prism_compile.c

#include "prism.h"

/**
 * This compiler defines its own concept of the location of a node. We do this
 * because we want to pair line information with node identifier so that we can
 * have reproducible parses.
 */
typedef struct {
    /** This is the line number of a node. */
    int32_t line;

    /** This is a unique identifier for the node. */
    uint32_t node_id;
} pm_node_location_t;

/******************************************************************************/
/* These macros operate on pm_node_location_t structs as opposed to NODE*s.   */
/******************************************************************************/

#define PUSH_ADJUST(seq, location, label) \
    ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_adjust_body(iseq, (label), (int) (location).line))

#define PUSH_ADJUST_RESTORE(seq, label) \
    ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_adjust_body(iseq, (label), -1))

#define PUSH_INSN(seq, location, insn) \
    ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_insn_body(iseq, (int) (location).line, (int) (location).node_id, BIN(insn), 0))

#define PUSH_INSN1(seq, location, insn, op1) \
    ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_insn_body(iseq, (int) (location).line, (int) (location).node_id, BIN(insn), 1, (VALUE)(op1)))

#define PUSH_INSN2(seq, location, insn, op1, op2) \
    ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_insn_body(iseq, (int) (location).line, (int) (location).node_id, BIN(insn), 2, (VALUE)(op1), (VALUE)(op2)))

#define PUSH_INSN3(seq, location, insn, op1, op2, op3) \
    ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_insn_body(iseq, (int) (location).line, (int) (location).node_id, BIN(insn), 3, (VALUE)(op1), (VALUE)(op2), (VALUE)(op3)))

#define PUSH_INSNL(seq, location, insn, label) \
    (PUSH_INSN1(seq, location, insn, label), LABEL_REF(label))

#define PUSH_LABEL(seq, label) \
    ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *) (label))

#define PUSH_SEND_R(seq, location, id, argc, block, flag, keywords) \
    ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_insn_send(iseq, (int) (location).line, (int) (location).node_id, (id), (VALUE)(argc), (block), (VALUE)(flag), (keywords)))

#define PUSH_SEND(seq, location, id, argc) \
    PUSH_SEND_R((seq), location, (id), (argc), NULL, (VALUE)INT2FIX(0), NULL)

#define PUSH_SEND_WITH_FLAG(seq, location, id, argc, flag) \
    PUSH_SEND_R((seq), location, (id), (argc), NULL, (VALUE)(flag), NULL)

#define PUSH_SEND_WITH_BLOCK(seq, location, id, argc, block) \
    PUSH_SEND_R((seq), location, (id), (argc), (block), (VALUE)INT2FIX(0), NULL)

#define PUSH_CALL(seq, location, id, argc) \
    PUSH_SEND_R((seq), location, (id), (argc), NULL, (VALUE)INT2FIX(VM_CALL_FCALL), NULL)

#define PUSH_CALL_WITH_BLOCK(seq, location, id, argc, block) \
    PUSH_SEND_R((seq), location, (id), (argc), (block), (VALUE)INT2FIX(VM_CALL_FCALL), NULL)

#define PUSH_TRACE(seq, event) \
    ADD_ELEM((seq), (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_trace_body(iseq, (event), 0))

#define PUSH_CATCH_ENTRY(type, ls, le, iseqv, lc) \
    ADD_CATCH_ENTRY((type), (ls), (le), (iseqv), (lc))

#define PUSH_SEQ(seq1, seq2) \
    APPEND_LIST((seq1), (seq2))

#define PUSH_SYNTHETIC_PUTNIL(seq, iseq) \
    do { \
        int lineno = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line; \
        if (lineno == 0) lineno = FIX2INT(rb_iseq_first_lineno(iseq)); \
        ADD_SYNTHETIC_INSN(seq, lineno, -1, putnil); \
    } while (0)

/******************************************************************************/
/* These functions compile getlocal/setlocal instructions but operate on      */
/* prism locations instead of NODEs.                                          */
/******************************************************************************/

static void
pm_iseq_add_getlocal(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const seq, int line, int node_id, int idx, int level)
{
    if (iseq_local_block_param_p(iseq, idx, level)) {
        ADD_ELEM(seq, (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_insn_body(iseq, line, node_id, BIN(getblockparam), 2, INT2FIX((idx) + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level)));
    }
    else {
        ADD_ELEM(seq, (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_insn_body(iseq, line, node_id, BIN(getlocal), 2, INT2FIX((idx) + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level)));
    }
    if (level > 0) access_outer_variables(iseq, level, iseq_lvar_id(iseq, idx, level), Qfalse);
}

static void
pm_iseq_add_setlocal(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const seq, int line, int node_id, int idx, int level)
{
    if (iseq_local_block_param_p(iseq, idx, level)) {
        ADD_ELEM(seq, (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_insn_body(iseq, line, node_id, BIN(setblockparam), 2, INT2FIX((idx) + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level)));
    }
    else {
        ADD_ELEM(seq, (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_insn_body(iseq, line, node_id, BIN(setlocal), 2, INT2FIX((idx) + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level)));
    }
    if (level > 0) access_outer_variables(iseq, level, iseq_lvar_id(iseq, idx, level), Qtrue);
}

#define PUSH_GETLOCAL(seq, location, idx, level) \
    pm_iseq_add_getlocal(iseq, (seq), (int) (location).line, (int) (location).node_id, (idx), (level))

#define PUSH_SETLOCAL(seq, location, idx, level) \
    pm_iseq_add_setlocal(iseq, (seq), (int) (location).line, (int) (location).node_id, (idx), (level))

/******************************************************************************/
/* These are helper macros for the compiler.                                  */
/******************************************************************************/

#define OLD_ISEQ NEW_ISEQ
#undef NEW_ISEQ

#define NEW_ISEQ(node, name, type, line_no) \
    pm_new_child_iseq(iseq, (node), rb_fstring(name), 0, (type), (line_no))

#define OLD_CHILD_ISEQ NEW_CHILD_ISEQ
#undef NEW_CHILD_ISEQ

#define NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(node, name, type, line_no) \
    pm_new_child_iseq(iseq, (node), rb_fstring(name), iseq, (type), (line_no))

#define PM_COMPILE(node) \
    pm_compile_node(iseq, (node), ret, popped, scope_node)

#define PM_COMPILE_INTO_ANCHOR(_ret, node) \
    pm_compile_node(iseq, (node), _ret, popped, scope_node)

#define PM_COMPILE_POPPED(node) \
    pm_compile_node(iseq, (node), ret, true, scope_node)

#define PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(node) \
    pm_compile_node(iseq, (node), ret, false, scope_node)

#define PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(parser, node) \
    ((pm_node_location_t) { .line = pm_newline_list_line(&(parser)->newline_list, ((const pm_node_t *) (node))->location.start, (parser)->start_line), .node_id = ((const pm_node_t *) (node))->node_id })

#define PM_NODE_END_LOCATION(parser, node) \
    ((pm_node_location_t) { .line = pm_newline_list_line(&(parser)->newline_list, ((const pm_node_t *) (node))->location.end, (parser)->start_line), .node_id = ((const pm_node_t *) (node))->node_id })

#define PM_LOCATION_START_LOCATION(parser, location, id) \
    ((pm_node_location_t) { .line = pm_newline_list_line(&(parser)->newline_list, (location)->start, (parser)->start_line), .node_id = id })

#define PM_NODE_START_LINE_COLUMN(parser, node) \
    pm_newline_list_line_column(&(parser)->newline_list, ((const pm_node_t *) (node))->location.start, (parser)->start_line)

#define PM_NODE_END_LINE_COLUMN(parser, node) \
    pm_newline_list_line_column(&(parser)->newline_list, ((const pm_node_t *) (node))->location.end, (parser)->start_line)

#define PM_LOCATION_START_LINE_COLUMN(parser, location) \
    pm_newline_list_line_column(&(parser)->newline_list, (location)->start, (parser)->start_line)

static int
pm_node_line_number(const pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_node_t *node)
{
    return (int) pm_newline_list_line(&parser->newline_list, node->location.start, parser->start_line);
}

static int
pm_location_line_number(const pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_location_t *location) {
    return (int) pm_newline_list_line(&parser->newline_list, location->start, parser->start_line);
}

/**
 * Parse the value of a pm_integer_t into a Ruby Integer.
 */
static VALUE
parse_integer_value(const pm_integer_t *integer)
{
    VALUE result;

    if (integer->values == NULL) {
        result = UINT2NUM(integer->value);
    }
    else {
        VALUE string = rb_str_new(NULL, integer->length * 8);
        unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *) RSTRING_PTR(string);

        size_t offset = integer->length * 8;
        for (size_t value_index = 0; value_index < integer->length; value_index++) {
            uint32_t value = integer->values[value_index];

            for (int index = 0; index < 8; index++) {
                int byte = (value >> (4 * index)) & 0xf;
                bytes[--offset] = byte < 10 ? byte + '0' : byte - 10 + 'a';
            }
        }

        result = rb_funcall(string, rb_intern("to_i"), 1, UINT2NUM(16));
    }

    if (integer->negative) {
        result = rb_funcall(result, rb_intern("-@"), 0);
    }

    return result;
}

/**
 * Convert the value of an integer node into a Ruby Integer.
 */
static inline VALUE
parse_integer(const pm_integer_node_t *node)
{
    return parse_integer_value(&node->value);
}

/**
 * Convert the value of a float node into a Ruby Float.
 */
static VALUE
parse_float(const pm_float_node_t *node)
{
    return DBL2NUM(node->value);
}

/**
 * Convert the value of a rational node into a Ruby Rational. Rational nodes can
 * either be wrapping an integer node or a float node. If it's an integer node,
 * we can reuse our parsing. If it's not, then we'll parse the numerator and
 * then parse the denominator and create the rational from those two values.
 */
static VALUE
parse_rational(const pm_rational_node_t *node)
{
    VALUE numerator = parse_integer_value(&node->numerator);
    VALUE denominator = parse_integer_value(&node->denominator);
    return rb_rational_new(numerator, denominator);
}

/**
 * Convert the value of an imaginary node into a Ruby Complex. Imaginary nodes
 * can be wrapping an integer node, a float node, or a rational node. In all
 * cases we will reuse parsing functions seen above to get the inner value, and
 * then convert into an imaginary with rb_complex_raw.
 */
static VALUE
parse_imaginary(const pm_imaginary_node_t *node)
{
    VALUE imaginary_part;
    switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(node->numeric)) {
      case PM_FLOAT_NODE: {
        imaginary_part = parse_float((const pm_float_node_t *) node->numeric);
        break;
      }
      case PM_INTEGER_NODE: {
        imaginary_part = parse_integer((const pm_integer_node_t *) node->numeric);
        break;
      }
      case PM_RATIONAL_NODE: {
        imaginary_part = parse_rational((const pm_rational_node_t *) node->numeric);
        break;
      }
      default:
        rb_bug("Unexpected numeric type on imaginary number %s\n", pm_node_type_to_str(PM_NODE_TYPE(node->numeric)));
    }

    return rb_complex_raw(INT2FIX(0), imaginary_part);
}

static inline VALUE
parse_string(const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_string_t *string)
{
    return rb_enc_str_new((const char *) pm_string_source(string), pm_string_length(string), scope_node->encoding);
}

/**
 * Certain strings can have their encoding differ from the parser's encoding due
 * to bytes or escape sequences that have the top bit set. This function handles
 * creating those strings based on the flags set on the owning node.
 */
static inline VALUE
parse_string_encoded(const pm_node_t *node, const pm_string_t *string, rb_encoding *default_encoding)
{
    rb_encoding *encoding;

    if (node->flags & PM_ENCODING_FLAGS_FORCED_BINARY_ENCODING) {
        encoding = rb_ascii8bit_encoding();
    }
    else if (node->flags & PM_ENCODING_FLAGS_FORCED_UTF8_ENCODING) {
        encoding = rb_utf8_encoding();
    }
    else {
        encoding = default_encoding;
    }

    return rb_enc_str_new((const char *) pm_string_source(string), pm_string_length(string), encoding);
}

static inline VALUE
parse_static_literal_string(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t *node, const pm_string_t *string)
{
    rb_encoding *encoding;

    if (node->flags & PM_STRING_FLAGS_FORCED_BINARY_ENCODING) {
        encoding = rb_ascii8bit_encoding();
    }
    else if (node->flags & PM_STRING_FLAGS_FORCED_UTF8_ENCODING) {
        encoding = rb_utf8_encoding();
    }
    else {
        encoding = scope_node->encoding;
    }

    VALUE value = rb_enc_literal_str((const char *) pm_string_source(string), pm_string_length(string), encoding);
    rb_enc_str_coderange(value);

    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->debug_frozen_string_literal || RTEST(ruby_debug)) {
        int line_number = pm_node_line_number(scope_node->parser, node);
        value = rb_str_with_debug_created_info(value, rb_iseq_path(iseq), line_number);
    }

    return value;
}

static inline ID
parse_string_symbol(const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_symbol_node_t *symbol)
{
    rb_encoding *encoding;
    if (symbol->base.flags & PM_SYMBOL_FLAGS_FORCED_UTF8_ENCODING) {
        encoding = rb_utf8_encoding();
    }
    else if (symbol->base.flags & PM_SYMBOL_FLAGS_FORCED_BINARY_ENCODING) {
        encoding = rb_ascii8bit_encoding();
    }
    else if (symbol->base.flags & PM_SYMBOL_FLAGS_FORCED_US_ASCII_ENCODING) {
        encoding = rb_usascii_encoding();
    }
    else {
        encoding = scope_node->encoding;
    }

    return rb_intern3((const char *) pm_string_source(&symbol->unescaped), pm_string_length(&symbol->unescaped), encoding);
}

static int
pm_optimizable_range_item_p(const pm_node_t *node)
{
    return (!node || PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node, PM_INTEGER_NODE) || PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node, PM_NIL_NODE));
}

/** Raise an error corresponding to the invalid regular expression. */
static VALUE
parse_regexp_error(rb_iseq_t *iseq, int32_t line_number, const char *fmt, ...)
{
    va_list args;
    va_start(args, fmt);
    VALUE error = rb_syntax_error_append(Qnil, rb_iseq_path(iseq), line_number, -1, NULL, "%" PRIsVALUE, args);
    va_end(args);
    rb_exc_raise(error);
}

static VALUE
parse_regexp_string_part(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t *node, const pm_string_t *unescaped, rb_encoding *implicit_regexp_encoding, rb_encoding *explicit_regexp_encoding)
{
    // If we were passed an explicit regexp encoding, then we need to double
    // check that it's okay here for this fragment of the string.
    rb_encoding *encoding;

    if (explicit_regexp_encoding != NULL) {
        encoding = explicit_regexp_encoding;
    }
    else if (node->flags & PM_STRING_FLAGS_FORCED_BINARY_ENCODING) {
        encoding = rb_ascii8bit_encoding();
    }
    else if (node->flags & PM_STRING_FLAGS_FORCED_UTF8_ENCODING) {
        encoding = rb_utf8_encoding();
    }
    else {
        encoding = implicit_regexp_encoding;
    }

