A pure Go MSSQL driver for Go's database/sql package

For more recent updates, see the Microsoft fork.

Install

Requires Go 1.8 or above.

Install with go install github.com/microsoft/go-mssqldb@latest.

Connection Parameters and DSN

The recommended connection string uses a URL format: sqlserver://username:password@host/instance?param1=value&param2=value Other supported formats are listed below.

Common parameters

user id - enter the SQL Server Authentication user id or the Windows Authentication user id in the DOMAIN\User format. On Windows, if user id is empty or missing Single-Sign-On is used. The user domain sensitive to the case which is defined in the connection string.
password
database
connection timeout - in seconds (default is 0 for no timeout), set to 0 for no timeout. Recommended to set to 0 and use context to manage query and connection timeouts.
dial timeout - in seconds (default is 15 times the number of registered protocols), set to 0 for no timeout.
encrypt
- disable - Data send between client and server is not encrypted.
- false - Data sent between client and server is not encrypted beyond the login packet. (Default)
- true - Data sent between client and server is encrypted.
app name - The application name (default is go-mssqldb)
authenticator - Can be used to specify use of a registered authentication provider. (e.g. ntlm, winsspi (on windows) or krb5 (on linux))

Connection parameters for ODBC and ADO style connection strings

server - host or host\instance (default localhost)
port - specifies the host\instance port (default 1433). If instance name is provided but no port, the driver will use SQL Server Browser to discover the port.

Less common parameters

keepAlive - in seconds; 0 to disable (default is 30)
failoverpartner - host or host\instance (default is no partner).
failoverport - used only when there is no instance in failoverpartner (default 1433)
packet size - in bytes; 512 to 32767 (default is 4096)
- Encrypted connections have a maximum packet size of 16383 bytes
- Further information on usage: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/database-engine/configure-windows/configure-the-network-packet-size-server-configuration-option
log - logging flags (default 0/no logging, 255 for full logging)
- 1 log errors
- 2 log messages
- 4 log rows affected
- 8 trace sql statements
- 16 log statement parameters
- 32 log transaction begin/end
- 64 additional debug logs
- 128 log retries
TrustServerCertificate
- false - Server certificate is checked. Default is false if encrypt is specified.
- true - Server certificate is not checked. Default is true if encrypt is not specified. If trust server certificate is true, driver accepts any certificate presented by the server and any host name in that certificate. In this mode, TLS is susceptible to man-in-the-middle attacks. This should be used only for testing.
certificate - The file that contains the public key certificate of the CA that signed the SQL Server certificate. The specified certificate overrides the go platform specific CA certificates.
hostNameInCertificate - Specifies the Common Name (CN) in the server certificate. Default value is the server host.
tlsmin - Specifies the minimum TLS version for negotiating encryption with the server. Recognized values are 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3. If not set to a recognized value the default value for the tls package will be used. The default is currently 1.2.
ServerSPN - The kerberos SPN (Service Principal Name) for the server. Default is MSSQLSvc/host:port.
Workstation ID - The workstation name (default is the host name)
ApplicationIntent - Can be given the value ReadOnly to initiate a read-only connection to an Availability Group listener. The database must be specified when connecting with Application Intent set to ReadOnly.
protocol - forces use of a protocol. Make sure the corresponding package is imported.

Connection parameters for namedpipe package

pipe - If set, no Browser query is made and named pipe used will be \\<host>\pipe\<pipe>
protocol can be set to np
For a non-URL DSN, the server parameter can be set to the full pipe name like \\host\pipe\sql\query

If no pipe name can be derived from the DSN, connection attempts will first query the SQL Browser service to find the pipe name for the instance.

Protocol configuration

To force a specific protocol for the connection there two several options:

Prepend the server name in a DSN with the protocol and a colon, like np:host or lpc:host or tcp:host
Set the protocol parameter to the protocol name

msdsn.ProtocolParsers can be reordered to prioritize other protocols ahead of tcp

Kerberos Active Directory authentication outside Windows

To connect with kerberos authentication from a Linux server you can use the optional krb5 package. Imported krb alongside the main driver

package main

import (
    ...
    _ "github.com/microsoft/go-mssqldb"
    _ "github.com/microsoft/go-mssqldb/integratedauth/krb5"
)

func main() {
    ...
}

It will become available for use when the connection string parameter "authenticator=krb5" is used.

The package supports authentication via 3 methods.

