diff --git a/storage/stories/story-15/story-15-en.json b/storage/stories/story-15/story-15-en.json index 3820acf75..ad2fbdd89 100644 --- a/storage/stories/story-15/story-15-en.json +++ b/storage/stories/story-15/story-15-en.json @@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ "type": "video", "text": "## The Third Dimension\r\n\r\nTo measure the volume of sea ice, its thickness is also required. Radar altimeters are used to measure very precisely the height of the ice above the sea surface, from which its thickness can be derived. The CCI Sea Ice team has developed monthly sea ice thickness maps using radar altimeter data from ESA’s Envisat mission from 2002 to 2012, and from CryoSat, launched in 2010. The CCI Ice Sheet team also uses these satellite altimeters to measure the thickness of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets.\r\n \r\nThe retrieval of sea ice thickness from altimetry works well only in the winter months, and only for relatively thick ice. The team is also looking at the novel use of data from ESA’s Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity satellite (SMOS) to measure the thickness of thin ice, and at the new capabilities offered by future ESA satellites such as CRISTAL and CIMR. \r\n\r\nThe observed Arctic sea ice loss has been found to directly follow humanity’s cumulative carbon dioxide emissions: 3 m2 of ice are lost in September for every tonne of carbon dioxide we add to the atmosphere. That’s about the emission per passenger on a single trans-Atlantic flight. Climate models using the CCI data as an input show that, at current emission rates, it is likely that the Arctic Ocean will be largely ice-free in the summer before 2050.", "shortText": "## The Third Dimension\r\n\r\nTo measure the volume of sea ice, its thickness is also required:\r\n\r\n- radar altimeters measure the ice’s height above the sea surface, from which its thickness can be calculated. \r\n- monthly sea ice thickness maps from ESA’s Envisat (2002 to 2012), and CryoSat (launched in 2010). \r\n- CCI Ice Sheet team also uses these satellite altimeters to measure the thickness of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets.\r\n- data from ESA’s SMOS satellite also investigated to measure the thickness of thin ice.\r\n- new capabilities offered by future ESA satellites such as CRISTAL and CIMR. \r\n\r\nObserved Arctic sea ice loss has been found to directly follow humanity’s cumulative carbon dioxide emissions: \r\n- 3 sq metres of ice are lost in September for every tonne of carbon dioxide we add to the atmosphere. \r\n- about the emission of one passenger on a trans-Atlantic flight. \r\n\r\nClimate models using the CCI data as an input show that, at current emission rates, it is likely that the Arctic Ocean will be largely ice-free in the summer before 2050.", - "videoId": "KbxVf0Zshvw" + "videoId": "9einyMSOmHE" } ] } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/storage/stories/story-16/story-16-en.json b/storage/stories/story-16/story-16-en.json index 9e283d94c..780d6d1bf 100644 --- a/storage/stories/story-16/story-16-en.json +++ b/storage/stories/story-16/story-16-en.json @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ "type": "video", "text": "## Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions\r\n\r\nThe oceans and the atmosphere transport about the same amount of heat towards the poles, but the atmospheric circulation is itself partly driven by the energy exchanged during the evaporation of ocean water and its precipitation as rain. This makes the sea an important regulator of the climate and the temperature of its surface a key measurement for climate scientists.\r\n\r\nHigher sea surface temperatures allow more evaporation, giving more atmospheric water vapour, with the potential for more clouds and more rain. In the western Mediterranean, warmer sea water is a key factor in the sudden rainstorms and flash floods that afflict the coasts of France, Italy and Spain in late summer.\r\n\r\nOn a larger scale, high water temperatures in tropical oceans power extreme weather events such as hurricanes. The energy exchange between ocean and atmosphere during these events is revealed by a dip in the sea surface temperature in the wake of large hurricanes. \r\n\r\n## Climate Indicators\r\nWhile the atmosphere can quickly move energy around the planet in weather systems, the ocean’s much greater capacity to store heat makes it a more stable indicator of longer-term climate trends. The rise in global average air temperature slowed down in the first decade of this century, causing some to question global warming, but the slowdown has proved temporary, with air temperature rising quickly again since 2012. The temperature of the oceans continued to rise throughout.", "shortText": "## Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions \r\n\r\nOceans and atmosphere transport about the same amount of heat