diff --git a/dspy/adapters/chat_adapter.py b/dspy/adapters/chat_adapter.py
index beb74a28ac..c011819b6c 100644
--- a/dspy/adapters/chat_adapter.py
+++ b/dspy/adapters/chat_adapter.py
@@ -37,7 +37,14 @@ class ChatAdapter(Adapter):
     def __init__(self, callbacks: Optional[list[BaseCallback]] = None):
         super().__init__(callbacks)
 
-    def __call__(self, lm: LM, lm_kwargs: dict[str, Any], signature: Type[Signature], demos: list[dict[str, Any]], inputs: dict[str, Any]) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        lm: LM,
+        lm_kwargs: dict[str, Any],
+        signature: Type[Signature],
+        demos: list[dict[str, Any]],
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
         try:
             return super().__call__(lm, lm_kwargs, signature, demos, inputs)
         except Exception as e:
@@ -46,8 +53,10 @@ def __call__(self, lm: LM, lm_kwargs: dict[str, Any], signature: Type[Signature]
                 raise e
             # fallback to JSONAdapter
             return JSONAdapter()(lm, lm_kwargs, signature, demos, inputs)
-    
-    def format(self, signature: Type[Signature], demos: list[dict[str, Any]], inputs: dict[str, Any]) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+
+    def format(
+        self, signature: Type[Signature], demos: list[dict[str, Any]], inputs: dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
         messages: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
 
         # Extract demos where some of the output_fields are not filled in.
@@ -88,7 +97,7 @@ def parse(self, signature: Type[Signature], completion: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
             if match:
                 # If the header pattern is found, split the rest of the line as content
                 header = match.group(1)
-                remaining_content = line[match.end():].strip()
+                remaining_content = line[match.end() :].strip()
                 sections.append((header, [remaining_content] if remaining_content else []))
             else:
                 sections[-1][1].append(line)
@@ -111,7 +120,9 @@ def parse(self, signature: Type[Signature], completion: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
         return fields
 
     # TODO(PR): Looks ok?
-    def format_finetune_data(self, signature: Type[Signature], demos: list[dict[str, Any]], inputs: dict[str, Any], outputs: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, list[Any]]:
+    def format_finetune_data(
+        self, signature: Type[Signature], demos: list[dict[str, Any]], inputs: dict[str, Any], outputs: dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> dict[str, list[Any]]:
         # Get system + user messages
         messages = self.format(signature, demos, inputs)
 
@@ -134,7 +145,14 @@ def format_fields(self, signature: Type[Signature], values: dict[str, Any], role
         }
         return format_fields(fields_with_values)
 
-    def format_turn(self, signature: Type[Signature], values: dict[str, Any], role: str, incomplete: bool = False, is_conversation_history: bool = False) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    def format_turn(
+        self,
+        signature: Type[Signature],
+        values: dict[str, Any],
+        role: str,
+        incomplete: bool = False,
+        is_conversation_history: bool = False,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
         return format_turn(signature, values, role, incomplete, is_conversation_history)
 
 
@@ -158,7 +176,9 @@ def format_fields(fields_with_values: Dict[FieldInfoWithName, Any]) -> str:
     return "\n\n".join(output).strip()
 
 
-def format_turn(signature: Type[Signature], values: dict[str, Any], role: str, incomplete=False, is_conversation_history=False):
+def format_turn(
+    signature: Type[Signature], values: dict[str, Any], role: str, incomplete=False, is_conversation_history=False
+):
     """
     Constructs a new message ("turn") to append to a chat thread. The message is carefully formatted
     so that it can instruct an LLM to generate responses conforming to the specified DSPy signature.
diff --git a/dspy/adapters/json_adapter.py b/dspy/adapters/json_adapter.py
index 2d1288f4f7..f5ea79a63b 100644
--- a/dspy/adapters/json_adapter.py
+++ b/dspy/adapters/json_adapter.py
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@
 from pydantic.fields import FieldInfo
 
 from dspy.adapters.base import Adapter
-from dspy.adapters.types.image import try_expand_image_tags
 from dspy.adapters.types.history import History
+from dspy.adapters.types.image import try_expand_image_tags
 from dspy.adapters.utils import format_field_value, get_annotation_name, parse_value, serialize_for_json
 from dspy.clients.lm import LM
-from dspy.signatures.signature import SignatureMeta, Signature
+from dspy.signatures.signature import Signature, SignatureMeta
 from dspy.signatures.utils import get_dspy_field_type
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -27,11 +27,19 @@ class FieldInfoWithName(NamedTuple):
     name: str
     info: FieldInfo
 
+
 class JSONAdapter(Adapter):
     def __init__(self):
         pass
 
-    def __call__(self, lm: LM, lm_kwargs: dict[str, Any], signature: Type[Signature], demos: list[dict[str, Any]], inputs: dict[str, Any]) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        lm: LM,
+        lm_kwargs: dict[str, Any],
+        signature: Type[Signature],
+        demos: list[dict[str, Any]],
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
         inputs = self.format(signature, demos, inputs)
         inputs = dict(prompt=inputs) if isinstance(inputs, str) else dict(messages=inputs)
 
@@ -66,7 +74,9 @@ def __call__(self, lm: LM, lm_kwargs: dict[str, Any], signature: Type[Signature]
 
         return values
 
-    def format(self, signature: Type[Signature], demos: list[dict[str, Any]], inputs: dict[str, Any]) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+    def format(
+        self, signature: Type[Signature], demos: list[dict[str, Any]], inputs: dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
         messages = []
 
         # Extract demos where some of the output_fields are not filled in.
@@ -118,11 +128,20 @@ def format_fields(self, signature: Type[Signature], values: dict[str, Any], role
             if field_name in values
         }
         return format_fields(role=role, fields_with_values=fields_with_values)
-    
-    def format_turn(self, signature: Type[Signature], values, role: str, incomplete: bool = False, is_conversation_history: bool = False) -> dict[str, Any]:
+
+    def format_turn(
+        self,
+        signature: Type[Signature],
+        values,
+        role: str,
+        incomplete: bool = False,
+        is_conversation_history: bool = False,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
         return format_turn(signature, values, role, incomplete, is_conversation_history)
-    
-    def format_finetune_data(self, signature: Type[Signature], demos: list[dict[str, Any]], inputs: dict[str, Any], outputs: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, list[Any]]:
+
+    def format_finetune_data(
+        self, signature: Type[Signature], demos: list[dict[str, Any]], inputs: dict[str, Any], outputs: dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> dict[str, list[Any]]:
         # TODO: implement format_finetune_data method in JSONAdapter
         raise NotImplementedError
 
@@ -136,7 +155,7 @@ def format_fields(role: str, fields_with_values: Dict[FieldInfoWithName, Any]) -
     Args:
       role: The role of the message ('user' or 'assistant')
       fields_with_values: A dictionary mapping information about a field to its corresponding value.
-      
+
     Returns:
       The joined formatted values of the fields, represented as a string.
     """