Rust 1.59.0

Language

• Stabilize default arguments for const parameters and remove the ordering restriction for type and const parameters
• Stabilize destructuring assignment
• Relax private in public lint on generic bounds and where clauses of trait impls
• Stabilize asm! and global_asm! for x86, x86_64, ARM, Aarch64, and RISC-V

Compiler

• Stabilize new symbol mangling format, leaving it opt-in (-Csymbol-mangling-version=v0)
• Emit LLVM optimization remarks when enabled with -Cremark
• Fix sparc64 ABI for aggregates with floating point members
• Warn when a #[test]-like built-in attribute macro is present multiple times.
• Add support for riscv64gc-unknown-freebsd
• Stabilize -Z emit-future-incompat as --json future-incompat
• Soft disable incremental compilation

This release disables incremental compilation, unless the user has explicitly opted in via the newly added RUSTC_FORCE_INCREMENTAL=1 environment variable. This is due to a known and relatively frequently occurring bug in incremental compilation, which causes builds to issue internal compiler errors. This particular bug is already fixed on nightly, but that fix has not yet rolled out to stable and is deemed too risky for a direct stable backport.

As always, we encourage users to test with nightly and report bugs so that we can track failures and fix issues earlier.

See 94124 for more details.

Libraries

• Remove unnecessary bounds for some Hash{Map,Set} methods

Stabilized APIs

• std::thread::available_parallelism
• Result::copied
• Result::cloned
• arch::asm!
• arch::global_asm!
• ops::ControlFlow::is_break
• ops::ControlFlow::is_continue
• TryFrom<char> for u8
• char::TryFromCharError implementing Clone, Debug, Display, PartialEq, Copy, Eq, Error
• iter::zip
• NonZeroU8::is_power_of_two
• NonZeroU16::is_power_of_two
• NonZeroU32::is_power_of_two
• NonZeroU64::is_power_of_two
• NonZeroU128::is_power_of_two
• NonZeroUsize::is_power_of_two
• DoubleEndedIterator for ToLowercase
• DoubleEndedIterator for ToUppercase
• TryFrom<&mut [T]> for [T; N]
• UnwindSafe for Once
• RefUnwindSafe for Once
• armv8 neon intrinsics for aarch64

Const-stable:

• mem::MaybeUninit::as_ptr
• mem::MaybeUninit::assume_init
• mem::MaybeUninit::assume_init_ref
• ffi::CStr::from_bytes_with_nul_unchecked

Cargo

• Stabilize the strip profile option
• Stabilize future-incompat-report
• Support abbreviating --release as -r
• Support term.quiet configuration
• Remove --host from cargo {publish,search,login}

Compatibility Notes

• Refactor weak symbols in std::sys::unix This may add new, versioned, symbols when building with a newer glibc, as the standard library uses weak linkage rather than dynamically attempting to load certain symbols at runtime.
• Deprecate crate_type and crate_name nested inside #![cfg_attr] This adds a future compatibility lint to supporting the use of cfg_attr wrapping either crate_type or crate_name specification within Rust files; it is recommended that users migrate to setting the equivalent command line flags.
• Remove effect of #[no_link] attribute on name resolution This may expose new names, leading to conflicts with preexisting names in a given namespace and a compilation failure.
• Cargo will document libraries before binaries.
• Respect doc=false in dependencies, not just the root crate
• Weaken guarantee around advancing underlying iterators in zip
• Make split_inclusive() on an empty slice yield an empty output
• Update std::env::temp_dir to use GetTempPath2 on Windows when available.
• unreachable! was updated to match other formatting macro behavior on Rust 2021

Internal Changes

These changes provide no direct user facing benefits, but represent significant improvements to the internals and overall performance of rustc and related tools.

• Fix many cases of normalization-related ICEs

• Replace dominators algorithm with simple Lengauer-Tarjan

• Store liveness in interval sets for region inference

• Remove in_band_lifetimes from the compiler and standard library, in preparation for removing this unstable feature.