Keytabs - Specify the username, keytab file, the krb5.conf file, and realm.

authenticator=krb5;server=DatabaseServerName;database=DBName;user id=MyUserName;krb5-realm=domain.com;krb5-configfile=/etc/krb5.conf;krb5-keytabfile=~/MyUserName.keytab

Credential Cache - Specify the krb5.conf file path and credential cache file path.

authenticator=krb5;server=DatabaseServerName;database=DBName;krb5-configfile=/etc/krb5.conf;krb5-credcachefile=~/MyUserNameCachedCreds

Raw credentials - Specity krb5.confg, Username, Password and Realm.

authenticator=krb5;server=DatabaseServerName;database=DBName;user id=MyUserName;password=foo;krb5-realm=comani.com;krb5-configfile=/etc/krb5.conf;

Kerberos Parameters

authenticator - set this to krb5 to enable kerberos authentication. If this is not present, the default provider would be ntlm for unix and winsspi for windows.
krb5-configfile (mandatory) - path to kerberos configuration file.
krb5-realm (required with keytab and raw credentials) - Domain name for kerberos authentication.
krb5-keytabfile - path to Keytab file.
krb5-credcachefile - path to Credential cache.
krb5-dnslookupkdc - Optional parameter in all contexts. Set to lookup KDCs in DNS. Boolean. Default is true.
krb5-udppreferencelimit - Optional parameter in all contexts. 1 means to always use tcp. MIT krb5 has a default value of 1465, and it prevents user setting more than 32700. Integer. Default is 1.

For further information on usage:

The connection string can be specified in one of three formats

URL: with sqlserver scheme. username and password appears before the host. Any instance appears as the first segment in the path. All other options are query parameters. Examples:
- sqlserver://username:password@host/instance?param1=value&param2=value
- sqlserver://username:password@host:port?param1=value&param2=value
- sqlserver://sa@localhost/SQLExpress?database=master&connection+timeout=30 // `SQLExpress instance.
- sqlserver://sa:mypass@localhost?database=master&connection+timeout=30 // username=sa, password=mypass.
- sqlserver://sa:mypass@localhost:1234?database=master&connection+timeout=30 // port 1234 on localhost.
- sqlserver://sa:my%7Bpass@somehost?connection+timeout=30 // password is "my{pass" A string of this format can be constructed using the URL type in the net/url package.
```
query := url.Values{}
query.Add("app name", "MyAppName")

u := &url.URL{
	Scheme:   "sqlserver",
	User:     url.UserPassword(username, password),
	Host:     fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", hostname, port),
	// Path:  instance, // if connecting to an instance instead of a port
	RawQuery: query.Encode(),
}
db, err := sql.Open("sqlserver", u.String())
```

sqlserver://username@host/instance?krb5-configfile=path/to/file&krb5-credcachefile=/path/to/cache
- sqlserver://username@host/instance?krb5-configfile=path/to/file&krb5-realm=domain.com&krb5-keytabfile=/path/to/keytabfile

ADO: key=value pairs separated by ;. Values may not contain ;, leading and trailing whitespace is ignored. Examples:
- server=localhost\\SQLExpress;user id=sa;database=master;app name=MyAppName
- server=localhost;user id=sa;database=master;app name=MyAppName
- server=localhost;user id=sa;database=master;app name=MyAppName;krb5-configfile=path/to/file;krb5-credcachefile=path/to/cache;authenticator=krb5
- server=localhost;user id=sa;database=master;app name=MyAppName;krb5-configfile=path/to/file;krb5-realm=domain.com;krb5-keytabfile=path/to/keytabfile;authenticator=krb5
ADO strings support synonyms for database, app name, user id, and server
- server <= addr, address, network address, data source
- user id <= user, uid
- database <= initial catalog
- app name <= application name
ODBC: Prefix with odbc, key=value pairs separated by ;. Allow ; by wrapping values in {}. Examples:
- odbc:server=localhost\\SQLExpress;user id=sa;database=master;app name=MyAppName
- odbc:server=localhost;user id=sa;database=master;app name=MyAppName
- odbc:server=localhost;user id=sa;password={foo;bar} // Value marked with {}, password is "foo;bar"
- odbc:server=localhost;user id=sa;password={foo{bar} // Value marked with {}, password is "foo{bar"
- odbc:server=localhost;user id=sa;password={foobar } // Value marked with {}, password is "foobar "
- odbc:server=localhost;user id=sa;password=foo{bar // Literal {, password is "foo{bar"
- odbc:server=localhost;user id=sa;password=foo}bar // Literal }, password is "foo}bar"
- odbc:server=localhost;user id=sa;password={foo{bar} // Literal {, password is "foo{bar"
- odbc:server=localhost;user id=sa;password={foo}}bar} // Escaped } with}}`, password is "foo}bar"
- odbc:server=localhost;user id=sa;database=master;app name=MyAppName;krb5-configfile=path/to/file;krb5-credcachefile=path/to/cache;authenticator=krb5
- odbc:server=localhost;user id=sa;database=master;app name=MyAppName;krb5-configfile=path/to/file;krb5-realm=domain.com;krb5-keytabfile=path/to/keytabfile;authenticator=krb5

Azure Active Directory authentication

Azure Active Directory authentication uses temporary authentication tokens to authenticate. The mssql package does not provide an implementation to obtain tokens: instead, import the azuread package and use driver name azuresql. This driver uses azidentity to acquire tokens using a variety of credential types.

