useQueryState for Next.js

useQueryState hook for Next.js - Like React.useState, but stored in the URL query string

Features

🔀 Supports both the app and pages routers
🧘‍♀️ Simple: the URL is the source of truth
🕰 Replace history or append to use the Back button to navigate state updates
⚡️ Built-in parsers for common state types (integer, float, boolean, Date, and more)
♊️ Related querystrings with useQueryStates
📡 Shallow mode by default for URL query updates, opt-in to notify server components
🗃 new: Server cache for type-safe searchParams access in nested server components
⌛️ new: Support for useTransition to get loading states on server updates

Installation

pnpm add next-usequerystate

yarn add next-usequerystate

npm install next-usequerystate

Which version should I use?

Depending on your Next.js version:

Next.js <= 13.1: next-usequerystate@1.7.2
Next.js >= 13.4 && <= 14.0.1: next-usequerystate@latest
Next.js 14.0.2: Unfortunately not compatible due to a bug introduced in next@14.0.2-canary.7, see issue #388 and Next.js PR #58297.
Next.js >= 14.0.3: next-usequerystate@latest

Usage

'use client' // app router: only works in client components

import { useQueryState } from 'next-usequerystate'

export default () => {
  const [name, setName] = useQueryState('name')
  return (
    <>
      <h1>Hello, {name || 'anonymous visitor'}!</h1>
      <input value={name || ''} onChange={e => setName(e.target.value)} />
      <button onClick={() => setName(null)}>Clear</button>
    </>
  )
}

Documentation

useQueryState takes one required argument: the key to use in the query string.

Like React.useState, it returns an array with the value present in the query string as a string (or null if none was found), and a state updater function.

Example outputs for our hello world example:

URL	name value	Notes
`/`	`null`	No `name` key in URL
`/?name=`	`''`	Empty string
`/?name=foo`	`'foo'`
`/?name=2`	`'2'`	Always returns a string by default, see Parsing below

Parsing

If your state type is not a string, you must pass a parsing function in the second argument object.

We provide parsers for common and more advanced object types:

import {
  parseAsString,
  parseAsInteger,
  parseAsFloat,
  parseAsBoolean,
  parseAsTimestamp,
  parseAsIsoDateTime,
  parseAsArrayOf,
  parseAsJson,
  parseAsStringEnum
} from 'next-usequerystate'

useQueryState('tag') // defaults to string
useQueryState('count', parseAsInteger)
useQueryState('brightness', parseAsFloat)
useQueryState('darkMode', parseAsBoolean)
useQueryState('after', parseAsTimestamp) // state is a Date
useQueryState('date', parseAsIsoDateTime) // state is a Date
useQueryState('array', parseAsArrayOf(parseAsInteger)) // state is number[]
useQueryState('json', parseAsJson<Point>()) // state is a Point

// Enums (string-based only)
enum Direction {
  up = 'UP',
  down = 'DOWN',
  left = 'LEFT',
  right = 'RIGHT'
}

const [direction, setDirection] = useQueryState(
  'direction',
  parseAsStringEnum<Direction>(Object.values(Direction)) // pass a list of allowed values
    .withDefault(Direction.up)
)

You may pass a custom set of parse and serialize functions:

import { useQueryState } from 'next-usequerystate'

export default () => {
  const [hex, setHex] = useQueryState('hex', {
    // TypeScript will automatically infer it's a number
    // based on what `parse` returns.
    parse: (query: string) => parseInt(query, 16),
    serialize: value => value.toString(16)
  })
}

Using parsers in Server Components

If you wish to parse the searchParams in server components, you'll need to import the parsers from next-usequerystate/parsers, which doesn't include the "use client" directive.

You can then use the parseServerSide method:

import { parseAsInteger } from 'next-usequerystate/parsers'

type PageProps = {
  searchParams: {
    counter?: string | string[]
  }
}

const counterParser = parseAsInteger.withDefault(1)

export default function ServerPage({ searchParams }: PageProps) {
  const counter = counterParser.parseServerSide(searchParams.counter)
  console.log('Server side counter: %d', counter)
  return (
    ...
  )
}

See the server-side parsing demo for a live example showing how to reuse parser configurations between client and server code.

Note: parsers don't validate your data. If you expect positive integers or JSON-encoded objects of a particular shape, you'll need to feed the result of the parser to a schema validation library, like Zod.

Default value

When the query string is not present in the URL, the default behaviour is to return null as state.

