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<div class="section" id="A-Brief-Summary-of-Terms-and-Concepts">
<h1>A Brief Summary of Terms and Concepts<a class="headerlink" href="#A-Brief-Summary-of-Terms-and-Concepts" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>Let’s do a quick rundown of some of the concepts and terms discussed thus far. The following code is a <em>class definition</em>, which specifies the <em>attributes</em> of objects that belong to the class/type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Example</span></code>.</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Example</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"apple"</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Once executed, this code produces the <em>class object</em> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Example</span></code>, which encapsulates the above definition and can be used to create objects that are instances of this class/type. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Example.a</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Example.__init__</span></code> are both attributes of this class. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Example.__init__</span></code> is more specifically a special method, which is automatically invoked whenever an instance of this class is created.</p>
<p>The following code creates an <em>instance</em> of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Example</span></code>, assigning that instance to the variable <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ex</span></code>. This means that the object belongs to the type (a.k.a class) <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Example</span></code>.</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">ex</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Example</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">a</span>
<span class="go">(1, 2, 3)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">ex</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">a</span>
<span class="go">(1, 2, 3)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ex</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Example</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ex</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">__main__.Example</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Upon this instantiation, the instance-level attribute <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b</span></code> was defined via execution of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__init__</span></code> method, wherein Python passed the instance object being created as the argument <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">self</span></code> to the method. Thus <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">b</span></code> is an <em>instance-level</em> attribute, which is not possessed by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Example</span></code> itself.</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">Example</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">b</span>
<span class="go">AttributeError: type object 'Example' has no attribute 'b'</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">ex</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">b</span>
<span class="go">'apple'</span>
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