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Rugged

libgit2 bindings in Ruby

Rugged is a library for accessing libgit2 in Ruby. It gives you the speed and portability of libgit2 with the beauty of the Ruby language.

libgit2

libgit2 is a pure C implementation of the Git core methods. It's designed to be fast and portable. For more information about libgit2, check out libgit2's website or browse the libgit2 organization on GitHub.

Install

Rugged is a self-contained gem. You can install it by running:

$ gem install rugged

To load Rugged, you'll usually want to add something like this:

require 'rugged'

Usage

Rugged gives you access to the many parts of a Git repository. You can read and write objects, walk a tree, access the staging area, and lots more. Let's look at each area individually.

Repositories

Instantiation

The repository is naturally central to Git. Rugged has a Repository class that you can instantiate with a path:

repo = Rugged::Repository.new('path/to/my/repository')
# => #<Rugged::Repository:2228536260 {path: "path/to/my/repository/.git/"}>

If you're working against a bare repository, you'll need to indicate that:

# Second parameter indicates whether the repo is a bare repository
Rugged::Repository.init_at('.', :bare)

You can also let Rugged discover the path to the .git directory if you give it a subdirectory.

Rugged::Repository.discover("/Users/me/projects/repo/lib/subdir/")
# => "/Users/me/projects/repo/.git/"

Once your Repository instantiated (in the following examples, as repo), you can access or modify it.

Accessing a Repository

# Does the given SHA1 exist in this repository?
repo.exists?('07b44cbda23b726e5d54e2ef383495922c024202')
# => true

# Boolean repository state values:
repo.bare?
# => false
repo.empty?
# => true
repo.head_orphan?
# => false
repo.head_detached?
# => false

# Path accessors
repo.path
# => "path/to/my/repository/.git/"
repo.workdir
# => "path/to/my/repository/"

# The HEAD of the repository.
ref = repo.head
# => #<Rugged::Reference:2228467240 {name: "refs/heads/master", target: "07b44cbda23b726e5d54e2ef383495922c024202"}>

# From the returned ref, you can also access the `name` and `target`:
ref.name
# => "refs/heads/master"
ref.target
# => "07b44cbda23b726e5d54e2ef383495922c024202"

# Reading an object
object = repo.read('a0ae5566e3c8a3bddffab21022056f0b5e03ef07')
# => #<Rugged::OdbObject:0x109a64780>
object.len
# => 237
object.data
# => "tree 76f23f186076fc291742816721ea8c3e95567241\nparent 8e3c5c52b8f29da0adc7e8be8a037cbeaea6de6b\nauthor Vicent Mart\303\255 <tanoku@gmail.com> 1333859005 +0200\ncommitter Vicent Mart\303\255 <tanoku@gmail.com> 1333859005 +0200\n\nAdd `Repository#blob_at`\n"
object.type
# => :commit

Writing to a Repository

There's a few ways to write to a repository. To write directly from your instantiated repository object:

sha = repo.write(content, type)

You can also use the Commit object directly to craft a commit; this is a bit more high-level, so it may be preferable:

oid = repo.write("This is a blob.", :blob)
index = Rugged::Index.new
index.add(:path => "README.md", :oid => oid, :mode => 0100644)

options = {}
options[:tree] = index.write_tree(repo)

options[:author] = { :email => "testuser@github.com", :name => 'Test Author', :time => Time.now }
options[:committer] = { :email => "testuser@github.com", :name => 'Test Author', :time => Time.now }
options[:message] ||= "Making a commit via Rugged!"
options[:parents] = repo.empty? ? [] : [ repo.head.target ].compact
options[:update_ref] = 'HEAD'

Rugged::Commit.create(repo, options)

Objects

Object is the main object class - it shouldn't be created directly, but all of these methods should be useful in their derived classes.

obj = repo.lookup(sha)
obj.oid  # object sha
obj.type # One of :commit, :tree, :blob or :tag

robj = obj.read_raw
str  = robj.data
int  = robj.len

There are four base object types in Git: blobs, commits, tags, and trees. Each of these object types have a corresponding class within Rugged.

Commit Objects

commit = repo.lookup('a0ae5566e3c8a3bddffab21022056f0b5e03ef07')
# => #<Rugged::Commit:2245304380>

commit.message
# => "Add `Repository#blob_at`\n"

commit.time
# => Sat Apr 07 21:23:25 -0700 2012

commit.author
# => {:email=>"tanoku@gmail.com", :name=>"Vicent Mart\303\255", :time=>Sun Apr 08 04:23:25 UTC 2012}

commit.tree
# => #<Rugged::Tree:2245269740>

commit.parents
=> [#<Rugged::Commit:2245264600 {message: "Merge pull request #47 from isaac/remotes\n\nAdd Rugged::Repository#remotes", tree: #<Rugged::Tree:2245264240 {oid: 6a2aee58a41fa007d07aa55565e2231f9b39b4a9}>

You can also write new objects to the database this way:

author = {:email=>"tanoku@gmail.com", :time=>Time.now, :name=>"Vicent Mart\303\255"}

Rugged::Commit.create(r,
	:author => author,
	:message => "Hello world\n\n",
	:committer => author,
	:parents => ["2cb831a8aea28b2c1b9c63385585b864e4d3bad1"],
	:tree => some_tree,
	:update_ref => "HEAD") #=> "f148106ca58764adc93ad4e2d6b1d168422b9796"

Tag Objects

tag  = repo.lookup(tag_sha)

object = tag.target
sha    = tag.target.oid
str    = tag.target_type # :commit, :tag, :blob
str    = tag.name        # "v1.0"
str    = tag.message
person = tag.tagger

