diff --git a/packages/browser/src/node/esmInjector.ts b/packages/browser/src/node/esmInjector.ts
index 775a29003c69..0edc80480dad 100644
--- a/packages/browser/src/node/esmInjector.ts
+++ b/packages/browser/src/node/esmInjector.ts
@@ -38,8 +38,6 @@ export function injectVitestModule(code: string, id: string, parse: PluginContex
 
   const hoistIndex = 0
 
-  let hasInjected = false
-
   // this will transform import statements into dynamic ones, if there are imports
   // it will keep the import as is, if we don't need to mock anything
   // in browser environment it will wrap the module value with "vitest_wrap_module" function
@@ -76,7 +74,6 @@ export function injectVitestModule(code: string, id: string, parse: PluginContex
   }
 
   function defineExport(position: number, name: string, local = name) {
-    hasInjected = true
     s.appendLeft(
       position,
       `\nObject.defineProperty(${viInjectedKey}, "${name}", `
@@ -170,7 +167,6 @@ export function injectVitestModule(code: string, id: string, parse: PluginContex
         // named hoistable/class exports
         // export default function foo() {}
         // export default class A {}
-        hasInjected = true
         const { name } = node.declaration.id
         s.remove(node.start, node.start + 15 /* 'export default '.length */)
         s.append(
@@ -180,7 +176,6 @@ export function injectVitestModule(code: string, id: string, parse: PluginContex
       }
       else {
         // anonymous default exports
-        hasInjected = true
         s.update(
           node.start,
           node.start + 14 /* 'export default'.length */,
@@ -196,13 +191,10 @@ export function injectVitestModule(code: string, id: string, parse: PluginContex
       s.remove(node.start, node.end)
       const importId = defineImportAll(node.source.value as string)
       // hoist re-exports near the defined import so they are immediately exported
-      if (node.exported) {
+      if (node.exported)
         defineExport(hoistIndex, node.exported.name, `${importId}`)
-      }
-      else {
-        hasInjected = true
+      else
         s.appendLeft(hoistIndex, `${viExportAllHelper}(${viInjectedKey}, ${importId});\n`)
-      }
     }
   }
 
@@ -244,11 +236,10 @@ export function injectVitestModule(code: string, id: string, parse: PluginContex
     },
   })
 
-  if (hasInjected) {
-    // make sure "__vi_injected__" is declared as soon as possible
-    s.prepend(`const ${viInjectedKey} = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };\n`)
-    s.append(`\nexport { ${viInjectedKey} }`)
-  }
+  // make sure "__vi_injected__" is declared as soon as possible
+  // prepend even if file doesn't export anything
+  s.prepend(`const ${viInjectedKey} = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };\n`)
+  s.append(`\nexport { ${viInjectedKey} }`)
 
   return {
     ast,
diff --git a/packages/browser/src/node/index.ts b/packages/browser/src/node/index.ts
index 8f69c8820085..35e852961bf2 100644
--- a/packages/browser/src/node/index.ts
+++ b/packages/browser/src/node/index.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url'
 
 import { resolve } from 'node:path'
-import { builtinModules } from 'node:module'
 import sirv from 'sirv'
 import type { Plugin } from 'vite'
 import type { WorkspaceProject } from 'vitest/node'
@@ -61,18 +60,19 @@ export default (project: WorkspaceProject, base = '/'): Plugin[] => {
               'vitest/runners',
             ],
             exclude: [
-              ...builtinModules,
               'vitest',
               'vitest/utils',
               'vitest/browser',
               'vitest/runners',
               '@vitest/utils',
+
+              // loupe is manually transformed
+              'loupe',
             ],
             include: [
               'vitest > @vitest/utils > pretty-format',
               'vitest > @vitest/snapshot > pretty-format',
               'vitest > diff-sequences',
-              'vitest > loupe',
               'vitest > pretty-format',
               'vitest > pretty-format > ansi-styles',
               'vitest > pretty-format > ansi-regex',
@@ -81,6 +81,13 @@ export default (project: WorkspaceProject, base = '/'): Plugin[] => {
           },
         }
       },
+      transform(code, id) {
+        if (id.includes('loupe/loupe.js')) {
+          const exportsList = ['custom', 'inspect', 'registerConstructor', 'registerStringTag']
+          const codeAppend = exportsList.map(i => `export const ${i} = globalThis.loupe.${i}`).join('\n')
+          return `${code}\n${codeAppend}\nexport default globalThis.loupe`
+        }
+      },
       async resolveId(id) {
         if (!/\?browserv=\w+$/.test(id))
           return
diff --git a/packages/utils/src/display.ts b/packages/utils/src/display.ts
index 3ba7454cebb7..4c9b78e63307 100644
--- a/packages/utils/src/display.ts
+++ b/packages/utils/src/display.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // since this is already part of Vitest via Chai, we can just reuse it without increasing the size of bundle
 // @ts-expect-error doesn't have types
-import { inspect as loupe } from 'loupe'
+import * as loupe from 'loupe'
 
