keys.go

// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

package ssh

import (
	"bytes"
	"crypto"
	"crypto/aes"
	"crypto/cipher"
	"crypto/dsa"
	"crypto/ecdsa"
	"crypto/elliptic"
	"crypto/md5"
	"crypto/rsa"
	"crypto/sha256"
	"crypto/x509"
	"encoding/asn1"
	"encoding/base64"
	"encoding/hex"
	"encoding/pem"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"math/big"
	"strings"

	"golang.org/x/crypto/ed25519"
	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh/internal/bcrypt_pbkdf"
)

// Public key algorithms names. These values can appear in PublicKey.Type,
// ClientConfig.HostKeyAlgorithms, Signature.Format, or as AlgorithmSigner
// arguments.
const (
	KeyAlgoRSA        = "ssh-rsa"
	KeyAlgoDSA        = "ssh-dss"
	KeyAlgoECDSA256   = "ecdsa-sha2-nistp256"
	KeyAlgoSKECDSA256 = "sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com"
	KeyAlgoECDSA384   = "ecdsa-sha2-nistp384"
	KeyAlgoECDSA521   = "ecdsa-sha2-nistp521"
	KeyAlgoED25519    = "ssh-ed25519"
	KeyAlgoSKED25519  = "sk-ssh-ed25519@openssh.com"

	// KeyAlgoRSASHA256 and KeyAlgoRSASHA512 are only public key algorithms, not
	// public key formats, so they can't appear as a PublicKey.Type. The
	// corresponding PublicKey.Type is KeyAlgoRSA. See RFC 8332, Section 2.
	KeyAlgoRSASHA256 = "rsa-sha2-256"
	KeyAlgoRSASHA512 = "rsa-sha2-512"
)

const (
	// Deprecated: use KeyAlgoRSA.
	SigAlgoRSA = KeyAlgoRSA
	// Deprecated: use KeyAlgoRSASHA256.
	SigAlgoRSASHA2256 = KeyAlgoRSASHA256
	// Deprecated: use KeyAlgoRSASHA512.
	SigAlgoRSASHA2512 = KeyAlgoRSASHA512
)

// parsePubKey parses a public key of the given algorithm.
// Use ParsePublicKey for keys with prepended algorithm.
func parsePubKey(in []byte, algo string) (pubKey PublicKey, rest []byte, err error) {
	switch algo {
	case KeyAlgoRSA:
		return parseRSA(in)
	case KeyAlgoDSA:
		return parseDSA(in)
	case KeyAlgoECDSA256, KeyAlgoECDSA384, KeyAlgoECDSA521:
		return parseECDSA(in)
	case KeyAlgoSKECDSA256:
		return parseSKECDSA(in)
	case KeyAlgoED25519:
		return parseED25519(in)
	case KeyAlgoSKED25519:
		return parseSKEd25519(in)
	case CertAlgoRSAv01, CertAlgoDSAv01, CertAlgoECDSA256v01, CertAlgoECDSA384v01, CertAlgoECDSA521v01, CertAlgoSKECDSA256v01, CertAlgoED25519v01, CertAlgoSKED25519v01:
		cert, err := parseCert(in, certKeyAlgoNames[algo])
		if err != nil {
			return nil, nil, err
		}
		return cert, nil, nil
	}
	return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("ssh: unknown key algorithm: %v", algo)
}

// parseAuthorizedKey parses a public key in OpenSSH authorized_keys format
// (see sshd(8) manual page) once the options and key type fields have been
// removed.
func parseAuthorizedKey(in []byte) (out PublicKey, comment string, err error) {
	in = bytes.TrimSpace(in)

	i := bytes.IndexAny(in, " \t")
	if i == -1 {
		i = len(in)
	}
	base64Key := in[:i]

	key := make([]byte, base64.StdEncoding.DecodedLen(len(base64Key)))
	n, err := base64.StdEncoding.Decode(key, base64Key)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, "", err
	}
	key = key[:n]
	out, err = ParsePublicKey(key)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, "", err
	}
	comment = string(bytes.TrimSpace(in[i:]))
	return out, comment, nil
}

// ParseKnownHosts parses an entry in the format of the known_hosts file.
//
// The known_hosts format is documented in the sshd(8) manual page. This
// function will parse a single entry from in. On successful return, marker
// will contain the optional marker value (i.e. "cert-authority" or "revoked")
// or else be empty, hosts will contain the hosts that this entry matches,
// pubKey will contain the public key and comment will contain any trailing
// comment at the end of the line. See the sshd(8) manual page for the various
// forms that a host string can take.
//
// The unparsed remainder of the input will be returned in rest. This function
// can be called repeatedly to parse multiple entries.
//
// If no entries were found in the input then err will be io.EOF. Otherwise a
// non-nil err value indicates a parse error.
func ParseKnownHosts(in []byte) (marker string, hosts []string, pubKey PublicKey, comment string, rest []byte, err error) {
	for len(in) > 0 {
		end := bytes.IndexByte(in, '\n')
		if end != -1 {
			rest = in[end+1:]
			in = in[:end]
		} else {
			rest = nil
		}

		end = bytes.IndexByte(in, '\r')
		if end != -1 {
			in = in[:end]
		}

		in = bytes.TrimSpace(in)
		if len(in) == 0 || in[0] == '#' {
			in = rest
			continue
		}

		i := bytes.IndexAny(in, " \t")
		if i == -1 {
			in = rest
			continue
		}

		// Strip out the beginning of the known_host key.
		// This is either an optional marker or a (set of) hostname(s).
		keyFields := bytes.Fields(in)
		if len(keyFields) < 3 || len(keyFields) > 5 {
			return "", nil, nil, "", nil, errors.New("ssh: invalid entry in known_hosts data")
		}

