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cppmanglewin.d
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/**
* Do mangling for C++ linkage for Digital Mars C++ and Microsoft Visual C++.
*
* Copyright: Copyright (C) 1999-2024 by The D Language Foundation, All Rights Reserved
* Authors: Walter Bright, https://www.digitalmars.com
* License: $(LINK2 https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt, Boost License 1.0)
* Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/src/dmd/cppmanglewin.d, _cppmanglewin.d)
* Documentation: https://dlang.org/phobos/dmd_cppmanglewin.html
* Coverage: https://codecov.io/gh/dlang/dmd/src/master/src/dmd/cppmanglewin.d
*/
module dmd.cppmanglewin;
import core.stdc.stdio;
import dmd.arraytypes;
import dmd.astenums;
import dmd.cppmangle : isAggregateDtor, isCppOperator, CppOperator;
import dmd.dclass;
import dmd.declaration;
import dmd.denum : isSpecialEnumIdent;
import dmd.dstruct;
import dmd.dsymbol;
import dmd.dtemplate;
import dmd.errors;
import dmd.errorsink;
import dmd.expression;
import dmd.func;
import dmd.funcsem;
import dmd.globals;
import dmd.id;
import dmd.identifier;
import dmd.location;
import dmd.mtype;
import dmd.common.outbuffer;
import dmd.rootobject;
import dmd.target;
import dmd.tokens;
import dmd.typesem;
import dmd.visitor;
const(char)* toCppMangleMSVC(Dsymbol s)
{
scope VisualCPPMangler v = new VisualCPPMangler(s.loc, global.errorSink);
auto p = v.mangleOf(s);
if (v.errors)
fatal(); // because this error should be handled in frontend
return p;
}
const(char)* cppTypeInfoMangleMSVC(Dsymbol s) // IN_LLVM: not @safe
{
//printf("cppTypeInfoMangle(%s)\n", s.toChars());
version (IN_LLVM)
{
// Return the mangled name of the RTTI Type Descriptor.
// Reverse-engineered using a few C++ exception classes.
scope VisualCPPMangler v = new VisualCPPMangler(s.loc, global.errorSink);
v.buf.writestring("\1??_R0?AV");
v.mangleIdent(s);
v.buf.writestring("@8");
return v.buf.extractChars();
}
else
{
assert(0);
}
}
private extern (C++) final class VisualCPPMangler : Visitor
{
alias visit = Visitor.visit;
Identifier[10] saved_idents;
Type[10] saved_types;
Loc loc; /// location for use in error messages
ErrorSink eSink;
bool isNotTopType; /** When mangling one argument, we can call visit several times (for base types of arg type)
* but must save only arg type:
* For example: if we have an int** argument, we should save "int**" but visit will be called for "int**", "int*", "int"
* This flag is set up by the visit(NextType, ) function and should be reset when the arg type output is finished.
*/
bool ignoreConst; /// in some cases we should ignore CV-modifiers.
bool escape; /// toplevel const non-pointer types need a '$$C' escape in addition to a cv qualifier.
bool mangleReturnType; /// return type shouldn't be saved and substituted in arguments
bool errors; /// errors occurred
OutBuffer buf;
extern (D) this(VisualCPPMangler rvl) scope @safe
{
saved_idents[] = rvl.saved_idents[];
saved_types[] = rvl.saved_types[];
loc = rvl.loc;
}
public:
extern (D) this(Loc loc, ErrorSink eSink) scope @safe
{
saved_idents[] = null;
saved_types[] = null;
this.loc = loc;
this.eSink = eSink;
}
override void visit(Type type)
{
if (checkImmutableShared(type, loc))
return;
eSink.error(loc, "internal compiler error: type `%s` cannot be mapped to C++\n", type.toChars());
errors = true;
}
override void visit(TypeNull type)
{
if (checkImmutableShared(type, loc))
return;
if (checkTypeSaved(type))
return;
