diff --git a/ndc_stdlib/src/serde.rs b/ndc_stdlib/src/serde.rs
index 312be94a..37a38021 100644
--- a/ndc_stdlib/src/serde.rs
+++ b/ndc_stdlib/src/serde.rs
@@ -1,81 +1,144 @@
-use anyhow::Context;
+use anyhow::{Context, bail};
 use ndc_core::hash_map::HashMap;
 use ndc_macros::export_module;
 use ndc_vm::value::{Object, Value};
 use num::ToPrimitive;
 use serde_json::{Map, Number, Value as JsonValue, json};
+use std::collections::HashSet;
 use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::str::FromStr;
 
-fn value_to_json(value: Value) -> Result<JsonValue, anyhow::Error> {
+/// Converts a value to JSON. In strict mode (`lossy == false`) any value that
+/// would not survive `json_decode(json_encode(value)) == value` is rejected
+/// with an error. In lossy mode every value that can be reasonably represented
+/// is accepted: rationals become floats, complex numbers become strings,
+/// options are unwrapped, tuples and deques become arrays, heaps become arrays
+/// in priority order, iterators are drained, non-string map keys are
+/// stringified, and `None` and non-finite floats become null.
+///
+/// `active` holds the containers currently being converted on the recursion
+/// path, so a value that (transitively) contains itself is detected instead of
+/// recursing forever.
+fn value_to_json(
+    value: &Value,
+    lossy: bool,
+    active: &mut HashSet<*const Object>,
+) -> Result<JsonValue, anyhow::Error> {
     match value {
-        Value::None => Ok(JsonValue::Null),
+        Value::None if lossy => Ok(JsonValue::Null),
+        Value::None => bail!("cannot convert None to JSON, JSON null maps to the unit value ()"),
         Value::Bool(b) => Ok(json!(b)),
         Value::Int(i) => Ok(json!(i)),
-        Value::Float(f) => Ok(json!(f)),
-        Value::Object(obj) => match obj.as_ref() {
-            Object::Some(inner) => value_to_json(inner.clone()),
-            Object::BigInt(big_int) => {
-                use std::str::FromStr;
-                Number::from_str(&big_int.to_string())
-                    .map(JsonValue::Number)
-                    .context("Cannot convert bigint to JSON number")
+        Value::Float(f) if f.is_finite() => Ok(json!(f)),
+        Value::Float(_) if lossy => Ok(JsonValue::Null),
+        Value::Float(f) => bail!("cannot convert non-finite float {f} to JSON"),
+        Value::Object(obj) => {
+            // Only these variants have interior mutability through which a
+            // value can contain itself; all other variants are leaves or
+            // immutable, so they never need to be tracked.
+            let cycle_guard = matches!(
+                obj.as_ref(),
+                Object::List(_)
+                    | Object::Deque(_)
+                    | Object::Map { .. }
+                    | Object::MaxHeap(_)
+                    | Object::MinHeap(_)
+                    | Object::Iterator(_)
+            );
+            if cycle_guard && !active.insert(Rc::as_ptr(obj)) {
+                bail!("cannot convert a value that contains itself to JSON");
             }
-            Object::Rational(ratio) => Ok(json!(ratio.to_f64())),
-            Object::Complex(complex) => Ok(json!(format!("{complex}"))),
-            Object::String(s) => Ok(json!(&*s.borrow())),
-            Object::List(v) => Ok(JsonValue::Array(
-                v.borrow()
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|v| value_to_json(v.clone()))
-                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?,
-            )),
-            Object::Tuple(v) => match v.len() {
-                0 => Ok(JsonValue::Null),
-                _ => Ok(JsonValue::Array(
-                    v.iter()
-                        .map(|v| value_to_json(v.clone()))
-                        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?,
-                )),
-            },
-            Object::Map { entries, .. } => Ok(JsonValue::Object(
-                entries
-                    .borrow()
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|(key, value)| {
-                        value_to_json(value.clone()).map(|value| (key.to_string(), value))
-                    })
-                    .collect::<Result<Map<String, JsonValue>, _>>()?,
-            )),
-            Object::Iterator(i) => {
-                let mut out = Vec::new();
-                let mut iter = i.borrow_mut();
-                while let Some(v) = iter.next() {
-                    out.push(value_to_json(v)?);
-                }
-                Ok(JsonValue::Array(out))
+            let result = object_to_json(obj, lossy, active);
+            if cycle_guard {
+                active.remove(&Rc::as_ptr(obj));
             }
-            Object::MaxHeap(h) => Ok(JsonValue::Array(
-                h.borrow()
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|v| value_to_json(v.0.clone()))
-                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?,
-            )),
-            Object::MinHeap(h) => Ok(JsonValue::Array(
-                h.borrow()
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|v| value_to_json(v.0.0.clone()))
-                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?,
-            )),
-            Object::Deque(d) => Ok(JsonValue::Array(
-                d.borrow()
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|v| value_to_json(v.clone()))
-                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?,
-            )),
-            Object::Function(_) | Object::OverloadSet { .. } => {
-                Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Unable to serialize function"))
+            result
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn object_to_json(
+    obj: &Rc<Object>,
+    lossy: bool,
+    active: &mut HashSet<*const Object>,
+) -> Result<JsonValue, anyhow::Error> {
+    let values_to_array = |values: &mut dyn Iterator<Item = &Value>,
+                           active: &mut HashSet<*const Object>| {
+        values
+            .map(|v| value_to_json(v, lossy, active))
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
+            .map(JsonValue::Array)
+    };
+
+    match obj.as_ref() {
+        Object::BigInt(big_int) => Number::from_str(&big_int.to_string())
+            .map(JsonValue::Number)
+            .context("cannot convert bigint to JSON number"),
+        Object::Rational(ratio) if lossy => Ok(json!(ratio.to_f64())),
+        Object::Rational(_) => {
+            bail!("cannot convert a rational number to JSON, convert it to a float first")
+        }
+        Object::Complex(complex) if lossy => Ok(json!(format!("{complex}"))),
+        Object::Complex(_) => bail!("cannot convert a complex number to JSON"),
+        Object::Some(inner) if lossy => value_to_json(inner, lossy, active),
+        Object::Some(_) => bail!("cannot convert an option to JSON, unwrap it first"),
+        Object::Iterator(i) if lossy => {
+            let mut out = Vec::new();
+            let mut iter = i.borrow_mut();
+            while let Some(v) = iter.next() {
+                out.push(value_to_json(&v, lossy, active)?);
             }
-        },
+            Ok(JsonValue::Array(out))
+        }
+        Object::Iterator(_) => {
+            bail!("cannot convert an iterator to JSON, collect it into a list first")
+        }
+        Object::MaxHeap(h) if lossy => {
+            // Priority order: the order `pop` would produce
+            let mut sorted = h.borrow().clone().into_sorted_vec();
+            sorted.reverse();
+            values_to_array(&mut sorted.iter().map(|v| &v.0), active)
+        }
+        Object::MinHeap(h) if lossy => {
+            let mut sorted = h.borrow().clone().into_sorted_vec();
+            sorted.reverse();
+            values_to_array(&mut sorted.iter().map(|v| &v.0.0), active)
+        }
+        Object::MaxHeap(_) | Object::MinHeap(_) => {
+            bail!("cannot convert a heap to JSON, convert it to a list first")
+        }
+        Object::Function(_) | Object::OverloadSet { .. } => {
+            bail!("cannot convert a function to JSON")
+        }
+        Object::String(s) => Ok(json!(&*s.borrow())),
+        Object::Tuple(v) if v.is_empty() => Ok(JsonValue::Null),
+        Object::Tuple(v) if lossy => values_to_array(&mut v.iter(), active),
+        Object::Tuple(_) => bail!("cannot convert a tuple to JSON, convert it to a list first"),
+        Object::List(v) => values_to_array(&mut v.borrow().iter(), active),
+        Object::Deque(d) if lossy => values_to_array(&mut d.borrow().iter(), active),
+        Object::Deque(_) => bail!("cannot convert a deque to JSON, convert it to a list first"),
+        Object::Map { entries, default } => {
+            if default.is_some() && !lossy {
+                bail!("cannot convert a map with a default value to JSON");
+            }
+            entries
+                .borrow()
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(key, value)| {
+                    let key = match key {
+                        _ if lossy => key.to_string(),
+                        Value::Object(obj) => match obj.as_ref() {
+                            Object::String(key) => key.borrow().clone(),
+                            _ => bail!("cannot convert a map with non-string key {key} to JSON"),
+                        },
+                        _ => bail!("cannot convert a map with non-string key {key} to JSON"),
+                    };
+                    let value = value_to_json(value, lossy, active)?;
+                    Ok((key, value))
+                })
+                .collect::<Result<Map<String, JsonValue>, _>>()
+                .map(JsonValue::Object)
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -84,12 +147,20 @@ fn json_to_value(value: JsonValue) -> Result<Value, anyhow::Error> {
         JsonValue::Null => Value::unit(),
         JsonValue::Bool(b) => Value::Bool(b),
         JsonValue::Number(n) => {
-            if let Some(i) = n.as_i64() {
-                Value::Int(i)
-            } else if let Some(f) = n.as_f64() {
-                Value::Float(f)
+            // With serde_json's arbitrary_precision feature the number's
+            // original text is preserved exactly, so integers of any size can
+            // be converted without going through a lossy f64.