    VALUE string = rb_enc_str_new((const char *) pm_string_source(unescaped), pm_string_length(unescaped), encoding);
    VALUE error = rb_reg_check_preprocess(string);

    if (error != Qnil) parse_regexp_error(iseq, pm_node_line_number(scope_node->parser, node), "%" PRIsVALUE, rb_obj_as_string(error));
    return string;
}

static VALUE
pm_static_literal_concat(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_list_t *nodes, const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, rb_encoding *implicit_regexp_encoding, rb_encoding *explicit_regexp_encoding, bool top)
{
    VALUE current = Qnil;

    for (size_t index = 0; index < nodes->size; index++) {
        const pm_node_t *part = nodes->nodes[index];
        VALUE string;

        switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(part)) {
          case PM_STRING_NODE:
            if (implicit_regexp_encoding != NULL) {
                if (top) {
                    string = parse_regexp_string_part(iseq, scope_node, part, &((const pm_string_node_t *) part)->unescaped, implicit_regexp_encoding, explicit_regexp_encoding);
                }
                else {
                    string = parse_string_encoded(part, &((const pm_string_node_t *) part)->unescaped, scope_node->encoding);
                    VALUE error = rb_reg_check_preprocess(string);
                    if (error != Qnil) parse_regexp_error(iseq, pm_node_line_number(scope_node->parser, part), "%" PRIsVALUE, rb_obj_as_string(error));
                }
            }
            else {
                string = parse_string_encoded(part, &((const pm_string_node_t *) part)->unescaped, scope_node->encoding);
            }
            break;
          case PM_INTERPOLATED_STRING_NODE:
            string = pm_static_literal_concat(iseq, &((const pm_interpolated_string_node_t *) part)->parts, scope_node, implicit_regexp_encoding, explicit_regexp_encoding, false);
            break;
          case PM_EMBEDDED_STATEMENTS_NODE: {
            const pm_embedded_statements_node_t *cast = (const pm_embedded_statements_node_t *) part;
            string = pm_static_literal_concat(iseq, &cast->statements->body, scope_node, implicit_regexp_encoding, explicit_regexp_encoding, false);
            break;
          }
          default:
            RUBY_ASSERT(false && "unexpected node type in pm_static_literal_concat");
            return Qnil;
        }

        if (current != Qnil) {
            current = rb_str_concat(current, string);
        }
        else {
            current = string;
        }
    }

    return top ? rb_fstring(current) : current;
}

#define RE_OPTION_ENCODING_SHIFT 8
#define RE_OPTION_ENCODING(encoding) (((encoding) & 0xFF) << RE_OPTION_ENCODING_SHIFT)
#define ARG_ENCODING_NONE    32
#define ARG_ENCODING_FIXED   16
#define ENC_ASCII8BIT        1
#define ENC_EUC_JP           2
#define ENC_Windows_31J      3
#define ENC_UTF8             4

/**
 * Check the prism flags of a regular expression-like node and return the flags
 * that are expected by the CRuby VM.
 */
static int
parse_regexp_flags(const pm_node_t *node)
{
    int flags = 0;

    // Check "no encoding" first so that flags don't get clobbered
    // We're calling `rb_char_to_option_kcode` in this case so that
    // we don't need to have access to `ARG_ENCODING_NONE`
    if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_FLAGS_ASCII_8BIT)) {
        flags |= ARG_ENCODING_NONE;
    }

    if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_FLAGS_EUC_JP)) {
        flags |= (ARG_ENCODING_FIXED | RE_OPTION_ENCODING(ENC_EUC_JP));
    }

    if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_FLAGS_WINDOWS_31J)) {
        flags |= (ARG_ENCODING_FIXED | RE_OPTION_ENCODING(ENC_Windows_31J));
    }

    if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_FLAGS_UTF_8)) {
        flags |= (ARG_ENCODING_FIXED | RE_OPTION_ENCODING(ENC_UTF8));
    }

    if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_FLAGS_IGNORE_CASE)) {
        flags |= ONIG_OPTION_IGNORECASE;
    }

    if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_FLAGS_MULTI_LINE)) {
        flags |= ONIG_OPTION_MULTILINE;
    }

    if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_FLAGS_EXTENDED)) {
        flags |= ONIG_OPTION_EXTEND;
    }

    return flags;
}

#undef RE_OPTION_ENCODING_SHIFT
#undef RE_OPTION_ENCODING
#undef ARG_ENCODING_FIXED
#undef ARG_ENCODING_NONE
#undef ENC_ASCII8BIT
#undef ENC_EUC_JP
#undef ENC_Windows_31J
#undef ENC_UTF8

static rb_encoding *
parse_regexp_encoding(const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t *node)
{
    if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_FLAGS_FORCED_BINARY_ENCODING) || PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_FLAGS_ASCII_8BIT)) {
        return rb_ascii8bit_encoding();
    }
    else if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_FLAGS_UTF_8)) {
        return rb_utf8_encoding();
    }
    else if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_FLAGS_EUC_JP)) {
        return rb_enc_get_from_index(ENCINDEX_EUC_JP);
    }
    else if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_FLAGS_WINDOWS_31J)) {
        return rb_enc_get_from_index(ENCINDEX_Windows_31J);
    }
    else {
        return NULL;
    }
}

static VALUE
parse_regexp(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t *node, VALUE string)
{
    VALUE errinfo = rb_errinfo();

    int32_t line_number = pm_node_line_number(scope_node->parser, node);
    VALUE regexp = rb_reg_compile(string, parse_regexp_flags(node), (const char *) pm_string_source(&scope_node->parser->filepath), line_number);

    if (NIL_P(regexp)) {
        VALUE message = rb_attr_get(rb_errinfo(), idMesg);
        rb_set_errinfo(errinfo);

        parse_regexp_error(iseq, line_number, "%" PRIsVALUE, message);
        return Qnil;
    }

    rb_obj_freeze(regexp);
    return regexp;
}

static inline VALUE
parse_regexp_literal(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t *node, const pm_string_t *unescaped)
{
    rb_encoding *regexp_encoding = parse_regexp_encoding(scope_node, node);
    if (regexp_encoding == NULL) regexp_encoding = scope_node->encoding;

    VALUE string = rb_enc_str_new((const char *) pm_string_source(unescaped), pm_string_length(unescaped), regexp_encoding);
    return parse_regexp(iseq, scope_node, node, string);
}

static inline VALUE
parse_regexp_concat(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t *node, const pm_node_list_t *parts)
{
    rb_encoding *explicit_regexp_encoding = parse_regexp_encoding(scope_node, node);
    rb_encoding *implicit_regexp_encoding = explicit_regexp_encoding != NULL ? explicit_regexp_encoding : scope_node->encoding;

    VALUE string = pm_static_literal_concat(iseq, parts, scope_node, implicit_regexp_encoding, explicit_regexp_encoding, false);
    return parse_regexp(iseq, scope_node, node, string);
}

static void pm_compile_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node);

static int
pm_interpolated_node_compile(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_list_t *parts, const pm_node_location_t *node_location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, rb_encoding *implicit_regexp_encoding, rb_encoding *explicit_regexp_encoding)
{
    int stack_size = 0;
    size_t parts_size = parts->size;
    bool interpolated = false;

    if (parts_size > 0) {
        VALUE current_string = Qnil;
        pm_node_location_t current_location = *node_location;

        for (size_t index = 0; index < parts_size; index++) {
            const pm_node_t *part = parts->nodes[index];

            if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(part, PM_STRING_NODE)) {
                const pm_string_node_t *string_node = (const pm_string_node_t *) part;
                VALUE string_value;

                if (implicit_regexp_encoding == NULL) {
                    string_value = parse_string_encoded(part, &string_node->unescaped, scope_node->encoding);
                }
                else {
                    string_value = parse_regexp_string_part(iseq, scope_node, (const pm_node_t *) string_node, &string_node->unescaped, implicit_regexp_encoding, explicit_regexp_encoding);
                }

                if (RTEST(current_string)) {
                    current_string = rb_str_concat(current_string, string_value);
                }
                else {
                    current_string = string_value;
                    if (index != 0) current_location = PM_NODE_END_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, part);
                }
            }
            else {
                interpolated = true;

                if (
                    PM_NODE_TYPE_P(part, PM_EMBEDDED_STATEMENTS_NODE) &&
                    ((const pm_embedded_statements_node_t *) part)->statements != NULL &&
                    ((const pm_embedded_statements_node_t *) part)->statements->body.size == 1 &&
                    PM_NODE_TYPE_P(((const pm_embedded_statements_node_t *) part)->statements->body.nodes[0], PM_STRING_NODE)
                ) {
                    const pm_string_node_t *string_node = (const pm_string_node_t *) ((const pm_embedded_statements_node_t *) part)->statements->body.nodes[0];
                    VALUE string_value;

                    if (implicit_regexp_encoding == NULL) {
                        string_value = parse_string_encoded(part, &string_node->unescaped, scope_node->encoding);
                    }
                    else {
                        string_value = parse_regexp_string_part(iseq, scope_node, (const pm_node_t *) string_node, &string_node->unescaped, implicit_regexp_encoding, explicit_regexp_encoding);
                    }

                    if (RTEST(current_string)) {
                        current_string = rb_str_concat(current_string, string_value);
                    }
                    else {
                        current_string = string_value;
                        current_location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, part);
                    }
                }
                else {
                    if (!RTEST(current_string)) {
                        rb_encoding *encoding;

                        if (implicit_regexp_encoding != NULL) {
                            if (explicit_regexp_encoding != NULL) {
                                encoding = explicit_regexp_encoding;
                            }
                            else if (scope_node->parser->encoding == PM_ENCODING_US_ASCII_ENTRY) {
                                encoding = rb_ascii8bit_encoding();
                            }
                            else {
                                encoding = implicit_regexp_encoding;
                            }
                        }
                        else {
                            encoding = scope_node->encoding;
                        }

                        if (parts_size == 1) {
                            current_string = rb_enc_str_new(NULL, 0, encoding);
                        }
                    }

                    if (RTEST(current_string)) {
                        VALUE operand = rb_fstring(current_string);
                        PUSH_INSN1(ret, current_location, putobject, operand);
                        stack_size++;
                    }

                    PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(part);

                    const pm_node_location_t current_location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, part);
                    PUSH_INSN(ret, current_location, dup);

                    {
                        const struct rb_callinfo *callinfo = new_callinfo(iseq, idTo_s, 0, VM_CALL_FCALL | VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE, NULL, FALSE);
                        PUSH_INSN1(ret, current_location, objtostring, callinfo);
                    }

                    PUSH_INSN(ret, current_location, anytostring);

                    current_string = Qnil;
                    stack_size++;
                }
            }
        }

        if (RTEST(current_string)) {
            current_string = rb_fstring(current_string);

            if (stack_size == 0 && interpolated) {
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, current_location, putstring, current_string);
            }
            else {
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, current_location, putobject, current_string);
            }

            current_string = Qnil;
            stack_size++;
        }
    }
    else {
        PUSH_INSN(ret, *node_location, putnil);
    }

    return stack_size;
}

static void
pm_compile_regexp_dynamic(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, const pm_node_list_t *parts, const pm_node_location_t *node_location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    rb_encoding *explicit_regexp_encoding = parse_regexp_encoding(scope_node, node);
    rb_encoding *implicit_regexp_encoding = explicit_regexp_encoding != NULL ? explicit_regexp_encoding : scope_node->encoding;

    int length = pm_interpolated_node_compile(iseq, parts, node_location, ret, popped, scope_node, implicit_regexp_encoding, explicit_regexp_encoding);
    PUSH_INSN2(ret, *node_location, toregexp, INT2FIX(parse_regexp_flags(node) & 0xFF), INT2FIX(length));
}

static VALUE
pm_source_file_value(const pm_source_file_node_t *node, const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const pm_string_t *filepath = &node->filepath;
    size_t length = pm_string_length(filepath);

    if (length > 0) {
        rb_encoding *filepath_encoding = scope_node->filepath_encoding != NULL ? scope_node->filepath_encoding : rb_utf8_encoding();
        return rb_enc_interned_str((const char *) pm_string_source(filepath), length, filepath_encoding);
    }
    else {
        return rb_fstring_lit("<compiled>");
    }
}

/**
 * Return a static literal string, optionally with attached debugging
 * information.
 */
static VALUE
pm_static_literal_string(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE string, int line_number)
{
    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->debug_frozen_string_literal || RTEST(ruby_debug)) {
        return rb_str_with_debug_created_info(string, rb_iseq_path(iseq), line_number);
    }
    else {
        return rb_fstring(string);
    }
}

/**
 * Certain nodes can be compiled literally. This function returns the literal
 * value described by the given node. For example, an array node with all static
 * literal values can be compiled into a literal array.
 */
static VALUE
pm_static_literal_value(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    // Every node that comes into this function should already be marked as
    // static literal. If it's not, then we have a bug somewhere.
    RUBY_ASSERT(PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL));

    switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(node)) {
      case PM_ARRAY_NODE: {
        const pm_array_node_t *cast = (const pm_array_node_t *) node;
        const pm_node_list_t *elements = &cast->elements;

        VALUE value = rb_ary_hidden_new(elements->size);
        for (size_t index = 0; index < elements->size; index++) {
            rb_ary_push(value, pm_static_literal_value(iseq, elements->nodes[index], scope_node));
        }

        OBJ_FREEZE(value);
        return value;
      }
      case PM_FALSE_NODE:
        return Qfalse;
      case PM_FLOAT_NODE:
        return parse_float((const pm_float_node_t *) node);
      case PM_HASH_NODE: {
        const pm_hash_node_t *cast = (const pm_hash_node_t *) node;
        const pm_node_list_t *elements = &cast->elements;

        VALUE array = rb_ary_hidden_new(elements->size * 2);
        for (size_t index = 0; index < elements->size; index++) {
            RUBY_ASSERT(PM_NODE_TYPE_P(elements->nodes[index], PM_ASSOC_NODE));
            const pm_assoc_node_t *cast = (const pm_assoc_node_t *) elements->nodes[index];
            VALUE pair[2] = { pm_static_literal_value(iseq, cast->key, scope_node), pm_static_literal_value(iseq, cast->value, scope_node) };
            rb_ary_cat(array, pair, 2);
        }

        VALUE value = rb_hash_new_with_size(elements->size);
        rb_hash_bulk_insert(RARRAY_LEN(array), RARRAY_CONST_PTR(array), value);

        value = rb_obj_hide(value);
        OBJ_FREEZE(value);
        return value;
      }
      case PM_IMAGINARY_NODE:
        return parse_imaginary((const pm_imaginary_node_t *) node);
      case PM_INTEGER_NODE:
        return parse_integer((const pm_integer_node_t *) node);
      case PM_INTERPOLATED_MATCH_LAST_LINE_NODE: {
        const pm_interpolated_match_last_line_node_t *cast = (const pm_interpolated_match_last_line_node_t *) node;
        return parse_regexp_concat(iseq, scope_node, (const pm_node_t *) cast, &cast->parts);
      }
      case PM_INTERPOLATED_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_NODE: {
        const pm_interpolated_regular_expression_node_t *cast = (const pm_interpolated_regular_expression_node_t *) node;
        return parse_regexp_concat(iseq, scope_node, (const pm_node_t *) cast, &cast->parts);
      }
      case PM_INTERPOLATED_STRING_NODE: {
        VALUE string = pm_static_literal_concat(iseq, &((const pm_interpolated_string_node_t *) node)->parts, scope_node, NULL, NULL, false);
        int line_number = pm_node_line_number(scope_node->parser, node);
        return pm_static_literal_string(iseq, string, line_number);
      }
      case PM_INTERPOLATED_SYMBOL_NODE: {
        const pm_interpolated_symbol_node_t *cast = (const pm_interpolated_symbol_node_t *) node;
        VALUE string = pm_static_literal_concat(iseq, &cast->parts, scope_node, NULL, NULL, true);

        return ID2SYM(rb_intern_str(string));
      }
      case PM_MATCH_LAST_LINE_NODE: {
        const pm_match_last_line_node_t *cast = (const pm_match_last_line_node_t *) node;
        return parse_regexp_literal(iseq, scope_node, (const pm_node_t *) cast, &cast->unescaped);
      }
      case PM_NIL_NODE:
        return Qnil;
      case PM_RATIONAL_NODE:
        return parse_rational((const pm_rational_node_t *) node);
      case PM_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_NODE: {
        const pm_regular_expression_node_t *cast = (const pm_regular_expression_node_t *) node;
        return parse_regexp_literal(iseq, scope_node, (const pm_node_t *) cast, &cast->unescaped);
      }
      case PM_SOURCE_ENCODING_NODE:
        return rb_enc_from_encoding(scope_node->encoding);
      case PM_SOURCE_FILE_NODE: {
        const pm_source_file_node_t *cast = (const pm_source_file_node_t *) node;
        return pm_source_file_value(cast, scope_node);
      }
      case PM_SOURCE_LINE_NODE:
        return INT2FIX(pm_node_line_number(scope_node->parser, node));
      case PM_STRING_NODE: {
        const pm_string_node_t *cast = (const pm_string_node_t *) node;
        return parse_static_literal_string(iseq, scope_node, node, &cast->unescaped);
      }
      case PM_SYMBOL_NODE:
        return ID2SYM(parse_string_symbol(scope_node, (const pm_symbol_node_t *) node));
      case PM_TRUE_NODE:
        return Qtrue;
      default:
        rb_bug("Don't have a literal value for node type %s", pm_node_type_to_str(PM_NODE_TYPE(node)));
        return Qfalse;
    }
}