		// keyFields[0] is either "@cert-authority", "@revoked" or a comma separated
		// list of hosts
		marker := ""
		if keyFields[0][0] == '@' {
			marker = string(keyFields[0][1:])
			keyFields = keyFields[1:]
		}

		hosts := string(keyFields[0])
		// keyFields[1] contains the key type (e.g. “ssh-rsa”).
		// However, that information is duplicated inside the
		// base64-encoded key and so is ignored here.

		key := bytes.Join(keyFields[2:], []byte(" "))
		if pubKey, comment, err = parseAuthorizedKey(key); err != nil {
			return "", nil, nil, "", nil, err
		}

		return marker, strings.Split(hosts, ","), pubKey, comment, rest, nil
	}

	return "", nil, nil, "", nil, io.EOF
}

// ParseAuthorizedKey parses a public key from an authorized_keys
// file used in OpenSSH according to the sshd(8) manual page.
func ParseAuthorizedKey(in []byte) (out PublicKey, comment string, options []string, rest []byte, err error) {
	for len(in) > 0 {
		end := bytes.IndexByte(in, '\n')
		if end != -1 {
			rest = in[end+1:]
			in = in[:end]
		} else {
			rest = nil
		}

		end = bytes.IndexByte(in, '\r')
		if end != -1 {
			in = in[:end]
		}

		in = bytes.TrimSpace(in)
		if len(in) == 0 || in[0] == '#' {
			in = rest
			continue
		}

		i := bytes.IndexAny(in, " \t")
		if i == -1 {
			in = rest
			continue
		}

		if out, comment, err = parseAuthorizedKey(in[i:]); err == nil {
			return out, comment, options, rest, nil
		}

		// No key type recognised. Maybe there's an options field at
		// the beginning.
		var b byte
		inQuote := false
		var candidateOptions []string
		optionStart := 0
		for i, b = range in {
			isEnd := !inQuote && (b == ' ' || b == '\t')
			if (b == ',' && !inQuote) || isEnd {
				if i-optionStart > 0 {
					candidateOptions = append(candidateOptions, string(in[optionStart:i]))
				}
				optionStart = i + 1
			}
			if isEnd {
				break
			}
			if b == '"' && (i == 0 || (i > 0 && in[i-1] != '\\')) {
				inQuote = !inQuote
			}
		}
		for i < len(in) && (in[i] == ' ' || in[i] == '\t') {
			i++
		}
		if i == len(in) {
			// Invalid line: unmatched quote
			in = rest
			continue
		}

		in = in[i:]
		i = bytes.IndexAny(in, " \t")
		if i == -1 {
			in = rest
			continue
		}

		if out, comment, err = parseAuthorizedKey(in[i:]); err == nil {
			options = candidateOptions
			return out, comment, options, rest, nil
		}

		in = rest
		continue
	}

	return nil, "", nil, nil, errors.New("ssh: no key found")
}

// ParsePublicKey parses an SSH public key formatted for use in
// the SSH wire protocol according to RFC 4253, section 6.6.
func ParsePublicKey(in []byte) (out PublicKey, err error) {
	algo, in, ok := parseString(in)
	if !ok {
		return nil, errShortRead
	}
	var rest []byte
	out, rest, err = parsePubKey(in, string(algo))
	if len(rest) > 0 {
		return nil, errors.New("ssh: trailing junk in public key")
	}

	return out, err
}

// MarshalAuthorizedKey serializes key for inclusion in an OpenSSH
// authorized_keys file. The return value ends with newline.
func MarshalAuthorizedKey(key PublicKey) []byte {
	b := &bytes.Buffer{}
	b.WriteString(key.Type())
	b.WriteByte(' ')
	e := base64.NewEncoder(base64.StdEncoding, b)
	e.Write(key.Marshal())
	e.Close()
	b.WriteByte('\n')
	return b.Bytes()
}

// PublicKey represents a public key using an unspecified algorithm.
//
// Some PublicKeys provided by this package also implement CryptoPublicKey.
type PublicKey interface {
	// Type returns the key format name, e.g. "ssh-rsa".
	Type() string

	// Marshal returns the serialized key data in SSH wire format, with the name
	// prefix. To unmarshal the returned data, use the ParsePublicKey function.
	Marshal() []byte

	// Verify that sig is a signature on the given data using this key. This
	// method will hash the data appropriately first. sig.Format is allowed to
	// be any signature algorithm compatible with the key type, the caller
	// should check if it has more stringent requirements.
	Verify(data []byte, sig *Signature) error
}

// CryptoPublicKey, if implemented by a PublicKey,
// returns the underlying crypto.PublicKey form of the key.
type CryptoPublicKey interface {
	CryptoPublicKey() crypto.PublicKey
}

// A Signer can create signatures that verify against a public key.
//
// Some Signers provided by this package also implement AlgorithmSigner.
type Signer interface {
	// PublicKey returns the associated PublicKey.
	PublicKey() PublicKey

	// Sign returns a signature for the given data. This method will hash the
	// data appropriately first. The signature algorithm is expected to match
	// the key format returned by the PublicKey.Type method (and not to be any
	// alternative algorithm supported by the key format).
	Sign(rand io.Reader, data []byte) (*Signature, error)
}

// An AlgorithmSigner is a Signer that also supports specifying an algorithm to
// use for signing.
//
// An AlgorithmSigner can't advertise the algorithms it supports, so it should
// be prepared to be invoked with every algorithm supported by the public key
// format.
type AlgorithmSigner interface {
	Signer

