kubelet: enhance exec probe logging with pod and container context

[xigang]

What type of PR is this?

/kind cleanup

What this PR does / why we need it:

This improves debugging capabilities by providing more context in exec probe error messages, making it easier to identify which specific pod and container encountered issues during probe execution.

Which issue(s) this PR is related to:

#132714

Special notes for your reviewer:

Does this PR introduce a user-facing change?

NONE

Additional documentation e.g., KEPs (Kubernetes Enhancement Proposals), usage docs, etc.:

[k8s-ci-robot]

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[k8s-ci-robot]

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is NOT APPROVED

This pull-request has been approved by: xigang
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[xigang]

/ok-to-test

[xigang]

/cc @bart0sh @SergeyKanzhelev @dims
Please take a look. Thanks!