Rust 1.58.1

• Fix race condition in std::fs::remove_dir_all (CVE-2022-21658)
• Handle captured arguments in the useless_format Clippy lint
• Move non_send_fields_in_send_ty Clippy lint to nursery
• Fix wrong error message displayed when some imports are missing
• Fix rustfmt not formatting generated files from stdin

Rust 1.58.0

Language

• Format strings can now capture arguments simply by writing {ident} in the string. This works in all macros accepting format strings. Support for this in panic! (panic!("{ident}")) requires the 2021 edition; panic invocations in previous editions that appear to be trying to use this will result in a warning lint about not having the intended effect.
• *const T pointers can now be dereferenced in const contexts.
• The rules for when a generic struct implements Unsize have been relaxed.

Compiler

• Add LLVM CFI support to the Rust compiler
• Stabilize -Z strip as -C strip. Note that while release builds already don't add debug symbols for the code you compile, the compiled standard library that ships with Rust includes debug symbols, so you may want to use the strip option to remove these symbols to produce smaller release binaries. Note that this release only includes support in rustc, not directly in cargo.
• Add support for LLVM coverage mapping format versions 5 and 6
• Emit LLVM optimization remarks when enabled with -Cremark
• Update the minimum external LLVM to 12
• Add x86_64-unknown-none at Tier 3*
• Build musl dist artifacts with debuginfo enabled. When building release binaries using musl, you may want to use the newly stabilized strip option to remove these debug symbols, reducing the size of your binaries.
• Don't abort compilation after giving a lint error
• Error messages point at the source of trait bound obligations in more places

* Refer to Rust's platform support page for more information on Rust's tiered platform support.

Libraries

• All remaining functions in the standard library have #[must_use] annotations where appropriate, producing a warning when ignoring their return value. This helps catch mistakes such as expecting a function to mutate a value in place rather than return a new value.
• Paths are automatically canonicalized on Windows for operations that support it
• Re-enable debug checks for copy and copy_nonoverlapping
• Implement RefUnwindSafe for Rc<T>
• Make RSplit<T, P>: Clone not require T: Clone
• Implement Termination for Result<Infallible, E>. This allows writing fn main() -> Result<Infallible, ErrorType>, for a program whose successful exits never involve returning from main (for instance, a program that calls exit, or that uses exec to run another program).

Stabilized APIs

• Metadata::is_symlink
• Path::is_symlink
• {integer}::saturating_div
• Option::unwrap_unchecked
• Result::unwrap_unchecked
• Result::unwrap_err_unchecked
• File::options

These APIs are now usable in const contexts:

• Duration::new
• Duration::checked_add
• Duration::saturating_add
• Duration::checked_sub
• Duration::saturating_sub
• Duration::checked_mul
• Duration::saturating_mul
• Duration::checked_div

Cargo

• Add --message-format for install command
• Warn when alias shadows external subcommand

Rustdoc

• Show all Deref implementations recursively in rustdoc
• Use computed visibility in rustdoc

Compatibility Notes

• Try all stable method candidates first before trying unstable ones. This change ensures that adding new nightly-only methods to the Rust standard library will not break code invoking methods of the same name from traits outside the standard library.
• Windows: std::process::Command will no longer search the current directory for executables.
• All proc-macro backward-compatibility lints are now deny-by-default.
• proc_macro: Append .0 to unsuffixed float if it would otherwise become int token
• Refactor weak symbols in std::sys::unix. This optimizes accesses to glibc functions, by avoiding the use of dlopen. This does not increase the minimum expected version of glibc. However, software distributions that use symbol versions to detect library dependencies, and which take weak symbols into account in that analysis, may detect rust binaries as requiring newer versions of glibc.
• rustdoc now rejects some unexpected semicolons in doctests

Internal Changes

These changes provide no direct user facing benefits, but represent significant improvements to the internals and overall performance of rustc and related tools.

• Implement coherence checks for negative trait impls
• Add rustc lint, warning when iterating over hashmaps
• Optimize live point computation
• Enable verification for 1/32nd of queries loaded from disk
• Implement version of normalize_erasing_regions that allows for normalization failure

Rust 1.57.0

Language

• Macro attributes may follow #[derive] and will see the original (pre-cfg) input.
• Accept curly-brace macros in expressions, like m!{ .. }.method() and m!{ .. }?.
• Allow panicking in constant evaluation.
• Ignore derived Clone and Debug implementations during dead code analysis.