	// SignWithAlgorithm is like Signer.Sign, but allows specifying a desired
	// signing algorithm. Callers may pass an empty string for the algorithm in
	// which case the AlgorithmSigner will use a default algorithm. This default
	// doesn't currently control any behavior in this package.
	SignWithAlgorithm(rand io.Reader, data []byte, algorithm string) (*Signature, error)
}

type rsaPublicKey rsa.PublicKey

func (r *rsaPublicKey) Type() string {
	return "ssh-rsa"
}

// parseRSA parses an RSA key according to RFC 4253, section 6.6.
func parseRSA(in []byte) (out PublicKey, rest []byte, err error) {
	var w struct {
		E    *big.Int
		N    *big.Int
		Rest []byte `ssh:"rest"`
	}
	if err := Unmarshal(in, &w); err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	if w.E.BitLen() > 24 {
		return nil, nil, errors.New("ssh: exponent too large")
	}
	e := w.E.Int64()
	if e < 3 || e&1 == 0 {
		return nil, nil, errors.New("ssh: incorrect exponent")
	}

	var key rsa.PublicKey
	key.E = int(e)
	key.N = w.N
	return (*rsaPublicKey)(&key), w.Rest, nil
}

func (r *rsaPublicKey) Marshal() []byte {
	e := new(big.Int).SetInt64(int64(r.E))
	// RSA publickey struct layout should match the struct used by
	// parseRSACert in the x/crypto/ssh/agent package.
	wirekey := struct {
		Name string
		E    *big.Int
		N    *big.Int
	}{
		KeyAlgoRSA,
		e,
		r.N,
	}
	return Marshal(&wirekey)
}

func (r *rsaPublicKey) Verify(data []byte, sig *Signature) error {
	supportedAlgos := algorithmsForKeyFormat(r.Type())
	if !contains(supportedAlgos, sig.Format) {
		return fmt.Errorf("ssh: signature type %s for key type %s", sig.Format, r.Type())
	}
	hash := hashFuncs[sig.Format]
	h := hash.New()
	h.Write(data)
	digest := h.Sum(nil)
	return rsa.VerifyPKCS1v15((*rsa.PublicKey)(r), hash, digest, sig.Blob)
}

func (r *rsaPublicKey) CryptoPublicKey() crypto.PublicKey {
	return (*rsa.PublicKey)(r)
}

type dsaPublicKey dsa.PublicKey

func (k *dsaPublicKey) Type() string {
	return "ssh-dss"
}

func checkDSAParams(param *dsa.Parameters) error {
	// SSH specifies FIPS 186-2, which only provided a single size
	// (1024 bits) DSA key. FIPS 186-3 allows for larger key
	// sizes, which would confuse SSH.
	if l := param.P.BitLen(); l != 1024 {
		return fmt.Errorf("ssh: unsupported DSA key size %d", l)
	}

	return nil
}

// parseDSA parses an DSA key according to RFC 4253, section 6.6.
func parseDSA(in []byte) (out PublicKey, rest []byte, err error) {
	var w struct {
		P, Q, G, Y *big.Int
		Rest       []byte `ssh:"rest"`
	}
	if err := Unmarshal(in, &w); err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	param := dsa.Parameters{
		P: w.P,
		Q: w.Q,
		G: w.G,
	}
	if err := checkDSAParams(&param); err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	key := &dsaPublicKey{
		Parameters: param,
		Y:          w.Y,
	}
	return key, w.Rest, nil
}

func (k *dsaPublicKey) Marshal() []byte {
	// DSA publickey struct layout should match the struct used by
	// parseDSACert in the x/crypto/ssh/agent package.
	w := struct {
		Name       string
		P, Q, G, Y *big.Int
	}{
		k.Type(),
		k.P,
		k.Q,
		k.G,
		k.Y,
	}

	return Marshal(&w)
}

func (k *dsaPublicKey) Verify(data []byte, sig *Signature) error {
	if sig.Format != k.Type() {
		return fmt.Errorf("ssh: signature type %s for key type %s", sig.Format, k.Type())
	}
	h := hashFuncs[sig.Format].New()
	h.Write(data)
	digest := h.Sum(nil)

	// Per RFC 4253, section 6.6,
	// The value for 'dss_signature_blob' is encoded as a string containing
	// r, followed by s (which are 160-bit integers, without lengths or
	// padding, unsigned, and in network byte order).
	// For DSS purposes, sig.Blob should be exactly 40 bytes in length.
	if len(sig.Blob) != 40 {
		return errors.New("ssh: DSA signature parse error")
	}
	r := new(big.Int).SetBytes(sig.Blob[:20])
	s := new(big.Int).SetBytes(sig.Blob[20:])
	if dsa.Verify((*dsa.PublicKey)(k), digest, r, s) {
		return nil
	}
	return errors.New("ssh: signature did not verify")
}

func (k *dsaPublicKey) CryptoPublicKey() crypto.PublicKey {
	return (*dsa.PublicKey)(k)
}

type dsaPrivateKey struct {
	*dsa.PrivateKey
}

func (k *dsaPrivateKey) PublicKey() PublicKey {
	return (*dsaPublicKey)(&k.PrivateKey.PublicKey)
}

func (k *dsaPrivateKey) Sign(rand io.Reader, data []byte) (*Signature, error) {
	return k.SignWithAlgorithm(rand, data, k.PublicKey().Type())
}

func (k *dsaPrivateKey) SignWithAlgorithm(rand io.Reader, data []byte, algorithm string) (*Signature, error) {
	if algorithm != "" && algorithm != k.PublicKey().Type() {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("ssh: unsupported signature algorithm %s", algorithm)
	}

