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<h3 class="pb-3 pt-3">C++ Type Conversion</h3>
<p>In this tutorial, we will learn about the basics of C++ type conversion with
the help of some examples.</p>
<p>C++ allows us to convert data of one type to that of another according to
the need of compiler or the need of the user. This is known as type
conversion.</p>
<p>There are two types of type conversion in C++.</p>
<ol>
<li>
Implicit Conversion
</li>
<li>
Explicit Conversion (also known as Type Casting)
</li>
</ol>
<hr />
<h4 class="pt-3 pb-3">Implicit Type Conversion</h4>
<p>The type conversion that is automatically done by the compiler is known as
implicit type conversion. This type of conversion is also known as automatic
conversion.</p>
<p>Let us look at two examples of implicit type conversion.</p>
<p><strong>Example 1:</strong></p>
<pre>// Working of implicit type-conversion
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
// assigning an int value to a
int a = 9;
// declaring a double type variable
double b;
// implicit conversion
// assigning int value to a double variable
b = a;
cout << "int = " << a << endl;
cout << "double = " << b << endl;
return 0;
}</pre>
<p><strong>Note: </strong>The above code will work on modern C++ compilers (eg:GCC) but
will give some errors in classic C++ compiler(i.e. Turbo Compiler).</p>
<p><strong>Output: </strong></p>
<pre>int = 9
double = 9</pre>
<p>In the program, we have assigned an int data to a double variable.</p>
<pre>a = b</pre>
<p>Here, the <code>int</code> value is automatically converted to <code>double</code> by the compiler
before it is assigned to the <code>b</code> variable. This is an example of implicit type
conversion.</p>
<p><strong>Example 2:</strong>Automatic Conversion from double to int</p>
<pre>//Working of Implicit type-conversion
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int a_int;
double b_double = 9.99;
// implicit conversion
// assigning a double value to an int variable
a_int = b_double;
cout << "int = " << a_int << endl;
cout << "double = " << b_double << endl;
return 0;
}</pre>
<p><strong>Output:</strong></p>
<pre>int = 9
double = 9.99</pre>
<p>In the program, we have assigned a double data to an int variable.</p>
<pre>b_double = a_int;</pre>
<p>Here, the <code>double</code> value is automatically converted to <code>int</code> by the compiler
before it is assigned to the <code>a_int</code> variable. This is also an example of implicit
type conversion.</p>
<p><code>Note: </code> Since int cannot store the decimal part, the digits after the decimal
point is truncated in the above example.</p>
<hr />
<h4 class="pt-3 pb-3">Data Loss During Conversion (Narrowing Conversion)</h4>
<p>As we have seen from the above example, conversion from one data type
to another is prone to data loss. This happens when data of a larger type is
converted to data of a smaller type.</p>
<div class="if-content-img d-flex flex-column m-5">
<img class="if-content m-auto" src="./Images/type-conversion-1.jpg" alt="" />
</div>
<p>As we have seen in example 2 when the data was converted from double
(generally of 8 bytes) to int (generally of 2 bytes) the decimal part was
removed this shows that the data is lost during the type conversion
specifically when we convert larger data type to smaller data type.</p>
<hr />
<h4 class="pt-3 pb-3">C++ Explicit Conversion</h4>
<p>When the user manually changes data from one type to another, this is
known as <strong>explicit conversion</strong>. This type of conversion is also known
as <strong>type casting</strong>.</p>
<p>There are three major ways in which we can use explicit conversion in C++.
</p>
<p>They are:</p>
<ol>
<li>
C-style type casting (also known as <strong>cast notation</strong>)
</li>
<li>
Function notation (also known as old <strong>C++ style type casting</strong>)
</li>
<li>
Type conversion operators
</li>
</ol>
<hr />
<h4 class="pt-3 pb-3">C-style Type Casting</h4>
<p>As the name suggests, this type of casting is favoured by the <strong>C
programming language</strong>. It is also known as <strong>cast notation</strong>.</p>
<p>The syntax for this style is:</p>
<pre>(data_type)expression;</pre>
<p>For example,</p>
<pre>// initializing int variable
int num_int = 26;
// declaring double variable
double num_double;
// converting from int to double
num_double = (double)num_int;</pre>
<h4 class="pt-3 pb-3">Function-style Casting</h4>
<p>We can also use the function like notation to cast data from one type to
another.</p>
<p>The syntax for this style is:</p>
<pre>data_type(expression);</pre>
<p>For example,</p>
<pre>// initializing int variable
int num_int = 26;
// declaring double variable
double num_double;
// converting from int to double
num_double = double(num_int);</pre>
<hr />
<p><strong>Example 3: </strong>Type Casting</p>
<pre>#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
// initializing a double variable
double num_double = 3.56;
cout << "num_double = " << num_double << endl;
// C-style conversion from double to int
int num_int1 = (int)num_double;
cout << "num_int1 = " << num_int1 << endl;
// function-style conversion from double to int
int num_int2 = int(num_double);
cout << "num_int2 = " << num_int2 << endl;
return 0;
}</pre>
<p><strong>Output:</strong></p>
<pre>num_double = 3.56
num_int1 = 3
num_int2 = 3</pre>
<p>We used both the C style type conversion and the function-style
casting for type conversion and displayed the results. Since they perform
the same task, both give us the same output.</p>
<h4 class="pt-3 pb-3">Type Conversion Operators</h4>
<p>Besides these two type castings, C++ also has four operators for type
conversion. They are known as <strong>type conversion operators</strong>. They are:</p>
<ul>
<li>
static_cast
</li>
<li>
dynamic_cast
</li>
<li>
const_cast
</li>
<li>
reinterpret_cast
</li>
</ul>
<p>We will learn about these later in the course.</p>
</div>
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