Compiler

• Create more accurate debuginfo for vtables.
• Add armv6k-nintendo-3ds at Tier 3*.
• Add armv7-unknown-linux-uclibceabihf at Tier 3*.
• Add m68k-unknown-linux-gnu at Tier 3*.
• Add SOLID targets at Tier 3*: aarch64-kmc-solid_asp3, armv7a-kmc-solid_asp3-eabi, armv7a-kmc-solid_asp3-eabihf

* Refer to Rust's platform support page for more information on Rust's tiered platform support.

Libraries

• Avoid allocations and copying in Vec::leak
• Add #[repr(i8)] to Ordering
• Optimize File::read_to_end and read_to_string
• Update to Unicode 14.0
• Many more functions are marked #[must_use], producing a warning when ignoring their return value. This helps catch mistakes such as expecting a function to mutate a value in place rather than return a new value.

Stabilised APIs

• [T; N]::as_mut_slice
• [T; N]::as_slice
• collections::TryReserveError
• HashMap::try_reserve
• HashSet::try_reserve
• String::try_reserve
• String::try_reserve_exact
• Vec::try_reserve
• Vec::try_reserve_exact
• VecDeque::try_reserve
• VecDeque::try_reserve_exact
• Iterator::map_while
• iter::MapWhile
• proc_macro::is_available
• Command::get_program
• Command::get_args
• Command::get_envs
• Command::get_current_dir
• CommandArgs
• CommandEnvs

These APIs are now usable in const contexts:

• hint::unreachable_unchecked

Cargo

• Stabilize custom profiles

Compatibility notes

• Ignore derived Clone and Debug implementations during dead code analysis. This will break some builds that set #![deny(dead_code)].

Internal changes

These changes provide no direct user facing benefits, but represent significant improvements to the internals and overall performance of rustc and related tools.

• Added an experimental backend for codegen with libgccjit.

Rust 1.56.1

• New lints to detect the presence of bidirectional-override Unicode codepoints in the compiled source code (CVE-2021-42574)

Rust 1.56.0

Language

• The 2021 Edition is now stable. See the edition guide for more details.
• The pattern in binding @ pattern can now also introduce new bindings.
• Union field access is permitted in const fn.

Compiler

• Upgrade to LLVM 13.
• Support memory, address, and thread sanitizers on aarch64-unknown-freebsd.
• Allow specifying a deployment target version for all iOS targets
• Warnings can be forced on with --force-warn. This feature is primarily intended for usage by cargo fix, rather than end users.
• Promote aarch64-apple-ios-sim to Tier 2*.
• Add powerpc-unknown-freebsd at Tier 3*.
• Add riscv32imc-esp-espidf at Tier 3*.

* Refer to Rust's platform support page for more information on Rust's tiered platform support.

Libraries

• Allow writing of incomplete UTF-8 sequences via stdout/stderr on Windows. The Windows console still requires valid Unicode, but this change allows splitting a UTF-8 character across multiple write calls. This allows, for instance, programs that just read and write data buffers (e.g. copying a file to stdout) without regard for Unicode or character boundaries.
• Prefer AtomicU{64,128} over Mutex for Instant backsliding protection. For this use case, atomics scale much better under contention.
• Implement Extend<(A, B)> for (Extend<A>, Extend<B>)
• impl Default, Copy, Clone for std::io::Sink and std::io::Empty
• impl From<[(K, V); N]> for all collections.
• Remove P: Unpin bound on impl Future for Pin.
• Treat invalid environment variable names as nonexistent. Previously, the environment functions would panic if given a variable name with an internal null character or equal sign (=). Now, these functions will just treat such names as nonexistent variables, since the OS cannot represent the existence of a variable with such a name.