	h := hashFuncs[k.PublicKey().Type()].New()
	h.Write(data)
	digest := h.Sum(nil)
	r, s, err := dsa.Sign(rand, k.PrivateKey, digest)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	sig := make([]byte, 40)
	rb := r.Bytes()
	sb := s.Bytes()

	copy(sig[20-len(rb):20], rb)
	copy(sig[40-len(sb):], sb)

	return &Signature{
		Format: k.PublicKey().Type(),
		Blob:   sig,
	}, nil
}

type ecdsaPublicKey ecdsa.PublicKey

func (k *ecdsaPublicKey) Type() string {
	return "ecdsa-sha2-" + k.nistID()
}

func (k *ecdsaPublicKey) nistID() string {
	switch k.Params().BitSize {
	case 256:
		return "nistp256"
	case 384:
		return "nistp384"
	case 521:
		return "nistp521"
	}
	panic("ssh: unsupported ecdsa key size")
}

type ed25519PublicKey ed25519.PublicKey

func (k ed25519PublicKey) Type() string {
	return KeyAlgoED25519
}

func parseED25519(in []byte) (out PublicKey, rest []byte, err error) {
	var w struct {
		KeyBytes []byte
		Rest     []byte `ssh:"rest"`
	}

	if err := Unmarshal(in, &w); err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	if l := len(w.KeyBytes); l != ed25519.PublicKeySize {
		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid size %d for Ed25519 public key", l)
	}

	return ed25519PublicKey(w.KeyBytes), w.Rest, nil
}

func (k ed25519PublicKey) Marshal() []byte {
	w := struct {
		Name     string
		KeyBytes []byte
	}{
		KeyAlgoED25519,
		[]byte(k),
	}
	return Marshal(&w)
}

func (k ed25519PublicKey) Verify(b []byte, sig *Signature) error {
	if sig.Format != k.Type() {
		return fmt.Errorf("ssh: signature type %s for key type %s", sig.Format, k.Type())
	}
	if l := len(k); l != ed25519.PublicKeySize {
		return fmt.Errorf("ssh: invalid size %d for Ed25519 public key", l)
	}

	if ok := ed25519.Verify(ed25519.PublicKey(k), b, sig.Blob); !ok {
		return errors.New("ssh: signature did not verify")
	}

	return nil
}

func (k ed25519PublicKey) CryptoPublicKey() crypto.PublicKey {
	return ed25519.PublicKey(k)
}

func supportedEllipticCurve(curve elliptic.Curve) bool {
	return curve == elliptic.P256() || curve == elliptic.P384() || curve == elliptic.P521()
}

// parseECDSA parses an ECDSA key according to RFC 5656, section 3.1.
func parseECDSA(in []byte) (out PublicKey, rest []byte, err error) {
	var w struct {
		Curve    string
		KeyBytes []byte
		Rest     []byte `ssh:"rest"`
	}

	if err := Unmarshal(in, &w); err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	key := new(ecdsa.PublicKey)

	switch w.Curve {
	case "nistp256":
		key.Curve = elliptic.P256()
	case "nistp384":
		key.Curve = elliptic.P384()
	case "nistp521":
		key.Curve = elliptic.P521()
	default:
		return nil, nil, errors.New("ssh: unsupported curve")
	}

	key.X, key.Y = elliptic.Unmarshal(key.Curve, w.KeyBytes)
	if key.X == nil || key.Y == nil {
		return nil, nil, errors.New("ssh: invalid curve point")
	}
	return (*ecdsaPublicKey)(key), w.Rest, nil
}

func (k *ecdsaPublicKey) Marshal() []byte {
	// See RFC 5656, section 3.1.
	keyBytes := elliptic.Marshal(k.Curve, k.X, k.Y)
	// ECDSA publickey struct layout should match the struct used by
	// parseECDSACert in the x/crypto/ssh/agent package.
	w := struct {
		Name string
		ID   string
		Key  []byte
	}{
		k.Type(),
		k.nistID(),
		keyBytes,
	}

	return Marshal(&w)
}

func (k *ecdsaPublicKey) Verify(data []byte, sig *Signature) error {
	if sig.Format != k.Type() {
		return fmt.Errorf("ssh: signature type %s for key type %s", sig.Format, k.Type())
	}

	h := hashFuncs[sig.Format].New()
	h.Write(data)
	digest := h.Sum(nil)

	// Per RFC 5656, section 3.1.2,
	// The ecdsa_signature_blob value has the following specific encoding:
	//    mpint    r
	//    mpint    s
	var ecSig struct {
		R *big.Int
		S *big.Int
	}

	if err := Unmarshal(sig.Blob, &ecSig); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if ecdsa.Verify((*ecdsa.PublicKey)(k), digest, ecSig.R, ecSig.S) {
		return nil
	}
	return errors.New("ssh: signature did not verify")
}

func (k *ecdsaPublicKey) CryptoPublicKey() crypto.PublicKey {
	return (*ecdsa.PublicKey)(k)
}