towards the poles. \r\n\r\nEnergy is also exchanged during the evaporation and condensation of water. \r\n\r\nThe sea is an important regulator of the climate and its temperature is a key measurement. \r\n\r\nHigher sea surface temperatures allow:\r\n\r\n- more evaporation\r\n- giving more atmospheric water vapour\r\n- with the potential for more clouds and more rain\r\n\r\nHigh water temperatures in tropical oceans power extreme weather events such as hurricanes. \r\n\r\nThe atmosphere can quickly move energy around the planet, but the ocean is a more stable indicator of longer-term climate trends.", - "videoId": "NQOHggR2Tcs" + "videoId": "IxgaH7mzG-o" }, { "type": "globe", @@ -116,13 +116,13 @@ "type": "video", "text": "## Climate Cycles\r\n\r\nThere are periodic variations in the energy exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere that change weather patterns around the world every few years. El Niño and La Niña are the warm and cool phases of a recurring climate cycle across the tropical Pacific – the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, or ENSO. \r\n\r\n## El Niño\r\nDuring El Niño, the east-to-west trade winds across the Equatorial Pacific weaken, causing a build-up of warm water in the eastern Pacific, which supresses the upwelling of cold water. As the warm water builds up so does cloud cover, due to the increased evaporation of sea water. \r\n\r\n## La Niña\r\nWhen El Niño ends, the cold water sometimes returns stronger than ever, clearing a gap in the clouds as the local climate enters its cool phase – La Niña. These changes to ocean temperature and evaporation over the Pacific lead to changes in rainfall trends across the world. Certain areas can experience wetter or drier conditions than normal, which can lead to more flash floods, drought or wild fires.\r\n\r\nThere are periodic ocean-atmosphere disturbances elsewhere in the world, such as the Indian Ocean Dipole and the North Atlantic Oscillation.", "shortText": "## Climate Cycles\r\n\r\nThere are periodic variations in the energy exchange between ocean and atmosphere, eg:\r\n\r\n- Indian Ocean Dipole\r\n- North Atlantic Oscillation\r\n- El Niño-Southern Oscillation\r\n\r\nEl Niño: weakening of Pacific trade winds, causing build up of warm surface water.\r\n\r\nLa Niña: strong cold tongue across Equatorial Pacific.\r\n\r\nChanges to ocean temperature and evaporation in the Pacific lead to changes in rainfall across the world. \r\n\r\nSome areas become wetter or drier than normal, leading to more floods, drought or wild fires.", - "videoId": "04NPZP9U-sc" + "videoId": "09OdaAnI8B0" }, { "type": "video", "text": "## CCI Sea Surface Temperature\r\n\r\nIt is likely that the upper ocean has been warming since the middle of the nineteenth century, and scientists have been able to measure the warming of the ocean surface from space since the 1970s. Satellite observations provide more detailed and even coverage, and more frequent repeats, than is possible from ships and floating instruments.\r\n\r\nThe CCI SST team has harmonised four trillion measurements from fourteen satellites spanning four decades. Combining the highly accurate, stable and well-calibrated measurements from new European sensors with the longer coverage of an older American system gives a complete, daily, stable, low-bias SST data set spanning 37 years. \r\n\r\n![Wavelength diagram for SST measurement](assets/sst_large_10.png) \r\n_Sea surface temperature is measured using two wavelengths in the thermal infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum. (Planetary Visions)_\r\n\r\nThe use of ESA’s ATSR and SLSTR sensors makes this dataset not only more accurate and stable than previous SST products, but also largely independent of in situ measurements from ships and buoys. If similar climate signals are detected from space and on the Earth, we can be confident they truly reflect what is happening in nature. \r\n\r\n![An Argo float being deployed from a research ship](assets/sealevel_large_07.jpg) \r\n_An automatic free-floating instrumented buoy being deployed from a research ship. Almost 4,000 such floats have been deployed across the world’s oceans. They cycle up and down the top 2,000 metres of the ocean continually measuring temperature, salinity and currents, providing context for satellite observations of the ocean surface. (Argo Programme/IFREMER)_", "shortText": "## CCI Sea Surface Temperature\r\n\r\nThe upper ocean has been warming since the middle of the nineteenth century.\r\n\r\nSurface warming measured from space since the 1970s.\r\n\r\nSatellites provide more detailed and even coverage, and more frequent repeats, than is possible from ships and floating instruments.\r\n\r\nCCI SST team has combined:\r\n\r\n- data from 14 satellites over 4 decades\r\n- the latest, highly accurate sensor technology \r\n- greater coverage from longer-running weather satellites\r\n- to give four trillion SST measurements\r\n\r\nThis dataset is largely independent of in situ observations.