Stabilised APIs

• std::os::unix::fs::chroot
• UnsafeCell::raw_get
• BufWriter::into_parts
• core::panic::{UnwindSafe, RefUnwindSafe, AssertUnwindSafe} These APIs were previously stable in std, but are now also available in core.
• Vec::shrink_to
• String::shrink_to
• OsString::shrink_to
• PathBuf::shrink_to
• BinaryHeap::shrink_to
• VecDeque::shrink_to
• HashMap::shrink_to
• HashSet::shrink_to

These APIs are now usable in const contexts:

• std::mem::transmute
• [T]::first
• [T]::split_first
• [T]::last
• [T]::split_last

Cargo

• Cargo supports specifying a minimum supported Rust version in Cargo.toml. This has no effect at present on dependency version selection. We encourage crates to specify their minimum supported Rust version, and we encourage CI systems that support Rust code to include a crate's specified minimum version in the test matrix for that crate by default.

Compatibility notes

• Update to new argument parsing rules on Windows. This adjusts Rust's standard library to match the behavior of the standard libraries for C/C++. The rules have changed slightly over time, and this PR brings us to the latest set of rules (changed in 2008).
• Disallow the aapcs calling convention on aarch64 This was already not supported by LLVM; this change surfaces this lack of support with a better error message.
• Make SEMICOLON_IN_EXPRESSIONS_FROM_MACROS warn by default
• Warn when an escaped newline skips multiple lines.
• Calls to libc::getpid / std::process::id from Command::pre_exec may return different values on glibc <= 2.24. Rust now invokes the clone3 system call directly, when available, to use new functionality available via that system call. Older versions of glibc cache the result of getpid, and only update that cache when calling glibc's clone/fork functions, so a direct system call bypasses that cache update. glibc 2.25 and newer no longer cache getpid for exactly this reason.

Internal changes

These changes provide no direct user facing benefits, but represent significant improvements to the internals and overall performance of rustc and related tools.

• LLVM is compiled with PGO in published x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu artifacts. This improves the performance of most Rust builds.
• Unify representation of macros in internal data structures. This change fixes a host of bugs with the handling of macros by the compiler, as well as rustdoc.

Rust 1.55.0

Language

• You can now write open "from" range patterns (X..), which will start at X and will end at the maximum value of the integer.
• You can now explicitly import the prelude of different editions through std::prelude (e.g. use std::prelude::rust_2021::*;).

Compiler

• Added tier 3* support for powerpc64le-unknown-freebsd.

* Refer to Rust's platform support page for more information on Rust's tiered platform support.

Libraries

• Updated std's float parsing to use the Eisel-Lemire algorithm. These improvements should in general provide faster string parsing of floats, no longer reject certain valid floating point values, and reduce the produced code size for non-stripped artifacts.
• string::Drain now implements AsRef<str> and AsRef<[u8]>.

Stabilised APIs

• Bound::cloned
• Drain::as_str
• IntoInnerError::into_error
• IntoInnerError::into_parts
• MaybeUninit::assume_init_mut
• MaybeUninit::assume_init_ref
• MaybeUninit::write
• array::map
• ops::ControlFlow
• x86::_bittest
• x86::_bittestandcomplement
• x86::_bittestandreset
• x86::_bittestandset
• x86_64::_bittest64
• x86_64::_bittestandcomplement64
• x86_64::_bittestandreset64
• x86_64::_bittestandset64

The following previously stable functions are now const.

• str::from_utf8_unchecked

Cargo

• Cargo will now deduplicate compiler diagnostics to the terminal when invoking rustc in parallel such as when using cargo test.
• The package definition in cargo metadata now includes the "default_run" field from the manifest.
• Added cargo d as an alias for cargo doc.
• Added {lib} as formatting option for cargo tree to print the "lib_name" of packages.

Rustdoc

• Added "Go to item on exact match" search option.
• The "Implementors" section on traits no longer shows redundant method definitions.
• Trait implementations are toggled open by default. This should make the implementations more searchable by tools like CTRL+F in your browser.
• Intra-doc links should now correctly resolve associated items (e.g. methods) through type aliases.
• Traits which are marked with #[doc(hidden)] will no longer appear in the "Trait Implementations" section.