The credential type is determined by the new fedauth connection string parameter.

fedauth=ActiveDirectoryServicePrincipal or fedauth=ActiveDirectoryApplication - authenticates using an Azure Active Directory application client ID and client secret or certificate. Implemented using ClientSecretCredential or CertificateCredential
- clientcertpath=<path to certificate file>;password=<certificate password> or
- password=<client secret>
- user id=<application id>[@tenantid] Note the @tenantid component can be omitted if the server's tenant is the same as the application's tenant.
fedauth=ActiveDirectoryPassword - authenticates using a user name and password.
- user id=username@domain
- password=<password>
- applicationclientid=<application id> - This guid identifies an Azure Active Directory enterprise application that the AAD admin has approved for accessing Azure SQL database resources in the tenant. This driver does not have an associated application id of its own.
fedauth=ActiveDirectoryDefault - authenticates using a chained set of credentials. The chain is built from EnvironmentCredential -> ManagedIdentityCredential->AzureCLICredential. See DefaultAzureCredential docs for instructions on setting up your host environment to use it. Using this option allows you to have the same connection string in a service deployment as on your interactive development machine.
fedauth=ActiveDirectoryManagedIdentity or fedauth=ActiveDirectoryMSI - authenticates using a system-assigned or user-assigned Azure Managed Identity.
- user id=<identity id> - optional id of user-assigned managed identity. If empty, system-assigned managed identity is used.
- resource id=<resource id> - optional resource id of user-assigned managed identity. If empty, system-assigned managed identity or user id are used (if both user id and resource id are provided, resource id will be used)
fedauth=ActiveDirectoryInteractive - authenticates using credentials acquired from an external web browser. Only suitable for use with human interaction.
- applicationclientid=<application id> - This guid identifies an Azure Active Directory enterprise application that the AAD admin has approved for accessing Azure SQL database resources in the tenant. This driver does not have an associated application id of its own.

import (
  "database/sql"
  "net/url"

  // Import the Azure AD driver module (also imports the regular driver package)
  "github.com/microsoft/go-mssqldb/azuread"
)

func ConnectWithMSI() (*sql.DB, error) {
  return sql.Open(azuread.DriverName, "sqlserver://azuresql.database.windows.net?database=yourdb&fedauth=ActiveDirectoryMSI")
}

Executing Stored Procedures

To run a stored procedure, set the query text to the procedure name:

var account = "abc"
_, err := db.ExecContext(ctx, "sp_RunMe",
	sql.Named("ID", 123),
	sql.Named("Account", sql.Out{Dest: &account}),
)

Reading Output Parameters from a Stored Procedure with Resultset

To read output parameters from a stored procedure with resultset, make sure you read all the rows before reading the output parameters:

sqltextcreate := `
CREATE PROCEDURE spwithoutputandrows
	@bitparam BIT OUTPUT
AS BEGIN
	SET @bitparam = 1
	SELECT 'Row 1'
END
`
var bitout int64
rows, err := db.QueryContext(ctx, "spwithoutputandrows", sql.Named("bitparam", sql.Out{Dest: &bitout}))
var strrow string
for rows.Next() {
	err = rows.Scan(&strrow)
}
fmt.Printf("bitparam is %d", bitout)

Caveat for local temporary tables

Due to protocol limitations, temporary tables will only be allocated on the connection as a result of executing a query with zero parameters. The following query will, due to the use of a parameter, execute in its own session, and #mytemp will be de-allocated right away:

conn, err := pool.Conn(ctx)
defer conn.Close()
_, err := conn.ExecContext(ctx, "select @p1 as x into #mytemp", 1)
// at this point #mytemp is already dropped again as the session of the ExecContext is over

To work around this, always explicitly create the local temporary table in a query without any parameters. As a special case, the driver will then be able to execute the query directly on the connection-scoped session. The following example works:

conn, err := pool.Conn(ctx)

// Set us up so that temp table is always cleaned up, since conn.Close()
// merely returns conn to pool, rather than actually closing the connection.
defer func() {
	_, _ = conn.ExecContext(ctx, "drop table #mytemp")  // always clean up
	conn.Close() // merely returns conn to pool
}()


// Since we not pass any parameters below, the query will execute on the scope of
// the connection and succeed in creating the table.
_, err := conn.ExecContext(ctx, "create table #mytemp ( x int )")