buf.writestring("$$T");
isNotTopType = false;
ignoreConst = false;
}
override void visit(TypeNoreturn type)
{
if (checkImmutableShared(type, loc))
return;
if (checkTypeSaved(type))
return;
buf.writeByte('X'); // yes, mangle it like `void`
isNotTopType = false;
ignoreConst = false;
}
override void visit(TypeBasic type)
{
//printf("visit(TypeBasic); is_not_top_type = %d\n", isNotTopType);
if (checkImmutableShared(type, loc))
return;
if (type.isConst() && isNotTopType)
{
if (checkTypeSaved(type))
return;
}
if ((type.ty == Tbool) && checkTypeSaved(type)) // try to replace long name with number
{
return;
}
switch (type.ty)
{
case Tint64:
case Tuns64:
case Tint128:
case Tuns128:
version (IN_LLVM) {} else
{
case Tfloat80:
}
case Twchar:
if (checkTypeSaved(type))
return;
break;
default:
break;
}
mangleModifier(type);
switch (type.ty)
{
case Tvoid:
buf.writeByte('X');
break;
case Tint8:
buf.writeByte('C');
break;
case Tuns8:
buf.writeByte('E');
break;
case Tint16:
buf.writeByte('F');
break;
case Tuns16:
buf.writeByte('G');
break;
case Tint32:
buf.writeByte('H');
break;
case Tuns32:
buf.writeByte('I');
break;
case Tfloat32:
buf.writeByte('M');
break;
case Tint64:
buf.writestring("_J");
break;
case Tuns64:
buf.writestring("_K");
break;
case Tint128:
buf.writestring("_L");
break;
case Tuns128:
buf.writestring("_M");
break;
case Tfloat64:
buf.writeByte('N');
break;
case Tfloat80:
version (IN_LLVM)
{
// unlike DMD, LDC uses 64-bit `real` for Windows/MSVC targets,
// corresponding to MSVC++ long double
buf.writeByte('O'); // Visual C++ long double
}
else
{
buf.writestring("_T"); // Intel long double
}
break;
case Tbool:
buf.writestring("_N");
break;
case Tchar:
buf.writeByte('D');
break;
case Twchar:
buf.writestring("_S"); // Visual C++ char16_t (since C++11)
break;
case Tdchar:
buf.writestring("_U"); // Visual C++ char32_t (since C++11)
break;
default:
visit(cast(Type)type);
return;
}
isNotTopType = false;
ignoreConst = false;
}
override void visit(TypeVector type)
{
//printf("visit(TypeVector); is_not_top_type = %d\n", isNotTopType);
if (checkTypeSaved(type))
return;
mangleModifier(type);
buf.writestring("T__m128@@"); // may be better as __m128i or __m128d?
isNotTopType = false;
ignoreConst = false;
}
override void visit(TypeSArray type)
{
// This method can be called only for static variable type mangling.
//printf("visit(TypeSArray); is_not_top_type = %d\n", isNotTopType);
if (checkTypeSaved(type))
return;
// first dimension always mangled as const pointer
buf.writeByte('P');
isNotTopType = true;
assert(type.next);
if (type.next.ty == Tsarray)
{
mangleArray(cast(TypeSArray)type.next);
}
else
{
type.next.accept(this);
}
}
// attention: D int[1][2]* arr mapped to C++ int arr[][2][1]; (because it's more typical situation)
// There is not way to map int C++ (*arr)[2][1] to D
override void visit(TypePointer type)
{
//printf("visit(TypePointer); is_not_top_type = %d\n", isNotTopType);
if (checkImmutableShared(type, loc))
return;
assert(type.next);
if (type.next.ty == Tfunction)
{
const(char)* arg = mangleFunctionType(cast(TypeFunction)type.next); // compute args before checking to save; args should be saved before function type
// If we've mangled this function early, previous call is meaningless.
// However we should do it before checking to save types of function arguments before function type saving.
// If this function was already mangled, types of all it arguments are save too, thus previous can't save
// anything if function is saved.
