Arrow_functions.js

JavaScript has first class functions.
This means that in JavaScript functions can be themselves be passed around like any other value, even as arguments to other functions.*/

//E.g. we can pass to the setTimeout function, a function, like so:

setTimeout(function() {
	console.log("setTimeout called!");
}, 1000);

//The function we pass as an argument to setTimeout is called an anonymous function because it doesn’t have a name.

//ES6 has introduced a slightly different syntax to define anonymous functions called the fat arrow syntax,
//with it we can re-write the above as:

setTimeout(() => {
    console.log("setTimeout called!")
}, 1000);
If the function only contains one expression we can drop the braces and shorten even further to:

setTimeout(() => console.log("setTimeout called!"), 1000);


/*Arguments
What if we wanted to pass an argument to the function?

We can re-write the below normal function to one that uses the fat arrow syntax:*/

let add = function(a,b) {
	return a + b;
};

//Can now be written as:

let add = (a,b) => a + b;

/*Tip
In the first example we write return a + b but in the fat arrow version we just wrote a + b. That’s because in the fat arrow syntax if it is on one line, the statement gets returned automatically without the need to use the return keyword.
this
Lets imagine we have an object with a function called sayLater, like so:*/

let obj = {
	name: "Pankaj",
	sayLater: function() {
		console.log(`${this.name}`);
	}
};
obj.sayLater();

//In the sayLater function this points to obj

//So console.log(${this.name}`);` prints out Pankaj.

//Now lets imagine that we log the message using the setTimeout function.

let obj = {
    name: "Pankaj",
    sayLater: function () {
        setTimeout(function () {
            console.log(`${this.name}`);
        }, 1000);
    }
};
obj.sayLater();

//In the sayLater() function we call setTimeout and then log the value of this.name, which we expect to be asim.

//In fact we get undefined printed out to the console.

/*Calling context

The reason for this is that the value of this in a function depends on how the function is called.
At it’s most basic level if the function is called as obj.sayLater(), the value of this is the calling context which in this case is obj.
What is the calling context for the anonymous function we pass to setTimeout? What will this point to inside that function?*/

setTimeout(function () {
    console.log(`${this.name}`);
}, 1000);
//The answer is it depends.

/*In the browser it’s either undefined or the global object depending on if you are running in strict mode or not.
In node it’s an internal timeout object.

In all cases however it isn’t going to be obj, so this.name is not going to return asim,
it’s going to return undefined or raise an error.

This instability of this is an incredibly common problem in javascript that has affected it since the early days.

In ES5 there are a number of methods we can use to stabilise the value of this.
One common solution is to assign this to another variable at the top, usually called self or vm, and then always use self in the function body, like so:*/

let obj = {
    name: "Pankaj",
    sayLater: function () {
        let self = this; // Assign to self
        console.log(self);
        setTimeout(function () {
            console.log(`${self.name}`); // Use self not this
        }, 1000);
    }
};
/*But in ES6 we can do better, if we use fat arrow functions the value of this inside a fat arrow function will be the same as the value of this outside the fat arrow function.

It uses the value of this from the surrounding code for its context. i.e. whatever this points to in the surrounding code, this will point to in the function body of the fat arrow function.

We can re-write our obj to use fat arrow syntax like so:*/

let obj = {
    name: "Pankaj",
    sayLater: function () {
        console.log(this); // `this` points to obj
        setTimeout(() => {
            console.log(this); // `this` points to obj
            console.log(`${this.name}`); // `this` points to obj
        }, 1000);
    }
};
obj.sayLater();

/*If we ran the above code we would see that the value of this in the setTimout function is now obj;
the same as the value of this outside the setTimeout function.