\r\n\r\n![Wavelength diagram for SST measurement](assets/sst_large_10.png) \r\n_Sea surface temperature is measured using two wavelengths in the thermal infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum. (Planetary Visions)_", - "videoId": "alu0x_bgFrE" + "videoId": "uPxXMA1heIY" } ] } diff --git a/storage/stories/story-26/story-26-en.json b/storage/stories/story-26/story-26-en.json index bc0ac2f1e..a610012c1 100644 --- a/storage/stories/story-26/story-26-en.json +++ b/storage/stories/story-26/story-26-en.json @@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ { "type": "video", "text": "## From Ocean Colour to Carbon Flux\r\n\r\nOne example of how satellite data have been used to improve climate models is provided by the CCI Ocean Colour team’s measurements of chlorophyll concentration. Variations in the colour of the ocean allow us to map the distribution of phytoplankton around the world. These tiny marine organisms contain chlorophyll, just like plants on land, and are linked to key climate processes including the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and the release of atmospheric aerosols that influence cloud cover.\r\n\r\nWhen the UK Met Office incorporated satellite-observed chlorophyll concentration in their ocean-biogeochemical model, it led to marked improvements in the how the model represented seasonal variations of phytoplankton and its distribution in the deeper parts of the ocean. The team also used the data to better model the exchange of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and ocean. Comparing the outputs with a set of independent observations of sea surface carbon dioxide not only showed the model provided a better representation of the carbon cycle in some areas but also highlighted where the model needs to be improved.\r\n \r\nIt is important to get this right because it helps us understand how the way the ocean absorbs and releases carbon might change as a result of different amounts and patterns of warming. At the moment, the ocean is an important sink for carbon emissions from human activities, so knowing how it may respond in the future is critical.", - "videoId": "0oQ_l-1IdOs" + "videoId": "JFfLijv-lsA" } ] } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/storage/stories/story-28/story-28-en.json b/storage/stories/story-28/story-28-en.json index 79208e52c..2d3f4ad5b 100644 --- a/storage/stories/story-28/story-28-en.json +++ b/storage/stories/story-28/story-28-en.json @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ "type": "video", "text": "## Responding to Change\r\n\r\nWhen a habitat changes, animals and plants may find that their adaptations are not helpful – or even actively disadvantage them – in the new environment and be forced to move elsewhere in order to survive. Pigeons, foxes and, of course, humans are among the species that have adapted to survive in cities. But individual populations of other species that were more specialised, or have been driven into areas where they face greater competition, have become extinct as a result of increased urbanisation or the extension of agriculture into previously wild areas.\r\n\r\nConversely, changing climate is increasing the range of some species, allowing them to thrive in places that were previously inhospitable to them, or changing their habitats in ways that allow the population to boom. This is not always good news for everyone. For example, several years of drought and mild winters in the 2000s allowed the mountain pine beetle to extend its range from Western North America east across the Rocky Mountains, resulting in extensive damage to commercial and natural forests that had previously been free from this pest.\r\n\r\n## Protected Areas\r\n\r\nAn ecosystem with a high level of biodiversity is likely to be more resilient and be able to survive sudden changes. But if all the animals in a food web are ultimately dependent on a single type of plant, then the entire ecosystem may collapse if that plant is affected by disease or extreme weather.\r\n\r\nNational parks and other conservation areas protect a range of habitats from further development or exploitation while, in some of the best cases, continuing to support local people. Where habitats are becoming fragmented, through, for example, deforestation or damming rivers, wildlife corridors can provide a safe route between areas for wider ranging or slower moving species, such as plants.", "shortText": "# Responding to Change\r\n\r\n(placeholder)", - "videoId": "7GOthe2oTJ8" + "videoId": "8wwQaK_SJtw" }, { "type": "image", @@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ "type": "video", "text": "## Charting Habitat Change\r\n\r\nEssential climate variables (ECVs) describe key aspects of the Earth’s climate and features that have a strong influence on it. Understanding climate gives us an