (Morphisms, Lemma \ref{morphisms-lemma-etale-open}). After possibly shrinking $X''$ more we may assume $s_{ij}$ come from elements $t_{ij} \in \mathcal{F}(U)$ as follows from the construction of the inverse image functor $\epsilon^{-1}$. Now we claim that $t_{ij}$ generate $\mathcal{F}|_U$ which finishes the proof of the lemma. Namely, the corresponding map $\mathcal{O}_U^{\oplus N} \to \mathcal{F}|_U$ has the property that its pullback by $f''$ to $X''$ is surjective. Since $f'' : X'' \to U$ is a surjective flat morphism of schemes, this implies that $\mathcal{O}_U^{\oplus N} \to \mathcal{F}|_U$ is surjective by looking at stalks and using that $\mathcal{O}_{U, f''(z)} \to \mathcal{O}_{X'', z}$ is faithfully flat for all $z \in X''$. \end{proof} \noindent In the situation above the morphism of sites $\epsilon$ is flat hence defines a pullback on complexes of modules. \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-descend-pseudo-coherent} Let $X$ be a scheme. Let $E$ be an object of $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$. The following are equivalent \begin{enumerate} \item $E$ is $m$-pseudo-coherent, and \item $\epsilon^*E$ is $m$-pseudo-coherent on the small \'etale site of $X$. \end{enumerate} Here $\epsilon$ is as in (\ref{equation-epsilon}). \end{lemma} \begin{proof} The implication (1) $\Rightarrow$ (2) is a general fact, see Cohomology on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-cohomology-lemma-pseudo-coherent-pullback}. Assume $\epsilon^*E$ is $m$-pseudo-coherent. We will use without further mention that $\epsilon^*$ is an exact functor and that therefore $$\epsilon^*H^i(E) = H^i(\epsilon^*E).$$ To show that $E$ is $m$-pseudo-coherent we may work locally on $X$, hence we may assume that $X$ is quasi-compact (for example affine). Since $X$ is quasi-compact every \'etale covering $\{U_i \to X\}$ has a finite refinement. Thus we see that $\epsilon^*E$ is an object of $D^{-}(\mathcal{O}_\etale)$, see comments following Cohomology on Sites, Definition \ref{sites-cohomology-definition-pseudo-coherent}. By Lemma \ref{lemma-epsilon-flat} it follows that $E$ is an object of $D^-(\mathcal{O}_X)$. \medskip\noindent Let $n \in \mathbf{Z}$ be the largest integer such that $H^n(E)$ is nonzero; then $n$ is also the largest integer such that $H^n(\epsilon^*E)$ is nonzero. We will prove the lemma by induction on $n - m$. If $n < m$, then the lemma is clearly true. If $n \geq m$, then $H^n(\epsilon^*E)$ is a finite $\mathcal{O}_\etale$-module, see Cohomology on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-cohomology-lemma-finite-cohomology}. Hence $H^n(E)$ is a finite $\mathcal{O}_X$-module, see Lemma \ref{lemma-descend-finite-type}. After replacing $X$ by the members of an open covering, we may assume there exists a surjection $\mathcal{O}_X^{\oplus t} \to H^n(E)$. We may locally on $X$ lift this to a map of complexes $\alpha : \mathcal{O}_X^{\oplus t}[-n] \to E$ (details omitted). Choose a distinguished triangle $$\mathcal{O}_X^{\oplus t}[-n] \to E \to C \to \mathcal{O}_X^{\oplus t}[-n + 1]$$ Then $C$ has vanishing cohomology in degrees $\geq n$. On the other hand, the complex $\epsilon^*C$ is $m$-pseudo-coherent, see Cohomology on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-cohomology-lemma-cone-pseudo-coherent}. Hence by induction we see that $C$ is $m$-pseudo-coherent. Applying Cohomology on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-cohomology-lemma-cone-pseudo-coherent} once more we conclude. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-descend-tor-amplitude} Let $X$ be a scheme. Let $E$ be an object of $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$. Then \begin{enumerate} \item $E$ has tor amplitude in $[a, b]$ if and only if $\epsilon^*E$ has tor amplitude in $[a, b]$. \item $E$ has finite tor dimension if and only if $\epsilon^*E$ has finite tor dimension. \end{enumerate} Here $\epsilon$ is as in (\ref{equation-epsilon}). \end{lemma} \begin{proof} The easy implication follows from the general result contained in Cohomology on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-cohomology-lemma-tor-amplitude-pullback} (and the fact that the small \'etale site of $X$ has enough points, see \'Etale Cohomology, Remarks \ref{etale-cohomology-remarks-enough-points}). For the converse, assume that $\epsilon^*E$ has tor amplitude in $[a, b]$ Let $\mathcal{F}$ be an $\mathcal{O}_X$-module. As $\epsilon$ is a flat morphism of ringed sites (Lemma \ref{lemma-epsilon-flat}) we have $$\epsilon^*(E \otimes^\mathbf{L}_{\mathcal{O}_X} \mathcal{F}) = \epsilon^*E \otimes^\mathbf{L}_{\mathcal{O}_\etale} \epsilon^*\mathcal{F}$$ Thus the (assumed) vanishing of cohomology sheaves on the right hand side implies the desired vanishing of the cohomology sheaves of $E \otimes^\mathbf{L}_{\mathcal{O}_X} \mathcal{F}$ via Lemma \ref{lemma-epsilon-flat}. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-descend-perfect} Let $X$ be a scheme. Let $E$ be an object of $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$. Then $E$ is a perfect object of $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$ if and only if $\epsilon^*E$ is a perfect object of $D(\mathcal{O}_\etale)$. Here $\epsilon$ is as in (\ref{equation-epsilon}). \end{lemma} \begin{proof} The easy implication follows from the general result contained in Cohomology on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-cohomology-lemma-perfect-pullback} (and the fact that the small \'etale site of $X$ has enough points, see \'Etale Cohomology, Remarks \ref{etale-cohomology-remarks-enough-points}). For the converse, we can use the equivalence of Cohomology on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-cohomology-lemma-perfect} and the corresponding results for pseudo-coherent and complexes of finite tor dimension, namely Lemmas \ref{lemma-descend-pseudo-coherent} and \ref{lemma-descend-tor-amplitude}. Some details omitted. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-pseudo-coherent} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X$ be an algebraic space over $S$. If $E$ is an $m$-pseudo-coherent object of $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$, then $H^i(E)$ is a quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_X$-module for $i > m$. If $E$ is pseudo-coherent, then $E$ is an object of $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Locally $H^i(E)$ is isomorphic to $H^i(\mathcal{E}^\bullet)$ with $\mathcal{E}^\bullet$ strictly perfect. The sheaves $\mathcal{E}^i$ are direct summands of finite free modules, hence quasi-coherent. The lemma follows. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-identify-pseudo-coherent-noetherian} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X$ be a Noetherian algebraic space over $S$. Let $E$ be an object of $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$. For $m \in \mathbf{Z}$ the following are equivalent \begin{enumerate} \item $H^i(E)$ is coherent for $i \geq m$ and zero for $i \gg 0$, and \item $E$ is $m$-pseudo-coherent. \end{enumerate} In particular, $E$ is pseudo-coherent if and only if $E$ is an object of $D^-_{\textit{Coh}}(\mathcal{O}_X)$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} As $X$ is quasi-compact we can find an affine scheme $U$ and a surjective \'etale morphism $U \to X$ (Properties of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-properties-lemma-quasi-compact-affine-cover}). Observe that $U$ is Noetherian. Note that $E$ is $m$-pseudo-coherent if and only if $E|_U$ is $m$-pseudo-coherent (follows from the definition or from Cohomology