// skFields holds the additional fields present in U2F/FIDO2 signatures.
// See openssh/PROTOCOL.u2f 'SSH U2F Signatures' for details.
type skFields struct {
	// Flags contains U2F/FIDO2 flags such as 'user present'
	Flags byte
	// Counter is a monotonic signature counter which can be
	// used to detect concurrent use of a private key, should
	// it be extracted from hardware.
	Counter uint32
}

type skECDSAPublicKey struct {
	// application is a URL-like string, typically "ssh:" for SSH.
	// see openssh/PROTOCOL.u2f for details.
	application string
	ecdsa.PublicKey
}

func (k *skECDSAPublicKey) Type() string {
	return KeyAlgoSKECDSA256
}

func (k *skECDSAPublicKey) nistID() string {
	return "nistp256"
}

func parseSKECDSA(in []byte) (out PublicKey, rest []byte, err error) {
	var w struct {
		Curve       string
		KeyBytes    []byte
		Application string
		Rest        []byte `ssh:"rest"`
	}

	if err := Unmarshal(in, &w); err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	key := new(skECDSAPublicKey)
	key.application = w.Application

	if w.Curve != "nistp256" {
		return nil, nil, errors.New("ssh: unsupported curve")
	}
	key.Curve = elliptic.P256()

	key.X, key.Y = elliptic.Unmarshal(key.Curve, w.KeyBytes)
	if key.X == nil || key.Y == nil {
		return nil, nil, errors.New("ssh: invalid curve point")
	}

	return key, w.Rest, nil
}

func (k *skECDSAPublicKey) Marshal() []byte {
	// See RFC 5656, section 3.1.
	keyBytes := elliptic.Marshal(k.Curve, k.X, k.Y)
	w := struct {
		Name        string
		ID          string
		Key         []byte
		Application string
	}{
		k.Type(),
		k.nistID(),
		keyBytes,
		k.application,
	}

	return Marshal(&w)
}

func (k *skECDSAPublicKey) Verify(data []byte, sig *Signature) error {
	if sig.Format != k.Type() {
		return fmt.Errorf("ssh: signature type %s for key type %s", sig.Format, k.Type())
	}

	h := hashFuncs[sig.Format].New()
	h.Write([]byte(k.application))
	appDigest := h.Sum(nil)

	h.Reset()
	h.Write(data)
	dataDigest := h.Sum(nil)

	var ecSig struct {
		R *big.Int
		S *big.Int
	}
	if err := Unmarshal(sig.Blob, &ecSig); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	var skf skFields
	if err := Unmarshal(sig.Rest, &skf); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	blob := struct {
		ApplicationDigest []byte `ssh:"rest"`
		Flags             byte
		Counter           uint32
		MessageDigest     []byte `ssh:"rest"`
	}{
		appDigest,
		skf.Flags,
		skf.Counter,
		dataDigest,
	}

	original := Marshal(blob)

	h.Reset()
	h.Write(original)
	digest := h.Sum(nil)

	if ecdsa.Verify((*ecdsa.PublicKey)(&k.PublicKey), digest, ecSig.R, ecSig.S) {
		return nil
	}
	return errors.New("ssh: signature did not verify")
}

type skEd25519PublicKey struct {
	// application is a URL-like string, typically "ssh:" for SSH.
	// see openssh/PROTOCOL.u2f for details.
	application string
	ed25519.PublicKey
}

func (k *skEd25519PublicKey) Type() string {
	return KeyAlgoSKED25519
}

func parseSKEd25519(in []byte) (out PublicKey, rest []byte, err error) {
	var w struct {
		KeyBytes    []byte
		Application string
		Rest        []byte `ssh:"rest"`
	}

	if err := Unmarshal(in, &w); err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	if l := len(w.KeyBytes); l != ed25519.PublicKeySize {
		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid size %d for Ed25519 public key", l)
	}

	key := new(skEd25519PublicKey)
	key.application = w.Application
	key.PublicKey = ed25519.PublicKey(w.KeyBytes)

	return key, w.Rest, nil
}

func (k *skEd25519PublicKey) Marshal() []byte {
	w := struct {
		Name        string
		KeyBytes    []byte
		Application string
	}{
		KeyAlgoSKED25519,
		[]byte(k.PublicKey),
		k.application,
	}
	return Marshal(&w)
}

func (k *skEd25519PublicKey) Verify(data []byte, sig *Signature) error {
	if sig.Format != k.Type() {
		return fmt.Errorf("ssh: signature type %s for key type %s", sig.Format, k.Type())
	}
	if l := len(k.PublicKey); l != ed25519.PublicKeySize {
		return fmt.Errorf("invalid size %d for Ed25519 public key", l)
	}

	h := hashFuncs[sig.Format].New()
	h.Write([]byte(k.application))
	appDigest := h.Sum(nil)

	h.Reset()
	h.Write(data)
	dataDigest := h.Sum(nil)

	var edSig struct {
		Signature []byte `ssh:"rest"`
	}

	if err := Unmarshal(sig.Blob, &edSig); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	var skf skFields
	if err := Unmarshal(sig.Rest, &skf); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	blob := struct {
		ApplicationDigest []byte `ssh:"rest"`
		Flags             byte
		Counter           uint32
		MessageDigest     []byte `ssh:"rest"`
	}{
		appDigest,
		skf.Flags,
		skf.Counter,
		dataDigest,
	}

	original := Marshal(blob)

	if ok := ed25519.Verify(k.PublicKey, original, edSig.Signature); !ok {
		return errors.New("ssh: signature did not verify")
	}

	return nil
}

// NewSignerFromKey takes an *rsa.PrivateKey, *dsa.PrivateKey,
// *ecdsa.PrivateKey or any other crypto.Signer and returns a
// corresponding Signer instance. ECDSA keys must use P-256, P-384 or
// P-521. DSA keys must use parameter size L1024N160.
func NewSignerFromKey(key interface{}) (Signer, error) {
	switch key := key.(type) {
	case crypto.Signer:
		return NewSignerFromSigner(key)
	case *dsa.PrivateKey:
		return newDSAPrivateKey(key)
	default:
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("ssh: unsupported key type %T", key)
	}
}