/**
 * A helper for converting a pm_location_t into a rb_code_location_t.
 */
static rb_code_location_t
pm_code_location(const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t *node)
{
    const pm_line_column_t start_location = PM_NODE_START_LINE_COLUMN(scope_node->parser, node);
    const pm_line_column_t end_location = PM_NODE_END_LINE_COLUMN(scope_node->parser, node);

    return (rb_code_location_t) {
        .beg_pos = { .lineno = start_location.line, .column = start_location.column },
        .end_pos = { .lineno = end_location.line, .column = end_location.column }
    };
}

/**
 * A macro for determining if we should go through the work of adding branch
 * coverage to the current iseq. We check this manually each time because we
 * want to avoid the overhead of creating rb_code_location_t objects.
 */
#define PM_BRANCH_COVERAGE_P(iseq) (ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq) && ISEQ_BRANCH_COVERAGE(iseq))

static void
pm_compile_branch_condition(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const pm_node_t *cond,
                         LABEL *then_label, LABEL *else_label, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node);

static void
pm_compile_logical(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, pm_node_t *cond, LABEL *then_label, LABEL *else_label, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, cond);

    DECL_ANCHOR(seq);

    LABEL *label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
    if (!then_label) then_label = label;
    else if (!else_label) else_label = label;

    pm_compile_branch_condition(iseq, seq, cond, then_label, else_label, popped, scope_node);

    if (LIST_INSN_SIZE_ONE(seq)) {
        INSN *insn = (INSN *) ELEM_FIRST_INSN(FIRST_ELEMENT(seq));
        if (insn->insn_id == BIN(jump) && (LABEL *)(insn->operands[0]) == label) return;
    }

    if (!label->refcnt) {
        if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
    }
    else {
        PUSH_LABEL(seq, label);
    }

    PUSH_SEQ(ret, seq);
    return;
}

static void
pm_compile_flip_flop_bound(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = { .line = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->location.first_lineno, .node_id = -1 };

    if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node, PM_INTEGER_NODE)) {
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(node);

        VALUE operand = ID2SYM(rb_intern("$."));
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, getglobal, operand);

        PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idEq, INT2FIX(1));
        if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
    }
    else {
        PM_COMPILE(node);
    }
}

static void
pm_compile_flip_flop(const pm_flip_flop_node_t *flip_flop_node, LABEL *else_label, LABEL *then_label, rb_iseq_t *iseq, const int lineno, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = { .line = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->location.first_lineno, .node_id = -1 };
    LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

    int again = !(flip_flop_node->base.flags & PM_RANGE_FLAGS_EXCLUDE_END);

    rb_num_t count = ISEQ_FLIP_CNT_INCREMENT(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_iseq) + VM_SVAR_FLIPFLOP_START;
    VALUE key = INT2FIX(count);

    PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, getspecial, key, INT2FIX(0));
    PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchif, lend);

    if (flip_flop_node->left) {
        pm_compile_flip_flop_bound(iseq, flip_flop_node->left, ret, popped, scope_node);
    }
    else {
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
    }

    PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, else_label);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, Qtrue);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setspecial, key);
    if (!again) {
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, then_label);
    }

    PUSH_LABEL(ret, lend);
    if (flip_flop_node->right) {
        pm_compile_flip_flop_bound(iseq, flip_flop_node->right, ret, popped, scope_node);
    }
    else {
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
    }

    PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, then_label);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, Qfalse);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setspecial, key);
    PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, then_label);
}

static void pm_compile_defined_expr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, const pm_node_location_t *node_location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, bool in_condition);

static void
pm_compile_branch_condition(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const pm_node_t *cond, LABEL *then_label, LABEL *else_label, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, cond);

again:
    switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(cond)) {
      case PM_AND_NODE: {
        const pm_and_node_t *cast = (const pm_and_node_t *) cond;
        pm_compile_logical(iseq, ret, cast->left, NULL, else_label, popped, scope_node);

        cond = cast->right;
        goto again;
      }
      case PM_OR_NODE: {
        const pm_or_node_t *cast = (const pm_or_node_t *) cond;
        pm_compile_logical(iseq, ret, cast->left, then_label, NULL, popped, scope_node);

        cond = cast->right;
        goto again;
      }
      case PM_FALSE_NODE:
      case PM_NIL_NODE:
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, else_label);
        return;
      case PM_FLOAT_NODE:
      case PM_IMAGINARY_NODE:
      case PM_INTEGER_NODE:
      case PM_LAMBDA_NODE:
      case PM_RATIONAL_NODE:
      case PM_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_NODE:
      case PM_STRING_NODE:
      case PM_SYMBOL_NODE:
      case PM_TRUE_NODE:
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, then_label);
        return;
      case PM_FLIP_FLOP_NODE:
        pm_compile_flip_flop((const pm_flip_flop_node_t *) cond, else_label, then_label, iseq, location.line, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      case PM_DEFINED_NODE: {
        const pm_defined_node_t *cast = (const pm_defined_node_t *) cond;
        pm_compile_defined_expr(iseq, cast->value, &location, ret, popped, scope_node, true);
        break;
      }
      default: {
        DECL_ANCHOR(cond_seq);
        pm_compile_node(iseq, cond, cond_seq, false, scope_node);

        if (LIST_INSN_SIZE_ONE(cond_seq)) {
            INSN *insn = (INSN *) ELEM_FIRST_INSN(FIRST_ELEMENT(cond_seq));

            if (insn->insn_id == BIN(putobject)) {
                if (RTEST(insn->operands[0])) {
                    PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, then_label);
                    // maybe unreachable
                    return;
                }
                else {
                    PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, else_label);
                    return;
                }
            }
        }

        PUSH_SEQ(ret, cond_seq);
        break;
      }
    }

    PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, else_label);
    PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, then_label);
}

/**
 * Compile an if or unless node.
 */
static void
pm_compile_conditional(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_location_t *node_location, pm_node_type_t type, const pm_node_t *node, const pm_statements_node_t *statements, const pm_node_t *subsequent, const pm_node_t *predicate, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = *node_location;
    LABEL *then_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
    LABEL *else_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
    LABEL *end_label = NULL;

    DECL_ANCHOR(cond_seq);
    pm_compile_branch_condition(iseq, cond_seq, predicate, then_label, else_label, false, scope_node);
    PUSH_SEQ(ret, cond_seq);

    rb_code_location_t conditional_location = { 0 };
    VALUE branches = Qfalse;

    if (then_label->refcnt && else_label->refcnt && PM_BRANCH_COVERAGE_P(iseq)) {
        conditional_location = pm_code_location(scope_node, node);
        branches = decl_branch_base(iseq, PTR2NUM(node), &conditional_location, type == PM_IF_NODE ? "if" : "unless");
    }

    if (then_label->refcnt) {
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, then_label);

        DECL_ANCHOR(then_seq);

        if (statements != NULL) {
            pm_compile_node(iseq, (const pm_node_t *) statements, then_seq, popped, scope_node);
        }
        else if (!popped) {
            PUSH_SYNTHETIC_PUTNIL(then_seq, iseq);
        }

        if (else_label->refcnt) {
            // Establish branch coverage for the then block.
            if (PM_BRANCH_COVERAGE_P(iseq)) {
                rb_code_location_t branch_location;

                if (statements != NULL) {
                    branch_location = pm_code_location(scope_node, (const pm_node_t *) statements);
                } else if (type == PM_IF_NODE) {
                    pm_line_column_t predicate_end = PM_NODE_END_LINE_COLUMN(scope_node->parser, predicate);
                    branch_location = (rb_code_location_t) {
                        .beg_pos = { .lineno = predicate_end.line, .column = predicate_end.column },
                        .end_pos = { .lineno = predicate_end.line, .column = predicate_end.column }
                    };
                } else {
                    branch_location = conditional_location;
                }

                add_trace_branch_coverage(iseq, ret, &branch_location, branch_location.beg_pos.column, 0, type == PM_IF_NODE ? "then" : "else", branches);
            }

            end_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
            PUSH_INSNL(then_seq, location, jump, end_label);
            if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(then_seq, location, pop);
        }

        PUSH_SEQ(ret, then_seq);
    }

    if (else_label->refcnt) {
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, else_label);

        DECL_ANCHOR(else_seq);

        if (subsequent != NULL) {
            pm_compile_node(iseq, subsequent, else_seq, popped, scope_node);
        }
        else if (!popped) {
            PUSH_SYNTHETIC_PUTNIL(else_seq, iseq);
        }

        // Establish branch coverage for the else block.
        if (then_label->refcnt && PM_BRANCH_COVERAGE_P(iseq)) {
            rb_code_location_t branch_location;

            if (subsequent == NULL) {
                branch_location = conditional_location;
            } else if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(subsequent, PM_ELSE_NODE)) {
                const pm_else_node_t *else_node = (const pm_else_node_t *) subsequent;
                branch_location = pm_code_location(scope_node, else_node->statements != NULL ? ((const pm_node_t *) else_node->statements) : (const pm_node_t *) else_node);
            } else {
                branch_location = pm_code_location(scope_node, (const pm_node_t *) subsequent);
            }

            add_trace_branch_coverage(iseq, ret, &branch_location, branch_location.beg_pos.column, 1, type == PM_IF_NODE ? "else" : "then", branches);
        }

        PUSH_SEQ(ret, else_seq);
    }

    if (end_label) {
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, end_label);
    }

    return;
}

/**
 * Compile a while or until loop.
 */
static void
pm_compile_loop(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_location_t *node_location, pm_node_flags_t flags, enum pm_node_type type, const pm_node_t *node, const pm_statements_node_t *statements, const pm_node_t *predicate, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = *node_location;

    LABEL *prev_start_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label;
    LABEL *prev_end_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label;
    LABEL *prev_redo_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label;

    LABEL *next_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line); /* next  */
    LABEL *redo_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);  /* redo  */
    LABEL *break_label = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);  /* break */
    LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
    LABEL *adjust_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

    LABEL *next_catch_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
    LABEL *tmp_label = NULL;

    // We're pushing onto the ensure stack because breaks need to break out of
    // this loop and not break into the ensure statements within the same
    // lexical scope.
    struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack enl;
    push_ensure_entry(iseq, &enl, NULL, NULL);

    // begin; end while true
    if (flags & PM_LOOP_FLAGS_BEGIN_MODIFIER) {
        tmp_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, tmp_label);
    }
    else {
        // while true; end
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, next_label);
    }

    PUSH_LABEL(ret, adjust_label);
    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
    PUSH_LABEL(ret, next_catch_label);
    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
    PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, next_label);
    if (tmp_label) PUSH_LABEL(ret, tmp_label);

    PUSH_LABEL(ret, redo_label);

    // Establish branch coverage for the loop.
    if (PM_BRANCH_COVERAGE_P(iseq)) {
        rb_code_location_t loop_location = pm_code_location(scope_node, node);
        VALUE branches = decl_branch_base(iseq, PTR2NUM(node), &loop_location, type == PM_WHILE_NODE ? "while" : "until");

        rb_code_location_t branch_location = statements != NULL ? pm_code_location(scope_node, (const pm_node_t *) statements) : loop_location;
        add_trace_branch_coverage(iseq, ret, &branch_location, branch_location.beg_pos.column, 0, "body", branches);
    }

    if (statements != NULL) PM_COMPILE_POPPED((const pm_node_t *) statements);
    PUSH_LABEL(ret, next_label);

    if (type == PM_WHILE_NODE) {
        pm_compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, predicate, redo_label, end_label, popped, scope_node);
    }
    else if (type == PM_UNTIL_NODE) {
        pm_compile_branch_condition(iseq, ret, predicate, end_label, redo_label, popped, scope_node);
    }

    PUSH_LABEL(ret, end_label);
    PUSH_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, adjust_label);
    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);

    PUSH_LABEL(ret, break_label);
    if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);

    PUSH_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_BREAK, redo_label, break_label, NULL, break_label);
    PUSH_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_NEXT, redo_label, break_label, NULL, next_catch_label);
    PUSH_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_REDO, redo_label, break_label, NULL, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);

    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label = prev_start_label;
    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label = prev_end_label;
    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label = prev_redo_label;
    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack->prev;

    return;
}

// This recurses through scopes and finds the local index at any scope level
// It also takes a pointer to depth, and increments depth appropriately
// according to the depth of the local.
static pm_local_index_t
pm_lookup_local_index(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, pm_constant_id_t constant_id, int start_depth)
{
    pm_local_index_t lindex = { 0 };
    st_data_t local_index;

    int level;
    for (level = 0; level < start_depth; level++) {
        scope_node = scope_node->previous;
    }

    while (!st_lookup(scope_node->index_lookup_table, constant_id, &local_index)) {
        level++;

        if (scope_node->previous) {
            scope_node = scope_node->previous;
        }
        else {
            // We have recursed up all scope nodes
            // and have not found the local yet
            rb_bug("Local with constant_id %u does not exist", (unsigned int) constant_id);
        }
    }

    lindex.level = level;
    lindex.index = scope_node->local_table_for_iseq_size - (int) local_index;
    return lindex;
}

// This returns the CRuby ID which maps to the pm_constant_id_t
//
// Constant_ids in prism are indexes of the constants in prism's constant pool.
// We add a constants mapping on the scope_node which is a mapping from
// these constant_id indexes to the CRuby IDs that they represent.
// This helper method allows easy access to those IDs
static ID
pm_constant_id_lookup(const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, pm_constant_id_t constant_id)
{
    if (constant_id < 1 || constant_id > scope_node->parser->constant_pool.size) {
        rb_bug("constant_id out of range: %u", (unsigned int)constant_id);
    }
    return scope_node->constants[constant_id - 1];
}

static rb_iseq_t *
pm_new_child_iseq(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *node, VALUE name, const rb_iseq_t *parent, enum rb_iseq_type type, int line_no)
{
    debugs("[new_child_iseq]> ---------------------------------------\n");
    int isolated_depth = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->isolated_depth;
    int error_state;
    rb_iseq_t *ret_iseq = pm_iseq_new_with_opt(node, name,
            rb_iseq_path(iseq), rb_iseq_realpath(iseq),
            line_no, parent,
            isolated_depth ? isolated_depth + 1 : 0,
            type, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option, &error_state);

    if (error_state) {
        RUBY_ASSERT(ret_iseq == NULL);
        rb_jump_tag(error_state);
    }
    debugs("[new_child_iseq]< ---------------------------------------\n");
    return ret_iseq;
}

static int
pm_compile_class_path(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, const pm_node_location_t *node_location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node, PM_CONSTANT_PATH_NODE)) {
        const pm_node_t *parent = ((const pm_constant_path_node_t *) node)->parent;

        if (parent) {
            /* Bar::Foo */
            PM_COMPILE(parent);
            return VM_DEFINECLASS_FLAG_SCOPED;
        }
        else {
            /* toplevel class ::Foo */
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, *node_location, putobject, rb_cObject);
            return VM_DEFINECLASS_FLAG_SCOPED;
        }
    }
    else {
        /* class at cbase Foo */
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, *node_location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CONST_BASE));
        return 0;
    }
}

/**
 * Compile either a call and write node or a call or write node. These look like
 * method calls that are followed by a ||= or &&= operator.
 */
static void
pm_compile_call_and_or_write_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, bool and_node, const pm_node_t *receiver, const pm_node_t *value, pm_constant_id_t write_name, pm_constant_id_t read_name, bool safe_nav, const pm_node_location_t *node_location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = *node_location;
    LABEL *lfin = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
    LABEL *lcfin = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
    LABEL *lskip = NULL;

    int flag = PM_NODE_TYPE_P(receiver, PM_SELF_NODE) ? VM_CALL_FCALL : 0;
    ID id_read_name = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, read_name);

    PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(receiver);
    if (safe_nav) {
        lskip = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchnil, lskip);
    }

    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
    PUSH_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, location, id_read_name, INT2FIX(0), INT2FIX(flag));
    if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

    if (and_node) {
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, lcfin);
    }
    else {
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchif, lcfin);
    }

    if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
    PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(value);

    if (!popped) {
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(1));
    }

    ID id_write_name = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, write_name);
    PUSH_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, location, id_write_name, INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(flag));
    PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, lfin);

    PUSH_LABEL(ret, lcfin);
    if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);

    PUSH_LABEL(ret, lfin);

    if (lskip && popped) PUSH_LABEL(ret, lskip);
    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
    if (lskip && !popped) PUSH_LABEL(ret, lskip);
}

static void pm_compile_shareable_constant_value(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, const pm_node_flags_t shareability, VALUE path, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, bool top);

/**
 * This function compiles a hash onto the stack. It is used to compile hash
 * literals and keyword arguments. It is assumed that if we get here that the
 * contents of the hash are not popped.
 */
static void
pm_compile_hash_elements(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, const pm_node_list_t *elements, const pm_node_flags_t shareability, VALUE path, bool argument, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, node);

    // If this element is not popped, then we need to create the hash on the
    // stack. Neighboring plain assoc nodes should be grouped together (either
    // by newhash or hash merge). Double splat nodes should be merged using the
    // merge_kwd method call.
    const int max_stack_length = 0x100;
    const unsigned int min_tmp_hash_length = 0x800;

    int stack_length = 0;
    bool first_chunk = true;

    // This is an optimization wherein we keep track of whether or not the
    // previous element was a static literal. If it was, then we do not attempt
    // to check if we have a subhash that can be optimized. If it was not, then
    // we do check.
    bool static_literal = false;

    DECL_ANCHOR(anchor);

    // Convert pushed elements to a hash, and merge if needed.
#define FLUSH_CHUNK                                                                         \
    if (stack_length) {                                                                     \
        if (first_chunk) {                                                                  \
            PUSH_SEQ(ret, anchor);                                                          \
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, newhash, INT2FIX(stack_length));                      \
            first_chunk = false;                                                            \
        }                                                                                   \
        else {                                                                              \
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE)); \
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);                                                 \
            PUSH_SEQ(ret, anchor);                                                          \
            PUSH_SEND(ret, location, id_core_hash_merge_ptr, INT2FIX(stack_length + 1));    \
        }                                                                                   \
        INIT_ANCHOR(anchor);                                                                \
        stack_length = 0;                                                                   \
    }

    for (size_t index = 0; index < elements->size; index++) {
        const pm_node_t *element = elements->nodes[index];

        switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(element)) {
          case PM_ASSOC_NODE: {
            // Pre-allocation check (this branch can be omitted).
            if (
                (shareability == 0) &&
                PM_NODE_FLAG_P(element, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL) && (
                    (!static_literal && ((index + min_tmp_hash_length) < elements->size)) ||
                    (first_chunk && stack_length == 0)
                )
            ) {
                // Count the elements that are statically-known.
                size_t count = 1;
                while (index + count < elements->size && PM_NODE_FLAG_P(elements->nodes[index + count], PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL)) count++;

                if ((first_chunk && stack_length == 0) || count >= min_tmp_hash_length) {
                    // The subsequence of elements in this hash is long enough
                    // to merit its own hash.
                    VALUE ary = rb_ary_hidden_new(count);

                    // Create a hidden hash.
                    for (size_t tmp_end = index + count; index < tmp_end; index++) {
                        const pm_assoc_node_t *assoc = (const pm_assoc_node_t *) elements->nodes[index];

                        VALUE elem[2] = {
                            pm_static_literal_value(iseq, assoc->key, scope_node),
                            pm_static_literal_value(iseq, assoc->value, scope_node)
                        };

                        rb_ary_cat(ary, elem, 2);
                    }
                    index --;

                    VALUE hash = rb_hash_new_with_size(RARRAY_LEN(ary) / 2);
                    rb_hash_bulk_insert(RARRAY_LEN(ary), RARRAY_CONST_PTR(ary), hash);
                    hash = rb_obj_hide(hash);
                    OBJ_FREEZE(hash);

                    // Emit optimized code.
                    FLUSH_CHUNK;
                    if (first_chunk) {
                        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, duphash, hash);
                        first_chunk = false;
                    }
                    else {
                        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
                        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);
                        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, hash);
                        PUSH_SEND(ret, location, id_core_hash_merge_kwd, INT2FIX(2));
                    }

                    break;
                }
                else {
                    static_literal = true;
                }
            }
            else {
                static_literal = false;
            }

            // If this is a plain assoc node, then we can compile it directly
            // and then add the total number of values on the stack.
            if (shareability == 0) {
                pm_compile_node(iseq, element, anchor, false, scope_node);
            }
            else {
                const pm_assoc_node_t *assoc = (const pm_assoc_node_t *) element;
                pm_compile_shareable_constant_value(iseq, assoc->key, shareability, path, ret, scope_node, false);
                pm_compile_shareable_constant_value(iseq, assoc->value, shareability, path, ret, scope_node, false);
            }

            if ((stack_length += 2) >= max_stack_length) FLUSH_CHUNK;
            break;
          }
          case PM_ASSOC_SPLAT_NODE: {
            FLUSH_CHUNK;

            const pm_assoc_splat_node_t *assoc_splat = (const pm_assoc_splat_node_t *) element;
            bool empty_hash = assoc_splat->value != NULL && (
                (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(assoc_splat->value, PM_HASH_NODE) && ((const pm_hash_node_t *) assoc_splat->value)->elements.size == 0) ||
                PM_NODE_TYPE_P(assoc_splat->value, PM_NIL_NODE)
            );

            bool first_element = first_chunk && stack_length == 0;
            bool last_element = index == elements->size - 1;
            bool only_element = first_element && last_element;

            if (empty_hash) {
                if (only_element && argument) {
                    // **{} appears at the only keyword argument in method call,
                    // so it won't be modified.
                    //
                    // This is only done for method calls and not for literal
                    // hashes, because literal hashes should always result in a
                    // new hash.
                    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
                }
                else if (first_element) {
                    // **{} appears as the first keyword argument, so it may be
                    // modified. We need to create a fresh hash object.
                    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, newhash, INT2FIX(0));
                }
                // Any empty keyword splats that are not the first can be
                // ignored since merging an empty hash into the existing hash is
                // the same as not merging it.
            }
            else {
                if (only_element && argument) {
                    // ** is only keyword argument in the method call. Use it
                    // directly. This will be not be flagged as mutable. This is
                    // only done for method calls and not for literal hashes,
                    // because literal hashes should always result in a new
                    // hash.
                    if (shareability == 0) {
                        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(element);
                    }
                    else {
                        pm_compile_shareable_constant_value(iseq, element, shareability, path, ret, scope_node, false);
                    }
                }
                else {
                    // There is more than one keyword argument, or this is not a
                    // method call. In that case, we need to add an empty hash
                    // (if first keyword), or merge the hash to the accumulated
                    // hash (if not the first keyword).
                    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));

                    if (first_element) {
                        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, newhash, INT2FIX(0));
                    }
                    else {
                        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);
                    }

                    if (shareability == 0) {
                        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(element);
                    }
                    else {
                        pm_compile_shareable_constant_value(iseq, element, shareability, path, ret, scope_node, false);
                    }

                    PUSH_SEND(ret, location, id_core_hash_merge_kwd, INT2FIX(2));
                }
            }

            first_chunk = false;
            static_literal = false;
            break;
          }
          default:
            RUBY_ASSERT("Invalid node type for hash" && false);
            break;
        }
    }

    FLUSH_CHUNK;
#undef FLUSH_CHUNK
}

#define SPLATARRAY_FALSE 0
#define SPLATARRAY_TRUE 1
#define DUP_SINGLE_KW_SPLAT 2

// This is details. Users should call pm_setup_args() instead.
static int
pm_setup_args_core(const pm_arguments_node_t *arguments_node, const pm_node_t *block, int *flags, const bool has_regular_blockarg, struct rb_callinfo_kwarg **kw_arg, int *dup_rest, rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_location_t *node_location)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = *node_location;

    int orig_argc = 0;
    bool has_splat = false;
    bool has_keyword_splat = false;

    if (arguments_node == NULL) {
        if (*flags & VM_CALL_FCALL) {
            *flags |= VM_CALL_VCALL;
        }
    }
    else {
        const pm_node_list_t *arguments = &arguments_node->arguments;
        has_keyword_splat = PM_NODE_FLAG_P(arguments_node, PM_ARGUMENTS_NODE_FLAGS_CONTAINS_KEYWORD_SPLAT);

        // We count the number of elements post the splat node that are not keyword elements to
        // eventually pass as an argument to newarray
        int post_splat_counter = 0;
        const pm_node_t *argument;

        PM_NODE_LIST_FOREACH(arguments, index, argument) {
            switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(argument)) {
              // A keyword hash node contains all keyword arguments as AssocNodes and AssocSplatNodes
              case PM_KEYWORD_HASH_NODE: {
                const pm_keyword_hash_node_t *keyword_arg = (const pm_keyword_hash_node_t *) argument;
                const pm_node_list_t *elements = &keyword_arg->elements;

                if (has_keyword_splat || has_splat) {
                    *flags |= VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT;
                    has_keyword_splat = true;

                    if (elements->size > 1 || !(elements->size == 1 && PM_NODE_TYPE_P(elements->nodes[0], PM_ASSOC_SPLAT_NODE))) {
                        // A new hash will be created for the keyword arguments
                        // in this case, so mark the method as passing mutable
                        // keyword splat.
                        *flags |= VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT_MUT;
                        pm_compile_hash_elements(iseq, argument, elements, 0, Qundef, true, ret, scope_node);
                    }
                    else if (*dup_rest & DUP_SINGLE_KW_SPLAT) {
                        *flags |= VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT_MUT;
                        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
                        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, newhash, INT2FIX(0));
                        pm_compile_hash_elements(iseq, argument, elements, 0, Qundef, true, ret, scope_node);
                        PUSH_SEND(ret, location, id_core_hash_merge_kwd, INT2FIX(2));
                    }
                    else {
                        pm_compile_hash_elements(iseq, argument, elements, 0, Qundef, true, ret, scope_node);
                    }
                }
                else {
                    // We need to first figure out if all elements of the
                    // KeywordHashNode are AssocNodes with symbol keys.
                    if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(keyword_arg, PM_KEYWORD_HASH_NODE_FLAGS_SYMBOL_KEYS)) {
                        // If they are all symbol keys then we can pass them as
                        // keyword arguments. The first thing we need to do is
                        // deduplicate. We'll do this using the combination of a
                        // Ruby hash and a Ruby array.
                        VALUE stored_indices = rb_hash_new();
                        VALUE keyword_indices = rb_ary_new_capa(elements->size);

                        size_t size = 0;
                        for (size_t element_index = 0; element_index < elements->size; element_index++) {
                            const pm_assoc_node_t *assoc = (const pm_assoc_node_t *) elements->nodes[element_index];

                            // Retrieve the stored index from the hash for this
                            // keyword.
                            VALUE keyword = pm_static_literal_value(iseq, assoc->key, scope_node);
                            VALUE stored_index = rb_hash_aref(stored_indices, keyword);

                            // If this keyword was already seen in the hash,
                            // then mark the array at that index as false and
                            // decrement the keyword size.
                            if (!NIL_P(stored_index)) {
                                rb_ary_store(keyword_indices, NUM2LONG(stored_index), Qfalse);
                                size--;
                            }

                            // Store (and possibly overwrite) the index for this
                            // keyword in the hash, mark the array at that index
                            // as true, and increment the keyword size.
                            rb_hash_aset(stored_indices, keyword, ULONG2NUM(element_index));
                            rb_ary_store(keyword_indices, (long) element_index, Qtrue);
                            size++;
                        }

                        *kw_arg = rb_xmalloc_mul_add(size, sizeof(VALUE), sizeof(struct rb_callinfo_kwarg));
                        *flags |= VM_CALL_KWARG;

                        VALUE *keywords = (*kw_arg)->keywords;
                        (*kw_arg)->references = 0;
                        (*kw_arg)->keyword_len = (int) size;

                        size_t keyword_index = 0;
                        for (size_t element_index = 0; element_index < elements->size; element_index++) {
                            const pm_assoc_node_t *assoc = (const pm_assoc_node_t *) elements->nodes[element_index];
                            bool popped = true;

                            if (rb_ary_entry(keyword_indices, (long) element_index) == Qtrue) {
                                keywords[keyword_index++] = pm_static_literal_value(iseq, assoc->key, scope_node);
                                popped = false;
                            }

                            PM_COMPILE(assoc->value);
                        }

                        RUBY_ASSERT(keyword_index == size);
                    }
                    else {
                        // If they aren't all symbol keys then we need to
                        // construct a new hash and pass that as an argument.
                        orig_argc++;
                        *flags |= VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT;

                        size_t size = elements->size;
                        if (size > 1) {
                            // A new hash will be created for the keyword
                            // arguments in this case, so mark the method as
                            // passing mutable keyword splat.
                            *flags |= VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT_MUT;
                        }

                        for (size_t element_index = 0; element_index < size; element_index++) {
                            const pm_assoc_node_t *assoc = (const pm_assoc_node_t *) elements->nodes[element_index];
                            PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(assoc->key);
                            PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(assoc->value);
                        }

                        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, newhash, INT2FIX(size * 2));
                    }
                }
                break;
              }
              case PM_SPLAT_NODE: {
                *flags |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT;
                const pm_splat_node_t *splat_node = (const pm_splat_node_t *) argument;

                if (splat_node->expression) {
                    PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(splat_node->expression);
                }
                else {
                    pm_local_index_t index = pm_lookup_local_index(iseq, scope_node, PM_CONSTANT_MULT, 0);
                    PUSH_GETLOCAL(ret, location, index.index, index.level);
                }

                bool first_splat = !has_splat;

                if (first_splat) {
                    // If this is the first splat array seen and it's not the
                    // last parameter, we want splatarray to dup it.
                    //
                    // foo(a, *b, c)
                    //        ^^
                    if (index + 1 < arguments->size || has_regular_blockarg) {
                        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, splatarray, (*dup_rest & SPLATARRAY_TRUE) ? Qtrue : Qfalse);
                        if (*dup_rest & SPLATARRAY_TRUE) *dup_rest &= ~SPLATARRAY_TRUE;
                    }
                    // If this is the first spalt array seen and it's the last
                    // parameter, we don't want splatarray to dup it.
                    //
                    // foo(a, *b)
                    //        ^^
                    else {
                        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, splatarray, Qfalse);
                    }
                }
                else {
                    // If this is not the first splat array seen and it is also
                    // the last parameter, we don't want splatarray to dup it
                    // and we need to concat the array.
                    //
                    // foo(a, *b, *c)
                    //            ^^
                    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, concattoarray);
                }

                has_splat = true;
                post_splat_counter = 0;

                break;
              }
              case PM_FORWARDING_ARGUMENTS_NODE: { // not counted in argc return value
                iseq_set_use_block(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_iseq);

                if (ISEQ_BODY(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_iseq)->param.flags.forwardable) {
                    *flags |= VM_CALL_FORWARDING;

                    pm_local_index_t mult_local = pm_lookup_local_index(iseq, scope_node, PM_CONSTANT_DOT3, 0);
                    PUSH_GETLOCAL(ret, location, mult_local.index, mult_local.level);

                    break;
                }

                orig_argc += 2;

                *flags |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT | VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT | VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG | VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT;

                // Forwarding arguments nodes are treated as foo(*, **, &)
                // So foo(...) equals foo(*, **, &) and as such the local
                // table for this method is known in advance
                //
                // Push the *
                pm_local_index_t mult_local = pm_lookup_local_index(iseq, scope_node, PM_CONSTANT_MULT, 0);
                PUSH_GETLOCAL(ret, location, mult_local.index, mult_local.level);
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, splatarray, Qtrue);

                // Push the **
                pm_local_index_t pow_local = pm_lookup_local_index(iseq, scope_node, PM_CONSTANT_POW, 0);
                PUSH_GETLOCAL(ret, location, pow_local.index, pow_local.level);

                // Push the &
                pm_local_index_t and_local = pm_lookup_local_index(iseq, scope_node, PM_CONSTANT_AND, 0);
                PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, getblockparamproxy, INT2FIX(and_local.index + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(and_local.level));
                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, splatkw);

                break;
              }
              default: {
                post_splat_counter++;
                PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(argument);

                // If we have a splat and we've seen a splat, we need to process
                // everything after the splat.
                if (has_splat) {
                    // Stack items are turned into an array and concatenated in
                    // the following cases:
                    //
                    // If the next node is a splat:
                    //
                    //   foo(*a, b, *c)
                    //
                    // If the next node is a kwarg or kwarg splat:
                    //
                    //   foo(*a, b, c: :d)
                    //   foo(*a, b, **c)
                    //
                    // If the next node is NULL (we have hit the end):
                    //
                    //   foo(*a, b)
                    if (index == arguments->size - 1) {
                        RUBY_ASSERT(post_splat_counter > 0);
                        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, pushtoarray, INT2FIX(post_splat_counter));
                    }
                    else {
                        pm_node_t *next_arg = arguments->nodes[index + 1];

                        switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(next_arg)) {
                          // A keyword hash node contains all keyword arguments as AssocNodes and AssocSplatNodes
                          case PM_KEYWORD_HASH_NODE: {
                            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, newarray, INT2FIX(post_splat_counter));
                            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, concatarray);
                            break;
                          }
                          case PM_SPLAT_NODE: {
                            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, newarray, INT2FIX(post_splat_counter));
                            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, concatarray);
                            break;
                          }
                          default:
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }
                else {
                    orig_argc++;
                }
              }
            }
        }
    }

    if (has_splat) orig_argc++;
    if (has_keyword_splat) orig_argc++;
    return orig_argc;
}

/**
 * True if the given kind of node could potentially mutate the array that is
 * being splatted in a set of call arguments.
 */
static inline bool
pm_setup_args_dup_rest_p(const pm_node_t *node)
{
    switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(node)) {
      case PM_BACK_REFERENCE_READ_NODE:
      case PM_CLASS_VARIABLE_READ_NODE:
      case PM_CONSTANT_PATH_NODE:
      case PM_CONSTANT_READ_NODE:
      case PM_FALSE_NODE:
      case PM_FLOAT_NODE:
      case PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE:
      case PM_IMAGINARY_NODE:
      case PM_INSTANCE_VARIABLE_READ_NODE:
      case PM_INTEGER_NODE:
      case PM_LAMBDA_NODE:
      case PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE:
      case PM_NIL_NODE:
      case PM_NUMBERED_REFERENCE_READ_NODE:
      case PM_RATIONAL_NODE:
      case PM_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_NODE:
      case PM_SELF_NODE:
      case PM_STRING_NODE:
      case PM_SYMBOL_NODE:
      case PM_TRUE_NODE:
        return false;
      case PM_IMPLICIT_NODE:
        return pm_setup_args_dup_rest_p(((const pm_implicit_node_t *) node)->value);
      default:
        return true;
    }
}

/**
 * Compile the argument parts of a call.
 */
static int
pm_setup_args(const pm_arguments_node_t *arguments_node, const pm_node_t *block, int *flags, struct rb_callinfo_kwarg **kw_arg, rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_location_t *node_location)
{
    int dup_rest = SPLATARRAY_TRUE;

    const pm_node_list_t *arguments;
    size_t arguments_size;

    // Calls like foo(1, *f, **hash) that use splat and kwsplat could be
    // eligible for eliding duping the rest array (dup_reset=false).
    if (
        arguments_node != NULL &&
        (arguments = &arguments_node->arguments, arguments_size = arguments->size) >= 2 &&
        PM_NODE_FLAG_P(arguments_node, PM_ARGUMENTS_NODE_FLAGS_CONTAINS_SPLAT) &&
        !PM_NODE_FLAG_P(arguments_node, PM_ARGUMENTS_NODE_FLAGS_CONTAINS_MULTIPLE_SPLATS) &&
        PM_NODE_TYPE_P(arguments->nodes[arguments_size - 1], PM_KEYWORD_HASH_NODE)
    ) {
        // Start by assuming that dup_rest=false, then check each element of the
        // hash to ensure we don't need to flip it back to true (in case one of
        // the elements could potentially mutate the array).
        dup_rest = SPLATARRAY_FALSE;

        const pm_keyword_hash_node_t *keyword_hash = (const pm_keyword_hash_node_t *) arguments->nodes[arguments_size - 1];
        const pm_node_list_t *elements = &keyword_hash->elements;

        for (size_t index = 0; dup_rest == SPLATARRAY_FALSE && index < elements->size; index++) {
            const pm_node_t *element = elements->nodes[index];

            switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(element)) {
              case PM_ASSOC_NODE: {
                const pm_assoc_node_t *assoc = (const pm_assoc_node_t *) element;
                if (pm_setup_args_dup_rest_p(assoc->key) || pm_setup_args_dup_rest_p(assoc->value)) dup_rest = SPLATARRAY_TRUE;
                break;
              }
              case PM_ASSOC_SPLAT_NODE: {
                const pm_assoc_splat_node_t *assoc = (const pm_assoc_splat_node_t *) element;
                if (assoc->value != NULL && pm_setup_args_dup_rest_p(assoc->value)) dup_rest = SPLATARRAY_TRUE;
                break;
              }
              default:
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    int initial_dup_rest = dup_rest;
    int argc;

    if (block && PM_NODE_TYPE_P(block, PM_BLOCK_ARGUMENT_NODE)) {
        // We compile the `&block_arg` expression first and stitch it later
        // since the nature of the expression influences whether splat should
        // duplicate the array.
        bool regular_block_arg = true;
        const pm_node_t *block_expr = ((const pm_block_argument_node_t *)block)->expression;

        if (block_expr && pm_setup_args_dup_rest_p(block_expr)) {
            dup_rest = SPLATARRAY_TRUE | DUP_SINGLE_KW_SPLAT;
            initial_dup_rest = dup_rest;
        }

        DECL_ANCHOR(block_arg);
        pm_compile_node(iseq, block, block_arg, false, scope_node);

        *flags |= VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG;

        if (LIST_INSN_SIZE_ONE(block_arg)) {
            LINK_ELEMENT *elem = FIRST_ELEMENT(block_arg);
            if (IS_INSN(elem)) {
                INSN *iobj = (INSN *) elem;
                if (iobj->insn_id == BIN(getblockparam)) {
                    iobj->insn_id = BIN(getblockparamproxy);
                }

                // Allow splat without duplication for simple one-instruction
                // block arguments like `&arg`. It is known that this
                // optimization can be too aggressive in some cases. See
                // [Bug #16504].
                regular_block_arg = false;
            }
        }

        argc = pm_setup_args_core(arguments_node, block, flags, regular_block_arg, kw_arg, &dup_rest, iseq, ret, scope_node, node_location);
        PUSH_SEQ(ret, block_arg);
    }
    else {
        argc = pm_setup_args_core(arguments_node, block, flags, false, kw_arg, &dup_rest, iseq, ret, scope_node, node_location);
    }

    // If the dup_rest flag was consumed while compiling the arguments (which
    // effectively means we found the splat node), then it would have changed
    // during the call to pm_setup_args_core. In this case, we want to add the
    // VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT flag.
    if (*flags & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT && dup_rest != initial_dup_rest) {
        *flags |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT;
    }

    return argc;
}

/**
 * Compile an index operator write node, which is a node that is writing a value
 * using the [] and []= methods. It looks like:
 *
 *     foo[bar] += baz
 *
 * This breaks down to caching the receiver and arguments on the stack, calling
 * the [] method, calling the operator method with the result of the [] method,
 * and then calling the []= method with the result of the operator method.
 */
static void
pm_compile_index_operator_write_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_index_operator_write_node_t *node, const pm_node_location_t *node_location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = *node_location;
    if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);

    PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(node->receiver);

    int boff = (node->block == NULL ? 0 : 1);
    int flag = PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node->receiver, PM_SELF_NODE) ? VM_CALL_FCALL : 0;
    struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *keywords = NULL;
    int argc = pm_setup_args(node->arguments, (const pm_node_t *) node->block, &flag, &keywords, iseq, ret, scope_node, node_location);

    if ((argc > 0 || boff) && (flag & VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT)) {
        if (boff) {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, splatkw);
        }
        else {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, splatkw);
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        }
    }

    int dup_argn = argc + 1 + boff;
    int keyword_len = 0;

    if (keywords) {
        keyword_len = keywords->keyword_len;
        dup_argn += keyword_len;
    }

    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, dupn, INT2FIX(dup_argn));
    PUSH_SEND_R(ret, location, idAREF, INT2FIX(argc), NULL, INT2FIX(flag & ~(VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT | VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT_MUT)), keywords);
    PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(node->value);

    ID id_operator = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, node->binary_operator);
    PUSH_SEND(ret, location, id_operator, INT2FIX(1));

    if (!popped) {
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(dup_argn + 1));
    }
    if (flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
        if (flag & VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT) {
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(2 + boff));

            if (!(flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT)) {
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, splatarray, Qtrue);
                flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT;
            }

            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, pushtoarray, INT2FIX(1));
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(2 + boff));
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        }
        else {
            if (boff > 0) {
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, dupn, INT2FIX(3));
                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);
                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
            }
            if (!(flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT)) {
                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, splatarray, Qtrue);
                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);
                flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT;
            }
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, pushtoarray, INT2FIX(1));
            if (boff > 0) {
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(3));
                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
            }
        }

        PUSH_SEND_R(ret, location, idASET, INT2FIX(argc), NULL, INT2FIX(flag), keywords);
    }
    else if (flag & VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT) {
        if (boff > 0) {
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(2));
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(3));
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        }
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);
        PUSH_SEND_R(ret, location, idASET, INT2FIX(argc + 1), NULL, INT2FIX(flag), keywords);
    }
    else if (keyword_len) {
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, opt_reverse, INT2FIX(keyword_len + boff + 2));
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, opt_reverse, INT2FIX(keyword_len + boff + 1));
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        PUSH_SEND_R(ret, location, idASET, INT2FIX(argc + 1), NULL, INT2FIX(flag), keywords);
    }
    else {
        if (boff > 0) {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);
        }
        PUSH_SEND_R(ret, location, idASET, INT2FIX(argc + 1), NULL, INT2FIX(flag), keywords);
    }

    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
}

/**
 * Compile an index control flow write node, which is a node that is writing a
 * value using the [] and []= methods and the &&= and ||= operators. It looks
 * like:
 *
 *     foo[bar] ||= baz
 *
 * This breaks down to caching the receiver and arguments on the stack, calling
 * the [] method, checking the result and then changing control flow based on
 * it. If the value would result in a write, then the value is written using the
 * []= method.
 */
static void
pm_compile_index_control_flow_write_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, const pm_node_t *receiver, const pm_arguments_node_t *arguments, const pm_block_argument_node_t *block, const pm_node_t *value, const pm_node_location_t *node_location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = *node_location;
    if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
    PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(receiver);

    int boff = (block == NULL ? 0 : 1);
    int flag = PM_NODE_TYPE_P(receiver, PM_SELF_NODE) ? VM_CALL_FCALL : 0;
    struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *keywords = NULL;
    int argc = pm_setup_args(arguments, (const pm_node_t *) block, &flag, &keywords, iseq, ret, scope_node, node_location);

    if ((argc > 0 || boff) && (flag & VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT)) {
        if (boff) {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, splatkw);
        }
        else {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, splatkw);
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        }
    }

    int dup_argn = argc + 1 + boff;
    int keyword_len = 0;

    if (keywords) {
        keyword_len = keywords->keyword_len;
        dup_argn += keyword_len;
    }

    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, dupn, INT2FIX(dup_argn));
    PUSH_SEND_R(ret, location, idAREF, INT2FIX(argc), NULL, INT2FIX(flag & ~(VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT | VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT_MUT)), keywords);

    LABEL *label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
    LABEL *lfin = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
    if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node, PM_INDEX_AND_WRITE_NODE)) {
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, label);
    }
    else {
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchif, label);
    }

    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
    PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(value);

    if (!popped) {
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(dup_argn + 1));
    }

    if (flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
        if (flag & VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT) {
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(2 + boff));
            if (!(flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT)) {
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, splatarray, Qtrue);
                flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT;
            }

            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, pushtoarray, INT2FIX(1));
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(2 + boff));
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        }
        else {
            if (boff > 0) {
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, dupn, INT2FIX(3));
                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);
                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
            }
            if (!(flag & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT)) {
                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, splatarray, Qtrue);
                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);
                flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT;
            }
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, pushtoarray, INT2FIX(1));
            if (boff > 0) {
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(3));
                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
            }
        }

        PUSH_SEND_R(ret, location, idASET, INT2FIX(argc), NULL, INT2FIX(flag), keywords);
    }
    else if (flag & VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT) {
        if (boff > 0) {
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(2));
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(3));
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        }

        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);
        PUSH_SEND_R(ret, location, idASET, INT2FIX(argc + 1), NULL, INT2FIX(flag), keywords);
    }
    else if (keyword_len) {
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, opt_reverse, INT2FIX(keyword_len + boff + 1));
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, opt_reverse, INT2FIX(keyword_len + boff + 0));
        PUSH_SEND_R(ret, location, idASET, INT2FIX(argc + 1), NULL, INT2FIX(flag), keywords);
    }
    else {
        if (boff > 0) {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);
        }
        PUSH_SEND_R(ret, location, idASET, INT2FIX(argc + 1), NULL, INT2FIX(flag), keywords);
    }

    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
    PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, lfin);
    PUSH_LABEL(ret, label);
    if (!popped) {
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(dup_argn + 1));
    }
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, adjuststack, INT2FIX(dup_argn + 1));
    PUSH_LABEL(ret, lfin);
}

// When we compile a pattern matching expression, we use the stack as a scratch
// space to store lots of different values (consider it like we have a pattern
// matching function and we need space for a bunch of different local
// variables). The "base index" refers to the index on the stack where we
// started compiling the pattern matching expression. These offsets from that
// base index indicate the location of the various locals we need.
#define PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_DECONSTRUCTED_CACHE 0
#define PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_ERROR_STRING 1
#define PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_KEY_ERROR_P 2
#define PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_KEY_ERROR_MATCHEE 3
#define PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_KEY_ERROR_KEY 4

// A forward declaration because this is the recursive function that handles
// compiling a pattern. It can be reentered by nesting patterns, as in the case
// of arrays or hashes.
static int pm_compile_pattern(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, LABEL *matched_label, LABEL *unmatched_label, bool in_single_pattern, bool in_alternation_pattern, bool use_deconstructed_cache, unsigned int base_index);

/**
 * This function generates the code to set up the error string and error_p
 * locals depending on whether or not the pattern matched.
 */
static int
pm_compile_pattern_generic_error(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, VALUE message, unsigned int base_index)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, node);
    LABEL *match_succeeded_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
    PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchif, match_succeeded_label);

    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, message);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(3));
    PUSH_SEND(ret, location, id_core_sprintf, INT2FIX(2));
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(base_index + PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_ERROR_STRING + 1));

    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, Qfalse);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(base_index + PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_KEY_ERROR_P + 2));

    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
    PUSH_LABEL(ret, match_succeeded_label);

    return COMPILE_OK;
}

/**
 * This function generates the code to set up the error string and error_p
 * locals depending on whether or not the pattern matched when the value needs
 * to match a specific deconstructed length.
 */
static int
pm_compile_pattern_length_error(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, VALUE message, VALUE length, unsigned int base_index)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, node);
    LABEL *match_succeeded_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
    PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchif, match_succeeded_label);

    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, message);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(3));
    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
    PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idLength, INT2FIX(0));
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, length);
    PUSH_SEND(ret, location, id_core_sprintf, INT2FIX(4));
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(base_index + PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_ERROR_STRING + 1));

    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, Qfalse);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(base_index + PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_KEY_ERROR_P + 2));

    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
    PUSH_LABEL(ret, match_succeeded_label);

    return COMPILE_OK;
}

/**
 * This function generates the code to set up the error string and error_p
 * locals depending on whether or not the pattern matched when the value needs
 * to pass a specific #=== method call.
 */
static int
pm_compile_pattern_eqq_error(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, unsigned int base_index)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, node);
    LABEL *match_succeeded_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
    PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchif, match_succeeded_label);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));

    VALUE operand = rb_fstring_lit("%p === %p does not return true");
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, operand);

    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(3));
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(5));
    PUSH_SEND(ret, location, id_core_sprintf, INT2FIX(3));
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(base_index + PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_ERROR_STRING + 1));
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, Qfalse);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(base_index + PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_KEY_ERROR_P + 2));
    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);

    PUSH_LABEL(ret, match_succeeded_label);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(2));
    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);

    return COMPILE_OK;
}

/**
 * This is a variation on compiling a pattern matching expression that is used
 * to have the pattern matching instructions fall through to immediately after
 * the pattern if it passes. Otherwise it jumps to the given unmatched_label
 * label.
 */
static int
pm_compile_pattern_match(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, LABEL *unmatched_label, bool in_single_pattern, bool in_alternation_pattern, bool use_deconstructed_cache, unsigned int base_index)
{
    LABEL *matched_label = NEW_LABEL(pm_node_line_number(scope_node->parser, node));
    CHECK(pm_compile_pattern(iseq, scope_node, node, ret, matched_label, unmatched_label, in_single_pattern, in_alternation_pattern, use_deconstructed_cache, base_index));
    PUSH_LABEL(ret, matched_label);
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

/**
 * This function compiles in the code necessary to call #deconstruct on the
 * value to match against. It raises appropriate errors if the method does not
 * exist or if it returns the wrong type.
 */
static int
pm_compile_pattern_deconstruct(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, LABEL *deconstruct_label, LABEL *match_failed_label, LABEL *deconstructed_label, LABEL *type_error_label, bool in_single_pattern, bool use_deconstructed_cache, unsigned int base_index)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, node);

    if (use_deconstructed_cache) {
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(base_index + PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_DECONSTRUCTED_CACHE));
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchnil, deconstruct_label);

        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(base_index + PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_DECONSTRUCTED_CACHE));
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, match_failed_label);

        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(base_index + PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_DECONSTRUCTED_CACHE - 1));
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, deconstructed_label);
    }
    else {
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, deconstruct_label);
    }

    PUSH_LABEL(ret, deconstruct_label);
    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

    VALUE operand = ID2SYM(rb_intern("deconstruct"));
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, operand);
    PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idRespond_to, INT2FIX(1));

    if (use_deconstructed_cache) {
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(base_index + PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_DECONSTRUCTED_CACHE + 1));
    }

    if (in_single_pattern) {
        CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_generic_error(iseq, scope_node, node, ret, rb_fstring_lit("%p does not respond to #deconstruct"), base_index + 1));
    }

    PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, match_failed_label);
    PUSH_SEND(ret, location, rb_intern("deconstruct"), INT2FIX(0));

    if (use_deconstructed_cache) {
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(base_index + PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_DECONSTRUCTED_CACHE));
    }

    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, checktype, INT2FIX(T_ARRAY));
    PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, type_error_label);
    PUSH_LABEL(ret, deconstructed_label);

    return COMPILE_OK;
}

/**
 * This function compiles in the code necessary to match against the optional
 * constant path that is attached to an array, find, or hash pattern.
 */
static int
pm_compile_pattern_constant(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, LABEL *match_failed_label, bool in_single_pattern, unsigned int base_index)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, node);

    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
    PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(node);

    if (in_single_pattern) {
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, dupn, INT2FIX(2));
    }
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE));
    if (in_single_pattern) {
        CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_eqq_error(iseq, scope_node, node, ret, base_index + 3));
    }
    PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, match_failed_label);
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

/**
 * When matching fails, an appropriate error must be raised. This function is
 * responsible for compiling in those error raising instructions.
 */
static void
pm_compile_pattern_error_handler(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, LABEL *done_label, bool popped)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, node);
    LABEL *key_error_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
    LABEL *cleanup_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

    struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *kw_arg = rb_xmalloc_mul_add(2, sizeof(VALUE), sizeof(struct rb_callinfo_kwarg));
    kw_arg->references = 0;
    kw_arg->keyword_len = 2;
    kw_arg->keywords[0] = ID2SYM(rb_intern("matchee"));
    kw_arg->keywords[1] = ID2SYM(rb_intern("key"));

    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_KEY_ERROR_P + 2));
    PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchif, key_error_label);

    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, rb_eNoMatchingPatternError);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));

    {
        VALUE operand = rb_fstring_lit("%p: %s");
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, operand);
    }

    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(4));
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_ERROR_STRING + 6));
    PUSH_SEND(ret, location, id_core_sprintf, INT2FIX(3));
    PUSH_SEND(ret, location, id_core_raise, INT2FIX(2));
    PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, cleanup_label);

    PUSH_LABEL(ret, key_error_label);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, rb_eNoMatchingPatternKeyError);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));

    {
        VALUE operand = rb_fstring_lit("%p: %s");
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, operand);
    }

    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(4));
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_ERROR_STRING + 6));
    PUSH_SEND(ret, location, id_core_sprintf, INT2FIX(3));
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_KEY_ERROR_MATCHEE + 4));
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_KEY_ERROR_KEY + 5));
    PUSH_SEND_R(ret, location, rb_intern("new"), INT2FIX(1), NULL, INT2FIX(VM_CALL_KWARG), kw_arg);
    PUSH_SEND(ret, location, id_core_raise, INT2FIX(1));
    PUSH_LABEL(ret, cleanup_label);

    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, adjuststack, INT2FIX(7));
    if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
    PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, done_label);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, dupn, INT2FIX(5));
    if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
}

/**
 * Compile a pattern matching expression.
 */
static int
pm_compile_pattern(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, LABEL *matched_label, LABEL *unmatched_label, bool in_single_pattern, bool in_alternation_pattern, bool use_deconstructed_cache, unsigned int base_index)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, node);

    switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(node)) {
      case PM_ARRAY_PATTERN_NODE: {
        // Array patterns in pattern matching are triggered by using commas in
        // a pattern or wrapping it in braces. They are represented by a
        // ArrayPatternNode. This looks like:
        //
        //     foo => [1, 2, 3]
        //
        // It can optionally have a splat in the middle of it, which can
        // optionally have a name attached.
        const pm_array_pattern_node_t *cast = (const pm_array_pattern_node_t *) node;

        const size_t requireds_size = cast->requireds.size;
        const size_t posts_size = cast->posts.size;
        const size_t minimum_size = requireds_size + posts_size;

        bool rest_named = false;
        bool use_rest_size = false;

        if (cast->rest != NULL) {
            rest_named = (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(cast->rest, PM_SPLAT_NODE) && ((const pm_splat_node_t *) cast->rest)->expression != NULL);
            use_rest_size = (rest_named || (!rest_named && posts_size > 0));
        }

        LABEL *match_failed_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
        LABEL *type_error_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
        LABEL *deconstruct_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
        LABEL *deconstructed_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

        if (use_rest_size) {
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, INT2FIX(0));
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);
            base_index++;
        }

        if (cast->constant != NULL) {
            CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_constant(iseq, scope_node, cast->constant, ret, match_failed_label, in_single_pattern, base_index));
        }

        CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_deconstruct(iseq, scope_node, node, ret, deconstruct_label, match_failed_label, deconstructed_label, type_error_label, in_single_pattern, use_deconstructed_cache, base_index));

        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
        PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idLength, INT2FIX(0));
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, INT2FIX(minimum_size));
        PUSH_SEND(ret, location, cast->rest == NULL ? idEq : idGE, INT2FIX(1));
        if (in_single_pattern) {
            VALUE message = cast->rest == NULL ? rb_fstring_lit("%p length mismatch (given %p, expected %p)") : rb_fstring_lit("%p length mismatch (given %p, expected %p+)");
            CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_length_error(iseq, scope_node, node, ret, message, INT2FIX(minimum_size), base_index + 1));
        }
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, match_failed_label);

        for (size_t index = 0; index < requireds_size; index++) {
            const pm_node_t *required = cast->requireds.nodes[index];
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, INT2FIX(index));
            PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
            CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, required, ret, match_failed_label, in_single_pattern, in_alternation_pattern, false, base_index + 1));
        }

        if (cast->rest != NULL) {
            if (rest_named) {
                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, INT2FIX(requireds_size));
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(1));
                PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idLength, INT2FIX(0));
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, INT2FIX(minimum_size));
                PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idMINUS, INT2FIX(1));
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(4));
                PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idAREF, INT2FIX(2));
                CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, ((const pm_splat_node_t *) cast->rest)->expression, ret, match_failed_label, in_single_pattern, in_alternation_pattern, false, base_index + 1));
            }
            else if (posts_size > 0) {
                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
                PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idLength, INT2FIX(0));
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, INT2FIX(minimum_size));
                PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idMINUS, INT2FIX(1));
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(2));
                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
            }
        }

        for (size_t index = 0; index < posts_size; index++) {
            const pm_node_t *post = cast->posts.nodes[index];
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, INT2FIX(requireds_size + index));
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(3));
            PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idPLUS, INT2FIX(1));
            PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
            CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, post, ret, match_failed_label, in_single_pattern, in_alternation_pattern, false, base_index + 1));
        }

        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        if (use_rest_size) {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        }

        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, matched_label);
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
        if (use_rest_size) {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
        }

        PUSH_LABEL(ret, type_error_label);
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, rb_eTypeError);

        {
            VALUE operand = rb_fstring_lit("deconstruct must return Array");
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, operand);
        }

        PUSH_SEND(ret, location, id_core_raise, INT2FIX(2));
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);

        PUSH_LABEL(ret, match_failed_label);
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        if (use_rest_size) {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        }

        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, unmatched_label);
        break;
      }
      case PM_FIND_PATTERN_NODE: {
        // Find patterns in pattern matching are triggered by using commas in
        // a pattern or wrapping it in braces and using a splat on both the left
        // and right side of the pattern. This looks like:
        //
        //     foo => [*, 1, 2, 3, *]
        //
        // There can be any number of requireds in the middle. The splats on
        // both sides can optionally have names attached.
        const pm_find_pattern_node_t *cast = (const pm_find_pattern_node_t *) node;
        const size_t size = cast->requireds.size;

        LABEL *match_failed_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
        LABEL *type_error_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
        LABEL *deconstruct_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
        LABEL *deconstructed_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

        if (cast->constant) {
            CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_constant(iseq, scope_node, cast->constant, ret, match_failed_label, in_single_pattern, base_index));
        }

        CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_deconstruct(iseq, scope_node, node, ret, deconstruct_label, match_failed_label, deconstructed_label, type_error_label, in_single_pattern, use_deconstructed_cache, base_index));

        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
        PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idLength, INT2FIX(0));
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, INT2FIX(size));
        PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idGE, INT2FIX(1));
        if (in_single_pattern) {
            CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_length_error(iseq, scope_node, node, ret, rb_fstring_lit("%p length mismatch (given %p, expected %p+)"), INT2FIX(size), base_index + 1));
        }
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, match_failed_label);

        {
            LABEL *while_begin_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
            LABEL *next_loop_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
            LABEL *find_succeeded_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
            LABEL *find_failed_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
            PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idLength, INT2FIX(0));

            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, INT2FIX(size));
            PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idMINUS, INT2FIX(1));
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, INT2FIX(0));
            PUSH_LABEL(ret, while_begin_label);

            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(2));
            PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idLE, INT2FIX(1));
            PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, find_failed_label);

            for (size_t index = 0; index < size; index++) {
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(3));
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(1));

                if (index != 0) {
                    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, INT2FIX(index));
                    PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idPLUS, INT2FIX(1));
                }

                PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
                CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, cast->requireds.nodes[index], ret, next_loop_label, in_single_pattern, in_alternation_pattern, false, base_index + 4));
            }

            const pm_splat_node_t *left = cast->left;

            if (left->expression != NULL) {
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(3));
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, INT2FIX(0));
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(2));
                PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idAREF, INT2FIX(2));
                CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, left->expression, ret, find_failed_label, in_single_pattern, in_alternation_pattern, false, base_index + 4));
            }

            RUBY_ASSERT(PM_NODE_TYPE_P(cast->right, PM_SPLAT_NODE));
            const pm_splat_node_t *right = (const pm_splat_node_t *) cast->right;

            if (right->expression != NULL) {
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(3));
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(1));
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, INT2FIX(size));
                PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idPLUS, INT2FIX(1));
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(3));
                PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idAREF, INT2FIX(2));
                pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, right->expression, ret, find_failed_label, in_single_pattern, in_alternation_pattern, false, base_index + 4);
            }

            PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, find_succeeded_label);

            PUSH_LABEL(ret, next_loop_label);
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, INT2FIX(1));
            PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idPLUS, INT2FIX(1));
            PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, while_begin_label);

            PUSH_LABEL(ret, find_failed_label);
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, adjuststack, INT2FIX(3));
            if (in_single_pattern) {
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));

                {
                    VALUE operand = rb_fstring_lit("%p does not match to find pattern");
                    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, operand);
                }

                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(2));
                PUSH_SEND(ret, location, id_core_sprintf, INT2FIX(2));
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(base_index + PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_ERROR_STRING + 1));

                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, Qfalse);
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(base_index + PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_KEY_ERROR_P + 2));

                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
            }
            PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, match_failed_label);
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, dupn, INT2FIX(3));

            PUSH_LABEL(ret, find_succeeded_label);
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, adjuststack, INT2FIX(3));
        }

        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, matched_label);
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);

        PUSH_LABEL(ret, type_error_label);
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, rb_eTypeError);

        {
            VALUE operand = rb_fstring_lit("deconstruct must return Array");
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, operand);
        }

        PUSH_SEND(ret, location, id_core_raise, INT2FIX(2));
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);

        PUSH_LABEL(ret, match_failed_label);
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, unmatched_label);

        break;
      }
      case PM_HASH_PATTERN_NODE: {
        // Hash patterns in pattern matching are triggered by using labels and
        // values in a pattern or by using the ** operator. They are represented
        // by the HashPatternNode. This looks like:
        //
        //     foo => { a: 1, b: 2, **bar }
        //
        // It can optionally have an assoc splat in the middle of it, which can
        // optionally have a name.
        const pm_hash_pattern_node_t *cast = (const pm_hash_pattern_node_t *) node;

        // We don't consider it a "rest" parameter if it's a ** that is unnamed.
        bool has_rest = cast->rest != NULL && !(PM_NODE_TYPE_P(cast->rest, PM_ASSOC_SPLAT_NODE) && ((const pm_assoc_splat_node_t *) cast->rest)->value == NULL);
        bool has_keys = cast->elements.size > 0 || cast->rest != NULL;

        LABEL *match_failed_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
        LABEL *type_error_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
        VALUE keys = Qnil;

        if (has_keys && !has_rest) {
            keys = rb_ary_new_capa(cast->elements.size);

            for (size_t index = 0; index < cast->elements.size; index++) {
                const pm_node_t *element = cast->elements.nodes[index];
                RUBY_ASSERT(PM_NODE_TYPE_P(element, PM_ASSOC_NODE));

                const pm_node_t *key = ((const pm_assoc_node_t *) element)->key;
                RUBY_ASSERT(PM_NODE_TYPE_P(key, PM_SYMBOL_NODE));

                VALUE symbol = ID2SYM(parse_string_symbol(scope_node, (const pm_symbol_node_t *) key));
                rb_ary_push(keys, symbol);
            }
        }

        if (cast->constant) {
            CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_constant(iseq, scope_node, cast->constant, ret, match_failed_label, in_single_pattern, base_index));
        }

        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

        {
            VALUE operand = ID2SYM(rb_intern("deconstruct_keys"));
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, operand);
        }

        PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idRespond_to, INT2FIX(1));
        if (in_single_pattern) {
            CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_generic_error(iseq, scope_node, node, ret, rb_fstring_lit("%p does not respond to #deconstruct_keys"), base_index + 1));
        }
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, match_failed_label);

        if (NIL_P(keys)) {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
        }
        else {
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, duparray, keys);
            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, rb_obj_hide(keys));
        }
        PUSH_SEND(ret, location, rb_intern("deconstruct_keys"), INT2FIX(1));

        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, checktype, INT2FIX(T_HASH));
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, type_error_label);

        if (has_rest) {
            PUSH_SEND(ret, location, rb_intern("dup"), INT2FIX(0));
        }

        if (has_keys) {
            DECL_ANCHOR(match_values);

            for (size_t index = 0; index < cast->elements.size; index++) {
                const pm_node_t *element = cast->elements.nodes[index];
                RUBY_ASSERT(PM_NODE_TYPE_P(element, PM_ASSOC_NODE));

                const pm_assoc_node_t *assoc = (const pm_assoc_node_t *) element;
                const pm_node_t *key = assoc->key;
                RUBY_ASSERT(PM_NODE_TYPE_P(key, PM_SYMBOL_NODE));

                VALUE symbol = ID2SYM(parse_string_symbol(scope_node, (const pm_symbol_node_t *) key));
                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, symbol);
                PUSH_SEND(ret, location, rb_intern("key?"), INT2FIX(1));

                if (in_single_pattern) {
                    LABEL *match_succeeded_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

