Introduced in ext3, the ext4 filesystem employs a journal to protect the filesystem against metadata inconsistencies in the case of a system crash. Up to 10,240,000 file system blocks (see man mke2fs(8) for more details on journal size limits) can be reserved inside the filesystem as a place to land “important” data writes on-disk as quickly as possible. Once the important data transaction is fully written to the disk and flushed from the disk write cache, a record of the data being committed is also written to the journal. At some later point in time, the journal code writes the transactions to their final locations on disk (this could involve a lot of seeking or a lot of small read-write-erases) before erasing the commit record. Should the system crash during the second slow write, the journal can be replayed all the way to the latest commit record, guaranteeing the atomicity of whatever gets written through the journal to the disk. The effect of this is to guarantee that the filesystem does not become stuck midway through a metadata update.
For performance reasons, ext4 by default only writes filesystem metadata
through the journal. This means that file data blocks are /not/
guaranteed to be in any consistent state after a crash. If this default
guarantee level (data=ordered) is not satisfactory, there is a mount
option to control journal behavior. If data=journal, all data and
metadata are written to disk through the journal. This is slower but
safest. If data=writeback, dirty data blocks are not flushed to the
disk before the metadata are written to disk through the journal.
In case of data=ordered mode, Ext4 also supports fast commits which
help reduce commit latency significantly. The default data=ordered
mode works by logging metadata blocks to the journal. In fast commit
mode, Ext4 only stores the minimal delta needed to recreate the
affected metadata in fast commit space that is shared with JBD2.
Once the fast commit area fills in or if fast commit is not possible
or if JBD2 commit timer goes off, Ext4 performs a traditional full commit.
A full commit invalidates all the fast commits that happened before
it and thus it makes the fast commit area empty for further fast
commits. This feature needs to be enabled at mkfs time.
The journal inode is typically inode 8. The first 68 bytes of the journal inode are replicated in the ext4 superblock. The journal itself is normal (but hidden) file within the filesystem. The file usually consumes an entire block group, though mke2fs tries to put it in the middle of the disk.
All fields in jbd2 are written to disk in big-endian order. This is the opposite of ext4.
NOTE: Both ext4 and ocfs2 use jbd2.
The maximum size of a journal embedded in an ext4 filesystem is 2^32 blocks. jbd2 itself does not seem to care.
Generally speaking, the journal has this format:
| Superblock | descriptor_block (data_blocks or revocation_block) [more data or revocations] commmit_block | [more transactions...] |
|---|---|---|
| One transaction |
Notice that a transaction begins with either a descriptor and some data, or a block revocation list. A finished transaction always ends with a commit. If there is no commit record (or the checksums don't match), the transaction will be discarded during replay.
Optionally, an ext4 filesystem can be created with an external journal
device (as opposed to an internal journal, which uses a reserved inode).
In this case, on the filesystem device, s_journal_inum should be
zero and s_journal_uuid should be set. On the journal device there
will be an ext4 super block in the usual place, with a matching UUID.
The journal superblock will be in the next full block after the
superblock.
| 1024 bytes of padding | ext4 Superblock | Journal Superblock | descriptor_block (data_blocks or revocation_block) [more data or revocations] commmit_block | [more transactions...] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| One transaction |
Every block in the journal starts with a common 12-byte header
struct journal_header_s:
| Offset | Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0x0 | __be32 | h_magic | jbd2 magic number, 0xC03B3998. |
| 0x4 | __be32 | h_blocktype | Description of what this block contains. See the jbd2_blocktype table below. |
| 0x8 | __be32 | h_sequence | The transaction ID that goes with this block. |
The journal block type can be any one of:
| Value | Description |
|---|---|
| 1 | Descriptor. This block precedes a series of data blocks that were written through the journal during a transaction. |
| 2 | Block commit record. This block signifies the completion of a transaction. |
| 3 | Journal superblock, v1. |
| 4 | Journal superblock, v2. |
| 5 | Block revocation records. This speeds up recovery by enabling the journal to skip writing blocks that were subsequently rewritten. |
The super block for the journal is much simpler as compared to ext4's. The key data kept within are size of the journal, and where to find the start of the log of transactions.