insight into one of the drivers of ecosystem change and so how we might preserve vulnerable biomes and biodiversity. Land cover and biomass are directly related to the population of a habitat, and are both ECVs that can be monitored from space using satellites. \r\n\r\nOther ECVs also determine whether a certain habitat can thrive. On land, these include land surface temperature and soil moisture. Sea surface temperature and ocean colour are useful measures for monitoring the oceans. ESA’s Climate Change Initiative has used satellite observations to produce records of ECVs that cover the whole world and stretch back more than thirty years. Having a reliable record of these factors, and an accurate understanding of how they are currently changing, helps us make responsible decisions, taking account of the impact they will have on the planet – and all its inhabitants – in the future.", "shortText": "# Charting Habitat Change\r\n\r\n(placeholder)", - "videoId": "1j_Iv-Bk3bY" + "videoId": "LdA3Yy-Xjf4" } ] } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/storage/stories/story-30/story-30-en.json b/storage/stories/story-30/story-30-en.json index 5346433a8..00a9272e2 100644 --- a/storage/stories/story-30/story-30-en.json +++ b/storage/stories/story-30/story-30-en.json @@ -17,26 +17,26 @@ "assets/story30-image11.jpg", "assets/story30-image13.jpg", "assets/story30-image09.jpg", - "assets/story30-image07.jpg", - "assets/story30-image10.jpg" + "assets/story30-image10.jpg", + "assets/story30-image05.jpg" ], "imageCaptions": [ "Lagoon with palm trees on shore of island (placeholder) (Museon)", "A seawall made of sandbags protects a Kiribati village from the Pacific Ocean (Museon)", "South Tarawa Island from the air. (Govt of Kiribati)", - "The Kiribati island of Kanton, imaged by ESA’s Proba-1 satellite in September 2010. (ESA)", - "Tarawa Atoll is about 35 km long and home to more than half of Kiribati’s 115,000 citizens." + "Tarawa Atoll is about 35 km long and home to more than half of Kiribati’s 115,000 citizens (Copernicus Sentinel data, 2020, processed by ESA)", + "A map of regional sea level trends, derived from more than 20 years of satellite observations, shows where mean sea level is rising the most (red), dropping (blue), or remains unchanged (grey) (ESA-CCI)" ] }, { "type": "video", - "text": "## Melting Ice\r\n\r\nGlobal warming is causing polar ice sheets and glaciers to melt, adding more water to the oceans. Warming water also expands, causing the height of the sea’s surface to rise. Mean sea level rose by about 15 centimetres during the last century and is currently rising more than twice as fast – at 3.6 cm per decade – the highest for 3,000 years. The rate is increasing and mean sea level is expected to rise 30–110 cm by 2100 – sufficient to overwhelm large parts of low-lying countries such as Kiribati.\r\n\r\nDuring storms and spring tides, parts of the islands are already regularly inundated and people are used to living with wet feet from time to time. The combination of high tides, sea level rise and storm waves also leads to severe coastal erosion. This puts the squeeze on the islands’ already tight living space. Some uninhabited islands have already been lost, and several villages have been moved inland.\r\n\r\n![Flooding in Kiribatil](assets/story30-image12.jpg) \r\n_Flooding in Kiribati (placeholder) (Museon)._\r\n\r\n![Flooding in Kiribatil](assets/20190817_FBP001_0.jpg) \r\n_Flooding in Kiribati (placeholder)._\r\n\r\n## Coral Crisis\r\n\r\nBut that’s not the only worry for the people of Kiribati: rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide are leading to ocean acidification, which, along with pollution, poses a threat to the coral reef and fishing stocks. As the sea level rises, salt water contaminates fresh water aquifers and damages crops, putting great pressure on the available food and water supplies.\r\n\r\nCoastal erosion is mitigated in the short term by sea walls made from sand bags, car tyres and oil drums, and mangrove forest restoration bolsters the natural coastal defences. In the longer term, it might be possible to raise the height of the land surface with sand dredged from the lagoons. However, it is unclear whether the living coral that underpins the atolls can grow quickly enough to keep up with the rising sea level. The reefs are currently far from healthy, and growth rates are already declining due to stresses from raised water temperatures, ocean acidification, coral bleaching and pollution.", + "text": "## Melting Ice\r\n\r\nGlobal warming is causing polar ice sheets and glaciers to melt, adding more water to the oceans. Warming water also expands, causing the height of the sea’s surface to rise. Mean sea level rose by about 15 centimetres during the last century and is currently rising more than twice as fast – at 3.6 cm per decade – the highest for 3,000 years. The rate is increasing and mean sea level is expected to rise 30–110 cm by 2100 – sufficient to overwhelm large parts of low-lying countries such as Kiribati.