func newDSAPrivateKey(key *dsa.PrivateKey) (Signer, error) {
	if err := checkDSAParams(&key.PublicKey.Parameters); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return &dsaPrivateKey{key}, nil
}

type wrappedSigner struct {
	signer crypto.Signer
	pubKey PublicKey
}

// NewSignerFromSigner takes any crypto.Signer implementation and
// returns a corresponding Signer interface. This can be used, for
// example, with keys kept in hardware modules.
func NewSignerFromSigner(signer crypto.Signer) (Signer, error) {
	pubKey, err := NewPublicKey(signer.Public())
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return &wrappedSigner{signer, pubKey}, nil
}

func (s *wrappedSigner) PublicKey() PublicKey {
	return s.pubKey
}

func (s *wrappedSigner) Sign(rand io.Reader, data []byte) (*Signature, error) {
	return s.SignWithAlgorithm(rand, data, s.pubKey.Type())
}

func (s *wrappedSigner) SignWithAlgorithm(rand io.Reader, data []byte, algorithm string) (*Signature, error) {
	if algorithm == "" {
		algorithm = s.pubKey.Type()
	}

	supportedAlgos := algorithmsForKeyFormat(s.pubKey.Type())
	if !contains(supportedAlgos, algorithm) {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("ssh: unsupported signature algorithm %q for key format %q", algorithm, s.pubKey.Type())
	}

	hashFunc := hashFuncs[algorithm]
	var digest []byte
	if hashFunc != 0 {
		h := hashFunc.New()
		h.Write(data)
		digest = h.Sum(nil)
	} else {
		digest = data
	}

	signature, err := s.signer.Sign(rand, digest, hashFunc)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	// crypto.Signer.Sign is expected to return an ASN.1-encoded signature
	// for ECDSA and DSA, but that's not the encoding expected by SSH, so
	// re-encode.
	switch s.pubKey.(type) {
	case *ecdsaPublicKey, *dsaPublicKey:
		type asn1Signature struct {
			R, S *big.Int
		}
		asn1Sig := new(asn1Signature)
		_, err := asn1.Unmarshal(signature, asn1Sig)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}

		switch s.pubKey.(type) {
		case *ecdsaPublicKey:
			signature = Marshal(asn1Sig)

		case *dsaPublicKey:
			signature = make([]byte, 40)
			r := asn1Sig.R.Bytes()
			s := asn1Sig.S.Bytes()
			copy(signature[20-len(r):20], r)
			copy(signature[40-len(s):40], s)
		}
	}

	return &Signature{
		Format: algorithm,
		Blob:   signature,
	}, nil
}

// NewPublicKey takes an *rsa.PublicKey, *dsa.PublicKey, *ecdsa.PublicKey,
// or ed25519.PublicKey returns a corresponding PublicKey instance.
// ECDSA keys must use P-256, P-384 or P-521.
func NewPublicKey(key interface{}) (PublicKey, error) {
	switch key := key.(type) {
	case *rsa.PublicKey:
		return (*rsaPublicKey)(key), nil
	case *ecdsa.PublicKey:
		if !supportedEllipticCurve(key.Curve) {
			return nil, errors.New("ssh: only P-256, P-384 and P-521 EC keys are supported")
		}
		return (*ecdsaPublicKey)(key), nil
	case *dsa.PublicKey:
		return (*dsaPublicKey)(key), nil
	case ed25519.PublicKey:
		if l := len(key); l != ed25519.PublicKeySize {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("ssh: invalid size %d for Ed25519 public key", l)
		}
		return ed25519PublicKey(key), nil
	default:
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("ssh: unsupported key type %T", key)
	}
}

// ParsePrivateKey returns a Signer from a PEM encoded private key. It supports
// the same keys as ParseRawPrivateKey. If the private key is encrypted, it
// will return a PassphraseMissingError.
func ParsePrivateKey(pemBytes []byte) (Signer, error) {
	key, err := ParseRawPrivateKey(pemBytes)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return NewSignerFromKey(key)
}

// ParsePrivateKeyWithPassphrase returns a Signer from a PEM encoded private
// key and passphrase. It supports the same keys as
// ParseRawPrivateKeyWithPassphrase.
func ParsePrivateKeyWithPassphrase(pemBytes, passphrase []byte) (Signer, error) {
	key, err := ParseRawPrivateKeyWithPassphrase(pemBytes, passphrase)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return NewSignerFromKey(key)
}

// encryptedBlock tells whether a private key is
// encrypted by examining its Proc-Type header
// for a mention of ENCRYPTED
// according to RFC 1421 Section 4.6.1.1.
func encryptedBlock(block *pem.Block) bool {
	return strings.Contains(block.Headers["Proc-Type"], "ENCRYPTED")
}

// A PassphraseMissingError indicates that parsing this private key requires a
// passphrase. Use ParsePrivateKeyWithPassphrase.
type PassphraseMissingError struct {
	// PublicKey will be set if the private key format includes an unencrypted
	// public key along with the encrypted private key.
	PublicKey PublicKey
}

func (*PassphraseMissingError) Error() string {
	return "ssh: this private key is passphrase protected"
}