The journal superblock is recorded as struct journal_superblock_s,
which is 1024 bytes long:
| Offset | Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Static information describing the journal. | |||
| 0x0 | journal_header_t (12 bytes) | s_header | Common header identifying this as a superblock. |
| 0xC | __be32 | s_blocksize | Journal device block size. |
| 0x10 | __be32 | s_maxlen | Total number of blocks in this journal. |
| 0x14 | __be32 | s_first | First block of log information. |
| Dynamic information describing the current state of the log. | |||
| 0x18 | __be32 | s_sequence | First commit ID expected in log. |
| 0x1C | __be32 | s_start | Block number of the start of log. Contrary to the comments, this field being zero does not imply that the journal is clean! |
| 0x20 | __be32 | s_errno | Error value, as set by jbd2_journal_abort(). |
| The remaining fields are only valid in a v2 superblock. | |||
| 0x24 | __be32 | s_feature_compat; | Compatible feature set. See the table jbd2_compat below. |
| 0x28 | __be32 | s_feature_incompat | Incompatible feature set. See the table jbd2_incompat below. |
| 0x2C | __be32 | s_feature_ro_compat | Read-only compatible feature set. There aren't any of these currently. |
| 0x30 | __u8 | s_uuid[16] | 128-bit uuid for journal. This is compared against the copy in the ext4 super block at mount time. |
| 0x40 | __be32 | s_nr_users | Number of file systems sharing this journal. |
| 0x44 | __be32 | s_dynsuper | Location of dynamic super block copy. (Not used?) |
| 0x48 | __be32 | s_max_transaction | Limit of journal blocks per transaction. (Not used?) |
| 0x4C | __be32 | s_max_trans_data | Limit of data blocks per transaction. (Not used?) |
| 0x50 | __u8 | s_checksum_type | Checksum algorithm used for the journal. See jbd2_checksum_type for more info. |
| 0x51 | __u8[3] | s_padding2 | |
| 0x54 | __be32 | s_num_fc_blocks | Number of fast commit blocks in the journal. |
| 0x58 | __u32 | s_padding[42] | |
| 0xFC | __be32 | s_checksum | Checksum of the entire superblock, with this field set to zero. |
| 0x100 | __u8 | s_users[16*48] | ids of all file systems sharing the log. e2fsprogs/Linux don't allow shared external journals, but I imagine Lustre (or ocfs2?), which use the jbd2 code, might. |
The journal compat features are any combination of the following:
| Value | Description |
|---|---|
| 0x1 | Journal maintains checksums on the data blocks. (JBD2_FEATURE_COMPAT_CHECKSUM) |
The journal incompat features are any combination of the following:
| Value | Description |
|---|---|
| 0x1 | Journal has block revocation records. (JBD2_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_REVOKE) |
| 0x2 | Journal can deal with 64-bit block numbers. (JBD2_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_64BIT) |
| 0x4 | Journal commits asynchronously. (JBD2_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_ASYNC_COMMIT) |
| 0x8 | This journal uses v2 of the checksum on-disk format. Each journal metadata block gets its own checksum, and the block tags in the descriptor table contain checksums for each of the data blocks in the journal. (JBD2_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_CSUM_V2) |
| 0x10 | This journal uses v3 of the checksum on-disk format. This is the same as v2, but the journal block tag size is fixed regardless of the size of block numbers. (JBD2_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_CSUM_V3) |
| 0x20 | Journal has fast commit blocks. (JBD2_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_FAST_COMMIT) |
Journal checksum type codes are one of the following. crc32 or crc32c are the most likely choices.
| Value | Description |
|---|---|
| 1 | CRC32 |
| 2 | MD5 |
| 3 | SHA1 |
| 4 | CRC32C |
The descriptor block contains an array of journal block tags that describe the final locations of the data blocks that follow in the journal. Descriptor blocks are open-coded instead of being completely described by a data structure, but here is the block structure anyway. Descriptor blocks consume at least 36 bytes, but use a full block:
| Offset | Type | Name | Descriptor |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0x0 | journal_header_t | (open coded) | Common block header. |
| 0xC | struct journal_block_tag_s | open coded array[] | Enough tags either to fill up the block or to describe all the data blocks that follow this descriptor block. |
Journal block tags have any of the following formats, depending on which journal feature and block tag flags are set.
If JBD2_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_CSUM_V3 is set, the journal block tag is
defined as struct journal_block_tag3_s, which looks like the
following. The size is 16 or 32 bytes.