\r\n\r\nDuring storms and spring tides, parts of the islands are already regularly inundated and people are used to living with wet feet from time to time. The combination of high tides, sea level rise and storm waves also leads to severe coastal erosion. This puts the squeeze on the islands’ already tight living space. Some uninhabited islands have already been lost, and several villages have been moved inland.\r\n\r\n## Coral Crisis\r\n\r\nBut that’s not the only worry for the people of Kiribati: rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide are leading to ocean acidification, which, along with pollution, poses a threat to the coral reef and fishing stocks. As the sea level rises, salt water contaminates fresh water aquifers and damages crops, putting great pressure on the available food and water supplies.\r\n\r\nCoastal erosion is mitigated in the short term by sea walls made from sand bags, car tyres and oil drums, and mangrove forest restoration bolsters the natural coastal defences. In the longer term, it might be possible to raise the height of the land surface with sand dredged from the lagoons. However, it is unclear whether the living coral that underpins the atolls can grow quickly enough to keep up with the rising sea level. The reefs are currently far from healthy, and growth rates are already declining due to stresses from raised water temperatures, ocean acidification, coral bleaching and pollution.", "shortText": "# Melting Ice\r\n\r\n(placeholder)", - "videoId": "Q15gTMXjwCc" + "videoId": "EE5EJpUkMkw" }, { "type": "globe", - "text": "## Highs and Lows\r\n\r\nEarth observation satellites can use radar to accurately measure the height of the sea surface, allowing us to investigate how it varies through time and across the globe. In some areas, sea level rise can be five times that of the global average. This is mostly because variations in the amount of heat stored lead to uneven thermal expansion. This and other factors tend to amplify the sea level rise in tropical regions such as the central Pacific. Differences in salinity and local gravity also play a part.\r\n\r\nAbsolute measurements of sea level show the trend over years and decades. Changes from month to month show up more clearly if we work out sea level anomalies by calculating the difference between the level each month and a reference level. On the interactive globe this baseline is the average sea surface height at each point over the period 1993 to 2009. Run through the timeline to see where the sea is unusually high or low compared with mean sea level for a particular month. \r\n\r\n![Graph of regional sea level trends](assets/story30-image05.jpg) \r\n_A map of regional sea level trends, derived from more than 20 years of satellite observations, shows where mean sea level is rising the most (red), dropping (blue), or remains unchanged (grey)._\r\n\r\nThe most extreme sea level variations are around strong ocean currents, such as the Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic and the Kuroshio Current in the North Pacific, where the motion of the current on the rotating Earth causes a slope in the sea surface. These currents are also clearly visible in the sea surface temperature data, shown on the other globe.\r\n\r\nThere is a seasonal cycle due to thermal expansion: sea levels are higher in the summer when the sea surface temperature increases. Sea level is, therefore, a good way of tracking the movement of heat around the oceans as well as the movement of water itself. \r\n\r\nThe globes also show variation between years, such as changes caused by the warming of the Pacific Ocean surface during El Niño events. Check out the El Niño years of 1997, 2003, 2010 and 2015 to see how much the sea level rises around Kiribati in the central Pacific.", + "text": "## Highs and Lows\r\n\r\nEarth observation satellites can use radar to accurately measure the height of the sea surface, allowing us to investigate how it varies through time and across the globe. In some areas, sea level rise can be five times that of the global average. This is mostly because variations in the amount of heat stored lead to uneven thermal expansion. This and other factors tend to amplify the sea level rise in tropical regions such as the central Pacific. Differences in salinity and local gravity also play a part.\r\n\r\nAbsolute measurements of sea level show the trend over years and decades. Changes from month to month show up more clearly if we work out sea level anomalies by calculating the difference between the level each month and a reference level. On the interactive globe this baseline is the average sea surface height at each point over the period 1993 to 2009. Run through the timeline to see where the sea is unusually high or low compared with mean sea level for a particular month. \r\n\r\nThe most extreme sea level variations are around strong ocean currents, such as the Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic and the Kuroshio Current in the North Pacific, where the motion of the current on the rotating Earth causes a slope in the sea surface. These currents are also clearly visible in the sea surface temperature data, shown on the other globe.