if (checkTypeSaved(type))
return;
if (type.isConst())
buf.writeByte('Q'); // const
else
buf.writeByte('P'); // mutable
buf.writeByte('6'); // pointer to a function
buf.writestring(arg);
isNotTopType = false;
ignoreConst = false;
return;
}
else if (type.next.ty == Tsarray)
{
if (checkTypeSaved(type))
return;
mangleModifier(type);
buf.writeByte('Q'); // const
if (target.isLP64)
buf.writeByte('E');
isNotTopType = true;
mangleArray(cast(TypeSArray)type.next);
return;
}
else
{
if (checkTypeSaved(type))
return;
mangleModifier(type);
if (type.isConst())
{
buf.writeByte('Q'); // const
}
else
{
buf.writeByte('P'); // mutable
}
if (target.isLP64)
buf.writeByte('E');
isNotTopType = true;
type.next.accept(this);
}
}
override void visit(TypeReference type)
{
//printf("visit(TypeReference); type = %s\n", type.toChars());
if (checkTypeSaved(type))
return;
if (checkImmutableShared(type, loc))
return;
buf.writeByte('A'); // mutable
if (target.isLP64)
buf.writeByte('E');
isNotTopType = true;
assert(type.next);
if (type.next.ty == Tsarray)
{
mangleArray(cast(TypeSArray)type.next);
}
else
{
type.next.accept(this);
}
}
override void visit(TypeFunction type)
{
const(char)* arg = mangleFunctionType(type);
buf.writestring("$$A6");
buf.writestring(arg);
isNotTopType = false;
ignoreConst = false;
}
override void visit(TypeStruct type)
{
if (checkTypeSaved(type))
return;
//printf("visit(TypeStruct); is_not_top_type = %d\n", isNotTopType);
mangleModifier(type);
const agg = type.sym.isStructDeclaration();
if (type.sym.isUnionDeclaration())
buf.writeByte('T');
else
buf.writeByte(agg.cppmangle == CPPMANGLE.asClass ? 'V' : 'U');
mangleIdent(type.sym);
isNotTopType = false;
ignoreConst = false;
}
override void visit(TypeEnum type)
{
//printf("visit(TypeEnum); is_not_top_type = %d\n", cast(int)(flags & isNotTopType));
const id = type.sym.ident;
string c;
if (id == Id.__c_long_double)
c = "O"; // VC++ long double
else if (id == Id.__c_long)
c = "J"; // VC++ long
else if (id == Id.__c_ulong)
c = "K"; // VC++ unsigned long
else if (id == Id.__c_longlong)
c = "_J"; // VC++ long long
else if (id == Id.__c_ulonglong)
c = "_K"; // VC++ unsigned long long
else if (id == Id.__c_char)
c = "D"; // VC++ char
else if (id == Id.__c_wchar_t)
c = "_W";
if (c.length)
{
if (checkImmutableShared(type, loc))
return;
if (type.isConst() && isNotTopType)
{
if (checkTypeSaved(type))
return;
}
mangleModifier(type);
buf.writestring(c);
}
else
{
if (checkTypeSaved(type))
return;
mangleModifier(type);
buf.writestring("W4");
mangleIdent(type.sym);
}
isNotTopType = false;
ignoreConst = false;
}
// D class mangled as pointer to C++ class
// const(Object) mangled as Object const* const
override void visit(TypeClass type)
{
//printf("visit(TypeClass); is_not_top_type = %d\n", isNotTopType);
if (checkTypeSaved(type))
return;
if (isNotTopType)
mangleModifier(type);
if (type.isConst())
buf.writeByte('Q');
else
buf.writeByte('P');
if (target.isLP64)
buf.writeByte('E');
isNotTopType = true;
mangleModifier(type);
const cldecl = type.sym.isClassDeclaration();
buf.writeByte(cldecl.cppmangle == CPPMANGLE.asStruct ? 'U' : 'V');
mangleIdent(type.sym);
isNotTopType = false;
ignoreConst = false;
}
const(char)* mangleOf(Dsymbol s)
{
VarDeclaration vd = s.isVarDeclaration();
FuncDeclaration fd = s.isFuncDeclaration();
if (vd)
{
mangleVariable(vd);
}
else if (fd)
{
mangleFunction(fd);
}
else
{
assert(0);
}
return buf.extractChars();
}
private:
extern(D):
void mangleFunction(FuncDeclaration d)
{
// <function mangle> ? <qualified name> <flags> <return type> <arg list>
assert(d);
buf.writeByte('?');
mangleIdent(d);
if (d.needThis()) // <flags> ::= <virtual/protection flag> <const/volatile flag> <calling convention flag>
{
