when was the Frankish empire divided among Charlemange's heirs?
843
where did the two parts of the holy roman empire clash?
Thirty Years' War
when did that happen?
1618–1648
what did it mark the end of?
Holy Roman Empire
how was germany divided after that?
numerous independent states
how far back can the concept of Germany be traced?
to Julius Caesar
what did he refer to the area as?
Germania
is it different than Gaul?
yes
list some of the independent German states
Prussia & Bavaria
are there any others?
yes
what?
Saxony
what battle prevented annexation of the Germanic tribes
Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
when did it happen?
AD 9
who was the first emperor of the holy roman empire?
Otto I
what year?
962
who led the Protestant reformation?
Luther
did the norhtern states remain catholic?
no
did the southern states?
yes
what country was destroyed in the 30 years war?
Germany
how much of the male population died?
1/2