\r\n\r\nThere is a seasonal cycle due to thermal expansion: sea levels are higher in the summer when the sea surface temperature increases. Sea level is, therefore, a good way of tracking the movement of heat around the oceans as well as the movement of water itself. \r\n\r\nThe globes also show variation between years, such as changes caused by the warming of the Pacific Ocean surface during El Niño events. Check out the El Niño years of 1997, 2003, 2010 and 2015 to see how much the sea level rises around Kiribati in the central Pacific.", "shortText": "# Highs and Lows\r\n\r\n(placeholder)", "flyTo": { "position": { @@ -66,23 +66,25 @@ "text": "## Climate Refugees\r\n\r\nIn 2014, Kiribati’s president, Anote Tong, drew international attention to the critical situation of his and other low-lying island nations and the inevitability of climate migration. His motto was to “migrate with dignity rather than flee as refugees”. To be prepared, he purchased 20 sq km of land 2,000 km away on Fiji and urged his people to get ready for relocation. For Kiribati, climate change presents the likelihood of a whole nation being scattered around the globe and an ancient culture disappearing. \r\n\r\nAnd this is not only a distant problem. In the UK, the Welsh town of Fairbourne is to be abandoned because it cannot be defended from the expected rise in sea level. In the USA, an area of land the size of a football field is being lost from the Mississippi delta every hour. Land subsidence is amplifying the effects of sea level rise, causing maps to be redrawn and the first American refugees from the climate crisis, with the resettlement of the community living on the Isle de Jean Charles announced in 2016. \r\n\r\nSixty-five per cent of the world’s major cities are located within 100 km of the coast. 680 million people live in low-lying coastal zones, a number that is rising with an increasingly urban population and expected to reach one billion by 2050. Although an annual increase in sea level of 3.6 mm may seem small, it is amplified during high tides and storm surges. Every centimetre of sea level rise puts 6 million more people at risk of coastal flooding.\r\n\r\nSince climate change is increasing the intensity and frequency of storms, the risk of flooding events such as those that hit New Orleans in 2005 and New York in 2012 is growing. In some regions extreme sea level events previously seen only once a century are likely to occur every year by 2050.", "shortText": "# Climate Refugees \r\n\r\n(placeholder)", "images": [ - "assets/sealevel_large_01.jpg", + "assets/story30-image12.jpg", "assets/story30-image04.jpg", + "assets/sealevel_large_01.jpg", "assets/sealevel_large_02.jpg", - "assets/story30-image03.jpg" + "assets/sealevel_large_21.png" ], "imageCaptions": [ - "Blackout in New York after Hurricane Sandy, October 2012. The storm coincided with a “spring” high tide, resulting in a storm surge almost five metres above mean low water. Road tunnels, subways and electrical substations were flooded in lower Manhattan, and almost 2 million people were left without power across New York and New Jersey. (Iwan Baan/Getty Images)", + "Flooding in Kiribati (placeholder) (Museon)", "The Mississippi Delta is losing land the size of a football field every hour to the sea. Proba-V satellite image from 10 February 2015. \r\n(ESA-BELSPO, produced by VITO)", + "Blackout in New York after Hurricane Sandy, October 2012. The storm coincided with a “spring” high tide, resulting in a storm surge almost five metres above mean low water. Road tunnels, subways and electrical substations were flooded in lower Manhattan, and almost 2 million people were left without power across New York and New Jersey. (Iwan Baan/Getty Images)", "Flood defences such as the long Afsluitdijk protect low-lying land on the Dutch coast from the North Sea. Beyond the dyke, this SPOT-4 satellite image shows the ever-moving sandbanks of the shallow Wadden Sea. A World Heritage Site since 2009, this unique region, one of the largest wetlands in the world, is threatened by sea level rise. (CNES/Spot Image)", - "The Maldives, in the Indian Ocean, are one of the low-lying island nations threatened by sea level rise. \r\n(Modified Copernicus Sentinel data, 2019, processed by ESA)" + "Since the early 1990s, satellite altimeters have revolutionised our understanding of sea-level rise. Global mean sea level has not only risen over the last 25 years – by about 3 cm per decade – but the rate at which it is rising is