Compatibility Notes

• std functions that return an io::Error will no longer use the ErrorKind::Other variant. This is to better reflect that these kinds of errors could be categorised into newer more specific ErrorKind variants, and that they do not represent a user error.
• Using environment variable names with process::Command on Windows now behaves as expected. Previously using environment variables with Command would cause them to be ASCII-uppercased.
• Rustdoc will now warn on using rustdoc lints that aren't prefixed with rustdoc::
• RUSTFLAGS is no longer set for build scripts. Build scripts should use CARGO_ENCODED_RUSTFLAGS instead. See the documentation for more details.

Rust 1.54.0

Language

• You can now use macros for values in some built-in attributes. This primarily allows you to call macros within the #[doc] attribute. For example, to include external documentation in your crate, you can now write the following:

  #![doc = include_str!("README.md")]

• You can now cast between unsized slice types (and types which contain unsized slices) in const fn.

• You can now use multiple generic lifetimes with impl Trait where the lifetimes don't explicitly outlive another. In code this means that you can now have impl Trait<'a, 'b> where as before you could only have impl Trait<'a, 'b> where 'b: 'a.

Compiler

• Rustc will now search for custom JSON targets in /lib/rustlib/<target-triple>/target.json where / is the "sysroot" directory. You can find your sysroot directory by running rustc --print sysroot.
• Added wasm as a target_family for WebAssembly platforms.
• You can now use #[target_feature] on safe functions when targeting WebAssembly platforms.
• Improved debugger output for enums on Windows MSVC platforms.
• Added tier 3* support for bpfel-unknown-none and bpfeb-unknown-none.
• -Zmutable-noalias=yes is enabled by default when using LLVM 12 or above.

* Refer to Rust's platform support page for more information on Rust's tiered platform support.

Libraries

• panic::panic_any will now #[track_caller].
• Added OutOfMemory as a variant of io::ErrorKind.
• proc_macro::Literal now implements FromStr.
• The implementations of vendor intrinsics in core::arch have been significantly refactored. The main user-visible changes are a 50% reduction in the size of libcore.rlib and stricter validation of constant operands passed to intrinsics. The latter is technically a breaking change, but allows Rust to more closely match the C vendor intrinsics API.

Stabilized APIs

• BTreeMap::into_keys
• BTreeMap::into_values
• HashMap::into_keys
• HashMap::into_values
• arch::wasm32
• VecDeque::binary_search
• VecDeque::binary_search_by
• VecDeque::binary_search_by_key
• VecDeque::partition_point

Cargo

• Added the --prune <spec> option to cargo-tree to remove a package from the dependency graph.
• Added the --depth option to cargo-tree to print only to a certain depth in the tree
• Added the no-proc-macro value to cargo-tree --edges to hide procedural macro dependencies.
• A new environment variable named CARGO_TARGET_TMPDIR is available. This variable points to a directory that integration tests and benches can use as a "scratchpad" for testing filesystem operations.

Compatibility Notes

• Mixing Option and Result via ? is no longer permitted in closures for inferred types.
• Previously unsound code is no longer permitted where different constructors in branches could require different lifetimes.
• As previously mentioned the std::arch intrinsics now uses stricter const checking than before and may reject some previously accepted code.
• i128 multiplication on Cortex M0+ platforms currently unconditionally causes overflow when compiled with codegen-units = 1.

Rust 1.53.0

Language

• You can now use unicode for identifiers. This allows multilingual identifiers but still doesn't allow glyphs that are not considered characters such as ◆ or 🦀. More specifically you can now use any identifier that matches the UAX #31 "Unicode Identifier and Pattern Syntax" standard. This is the same standard as languages like Python, however Rust uses NFC normalization which may be different from other languages.
• You can now specify "or patterns" inside pattern matches. Previously you could only use | (OR) on complete patterns. E.g.

  let x = Some(2u8);
  // Before
  matches!(x, Some(1) | Some(2));
  // Now
  matches!(x, Some(1 | 2));

• Added the :pat_param macro_rules! matcher. This matcher has the same semantics as the :pat matcher. This is to allow :pat to change semantics to being a pattern fragment in a future edition.