Tree Objects

tree = repo.lookup('779fbb1e17e666832773a9825875300ea736c2da')
# => #<Rugged::Tree:2245194360>

# number of tree entries
tree.count

tree[0]           # or...
tree.first        # or...
tree.get_entry(0)
# => {:type=>:blob, :oid=>"99e7edb53db9355f10c6f2dfaa5a183f205d93bf", :filemode=>33188, :name=>".gitignore"}

The tree object is an Enumerable, so you can also do stuff like this:

tree.each { |e| puts e[:oid] }
tree.sort { |a, b| a[:oid] <=> b[:oid] }.map { |e| e[:name] }.join(':')

And there are some Rugged-specific methods, too:

tree.each_tree { |entry| puts entry[:name] }  # list subdirs
tree.each_blob { |entry| puts entry[:name] }  # list only files

You can also write trees with the TreeBuilder:

oid = repo.write("This is a blob.", :blob)
builder = Rugged::Tree::Builder.new
builder << { :type => :blob, :name => "README.md", :oid => oid, :filemode => 0100644 }

options = {}
options[:tree] = builder.write(repo)

options[:author] = { :email => "testuser@github.com", :name => 'Test Author', :time => Time.now }
options[:committer] = { :email => "testuser@github.com", :name => 'Test Author', :time => Time.now }
options[:message] ||= "Making a commit via Rugged!"
options[:parents] = repo.empty? ? [] : [ repo.head.target ].compact
options[:update_ref] = 'HEAD'

Rugged::Commit.create(repo, options)

Commit Walker

Rugged::Walker is a class designed to help you traverse a set of commits over a repository.

You first push head SHAs onto the walker, and then call next to get a list of the reachable commit objects one at a time. You can also hide() commits if you are not interested in anything beneath them (useful in situations like when you're running something like git log master ^origin/master).

walker = Rugged::Walker.new(repo)
walker.sorting(Rugged::SORT_TOPO | Rugged::SORT_REVERSE) # optional
walker.push(hex_sha_interesting)
walker.hide(hex_sha_uninteresting)
walker.each { |c| puts c.inspect }
walker.reset

Index ("staging") area

We can inspect and manipulate the Git Index as well. To work with the index inside an existing repository, instantiate it by using the Repository.index method instead of manually opening the Index by its path.

index = Rugged::Index.new(path)

# Re-read the index file from disk.
index.reload

# Count up index entries.
count = index.count

# The collection of index entries.
index.entries

# Iterating over index entries.
index.each { |i| puts i.inspect }

# Get a particular entry in the index.
index[path]

# Unstage.
index.remove(path)

# Stage. Also updates existing entry if there is one.
index.add(ientry)

# Stage. Create ientry from file in path, updates the index.
index.add(path)

Refs

The Rugged::Reference class allows you to list, create and delete packed and loose refs.

ref = repo.head # or...
ref = Rugged::Reference.lookup(repo, "refs/heads/master")

sha = ref.target
str = ref.type   # :direct
str = ref.name   # "refs/heads/master"

You can also easily get an array of references:

repo.refs.each do |ref|
  puts ref.name
end

Or use a pattern (regex):

repo.refs(/tags/).each do |ref|
  puts ref.name
end

It is also easy to create, update, rename or delete a reference:

ref = Rugged::Reference.create(repo, "refs/heads/unit_test", some_commit_sha)

ref.set_target(new_sha)

ref.rename("refs/heads/blead")

ref.delete!

Finally, you can access the reflog for any branch:

ref = Rugged::Reference.lookup(repo, "refs/heads/master")
entry = ref.log.first
sha   = entry[:id_old]
sha   = entry[:id_new]
str   = entry[:message]
prsn  = entry[:committer]

Branches

Rugged::Branch will help you with all of your branch-related needs.

Iterate over all branches:

Rugged::Branch.each_name(repo).sort
# => ["master", "origin/HEAD", "origin/master", "origin/packed"]

Rugged::Branch.each_name(repo, :local).sort
# => ["master"]

Rugged::Branch.each_name(repo, :remote).sort
# => ["origin/HEAD", "origin/master", "origin/packed"]

Look up branches and get attributes:

branch = Rugged::Branch.lookup(repo, "master")
branch.name # => 'master'
branch.canonical_name # => 'refs/heads/master'

Look up the oid for the tip of a branch:

Rugged::Branch.lookup(repo, "master").tip.oid
# => "36060c58702ed4c2a40832c51758d5344201d89a"

Creation and deletion:

branch = repo.create_branch("test_branch")
branch.move("new_branch")
branch.delete!

Config files

It's also easy to read and manipulate the Git config file data with Rugged.

# Read values
repo.config['core.bare']

# Set values
repo.config['user.name'] = true

# Delete values
repo.config.delete('user.name')

General methods

Rugged also includes a general library for handling basic Git operations. One of these is converting a raw sha (20 bytes) into a readable hex sha (40 characters).

Rugged.hex_to_raw('bfde59cdd0dfac1d892814f66a95641abd8a1faf')
# => "\277\336Y\315\320\337\254\035\211(\024\366j\225d\032\275\212\037\257"

Rugged.raw_to_hex("\277\336Y\315\320\337\254\035\211(\024\366j\225d\032\275\212\037\257")
=> "bfde59cdd0dfac1d892814f66a95641abd8a1faf"

Contributing

Fork libgit2/rugged on GitHub, make it awesomer (preferably in a branch named for the topic), send a pull request.

Development

Simply clone and install:

$ git clone https://github.com/libgit2/rugged.git
$ cd rugged
$ bundle install
$ rake compile
$ rake test

Authors

License

MIT. See LICENSE file.

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ruby bindings to libgit2

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