// ParseRawPrivateKey returns a private key from a PEM encoded private key. It
// supports RSA (PKCS#1), PKCS#8, DSA (OpenSSL), and ECDSA private keys. If the
// private key is encrypted, it will return a PassphraseMissingError.
func ParseRawPrivateKey(pemBytes []byte) (interface{}, error) {
	block, _ := pem.Decode(pemBytes)
	if block == nil {
		return nil, errors.New("ssh: no key found")
	}

	if encryptedBlock(block) {
		return nil, &PassphraseMissingError{}
	}

	switch block.Type {
	case "RSA PRIVATE KEY":
		return x509.ParsePKCS1PrivateKey(block.Bytes)
	// RFC5208 - https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5208
	case "PRIVATE KEY":
		return x509.ParsePKCS8PrivateKey(block.Bytes)
	case "EC PRIVATE KEY":
		return x509.ParseECPrivateKey(block.Bytes)
	case "DSA PRIVATE KEY":
		return ParseDSAPrivateKey(block.Bytes)
	case "OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY":
		return parseOpenSSHPrivateKey(block.Bytes, unencryptedOpenSSHKey)
	default:
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("ssh: unsupported key type %q", block.Type)
	}
}

// ParseRawPrivateKeyWithPassphrase returns a private key decrypted with
// passphrase from a PEM encoded private key. If the passphrase is wrong, it
// will return x509.IncorrectPasswordError.
func ParseRawPrivateKeyWithPassphrase(pemBytes, passphrase []byte) (interface{}, error) {
	block, _ := pem.Decode(pemBytes)
	if block == nil {
		return nil, errors.New("ssh: no key found")
	}

	if block.Type == "OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY" {
		return parseOpenSSHPrivateKey(block.Bytes, passphraseProtectedOpenSSHKey(passphrase))
	}

	if !encryptedBlock(block) || !x509.IsEncryptedPEMBlock(block) {
		return nil, errors.New("ssh: not an encrypted key")
	}

	buf, err := x509.DecryptPEMBlock(block, passphrase)
	if err != nil {
		if err == x509.IncorrectPasswordError {
			return nil, err
		}
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("ssh: cannot decode encrypted private keys: %v", err)
	}

	switch block.Type {
	case "RSA PRIVATE KEY":
		return x509.ParsePKCS1PrivateKey(buf)
	case "EC PRIVATE KEY":
		return x509.ParseECPrivateKey(buf)
	case "DSA PRIVATE KEY":
		return ParseDSAPrivateKey(buf)
	default:
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("ssh: unsupported key type %q", block.Type)
	}
}

// ParseDSAPrivateKey returns a DSA private key from its ASN.1 DER encoding, as
// specified by the OpenSSL DSA man page.
func ParseDSAPrivateKey(der []byte) (*dsa.PrivateKey, error) {
	var k struct {
		Version int
		P       *big.Int
		Q       *big.Int
		G       *big.Int
		Pub     *big.Int
		Priv    *big.Int
	}
	rest, err := asn1.Unmarshal(der, &k)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errors.New("ssh: failed to parse DSA key: " + err.Error())
	}
	if len(rest) > 0 {
		return nil, errors.New("ssh: garbage after DSA key")
	}

	return &dsa.PrivateKey{
		PublicKey: dsa.PublicKey{
			Parameters: dsa.Parameters{
				P: k.P,
				Q: k.Q,
				G: k.G,
			},
			Y: k.Pub,
		},
		X: k.Priv,
	}, nil
}

func unencryptedOpenSSHKey(cipherName, kdfName, kdfOpts string, privKeyBlock []byte) ([]byte, error) {
	if kdfName != "none" || cipherName != "none" {
		return nil, &PassphraseMissingError{}
	}
	if kdfOpts != "" {
		return nil, errors.New("ssh: invalid openssh private key")
	}
	return privKeyBlock, nil
}

func passphraseProtectedOpenSSHKey(passphrase []byte) openSSHDecryptFunc {
	return func(cipherName, kdfName, kdfOpts string, privKeyBlock []byte) ([]byte, error) {
		if kdfName == "none" || cipherName == "none" {
			return nil, errors.New("ssh: key is not password protected")
		}
		if kdfName != "bcrypt" {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("ssh: unknown KDF %q, only supports %q", kdfName, "bcrypt")
		}

		var opts struct {
			Salt   string
			Rounds uint32
		}
		if err := Unmarshal([]byte(kdfOpts), &opts); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}

		k, err := bcrypt_pbkdf.Key(passphrase, []byte(opts.Salt), int(opts.Rounds), 32+16)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		key, iv := k[:32], k[32:]

		c, err := aes.NewCipher(key)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		switch cipherName {
		case "aes256-ctr":
			ctr := cipher.NewCTR(c, iv)
			ctr.XORKeyStream(privKeyBlock, privKeyBlock)
		case "aes256-cbc":
			if len(privKeyBlock)%c.BlockSize() != 0 {
				return nil, fmt.Errorf("ssh: invalid encrypted private key length, not a multiple of the block size")
			}
			cbc := cipher.NewCBCDecrypter(c, iv)
			cbc.CryptBlocks(privKeyBlock, privKeyBlock)
		default:
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("ssh: unknown cipher %q, only supports %q or %q", cipherName, "aes256-ctr", "aes256-cbc")
		}

		return privKeyBlock, nil
	}
}

type openSSHDecryptFunc func(CipherName, KdfName, KdfOpts string, PrivKeyBlock []byte) ([]byte, error)