on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-cohomology-lemma-pseudo-coherent-independent-representative}). Similarly, $H^i(E)$ is coherent if and only if $H^i(E)|_U = H^i(E|_U)$ is coherent (see Cohomology of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-cohomology-lemma-coherent-Noetherian}). Thus we may assume that $X$ is representable. \medskip\noindent If $X$ is representable by a scheme $X_0$ then (Lemma \ref{lemma-derived-quasi-coherent-small-etale-site}) we can write $E = \epsilon^*E_0$ where $E_0$ is an object of $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_{X_0})$ and $\epsilon : X_\etale \to (X_0)_{Zar}$ is as in (\ref{equation-epsilon}). In this case $E$ is $m$-pseudo-coherent if and only if $E_0$ is by Lemma \ref{lemma-descend-pseudo-coherent}. Similarly, $H^i(E_0)$ is of finite type (i.e., coherent) if and only if $H^i(E)$ is by Lemma \ref{lemma-descend-finite-type}. Finally, $H^i(E_0) = 0$ if and only if $H^i(E) = 0$ by Lemma \ref{lemma-epsilon-flat}. Thus we reduce to the case of schemes which is Derived Categories of Schemes, Lemma \ref{perfect-lemma-identify-pseudo-coherent-noetherian}. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-tor-qc-qs} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X$ be a quasi-separated algebraic space over $S$. Let $E$ be an object of $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$. Let $a \leq b$. The following are equivalent \begin{enumerate} \item $E$ has tor amplitude in $[a, b]$, and \item for all $\mathcal{F}$ in $\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$ we have $H^i(E \otimes_{\mathcal{O}_X}^\mathbf{L} \mathcal{F}) = 0$ for $i \not \in [a, b]$. \end{enumerate} \end{lemma} \begin{proof} It is clear that (1) implies (2). Assume (2). Let $j : U \to X$ be an \'etale morphism with $U$ affine. As $X$ is quasi-separated $j : U \to X$ is quasi-compact and separated, hence $j_*$ transforms quasi-coherent modules into quasi-coherent modules (Morphisms of Spaces, Lemma \ref{spaces-morphisms-lemma-pushforward}). Thus the functor $\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X) \to \QCoh(\mathcal{O}_U)$ is essentially surjective. It follows that condition (2) implies the vanishing of $H^i(E|_U \otimes_{\mathcal{O}_U}^\mathbf{L} \mathcal{G})$ for $i \not \in [a, b]$ for all quasi-coherent $\mathcal{O}_U$-modules $\mathcal{G}$. Since it suffices to prove that $E|_U$ has tor amplitude in $[a, b]$ we reduce to the case where $X$ is representable. \medskip\noindent If $X$ is representable by a scheme $X_0$ then (Lemma \ref{lemma-derived-quasi-coherent-small-etale-site}) we can write $E = \epsilon^*E_0$ where $E_0$ is an object of $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_{X_0})$ and $\epsilon : X_\etale \to (X_0)_{Zar}$ is as in (\ref{equation-epsilon}). For every quasi-coherent module $\mathcal{F}_0$ on $X_0$ the module $\epsilon^*\mathcal{F}_0$ is quasi-coherent on $X$ and $$H^i(E \otimes_{\mathcal{O}_X}^\mathbf{L} \epsilon^*\mathcal{F}_0) = \epsilon^*H^i(E_0 \otimes_{\mathcal{O}_{X_0}}^\mathbf{L} \mathcal{F}_0)$$ as $\epsilon$ is flat (Lemma \ref{lemma-epsilon-flat}). Moreover, the vanishing of these sheaves for $i \not \in [a, b]$ implies the same thing for $H^i(E_0 \otimes_{\mathcal{O}_{X_0}}^\mathbf{L} \mathcal{F}_0)$ by the same lemma. Thus we've reduced the problem to the case of schemes which is treated in Derived Categories of Schemes, Lemma \ref{perfect-lemma-tor-qc-qs}. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-descend-RHom} Let $X$ be a scheme. Let $E, F$ be objects of $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$. Assume either \begin{enumerate} \item $E$ is pseudo-coherent and $F$ lies in $D^+(\mathcal{O}_X)$, or \item $E$ is perfect and $F$ arbitrary, \end{enumerate} then there is a canonical isomorphism $$\epsilon^*R\SheafHom(E, F) \longrightarrow R\SheafHom(\epsilon^*E, \epsilon^*F)$$ Here $\epsilon$ is as in (\ref{equation-epsilon}). \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Recall that $\epsilon$ is flat (Lemma \ref{lemma-epsilon-flat}) and hence $\epsilon^* = L\epsilon^*$. There is a canonical map from left to right by Cohomology on Sites, Remark \ref{sites-cohomology-remark-prepare-fancy-base-change}. To see this is an isomorphism we can work locally, i.e., we may assume $X$ is an affine scheme. \medskip\noindent In case (1) we can represent $E$ by a bounded above complex $\mathcal{E}^\bullet$ of finite free $\mathcal{O}_X$-modules, see Derived Categories of Schemes, Lemma \ref{perfect-lemma-lift-pseudo-coherent}. We may also represent $F$ by a bounded below complex $\mathcal{F}^\bullet$ of $\mathcal{O}_X$-modules. Applying Cohomology, Lemma \ref{cohomology-lemma-Rhom-complex-of-direct-summands-finite-free} we see that $R\SheafHom(E, F)$ is represented by the complex with terms $$\bigoplus\nolimits_{n = - p + q} \SheafHom_{\mathcal{O}_X}(\mathcal{E}^p, \mathcal{F}^q)$$ Applying Cohomology on Sites, Lemma \ref{sites-cohomology-lemma-Rhom-complex-of-direct-summands-finite-free} we see that $R\SheafHom(\epsilon^*E, \epsilon^*F)$ is represented by the complex with terms $$\bigoplus\nolimits_{n = - p + q} \SheafHom_{\mathcal{O}_\etale} (\epsilon^*\mathcal{E}^p, \epsilon^*\mathcal{F}^q)$$ Thus the statement of the lemma boils down to the true fact that the canonical map $$\epsilon^*\SheafHom_{\mathcal{O}_X}(\mathcal{E}, \mathcal{F}) \longrightarrow \SheafHom_{\mathcal{O}_\etale} (\epsilon^*\mathcal{E}, \epsilon^*\mathcal{F})$$ is an isomorphism for any $\mathcal{O}_X$-module $\mathcal{F}$ and finite free $\mathcal{O}_X$-module $\mathcal{E}$. \medskip\noindent In case (2) we can represent $E$ by a strictly perfect complex $\mathcal{E}^\bullet$ of $\mathcal{O}_X$-modules, use Derived Categories of Schemes, Lemmas \ref{perfect-lemma-affine-compare-bounded} and \ref{perfect-lemma-perfect-affine} and the fact that a perfect complex of modules is represented by a finite complex of finite projective modules. Thus we can do the exact same proof as above, replacing the reference to Cohomology, Lemma \ref{cohomology-lemma-Rhom-complex-of-direct-summands-finite-free} by a reference to Cohomology, Lemma \ref{cohomology-lemma-Rhom-strictly-perfect}. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-quasi-coherence-internal-hom} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X$ be an algebraic space over $S$. Let $L, K$ be objects of $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$. If either \begin{enumerate} \item $L$ in $D^+_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$ and $K$ is pseudo-coherent, \item $L$ in $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$ and $K$ is perfect, \end{enumerate} then $R\SheafHom(K, L)$ is in $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} This follows from the analogue for schemes (Derived Categories of Schemes, Lemma \ref{perfect-lemma-quasi-coherence-internal-hom}) via the criterion of Lemma \ref{lemma-check-quasi-coherence-on-covering}, the criterion of Lemmas \ref{lemma-descend-pseudo-coherent} and \ref{lemma-descend-perfect}, and the result of Lemma \ref{lemma-descend-RHom}. \end{proof} \section{Approximation by perfect complexes} \label{section-approximation} \noindent In this section we continue the discussion started in Derived Categories of Schemes, Section \ref{perfect-section-approximation}. \begin{definition} \label{definition-approximation-holds} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X$ be an algebraic space over $S$. Consider triples $(T, E, m)$ where \begin{enumerate} \item $T \subset |X|$ is a closed subset, \item $E$ is an object of $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_X)$, and \item $m \in \mathbf{Z}$. \end{enumerate} We say {\it approximation holds for the triple} $(T, E, m)$ if there exists a perfect object $P$ of $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$ supported on $T$ and a map $\alpha : P \to E$ which induces isomorphisms $H^i(P) \to H^i(E)$ for $i > m$ and a surjection $H^m(P) \to H^m(E)$. \end{definition} \noindent Approximation cannot hold for every triple. Please read the remarks following Derived Categories of Schemes, Definition \ref{perfect-definition-approximation-holds} to see why. \begin{definition} \label{definition-approximation} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X$ be an algebraic space over $S$. We say {\it approximation by perfect complexes holds} on $X$ if for any closed subset $T \subset |X|$ such that the morphism $X \setminus T \to X$ is quasi-compact there exists an integer $r$ such that for every triple $(T, E, m)$ as in Definition \ref{definition-approximation-holds} with \begin{enumerate} \item $E$ is $(m - r)$-pseudo-coherent, and \item $H^i(E)$ is supported on $T$ for $i \geq m - r$ \end{enumerate} approximation holds. \end{definition} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-pushforward-perfect} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $(U \subset X, j : V \to X)$ be an elementary distinguished square of algebraic space over $S$. Let $E$ be a perfect object of $D(\mathcal{O}_V)$ supported on $j^{-1}(T)$ where $T = |X| \setminus |U|$. Then $Rj_*E$ is a perfect object of $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Being perfect is local on $X_\etale$. Thus it suffices to check that $Rj_*E$ is perfect when restricted to $U$ and $V$. We have $Rj_*E|_V = E$ by Lemma \ref{lemma-pushforward-with-support-in-open} which is perfect. We have $Rj_*E|_U = 0$ because $E|_{V \setminus j^{-1}(T)} = 0$ (use Lemma \ref{lemma-restrict-direct-image-open}). \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-open} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $(U \subset X, j : V \to X)$ be an elementary distinguished square of algebraic spaces over $S$. Let $T$ be a closed subset of $|X| \setminus |U|$ and let $(T, E, m)$ be a triple as in Definition \ref{definition-approximation-holds}. If \begin{enumerate} \item approximation holds for $(j^{-1}T, E|_V, m)$, and \item the sheaves $H^i(E)$ for $i \geq m$ are supported on $T$, \end{enumerate} then approximation holds for $(T, E, m)$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Let $P \to E|_V$ be an approximation of the triple $(j^{-1}T, E|_V, m)$ over $V$. Then $Rj_*P$ is a perfect object of $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$ by Lemma \ref{lemma-pushforward-perfect}. On the other hand, $Rj_*P = j_!P$ by Lemma \ref{lemma-pushforward-with-support-in-open}. We see that $j_!P$ is supported on $T$ for example by (\ref{equation-stalk-j-shriek}). Hence we obtain an approximation $Rj_*P = j_!P \to j_!(E|_V) \to E$. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-approximation-affine} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $X$ be an algebraic space over $S$ which is representable by an affine scheme. Then approximation holds for every triple $(T, E, m)$ as in Definition \ref{definition-approximation-holds} such that there exists an integer $r \geq 0$ with \begin{enumerate} \item $E$ is $m$-pseudo-coherent, \item $H^i(E)$ is supported on $T$ for $i \geq m - r + 1$, \item $X \setminus T$ is the union of $r$ affine opens. \end{enumerate} In particular, approximation by perfect complexes holds for affine schemes. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Let $X_0$ be an affine scheme representing $X$. Let $T_0 \subset X_0$ by the closed subset corresponding to $T$. Let $\epsilon : X_\etale \to X_{0, Zar}$ be the morphism (\ref{equation-epsilon}). We may write $E = \epsilon^*E_0$ for some object $E_0$ of $D_\QCoh(\mathcal{O}_{X_0})$, see Lemma \ref{lemma-derived-quasi-coherent-small-etale-site}. Then $E_0$ is $m$-pseudo-coherent, see Lemma \ref{lemma-descend-pseudo-coherent}. Comparing stalks of cohomology sheaves (see proof of Lemma \ref{lemma-epsilon-flat}) we see that $H^i(E_0)$ is supported on $T_0$ for $i \geq m - r + 1$. By Derived Categories of Schemes, Lemma \ref{perfect-lemma-approximation-affine} there exists an approximation $P_0 \to E_0$ of $(T_0, E_0, m)$. By Lemma \ref{lemma-descend-perfect} we see that $P = \epsilon^*P_0$ is a perfect object of $D(\mathcal{O}_X)$. Pulling back we obtain an approximation $P = \epsilon^*P_0 \to \epsilon^*E_0 = E$ as desired. \end{proof} \begin{lemma} \label{lemma-induction-step} Let $S$ be a scheme. Let $(U \subset X, j : V \to X)$ be an elementary distinguished square of algebraic spaces over $S$. Assume $U$ quasi-compact, $V$ affine, and $U \times_X V$ quasi-compact. If approximation by perfect complexes holds on $U$, then approximation by perfect complexes holds on $X$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Let $T \subset |X|$ be a closed subset with $X \setminus T \to X$ quasi-compact. Let $r_U$ be the integer of Definition \ref{definition-approximation} adapted to the pair $(U, T \cap |U|)$. Set $T' = T \setminus |U|$. Endow $T'$ with the induced reduced subspace structure. Since $|T'|$ is contained in $|X| \setminus |U|$ we see that $j^{-1}(T') \to T'$ is an isomorphism. Moreover, $V \setminus j^{-1}(T')$ is quasi-compact as it is the fibre product of $U \times_X V$ with $X \setminus T$ over $X$ and we've assumed $U \times_X V$ quasi-compact and $X \setminus T \to X$ quasi-compact. Let $r'$ be the number of affines needed to cover $V \setminus j^{-1}(T')$. We claim that $r = \max(r_U, r')$ works for the pair $(X, T)$. \medskip\noindent To see this choose a triple $(T, E, m)$ such that $E$ is $(m - r)$-pseudo-coherent and $H^i(E)$ is supported on $T$ for $i \geq m - r$. Let $t$ be the largest integer such that $H^t(E)|_U$ is nonzero. (Such an integer exists as $U$ is quasi-compact and $E|_U$ is $(m - r)$-pseudo-coherent.) We will prove that $E$ can be approximated by induction on $t$. \medskip\noindent Base case: $t \leq m - r'$. This means that $H^i(E)$ is supported on $T'$ for $i \geq m - r'$. Hence Lemma \ref{lemma-approximation-affine} guarantees the existence of an approximation $P \to E|_V$ of $(T', E|_V, m)$ on $V$. Applying Lemma \ref{lemma-open} we see that $(T', E, m)$ can be approximated. Such an approximation is also an approximation of $(T, E, m)$. \medskip\noindent Induction step. Choose an approximation $P \to E|_U$ of $(T \cap |U|, E|_U, m)$. This in particular gives a surjection $H^t(P) \to H^t(E|_U)$. In the rest of the proof we will use the equivalence of Lemma \ref{lemma-derived-quasi-coherent-small-etale-site} (and the compatibilities of Remark \ref{remark-match-total-direct-images}) for the representable algebraic spaces $V$ and $U \times_X V$. We will also use the fact that $(m - r)$-pseudo-coherence, resp.\ perfectness on the Zariski site and \'etale site agree, see Lemmas \ref{lemma-descend-pseudo-coherent} and \ref{lemma-descend-perfect}. Thus we can use the results of Derived Categories of Schemes, Section \ref{perfect-section-lift} for the open immersion $U \times_X V \subset V$. In this way Derived Categories of Schemes, Lemma \ref{perfect-lemma-lift-perfect-complex-plus-shift-support} implies there exists a perfect object $Q$ in $D(\mathcal{O}_V)$ supported on $j^{-1}(T)$ and an isomorphism $Q|_{U \times_X V} \to (P \oplus P[1])|_{U \times_X V}$. By Derived Categories of Schemes, Lemma \ref{perfect-lemma-lift-map} we can replace $Q$ by $Q \otimes^\mathbf{L} I$ and assume that the map