// #mytemp is now available even if you pass parameters
_, err := conn.ExecContext(ctx, "insert into #mytemp (x) values (@p1)", 1)

Return Status

To get the procedure return status, pass into the parameters a *mssql.ReturnStatus. For example:

var rs mssql.ReturnStatus
_, err := db.ExecContext(ctx, "theproc", &rs)
log.Printf("status=%d", rs)

or

var rs mssql.ReturnStatus
_, err := db.QueryContext(ctx, "theproc", &rs)
for rows.Next() {
	err = rows.Scan(&val)
}
log.Printf("status=%d", rs)

Limitation: ReturnStatus cannot be retrieved using QueryRow.

Parameters

The sqlserver driver uses normal MS SQL Server syntax and expects parameters in the sql query to be in the form of either @Name or @p1 to @pN (ordinal position).

db.QueryContext(ctx, `select * from t where ID = @ID and Name = @p2;`, sql.Named("ID", 6), "Bob")

Parameter Types

To pass specific types to the query parameters, say varchar or date types, you must convert the types to the type before passing in. The following types are supported:

string -> nvarchar
mssql.VarChar -> varchar
time.Time -> datetimeoffset or datetime (TDS version dependent)
mssql.DateTime1 -> datetime
mssql.DateTimeOffset -> datetimeoffset
"github.com/golang-sql/civil".Date -> date
"github.com/golang-sql/civil".DateTime -> datetime2
"github.com/golang-sql/civil".Time -> time
mssql.TVP -> Table Value Parameter (TDS version dependent)

Using an int parameter will send a 4 byte value (int) from a 32bit app and an 8 byte value (bigint) from a 64bit app. To make sure your integer parameter matches the size of the SQL parameter, use the appropriate sized type like int32 or int8.

// If this is passed directly as a parameter, 
// the SQL parameter generated would be nvarchar
name := "Bob"
// If the user_name is defined as varchar,
// it needs to be converted like this:
db.QueryContext(ctx, `select * from t2 where user_name = @p1;`, mssql.VarChar(name))
// Note: Mismatched data types on table and parameter may cause long running queries

Important Notes

Features

Can be used with SQL Server 2005 or newer
Can be used with Microsoft Azure SQL Database
Can be used on all go supported platforms (e.g. Linux, Mac OS X and Windows)
Supports new date/time types: date, time, datetime2, datetimeoffset
Supports string parameters longer than 8000 characters
Supports encryption using SSL/TLS
Supports SQL Server and Windows Authentication
Supports Single-Sign-On on Windows
Supports connections to AlwaysOn Availability Group listeners, including re-direction to read-only replicas.
Supports query notifications
Supports Kerberos Authentication
Pluggable Dialer implementations through msdsn.ProtocolParsers and msdsn.ProtocolDialers
A namedpipe package to support connections using named pipes (np:) on Windows
A sharedmemory package to support connections using shared memory (lpc:) on Windows

Tests

go test is used for testing. A running instance of MSSQL server is required. Environment variables are used to pass login information.

Example:

    env SQLSERVER_DSN=sqlserver://user:pass@hostname/instance?database=test1 go test

AZURESERVER_DSN environment variable provides the connection string for Azure Active Directory-based authentication. If it's not set the AAD test will be skipped.

Deprecated

These features still exist in the driver, but they are are deprecated.

Query Parameter Token Replace (driver "mssql")

If you use the driver name "mssql" (rather then "sqlserver") the SQL text will be loosly parsed and an attempt to extract identifiers using one of

?
?nnn
:nnn
$nnn

will be used. This is not recommended with SQL Server. There is at least one existing won't fix issue with the query parsing.

Use the native "@Name" parameters instead with the "sqlserver" driver name.

Known Issues

SQL Server 2008 and 2008 R2 engine cannot handle login records when SSL encryption is not disabled. To fix SQL Server 2008 R2 issue, install SQL Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 2. To fix SQL Server 2008 issue, install Microsoft SQL Server 2008 Service Pack 3 and Cumulative update package 3 for SQL Server 2008 SP3. More information: http://support.microsoft.com/kb/2653857

Contributing

This project is a fork of https://github.com/denisenkom/go-mssqldb and welcomes new and previous contributors. For more informaton on contributing to this project, please see Contributing.

For more information on the roadmap for go-mssqldb, project plans are available for viewing and discussion.

Microsoft Open Source Code of Conduct

This project has adopted the Microsoft Open Source Code of Conduct.

Resources:

Microsoft Open Source Code of Conduct
Microsoft Code of Conduct FAQ
Contact opencode@microsoft.com with questions or concerns

License

gravitational/go-mssqldb

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