diff --git a/packages/playground/optimize-deps/__tests__/optimize-deps.spec.ts b/packages/playground/optimize-deps/__tests__/optimize-deps.spec.ts
index 94a3dc24665101..33cd73fa18b67c 100644
--- a/packages/playground/optimize-deps/__tests__/optimize-deps.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/playground/optimize-deps/__tests__/optimize-deps.spec.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { getColor } from '../../testUtils'
+import { getColor, isBuild } from '../../testUtils'
 
 test('default + named imports from cjs dep (react)', async () => {
   expect(await page.textContent('.cjs button')).toBe('count is 0')
@@ -61,3 +61,9 @@ test('dep w/ non-js files handled via plugin', async () => {
 test('vue + vuex', async () => {
   expect(await page.textContent('.vue')).toMatch(`[success]`)
 })
+
+test('esbuild-plugin', async () => {
+  expect(await page.textContent('.esbuild-plugin')).toMatch(
+    isBuild ? `Hello from a package` : `Hello from an esbuild plugin`
+  )
+})
diff --git a/packages/playground/optimize-deps/dep-esbuild-plugin-transform/index.js b/packages/playground/optimize-deps/dep-esbuild-plugin-transform/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..eeec9ced7ab0d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/playground/optimize-deps/dep-esbuild-plugin-transform/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+// will be replaced by an esbuild plugin
+
+export const hello = () => `Hello from a package`
diff --git a/packages/playground/optimize-deps/dep-esbuild-plugin-transform/package.json b/packages/playground/optimize-deps/dep-esbuild-plugin-transform/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..883bc5176e91c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/playground/optimize-deps/dep-esbuild-plugin-transform/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "name": "dep-esbuild-plugin-transform",
+  "version": "0.0.0",
+  "main": "index.js"
+}
diff --git a/packages/playground/optimize-deps/index.html b/packages/playground/optimize-deps/index.html
index b45bdd61de446f..1bf9be5ca2d2e2 100644
--- a/packages/playground/optimize-deps/index.html
+++ b/packages/playground/optimize-deps/index.html
@@ -40,6 +40,9 @@ <h2>Dep w/ special file format supported via plugins</h2>
 <h2>Vue & Vuex</h2>
 <div class="vue"></div>
 
+<h2>Dep with changes from esbuild plugin</h2>
+<div>This should show a greeting: <span class="esbuild-plugin"></span></div>
+
 <script type="module">
   // test dep detection in globbed files
   const globbed = import.meta.globEager('./glob/*.js')
@@ -64,4 +67,7 @@ <h2>Vue & Vuex</h2>
   if (typeof createApp === 'function' && typeof createStore === 'function') {
     document.querySelector('.vue').textContent = '[success]'
   }
+
+  import { hello } from 'dep-esbuild-plugin-transform'
+  document.querySelector('.esbuild-plugin').textContent = hello()
 </script>
diff --git a/packages/playground/optimize-deps/package.json b/packages/playground/optimize-deps/package.json
index db3a24ee39b068..a9644619d74994 100644
--- a/packages/playground/optimize-deps/package.json
+++ b/packages/playground/optimize-deps/package.json
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
     "dep-cjs-named-only": "link:./dep-cjs-named-only",
     "dep-linked": "link:./dep-linked",
     "dep-linked-include": "link:./dep-linked-include",
+    "dep-esbuild-plugin-transform": "link:./dep-esbuild-plugin-transform",
     "phoenix": "^1.5.7",
     "react": "^17.0.1",
     "react-dom": "^17.0.1",
diff --git a/packages/playground/optimize-deps/vite.config.js b/packages/playground/optimize-deps/vite.config.js
index 162d9d0fdc0102..ff9f95c92f808c 100644
--- a/packages/playground/optimize-deps/vite.config.js
+++ b/packages/playground/optimize-deps/vite.config.js
@@ -9,8 +9,27 @@ module.exports = {
   },
 
   optimizeDeps: {
-    include: ['dep-linked-include'],
-    plugins: [vue()]
+    include: [
+      'dep-linked-include',
+      // required since it isn't in node_modules and is ignored by the optimizer otherwise
+      'dep-esbuild-plugin-transform'
+    ],
+    esbuildOptions: {
+      plugins: [
+        {
+          name: 'replace-a-file',
+          setup(build) {
+            build.onLoad(
+              { filter: /dep-esbuild-plugin-transform(\\|\/)index\.js$/ },
+              () => ({
+                contents: `export const hello = () => 'Hello from an esbuild plugin'`,
+                loader: 'js'
+              })
+            )
+          }
+        }
+      ]
+    }
   },
 