// parseOpenSSHPrivateKey parses an OpenSSH private key, using the decrypt
// function to unwrap the encrypted portion. unencryptedOpenSSHKey can be used
// as the decrypt function to parse an unencrypted private key. See
// https://github.com/openssh/openssh-portable/blob/master/PROTOCOL.key.
func parseOpenSSHPrivateKey(key []byte, decrypt openSSHDecryptFunc) (crypto.PrivateKey, error) {
	const magic = "openssh-key-v1\x00"
	if len(key) < len(magic) || string(key[:len(magic)]) != magic {
		return nil, errors.New("ssh: invalid openssh private key format")
	}
	remaining := key[len(magic):]

	var w struct {
		CipherName   string
		KdfName      string
		KdfOpts      string
		NumKeys      uint32
		PubKey       []byte
		PrivKeyBlock []byte
	}

	if err := Unmarshal(remaining, &w); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if w.NumKeys != 1 {
		// We only support single key files, and so does OpenSSH.
		// https://github.com/openssh/openssh-portable/blob/4103a3ec7/sshkey.c#L4171
		return nil, errors.New("ssh: multi-key files are not supported")
	}

	privKeyBlock, err := decrypt(w.CipherName, w.KdfName, w.KdfOpts, w.PrivKeyBlock)
	if err != nil {
		if err, ok := err.(*PassphraseMissingError); ok {
			pub, errPub := ParsePublicKey(w.PubKey)
			if errPub != nil {
				return nil, fmt.Errorf("ssh: failed to parse embedded public key: %v", errPub)
			}
			err.PublicKey = pub
		}
		return nil, err
	}

	pk1 := struct {
		Check1  uint32
		Check2  uint32
		Keytype string
		Rest    []byte `ssh:"rest"`
	}{}

	if err := Unmarshal(privKeyBlock, &pk1); err != nil || pk1.Check1 != pk1.Check2 {
		if w.CipherName != "none" {
			return nil, x509.IncorrectPasswordError
		}
		return nil, errors.New("ssh: malformed OpenSSH key")
	}

	switch pk1.Keytype {
	case KeyAlgoRSA:
		// https://github.com/openssh/openssh-portable/blob/master/sshkey.c#L2760-L2773
		key := struct {
			N       *big.Int
			E       *big.Int
			D       *big.Int
			Iqmp    *big.Int
			P       *big.Int
			Q       *big.Int
			Comment string
			Pad     []byte `ssh:"rest"`
		}{}

		if err := Unmarshal(pk1.Rest, &key); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}

		if err := checkOpenSSHKeyPadding(key.Pad); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}

		pk := &rsa.PrivateKey{
			PublicKey: rsa.PublicKey{
				N: key.N,
				E: int(key.E.Int64()),
			},
			D:      key.D,
			Primes: []*big.Int{key.P, key.Q},
		}

		if err := pk.Validate(); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}

		pk.Precompute()

		return pk, nil
	case KeyAlgoED25519:
		key := struct {
			Pub     []byte
			Priv    []byte
			Comment string
			Pad     []byte `ssh:"rest"`
		}{}

		if err := Unmarshal(pk1.Rest, &key); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}

		if len(key.Priv) != ed25519.PrivateKeySize {
			return nil, errors.New("ssh: private key unexpected length")
		}

		if err := checkOpenSSHKeyPadding(key.Pad); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}

		pk := ed25519.PrivateKey(make([]byte, ed25519.PrivateKeySize))
		copy(pk, key.Priv)
		return &pk, nil
	case KeyAlgoECDSA256, KeyAlgoECDSA384, KeyAlgoECDSA521:
		key := struct {
			Curve   string
			Pub     []byte
			D       *big.Int
			Comment string
			Pad     []byte `ssh:"rest"`
		}{}

		if err := Unmarshal(pk1.Rest, &key); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}

		if err := checkOpenSSHKeyPadding(key.Pad); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}

		var curve elliptic.Curve
		switch key.Curve {
		case "nistp256":
			curve = elliptic.P256()
		case "nistp384":
			curve = elliptic.P384()
		case "nistp521":
			curve = elliptic.P521()
		default:
			return nil, errors.New("ssh: unhandled elliptic curve: " + key.Curve)
		}

		X, Y := elliptic.Unmarshal(curve, key.Pub)
		if X == nil || Y == nil {
			return nil, errors.New("ssh: failed to unmarshal public key")
		}

		if key.D.Cmp(curve.Params().N) >= 0 {
			return nil, errors.New("ssh: scalar is out of range")
		}

		x, y := curve.ScalarBaseMult(key.D.Bytes())
		if x.Cmp(X) != 0 || y.Cmp(Y) != 0 {
			return nil, errors.New("ssh: public key does not match private key")
		}

		return &ecdsa.PrivateKey{
			PublicKey: ecdsa.PublicKey{
				Curve: curve,
				X:     X,
				Y:     Y,
			},
			D: key.D,
		}, nil
	default:
		return nil, errors.New("ssh: unhandled key type")
	}
}

func checkOpenSSHKeyPadding(pad []byte) error {
	for i, b := range pad {
		if int(b) != i+1 {
			return errors.New("ssh: padding not as expected")
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// FingerprintLegacyMD5 returns the user presentation of the key's
// fingerprint as described by RFC 4716 section 4.
func FingerprintLegacyMD5(pubKey PublicKey) string {
	md5sum := md5.Sum(pubKey.Marshal())
	hexarray := make([]string, len(md5sum))
	for i, c := range md5sum {
		hexarray[i] = hex.EncodeToString([]byte{c})
	}
	return strings.Join(hexarray, ":")
}

// FingerprintSHA256 returns the user presentation of the key's
// fingerprint as unpadded base64 encoded sha256 hash.
// This format was introduced from OpenSSH 6.8.
// https://www.openssh.com/txt/release-6.8
// https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648#section-3.2 (unpadded base64 encoding)
func FingerprintSHA256(pubKey PublicKey) string {
	sha256sum := sha256.Sum256(pubKey.Marshal())
	hash := base64.RawStdEncoding.EncodeToString(sha256sum[:])
	return "SHA256:" + hash
}