It can make state updating and UI rendering tedious. Take this example of a simple counter stored in the URL:

import { useQueryState, parseAsInteger } from 'next-usequerystate'

export default () => {
  const [count, setCount] = useQueryState('count', parseAsInteger)
  return (
    <>
      <pre>count: {count}</pre>
      <button onClick={() => setCount(0)}>Reset</button>
      {/* handling null values in setCount is annoying: */}
      <button onClick={() => setCount(c => c ?? 0 + 1)}>+</button>
      <button onClick={() => setCount(c => c ?? 0 - 1)}>-</button>
      <button onClick={() => setCount(null)}>Clear</button>
    </>
  )
}

You can specify a default value to be returned in this case:

const [count, setCount] = useQueryState('count', parseAsInteger.withDefault(0))

const increment = () => setCount(c => c + 1) // c will never be null
const decrement = () => setCount(c => c - 1) // c will never be null
const clearCount = () => setCount(null) // Remove query from the URL

Note: the default value is internal to React, it will not be written to the URL.

Setting the state to null will remove the key in the query string and set the state to the default value.

Options

History

By default, state updates are done by replacing the current history entry with the updated query when state changes.

You can see this as a sort of git squash, where all state-changing operations are merged into a single history value.

You can also opt-in to push a new history item for each state change, per key, which will let you use the Back button to navigate state updates:

// Default: replace current history with new state
useQueryState('foo', { history: 'replace' })

// Append state changes to history:
useQueryState('foo', { history: 'push' })

Any other value for the history option will fallback to the default.

You can also override the history mode when calling the state updater function:

const [query, setQuery] = useQueryState('q', { history: 'push' })

// This overrides the hook declaration setting:
setQuery(null, { history: 'replace' })

Shallow

By default, query state updates are done in a client-first manner: there are no network calls to the server.

This is equivalent to the shallow option of the Next.js router set to true.

Note: the app router doesn't yet have this capabily natively, but next-usequerystate does, by bypassing the router on shallow updates.

To opt-in to query updates notifying the server (to re-run getServerSideProps in the pages router and re-render Server Components on the app router), you can set shallow to false:

const [state, setState] = useQueryState('foo', { shallow: false })

// You can also pass the option on calls to setState:
setState('bar', { shallow: false })

Scroll

The Next.js router scrolls to the top of the page on navigation updates, which may not be desirable when updating the query string with local state.

Query state updates won't scroll to the top of the page by default, but you can opt-in to this behaviour (which was the default up to 1.8.0):

const [state, setState] = useQueryState('foo', { scroll: true })

// You can also pass the option on calls to setState:
setState('bar', { scroll: true })

Throttling URL updates

Because of browsers rate-limiting the History API, internal updates to the URL are queued and throttled to a default of 50ms, which seems to satisfy most browsers even when sending high-frequency query updates, like binding to a text input or a slider.

Safari's rate limits are much higher and would require a throttle of around 340ms. If you end up needing a longer time between updates, you can specify it in the options:

useQueryState('foo', {
  // Send updates to the server maximum once every second
  shallow: false,
  throttleMs: 1000
})

// You can also pass the option on calls to setState:
setState('bar', { throttleMs: 1000 })

Note: the state returned by the hook is always updated instantly, to keep UI responsive. Only changes to the URL, and server requests when using shallow: false, are throttled.

If multiple hooks set different throttle values on the same event loop tick, the highest value will be used. Also, values lower than 50ms will be ignored, to avoid rate-limiting issues. Read more.

Transitions

When combined with shallow: false, you can use the useTransition hook to get loading states while the server is re-rendering server components with the updated URL.

Pass in the startTransition function from useTransition to the options to enable this behaviour (this will set shallow: false automatically for you):

'use client'

import React from 'react'
import { useQueryState, parseAsString } from 'next-usequerystate'

function ClientComponent({ data }) {
  // 1. Provide your own useTransition hook:
  const [isLoading, startTransition] = React.useTransition()
  const [query, setQuery] = useQueryState(
    'query',
    // 2. Pass the `startTransition` as an option:
    parseAsString().withOptions({ startTransition })
  )
  // 3. `isLoading` will be true while the server is re-rendering
  // and streaming RSC payloads, when the query is updated via `setQuery`.