// Pivate methods always non-virtual in D and it should be mangled as non-virtual in C++
//printf("%s: isVirtualMethod = %d, isVirtual = %d, vtblIndex = %d, interfaceVirtual = %p\n",
//d.toChars(), d.isVirtualMethod(), d.isVirtual(), cast(int)d.vtblIndex, d.interfaceVirtual);
if ((d.isVirtual() && (d.vtblIndex != -1 || d.interfaceVirtual || overrideInterface(d))) || (d.isDtorDeclaration() && d.parent.isClassDeclaration() && !d.isFinal()))
{
mangleVisibility(buf, d, "EMU");
}
else
{
mangleVisibility(buf, d, "AIQ");
}
if (target.isLP64)
buf.writeByte('E');
if (d.type.isConst())
{
buf.writeByte('B');
}
else
{
buf.writeByte('A');
}
}
else if (d.isMember2()) // static function
{
// <flags> ::= <virtual/protection flag> <calling convention flag>
mangleVisibility(buf, d, "CKS");
}
else // top-level function
{
// <flags> ::= Y <calling convention flag>
buf.writeByte('Y');
}
const(char)* args = mangleFunctionType(cast(TypeFunction)d.type, d.needThis(), d.isCtorDeclaration() || isAggregateDtor(d));
buf.writestring(args);
}
void mangleVariable(VarDeclaration d)
{
// <static variable mangle> ::= ? <qualified name> <protection flag> <const/volatile flag> <type>
assert(d);
// fake mangling for fields to fix https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=16525
if (!(d.storage_class & (STC.extern_ | STC.field | STC.gshared)))
{
eSink.error(d.loc, "%s `%s` internal compiler error: C++ static non-__gshared non-extern variables not supported", d.kind, d.toPrettyChars);
errors = true;
return;
}
buf.writeByte('?');
mangleIdent(d);
assert((d.storage_class & STC.field) || !d.needThis());
Dsymbol parent = d.toParent();
while (parent && parent.isNspace())
{
parent = parent.toParent();
}
if (parent && parent.isModule()) // static member
{
buf.writeByte('3');
}
else
{
mangleVisibility(buf, d, "012");
}
Type t = d.type;
if (checkImmutableShared(t, loc))
return;
const cv_mod = t.isConst() ? 'B' : 'A';
if (t.ty != Tpointer)
t = t.mutableOf();
t.accept(this);
if ((t.ty == Tpointer || t.ty == Treference || t.ty == Tclass) && target.isLP64)
{
buf.writeByte('E');
}
buf.writeByte(cv_mod);
}
/**
* Mangles a template value
*
* Params:
* o = expression that represents the value
* tv = template value
*/
void mangleTemplateValue(RootObject o, TemplateValueParameter tv, Dsymbol sym)
{
if (!tv.valType.isintegral())
{
eSink.error(sym.loc, "%s `%s` internal compiler error: C++ %s template value parameter is not supported", sym.kind, sym.toPrettyChars, tv.valType.toChars());
errors = true;
return;
}
buf.writeByte('$');
buf.writeByte('0');
Expression e = isExpression(o);
assert(e);
if (tv.valType.isunsigned())
{
mangleNumber(buf, e.toUInteger());
}
else
{
sinteger_t val = e.toInteger();
if (val < 0)
{
val = -val;
buf.writeByte('?');
}
mangleNumber(buf, val);
}
}
/**
* Mangles a template alias parameter
*
* Params:
* o = the alias value, a symbol or expression
*/
void mangleTemplateAlias(RootObject o, Dsymbol sym)
{
Dsymbol d = isDsymbol(o);
Expression e = isExpression(o);
if (d && d.isFuncDeclaration())
{
buf.writeByte('$');
buf.writeByte('1');
mangleFunction(d.isFuncDeclaration());
}
else if (e && e.op == EXP.variable && (cast(VarExp)e).var.isVarDeclaration())
{
buf.writeByte('$');
buf.writeByte('E');
mangleVariable((cast(VarExp)e).var.isVarDeclaration());
}
else if (d && d.isTemplateDeclaration() && d.isTemplateDeclaration().onemember)
{
Dsymbol ds = d.isTemplateDeclaration().onemember;
if (ds.isUnionDeclaration())
{
buf.writeByte('T');
}
else if (ds.isStructDeclaration())
{
buf.writeByte('U');
}
else if (ds.isClassDeclaration())
{
buf.writeByte('V');
}
else
{
eSink.error(sym.loc, "%s `%s` internal compiler error: C++ templates support only integral value, type parameters, alias templates and alias function parameters",
