diff --git a/lib/rspec/matchers/include.rb b/lib/rspec/matchers/include.rb
index fccc7e9bd..0bda36b50 100644
--- a/lib/rspec/matchers/include.rb
+++ b/lib/rspec/matchers/include.rb
@@ -22,14 +22,14 @@ def description
 
     private
 
-      def perform_match(predicate, hash_predicate, actual, expected)
-        expected.send(predicate) do |expected|
-          if comparing_hash_values?(actual, expected)
-            expected.send(hash_predicate) {|k,v| actual[k] == v}
-          elsif comparing_hash_keys?(actual, expected)
-            actual.has_key?(expected)
+      def perform_match(predicate, hash_predicate, actuals, expecteds)
+        expecteds.send(predicate) do |expected|
+          if comparing_hash_values?(actuals, expected)
+            expected.send(hash_predicate) {|k,v| actuals[k] == v}
+          elsif comparing_hash_keys?(actuals, expected)
+            actuals.has_key?(expected)
           else
-            actual.include?(expected)
+            actuals.include?(expected)
           end
         end
       end
diff --git a/lib/rspec/matchers/pretty.rb b/lib/rspec/matchers/pretty.rb
index 427dadf99..7e7289a67 100644
--- a/lib/rspec/matchers/pretty.rb
+++ b/lib/rspec/matchers/pretty.rb
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ def name_to_sentence
       end
 
       def expected_to_sentence
-        to_sentence(@expected)
+        to_sentence(@expected) if defined?(@expected)
       end
 
       def name
@@ -55,7 +55,6 @@ def underscore(camel_cased_word)
         word.downcase!
         word
       end
-
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/spec/rspec/matchers/change_spec.rb b/spec/rspec/matchers/change_spec.rb
index d70d63d8d..7f61ca47f 100644
--- a/spec/rspec/matchers/change_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/rspec/matchers/change_spec.rb
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ def <<(element)
         end
 
         def dup
-          self.class.new *elements
+          self.class.new(*elements)
         end
 
         def ==(other)