  // Indicate loading state
  if (isLoading) return <div>Loading...</div>

  // Normal rendering with data
  return <div>{/*...*/}</div>
}

Configuring parsers, default value & options

You can use a builder pattern to facilitate specifying all of those things:

useQueryState(
  'counter',
  parseAsInteger.withDefault(0).withOptions({
    history: 'push',
    shallow: false
  })
)

You can get this pattern for your custom parsers too, and compose them with others:

import { createParser, parseAsHex } from 'next-usequerystate/parsers'

// Wrapping your parser/serializer in `createParser`
// gives it access to the builder pattern & server-side
// parsing capabilities:
const hexColorSchema = createParser({
  parse(query) {
    if (query.length !== 6) {
      return null // always return null for invalid inputs
    }
    return {
      // When composing other parsers, they may return null too.
      r: parseAsHex.parse(query.slice(0, 2)) ?? 0x00,
      g: parseAsHex.parse(query.slice(2, 4)) ?? 0x00,
      b: parseAsHex.parse(query.slice(4)) ?? 0x00
    }
  },
  serialize({ r, g, b }) {
    return (
      parseAsHex.serialize(r) +
      parseAsHex.serialize(g) +
      parseAsHex.serialize(b)
    )
  }
})
  // Eg: set common options directly
  .withOptions({ history: 'push' })

// Or on usage:
useQueryState(
  'tribute',
  hexColorSchema.withDefault({
    r: 0x66,
    g: 0x33,
    b: 0x99
  })
)

Note: see this example running in the hex-colors demo.

Multiple Queries (batching)

You can call as many state update function as needed in a single event loop tick, and they will be applied to the URL asynchronously:

const MultipleQueriesDemo = () => {
  const [lat, setLat] = useQueryState('lat', parseAsFloat)
  const [lng, setLng] = useQueryState('lng', parseAsFloat)
  const randomCoordinates = React.useCallback(() => {
    setLat(Math.random() * 180 - 90)
    setLng(Math.random() * 360 - 180)
  }, [])
}

If you wish to know when the URL has been updated, and what it contains, you can await the Promise returned by the state updater function, which gives you the updated URLSearchParameters object:

const randomCoordinates = React.useCallback(() => {
  setLat(42)
  return setLng(12)
}, [])

randomCoordinates().then((search: URLSearchParams) => {
  search.get('lat') // 42
  search.get('lng') // 12, has been queued and batch-updated
})

Implementation details (Promise caching)

The returned Promise is cached until the next flush to the URL occurs, so all calls to a setState (of any hook) in the same event loop tick will return the same Promise reference.

Due to throttling of calls to the Web History API, the Promise may be cached for several ticks. Batched updates will be merged and flushed once to the URL. This means not every setState will reflect to the URL, if another one comes overriding it before flush occurs.

The returned React state will reflect all set values instantly, to keep UI responsive.

`useQueryStates`

For query keys that should always move together, you can use useQueryStates with an object containing each key's type:

import { useQueryStates, parseAsFloat } from 'next-usequerystate'

const [coordinates, setCoordinates] = useQueryStates(
  {
    lat: parseAsFloat.withDefault(45.18),
    lng: parseAsFloat.withDefault(5.72)
  },
  {
    history: 'push'
  }
)

const { lat, lng } = coordinates

// Set all (or a subset of) the keys in one go:
const search = await setCoordinates({
  lat: Math.random() * 180 - 90,
  lng: Math.random() * 360 - 180
})

Accessing searchParams in Server Components

If you wish to access the searchParams in a deeply nested Server Component (ie: not in the Page component), you can use createSearchParamsCache to do so in a type-safe manner:

// searchParams.ts
import {
  createSearchParamsCache,
  parseAsInteger,
  parseAsString
} from 'next-usequerystate/parsers'

export const searchParamsCache = createSearchParamsCache({
  // List your search param keys and associated parsers here:
  q: parseAsString.withDefault(''),
  maxResults: parseAsInteger.withDefault(10)
})

// page.tsx
import { searchParamsCache } from './searchParams'

export default function Page({
  searchParams
}: {
  searchParams: Record<string, string | string[] | undefined>
}) {
  // ⚠️ Don't forget to call `parse` here.
  // You can access type-safe values from the returned object:
  const { q: query } = searchParamsCache.parse(searchParams)
  return (
    <div>
      <h1>Search Results for {query}</h1>
      <Results />
    </div>
  )
}

function Results() {
  // Access type-safe search params in children server components:
  const maxResults = searchParamsCache.get('maxResults')
  return <span>Showing up to {maxResults} results</span>
}

The cache will only be valid for the current page render (see React's cache function).

