diff --git a/packages/vite/src/node/plugins/html.ts b/packages/vite/src/node/plugins/html.ts
index 77b27feceddaec..1f607cde95141c 100644
--- a/packages/vite/src/node/plugins/html.ts
+++ b/packages/vite/src/node/plugins/html.ts
@@ -154,7 +154,10 @@ export function buildHtmlPlugin(config: ResolvedConfig): Plugin {
       if (id.endsWith('.html')) {
         const publicPath = `/${slash(path.relative(config.root, id))}`
         // pre-transform
-        html = await applyHtmlTransforms(html, publicPath, id, preHooks)
+        html = await applyHtmlTransforms(html, preHooks, {
+          path: publicPath,
+          filename: id
+        })
 
         let js = ''
         const s = new MagicString(html)
@@ -381,15 +384,12 @@ export function buildHtmlPlugin(config: ResolvedConfig): Plugin {
         }
 
         const shortEmitName = path.posix.relative(config.root, id)
-        result = await applyHtmlTransforms(
-          result,
-          '/' + shortEmitName,
-          id,
-          postHooks,
-          undefined,
+        result = await applyHtmlTransforms(result, postHooks, {
+          path: '/' + shortEmitName,
+          filename: id,
           bundle,
           chunk
-        )
+        })
 
         this.emitFile({
           type: 'asset',
@@ -431,6 +431,7 @@ export interface IndexHtmlTransformContext {
   server?: ViteDevServer
   bundle?: OutputBundle
   chunk?: OutputChunk
+  originalUrl?: string
 }
 
 export type IndexHtmlTransformHook = (
@@ -469,26 +470,14 @@ export function resolveHtmlTransforms(
 
 export async function applyHtmlTransforms(
   html: string,
-  path: string,
-  filename: string,
   hooks: IndexHtmlTransformHook[],
-  server?: ViteDevServer,
-  bundle?: OutputBundle,
-  chunk?: OutputChunk
+  ctx: IndexHtmlTransformContext
 ): Promise<string> {
   const headTags: HtmlTagDescriptor[] = []
   const headPrependTags: HtmlTagDescriptor[] = []
   const bodyTags: HtmlTagDescriptor[] = []
   const bodyPrependTags: HtmlTagDescriptor[] = []
 
-  const ctx: IndexHtmlTransformContext = {
-    path,
-    filename,
-    server,
-    bundle,
-    chunk
-  }
-
   for (const hook of hooks) {
     const res = await hook(html, ctx)
     if (!res) {
diff --git a/packages/vite/src/node/server/index.ts b/packages/vite/src/node/server/index.ts
index 2dfbad39541535..2c90dd6d08906f 100644
--- a/packages/vite/src/node/server/index.ts
+++ b/packages/vite/src/node/server/index.ts
@@ -196,7 +196,11 @@ export interface ViteDevServer {
   /**
    * Apply vite built-in HTML transforms and any plugin HTML transforms.
    */
-  transformIndexHtml(url: string, html: string): Promise<string>
+  transformIndexHtml(
+    url: string,
+    html: string,
+    originalUrl?: string
+  ): Promise<string>
   /**
    * Util for transforming a file with esbuild.
    * Can be useful for certain plugins.
diff --git a/packages/vite/src/node/server/middlewares/indexHtml.ts b/packages/vite/src/node/server/middlewares/indexHtml.ts
index 200a951bcabe80..2e988db819a2d8 100644
--- a/packages/vite/src/node/server/middlewares/indexHtml.ts
+++ b/packages/vite/src/node/server/middlewares/indexHtml.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import fs from 'fs'
 import path from 'path'
 import MagicString from 'magic-string'
-import { NodeTypes } from '@vue/compiler-dom'
+import { AttributeNode, NodeTypes } from '@vue/compiler-dom'
 import { Connect } from 'types/connect'
 import {
   applyHtmlTransforms,
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import {
   resolveHtmlTransforms,
   traverseHtml
 } from '../../plugins/html'
-import { ViteDevServer } from '../..'
+import { ResolvedConfig, ViteDevServer } from '../..'
 import { send } from '../send'
 import { CLIENT_PUBLIC_PATH, FS_PREFIX } from '../../constants'
 import { cleanUrl, fsPathFromId } from '../../utils'
@@ -18,17 +18,16 @@ import { assetAttrsConfig } from '../../plugins/html'
 
 export function createDevHtmlTransformFn(
   server: ViteDevServer
-): (url: string, html: string) => Promise<string> {
+): (url: string, html: string, originalUrl: string) => Promise<string> {
   const [preHooks, postHooks] = resolveHtmlTransforms(server.config.plugins)
 
-  return (url: string, html: string): Promise<string> => {
-    return applyHtmlTransforms(
-      html,
-      url,
-      getHtmlFilename(url, server),
-      [...preHooks, devHtmlHook, ...postHooks],
-      server
-    )
+  return (url: string, html: string, originalUrl: string): Promise<string> => {
+    return applyHtmlTransforms(html, [...preHooks, devHtmlHook, ...postHooks], {
+      path: url,
+      filename: getHtmlFilename(url, server),
+      server,
+      originalUrl
+    })
   }
 }
 
@@ -41,9 +40,44 @@ function getHtmlFilename(url: string, server: ViteDevServer) {
 }
 
 const startsWithSingleSlashRE = /^\/(?!\/)/
+const processNodeUrl = (
+  node: AttributeNode,
+  s: MagicString,
+  config: ResolvedConfig,
+  htmlPath: string,
+  originalUrl?: string
+) => {
+  const url = node.value?.content || ''
+  if (startsWithSingleSlashRE.test(url)) {
+    // prefix with base
+    s.overwrite(
+      node.value!.loc.start.offset,
+      node.value!.loc.end.offset,
+      `"${config.base + url.slice(1)}"`
+    )
+  } else if (
+    url.startsWith('.') &&
+    originalUrl &&
+    originalUrl !== '/' &&
+    htmlPath === '/index.html'
+  ) {
+    // #3230 if some request url (localhost:3000/a/b) return to fallback html, the relative assets
+    // path will add `/a/` prefix, it will caused 404.
+    // rewrite before `./index.js` -> `localhost:3000/a/index.js`.
+    // rewrite after `../index.js` -> `localhost:3000/index.js`.
+    s.overwrite(
+      node.value!.loc.start.offset,
+      node.value!.loc.end.offset,
+      `"${path.posix.join(
+        path.posix.relative(originalUrl, '/'),
+        url.slice(1)
+      )}"`
+    )
+  }
+}
 const devHtmlHook: IndexHtmlTransformHook = async (
   html,
-  { path: htmlPath, server }
+  { path: htmlPath, server, originalUrl }
 ) => {
   // TODO: solve this design issue
   // Optional chain expressions can return undefined by design
@@ -67,15 +101,7 @@ const devHtmlHook: IndexHtmlTransformHook = async (
       }
 
       if (src) {
-        const url = src.value?.content || ''
-        if (startsWithSingleSlashRE.test(url)) {
-          // prefix with base
-          s.overwrite(
-            src.value!.loc.start.offset,
-            src.value!.loc.end.offset,
-            `"${config.base + url.slice(1)}"`
-          )
-        }
+        processNodeUrl(src, s, config, htmlPath, originalUrl)
       } else if (isModule) {
         // inline js module. convert to src="proxy"
         s.overwrite(
@@ -97,14 +123,7 @@ const devHtmlHook: IndexHtmlTransformHook = async (
           p.value &&
           assetAttrs.includes(p.name)
         ) {
-          const url = p.value.content || ''
-          if (startsWithSingleSlashRE.test(url)) {
-            s.overwrite(
-              p.value.loc.start.offset,
-              p.value.loc.end.offset,
-              `"${config.base + url.slice(1)}"`
-            )
-          }
+          processNodeUrl(p, s, config, htmlPath, originalUrl)
         }
       }
     }
@@ -138,7 +157,7 @@ export function indexHtmlMiddleware(
       if (fs.existsSync(filename)) {
         try {
           let html = fs.readFileSync(filename, 'utf-8')
-          html = await server.transformIndexHtml(url, html)
+          html = await server.transformIndexHtml(url, html, req.originalUrl)
           return send(req, res, html, 'html')
         } catch (e) {
           return next(e)