+            let repr = n.to_string();
+            if repr.contains(['.', 'e', 'E']) {
+                let float: f64 = repr.parse().context("cannot parse JSON number")?;
+                if !float.is_finite() {
+                    bail!("JSON number {repr} does not fit in a float");
+                }
+                Value::Float(float)
+            } else if let Ok(int) = repr.parse::<i64>() {
+                Value::Int(int)
             } else {
-                return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Cannot parse JSON number"));
+                Value::bigint(repr.parse().context("cannot parse JSON number")?)
             }
         }
         JsonValue::String(s) => Value::string(s),
@@ -109,15 +180,43 @@ fn json_to_value(value: JsonValue) -> Result<Value, anyhow::Error> {
 
 #[export_module]
 mod inner {
-    /// Converts a JSON string to a value
+    /// Converts a JSON string to a value: `json_decode("{\"a\": [1, null]}") == %{"a": [1, ()]}`.
+    ///
+    /// `null` becomes the unit value `()`, arrays become lists, objects become
+    /// maps with string keys, and integers too big for `Int` decode losslessly
+    /// to big integers.
     pub fn json_decode(input: &str) -> anyhow::Result<Value> {
         let json: JsonValue = serde_json::from_str(input)?;
         json_to_value(json)
     }
 
-    /// Converts the input value to JSON
+    /// Converts a value to a JSON string: `json_encode(%{"a": [1, ()]}) == "{\"a\":[1,null]}"`.
+    ///
+    /// Only values that decode back to an equal value are accepted, so this is
+    /// the exact inverse of `json_decode`. The unit value `()` converts to
+    /// `null`; sets convert to objects whose values are all `null`. Anything
+    /// else is rejected with an error: rationals, complex numbers, non-finite
+    /// floats, options (both `Some` and `None`), tuples, deques, iterators,
+    /// heaps, functions, maps with non-string keys or a default value, and
+    /// values that contain themselves. Use `json_encode_lossy` to convert
+    /// those anyway.
     pub fn json_encode(input: Value) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
-        let v = value_to_json(input)?;
+        let v = value_to_json(&input, false, &mut HashSet::new())?;
+        Ok(v.to_string())
+    }
+
+    /// Converts any value to a JSON string, accepting values `json_encode`
+    /// rejects by degrading them: `json_encode_lossy((1, Some(1/2))) == "[1,0.5]"`.
+    ///
+    /// Rationals become floats, complex numbers become strings, `Some(x)` is
+    /// unwrapped to `x`, tuples and deques become arrays, heaps become arrays
+    /// in priority order, iterators are drained, non-string map keys are
+    /// stringified, and `None` and non-finite floats become `null`. There is
+    /// no lossy counterpart for `json_decode` because these conversions cannot
+    /// be reversed. Functions and values that contain themselves are still
+    /// errors.
