diff --git a/rudder/src/meta/object.rs b/rudder/src/meta/object.rs
index 4c0582e..3812bdc 100644
--- a/rudder/src/meta/object.rs
+++ b/rudder/src/meta/object.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use bytes::Bytes;
 use runkv_storage::ObjectStoreRef;
 
 use crate::error::{Error, Result};
@@ -17,28 +16,28 @@ impl ObjectMetaStore {
         Self { object_store, path }
     }
 
-    async fn put(&self, key: &Bytes, value: Bytes) -> Result<()> {
+    async fn put(&self, key: &Vec<u8>, value: Vec<u8>) -> Result<()> {
         self.object_store
             .put(&self.key(key), value)
             .await
             .map_err(Error::StorageError)
     }
 
-    async fn get(&self, key: &Bytes) -> Result<Option<Bytes>> {
+    async fn get(&self, key: &Vec<u8>) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
         self.object_store
             .get(&self.key(key))
             .await
             .map_err(Error::StorageError)
     }
 
-    async fn remove(&self, key: &Bytes) -> Result<()> {
+    async fn remove(&self, key: &Vec<u8>) -> Result<()> {
         self.object_store
             .remove(&self.key(key))
             .await
             .map_err(Error::StorageError)
     }
 
-    fn key(&self, key: &Bytes) -> String {
+    fn key(&self, key: &Vec<u8>) -> String {
         format!("{}/{}", self.path, base64::encode(key))
     }
 }
@@ -57,8 +56,8 @@ mod tests {
     async fn test_crud() {
         let object_store = Arc::new(MemObjectStore::default());
         let store = ObjectMetaStore::new(object_store, "meta-test".to_string());
-        let key = Bytes::from_static(b"test-key");
-        let value = Bytes::from_static(b"test-value");
+        let key = b"test-key".to_vec();
+        let value = b"test-value".to_vec();
         store.put(&key, value.clone()).await.unwrap();
         let fetched_value = store.get(&key).await.unwrap().unwrap();
         assert_eq!(fetched_value, value);
diff --git a/storage/src/lsm_tree/components/block.rs b/storage/src/lsm_tree/components/block.rs
index aff0881..524c494 100644
--- a/storage/src/lsm_tree/components/block.rs
+++ b/storage/src/lsm_tree/components/block.rs
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ impl Block {
         let n_restarts = (&buf[buf.len() - 4..]).get_u32_le();
         let data_len = buf.len() - 4 - n_restarts as usize * 4;
         let mut restart_points = Vec::with_capacity(n_restarts as usize);
-        let mut restart_points_buf = &buf[data_len..buf.len() - 4]; //fixme: remove mut
+        let mut restart_points_buf = &buf[data_len..buf.len() - 4]; // fixme: remove mut
         for _ in 0..n_restarts {
             restart_points.push(restart_points_buf.get_u32_le());
         }
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ impl BlockBuilder {
         // Update restart point if needed and calculate diff key.
         let diff_key = if self.entry_count % self.restart_count == 0 {
             self.restart_points.push(self.buf.len() as u32);
-            self.last_key = key.to_vec().into();
+            self.last_key = key.to_vec();
             key
         } else {
             key_diff(&self.last_key, key)
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ impl BlockBuilder {
         self.buf.put_slice(diff_key);
         self.buf.put_slice(value);
 
-        self.last_key = key.to_vec().into();
+        self.last_key = key.to_vec();
         self.entry_count += 1;
     }
 
diff --git a/storage/src/lsm_tree/components/sstable.rs b/storage/src/lsm_tree/components/sstable.rs
index d95d236..93e10f9 100644
--- a/storage/src/lsm_tree/components/sstable.rs
+++ b/storage/src/lsm_tree/components/sstable.rs
@@ -404,7 +404,8 @@ mod tests {
 
         let begin = meta.block_metas[0].offset;
         let end = meta.block_metas[0].offset + meta.block_metas[0].len;
-        let mut bi = BlockIterator::new(Arc::new(Block::decode(data[begin..end].to_vec()).unwrap()));
+        let mut bi =
+            BlockIterator::new(Arc::new(Block::decode(data[begin..end].to_vec()).unwrap()));
         bi.seek(Seek::First).await.unwrap();
         assert!(bi.is_valid());
         assert_eq!(&full_key(b"k01", 1)[..], bi.key());
@@ -418,7 +419,8 @@ mod tests {
 
         let begin = meta.block_metas[1].offset;
         let end = meta.block_metas[1].offset + meta.block_metas[1].len;
-        let mut bi = BlockIterator::new(Arc::new(Block::decode(data[begin..end].to_vec()).unwrap()));
+        let mut bi =
+            BlockIterator::new(Arc::new(Block::decode(data[begin..end].to_vec()).unwrap()));
         bi.seek(Seek::First).await.unwrap();
         assert!(bi.is_valid());
         assert_eq!(&full_key(b"k04", 4)[..], bi.key());
@@ -454,7 +456,8 @@ mod tests {
 
         let begin = meta.block_metas[0].offset;
         let end = meta.block_metas[0].offset + meta.block_metas[0].len;
-        let mut bi = BlockIterator::new(Arc::new(Block::decode(data[begin..end].to_vec()).unwrap()));
+        let mut bi =
+            BlockIterator::new(Arc::new(Block::decode(data[begin..end].to_vec()).unwrap()));
         bi.seek(Seek::First).await.unwrap();
         assert!(bi.is_valid());
         assert_eq!(&full_key(b"k01", 1)[..], bi.key());
@@ -468,7 +471,8 @@ mod tests {
 
         let begin = meta.block_metas[1].offset;
         let end = meta.block_metas[1].offset + meta.block_metas[1].len;
-        let mut bi = BlockIterator::new(Arc::new(Block::decode(data[begin..end].to_vec()).unwrap()));
+        let mut bi =
+            BlockIterator::new(Arc::new(Block::decode(data[begin..end].to_vec()).unwrap()));
         bi.seek(Seek::First).await.unwrap();
         assert!(bi.is_valid());
         assert_eq!(&full_key(b"k04", 4)[..], bi.key());
diff --git a/storage/src/lsm_tree/iterator/user_key_iterator.rs b/storage/src/lsm_tree/iterator/user_key_iterator.rs
index 8ccdc61..b0d2382 100644
--- a/storage/src/lsm_tree/iterator/user_key_iterator.rs
+++ b/storage/src/lsm_tree/iterator/user_key_iterator.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use async_recursion::async_recursion;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
-
 use super::{BoxedIterator, Iterator, Seek};
 use crate::utils::{full_key, timestamp, user_key, value};
 use crate::Result;
@@ -223,7 +222,7 @@ mod tests {
                         .add(
                             format!("k{:02}", k).as_bytes(),
                             t as u64,
-                            Some(&format!("v{:02}-{:02}", k, t).as_bytes()),
+                            Some(format!("v{:02}-{:02}", k, t).as_bytes()),
                         )
                         .unwrap();
                 } else {