accelerating. (ESA)" ] }, { "type": "video", - "text": "## The Sea Level Budget\r\n\r\nTo accurately measure sea level rise, attribute its causes and analyse the potential impacts, we need consistent data from observations across the globe. Identifying the individual contributors to sea level rise involves tracking water as it moves around the world in all its states – solid, liquid and gas – and this makes it one of the most complicated challenges in climate science. ESA’s Climate Change Initiative has examined records of satellite data collected since the 1990s covering sea level, the temperature of the sea surface and the thickness of the polar ice sheets, and information about the world’s glaciers going back to the 1960s. \r\n\r\n![Graph of sea level rise](assets/sealevel_large_21.png) \r\n_Since the early 1990s, satellite altimeters have revolutionised our understanding of sea-level rise. Global mean sea level has not only risen over the last 25 years – by about 3 cm per decade – but the rate at which it is rising is accelerating. (ESA)_\r\n\r\nIt is estimated that in the decade 2003–2013, 36% of sea level rise was meltwater from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets; 30% was due to thermal expansion; 20% from melting glaciers; and 10% was due to groundwater extracted from aquifers for domestic, industrial and agricultural use that is ultimately discharged to the oceans. Although the contributions are all following an upward trend, they vary through time and don’t always add up to the observed total sea level rise. Bridging this gap in our knowledge is known as closing the sea level budget, and is an important focus for climate scientists. \r\n\r\nThe integration of new data from ESA satellites such as CryoSat, Sentinel-3 and Sentinel-6 will improve our knowledge of this key climate variable. Consistent and continuous information from multiple sources will help us better understand sea level change and its impacts, and evaluate the adaptation options for the inhabitants of Kiribati and the world’s other coastal populations.", + "text": "## The Sea Level Budget\r\n\r\nTo accurately measure sea level rise, attribute its causes and analyse the potential impacts, we need consistent data from observations across the globe. Identifying the individual contributors to sea level rise involves tracking water as it moves around the world in all its states – solid, liquid and gas – and this makes it one of the most complicated challenges in climate science. ESA’s Climate Change Initiative has examined records of satellite data collected since the 1990s covering sea level, the temperature of the sea surface and the thickness of the polar ice sheets, and information about the world’s glaciers going back to the 1960s. \r\n\r\nIt is estimated that in the decade 2003–2013, 36% of sea level rise was meltwater from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets; 30% was due to thermal expansion; 20% from melting glaciers; and 10% was due to groundwater extracted from aquifers for domestic, industrial and agricultural use that is ultimately discharged to the oceans. Although the contributions are all following an upward trend, they vary through time and don’t always add up to the observed total sea level rise. Bridging this gap in our knowledge is known as closing the sea level budget, and is an important focus for climate scientists. \r\n\r\nThe integration of new data from ESA satellites such as CryoSat, Sentinel-3 and Sentinel-6 will improve our knowledge of this key climate variable. Consistent and continuous information from multiple sources will help us better understand sea level change and its impacts, and evaluate the adaptation options for the inhabitants of Kiribati and the world’s other coastal populations.", "shortText": "# The Sea Level Budget\r\n\r\n(placeholder)", - "videoId": "NBNYekh0Nf4" + "videoId": "K7JmzmDoo4w" } ] } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/storage/stories/story-8/assets/ozone_16.mp4 b/storage/stories/story-8/assets/ozone_16.mp4 new file mode 100644 index 000000000..da03f1f32 Binary files /dev/null and b/storage/stories/story-8/assets/ozone_16.mp4 differ diff --git a/storage/stories/story-8/story-8-en.json b/storage/stories/story-8/story-8-en.json index eff24a119..8d3260a47 100644 --- a/storage/stories/story-8/story-8-en.json +++ b/storage/stories/story-8/story-8-en.json @@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ "type": "video", "text": "## Ozone and Climate \r\n\r\nOzone and the climate are closely connected. By absorbing ultraviolet radiation ozone warms the surrounding air, so ozone loss has cooled the stratosphere. This can influence atmospheric circulation patterns, such as shifting the position of the jet stream. Beneath the ozone hole, stronger winds blowing off Antarctica may be partly responsible for the observed increase in Southern Ocean sea ice.\r\n\r\nBut stratospheric ozone depletion lets more solar energy through to the troposphere below. Here, ground-level ozone and other greenhouse gases absorb that energy. So ozone changes are pulling the temperature in opposite directions in the stratosphere and the troposphere. The overall effect has been a warming of the atmosphere.\r\n\r\n## Ground-level Ozone \r\n\r\nAlthough most ozone is found in the stratosphere – above about 15km in altitude – some is present lower down in the troposphere. Here it is formed when light interacts with combustion by-products from cars and industry, mainly nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). At ground level, ozone is harmful to human health, causing breathing difficulties that contribute to about half a million premature deaths every year. It also has a detrimental impact on vegetation growth, reducing its ability to absorb carbon dioxide, leading to crop losses valued at tens of billions of euros per year.\r\n\r\nAs with stratospheric ozone, regulations have been introduced to limit the damage. Newly-manufactured vehicles must meet internationally-agreed emission controls. The use of unleaded petrol and catalytic converters has removed a lot of the ozone-forming pollutants from car exhausts over recent decades. Similar technology is applied to factory and power station smokestacks, while simpler steps like planting trees in urban areas can also help soak up ground-level ozone.", "shortText": "## Ozone and Climate \r\n\r\nBy absorbing radiation ozone warms the surrounding air, so ozone loss has cooled the stratosphere. This can influence atmospheric circulation patterns.\r\n\r\nIt also lets more solar energy through to the troposphere below, where it is absorbed by ground-level ozone and other greenhouse gases. \r\n\r\nSo ozone changes are pulling the temperature in opposite directions in the stratosphere and the troposphere. The overall effect has been a warming of the atmosphere.\r\n\r\nGround-level ozone is formed when light interacts with pollution from cars and industry, mainly nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). \r\n\r\nAt ground level, ozone is harmful to health:\r\n\r\n- causing breathing difficulties that contribute to about half a million premature deaths every year. \r\n- reducing vegetation growth, and therefore plants’ ability to absorb carbon dioxide\r\n- causing crop losses valued at tens of billions of euros per year", - "videoId": "CRJycXv0zHo" + "videoId": "ovDhWNB6-0A" }, { "type": "image", @@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ "type": "video", "text": "## Stacking Up the Data\r\n\r\nThe CCI Ozone team has worked on data from satellite missions covering more than two decades of continuous ozone observations since 1995. Each space-borne sensor has its own radiometric characteristics, spatial resolution and coverage, making the calibration and merging of the data a complex task. The resulting integrated datasets have the advantage of providing better spatial coverage than those from individual sensors, and allow time series to exceed the life of a single instrument, giving the long-term trends so crucial for climate studies. They have enabled a better understanding of natural and human factors affecting the distribution of atmospheric ozone and improved our understanding of ozone processes in climate models. \r\n\r\nJust as individuals can use daily UV and air quality warnings based on satellite data to protect their own health and that of their children, scientists are using the same observations from space to track the effect of ozone on the climate, so that political leaders have the information they need to make decisions and take action to protect us all. Emission controls will continue to reduce ozone destruction in the stratosphere and limit ozone creation in the troposphere, and provide successful examples of international cooperation to solve an environmental problem.", "shortText": "## Stacking Up the Data\r\n\r\nThe CCI Ozone team has worked on:\r\n\r\n- data from four satellite missions\r\n- covering more than two decades of continuous ozone observations since 1995\r\n- providing better spatial coverage than data from individual sensors\r\n- giving the long-term trends so crucial for climate studies\r\n- enabling a better understanding of the factors affecting the distribution of atmospheric ozone \r\n- improving our understanding of ozone processes in climate models\r\n\r\nIndividuals can use daily UV and air quality warnings based on satellite data to protect their family’s health. \r\n\r\nScientists are using the same observations from space to track ozone’s effect on the climate. \r\n\r\nEmission controls have:\r\n- reduced ozone destruction in the stratosphere\r\n- limited ozone creation in the troposphere\r\n- provided successful examples of international cooperation to solve an environmental problem", - "videoId": "5s4rqA8D4fk" + "videoId": "uZcU9-0kmlI" } ] } \ No newline at end of file