diff --git a/TODO/proof-of-work-vs-proof-of-stake.md b/TODO/proof-of-work-vs-proof-of-stake.md index d7853ecd6af..091dcfee0a1 100644 --- a/TODO/proof-of-work-vs-proof-of-stake.md +++ b/TODO/proof-of-work-vs-proof-of-stake.md @@ -2,168 +2,170 @@ > * 原文作者：[Ameer Rosic](https://blockgeeks.com/author/ameerrosic) > * 译文出自：[掘金翻译计划](https://github.com/xitu/gold-miner) > * 本文永久链接：[https://github.com/xitu/gold-miner/blob/master/TODO/proof-of-work-vs-proof-of-stake.md](https://github.com/xitu/gold-miner/blob/master/TODO/proof-of-work-vs-proof-of-stake.md) -> * 译者： -> * 校对者： +> * 译者：[foxxnuaa](https://github.com/foxxnuaa) +> * 校对者：[atuooo](https://github.com/atuooo), [moods445](https://github.com/moods445) -Recently you might have heard about the idea to move from an Ethereum consensus based on the Proof of Work (PoW) system to one based on the so-called Proof of Stake. +# 工作量证明 vs 权益证明：基本挖矿指南 -In this article, I will explain to you the main differences between Proof of Work vs Proof of Stake and I will provide you a definition of mining, or the process new digital currencies are released through the network. +最近你可能听说过一个想法，该想法将以太坊共识从工作量证明（PoW）转变为所谓的权益证明。 -Also, what will change regarding mining techniques if the [Ethereum](http://blockgeeks.com/guides/what-is-ethereum/) community decides to do the transition from “work” to “stake”? +在本文中，我将向您解释工作量证明与权益证明的主要区别。同时，我将向您介绍挖矿的定义，或者通过网络发布新的数字货币的过程。 -This article wants to be a basic guide to understanding the problem above. +另外，如果[以太坊](http://blockgeeks.com/guides/what-is-ethereum/)社区决定从“工作量”转变为“权益”，那么挖矿技术会发生什么变化呢？ + +本文希望成为理解上述问题的基本指南。 ![Proof of Work vs Proof of Stake: Basic Mining Guide](http://blockgeeks.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/infographics2017-01.png) -## What is the Proof of work? +## 什么是工作量证明？ -First of all, let’s start with basic definitions. +首先，让我们从基本定义开始。 -Proof of work is a protocol that has the main goal of deterring cyber-attacks such as a distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS) which has the purpose of exhausting the resources of a computer system by sending multiple fake requests. +工作量证明是一个协议，主要目标是阻止网络攻击，例如分布式拒绝服务攻击（DDoS），DDoS 通过发送大量伪造请求耗尽计算机系统的资源。 -The Proof of work concept existed even before [bitcoin](http://blockgeeks.com/guides/what-is-bitcoin-a-step-by-step-guide/), but Satoshi Nakamoto applied this technique to his/her – we still don’t know who Nakamoto really is – digital currency revolutionizing the way traditional transactions are set. +工作量证明在[比特币](http://blockgeeks.com/guides/what-is-bitcoin-a-step-by-step-guide/)之前就已经存在，但是中本聪将这种技术应用到他的/她的 - 我们仍然不知道中本聪真实身份 - 数字货币，从而彻底改变了传统交易的方式。 -In fact, PoW idea was originally published by Cynthia Dwork and Moni Naor back in 1993, but the term “proof of work” was coined by Markus Jakobsson and Ari Juels in a document published in 1999. +实际上，PoW 的想法最初是由 Cynthia Dwork 和 Moni Naor 于 1993 年发表的，但是“工作量证明”一词是 Markus Jakobsson 和 Ari Juels 在 1999 年发表的一篇文章中创造的。 -But, returning to date, Proof of work is maybe the biggest idea behind the Nakamoto’s Bitcoin white paper – published back in 2008 – because it allows trustless and distributed consensus. +但是，到目前为止，工作量证明可能是中本聪在 2008 年发布的比特币白皮书背后的最重要的想法，因为它允许自信任和分布式共识。 -## What’s trustless and distributed consensus? +## 什么是自信任和分布式共识？ -A trustless and distributed consensus system means that if you want to send and/or receive money from someone you don’t need to trust in third-party services. +自信任和分布式共识意味着，如果您想发送和/或从某人那里接收钱，您不需要信任第三方服务。 -When you use traditional methods of payment, you need to trust in a third party to set your transaction (e.g. Visa, Mastercard, PayPal, banks). They keep their own private register which stores transactions history and balances of each account. +当您使用传统的支付方式时，您需要信任第三方来设置您的交易（例如 Visa，Mastercard，PayPal，银行）。他们拥有自己的私人登记簿，储存每个账户的交易历史和余额。 -The common example to better explain this behavior is the following: if Alice sent Bob $100, the trusted third-party service would debit Alice’s account and credit Bob’s one, so they both have to trust this third-party is to going do the right thing. +为了更好地解释这种行为，常见的例子是：如果 Alice 给 Bob 发送 $100，受信任的第三方服务会扣除 Alice 的账户，同时增加 Bob 的账户，因此他们都必须信任这个第三方会做正确的事情。 -With [bitcoin](http://blockgeeks.com/guides/what-is-bitcoin-a-step-by-step-guide/) and a few other [digital currencies](http://blockgeeks.com/guides/what-is-cryptocurrency/), everyone has a copy of the ledger (blockchain), so no one has to trust in third parties, because anyone can directly verify the information written. +对于[比特币](http://blockgeeks.com/guides/what-is-bitcoin-a-step-by-step-guide/)和其他一些[数字货币](http://blockgeeks.com/guides/what-is-cryptocurrency/)，每个人都有一份账本拷贝（区块链），所以没有人需要信任第三方，因为任何人都可以直接验证所写的信息。 ![What is Blockchain Technology? A Step-by-Step Guide For Beginners](http://blockgeeks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/home.jpg) -## Proof of work and mining +## 工作量证明和挖矿 -Going deeper, proof of work is a requirement to define an expensive computer calculation, also called mining, that needs to be performed in order to create a new group of trustless transactions (the so-called block) on a [distributed ledger called blockchain](http://blockgeeks.com/guides/what-is-blockchain-technology/). +进一步来说，工作量证明定义了一种昂贵的计算机运算，也称为挖矿，它需要执行该计算机运算以便在[称为区块链的分布式账本] (http://blockgeeks.com/guides/what-is-blockchain-technology/)上创建一组新的自信任的交易（即区块）。 -Mining serves as two purposes: +挖矿有两个目的： -1. To verify the legitimacy of a transaction, or avoiding the so-called double-spending; +1. 验证交易的合法性，或避免所谓的双重消费； -2. To create new digital currencies by rewarding miners for performing the previous task. +2. 通过奖励矿工执行之前的任务来创建新的数字货币。 -**When you want to set a transaction this is what happens behind the scenes:** +**当您想要进行一笔交易时，幕后会发生这些事情:** -* Transactions are bundled together into what we call a block; -* Miners verify that transactions within each block are legitimate; -* To do so, miners should solve a mathematical puzzle known as proof-of-work problem; -* A reward is given to the first miner who solves each blocks problem; -* Verified transactions are stored in the public blockchain +* 交易被打包到所谓的区块中； +* 矿工确认每个区块内的交易是合法的； +* 要做到这一点，矿工需要解决一个称为工作量证明问题的数学难题； +* 奖励给第一位解决每个区块问题的矿工； +* 将已验证的交易存储到公共区块链中 -This “mathematical puzzle” has a key feature: asymmetry. The work, in fact, must be moderately hard on the requester side but easy to check for the network. This idea is also known as a CPU cost function, client puzzle, computational puzzle or CPU pricing function. +这个“数学难题”有个关键特征：不对称。事实上，这项工作在请求方有一定难度，但是在网络侧很容易校验。这个想法也被称为CPU成本函数，客户难题，计算难题或者 CPU 定价函数。 -All the network miners compete to be the first to find a solution for the mathematical problem that concerns the candidate block, a problem that cannot be solved in other ways than through brute force so that essentially requires a huge number of attempts. +所有的网络矿工竞争成为第一个找到该数学问题的解决方案的人，而这个问题与候选区块有关，它无法用暴力来解决，所以基本上需要大量的尝试。 -When a miner finally finds the right solution, he/she announces it to the whole network at the same time, receiving a cryptocurrency prize (the reward) provided by the protocol. +当一名矿工最终找到了正确的解决方案的同时，他/她向整个网络宣布，并获得了协议所提供的加密货币奖(奖励)。 -From a technical point of view, mining process is an operation of inverse hashing: it determines a number (nonce), so the cryptographic hash algorithm of block data results in less than a given threshold. +从技术角度看，挖掘过程是逆向哈希操作：它确定一个数(nonce)，使区块数据的加密哈希算法的结果小于给定的阈值。 -This threshold, called difficulty, is what determines the competitive nature of mining: more computing power is added to the network, the higher this parameter increases, increasing also the average number of calculations needed to create a new block. This method also increases the cost of the block creation, pushing miners to improve the efficiency of their mining systems to maintain a positive economic balance. This parameter update should occur approximately every 14 days, and a new block is generated every 10 minutes. +这个被称为难度的阈值决定了挖矿竞争性的性质：增加了网络的计算能力，这个参数越高，创建新区块所需的平均计算量越大。这种方法也增加了区块创造的成本，推动矿工提高其挖矿系统的效率，以维持正向的经济平衡。这个参数大约每 14 天更新一次，每 10 分钟生成一个新块。 -Proof of work is not only used by the bitcoin blockchain but also by ethereum and many other blockchains. +工作量证明不仅被比特币区块链使用，而且还被以太坊和其他许多区块链所使用。 -Some functions of the proof of work system are different because created specifically for each blockchain, but now I don’t want to confuse your ideas with too technical data. +工作量证明系统的一些功能因为每个区块链的创建不同而不同，但是现在我不想用太多的技术数据混淆你的概念。 -The important thing you need to understand is that now [Ethereum developers](http://courses.blockgeeks.com/) want to turn the tables, using a new consensus system called proof of stake. +重要的是，现在[以太坊开发者](http://courses.blockgeeks.com/)想要使用新的被称为权益证明的共识系统来扭转局面。 -## What is a proof of stake? +## 什么是权益证明? -Proof of stake is a different way to validate transactions based and achieve the distributed consensus. +权益证明是一种不同的验证交易的方式，并实现了分布式共识。 -It is still an algorithm, and the purpose is the same of the proof of work, but the process to reach the goal is quite different. +它仍然是一种算法，其目的与工作量证明是一样的，但是达到目标的过程是完全不同的。 -Proof of stake first idea was suggested on the bitcointalk forum back in 2011, but the first digital currency to use this method was Peercoin in 2012, together with ShadowCash, Nxt, BlackCoin, NuShares/NuBits, Qora and Nav Coin. +在 2011 年的 bitcointalk 论坛上，首次提出了权益证明，但第一个使用这种方法的数字货币是 2012 年的 Peercoin，还有 ShadowCash, Nxt, BlackCoin, NuShares/NuBits, Qora 和 Nav Coin。 -Unlike the proof-of-Work, where the algorithm rewards miners who solve mathematical problems with the goal of validating transactions and creating new blocks, with the proof of stake, the creator of a new block is chosen in a deterministic way, depending on its wealth, also defined as stake. +与工作量证明不同的是，工作量证明算法奖励那些解决数学问题以验证交易并创建新的区块的矿工们，对于权益证明，一个新区块的创建者是按照确定的方式选择的，取决于其财富，也被定义为权益。 -No block reward. +没有区块奖励。 -Also, all the digital currencies are previously created in the beginning, and their number never changes. +而且，所有的数字货币都是在一开始就创建的，它们的数量永远不会改变。 -This means that in the PoS system there is no block reward, so, the miners take the transaction fees. +这意味着在 PoS 系统中没有区块奖励，因此，矿工们收取交易费用。 -This is why, in fact, in this PoS system miners are called forgers, instead. +事实上，这也就是为什么在 PoS 系统中，矿工们被称为伪造者。 -## Why Ethereum wants to use PoS? +## 为什么以太坊想用 PoS ？ -The Ethereum community and its creator, Vitalik Buterin, are planning to do a [hard](http://blockgeeks.com/omg-ethereum-hard-forked/) [fork](http://blockgeeks.com/omg-ethereum-hard-forked/) to make a transition from proof of work to proof of stake. +以太坊社区和它的创始人，Vitalik Buterin，打算做一个[硬](http://blockgeeks.com/omg-ethereum-hard-forked/)[分叉](http://blockgeeks.com/omg-ethereum-hard-forked/)，从工作量证明转换到权益证明。 -But why they want to switch from one to the other? +但为什么他们要从一个转向另一个呢？ -In a distributed consensus-based on the proof of Work, miners need a lot of energy. One Bitcoin transaction required the same amount of electricity as powering [1.57 American households](http://blockgeeks.com/bitcoins-energy-consumption/) for one day [(data from 2015](http://blockgeeks.com/bitcoins-energy-consumption/)). +在基于工作量证明的分布式共识中，矿工们需要大量的能源。一个比特币交易需要消耗[1.57 美国家庭](http://blockgeeks.com/bitcoins-energy-consumption/) 一天 [(2015 年数据](http://blockgeeks.com/bitcoins-energy-consumption/))一样多的电力. -And these energy costs are paid with fiat currencies, leading to a constant downward pressure on the digital currency value. +这些能源成本以法定货币支付，导致数字货币价值持续下降。 -In a recent research, experts argued that bitcoin transactions may consume as much electricity as Denmark by 2020. +在最近的研究中，专家们认为，到 2020 年，比特币交易可能会消耗和丹麦一样多的电力。 -Developers are pretty worried about this problem, and the Ethereum community wants to exploit the proof of stake method for a more greener and cheaper distributed form of consensus. +开发人员非常担心这个问题，因此以太坊社区想要开发一种更绿色、更便宜的分布式共识的权益证明方法。 -Also, rewards for the creation of a new block are different: with Proof-of-Work, the miner may potentially own none of the digital currency he/she is mining. +另外，创建一个新区块的奖励不同：对于工作量证明，矿工们可能无法拥有他/她开采的数字货币。 -In Proof-of-Stake, forgers are always those who own the coins minted. +在权益证明中，伪造者总是那些拥有铸币的人。 -## How are forgers selected? +## 如何选出伪造者？ -If Casper (the new proof of stake consensus protocol) will be implemented, there will exist a validator pool. Users can join this pool to be selected as the forger. This process will be available through a function of calling the Casper contract and [sending Ether](http://blockgeeks.com/guides/digital-wallet-guide/) – or the coin who powers the Ethereum network – together with it. +如果实现了 Casper（新的权益证明共识协议），那么将存在一个验证池。用户可以加入这个池，以便选为伪造者。这个过程可以通过一个函数调用 Casper 合约，同时[发送 Ether ](http://blockgeeks.com/guides/digital-wallet-guide/) — 或者驱动以太坊网络的以太币。 * * * > **![What is Blockchain Technology? A step-by-step guide than anyone can understand](http://blockgeeks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Vitalik-Buterin.png)** > -> **“You automatically get inducted after some time,” explained Vitalik Buterin himself on a post shared on Reddit.** +> **“一段时间后，你就会自动了解，”维塔利克·布特林在 Reddit 上的一篇文章中解释道。** * * * -“There is no priority scheme for getting inducted into the validator pool itself; anyone can join in any round they want, irrespective of the number of other joiners,” he continued. +“验证池本身不会引入任何优先级方案；任何人都可以在任意一轮加入，而不用考虑其他参与者的数量”他继续说道。 -The reward of each validator will be “somewhere around 2-15%, ” but he is not sure yet. +每个验证者的奖励将是“大约 2 - 15%”，但他还不太确定。 -Also, Buterin argued that there will be no imposed limit on the number of active validators (or forgers), but it will be regulated economically by cutting the interest rate if there are too many validators and increasing the reward if there are too few. +此外，Buterin 认为，有效验证者（或伪造者）的数量不会有任何限制。但是，当有太多的验证者时，它会通过降低收益率进行调节；当有太少的验证者时，它会提高奖励。 -## A safer system? +## 更安全的系统？ -Any computer system wants to be free from the possibility of hacker attacks, especially if the service is related to money. +任何计算机系统都想摆脱黑客攻击的可能性，特别是在服务与金钱有关的时候，尤其如此。 -So, the main problem is: proof of stake is safer than proof of work? +那么，主要的问题是：权益证明比工作量证明更安全? -Experts are worried about it, and there are several skeptics in the community. +专家们对此很担心，社区里也有一些怀疑论者。 -Using a Proof-of-Work system, bad actors are cut out thanks to technological and economic disincentives. +由于技术和经济上的限制，在使用工作量证明系统时，危险分子被淘汰。 -In fact, programming an attack to a PoW network is very expensive, and you would need more money than you can be able to steal. +事实上，编程攻击 PoW 网络是非常昂贵的，而且需要的钱比你能偷的要多得多。 -Instead, the underlying PoS algorithm must be as bulletproof as possible because, without especially penalties, a proof of stake-based network could be cheaper to attack. +相反，潜在的 PoS 算法必须尽可能的防攻击，因为如果没有特别的惩罚措施，基于权益证明的网络可能更容易被攻击。 -To solve this issue, Buterin created the Casper protocol, designing an algorithm that can use the set some circumstances under which a bad validator might lose their deposit. +为了解决这个问题，Buterin 创建了 Casper 协议，设计了一个算法，在某些情况下当一个失效的验证者丢失它们的存储时，该算法仍然可以使用验证者集合。 -He explained: “Economic finality is accomplished in Casper by requiring validators to submit deposits to participate, and taking away their deposits if the protocol determines that they acted in some way that violates some set of rules (‘slashing conditions’).” +他解释道：“在 Casper 中，经济终结是通过要求验证者提交存款来参与，并在协议确定他们以某种方式违反了某些规则(‘苛刻的条件’)的情况下减去他们的存款来完成的。” -Slashing conditions refer to the circumstances above or laws that a user is not supposed to break. +苛刻的条件指的是用户不应违反上述情况或者法律。 -## Conclusion +### 结论 -Thanks to a PoS system validators do not have to use their computing power because the only factors that influence their chances are the total number of their own coins and current complexity of the network. +由于 PoS 系统验证者不需要使用他们的计算能力，因为唯一影响他们机会的因素是他们的持币总数和当前网络的复杂性。 -So this possible future switch from PoW to PoS may provide the following benefits: +因此，从 PoW 切换到 PoS，未来可能会带来以下好处: -1. Energy savings; +1. 节约能源； -2. A safer network as attacks become more expensive: if a hacker would like to buy 51% of the total number of coins, the market reacts by fast price appreciation. +2. 当攻击变得更加昂贵时，网络会变得更加安全：如果黑客想要购买总数 51% 的货币，市场就会通过快速的价格升值来应对。 -This way, CASPER will be a security deposit protocol that relies on an economic consensus system. Nodes (or the validators) must pay a security deposit in order to be part of the consensus thanks to the new blocks creation. Casper protocol will determine the specific amount of rewards received by the validators thanks to its control over security deposits. +这样，CASPER 将成为一个依赖于经济共识系统的安全存款协议。新区块创建时，节点(或验证者)必须支付一个安全存款，以作为共识的一部分。Casper 协议将通过对安全存款的控制来确定验证者接收到的具体奖励金额。 -If one validator creates an “invalid” block, his security deposit will be deleted, as well as his privilege to be part of the network consensus. +如果一个验证者创建了一个“无效”区块，它的安全存款和作为网络共识一部分的特权将被删除。 -In other words, the Casper security system is based on something like bets. In a PoS-based system, bets are the transactions that, according to the consensus rules, will reward their validator with a money prize together with each chain that the validator has bet on. +换句话说，Casper 的安全系统是建立在类似于赌博的基础上的。在基于 PoS 的系统中，押注是根据共识规则，将对验证者和验证者下注的每个链进行奖励。 -So, Casper is based on the idea that validators will bet according to the others’ bets and leave positive feedbacks that are able accelerates consensus. +因此，Casper 基于这样一个想法，即验证者会根据其他人的下注进行下注，并留下能够加速共识的积极反馈。 ---