+    pub fn json_encode_lossy(input: Value) -> anyhow::Result<String> {
+        let v = value_to_json(&input, true, &mut HashSet::new())?;
         Ok(v.to_string())
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/001_json.ndc b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/001_json.ndc
index 904c0c92..87061edb 100644
--- a/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/001_json.ndc
+++ b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/001_json.ndc
@@ -2,25 +2,23 @@ let object = %{
     "foo": "bar",
     "int": 123,
     "float": 123.123,
-    "rational": 10/3,
+    "unit": (),
+    "set": %{"a", "b"},
     "object": %{
         "test": [1,2,3]
     },
-    "set": %{1,2,3},
     "list": [1,2,3,4],
-    "tuple": (1,2,3),
 };
 
 let result = %{
     "float": 123.123,
     "foo": "bar",
-    "rational": 3.3333333333333335,
+    "unit": (),
+    "set": %{"a", "b"},
     "int": 123,
-    "tuple": [1,2,3],
     "object": %{
         "test": [1,2,3]
     },
-    "set": %{"1", "2", "3"}, // LMAO this is so lossy
     "list": [1,2,3,4]
 };
 
diff --git a/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/003_numbers.ndc b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/003_numbers.ndc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b00fb82b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/003_numbers.ndc
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+// Big integers round-trip exactly instead of degrading to floats
+let big = 2 ^ 100 + 1;
+assert_eq(json_decode(json_encode(big)), big);
+assert_eq(json_decode("123456789123456789123456789"), 123456789123456789123456789);
+
+// Numbers written with a decimal point or exponent decode to floats
+assert_eq(json_decode("1e2"), 100.0);
+assert_eq(json_decode("123.5"), 123.5);
+assert_eq(json_decode(json_encode(0.1)), 0.1);
+
+// null and the unit value are the same thing on both sides
+assert_eq(json_decode("null"), ());
+assert_eq(json_encode(()), "null");
diff --git a/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/004_lossy.ndc b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/004_lossy.ndc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7850aae1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/004_lossy.ndc
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// json_encode_lossy accepts everything json_encode rejects (except functions
+// and cyclic values) by degrading it to the nearest JSON representation
+
+// Rationals become floats
+assert_eq(json_encode_lossy(10/3), "3.3333333333333335");
+
+// Complex numbers become strings
+assert_eq(json_encode_lossy(5.0 + 3.1j), "\"5+3.1i\"");
+
+// Options are unwrapped
+assert_eq(json_encode_lossy(Some(5)), "5");
+assert_eq(json_encode_lossy(None), "null");
+
+// Sets become objects with null values
+assert_eq(json_encode_lossy(%{"a", "b"}), "{\"a\":null,\"b\":null}");
+
+// Non-finite floats and the unit value become null
+assert_eq(json_encode_lossy(0.0 / 0.0), "null");
+assert_eq(json_encode_lossy((1, (), 2)), "[1,null,2]");
+
+// Non-string map keys are stringified, map defaults are dropped
+assert_eq(json_encode_lossy(%{1: "a"}), "{\"1\":\"a\"}");
+assert_eq(json_encode_lossy(%{: 0}), "{}");
+
+// Iterators are drained
+assert_eq(json_encode_lossy(1..4), "[1,2,3]");
+
+// Heaps become arrays in priority order
+let h = MaxHeap();
+h.push(1); h.push(3); h.push(2);
+assert_eq(json_encode_lossy(h), "[3,2,1]");
+
+let m = MinHeap();
+m.push(3); m.push(1); m.push(2);
+assert_eq(json_encode_lossy(m), "[1,2,3]");
+
+// Deques become arrays
+let d = Deque();
+d.push_back(1);
+d.push_front(0);
+assert_eq(json_encode_lossy(d), "[0,1]");
diff --git a/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/005_unit_and_sets.ndc b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/005_unit_and_sets.ndc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3f304d7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/005_unit_and_sets.ndc
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// The unit value () pairs with JSON null in both directions
+assert_eq(json_encode(()), "null");
+assert_eq(json_decode("null"), ());
+assert_eq(json_encode([1, (), 2]), "[1,null,2]");
+
+// A set is a map with unit values, so it round-trips as an object with nulls
+assert_eq(json_encode(%{"a", "b"}), "{\"a\":null,\"b\":null}");
+assert_eq(json_decode(json_encode(%{"a", "b"})), %{"a", "b"});
+assert_eq(json_decode("{\"a\":null}"), %{"a": ()});
diff --git a/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/010_encode_error_rational.ndc b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/010_encode_error_rational.ndc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..73020fdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/010_encode_error_rational.ndc
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+json_encode(10/3);
+// expect-error: cannot convert a rational number to JSON
diff --git a/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/011_encode_error_complex.ndc b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/011_encode_error_complex.ndc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2dc21979
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/011_encode_error_complex.ndc
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+json_encode(5.0 + 3.1j);
+// expect-error: cannot convert a complex number to JSON
diff --git a/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/013_encode_error_heap.ndc b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/013_encode_error_heap.ndc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e0c64f59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/013_encode_error_heap.ndc
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+let h = MaxHeap();