 interface LoupeOptions {
   showHidden?: boolean | undefined
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ export function format(...args: unknown[]) {
 export function inspect(obj: unknown, options: LoupeOptions = {}): string {
   if (options.truncate === 0)
     options.truncate = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY
-  return loupe(obj, options)
+  return loupe.inspect(obj, options)
 }
 
 export function objDisplay(obj: unknown, options: LoupeOptions = {}): string {
diff --git a/pnpm-lock.yaml b/pnpm-lock.yaml
index 70bfc497104d..09eba076f3f7 100644
--- a/pnpm-lock.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -1527,6 +1527,9 @@ importers:
       safaridriver:
         specifier: ^0.0.4
         version: 0.0.4
+      url:
+        specifier: ^0.11.3
+        version: 0.11.3
       vitest:
         specifier: workspace:*
         version: link:../../packages/vitest
@@ -5875,7 +5878,7 @@ packages:
     engines: {node: ^10.13.0 || ^12.13.0 || ^14.15.0 || >=15.0.0}
     dependencies:
       '@jest/types': 27.5.1
-      '@types/node': 20.11.10
+      '@types/node': 20.11.11
       chalk: 4.1.2
       jest-message-util: 27.5.1
       jest-util: 27.5.1
@@ -5896,7 +5899,7 @@ packages:
       '@jest/test-result': 27.5.1
       '@jest/transform': 27.5.1
       '@jest/types': 27.5.1
-      '@types/node': 20.11.10
+      '@types/node': 20.11.11
       ansi-escapes: 4.3.2
       chalk: 4.1.2
       emittery: 0.8.1
@@ -5933,7 +5936,7 @@ packages:
     dependencies:
       '@jest/fake-timers': 27.5.1
       '@jest/types': 27.5.1
-      '@types/node': 20.11.10
+      '@types/node': 20.11.11
       jest-mock: 27.5.1
     dev: true
 
@@ -5950,7 +5953,7 @@ packages:
     dependencies:
       '@jest/types': 27.5.1
       '@sinonjs/fake-timers': 8.1.0
-      '@types/node': 20.11.10
+      '@types/node': 20.11.11
       jest-message-util: 27.5.1
       jest-mock: 27.5.1
       jest-util: 27.5.1
@@ -5979,7 +5982,7 @@ packages:
       '@jest/test-result': 27.5.1
       '@jest/transform': 27.5.1
       '@jest/types': 27.5.1
-      '@types/node': 20.11.10
+      '@types/node': 20.11.11
       chalk: 4.1.2
       collect-v8-coverage: 1.0.2
       exit: 0.1.2
@@ -6110,7 +6113,7 @@ packages:
     dependencies:
       '@types/istanbul-lib-coverage': 2.0.6
       '@types/istanbul-reports': 3.0.4
-      '@types/node': 20.11.10
+      '@types/node': 20.11.11
       '@types/yargs': 16.0.7
       chalk: 4.1.2
     dev: true
@@ -9212,7 +9215,7 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-N7UDG0/xiPQa2D/XrVJXjkWbpqHCd2sBaB32ggRF2l83RhPfamgKGF8gwwqyksS95qUS5ZYF9aF+lLPRlwI2UA==}
     dependencies:
       '@types/connect': 3.4.37
-      '@types/node': 20.11.10
+      '@types/node': 20.11.11
     dev: true
 
   /@types/braces@3.0.1:
@@ -9233,7 +9236,7 @@ packages:
   /@types/connect@3.4.37:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-zBUSRqkfZ59OcwXon4HVxhx5oWCJmc0OtBTK05M+p0dYjgN6iTwIL2T/WbsQZrEsdnwaF9cWQ+azOnpPvIqY3Q==}
     dependencies:
-      '@types/node': 20.11.10
+      '@types/node': 20.11.11
     dev: true
 
   /@types/cookie@0.4.1:
@@ -9300,7 +9303,7 @@ packages:
   /@types/express-serve-static-core@4.17.39:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-BiEUfAiGCOllomsRAZOiMFP7LAnrifHpt56pc4Z7l9K6ACyN06Ns1JLMBxwkfLOjJRlSf06NwWsT7yzfpaVpyQ==}
     dependencies:
-      '@types/node': 20.11.10
+      '@types/node': 20.11.11
       '@types/qs': 6.9.9
       '@types/range-parser': 1.2.6
       '@types/send': 0.17.3
@@ -9354,7 +9357,7 @@ packages:
   /@types/graceful-fs@4.1.8:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-NhRH7YzWq8WiNKVavKPBmtLYZHxNY19Hh+az28O/phfp68CF45pMFud+ZzJ8ewnxnC5smIdF3dqFeiSUQ5I+pw==}
     dependencies:
-      '@types/node': 20.11.10
+      '@types/node': 20.11.11
     dev: true
 
   /@types/hast@2.3.4:
@@ -9504,7 +9507,7 @@ packages:
   /@types/node-fetch@2.6.7:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-lX17GZVpJ/fuCjguZ5b3TjEbSENxmEk1B2z02yoXSK9WMEWRivhdSY73wWMn6bpcCDAOh6qAdktpKHIlkDk2lg==}
     dependencies:
-      '@types/node': 20.11.10
+      '@types/node': 20.11.11
       form-data: 4.0.0
     dev: true
 
@@ -9519,8 +9522,8 @@ packages:
       undici-types: 5.26.5
     dev: true
 
-  /@types/node@20.11.10:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-rZEfe/hJSGYmdfX9tvcPMYeYPW2sNl50nsw4jZmRcaG0HIAb0WYEpsB05GOb53vjqpyE9GUhlDQ4jLSoB5q9kg==}
+  /@types/node@20.11.11:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-PlJCXfb57Jrman0H1BxO2+Q7qwih2Mwk7T6Gvixj+SK4mqs4RWOGMMoP6p/LFa3UrP2CZOO6ai6otd7J/TB6Ug==}
     dependencies:
       undici-types: 5.26.5
     dev: true
@@ -9680,7 +9683,7 @@ packages:
   /@types/resolve@1.17.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-yy7HuzQhj0dhGpD8RLXSZWEkLsV9ibvxvi6EiJ3bkqLAO1RGo0WbkWQiwpRlSFymTJRz0d3k5LM3kkx8ArDbLw==}
     dependencies:
-      '@types/node': 20.11.10
+      '@types/node': 20.11.11
     dev: true
 
   /@types/resolve@1.20.2:
@@ -9698,7 +9701,7 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-/7fKxvKUoETxjFUsuFlPB9YndePpxxRAOfGC/yJdc9kTjTeP5kRCTzfnE8kPUKCeyiyIZu0YQ76s50hCedI1ug==}
     dependencies:
       '@types/mime': 1.3.4
-      '@types/node': 20.11.10
+      '@types/node': 20.11.11
     dev: true
 
   /@types/serve-static@1.15.4:
@@ -9706,7 +9709,7 @@ packages:
     dependencies:
       '@types/http-errors': 2.0.3
       '@types/mime': 3.0.3
-      '@types/node': 20.11.10
+      '@types/node': 20.11.11
     dev: true
 
   /@types/set-cookie-parser@2.4.2:
@@ -12806,13 +12809,6 @@ packages:
     engines: {node: '>=6'}
     dev: true
 
-  /call-bind@1.0.2:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-7O+FbCihrB5WGbFYesctwmTKae6rOiIzmz1icreWJ+0aA7LJfuqhEso2T9ncpcFtzMQtzXf2QGGueWJGTYsqrA==}
-    dependencies:
-      function-bind: 1.1.2
-      get-intrinsic: 1.2.1
-    dev: true
-
   /call-bind@1.0.5:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-C3nQxfFZxFRVoJoGKKI8y3MOEo129NQ+FgQ08iye+Mk4zNZZGdjfs06bVTr+DBSlA66Q2VEcMki/cUCP4SercQ==}
     dependencies:
@@ -18602,7 +18598,7 @@ packages:
       '@jest/environment': 27.5.1
       '@jest/test-result': 27.5.1
       '@jest/types': 27.5.1
-      '@types/node': 20.11.10
+      '@types/node': 20.11.11
       chalk: 4.1.2
       co: 4.6.0
       dedent: 0.7.0
@@ -18737,7 +18733,7 @@ packages:
       '@jest/environment': 27.5.1
       '@jest/fake-timers': 27.5.1
       '@jest/types': 27.5.1
-      '@types/node': 20.11.10
+      '@types/node': 20.11.11
       jest-mock: 27.5.1
       jest-util: 27.5.1
       jsdom: 16.7.0
@@ -18755,7 +18751,7 @@ packages:
       '@jest/environment': 27.5.1
       '@jest/fake-timers': 27.5.1
       '@jest/types': 27.5.1
-      '@types/node': 20.11.10
+      '@types/node': 20.11.11
       jest-mock: 27.5.1
       jest-util: 27.5.1
     dev: true
@@ -18799,7 +18795,7 @@ packages:
     dependencies:
       '@jest/types': 27.5.1
       '@types/graceful-fs': 4.1.8
-      '@types/node': 20.11.10
+      '@types/node': 20.11.11
       anymatch: 3.1.3
       fb-watchman: 2.0.2
       graceful-fs: 4.2.11
@@ -18839,7 +18835,7 @@ packages:
       '@jest/source-map': 27.5.1
       '@jest/test-result': 27.5.1
       '@jest/types': 27.5.1
-      '@types/node': 20.11.10
+      '@types/node': 20.11.11
       chalk: 4.1.2
       co: 4.6.0
       expect: 27.5.1
@@ -18919,7 +18915,7 @@ packages:
     engines: {node: ^10.13.0 || ^12.13.0 || ^14.15.0 || >=15.0.0}
     dependencies:
       '@jest/types': 27.5.1
-      '@types/node': 20.11.10
+      '@types/node': 20.11.11
     dev: true
 
   /jest-pnp-resolver@1.2.3(jest-resolve@27.5.1):
@@ -18980,7 +18976,7 @@ packages:
       '@jest/test-result': 27.5.1
       '@jest/transform': 27.5.1
       '@jest/types': 27.5.1
-      '@types/node': 20.11.10
+      '@types/node': 20.11.11
       chalk: 4.1.2
       emittery: 0.8.1
       graceful-fs: 4.2.11
@@ -19045,7 +19041,7 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-jZCyo6iIxO1aqUxpuBlwTDMkzOAJS4a3eYz3YzgxxVQFwLeSA7Jfq5cbqCY+JLvTDrWirgusI/0KwxKMgrdf7w==}
     engines: {node: ^10.13.0 || ^12.13.0 || ^14.15.0 || >=15.0.0}
     dependencies:
-      '@types/node': 20.11.10
+      '@types/node': 20.11.11
       graceful-fs: 4.2.11
     dev: true
 
@@ -19096,7 +19092,7 @@ packages:
     engines: {node: ^10.13.0 || ^12.13.0 || ^14.15.0 || >=15.0.0}
     dependencies:
       '@jest/types': 27.5.1
-      '@types/node': 20.11.10
+      '@types/node': 20.11.11
       chalk: 4.1.2
       ci-info: 3.9.0
       graceful-fs: 4.2.11
@@ -19133,7 +19129,7 @@ packages:
     dependencies:
       '@jest/test-result': 27.5.1
       '@jest/types': 27.5.1
-      '@types/node': 20.11.10
+      '@types/node': 20.11.11
       ansi-escapes: 4.3.2
       chalk: 4.1.2
       jest-util: 27.5.1
@@ -22231,11 +22227,6 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-jmYNElW7yvO7TV33CjSmvSiE2yco3bV2czu/OzDKdMNVZQWfxCblURLhf+47syQRBntjfLdd/H0egrzIG+oaFQ==}
     dev: true
 
-  /punycode@2.3.0:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-rRV+zQD8tVFys26lAGR9WUuS4iUAngJScM+ZRSKtvl5tKeZ2t5bvdNFdNHBW9FWR4guGHlgmsZ1G7BSm2wTbuA==}
-    engines: {node: '>=6'}
-    dev: true
-
   /punycode@2.3.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-vYt7UD1U9Wg6138shLtLOvdAu+8DsC/ilFtEVHcH+wydcSpNE20AfSOduf6MkRFahL5FY7X1oU7nKVZFtfq8Fg==}
     engines: {node: '>=6'}
@@ -24359,7 +24350,7 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-jNIIeokznm8SD/TZISQsZKYu7RJyheFNt84DUPrh482GC8RVp2MKqm2O5oBRdGxbDQoXrhhWtPIWQOiy20svUg==}
     engines: {node: '>= 0.4'}
     dependencies:
-      call-bind: 1.0.2
+      call-bind: 1.0.5
       define-properties: 1.2.0
       es-abstract: 1.20.4
     dev: true
@@ -25184,7 +25175,7 @@ packages:
     engines: {node: '>=6'}
     dependencies:
       psl: 1.9.0
-      punycode: 2.3.0
+      punycode: 2.3.1
       universalify: 0.2.0
       url-parse: 1.5.10
     dev: true
@@ -25219,7 +25210,7 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-l7FvfAHlcmulp8kr+flpQZmVwtu7nfRV7NZujtN0OqES8EL4O4e0qqzL0DC5gAvx/ZC/9lk6rhcUwYvkBnBnYA==}
     engines: {node: '>=12'}
     dependencies:
-      punycode: 2.3.0
+      punycode: 2.3.1
     dev: true
 
   /tr46@4.1.1:
@@ -25967,6 +25958,13 @@ packages:
       querystring: 0.2.0
     dev: true
 
+  /url@0.11.3:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-6hxOLGfZASQK/cijlZnZJTq8OXAkt/3YGfQX45vvMYXpZoo8NdWZcY73K108Jf759lS1Bv/8wXnHDTSz17dSRw==}
+    dependencies:
+      punycode: 1.4.1
+      qs: 6.11.2
+    dev: true
+
   /use-sync-external-store@1.2.0(react@18.2.0):
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-eEgnFxGQ1Ife9bzYs6VLi8/4X6CObHMw9Qr9tPY43iKwsPw8xE8+EFsf/2cFZ5S3esXgpWgtSCtLNS41F+sKPA==}
     peerDependencies:
diff --git a/test/browser/package.json b/test/browser/package.json
index c6eadd18a4bd..0422c12f71d6 100644
--- a/test/browser/package.json
+++ b/test/browser/package.json
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
     "@vitest/cjs-lib": "link:./cjs-lib",
     "execa": "^7.1.1",
     "safaridriver": "^0.0.4",
+    "url": "^0.11.3",
     "vitest": "workspace:*"
   }
 }
diff --git a/test/browser/specs/run-vitest.mjs b/test/browser/specs/run-vitest.mjs
index 79d2528201a7..278f05ce69dd 100644
--- a/test/browser/specs/run-vitest.mjs
+++ b/test/browser/specs/run-vitest.mjs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ export default async function runVitest(moreArgs = []) {
   const browserResult = await readFile('./browser.json', 'utf-8')
   const browserResultJson = JSON.parse(browserResult)
 
-  const getPassed = results => results.filter(result => result.status === 'passed')
+  const getPassed = results => results.filter(result => result.status === 'passed' && !result.mesage)
   const getFailed = results => results.filter(result => result.status === 'failed')
 
   const passedTests = getPassed(browserResultJson.testResults)
diff --git a/test/browser/specs/runner.test.mjs b/test/browser/specs/runner.test.mjs
index 83e169911e06..dcf75b12c989 100644
--- a/test/browser/specs/runner.test.mjs
+++ b/test/browser/specs/runner.test.mjs
@@ -11,10 +11,11 @@ const {
 } = await runVitest()
 
 await test('tests are actually running', async () => {
-  assert.ok(browserResultJson.testResults.length === 12, 'Not all the tests have been run')
-  assert.ok(passedTests.length === 10, 'Some tests failed')
-  assert.ok(failedTests.length === 2, 'Some tests have passed but should fail')
+  assert.equal(browserResultJson.testResults.length, 14, 'Not all the tests have been run')
+  assert.equal(passedTests.length, 12, 'Some tests failed')
+  assert.equal(failedTests.length, 2, 'Some tests have passed but should fail')
 
+  assert.doesNotMatch(stderr, /has been externalized for browser compatibility/, 'doesn\'t have any externalized modules')
   assert.doesNotMatch(stderr, /Unhandled Error/, 'doesn\'t have any unhandled errors')
 })
 
diff --git a/test/browser/test/polyfill-lib.test.ts b/test/browser/test/polyfill-lib.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7c3c91c3f2c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/browser/test/polyfill-lib.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+// eslint-disable-next-line unicorn/prefer-node-protocol
+import * as url from 'url'
+import { expect, test } from 'vitest'
+
+test('url is polifylled because it\'s installed in dependencies', () => {
+  expect(url.format).toBeDefined()
+})
diff --git a/test/browser/test/utils.test.ts b/test/browser/test/utils.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1e004a202c12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/browser/test/utils.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import { inspect } from 'vitest/utils'
+import { expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+it('utils package correctly uses loupe', async () => {
+  expect(inspect({ test: 1 })).toBe('{ test: 1 }')
+})
diff --git a/test/core/test/injector-esm.test.ts b/test/core/test/injector-esm.test.ts
index 1bf269a70155..22eabedb7ce3 100644
--- a/test/core/test/injector-esm.test.ts
+++ b/test/core/test/injector-esm.test.ts
@@ -15,8 +15,10 @@ test('default import', async () => {
   expect(
     injectSimpleCode('import foo from \'vue\';console.log(foo.bar)'),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    "import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'vue'
-    console.log(__vi_esm_0__.default.bar)"
+    "const __vi_inject__ = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };
+    import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'vue'
+    console.log(__vi_esm_0__.default.bar)
+    export { __vi_inject__ }"
   `)
 })
 
@@ -26,8 +28,10 @@ test('named import', async () => {
       'import { ref } from \'vue\';function foo() { return ref(0) }',
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    "import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'vue'
-    function foo() { return __vi_esm_0__.ref(0) }"
+    "const __vi_inject__ = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };
+    import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'vue'
+    function foo() { return __vi_esm_0__.ref(0) }
+    export { __vi_inject__ }"
   `)
 })
 
@@ -37,8 +41,10 @@ test('namespace import', async () => {
       'import * as vue from \'vue\';function foo() { return vue.ref(0) }',
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    "import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'vue'
-    function foo() { return __vi_esm_0__.ref(0) }"
+    "const __vi_inject__ = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };
+    import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'vue'
+    function foo() { return __vi_esm_0__.ref(0) }
+    export { __vi_inject__ }"
   `)
 })
 
@@ -173,8 +179,10 @@ test('hoist import to top', async () => {
       'path.resolve(\'server.js\');import path from \'node:path\';',
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    "import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'node:path'
-    __vi_esm_0__.default.resolve('server.js');"
+    "const __vi_inject__ = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };
+    import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'node:path'
+    __vi_esm_0__.default.resolve('server.js');
+    export { __vi_inject__ }"
   `)
 })
 
@@ -200,8 +208,10 @@ test('do not rewrite method definition', async () => {
     'import { fn } from \'vue\';class A { fn() { fn() } }',
   )
   expect(result).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    "import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'vue'
-    class A { fn() { __vi_esm_0__.fn() } }"
+    "const __vi_inject__ = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };
+    import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'vue'
+    class A { fn() { __vi_esm_0__.fn() } }
+    export { __vi_inject__ }"
   `)
 })
 
@@ -210,8 +220,10 @@ test('do not rewrite when variable is in scope', async () => {
     'import { fn } from \'vue\';function A(){ const fn = () => {}; return { fn }; }',
   )
   expect(result).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    "import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'vue'
-    function A(){ const fn = () => {}; return { fn }; }"
+    "const __vi_inject__ = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };
+    import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'vue'
+    function A(){ const fn = () => {}; return { fn }; }
+    export { __vi_inject__ }"
   `)
 })
 
@@ -221,8 +233,10 @@ test('do not rewrite when variable is in scope with object destructuring', async
     'import { fn } from \'vue\';function A(){ let {fn, test} = {fn: \'foo\', test: \'bar\'}; return { fn }; }',
   )
   expect(result).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    "import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'vue'
-    function A(){ let {fn, test} = {fn: 'foo', test: 'bar'}; return { fn }; }"
+    "const __vi_inject__ = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };
+    import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'vue'
+    function A(){ let {fn, test} = {fn: 'foo', test: 'bar'}; return { fn }; }
+    export { __vi_inject__ }"
   `)
 })
 
@@ -232,8 +246,10 @@ test('do not rewrite when variable is in scope with array destructuring', async
     'import { fn } from \'vue\';function A(){ let [fn, test] = [\'foo\', \'bar\']; return { fn }; }',
   )
   expect(result).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    "import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'vue'
-    function A(){ let [fn, test] = ['foo', 'bar']; return { fn }; }"
+    "const __vi_inject__ = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };
+    import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'vue'
+    function A(){ let [fn, test] = ['foo', 'bar']; return { fn }; }
+    export { __vi_inject__ }"
   `)
 })
 
@@ -244,8 +260,10 @@ test('rewrite variable in string interpolation in function nested arguments', as
     'import { fn } from \'vue\';function A({foo = `test${fn}`} = {}){ return {}; }',
   )
   expect(result).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    "import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'vue'
-    function A({foo = \`test\${__vi_esm_0__.fn}\`} = {}){ return {}; }"
+    "const __vi_inject__ = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };
+    import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'vue'
+    function A({foo = \`test\${__vi_esm_0__.fn}\`} = {}){ return {}; }
+    export { __vi_inject__ }"
   `)
 })
 
@@ -255,8 +273,10 @@ test('rewrite variables in default value of destructuring params', async () => {
     'import { fn } from \'vue\';function A({foo = fn}){ return {}; }',
   )
   expect(result).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    "import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'vue'
-    function A({foo = __vi_esm_0__.fn}){ return {}; }"
+    "const __vi_inject__ = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };
+    import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'vue'
+    function A({foo = __vi_esm_0__.fn}){ return {}; }
+    export { __vi_inject__ }"
   `)
 })
 
@@ -265,8 +285,10 @@ test('do not rewrite when function declaration is in scope', async () => {
     'import { fn } from \'vue\';function A(){ function fn() {}; return { fn }; }',
   )
   expect(result).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    "import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'vue'
-    function A(){ function fn() {}; return { fn }; }"
+    "const __vi_inject__ = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };
+    import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'vue'
+    function A(){ function fn() {}; return { fn }; }
+    export { __vi_inject__ }"
   `)
 })
 
@@ -275,8 +297,10 @@ test('do not rewrite catch clause', async () => {
     'import {error} from \'./dependency\';try {} catch(error) {}',
   )
   expect(result).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    "import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from './dependency'
-    try {} catch(error) {}"
+    "const __vi_inject__ = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };
+    import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from './dependency'
+    try {} catch(error) {}
+    export { __vi_inject__ }"
   `)
 })
 
@@ -287,9 +311,11 @@ test('should declare variable for imported super class', async () => {
       'import { Foo } from \'./dependency\';' + 'class A extends Foo {}',
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    "import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from './dependency'
+    "const __vi_inject__ = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };
+    import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from './dependency'
     const Foo = __vi_esm_0__.Foo;
-    class A extends Foo {}"
+    class A extends Foo {}
+    export { __vi_inject__ }"
   `)
 
   // exported classes: should prepend the declaration at root level, before the
@@ -375,7 +401,8 @@ test('overwrite bindings', async () => {
         + 'function g() { const f = () => { const inject = true }; console.log(inject) }\n',
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    "import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'vue'
+    "const __vi_inject__ = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };
+    import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'vue'
     const a = { inject: __vi_esm_0__.inject }
     const b = { test: __vi_esm_0__.inject }
     function c() { const { test: inject } = { test: true }; console.log(inject) }
@@ -383,14 +410,19 @@ test('overwrite bindings', async () => {
     function f() {  console.log(__vi_esm_0__.inject) }
     function e() { const { inject } = { inject: true } }
     function g() { const f = () => { const inject = true }; console.log(__vi_esm_0__.inject) }
-    "
+
+    export { __vi_inject__ }"
   `)
 })
 
 test('Empty array pattern', async () => {
   expect(
     injectSimpleCode('const [, LHS, RHS] = inMatch;'),
-  ).toMatchInlineSnapshot('"const [, LHS, RHS] = inMatch;"')
+  ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+    "const __vi_inject__ = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };
+    const [, LHS, RHS] = inMatch;
+    export { __vi_inject__ }"
+  `)
 })
 
 test('function argument destructure', async () => {
@@ -404,13 +436,15 @@ function c({ _ = bar() + foo() }) {}
 `,
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    "import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'foo'
+    "const __vi_inject__ = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };
+    import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'foo'
 
 
     const a = ({ _ = __vi_esm_0__.foo() }) => {}
     function b({ _ = __vi_esm_0__.bar() }) {}
     function c({ _ = __vi_esm_0__.bar() + __vi_esm_0__.foo() }) {}
-    "
+
+    export { __vi_inject__ }"
   `)
 })
 
@@ -426,14 +460,16 @@ const a = () => {
 `,
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    "import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'foo'
+    "const __vi_inject__ = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };
+    import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'foo'
 
 
     const a = () => {
       const { type: n = 'bar' } = {}
       console.log(n)
     }
-    "
+
+    export { __vi_inject__ }"
   `)
 
   // #9585
@@ -449,7 +485,8 @@ const foo = {}
 `,
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    "import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'foo'
+    "const __vi_inject__ = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };
+    import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'foo'
 
 
     const foo = {}
@@ -457,7 +494,8 @@ const foo = {}
     {
       const { [__vi_esm_0__.n]: m } = foo
     }
-    "
+
+    export { __vi_inject__ }"
   `)
 })
 
@@ -492,7 +530,8 @@ objRest()
 `,
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    "import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'vue'
+    "const __vi_inject__ = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };
+    import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'vue'
 
 
 
@@ -518,7 +557,8 @@ objRest()
     __vi_esm_0__.set()
     __vi_esm_0__.rest()
     __vi_esm_0__.objRest()
-    "
+
+    export { __vi_inject__ }"
   `)
 })
 
@@ -542,7 +582,8 @@ const obj = {
 `,
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    "import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'foo'
+    "const __vi_inject__ = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };
+    import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'foo'
 
 
 
@@ -557,7 +598,8 @@ const obj = {
       [bar]: () => {},
       bar(foo) {}
     }
-    "
+
+    export { __vi_inject__ }"
   `)
 })
 
@@ -574,7 +616,8 @@ class A {
 `,
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    "import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'vue'
+    "const __vi_inject__ = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };
+    import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'vue'
 
 
 
@@ -584,7 +627,8 @@ class A {
       remove = 1
       add = null
     }
-    "
+
+    export { __vi_inject__ }"
   `)
 })
 
@@ -606,7 +650,8 @@ class A {
 `,
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    "import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'foo'
+    "const __vi_inject__ = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };
+    import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'foo'
 
 
 
@@ -619,7 +664,8 @@ class A {
       #foo() {}
       bar(foo) {}
     }
-    "
+
+    export { __vi_inject__ }"
   `)
 })
 
@@ -652,7 +698,8 @@ bbb()
 `,
     ),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    "import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'vue'
+    "const __vi_inject__ = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };
+    import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'vue'
 
 
 
@@ -676,7 +723,8 @@ bbb()
 
     __vi_esm_0__.aaa()
     __vi_esm_0__.bbb()
-    "
+
+    export { __vi_inject__ }"
   `)
 })
 
@@ -697,14 +745,16 @@ test('jsx', async () => {
   const result = await transformWithEsbuild(code, id)
   expect(injectSimpleCode(result.code))
     .toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-      "import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'react'
+      "const __vi_inject__ = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };
+      import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'react'
       import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_1__ } from 'foo'
 
 
       function Bar({ Slot: Slot2 = /* @__PURE__ */ __vi_esm_0__.default.createElement(__vi_esm_1__.Foo, null) }) {
         return /* @__PURE__ */ __vi_esm_0__.default.createElement(__vi_esm_0__.default.Fragment, null, /* @__PURE__ */ __vi_esm_0__.default.createElement(Slot2, null));
       }
-      "
+
+      export { __vi_inject__ }"
     `)
 })
 
@@ -777,7 +827,8 @@ for (const test in tests) {
   console.log(test)
 }`),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    "import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from './test.js'
+    "const __vi_inject__ = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };
+    import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from './test.js'
 
 
     for (const test of tests) {
@@ -788,7 +839,8 @@ for (const test in tests) {
     }
     for (const test in tests) {
       console.log(test)
-    }"
+    }
+    export { __vi_inject__ }"
   `)
 })
 
@@ -892,7 +944,8 @@ function test() {
   return [foo, bar]
 }`),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    "import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'foobar'
+    "const __vi_inject__ = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };
+    import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'foobar'
 
 
     function test() {
@@ -900,7 +953,8 @@ function test() {
         var foo = () => { var why = 'would' }, bar = 'someone'
       }
       return [foo, bar]
-    }"
+    }
+    export { __vi_inject__ }"
   `)
 })
 
@@ -919,7 +973,8 @@ function test() {
   return bar;
 }`),
   ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    "import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'foobar'
+    "const __vi_inject__ = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };
+    import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from 'foobar'
 
 
     function test() {
@@ -930,7 +985,8 @@ function test() {
       }
       try {} catch (baz){ baz };
       return __vi_esm_0__.bar;
-    }"
+    }
+    export { __vi_inject__ }"
   `)
 })
 
@@ -947,7 +1003,8 @@ test('avoid binding ClassExpression', () => {
  `,
   )
   expect(result).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
-    "import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from './foo'
+    "const __vi_inject__ = { [Symbol.toStringTag]: "Module" };
+    import { __vi_inject__ as __vi_esm_0__ } from './foo'
 
      
      console.log(__vi_esm_0__.default, __vi_esm_0__.Bar);
@@ -956,6 +1013,7 @@ test('avoid binding ClassExpression', () => {
        bar: class Bar {}
      }
      const Baz = class extends __vi_esm_0__.default {}
-     "
+     
+    export { __vi_inject__ }"
   `)
 })