                    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
                    PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchif, match_succeeded_label);

                    {
                        VALUE operand = rb_str_freeze(rb_sprintf("key not found: %+"PRIsVALUE, symbol));
                        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, operand);
                    }

                    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(base_index + PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_ERROR_STRING + 2));
                    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, Qtrue);
                    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(base_index + PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_KEY_ERROR_P + 3));
                    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(3));
                    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(base_index + PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_KEY_ERROR_MATCHEE + 4));
                    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, symbol);
                    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(base_index + PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_KEY_ERROR_KEY + 5));

                    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, adjuststack, INT2FIX(4));
                    PUSH_LABEL(ret, match_succeeded_label);
                }

                PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, match_failed_label);
                PUSH_INSN(match_values, location, dup);
                PUSH_INSN1(match_values, location, putobject, symbol);
                PUSH_SEND(match_values, location, has_rest ? rb_intern("delete") : idAREF, INT2FIX(1));

                const pm_node_t *value = assoc->value;
                if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(value, PM_IMPLICIT_NODE)) {
                    value = ((const pm_implicit_node_t *) value)->value;
                }

                CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, value, match_values, match_failed_label, in_single_pattern, in_alternation_pattern, false, base_index + 1));
            }

            PUSH_SEQ(ret, match_values);
        }
        else {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
            PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idEmptyP, INT2FIX(0));
            if (in_single_pattern) {
                CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_generic_error(iseq, scope_node, node, ret, rb_fstring_lit("%p is not empty"), base_index + 1));
            }
            PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, match_failed_label);
        }

        if (has_rest) {
            switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(cast->rest)) {
              case PM_NO_KEYWORDS_PARAMETER_NODE: {
                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
                PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idEmptyP, INT2FIX(0));
                if (in_single_pattern) {
                    pm_compile_pattern_generic_error(iseq, scope_node, node, ret, rb_fstring_lit("rest of %p is not empty"), base_index + 1);
                }
                PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, match_failed_label);
                break;
              }
              case PM_ASSOC_SPLAT_NODE: {
                const pm_assoc_splat_node_t *splat = (const pm_assoc_splat_node_t *) cast->rest;
                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
                pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, splat->value, ret, match_failed_label, in_single_pattern, in_alternation_pattern, false, base_index + 1);
                break;
              }
              default:
                rb_bug("unreachable");
                break;
            }
        }

        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, matched_label);
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);

        PUSH_LABEL(ret, type_error_label);
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, rb_eTypeError);

        {
            VALUE operand = rb_fstring_lit("deconstruct_keys must return Hash");
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, operand);
        }

        PUSH_SEND(ret, location, id_core_raise, INT2FIX(2));
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);

        PUSH_LABEL(ret, match_failed_label);
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, unmatched_label);
        break;
      }
      case PM_CAPTURE_PATTERN_NODE: {
        // Capture patterns allow you to pattern match against an element in a
        // pattern and also capture the value into a local variable. This looks
        // like:
        //
        //     [1] => [Integer => foo]
        //
        // In this case the `Integer => foo` will be represented by a
        // CapturePatternNode, which has both a value (the pattern to match
        // against) and a target (the place to write the variable into).
        const pm_capture_pattern_node_t *cast = (const pm_capture_pattern_node_t *) node;

        LABEL *match_failed_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
        CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, cast->value, ret, match_failed_label, in_single_pattern, in_alternation_pattern, use_deconstructed_cache, base_index + 1));
        CHECK(pm_compile_pattern(iseq, scope_node, (const pm_node_t *) cast->target, ret, matched_label, match_failed_label, in_single_pattern, in_alternation_pattern, false, base_index));
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);

        PUSH_LABEL(ret, match_failed_label);
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, unmatched_label);

        break;
      }
      case PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_TARGET_NODE: {
        // Local variables can be targeted by placing identifiers in the place
        // of a pattern. For example, foo in bar. This results in the value
        // being matched being written to that local variable.
        const pm_local_variable_target_node_t *cast = (const pm_local_variable_target_node_t *) node;
        pm_local_index_t index = pm_lookup_local_index(iseq, scope_node, cast->name, cast->depth);

        // If this local variable is being written from within an alternation
        // pattern, then it cannot actually be added to the local table since
        // it's ambiguous which value should be used. So instead we indicate
        // this with a compile error.
        if (in_alternation_pattern) {
            ID id = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name);
            const char *name = rb_id2name(id);

            if (name && strlen(name) > 0 && name[0] != '_') {
                COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, location.line, "illegal variable in alternative pattern (%"PRIsVALUE")", rb_id2str(id));
                return COMPILE_NG;
            }
        }

        PUSH_SETLOCAL(ret, location, index.index, index.level);
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, matched_label);
        break;
      }
      case PM_ALTERNATION_PATTERN_NODE: {
        // Alternation patterns allow you to specify multiple patterns in a
        // single expression using the | operator.
        const pm_alternation_pattern_node_t *cast = (const pm_alternation_pattern_node_t *) node;

        LABEL *matched_left_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
        LABEL *unmatched_left_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

        // First, we're going to attempt to match against the left pattern. If
        // that pattern matches, then we'll skip matching the right pattern.
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
        CHECK(pm_compile_pattern(iseq, scope_node, cast->left, ret, matched_left_label, unmatched_left_label, in_single_pattern, true, use_deconstructed_cache, base_index + 1));

        // If we get here, then we matched on the left pattern. In this case we
        // should pop out the duplicate value that we preemptively added to
        // match against the right pattern and then jump to the match label.
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, matched_left_label);
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, matched_label);
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);

        // If we get here, then we didn't match on the left pattern. In this
        // case we attempt to match against the right pattern.
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, unmatched_left_label);
        CHECK(pm_compile_pattern(iseq, scope_node, cast->right, ret, matched_label, unmatched_label, in_single_pattern, true, use_deconstructed_cache, base_index));
        break;
      }
      case PM_PARENTHESES_NODE:
        // Parentheses are allowed to wrap expressions in pattern matching and
        // they do nothing since they can only wrap individual expressions and
        // not groups. In this case we'll recurse back into this same function
        // with the body of the parentheses.
        return pm_compile_pattern(iseq, scope_node, ((const pm_parentheses_node_t *) node)->body, ret, matched_label, unmatched_label, in_single_pattern, in_alternation_pattern, use_deconstructed_cache, base_index);
      case PM_PINNED_EXPRESSION_NODE:
        // Pinned expressions are a way to match against the value of an
        // expression that should be evaluated at runtime. This looks like:
        // foo in ^(bar). To compile these, we compile the expression as if it
        // were a literal value by falling through to the literal case.
        node = ((const pm_pinned_expression_node_t *) node)->expression;
        /* fallthrough */
      case PM_ARRAY_NODE:
      case PM_CLASS_VARIABLE_READ_NODE:
      case PM_CONSTANT_PATH_NODE:
      case PM_CONSTANT_READ_NODE:
      case PM_FALSE_NODE:
      case PM_FLOAT_NODE:
      case PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE:
      case PM_IMAGINARY_NODE:
      case PM_INSTANCE_VARIABLE_READ_NODE:
      case PM_IT_LOCAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE:
      case PM_INTEGER_NODE:
      case PM_INTERPOLATED_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_NODE:
      case PM_INTERPOLATED_STRING_NODE:
      case PM_INTERPOLATED_SYMBOL_NODE:
      case PM_INTERPOLATED_X_STRING_NODE:
      case PM_LAMBDA_NODE:
      case PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE:
      case PM_NIL_NODE:
      case PM_SOURCE_ENCODING_NODE:
      case PM_SOURCE_FILE_NODE:
      case PM_SOURCE_LINE_NODE:
      case PM_RANGE_NODE:
      case PM_RATIONAL_NODE:
      case PM_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_NODE:
      case PM_SELF_NODE:
      case PM_STRING_NODE:
      case PM_SYMBOL_NODE:
      case PM_TRUE_NODE:
      case PM_X_STRING_NODE: {
        // These nodes are all simple patterns, which means we'll use the
        // checkmatch instruction to match against them, which is effectively a
        // VM-level === operator.
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(node);
        if (in_single_pattern) {
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, dupn, INT2FIX(2));
        }

        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE));

        if (in_single_pattern) {
            pm_compile_pattern_eqq_error(iseq, scope_node, node, ret, base_index + 2);
        }

        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchif, matched_label);
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, unmatched_label);
        break;
      }
      case PM_PINNED_VARIABLE_NODE: {
        // Pinned variables are a way to match against the value of a variable
        // without it looking like you're trying to write to the variable. This
        // looks like: foo in ^@bar. To compile these, we compile the variable
        // that they hold.
        const pm_pinned_variable_node_t *cast = (const pm_pinned_variable_node_t *) node;
        CHECK(pm_compile_pattern(iseq, scope_node, cast->variable, ret, matched_label, unmatched_label, in_single_pattern, in_alternation_pattern, true, base_index));
        break;
      }
      case PM_IF_NODE:
      case PM_UNLESS_NODE: {
        // If and unless nodes can show up here as guards on `in` clauses. This
        // looks like:
        //
        //     case foo
        //     in bar if baz?
        //       qux
        //     end
        //
        // Because we know they're in the modifier form and they can't have any
        // variation on this pattern, we compile them differently (more simply)
        // here than we would in the normal compilation path.
        const pm_node_t *predicate;
        const pm_node_t *statement;

        if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node, PM_IF_NODE)) {
            const pm_if_node_t *cast = (const pm_if_node_t *) node;
            predicate = cast->predicate;

            RUBY_ASSERT(cast->statements != NULL && cast->statements->body.size == 1);
            statement = cast->statements->body.nodes[0];
        }
        else {
            const pm_unless_node_t *cast = (const pm_unless_node_t *) node;
            predicate = cast->predicate;

            RUBY_ASSERT(cast->statements != NULL && cast->statements->body.size == 1);
            statement = cast->statements->body.nodes[0];
        }

        CHECK(pm_compile_pattern_match(iseq, scope_node, statement, ret, unmatched_label, in_single_pattern, in_alternation_pattern, use_deconstructed_cache, base_index));
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(predicate);

        if (in_single_pattern) {
            LABEL *match_succeeded_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
            if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node, PM_IF_NODE)) {
                PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchif, match_succeeded_label);
            }
            else {
                PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, match_succeeded_label);
            }

            {
                VALUE operand = rb_fstring_lit("guard clause does not return true");
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, operand);
            }

            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(base_index + PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_ERROR_STRING + 1));
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, Qfalse);
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(base_index + PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_KEY_ERROR_P + 2));

            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);

            PUSH_LABEL(ret, match_succeeded_label);
        }

        if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node, PM_IF_NODE)) {
            PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, unmatched_label);
        }
        else {
            PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchif, unmatched_label);
        }

        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, matched_label);
        break;
      }
      default:
        // If we get here, then we have a node type that should not be in this
        // position. This would be a bug in the parser, because a different node
        // type should never have been created in this position in the tree.
        rb_bug("Unexpected node type in pattern matching expression: %s", pm_node_type_to_str(PM_NODE_TYPE(node)));
        break;
    }

    return COMPILE_OK;
}

#undef PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_DECONSTRUCTED_CACHE
#undef PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_ERROR_STRING
#undef PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_KEY_ERROR_P
#undef PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_KEY_ERROR_MATCHEE
#undef PM_PATTERN_BASE_INDEX_OFFSET_KEY_ERROR_KEY

// Generate a scope node from the given node.
void
pm_scope_node_init(const pm_node_t *node, pm_scope_node_t *scope, pm_scope_node_t *previous)
{
    // This is very important, otherwise the scope node could be seen as having
    // certain flags set that _should not_ be set.
    memset(scope, 0, sizeof(pm_scope_node_t));

    scope->base.type = PM_SCOPE_NODE;
    scope->base.location.start = node->location.start;
    scope->base.location.end = node->location.end;

    scope->previous = previous;
    scope->ast_node = (pm_node_t *) node;

    if (previous) {
        scope->parser = previous->parser;
        scope->encoding = previous->encoding;
        scope->filepath_encoding = previous->filepath_encoding;
        scope->constants = previous->constants;
        scope->coverage_enabled = previous->coverage_enabled;
        scope->script_lines = previous->script_lines;
    }

    switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(node)) {
      case PM_BLOCK_NODE: {
        const pm_block_node_t *cast = (const pm_block_node_t *) node;
        scope->body = cast->body;
        scope->locals = cast->locals;
        scope->parameters = cast->parameters;
        break;
      }
      case PM_CLASS_NODE: {
        const pm_class_node_t *cast = (const pm_class_node_t *) node;
        scope->body = cast->body;
        scope->locals = cast->locals;
        break;
      }
      case PM_DEF_NODE: {
        const pm_def_node_t *cast = (const pm_def_node_t *) node;
        scope->parameters = (pm_node_t *) cast->parameters;
        scope->body = cast->body;
        scope->locals = cast->locals;
        break;
      }
      case PM_ENSURE_NODE: {
        const pm_ensure_node_t *cast = (const pm_ensure_node_t *) node;
        scope->body = (pm_node_t *) node;

        if (cast->statements != NULL) {
            scope->base.location.start = cast->statements->base.location.start;
            scope->base.location.end = cast->statements->base.location.end;
        }

        break;
      }
      case PM_FOR_NODE: {
        const pm_for_node_t *cast = (const pm_for_node_t *) node;
        scope->body = (pm_node_t *) cast->statements;
        break;
      }
      case PM_INTERPOLATED_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_NODE: {
        RUBY_ASSERT(node->flags & PM_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_FLAGS_ONCE);
        scope->body = (pm_node_t *) node;
        break;
      }
      case PM_LAMBDA_NODE: {
        const pm_lambda_node_t *cast = (const pm_lambda_node_t *) node;
        scope->parameters = cast->parameters;
        scope->body = cast->body;
        scope->locals = cast->locals;

        if (cast->parameters != NULL) {
            scope->base.location.start = cast->parameters->location.start;
        }
        else {
            scope->base.location.start = cast->operator_loc.end;
        }
        break;
      }
      case PM_MODULE_NODE: {
        const pm_module_node_t *cast = (const pm_module_node_t *) node;
        scope->body = cast->body;
        scope->locals = cast->locals;
        break;
      }
      case PM_POST_EXECUTION_NODE: {
        const pm_post_execution_node_t *cast = (const pm_post_execution_node_t *) node;
        scope->body = (pm_node_t *) cast->statements;
        break;
      }
      case PM_PROGRAM_NODE: {
        const pm_program_node_t *cast = (const pm_program_node_t *) node;
        scope->body = (pm_node_t *) cast->statements;
        scope->locals = cast->locals;
        break;
      }
      case PM_RESCUE_NODE: {
        const pm_rescue_node_t *cast = (const pm_rescue_node_t *) node;
        scope->body = (pm_node_t *) cast->statements;
        break;
      }
      case PM_RESCUE_MODIFIER_NODE: {
        const pm_rescue_modifier_node_t *cast = (const pm_rescue_modifier_node_t *) node;
        scope->body = (pm_node_t *) cast->rescue_expression;
        break;
      }
      case PM_SINGLETON_CLASS_NODE: {
        const pm_singleton_class_node_t *cast = (const pm_singleton_class_node_t *) node;
        scope->body = cast->body;
        scope->locals = cast->locals;
        break;
      }
      case PM_STATEMENTS_NODE: {
        const pm_statements_node_t *cast = (const pm_statements_node_t *) node;
        scope->body = (pm_node_t *) cast;
        break;
      }
      default:
        rb_bug("unreachable");
        break;
    }
}

void
pm_scope_node_destroy(pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    if (scope_node->index_lookup_table) {
        st_free_table(scope_node->index_lookup_table);
    }
}

