cattrs

cattrs is an open source Python library for structuring and unstructuring data. cattrs works best with attrs classes, dataclasses and the usual Python collections, but other kinds of classes are supported by manually registering converters.

Python has a rich set of powerful, easy to use, built-in data types like dictionaries, lists and tuples. These data types are also the lingua franca of most data serialization libraries, for formats like json, msgpack, cbor, yaml or toml.

Data types like this, and mappings like dict s in particular, represent unstructured data. Your data is, in all likelihood, structured: not all combinations of field names or values are valid inputs to your programs. In Python, structured data is better represented with classes and enumerations. attrs is an excellent library for declaratively describing the structure of your data, and validating it.

When you're handed unstructured data (by your network, file system, database...), cattrs helps to convert this data into structured data. When you have to convert your structured data into data types other libraries can handle, cattrs turns your classes and enumerations into dictionaries, integers and strings.

Here's a simple taste. The list containing a float, an int and a string gets converted into a tuple of three ints.

>>> import cattrs

>>> cattrs.structure([1.0, 2, "3"], tuple[int, int, int])
(1, 2, 3)

cattrs works well with attrs classes out of the box.

>>> from attrs import frozen
>>> import cattrs

>>> @frozen  # It works with non-frozen classes too.
... class C:
...     a: int
...     b: str

>>> instance = C(1, 'a')
>>> cattrs.unstructure(instance)
{'a': 1, 'b': 'a'}
>>> cattrs.structure({'a': 1, 'b': 'a'}, C)
C(a=1, b='a')

Here's a much more complex example, involving attrs classes with type metadata.

>>> from enum import unique, Enum
>>> from typing import Optional, Sequence, Union
>>> from cattrs import structure, unstructure
>>> from attrs import define, field

>>> @unique
... class CatBreed(Enum):
...     SIAMESE = "siamese"
...     MAINE_COON = "maine_coon"
...     SACRED_BIRMAN = "birman"

>>> @define
... class Cat:
...     breed: CatBreed
...     names: Sequence[str]

>>> @define
... class DogMicrochip:
...     chip_id = field()  # Type annotations are optional, but recommended
...     time_chipped: float = field()

>>> @define
... class Dog:
...     cuteness: int
...     chip: Optional[DogMicrochip] = None

>>> p = unstructure([Dog(cuteness=1, chip=DogMicrochip(chip_id=1, time_chipped=10.0)),
...                  Cat(breed=CatBreed.MAINE_COON, names=('Fluffly', 'Fluffer'))])

>>> print(p)
[{'cuteness': 1, 'chip': {'chip_id': 1, 'time_chipped': 10.0}}, {'breed': 'maine_coon', 'names': ('Fluffly', 'Fluffer')}]
>>> print(structure(p, list[Union[Dog, Cat]]))
[Dog(cuteness=1, chip=DogMicrochip(chip_id=1, time_chipped=10.0)), Cat(breed=<CatBreed.MAINE_COON: 'maine_coon'>, names=['Fluffly', 'Fluffer'])]

Consider unstructured data a low-level representation that needs to be converted to structured data to be handled, and use structure. When you're done, unstructure the data to its unstructured form and pass it along to another library or module. Use attrs type metadata to add type metadata to attributes, so cattrs will know how to structure and destructure them.

Free software: MIT license
Documentation: https://catt.rs
Python versions supported: 3.7 and up. (Older Python versions, like 2.7, 3.5 and 3.6 are supported by older versions; see the changelog.)

Features

Converts structured data into unstructured data, recursively:
- attrs classes and dataclasses are converted into dictionaries in a way similar to attrs.asdict, or into tuples in a way similar to attrs.astuple.
- Enumeration instances are converted to their values.
- Other types are let through without conversion. This includes types such as integers, dictionaries, lists and instances of non-attrs classes.
- Custom converters for any type can be registered using register_unstructure_hook.
Converts unstructured data into structured data, recursively, according to your specification given as a type. The following types are supported:

cattrs comes with preconfigured converters for a number of serialization libraries, including json, msgpack, cbor2, bson, yaml and toml. For details, see the cattrs.preconf package.

Design Decisions

cattrs is based on a few fundamental design decisions.

Un/structuring rules are separate from the models. This allows models to have a one-to-many relationship with un/structuring rules, and to create un/structuring rules for models which you do not own and you cannot change.
Invent as little as possible; reuse existing ordinary Python instead. For example, cattrs did not have a custom exception type to group exceptions until the sanctioned Python exceptiongroups. A side-effect of this design decision is that, in a lot of cases, when you're solving cattrs problems you're actually learning Python instead of learning cattrs.
Refuse the temptation to guess. If there are two ways of solving a problem, cattrs should refuse to guess and let the user configure it themselves.

A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds so these decisions can and are sometimes broken, but they have proven to be a good foundation.

Additional documentation and talks

Credits

Major credits to Hynek Schlawack for creating attrs and its predecessor, characteristic.

cattrs is tested with Hypothesis, by David R. MacIver.

cattrs is benchmarked using perf and pytest-benchmark.

This package was created with Cookiecutter and the audreyr/cookiecutter-pypackage project template.

License

Peter554/cattrs

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