sym.kind, sym.toPrettyChars);
errors = true;
return;
}
mangleIdent(d);
}
else
{
eSink.error(sym.loc, "%s `%s` internal compiler error: `%s` is unsupported parameter for C++ template", sym.kind, sym.toPrettyChars, o.toChars());
errors = true;
}
}
/**
* Mangles a template alias parameter
*
* Params:
* o = type
*/
void mangleTemplateType(RootObject o)
{
escape = true;
Type t = isType(o);
assert(t);
t.accept(this);
escape = false;
}
/**
* Mangles the name of a symbol
*
* Params:
* sym = symbol to mangle
* dont_use_back_reference = dont use back referencing
*/
void mangleName(Dsymbol sym, bool dont_use_back_reference)
{
//printf("mangleName('%s')\n", sym.toChars());
if (string s = mangleSpecialName(sym))
{
buf.writestring(s);
return;
}
void writeName(Identifier name)
{
assert(name);
if (dont_use_back_reference)
saveIdent(name);
else if (checkAndSaveIdent(name))
return;
buf.writestring(name.toString());
buf.writeByte('@');
}
auto ti = sym.isTemplateInstance();
if (!ti)
{
if (auto ag = sym.isAggregateDeclaration())
{
if (ag.pMangleOverride)
{
writeName(ag.pMangleOverride.id);
return;
}
}
writeName(sym.ident);
return;
}
auto id = ti.tempdecl.ident;
auto symName = id.toString();
int firstTemplateArg = 0;
// test for special symbols
if (mangleOperator(buf, ti,symName,firstTemplateArg))
return;
TemplateInstance actualti = ti;
bool needNamespaces;
if (auto ag = ti.aliasdecl ? ti.aliasdecl.isAggregateDeclaration() : null)
{
if (ag.pMangleOverride)
{
if (ag.pMangleOverride.agg)
{
if (auto aggti = ag.pMangleOverride.agg.isInstantiated())
actualti = aggti;
else
{
writeName(ag.pMangleOverride.id);
if (sym.parent && !sym.parent.needThis())
for (auto ns = ag.pMangleOverride.agg.toAlias().cppnamespace; ns !is null && ns.ident !is null; ns = ns.cppnamespace)
writeName(ns.ident);
return;
}
id = ag.pMangleOverride.id;
symName = id.toString();
needNamespaces = true;
}
else
{
writeName(ag.pMangleOverride.id);
for (auto ns = ti.toAlias().cppnamespace; ns !is null && ns.ident !is null; ns = ns.cppnamespace)
writeName(ns.ident);
return;
}
}
}
scope VisualCPPMangler tmp = new VisualCPPMangler(loc, eSink);
tmp.buf.writeByte('?');
tmp.buf.writeByte('$');
tmp.buf.writestring(symName);
tmp.saved_idents[0] = id;
if (symName == id.toString())
tmp.buf.writeByte('@');
bool is_var_arg = false;
for (size_t i = firstTemplateArg; i < actualti.tiargs.length; i++)
{
RootObject o = (*actualti.tiargs)[i];
TemplateParameter tp = null;
TemplateValueParameter tv = null;
TemplateTupleParameter tt = null;
if (!is_var_arg)
{
TemplateDeclaration td = actualti.tempdecl.isTemplateDeclaration();
assert(td);
tp = (*td.parameters)[i];
tv = tp.isTemplateValueParameter();
tt = tp.isTemplateTupleParameter();
}
if (tt)
{
is_var_arg = true;
tp = null;
}
if (tv)
{
tmp.mangleTemplateValue(o, tv, actualti);
}
else if (!tp || tp.isTemplateTypeParameter())
{
Type t = isType(o);
if (t is null)
{
eSink.error(actualti.loc, "%s `%s` internal compiler error: C++ `%s` template value parameter is not supported",
actualti.kind, actualti.toPrettyChars, o.toChars());
errors = true;
return;
}
tmp.mangleTemplateType(o);
}
else if (tp.isTemplateAliasParameter())
{
tmp.mangleTemplateAlias(o, actualti);
}
else
{
eSink.error(sym.loc, "%s `%s` internal compiler error: C++ templates support only integral value, type parameters, alias templates and alias function parameters",
sym.kind, sym.toPrettyChars);
errors = true;
return;
}
}
writeName(Identifier.idPool(tmp.buf.extractSlice()));
if (needNamespaces && actualti != ti)
{
for (auto ns = ti.toAlias().cppnamespace; ns !is null && ns.ident !is null; ns = ns.cppnamespace)
writeName(ns.ident);
}
}
// returns true if name already saved
bool checkAndSaveIdent(Identifier name) @safe
{
foreach (i, ref id; saved_idents)
