diff --git a/NEWS.md b/NEWS.md
index b021e0e..1584892 100644
--- a/NEWS.md
+++ b/NEWS.md
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 # probably (development version)
 
+* Updated unit tests for new ggplot2 release (#180).
+
+* Better error message when using one of the `cal_validate_*()` functions with a validation set (#182). 
+
 # probably 1.1.0
 
 * Significant refactoring of the code underlying the calibration functions. The user-facing APIs have not changed. 
diff --git a/R/cal-validate.R b/R/cal-validate.R
index a7afe77..77fc804 100644
--- a/R/cal-validate.R
+++ b/R/cal-validate.R
@@ -68,6 +68,9 @@ cal_validate_logistic.resample_results <-
            metrics = NULL,
            save_pred = FALSE,
            ...) {
+    cl <- match.call()
+    validation_check(.data, cl)
+
     if (!is.null(truth)) {
       cli::cli_warn("{.arg truth} is automatically set when this type of object is used.")
     }
@@ -151,6 +154,9 @@ cal_validate_isotonic.resample_results <-
            metrics = NULL,
            save_pred = FALSE,
            ...) {
+    cl <- match.call()
+    validation_check(.data, cl)
+
     if (!is.null(truth)) {
       cli::cli_warn("{.arg truth} is automatically set when this type of object is used.")
     }
@@ -236,6 +242,9 @@ cal_validate_isotonic_boot.resample_results <-
            metrics = NULL,
            save_pred = FALSE,
            ...) {
+    cl <- match.call()
+    validation_check(.data, cl)
+
     if (!is.null(truth)) {
       cli::cli_warn("{.arg truth} is automatically set when this type of object is used.")
     }
@@ -321,6 +330,12 @@ cal_validate_beta.resample_results <-
            metrics = NULL,
            save_pred = FALSE,
            ...) {
+    cl <- match.call()
+    validation_check(.data, cl)
+
+    cl <- match.call()
+    validation_check(.data, cl)
+
     if (!is.null(truth)) {
       cli::cli_warn("{.arg truth} is automatically set when this type of object is used.")
     }
@@ -401,6 +416,9 @@ cal_validate_multinomial.resample_results <-
            metrics = NULL,
            save_pred = FALSE,
            ...) {
+    cl <- match.call()
+    validation_check(.data, cl)
+
     if (!is.null(truth)) {
       cli::cli_warn("{.arg truth} is automatically set when this type of object is used.")
     }
@@ -515,6 +533,7 @@ cal_validate <- function(rset,
   predictions_out <- pull_pred(rset, analysis = FALSE)
 
   est_fn_name <- paste0("cal_estimate_", cal_function)
+
   est_cl <-
     rlang::call2(
       est_fn_name,
@@ -560,18 +579,23 @@ cal_validate <- function(rset,
 }
 
 pull_pred <- function(x, analysis = TRUE) {
-  has_dot_row <- any(names(x$splits[[1]]$data) == ".row")
   if (analysis) {
     what <- "analysis"
   } else {
     what <- "assessment"
   }
-  preds <- purrr::map(x$splits, as.data.frame, data = what)
-  if (!has_dot_row) {
-    rows <- purrr::map(x$splits, ~ dplyr::tibble(.row = as.integer(.x, data = what)))
-    preds <- purrr::map2(preds, rows, ~ dplyr::bind_cols(.x, .y))
-  }
 
+  if (inherits(x$splits[[1]], "val_split")) {
+    preds <- as.data.frame(x$splits[[1]], what)
+  } else {
+    has_dot_row <- any(names(x$splits[[1]]$data) == ".row")
+
+    preds <- purrr::map(x$splits, as.data.frame, data = what)
+    if (!has_dot_row) {
+      rows <- purrr::map(x$splits, ~ dplyr::tibble(.row = as.integer(.x, data = what)))
+      preds <- purrr::map2(preds, rows, ~ dplyr::bind_cols(.x, .y))
+    }
+  }
   preds
 }
 
@@ -655,6 +679,9 @@ cal_validate_linear.resample_results <-
            metrics = NULL,
            save_pred = FALSE,
            ...) {
+    cl <- match.call()
+    validation_check(.data, cl)
+
     if (!is.null(truth)) {
       cli::cli_warn("{.arg truth} is automatically set when this type of object is used.")
     }
@@ -748,6 +775,9 @@ cal_validate_none.resample_results <-
            metrics = NULL,
            save_pred = FALSE,
            ...) {
+    cl <- match.call()
+    validation_check(.data, cl)
+
     if (!is.null(truth)) {
       cli::cli_warn("{.arg truth} is automatically set when this type of object is used.")
     }
@@ -803,8 +833,14 @@ convert_resamples <- function(x) {
   predictions <-
     tune::collect_predictions(x, summarize = TRUE) |>
     dplyr::arrange(.row)
+
+  # Not all prediction sets, when collected, will match the size of the original
+  # data so buff out the data set
+  data_ind <- dplyr::tibble(.row = seq_len(nrow(x$splits[[1]]$data)))
+  all_data <- dplyr::full_join(data_ind, predictions, by = ".row")
+
   for (i in seq_along(x$splits)) {
-    x$splits[[i]]$data <- predictions
+    x$splits[[i]]$data <- all_data
   }
   class(x) <- c("rset", "tbl_df", "tbl", "data.frame")
   x
@@ -891,3 +927,18 @@ collect_predictions.cal_rset <- function(x, summarize = TRUE, ...) {
   }
   res
 }
+
+validation_check <- function(x, cl = NULL, call = rlang::caller_env()) {
+  fn <- as.character(cl[[1]])
+  fn <- strsplit(fn, "\\.")[[1]][1]
+
+  if (inherits(x$splits[[1]], "val_split")) {
+    cli::cli_abort(
+      "For validation sets, please make a resampling object from the predictions
+      prior to calling {.fn {fn}}",
+      call = call
+    )
+  }
+  invisible(NULL)
+}
+
diff --git a/man/int_conformal_full.Rd b/man/int_conformal_full.Rd
index 31680ec..e950fe7 100644
--- a/man/int_conformal_full.Rd
+++ b/man/int_conformal_full.Rd
@@ -111,28 +111,7 @@ intervals for the five new samples in parallel:
 predict(lm_conform, new_dat)
 }\if{html}{\out{</div>}}
 
-\if{html}{\out{<div class="sourceCode">}}\preformatted{## Warning in serialize(data, node$con, xdr = FALSE): 'package:workflowsets' may
-## not be available when loading
-## Warning in serialize(data, node$con, xdr = FALSE): 'package:workflowsets' may
-## not be available when loading
-## Warning in serialize(data, node$con, xdr = FALSE): 'package:workflowsets' may
-## not be available when loading
-## Warning in serialize(data, node$con, xdr = FALSE): 'package:workflowsets' may
-## not be available when loading
-## Warning in serialize(data, node$con, xdr = FALSE): 'package:workflowsets' may
-## not be available when loading
-## Warning in serialize(data, node$con, xdr = FALSE): 'package:workflowsets' may
-## not be available when loading
-## Warning in serialize(data, node$con, xdr = FALSE): 'package:workflowsets' may
-## not be available when loading
-## Warning in serialize(data, node$con, xdr = FALSE): 'package:workflowsets' may
-## not be available when loading
-## Warning in serialize(data, node$con, xdr = FALSE): 'package:workflowsets' may
-## not be available when loading
-## Warning in serialize(data, node$con, xdr = FALSE): 'package:workflowsets' may
-## not be available when loading
-
-## # A tibble: 5 x 2
+\if{html}{\out{<div class="sourceCode">}}\preformatted{## # A tibble: 5 x 2
 ##   .pred_lower .pred_upper
 ##         <dbl>       <dbl>
 ## 1       -17.9        59.6
diff --git a/tests/testthat/_snaps/cal-validate.md b/tests/testthat/_snaps/cal-validate.md
index 3330607..6e223de 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/_snaps/cal-validate.md
+++ b/tests/testthat/_snaps/cal-validate.md
@@ -44,3 +44,59 @@
     This function can only be used with an <rset> object or the results of `tune::fit_resamples()` with a .predictions column.
     i Not an <tune_results> object.
 
