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README.md

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@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ General Information
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- In general, “[cloud computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing)” can refer to one of three types of cloud: “public,” “private,” and “hybrid.” AWS is a public cloud provider, since anyone can use it. Private clouds are within a single (usually large) organization. Many companies use a hybrid of private and public clouds.
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- The core features of AWS are [infrastructure-as-a-service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#Infrastructure_as_a_service_.28IaaS.29) (IaaS) — that is, virtual machines and supporting infrastructure. Other cloud service models include [platform-as-a-service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#Platform_as_a_service_.28PaaS.29) (PaaS), which typically are more fully managed services that deploy customers’ applications, or [software-as-a-service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing#Software_as_a_service_.28SaaS.29) (SaaS), which are cloud-based applications. AWS does offer a few products that fit into these other models, too.
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- In business terms, with infrastructure-as-a-service you have a variable cost model — it is [OpEx, not CapEx](http://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/020915/what-difference-between-capex-and-opex.asp) (though some [pre-purchased contracts](https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/purchasing-options/reserved-instances/) are still CapEx).
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- AWS’s TTM revenue was [**$32.5 billion**](https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/ca9f2d27-46e7-4006-86f1-0c6ccb026a04) as of Q3 2019 according to their earnings results (slide 14 in the linked deck), or roughly **12%** of Amazon.com’s total revenue (slide 8 in the same deck) for the same TTM period.
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- AWS’s TTM revenue was [**$37.549 billion**](https://ir.aboutamazon.com/news-release/news-release-details/2020/Amazoncom-Announces-First-Quarter/default.aspx) as of Q1 2020 according to their earnings results (slide 14 in the linked deck), or roughly **14%** of Amazon.com’s total revenue (slide 11 in the same deck) for the same TTM period.
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- **Main reasons to use AWS:**
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- If your company is building systems or products that may need to scale
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- and you have technical know-how
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- Generally, the more AWS services you use, the more lock-in you have to AWS — that is, the more engineering resources (time and money) it will take to change to other providers in the future.
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- Basic services like virtual servers and standard databases are usually easy to migrate to other providers or on premises. Others like load balancers and IAM are specific to AWS but have close equivalents from other providers. The key thing to consider is whether engineers are architecting systems around specific AWS services that are not open source or relatively interchangeable. For example, Lambda, API Gateway, Kinesis, Redshift, and DynamoDB do not have substantially equivalent open source or commercial service equivalents, while EC2, RDS (MySQL or Postgres), EMR, and ElastiCache more or less do. (See more [below](#which-services-to-use), where these are noted with ⛓.)
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- **Combining AWS and other cloud providers:** Many customers combine AWS with other non-AWS services. For example, legacy systems or secure data might be in a managed hosting provider, while other systems are AWS. Or a company might only use S3 with another provider doing everything else. However small startups or projects starting fresh will typically stick to AWS or Google Cloud only.
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- **Hybrid cloud:** In larger enterprises, it is common to have [hybrid deployments](https://aws.amazon.com/enterprise/hybrid/) encompassing private cloud or on-premises servers and AWS — or other enterprise cloud providers like [IBM](https://www.ibm.com/it-infrastructure/us-en/hybrid-cloud/)/[Bluemix](http://www.ibm.com/cloud-computing/bluemix/hybrid/), [Microsoft](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/cloud-platform/hybrid-cloud)/[Azure](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/overview/azure-stack/), [NetApp](http://www.netapp.com/us/solutions/cloud/hybrid-cloud/), or [EMC](http://www.emc.com/en-us/cloud/hybrid-cloud-computing/index.htm).
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- **Hybrid cloud:** In larger enterprises, it is common to have [hybrid deployments](https://aws.amazon.com/enterprise/hybrid/) encompassing private cloud or on-premises servers and AWS — or other enterprise cloud providers like [IBM](https://www.ibm.com/it-infrastructure/solutions/hybrid-cloud)/[Bluemix](http://www.ibm.com/cloud-computing/bluemix/hybrid/), [Microsoft](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/cloud-platform/hybrid-cloud)/[Azure](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/overview/azure-stack/), [NetApp](http://www.netapp.com/us/solutions/cloud/hybrid-cloud/), or [EMC](http://www.emc.com/en-us/cloud/hybrid-cloud-computing/index.htm).
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- **Major customers:** Who uses AWS and Google Cloud?
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- AWS’s [list of customers](https://aws.amazon.com/solutions/case-studies/) includes large numbers of mainstream online properties and major brands, such as Netflix, Pinterest, Spotify (moving to Google Cloud), Airbnb, Expedia, Yelp, Zynga, Comcast, Nokia, and Bristol-Myers Squibb.
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- Azure’s [list of customers](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/case-studies/) includes companies such as NBC Universal, 3M and Honeywell Inc.