{
if (!id) // no saved same name
{
id = name;
break;
}
if (id == name) // ok, we've found same name. use index instead of name
{
buf.writeByte(cast(uint)i + '0');
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
/**
* Issues error and returns true if `type` is shared or immutable
* Params:
* type = type to check
* Returns:
* true if type is shared or immutable
* false otherwise
*/
bool checkImmutableShared(Type type, Loc loc)
{
if (type.isImmutable() || type.isShared())
{
eSink.error(loc, "internal compiler error: `shared` or `immutable` types cannot be mapped to C++ (%s)", type.toChars());
errors = true;
return true;
}
return false;
}
void saveIdent(Identifier name) @safe
{
foreach (ref id; saved_idents)
{
if (!id) // no saved same name
{
id = name;
break;
}
if (id == name) // ok, we've found same name. use index instead of name
{
return;
}
}
}
void mangleIdent(Dsymbol sym, bool dont_use_back_reference = false)
{
// <qualified name> ::= <sub-name list> @
// <sub-name list> ::= <sub-name> <name parts>
// ::= <sub-name>
// <sub-name> ::= <identifier> @
// ::= ?$ <identifier> @ <template args> @
// :: <back reference>
// <back reference> ::= 0-9
// <template args> ::= <template arg> <template args>
// ::= <template arg>
// <template arg> ::= <type>
// ::= $0<encoded integral number>
//printf("mangleIdent('%s')\n", sym.toChars());
Dsymbol p = sym;
if (p.toParent() && p.toParent().isTemplateInstance())
{
p = p.toParent();
}
while (p && !p.isModule())
{
mangleName(p, dont_use_back_reference);
// Mangle our string namespaces as well
for (auto ns = p.cppnamespace; ns !is null && ns.ident !is null; ns = ns.cppnamespace)
mangleName(ns, dont_use_back_reference);
p = p.toParent();
if (p.toParent() && p.toParent().isTemplateInstance())
{
p = p.toParent();
}
}
if (!dont_use_back_reference)
buf.writeByte('@');
}
bool checkTypeSaved(Type type)
{
if (isNotTopType)
return false;
if (mangleReturnType)
return false;
foreach (i, ref ty; saved_types)
{
if (!ty) // no saved same type
{
ty = type;
return false;
}
if (ty.equals(type)) // ok, we've found same type. use index instead of type
{
buf.writeByte(cast(uint)i + '0');
isNotTopType = false;
ignoreConst = false;
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
void mangleModifier(Type type)
{
if (ignoreConst)
return;
if (checkImmutableShared(type, loc))
return;
if (type.isConst())
{
// Template parameters that are not pointers and are const need an $$C escape
// in addition to 'B' (const).
if (escape && type.ty != Tpointer)
buf.writestring("$$CB");
else if (isNotTopType)
buf.writeByte('B'); // const
}
else if (isNotTopType)
buf.writeByte('A'); // mutable
escape = false;
}
void mangleArray(TypeSArray type)
{
mangleModifier(type);
size_t i = 0;
Type cur = type;
while (cur && cur.ty == Tsarray)
{
i++;
cur = cur.nextOf();
}
buf.writeByte('Y');
mangleNumber(buf, i); // count of dimensions
cur = type;
while (cur && cur.ty == Tsarray) // sizes of dimensions
{
TypeSArray sa = cast(TypeSArray)cur;
mangleNumber(buf, sa.dim ? sa.dim.toInteger() : 0);
cur = cur.nextOf();
}
ignoreConst = true;
cur.accept(this);
}
const(char)* mangleFunctionType(TypeFunction type, bool needthis = false, bool noreturn = false)
{
scope VisualCPPMangler tmp = new VisualCPPMangler(this);
// Calling convention
if (target.isLP64) // always Microsoft x64 calling convention
{
tmp.buf.writeByte('A');
}
else
{
final switch (type.linkage)
{
case LINK.c:
tmp.buf.writeByte('A');
break;
case LINK.cpp:
if (needthis && type.parameterList.varargs != VarArg.variadic)
tmp.buf.writeByte('E'); // thiscall
else
tmp.buf.writeByte('A'); // cdecl
break;
case LINK.windows:
tmp.buf.writeByte('G'); // stdcall
break;
case LINK.d:
case LINK.default_:
case LINK.objc: