diff --git a/modules/context/perHost-perUser.nix b/modules/context/perHost-perUser.nix
index 01f439c1..ee4aa26f 100644
--- a/modules/context/perHost-perUser.nix
+++ b/modules/context/perHost-perUser.nix
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@
 let
   inherit (config.den.lib) take parametric;
   fixed = ctx: aspect: parametric.fixedTo ctx { includes = [ aspect ]; };
-  perHost = aspect: take.exactly ({ host }@ctx: fixed ctx aspect);
-  perUser = aspect: take.exactly ({ host, user }@ctx: fixed ctx aspect);
-  perHome = aspect: take.exactly ({ home }@ctx: fixed ctx aspect);
+  perHost = aspect: { includes = [ (take.exactly ({ host }@ctx: fixed ctx aspect)) ]; };
+  perUser = aspect: { includes = [ (take.exactly ({ host, user }@ctx: fixed ctx aspect)) ]; };
+  perHome = aspect: { includes = [ (take.exactly ({ home }@ctx: fixed ctx aspect)) ]; };
 in
 {
   den.lib = { inherit perHome perUser perHost; };
diff --git a/nix/lib/aspects/types.nix b/nix/lib/aspects/types.nix
index ee4a238c..030ecacb 100644
--- a/nix/lib/aspects/types.nix
+++ b/nix/lib/aspects/types.nix
@@ -154,7 +154,19 @@ let
       }
     );
 
-  aspectsType = cnf: lib.types.submodule { freeformType = lib.types.lazyAttrsOf (providerType cnf); };
+  # Wrap non-module functions into { includes = [fn] } so they don't get
+  # treated as module functions by aspectType's submodule merge.
+  coercedProviderType =
+    cnf:
+    let
+      pt = providerType cnf;
+    in
+    lib.types.coercedTo (lib.types.addCheck lib.types.raw (
+      v: builtins.isFunction v && !isSubmoduleFn v
+    )) (fn: { includes = [ fn ]; }) pt;
+
+  aspectsType =
+    cnf: lib.types.submodule { freeformType = lib.types.lazyAttrsOf (coercedProviderType cnf); };
 
 in
 {
diff --git a/nix/lib/take.nix b/nix/lib/take.nix
index 022b4cd9..7e222248 100644
--- a/nix/lib/take.nix
+++ b/nix/lib/take.nix
@@ -3,6 +3,15 @@ let
   asIs = _: lib.id;
   upTo = f: builtins.intersectAttrs (lib.functionArgs f);
 
+  # Carry name from the function to its result when the result doesn't
+  # already have one. This preserves aspect identity through take calls.
+  carryAttrs =
+    fn: result:
+    if builtins.isAttrs result then
+      result // lib.optionalAttrs ((fn.name or null) != null && !(result ? name)) { inherit (fn) name; }
+    else
+      result;
+
   take.unused = _unused: used: used;
 
   take.exactly = take den.lib.canTake.exactly asIs;
@@ -14,6 +23,6 @@ let
     let
       ctx = argAdapter fn args;
     in
-    if canTake ctx fn then fn ctx else { };
+    if canTake ctx fn then carryAttrs fn (fn ctx) else { };
 in
 take
diff --git a/templates/ci/modules/features/aspect-path.nix b/templates/ci/modules/features/aspect-path.nix
index f921cc3c..4bbc94cd 100644
--- a/templates/ci/modules/features/aspect-path.nix
+++ b/templates/ci/modules/features/aspect-path.nix
@@ -195,5 +195,33 @@
       }
     );
 
+    # perHost parametric aspects should appear in trace by name
+    test-perHost-visible-in-trace = denTest (
+      { den, ... }:
+      {
+        den.aspects.role.includes = with den.aspects; [
+          leaf
+          param
+        ];
+        den.aspects.leaf.nixos = { };
+        den.aspects.param = den.lib.perHost (
+          { host }:
+          {
+            nixos = { };
+          }
+        );
+
+        expr = with den.lib.aspects; resolve.withAdapter adapters.trace "nixos" den.aspects.role;
+        expected.trace = [
+          "role"
+          [ "leaf" ]
+          [
+            "param"
+            [ "[definition 1-entry 1]" ]
+          ]
+        ];
+      }
+    );
+
   };
 }
diff --git a/templates/ci/modules/features/deadbugs/issue-408-bare-function-aspect.nix b/templates/ci/modules/features/deadbugs/issue-408-bare-function-aspect.nix
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..43c864fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/templates/ci/modules/features/deadbugs/issue-408-bare-function-aspect.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# Bare function aspect merged with static config.
+# https://github.com/vic/den/pull/408
+{ denTest, lib, ... }:
+{
+  flake.tests.deadbugs-issue-408 = {
+    test-function-aspect-with-static-merge = denTest (
+      { den, igloo, ... }:
+      {
+        den.hosts.x86_64-linux.igloo.users.tux = { };
+        den.aspects.igloo.includes = [ den.aspects.foo ];
+
+        imports =
+          let
+            one = {
+              den.aspects.foo =
+                { host, ... }:
+                {
+                  nixos.environment.sessionVariables.FOO = host.name;
+                };
+            };
+            two = {
+              den.aspects.foo.nixos =
+                { pkgs, ... }:
+                {
+                  environment.systemPackages = [ pkgs.hello ];
+                };
+            };
+          in
+          [
+            one
+            two
+          ];
+
+        expr = {
+          hello = lib.elem "hello" (map lib.getName igloo.environment.systemPackages);
+          FOO = igloo.environment.sessionVariables.FOO;
+        };
+        expected.FOO = "igloo";
+        expected.hello = true;
+      }
+    );
+  };
+}