   build: {
diff --git a/packages/vite/src/node/__tests__/config.spec.ts b/packages/vite/src/node/__tests__/config.spec.ts
index 1e2dc6fce8124e..450e74aeee4bb5 100644
--- a/packages/vite/src/node/__tests__/config.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/vite/src/node/__tests__/config.spec.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-import { mergeConfig, UserConfigExport } from '../config'
+import { InlineConfig } from '..'
+import { mergeConfig, resolveConfig, UserConfigExport } from '../config'
 
 describe('mergeConfig', () => {
   test('handles configs with different alias schemas', () => {
@@ -92,3 +93,49 @@ describe('mergeConfig', () => {
     expect(mergeConfig(baseConfig, newConfig)).toEqual(mergedConfig)
   })
 })
+
+describe('resolveConfig', () => {
+  beforeAll(() => {
+    // silence deprecation warning
+    jest.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => {})
+  })
+
+  afterAll(() => {
+    jest.clearAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  test('copies optimizeDeps.keepNames to esbuildOptions.keepNames', async () => {
+    const config: InlineConfig = {
+      optimizeDeps: {
+        keepNames: false
+      }
+    }
+
+    expect(await resolveConfig(config, 'serve')).toMatchObject({
+      optimizeDeps: {
+        esbuildOptions: {
+          keepNames: false
+        }
+      }
+    })
+  })
+
+  test('uses esbuildOptions.keepNames if set', async () => {
+    const config: InlineConfig = {
+      optimizeDeps: {
+        keepNames: true,
+        esbuildOptions: {
+          keepNames: false
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    expect(await resolveConfig(config, 'serve')).toMatchObject({
+      optimizeDeps: {
+        esbuildOptions: {
+          keepNames: false
+        }
+      }
+    })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/packages/vite/src/node/config.ts b/packages/vite/src/node/config.ts
index b486429895fe6f..10f8919952d04a 100644
--- a/packages/vite/src/node/config.ts
+++ b/packages/vite/src/node/config.ts
@@ -173,7 +173,10 @@ export interface InlineConfig extends UserConfig {
 }
 
 export type ResolvedConfig = Readonly<
-  Omit<UserConfig, 'plugins' | 'alias' | 'dedupe' | 'assetsInclude'> & {
+  Omit<
+    UserConfig,
+    'plugins' | 'alias' | 'dedupe' | 'assetsInclude' | 'optimizeDeps'
+  > & {
     configFile: string | undefined
     configFileDependencies: string[]
     inlineConfig: InlineConfig
@@ -193,6 +196,7 @@ export type ResolvedConfig = Readonly<
     assetsInclude: (file: string) => boolean
     logger: Logger
     createResolver: (options?: Partial<InternalResolveOptions>) => ResolveFn
+    optimizeDeps: Omit<DepOptimizationOptions, 'keepNames'>
   }
 >
 
@@ -381,10 +385,17 @@ export async function resolveConfig(
       return DEFAULT_ASSETS_RE.test(file) || assetsFilter(file)
     },
     logger,
-    createResolver
+    createResolver,
+    optimizeDeps: {
+      ...config.optimizeDeps,
+      esbuildOptions: {
+        keepNames: config.optimizeDeps?.keepNames,
+        ...config.optimizeDeps?.esbuildOptions
+      }
+    }
   }
 
-  ;(resolved as any).plugins = await resolvePlugins(
+  ;(resolved.plugins as Plugin[]) = await resolvePlugins(
     resolved,
     prePlugins,
     normalPlugins,
@@ -466,6 +477,24 @@ export async function resolveConfig(
     }
   })
 