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### ECS Alternatives and Lock-in
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- [Kubernetes](https://kubernetes.io): Extensive container platform. Available as a hosted solution on Google Cloud (https://cloud.google.com/container-engine/) and AWS (https://tectonic.com/). AWS has a Kubernetes Quickstart (https://aws.amazon.com/quickstart/architecture/heptio-kubernetes/) developed in collaboration with Heptio.
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- [Nomad](https://www.nomadproject.io/): Orchestrator/Scheduler, tightly integrated in the Hashicorp stack (Consul, Vault, etc).
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- [Nomad](https://www.nomadproject.io/): Orchestrator/Scheduler, tightly integrated in the HashiCorp stack (Consul, Vault, etc).
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🚧 [*Please help expand this incomplete section.*](CONTRIBUTING.md)
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### EKS Alternatives and Lock-in
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- [ECS](#ecs): Amazon's native Container Scheduled platform released in 2014. If you don't utilise containers today and are looking to get started, ECS is an excellent product.
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- [Kubernetes](https://kubernetes.io): Extensive container platform. Available as a hosted solution on [Google Cloud](https://cloud.google.com/container-engine/), [AWS](https://aws.amazon.com/eks/), [Digital Ocean](https://www.digitalocean.com/products/kubernetes/) and [Azure](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/services/kubernetes-service/).
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- [Nomad](https://www.nomadproject.io/): Orchestrator/Scheduler, tightly integrated in the Hashicorp stack (Consul, Vault, etc).
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- [Nomad](https://www.nomadproject.io/): Orchestrator/Scheduler, tightly integrated in the HashiCorp stack (Consul, Vault, etc).
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### EKS Gotchas and Limitations
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- Pods and Service configurations can rapidly consume IP addresses inside a VPC. Proper care and maintenance should be applied to ensure IP exhaustion does not occur.
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### CloudFormation Alternatives and Lock-In
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- Hashicorp’s [Terraform](https://www.terraform.io/intro/vs/cloudformation.html) is a third-party alternative that can support other cloud platforms/providers including [Azure](https://www.terraform.io/docs/providers/azure/) and [OpenStack](https://www.terraform.io/docs/providers/openstack/).
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- HashiCorp’s [Terraform](https://www.terraform.io/intro/vs/cloudformation.html) is a third-party alternative that can support other cloud platforms/providers including [Azure](https://www.terraform.io/docs/providers/azure/) and [OpenStack](https://www.terraform.io/docs/providers/openstack/).
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- 🔸Some AWS features may not be available in Terraform (e.g. multi-AZ ElastiCache using Redis), and you may have to resort to embedded CloudFormation templates.
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- [Pulumi](https://www.pulumi.com/) enables teams to define and deliver Cloud Native Infrastructure as Code on any cloud, with any language. From containers to serverless to Kubernetes to infrastructure.
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- OpsWorks is a configuration management service that uses [Chef](https://www.chef.io/chef/) or [Puppet](https://www.puppet.com) configuration management. It is broken out into three different services:
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- [OpsWorks Stacks](https://aws.amazon.com/opsworks/stacks/): The service lets you configure and launch stacks specific to your application's needs, and allows you to automate application deployments. Chef runs can be performed manually via the Execute Cookbooks command, otherwise they are only run as part of lifecycle events.
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- OpsWorks Stacks differs from standard configuration management services in that it also allows you to perform some infrastructure and application automation (such as creating Amazon EC2 instances and deploying applications via Chef cookbooks).
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- [OpsWorks for Chef Automate](https://aws.amazon.com/opsworks/chefautomate/): This service launches a dedicated Chef Automate server in your account, which can be used to associate nodes, upload coobook code, and configure systems. Automated patching, backups, OS updates, and minor Chef version upgrades are provided as part of the service. An AWS API is provided for associating/disassociating nodes. Chef runs can be scheduled on nodes using the [chef-client cookbook](https://supermarket.chef.io/cookbooks/chef-client).
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- [OpsWorks for Chef Automate](https://aws.amazon.com/opsworks/chefautomate/): This service launches a dedicated Chef Automate server in your account, which can be used to associate nodes, upload cookbook code, and configure systems. Automated patching, backups, OS updates, and minor Chef version upgrades are provided as part of the service. An AWS API is provided for associating/disassociating nodes. Chef runs can be scheduled on nodes using the [chef-client cookbook](https://supermarket.chef.io/cookbooks/chef-client).
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- [OpsWorks for Puppet Enterprise](https://aws.amazon.com/opsworks/puppetenterprise/): This service launches a dedicated Puppet Master in your account, which can be used to associate nodes, upload modules, and configure systems. Automated patching, backups, OS updates, and minor Puppet version upgrades are provided as part of the service. An AWS API is provided for associating/disassociating nodes. By default, the Puppet agent will run automatically every 30 minutes on associated nodes.
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- OpsWorks for Chef Automate and OpsWorks for Puppet Enterprise are strictly designed for configuration management, and do not provision infrastructure outside the Chef Server/Puppet Master that is created in our account.
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- All three OpsWorks services support managing both Amazon EC2 and on-premises infrastructure, however the implementation details differ slightly.

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