+# validation sets fail with better message
+
+    Code
+      cal_validate_beta(mt_res)
+    Condition
+      Error in `cal_validate_beta()`:
+      ! For validation sets, please make a resampling object from the predictions prior to calling `cal_validate_beta()`
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      cal_validate_isotonic(mt_res)
+    Condition
+      Error in `cal_validate_isotonic()`:
+      ! For validation sets, please make a resampling object from the predictions prior to calling `cal_validate_isotonic()`
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      cal_validate_isotonic_boot(mt_res)
+    Condition
+      Error in `cal_validate_isotonic_boot()`:
+      ! For validation sets, please make a resampling object from the predictions prior to calling `cal_validate_isotonic_boot()`
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      cal_validate_linear(mt_res)
+    Condition
+      Error in `cal_validate_linear()`:
+      ! For validation sets, please make a resampling object from the predictions prior to calling `cal_validate_linear()`
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      cal_validate_logistic(mt_res)
+    Condition
+      Error in `cal_validate_logistic()`:
+      ! For validation sets, please make a resampling object from the predictions prior to calling `cal_validate_logistic()`
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      cal_validate_multinomial(mt_res)
+    Condition
+      Error in `cal_validate_multinomial()`:
+      ! For validation sets, please make a resampling object from the predictions prior to calling `cal_validate_multinomial()`
+
+---
+
+    Code
+      cal_validate_none(mt_res)
+    Condition
+      Error in `cal_validate_none()`:
+      ! For validation sets, please make a resampling object from the predictions prior to calling `cal_validate_none()`
+
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-cal-validate-multiclass.R b/tests/testthat/test-cal-validate-multiclass.R
index 9daed24..bc8c81b 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-cal-validate-multiclass.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-cal-validate-multiclass.R
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ test_that("Isotonic validation with `fit_resamples` - Multiclass", {
   )
   skip_if_not_installed("tune", "1.2.0")
   expect_equal(
-    names(val_with_pred$.predictions_cal[[1]]),
-    c(".pred_one", ".pred_two", ".pred_three", ".row", "outcome", ".config", ".pred_class")
+    sort(names(val_with_pred$.predictions_cal[[1]])),
+    sort(c(".pred_one", ".pred_two", ".pred_three", ".row", "outcome", ".config", ".pred_class"))
   )
   expect_equal(
     purrr::map_int(val_with_pred$splits, ~ holdout_length(.x)),
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-cal-validate.R b/tests/testthat/test-cal-validate.R
index 005994f..31ea5a3 100644
--- a/tests/testthat/test-cal-validate.R
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-cal-validate.R
@@ -348,8 +348,8 @@ test_that("Logistic validation with `fit_resamples`", {
 
   skip_if_not_installed("tune", "1.2.0")
   expect_equal(
-    names(val_with_pred$.predictions_cal[[1]]),
-    c(".pred_class_1", ".pred_class_2", ".row", "outcome", ".config", ".pred_class")
+    sort(names(val_with_pred$.predictions_cal[[1]])),
+    sort(c(".pred_class_1", ".pred_class_2", ".row", "outcome", ".config", ".pred_class"))
   )
   expect_equal(
     purrr::map_int(val_with_pred$splits, ~ holdout_length(.x)),
@@ -380,8 +380,8 @@ test_that("Isotonic classification validation with `fit_resamples`", {
 
   skip_if_not_installed("tune", "1.2.0")
   expect_equal(
-    names(val_with_pred$.predictions_cal[[1]]),
-    c(".pred_class_1", ".pred_class_2", ".row", "outcome", ".config", ".pred_class")
+    sort(names(val_with_pred$.predictions_cal[[1]])),
+    sort(c(".pred_class_1", ".pred_class_2", ".row", "outcome", ".config", ".pred_class"))
   )
   expect_equal(
     purrr::map_int(val_with_pred$splits, ~ holdout_length(.x)),
@@ -413,8 +413,8 @@ test_that("Bootstrapped isotonic classification validation with `fit_resamples`"
 
   skip_if_not_installed("tune", "1.2.0")
   expect_equal(
-    names(val_with_pred$.predictions_cal[[1]]),
-    c(".pred_class_1", ".pred_class_2", ".row", "outcome", ".config", ".pred_class")
+    sort(names(val_with_pred$.predictions_cal[[1]])),
+    sort(c(".pred_class_1", ".pred_class_2", ".row", "outcome", ".config", ".pred_class"))
   )
   expect_equal(
     purrr::map_int(val_with_pred$splits, ~ holdout_length(.x)),
@@ -446,8 +446,8 @@ test_that("Beta calibration validation with `fit_resamples`", {
 
   skip_if_not_installed("tune", "1.2.0")
   expect_equal(
-    names(val_with_pred$.predictions_cal[[1]]),
-    c(".pred_class_1", ".pred_class_2", ".row", "outcome", ".config", ".pred_class")
+    sort(names(val_with_pred$.predictions_cal[[1]])),
+    sort(c(".pred_class_1", ".pred_class_2", ".row", "outcome", ".config", ".pred_class"))
   )
   expect_equal(
     purrr::map_int(val_with_pred$splits, ~ holdout_length(.x)),
@@ -481,8 +481,8 @@ test_that("Multinomial calibration validation with `fit_resamples`", {
 