| Offset | Type | Name | Descriptor |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0x0 | __be32 | t_blocknr | Lower 32-bits of the location of where the corresponding data block should end up on disk. |
| 0x4 | __be32 | t_flags | Flags that go with the descriptor. See the table jbd2_tag_flags for more info. |
| 0x8 | __be32 | t_blocknr_high | Upper 32-bits of the location of where the corresponding data block should end up on disk. This is zero if JBD2_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_64BIT is not enabled. |
| 0xC | __be32 | t_checksum | Checksum of the journal UUID, the sequence number, and the data block. |
| This field appears to be open coded. It always comes at the end of the tag, after t_checksum. This field is not present if the "same UUID" flag is set. | |||
| 0x8 or 0xC | char | uuid[16] | A UUID to go with this tag. This field appears to be copied from the
j_uuid field in struct journal_s, but only tune2fs touches that
field. |
The journal tag flags are any combination of the following:
| Value | Description |
|---|---|
| 0x1 | On-disk block is escaped. The first four bytes of the data block just happened to match the jbd2 magic number. |
| 0x2 | This block has the same UUID as previous, therefore the UUID field is omitted. |
| 0x4 | The data block was deleted by the transaction. (Not used?) |
| 0x8 | This is the last tag in this descriptor block. |
If JBD2_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_CSUM_V3 is NOT set, the journal block tag
is defined as struct journal_block_tag_s, which looks like the
following. The size is 8, 12, 24, or 28 bytes:
| Offset | Type | Name | Descriptor |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0x0 | __be32 | t_blocknr | Lower 32-bits of the location of where the corresponding data block should end up on disk. |
| 0x4 | __be16 | t_checksum | Checksum of the journal UUID, the sequence number, and the data block. Note that only the lower 16 bits are stored. |
| 0x6 | __be16 | t_flags | Flags that go with the descriptor. See the table jbd2_tag_flags for more info. |
| This next field is only present if the super block indicates support for 64-bit block numbers. | |||
| 0x8 | __be32 | t_blocknr_high | Upper 32-bits of the location of where the corresponding data block should end up on disk. |
| This field appears to be open coded. It always comes at the end of the tag, after t_flags or t_blocknr_high. This field is not present if the "same UUID" flag is set. | |||
| 0x8 or 0xC | char | uuid[16] | A UUID to go with this tag. This field appears to be copied from the
j_uuid field in struct journal_s, but only tune2fs touches that
field. |
If JBD2_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_CSUM_V2 or
JBD2_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_CSUM_V3 are set, the end of the block is a
struct jbd2_journal_block_tail, which looks like this:
| Offset | Type | Name | Descriptor |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0x0 | __be32 | t_checksum | Checksum of the journal UUID + the descriptor block, with this field set to zero. |
In general, the data blocks being written to disk through the journal are written verbatim into the journal file after the descriptor block. However, if the first four bytes of the block match the jbd2 magic number then those four bytes are replaced with zeroes and the “escaped” flag is set in the descriptor block tag.
A revocation block is used to prevent replay of a block in an earlier transaction. This is used to mark blocks that were journalled at one time but are no longer journalled. Typically this happens if a metadata block is freed and re-allocated as a file data block; in this case, a journal replay after the file block was written to disk will cause corruption.
NOTE: This mechanism is NOT used to express “this journal block is superseded by this other journal block”, as the author (djwong) mistakenly thought. Any block being added to a transaction will cause the removal of all existing revocation records for that block.
Revocation blocks are described in
struct jbd2_journal_revoke_header_s, are at least 16 bytes in
length, but use a full block:
| Offset | Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0x0 | journal_header_t | r_header | Common block header. |
| 0xC | __be32 | r_count | Number of bytes used in this block. |
| 0x10 | __be32 or __be64 | blocks[0] | Blocks to revoke. |
After r_count is a linear array of block numbers that are effectively revoked by this transaction. The size of each block number is 8 bytes if the superblock advertises 64-bit block number support, or 4 bytes otherwise.
If JBD2_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_CSUM_V2 or
JBD2_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_CSUM_V3 are set, the end of the revocation
block is a struct jbd2_journal_revoke_tail, which has this format:
| Offset | Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0x0 | __be32 | r_checksum | Checksum of the journal UUID + revocation block |
The commit block is a sentry that indicates that a transaction has been completely written to the journal. Once this commit block reaches the journal, the data stored with this transaction can be written to their final locations on disk.
The commit block is described by struct commit_header, which is 32
bytes long (but uses a full block):
| Offset | Type | Name | Descriptor |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0x0 | journal_header_s | (open coded) | Common block header. |
| 0xC | unsigned char | h_chksum_type | The type of checksum to use to verify the integrity of the data blocks in the transaction. See jbd2_checksum_type for more info. |
| 0xD | unsigned char | h_chksum_size | The number of bytes used by the checksum. Most likely 4. |
| 0xE | unsigned char | h_padding[2] | |
| 0x10 | __be32 | h_chksum[JBD2_CHECKSUM_BYTES] | 32 bytes of space to store checksums. If
JBD2_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_CSUM_V2 or JBD2_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_CSUM_V3
are set, the first __be32 is the checksum of the journal UUID and
the entire commit block, with this field zeroed. If
JBD2_FEATURE_COMPAT_CHECKSUM is set, the first __be32 is the
crc32 of all the blocks already written to the transaction. |
| 0x30 | __be64 | h_commit_sec | The time that the transaction was committed, in seconds since the epoch. |
| 0x38 | __be32 | h_commit_nsec | Nanoseconds component of the above timestamp. |
Fast commit area is organized as a log of tag length values. Each TLV has
a struct ext4_fc_tl in the beginning which stores the tag and the length
of the entire field. It is followed by variable length tag specific value.
Here is the list of supported tags and their meanings:
| Tag | Meaning | Value struct | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EXT4_FC_TAG_HEAD | Fast commit area header | struct ext4_fc_head |
Stores the TID of the transaction after which these fast commits should be applied. |
| EXT4_FC_TAG_ADD_RANGE | Add extent to inode | struct ext4_fc_add_range |
Stores the inode number and extent to be added in this inode |
| EXT4_FC_TAG_DEL_RANGE | Remove logical offsets to inode | struct ext4_fc_del_range |
Stores the inode number and the logical offset range that needs to be removed |
| EXT4_FC_TAG_CREAT | Create directory entry for a newly created file | struct ext4_fc_dentry_info |
Stores the parent inode number, inode number and directory entry of the newly created file |
| EXT4_FC_TAG_LINK | Link a directory entry to an inode | struct ext4_fc_dentry_info |
Stores the parent inode number, inode number and directory entry |
| EXT4_FC_TAG_UNLINK | Unlink a directory entry of an inode | struct ext4_fc_dentry_info |
Stores the parent inode number, inode number and directory entry |
| EXT4_FC_TAG_PAD | Padding (unused area) | None | Unused bytes in the fast commit area. |
| EXT4_FC_TAG_TAIL | Mark the end of a fast commit | struct ext4_fc_tail |
Stores the TID of the commit, CRC of the fast commit of which this tag represents the end of |
Fast commits tags are idempotent in nature provided the recovery code follows certain rules. The guiding principle that the commit path follows while committing is that it stores the result of a particular operation instead of storing the procedure.
Let's consider this rename operation: 'mv /a /b'. Let's assume dirent '/a' was associated with inode 10. During fast commit, instead of storing this operation as a procedure "rename a to b", we store the resulting file system state as a "series" of outcomes:
- Link dirent b to inode 10
- Unlink dirent a
- Inode 10 with valid refcount
Now when recovery code runs, it needs "enforce" this state on the file system. This is what guarantees idempotence of fast commit replay.
Let's take an example of a procedure that is not idempotent and see how fast commits make it idempotent. Consider following sequence of operations:
- rm A
- mv B A
- read A
If we store this sequence of operations as is then the replay is not idempotent. Let's say while in replay, we crash after (2). During the second replay, file A (which was actually created as a result of "mv B A" operation) would get deleted. Thus, file named A would be absent when we try to read A. So, this sequence of operations is not idempotent. However, as mentioned above, instead of storing the procedure fast commits store the outcome of each procedure. Thus the fast commit log for above procedure would be as follows:
(Let's assume dirent A was linked to inode 10 and dirent B was linked to inode 11 before the replay)
- Unlink A
- Link A to inode 11
- Unlink B
- Inode 11
If we crash after (3) we will have file A linked to inode 11. During the second replay, we will remove file A (inode 11). But we will create it back and make it point to inode 11. We won't find B, so we'll just skip that step. At this point, the refcount for inode 11 is not reliable, but that gets fixed by the replay of last inode 11 tag. Thus, by converting a non-idempotent procedure into a series of idempotent outcomes, fast commits ensured idempotence during the replay.
Checkpointing the journal ensures all transactions and their associated buffers are submitted to the disk. In-progress transactions are waited upon and included in the checkpoint. Checkpointing is used internally during critical updates to the filesystem including journal recovery, filesystem resizing, and freeing of the journal_t structure.
A journal checkpoint can be triggered from userspace via the ioctl EXT4_IOC_CHECKPOINT. This ioctl takes a single, u64 argument for flags. Currently, three flags are supported. First, EXT4_IOC_CHECKPOINT_FLAG_DRY_RUN can be used to verify input to the ioctl. It returns error if there is any invalid input, otherwise it returns success without performing any checkpointing. This can be used to check whether the ioctl exists on a system and to verify there are no issues with arguments or flags. The other two flags are EXT4_IOC_CHECKPOINT_FLAG_DISCARD and EXT4_IOC_CHECKPOINT_FLAG_ZEROOUT. These flags cause the journal blocks to be discarded or zero-filled, respectively, after the journal checkpoint is complete. EXT4_IOC_CHECKPOINT_FLAG_DISCARD and EXT4_IOC_CHECKPOINT_FLAG_ZEROOUT cannot both be set. The ioctl may be useful when snapshotting a system or for complying with content deletion SLOs.