Compiler

• Updated the minimum external LLVM version to LLVM 10.
• Added Tier 3* support for the wasm64-unknown-unknown target.
• Improved debuginfo for closures and async functions on Windows MSVC.

* Refer to Rust's platform support page for more information on Rust's tiered platform support.

Libraries

• Abort messages will now forward to android_set_abort_message on Android platforms when available.
• slice::IterMut<'_, T> now implements AsRef<[T]>
• Arrays of any length now implement IntoIterator. Currently calling .into_iter() as a method on an array will return impl Iterator<Item=&T>, but this may change in a future edition to change Item to T. Calling IntoIterator::into_iter directly on arrays will provide impl Iterator<Item=T> as expected.
• leading_zeros, and trailing_zeros are now available on all NonZero integer types.
• {f32, f64}::from_str now parse and print special values (NaN, -0) according to IEEE 754.
• You can now index into slices using (Bound<usize>, Bound<usize>).
• Add the BITS associated constant to all numeric types.

Stabilised APIs

• AtomicBool::fetch_update
• AtomicPtr::fetch_update
• BTreeMap::retain
• BTreeSet::retain
• BufReader::seek_relative
• DebugStruct::non_exhaustive
• Duration::MAX
• Duration::ZERO
• Duration::is_zero
• Duration::saturating_add
• Duration::saturating_mul
• Duration::saturating_sub
• ErrorKind::Unsupported
• Option::insert
• Ordering::is_eq
• Ordering::is_ge
• Ordering::is_gt
• Ordering::is_le
• Ordering::is_lt
• Ordering::is_ne
• OsStr::is_ascii
• OsStr::make_ascii_lowercase
• OsStr::make_ascii_uppercase
• OsStr::to_ascii_lowercase
• OsStr::to_ascii_uppercase
• Peekable::peek_mut
• Rc::decrement_strong_count
• Rc::increment_strong_count
• Vec::extend_from_within
• array::from_mut
• array::from_ref
• cmp::max_by_key
• cmp::max_by
• cmp::min_by_key
• cmp::min_by
• f32::is_subnormal
• f64::is_subnormal

Cargo

• Cargo now supports git repositories where the default HEAD branch is not "master". This also includes a switch to the version 3 Cargo.lock format which can handle default branches correctly.
• macOS targets now default to unpacked split-debuginfo.
• The authors field is no longer included in Cargo.toml for new projects.

Rustdoc

• Added the rustdoc::bare_urls lint that warns when you have URLs without hyperlinks.

Compatibility Notes

• Implement token-based handling of attributes during expansion
• Ipv4::from_str will now reject octal format IP addresses in addition to rejecting hexadecimal IP addresses. The octal format can lead to confusion and potential security vulnerabilities and is no longer recommended.
• The added BITS constant may conflict with external definitions. In particular, this was known to be a problem in the lexical-core crate, but they have published fixes for semantic versions 0.4 through 0.7. To update this dependency alone, use cargo update -p lexical-core.
• Incremental compilation remains off by default, unless one uses the RUSTC_FORCE_INCREMENTAL=1 environment variable added in 1.52.1.

Internal Only

These changes provide no direct user facing benefits, but represent significant improvements to the internals and overall performance of rustc and related tools.

• Rework the std::sys::windows::alloc implementation.
• rustdoc: Don't enter an infer_ctxt in get_blanket_impls for impls that aren't blanket impls.
• rustdoc: Only look at blanket impls in get_blanket_impls
• Rework rustdoc const type

Rust 1.52.1

This release disables incremental compilation, unless the user has explicitly opted in via the newly added RUSTC_FORCE_INCREMENTAL=1 environment variable.

This is due to the widespread, and frequently occurring, breakage encountered by Rust users due to newly enabled incremental verification in 1.52.0. Notably, Rust users should upgrade to 1.52.0 or 1.52.1: the bugs that are detected by newly added incremental verification are still present in past stable versions, and are not yet fixed on any channel. These bugs can lead to miscompilation of Rust binaries.

These problems only affect incremental builds, so release builds with Cargo should not be affected unless the user has explicitly opted into incremental. Debug and check builds are affected.

See 84970 for more details.