   skip_if_not_installed("tune", "1.2.0")
   expect_equal(
-    names(val_with_pred$.predictions_cal[[1]]),
-    c(".pred_one", ".pred_two", ".pred_three", ".row", "outcome", ".config", ".pred_class")
+    sort(names(val_with_pred$.predictions_cal[[1]])),
+    sort(c(".pred_one", ".pred_two", ".pred_three", ".row", "outcome", ".config", ".pred_class"))
   )
   expect_equal(
     purrr::map_int(val_with_pred$splits, ~ holdout_length(.x)),
@@ -513,8 +513,8 @@ test_that("Validation without calibration with `fit_resamples`", {
 
   skip_if_not_installed("tune", "1.2.0")
   expect_equal(
-    names(val_with_pred$.predictions_cal[[1]]),
-    c(".pred_class_1", ".pred_class_2", ".row", "outcome", ".config", ".pred_class")
+    sort(names(val_with_pred$.predictions_cal[[1]])),
+    sort(c(".pred_class_1", ".pred_class_2", ".row", "outcome", ".config", ".pred_class"))
   )
   expect_equal(
     purrr::map_int(val_with_pred$splits, ~ holdout_length(.x)),
@@ -548,8 +548,8 @@ test_that("Linear validation with `fit_resamples`", {
 
   skip_if_not_installed("tune", "1.2.0")
   expect_equal(
-    names(val_with_pred$.predictions_cal[[1]]),
-    c(".pred", ".row", "outcome", ".config")
+    sort(names(val_with_pred$.predictions_cal[[1]])),
+    sort(c(".pred", ".row", "outcome", ".config"))
   )
   expect_equal(
     purrr::map_int(val_with_pred$splits, ~ holdout_length(.x)),
@@ -621,8 +621,8 @@ test_that("Isotonic regression validation with `fit_resamples`", {
 
   skip_if_not_installed("tune", "1.2.0")
   expect_equal(
-    names(val_with_pred$.predictions_cal[[1]]),
-    c(".pred", ".row", "outcome", ".config")
+    sort(names(val_with_pred$.predictions_cal[[1]])),
+    sort(c(".pred", ".row", "outcome", ".config"))
   )
   expect_equal(
     purrr::map_int(val_with_pred$splits, ~ holdout_length(.x)),
@@ -657,8 +657,8 @@ test_that("Isotonic bootstrapped regression validation with `fit_resamples`", {
 
   skip_if_not_installed("tune", "1.2.0")
   expect_equal(
-    names(val_with_pred$.predictions_cal[[1]]),
-    c(".pred", ".row", "outcome", ".config")
+    sort(names(val_with_pred$.predictions_cal[[1]])),
+    sort(c(".pred", ".row", "outcome", ".config"))
   )
   expect_equal(
     purrr::map_int(val_with_pred$splits, ~ holdout_length(.x)),
@@ -670,7 +670,6 @@ test_that("Isotonic bootstrapped regression validation with `fit_resamples`", {
 
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-
 test_that("validation functions error with tune_results input", {
   skip_if_not_installed("modeldata")
   skip_if_not_installed("nnet")
@@ -698,3 +697,27 @@ test_that("validation functions error with tune_results input", {
     cal_validate_none(testthat_cal_binary())
   )
 })
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+test_that("validation sets fail with better message", {
+  library(tune)
+  set.seed(1)
+  mt_split <- rsample::initial_validation_split(mtcars)
+  mt_rset <- rsample::validation_set(mt_split)
+  mt_res <-
+    parsnip::linear_reg() |>
+    fit_resamples(
+      mpg ~ .,
+      resamples = mt_rset,
+      control = control_resamples(save_pred = TRUE)
+    )
+
+  expect_snapshot(cal_validate_beta(mt_res), error = TRUE)
+  expect_snapshot(cal_validate_isotonic(mt_res), error = TRUE)
+  expect_snapshot(cal_validate_isotonic_boot(mt_res), error = TRUE)
+  expect_snapshot(cal_validate_linear(mt_res), error = TRUE)
+  expect_snapshot(cal_validate_logistic(mt_res), error = TRUE)
+  expect_snapshot(cal_validate_multinomial(mt_res), error = TRUE)
+  expect_snapshot(cal_validate_none(mt_res), error = TRUE)
+})