+  if (config.optimizeDeps?.keepNames) {
+    logDeprecationWarning(
+      'optimizeDeps.keepNames',
+      'Use "optimizeDeps.esbuildOptions.keepNames" instead.'
+    )
+  }
+  Object.defineProperty(resolved.optimizeDeps, 'keepNames', {
+    enumerable: false,
+    get() {
+      logDeprecationWarning(
+        'optimizeDeps.keepNames',
+        'Use "optimizeDeps.esbuildOptions.keepNames" instead.',
+        new Error()
+      )
+      return resolved.optimizeDeps.esbuildOptions?.keepNames
+    }
+  })
+
   return resolved
 }
 
diff --git a/packages/vite/src/node/optimizer/index.ts b/packages/vite/src/node/optimizer/index.ts
index b9efde3986980f..0d054ba5387978 100644
--- a/packages/vite/src/node/optimizer/index.ts
+++ b/packages/vite/src/node/optimizer/index.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import fs from 'fs'
 import path from 'path'
 import chalk from 'chalk'
 import { createHash } from 'crypto'
-import { build } from 'esbuild'
+import { build, BuildOptions as EsbuildBuildOptions } from 'esbuild'
 import { ResolvedConfig } from '../config'
 import {
   createDebugger,
@@ -47,9 +47,32 @@ export interface DepOptimizationOptions {
    */
   exclude?: string[]
   /**
-   * The bundler sometimes needs to rename symbols to avoid collisions.
-   * Set this to `true` to keep the `name` property on functions and classes.
-   * https://esbuild.github.io/api/#keep-names
+   * Options to pass to esbuild during the dep scanning and optimization
+   *
+   * Certain options are omitted since changing them would not be compatible
+   * with Vite's dep optimization.
+   *
+   * - `external` is also omitted, use Vite's `optimizeDeps.exclude` option
+   * - `plugins` are merged with Vite's dep plugin
+   * - `keepNames` takes precedence over the deprecated `optimizeDeps.keepNames`
+   *
+   * https://esbuild.github.io/api
+   */
+  esbuildOptions?: Omit<
+    EsbuildBuildOptions,
+    | 'bundle'
+    | 'entryPoints'
+    | 'external'
+    | 'write'
+    | 'watch'
+    | 'outdir'
+    | 'outfile'
+    | 'outbase'
+    | 'outExtension'
+    | 'metafile'
+  >
+  /**
+   * @deprecated use `esbuildOptions.keepNames`
    */
   keepNames?: boolean
 }
@@ -233,10 +256,12 @@ export async function optimizeDeps(
 
   const start = Date.now()
 
+  const { plugins = [], ...esbuildOptions } =
+    config.optimizeDeps?.esbuildOptions ?? {}
+
   const result = await build({
     entryPoints: Object.keys(flatIdDeps),
     bundle: true,
-    keepNames: config.optimizeDeps?.keepNames,
     format: 'esm',
     external: config.optimizeDeps?.exclude,
     logLevel: 'error',
@@ -246,7 +271,11 @@ export async function optimizeDeps(
     treeShaking: 'ignore-annotations',
     metafile: true,
     define,
-    plugins: [esbuildDepPlugin(flatIdDeps, flatIdToExports, config)]
+    plugins: [
+      ...plugins,
+      esbuildDepPlugin(flatIdDeps, flatIdToExports, config)
+    ],
+    ...esbuildOptions
   })
 
   const meta = result.metafile!
diff --git a/packages/vite/src/node/optimizer/scan.ts b/packages/vite/src/node/optimizer/scan.ts
index c5cd9d19aa12bb..3383e88058c3a0 100644
--- a/packages/vite/src/node/optimizer/scan.ts
+++ b/packages/vite/src/node/optimizer/scan.ts
@@ -89,6 +89,9 @@ export async function scanImports(
   const container = await createPluginContainer(config)
   const plugin = esbuildScanPlugin(config, container, deps, missing, entries)
 
+  const { plugins = [], ...esbuildOptions } =
+    config.optimizeDeps?.esbuildOptions ?? {}
+
   await Promise.all(
     entries.map((entry) =>
       build({
@@ -97,7 +100,8 @@ export async function scanImports(
         bundle: true,
         format: 'esm',
         logLevel: 'error',
-        plugins: [plugin]
+        plugins: [...plugins, plugin],
+        ...esbuildOptions
       })
     )
   )
diff --git a/yarn.lock b/yarn.lock
index 5b58daa8cff9f5..252621bb86d0a4 100644
--- a/yarn.lock
+++ b/yarn.lock
@@ -2707,6 +2707,10 @@ delegate@^3.1.2:
   version "0.0.0"
   uid ""
 
+"dep-esbuild-plugin-transform@link:./packages/playground/optimize-deps/dep-esbuild-plugin-transform":
+  version "0.0.0"
+  uid ""
+
 "dep-import-type@link:./packages/playground/ssr-vue/dep-import-type":
   version "0.0.0"
   uid ""