feat(cli): add support for Cargo's workspace inheritance for the package version, closes #5070

[FabianLars]

This could've been solved with the cargo metadata output (it reports the calculated version of all ws packages) but since we likely need this type of implementation for the dependency inheritance (see Other Information) i opted for copying part of cargo's source code instead. Edit: Nevermind, it seems to be different / easier to deserialize since it will be just another key in an already used map, so just tell me which version you'd prefer.

What kind of change does this PR introduce?

• Bugfix
• Feature
• Docs
• New Binding issue #___
• Code style update
• Refactor
• Build-related changes
• Other, please describe:

Does this PR introduce a breaking change?

• Yes, and the changes were approved in issue #___
• No

Checklist

• When resolving issues, they are referenced in the PR's title (e.g fix: remove a typo, closes #___, #___)
• A change file is added if any packages will require a version bump due to this PR per the instructions in the readme.
• I have added a convincing reason for adding this feature, if necessary - supporting cargo's features = good :)

Other Information

workspace inheritance for dependencies (tauri) will be a bit more involved and needs some planning first (we need to decide which behavior we'd like) so this will come in a separate PR at some point later.