+h.push(1);
+json_encode(h);
+// expect-error: cannot convert a heap to JSON
diff --git a/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/014_encode_error_iterator.ndc b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/014_encode_error_iterator.ndc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2d1ac1f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/014_encode_error_iterator.ndc
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+json_encode(1..10);
+// expect-error: cannot convert an iterator to JSON
diff --git a/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/015_encode_error_option.ndc b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/015_encode_error_option.ndc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..075e77b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/015_encode_error_option.ndc
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+json_encode(Some(5));
+// expect-error: cannot convert an option to JSON
diff --git a/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/016_encode_error_none.ndc b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/016_encode_error_none.ndc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ad3ad108
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/016_encode_error_none.ndc
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+json_encode([1, None, 2]);
+// expect-error: cannot convert None to JSON
diff --git a/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/017_encode_error_cycle.ndc b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/017_encode_error_cycle.ndc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6aea15eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/017_encode_error_cycle.ndc
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+let l = [1, 2];
+l.push(l);
+json_encode(l);
+// expect-error: cannot convert a value that contains itself to JSON
diff --git a/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/018_encode_error_map_key.ndc b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/018_encode_error_map_key.ndc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6f36b460
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/018_encode_error_map_key.ndc
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+json_encode(%{(1, 2): "a"});
+// expect-error: cannot convert a map with non-string key (1,2) to JSON
diff --git a/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/019_encode_error_nan.ndc b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/019_encode_error_nan.ndc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ad91b870
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/019_encode_error_nan.ndc
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+json_encode(0.0 / 0.0);
+// expect-error: cannot convert non-finite float
diff --git a/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/020_encode_error_default_map.ndc b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/020_encode_error_default_map.ndc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7c0d79a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/020_encode_error_default_map.ndc
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+json_encode(%{: 0});
+// expect-error: cannot convert a map with a default value to JSON
diff --git a/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/021_decode_error_overflow.ndc b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/021_decode_error_overflow.ndc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ac7272fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/021_decode_error_overflow.ndc
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+json_decode("1e999");
+// expect-error: does not fit in a float
diff --git a/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/023_encode_error_tuple.ndc b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/023_encode_error_tuple.ndc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc65122f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/023_encode_error_tuple.ndc
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+json_encode((1, 2, 3));
+// expect-error: cannot convert a tuple to JSON
diff --git a/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/024_encode_error_deque.ndc b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/024_encode_error_deque.ndc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dfb253a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/024_encode_error_deque.ndc
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+let d = Deque();
+d.push_back(1);
+json_encode(d);
+// expect-error: cannot convert a deque to JSON
diff --git a/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/025_lossy_error_cycle.ndc b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/025_lossy_error_cycle.ndc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..88478a7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/025_lossy_error_cycle.ndc
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+let l = [1, 2];
+l.push(l);
+json_encode_lossy(l);
+// expect-error: cannot convert a value that contains itself to JSON
diff --git a/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/026_lossy_error_heap_cycle.ndc b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/026_lossy_error_heap_cycle.ndc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8dd784c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/functional/programs/605_stdlib_serde/026_lossy_error_heap_cycle.ndc
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+let h = MaxHeap();
+h.push(h);
+json_encode_lossy(h);
+// expect-error: cannot convert a value that contains itself to JSON