Add Base58 library

[Amxx]

Fixes #5760
Includes (depends on) #5733

This probably deserves some assembly. It feels like the decoding could be optimized a lot. Note that base58 is notoriously loop (and memory ops) heavy.

PR Checklist

• Tests
• Documentation
• Changeset entry (run npx changeset add)

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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: da84743

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 1 package

Name	Type
openzeppelin-solidity	Minor

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[Amxx]

For anyone curious, here is how you build these lookup tables:

const { ethers } = require("ethers");

const max = (...values) => values.slice(1).reduce((x, y) => (x > y ? x : y), values.at(0));
const min = (...values) => values.slice(1).reduce((x, y) => (x < y ? x : y), values.at(0));

const buildLookup = (...tables) => {
    const bTables = tables.map(table => Array.from(ethers.toUtf8Bytes(table)));
    const MINIMUM = min(...bTables.flatMap(x => x));
    const MAXIMUM = max(...bTables.flatMap(x => x));
    const lookup = Uint8Array.from(Array.from({ length: MAXIMUM - MINIMUM + 1 }).map((_, i) => bTables.map(table => table.indexOf(i + MINIMUM)).find(x => x != -1) ?? 0xff));
    const valid = tables.every(table => Object.entries(table).every(([ i, c]) => i == lookup.at(c.charCodeAt(0) - MINIMUM)));
    return valid ? { tables, lookup: ethers.hexlify(lookup), MINIMUM, MAXIMUM } : undefined;
}

console.log(buildLookup(
    "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/", // base64
    "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-_", // base64url
));

console.log(buildLookup(
    "123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz", // base58
));

[Amxx]

48 and 123 are derived from the minimum and maximum values taken by b58 chars, see https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/pull/5762/files#r2160061084