Fixes #54439.

- Lock around concurrent accesses to .logs, .message_limits, and
   .shouldlog_args.
- Copy the vector out of the logger at the end, to shield against
   dangling Tasks.

Before:
```julia
julia> Threads.nthreads()
8

julia> function foo(n)
           @info "Doing foo with n=$n"
           @sync for i=1:n
               Threads.@Spawn @info "Iteration $i"
           end
           42
       end
foo (generic function with 1 method)

julia> for _ in 1:1000
           @test_logs (:info,"Doing foo with n=10000") match_mode=:any foo(10_000)
       end
julia+RAI(56155,0x1f5157ac0) malloc: double free for ptr 0x128248000
julia+RAI(56155,0x1f5157ac0) malloc: *** set a breakpoint in malloc_error_break to debug

[56155] signal (6): Abort trap: 6
in expression starting at REPL[8]:1

signal (6) thread (1) __pthread_kill at /usr/lib/system/libsystem_kernel.dylib (unknown line)
Allocations: 54370881 (Pool: 54363911; Big: 6970); GC: 119
[1]    56154 abort      julia -tauto
```
After:
```julia
julia> Threads.nthreads()
8

julia> function foo(n)
           @info "Doing foo with n=$n"
           @sync for i=1:n
               Threads.@Spawn @info "Iteration $i"
           end
           42
       end
foo (generic function with 1 method)

julia> for _ in 1:1000
           @test_logs (:info,"Doing foo with n=10000") match_mode=:any foo(10_000)
       end
```
(no crash) :)

(cherry picked from commit 0437210)

Fixes #54439.

- Lock around concurrent accesses to .logs, .message_limits, and
   .shouldlog_args.
- Copy the vector out of the logger at the end, to shield against
   dangling Tasks.

Before:
```julia
julia> Threads.nthreads()
8

julia> function foo(n)
           @info "Doing foo with n=$n"
           @sync for i=1:n
               Threads.@Spawn @info "Iteration $i"
           end
           42
       end
foo (generic function with 1 method)

julia> for _ in 1:1000
           @test_logs (:info,"Doing foo with n=10000") match_mode=:any foo(10_000)
       end
julia+RAI(56155,0x1f5157ac0) malloc: double free for ptr 0x128248000
julia+RAI(56155,0x1f5157ac0) malloc: *** set a breakpoint in malloc_error_break to debug

[56155] signal (6): Abort trap: 6
in expression starting at REPL[8]:1

signal (6) thread (1) __pthread_kill at /usr/lib/system/libsystem_kernel.dylib (unknown line)
Allocations: 54370881 (Pool: 54363911; Big: 6970); GC: 119
[1]    56154 abort      julia -tauto
```
After:
```julia
julia> Threads.nthreads()
8

julia> function foo(n)
           @info "Doing foo with n=$n"
           @sync for i=1:n
               Threads.@Spawn @info "Iteration $i"
           end
           42
       end
foo (generic function with 1 method)

julia> for _ in 1:1000
           @test_logs (:info,"Doing foo with n=10000") match_mode=:any foo(10_000)
       end
```
(no crash) :)

(cherry picked from commit 0437210)

Backported PRs:
- [x] #54010 <!-- Overload `Base.literal_pow` for `AbstractQ` -->
- [x] #54143 <!-- Fix `make install` from tarballs -->
- [x] #54151 <!-- LinearAlgebra: Correct zero element in
`_generic_matvecmul!` for block adj/trans -->
- [x] #54233 <!-- set MAX_OS_WRITE on unix -->
- [x] #54251 <!-- fix typo in gc_mark_memory8 when chunking a large
array -->
- [x] #54363 <!-- typeintersect: fix another stack overflow caused by
circular constraints -->
- [x] #54497 <!-- Make TestLogger thread-safe (introduce a lock) -->
- [x] #53796 <!-- Add a missing doc -->
- [x] #54465 <!-- typeintersect: conservative typevar subtitution during
`finish_unionall` -->
- [x] #54514 <!-- typeintersect: followup cleanup for the nothrow path
of type instantiation -->

Need manual backport:
- [ ] #52505 <!-- fix alignment of emit_unbox_store copy -->
- [ ] #53373 <!-- fix sysimage-native-code=no option with pkgimages -->
- [ ] #53815 <!-- create phantom task for GC threads -->
- [ ] #53984 <!-- Profile: fix heap snapshot is valid char check -->
- [ ] #54276 <!-- Fix solve for complex `Hermitian` with non-vanishing
imaginary part on diagonal -->

Contains multiple commits, manual intervention needed:
- [ ] #52854 <!-- Change to streaming out the heap snapshot data -->
- [ ] #53218 <!-- Fix interpreter_exec.jl test -->
- [ ] #53833 <!-- Profile: make heap snapshots viewable in vscode viewer
-->
- [ ] #54303 <!-- LinearAlgebra: improve type-inference in
Symmetric/Hermitian matmul -->
- [ ] #52694 <!-- Reinstate similar for AbstractQ for backward
compatibility -->

Non-merged PRs with backport label:
- [ ] #54471 <!-- Actually setup jit targets when compiling
packageimages instead of targeting only one -->
- [ ] #53452 <!-- RFC: allow Tuple{Union{}}, returning Union{} -->
- [ ] #51479 <!-- prevent code loading from lookin in the versioned
environment when building Julia -->