Note: the cache only works for server components, but you may share your parser declaration with useQueryStates for type-safety in client components:

// searchParams.ts
import {
  parseAsFloat,
  createSearchParamsCache
} from 'next-usequerystate/parsers'

export const coordinatesParsers = {
  lat: parseAsFloat.withDefault(45.18),
  lng: parseAsFloat.withDefault(5.72)
}
export const coordinatesCache = createSearchParamsCache(coordinatesParsers)

// page.tsx
import { coordinatesCache } from './searchParams'
import { Server } from './server'
import { Client } from './client'

export default function Page({ searchParams }) {
  coordinatesCache.parse(searchParams)
  return (
    <>
      <Server />
      <Suspense>
        <Client />
      </Suspense>
    </>
  )
}

// server.tsx
import { coordinatesCache } from './searchParams'

export function Server() {
  const { lat, lng } = coordinatesCache.all()
  // or access keys individually:
  const lat = coordinatesCache.get('lat')
  const lng = coordinatesCache.get('lng')
  return (
    <span>
      Latitude: {lat} - Longitude: {lng}
    </span>
  )
}

// client.tsx
// prettier-ignore
'use client'

import { useQueryStates } from 'next-usequerystate'
import { coordinatesParsers } from './searchParams'

export function Client() {
  const [{ lat, lng }, setCoordinates] = useQueryStates(coordinatesParsers)
  // ...
}

Testing

Currently, the best way to test the behaviour of your components using useQueryState(s) is end-to-end testing, with tools like Playwright or Cypress.

Running components that use the Next.js router in isolation requires mocking it, which is being worked on for the app router.

If you wish to spy on changes in the URL query string, you can use subscribeToQueryUpdates:

import { subscribeToQueryUpdates } from 'next-usequerystate'

React.useEffect(
  () =>
    subscribeToQueryUpdates(({ search, source }) => {
      console.log(search.toString()) // URLSearchParams
      console.log(source) // 'internal' | 'external'
    }),
  // This returns an unsubscribe function
  []
)

See issue #259 for more testing-related discussions.

Debugging

You can enable debug logs in the browser by setting the debug item in localStorage to next-usequerystate, and reload the page.

// In your devtools:
localStorage.setItem('debug', 'next-usequerystate')

Note: unlike the debug package, this will not work with wildcards, but you can combine it: localStorage.setItem('debug', '*,next-usequerystate')

Log lines will be prefixed with [nuqs] for useQueryState and [nuq+] for useQueryStates, along with other internal debug logs.

User timings markers are also recorded, for advanced performance analysis using your browser's devtools.

Providing debug logs when opening an issue is always appreciated. 🙏

Caveats

Because the Next.js pages router is not available in an SSR context, this hook will always return null (or the default value if supplied) on SSR/SSG.

This limitation doesn't apply to the app router.

SEO

If your page uses query strings for local-only state, you should add a canonical URL to your page, to tell SEO crawlers to ignore the query string and index the page without it.

In the app router, this is done via the metadata object:

import type { Metadata } from 'next'

export const metadata: Metadata = {
  alternates: {
    canonical: '/url/path/without/querystring'
  }
}

If however the query string is defining what content the page is displaying (eg: YouTube's watch URLs, like https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ), your canonical URL should contain relevant query strings, and you can still use useQueryState to read it:

// page.tsx
import type { Metadata, ResolvingMetadata } from 'next'
import { useQueryState } from 'next-usequerystate'
import { parseAsString } from 'next-usequerystate/parsers'

type Props = {
  searchParams: { [key: string]: string | string[] | undefined }
}

export async function generateMetadata({
  searchParams
}: Props): Promise<Metadata> {
  const videoId = parseAsString.parseServerSide(searchParams.v)
  return {
    alternates: {
      canonical: `/watch?v=${videoId}`
    }
  }
}

Lossy serialization

If your serializer loses precision or doesn't accurately represent the underlying state value, you will lose this precision when reloading the page or restoring state from the URL (eg: on navigation).

Example:

const geoCoordParser = {
  parse: parseFloat,
  serialize: v => v.toFixed(4) // Loses precision
}

const [lat, setLat] = useQueryState('lat', geoCoordParser)

Here, setting a latitude of 1.23456789 will render a URL query string of lat=1.2345, while the internal lat state will be correctly set to 1.23456789.

Upon reloading the page, the state will be incorrectly set to 1.2345.

License

MIT

Made with ❤️ by François Best

Using this package at work ? Sponsor me to help with support and maintenance.

License

Talent30/next-usequerystate

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