/**
 * We need to put the label "retry_end_l" immediately after the last "send"
 * instruction. This because vm_throw checks if the break cont is equal to the
 * index of next insn of the "send". (Otherwise, it is considered
 * "break from proc-closure". See "TAG_BREAK" handling in "vm_throw_start".)
 *
 * Normally, "send" instruction is at the last. However, qcall under branch
 * coverage measurement adds some instructions after the "send".
 *
 * Note that "invokesuper", "invokesuperforward" appears instead of "send".
 */
static void
pm_compile_retry_end_label(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, LABEL *retry_end_l)
{
    INSN *iobj;
    LINK_ELEMENT *last_elem = LAST_ELEMENT(ret);
    iobj = IS_INSN(last_elem) ? (INSN*) last_elem : (INSN*) get_prev_insn((INSN*) last_elem);
    while (!IS_INSN_ID(iobj, send) && !IS_INSN_ID(iobj, invokesuper) && !IS_INSN_ID(iobj, sendforward) && !IS_INSN_ID(iobj, invokesuperforward)) {
        iobj = (INSN*) get_prev_insn(iobj);
    }
    ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(&iobj->link, (LINK_ELEMENT*) retry_end_l);

    // LINK_ANCHOR has a pointer to the last element, but
    // ELEM_INSERT_NEXT does not update it even if we add an insn to the
    // last of LINK_ANCHOR. So this updates it manually.
    if (&iobj->link == LAST_ELEMENT(ret)) {
        ret->last = (LINK_ELEMENT*) retry_end_l;
    }
}

static const char *
pm_iseq_builtin_function_name(const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_t *receiver, ID method_id)
{
    const char *name = rb_id2name(method_id);
    static const char prefix[] = "__builtin_";
    const size_t prefix_len = sizeof(prefix) - 1;

    if (receiver == NULL) {
        if (UNLIKELY(strncmp(prefix, name, prefix_len) == 0)) {
            // __builtin_foo
            return &name[prefix_len];
        }
    }
    else if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(receiver, PM_CALL_NODE)) {
        if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(receiver, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_VARIABLE_CALL)) {
            const pm_call_node_t *cast = (const pm_call_node_t *) receiver;
            if (pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name) == rb_intern_const("__builtin")) {
                // __builtin.foo
                return name;
            }
        }
    }
    else if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(receiver, PM_CONSTANT_READ_NODE)) {
        const pm_constant_read_node_t *cast = (const pm_constant_read_node_t *) receiver;
        if (pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name) == rb_intern_const("Primitive")) {
            // Primitive.foo
            return name;
        }
    }

    return NULL;
}

// Compile Primitive.attr! :leaf, ...
static int
pm_compile_builtin_attr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_arguments_node_t *arguments, const pm_node_location_t *node_location)
{
    if (arguments == NULL) {
        COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, node_location->line, "attr!: no argument");
        return COMPILE_NG;
    }

    const pm_node_t *argument;
    PM_NODE_LIST_FOREACH(&arguments->arguments, index, argument) {
        if (!PM_NODE_TYPE_P(argument, PM_SYMBOL_NODE)) {
            COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, node_location->line, "non symbol argument to attr!: %s", pm_node_type_to_str(PM_NODE_TYPE(argument)));
            return COMPILE_NG;
        }

        VALUE symbol = pm_static_literal_value(iseq, argument, scope_node);
        VALUE string = rb_sym2str(symbol);

        if (strcmp(RSTRING_PTR(string), "leaf") == 0) {
            ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->builtin_attrs |= BUILTIN_ATTR_LEAF;
        }
        else if (strcmp(RSTRING_PTR(string), "inline_block") == 0) {
            ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->builtin_attrs |= BUILTIN_ATTR_INLINE_BLOCK;
        }
        else if (strcmp(RSTRING_PTR(string), "use_block") == 0) {
            iseq_set_use_block(iseq);
        }
        else if (strcmp(RSTRING_PTR(string), "c_trace") == 0) {
            // Let the iseq act like a C method in backtraces
            ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->builtin_attrs |= BUILTIN_ATTR_C_TRACE;
        }
        else {
            COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, node_location->line, "unknown argument to attr!: %s", RSTRING_PTR(string));
            return COMPILE_NG;
        }
    }

    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
pm_compile_builtin_arg(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_arguments_node_t *arguments, const pm_node_location_t *node_location, int popped)
{
    if (arguments == NULL) {
        COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, node_location->line, "arg!: no argument");
        return COMPILE_NG;
    }

    if (arguments->arguments.size != 1) {
        COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, node_location->line, "arg!: too many argument");
        return COMPILE_NG;
    }

    const pm_node_t *argument = arguments->arguments.nodes[0];
    if (!PM_NODE_TYPE_P(argument, PM_SYMBOL_NODE)) {
        COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, node_location->line, "non symbol argument to arg!: %s", pm_node_type_to_str(PM_NODE_TYPE(argument)));
        return COMPILE_NG;
    }

    if (!popped) {
        ID name = parse_string_symbol(scope_node, ((const pm_symbol_node_t *) argument));
        int index = ISEQ_BODY(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_iseq)->local_table_size - get_local_var_idx(iseq, name);

        debugs("id: %s idx: %d\n", rb_id2name(name), index);
        PUSH_GETLOCAL(ret, *node_location, index, get_lvar_level(iseq));
    }

    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
pm_compile_builtin_mandatory_only_method(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_call_node_t *call_node, const pm_node_location_t *node_location)
{
    const pm_node_t *ast_node = scope_node->ast_node;
    if (!PM_NODE_TYPE_P(ast_node, PM_DEF_NODE)) {
        rb_bug("mandatory_only?: not in method definition");
        return COMPILE_NG;
    }

    const pm_def_node_t *def_node = (const pm_def_node_t *) ast_node;
    const pm_parameters_node_t *parameters_node = def_node->parameters;
    if (parameters_node == NULL) {
        rb_bug("mandatory_only?: in method definition with no parameters");
        return COMPILE_NG;
    }

    const pm_node_t *body_node = def_node->body;
    if (body_node == NULL || !PM_NODE_TYPE_P(body_node, PM_STATEMENTS_NODE) || (((const pm_statements_node_t *) body_node)->body.size != 1) || !PM_NODE_TYPE_P(((const pm_statements_node_t *) body_node)->body.nodes[0], PM_IF_NODE)) {
        rb_bug("mandatory_only?: not in method definition with plain statements");
        return COMPILE_NG;
    }

    const pm_if_node_t *if_node = (const pm_if_node_t *) ((const pm_statements_node_t *) body_node)->body.nodes[0];
    if (if_node->predicate != ((const pm_node_t *) call_node)) {
        rb_bug("mandatory_only?: can't find mandatory node");
        return COMPILE_NG;
    }

    pm_parameters_node_t parameters = {
        .base = parameters_node->base,
        .requireds = parameters_node->requireds
    };

    const pm_def_node_t def = {
        .base = def_node->base,
        .name = def_node->name,
        .receiver = def_node->receiver,
        .parameters = &parameters,
        .body = (pm_node_t *) if_node->statements,
        .locals = {
            .ids = def_node->locals.ids,
            .size = parameters_node->requireds.size,
            .capacity = def_node->locals.capacity
        }
    };

    pm_scope_node_t next_scope_node;
    pm_scope_node_init(&def.base, &next_scope_node, scope_node);

    int error_state;
    ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->mandatory_only_iseq = pm_iseq_new_with_opt(
        &next_scope_node,
        rb_iseq_base_label(iseq),
        rb_iseq_path(iseq),
        rb_iseq_realpath(iseq),
        node_location->line,
        NULL,
        0,
        ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD,
        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option,
        &error_state
    );

    if (error_state) {
        RUBY_ASSERT(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->mandatory_only_iseq == NULL);
        rb_jump_tag(error_state);
    }

    pm_scope_node_destroy(&next_scope_node);
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

static int
pm_compile_builtin_function_call(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_call_node_t *call_node, const pm_node_location_t *node_location, int popped, const rb_iseq_t *parent_block, const char *builtin_func)
{
    const pm_arguments_node_t *arguments = call_node->arguments;

    if (parent_block != NULL) {
        COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, node_location->line, "should not call builtins here.");
        return COMPILE_NG;
    }

#define BUILTIN_INLINE_PREFIX "_bi"
    char inline_func[sizeof(BUILTIN_INLINE_PREFIX) + DECIMAL_SIZE_OF(int)];
    bool cconst = false;
retry:;
    const struct rb_builtin_function *bf = iseq_builtin_function_lookup(iseq, builtin_func);

    if (bf == NULL) {
        if (strcmp("cstmt!", builtin_func) == 0 || strcmp("cexpr!", builtin_func) == 0) {
            // ok
        }
        else if (strcmp("cconst!", builtin_func) == 0) {
            cconst = true;
        }
        else if (strcmp("cinit!", builtin_func) == 0) {
            // ignore
            return COMPILE_OK;
        }
        else if (strcmp("attr!", builtin_func) == 0) {
            return pm_compile_builtin_attr(iseq, scope_node, arguments, node_location);
        }
        else if (strcmp("arg!", builtin_func) == 0) {
            return pm_compile_builtin_arg(iseq, ret, scope_node, arguments, node_location, popped);
        }
        else if (strcmp("mandatory_only?", builtin_func) == 0) {
            if (popped) {
                rb_bug("mandatory_only? should be in if condition");
            }
            else if (!LIST_INSN_SIZE_ZERO(ret)) {
                rb_bug("mandatory_only? should be put on top");
            }

            PUSH_INSN1(ret, *node_location, putobject, Qfalse);
            return pm_compile_builtin_mandatory_only_method(iseq, scope_node, call_node, node_location);
        }
        else if (1) {
            rb_bug("can't find builtin function:%s", builtin_func);
        }
        else {
            COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, node_location->line, "can't find builtin function:%s", builtin_func);
            return COMPILE_NG;
        }

        int inline_index = node_location->line;
        snprintf(inline_func, sizeof(inline_func), BUILTIN_INLINE_PREFIX "%d", inline_index);
        builtin_func = inline_func;
        arguments = NULL;
        goto retry;
    }

    if (cconst) {
        typedef VALUE(*builtin_func0)(void *, VALUE);
        VALUE const_val = (*(builtin_func0)(uintptr_t)bf->func_ptr)(NULL, Qnil);
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, *node_location, putobject, const_val);
        return COMPILE_OK;
    }

    // fprintf(stderr, "func_name:%s -> %p\n", builtin_func, bf->func_ptr);

    DECL_ANCHOR(args_seq);

    int flags = 0;
    struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *keywords = NULL;
    int argc = pm_setup_args(arguments, call_node->block, &flags, &keywords, iseq, args_seq, scope_node, node_location);

    if (argc != bf->argc) {
        COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, node_location->line, "argc is not match for builtin function:%s (expect %d but %d)", builtin_func, bf->argc, argc);
        return COMPILE_NG;
    }

    unsigned int start_index;
    if (delegate_call_p(iseq, argc, args_seq, &start_index)) {
        PUSH_INSN2(ret, *node_location, opt_invokebuiltin_delegate, bf, INT2FIX(start_index));
    }
    else {
        PUSH_SEQ(ret, args_seq);
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, *node_location, invokebuiltin, bf);
    }

    if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, *node_location, pop);
    return COMPILE_OK;
}

/**
 * Compile a call node into the given iseq.
 */
static void
pm_compile_call(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_call_node_t *call_node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, ID method_id, LABEL *start)
{
    const pm_location_t *message_loc = &call_node->message_loc;
    if (message_loc->start == NULL) message_loc = &call_node->base.location;

    const pm_node_location_t location = PM_LOCATION_START_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, message_loc, call_node->base.node_id);
    LABEL *else_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
    LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
    LABEL *retry_end_l = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

    VALUE branches = Qfalse;
    rb_code_location_t code_location = { 0 };
    int node_id = location.node_id;

    if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(call_node, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_SAFE_NAVIGATION)) {
        if (PM_BRANCH_COVERAGE_P(iseq)) {
            const uint8_t *cursors[3] = {
                call_node->closing_loc.end,
                call_node->arguments == NULL ? NULL : call_node->arguments->base.location.end,
                call_node->message_loc.end
            };

            const uint8_t *end_cursor = cursors[0];
            end_cursor = (end_cursor == NULL || cursors[1] == NULL) ? cursors[1] : (end_cursor > cursors[1] ? end_cursor : cursors[1]);
            end_cursor = (end_cursor == NULL || cursors[2] == NULL) ? cursors[2] : (end_cursor > cursors[2] ? end_cursor : cursors[2]);
            if (!end_cursor) end_cursor = call_node->closing_loc.end;

            const pm_line_column_t start_location = PM_NODE_START_LINE_COLUMN(scope_node->parser, call_node);
            const pm_line_column_t end_location = pm_newline_list_line_column(&scope_node->parser->newline_list, end_cursor, scope_node->parser->start_line);

            code_location = (rb_code_location_t) {
                .beg_pos = { .lineno = start_location.line, .column = start_location.column },
                .end_pos = { .lineno = end_location.line, .column = end_location.column }
            };

            branches = decl_branch_base(iseq, PTR2NUM(call_node), &code_location, "&.");
        }

        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchnil, else_label);

        add_trace_branch_coverage(iseq, ret, &code_location, node_id, 0, "then", branches);
    }

    int flags = 0;
    struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *kw_arg = NULL;

    int orig_argc = pm_setup_args(call_node->arguments, call_node->block, &flags, &kw_arg, iseq, ret, scope_node, &location);
    const rb_iseq_t *previous_block = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block;
    const rb_iseq_t *block_iseq = NULL;

    if (call_node->block != NULL && PM_NODE_TYPE_P(call_node->block, PM_BLOCK_NODE)) {
        // Scope associated with the block
        pm_scope_node_t next_scope_node;
        pm_scope_node_init(call_node->block, &next_scope_node, scope_node);

        block_iseq = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(&next_scope_node, make_name_for_block(iseq), ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, pm_node_line_number(scope_node->parser, call_node->block));
        pm_scope_node_destroy(&next_scope_node);
        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = block_iseq;
    }
    else {
        if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(call_node, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_VARIABLE_CALL)) {
            flags |= VM_CALL_VCALL;
        }

        if (!flags) {
            flags |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE;
        }
    }

    if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(call_node, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_IGNORE_VISIBILITY)) {
        flags |= VM_CALL_FCALL;
    }

    if (!popped && PM_NODE_FLAG_P(call_node, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_ATTRIBUTE_WRITE)) {
        if (flags & VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG) {
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(1));
            if (flags & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, INT2FIX(-1));
                PUSH_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, location, idAREF, INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(0));
            }
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(orig_argc + 3));
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        }
        else if (flags & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, INT2FIX(-1));
            PUSH_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, location, idAREF, INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(0));
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(orig_argc + 2));
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        }
        else {
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(orig_argc + 1));
        }
    }

    if ((flags & VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT) && (flags & VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG) && !(flags & VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT_MUT)) {
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, splatkw);
    }

    PUSH_SEND_R(ret, location, method_id, INT2FIX(orig_argc), block_iseq, INT2FIX(flags), kw_arg);

    if (block_iseq && ISEQ_BODY(block_iseq)->catch_table) {
        pm_compile_retry_end_label(iseq, ret, retry_end_l);
        PUSH_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_BREAK, start, retry_end_l, block_iseq, retry_end_l);
    }

    if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(call_node, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_SAFE_NAVIGATION)) {
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, end_label);
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, else_label);
        add_trace_branch_coverage(iseq, ret, &code_location, node_id, 1, "else", branches);
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, end_label);
    }

    if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(call_node, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_ATTRIBUTE_WRITE) && !popped) {
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
    }

    if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = previous_block;
}

/**
 * Compile and return the VALUE associated with the given back reference read
 * node.
 */
static inline VALUE
pm_compile_back_reference_ref(const pm_back_reference_read_node_t *node)
{
    const char *type = (const char *) (node->base.location.start + 1);

    // Since a back reference is `$<char>`, Ruby represents the ID as an
    // rb_intern on the value after the `$`.
    return INT2FIX(rb_intern2(type, 1)) << 1 | 1;
}

/**
 * Compile and return the VALUE associated with the given numbered reference
 * read node.
 */
static inline VALUE
pm_compile_numbered_reference_ref(const pm_numbered_reference_read_node_t *node)
{
    return INT2FIX(node->number << 1);
}

static void
pm_compile_defined_expr0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, const pm_node_location_t *node_location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, bool in_condition, LABEL **lfinish, bool explicit_receiver)
{
#define PUSH_VAL(type) (in_condition ? Qtrue : rb_iseq_defined_string(type))

    // in_condition is the same as compile.c's needstr
    enum defined_type dtype = DEFINED_NOT_DEFINED;
    const pm_node_location_t location = *node_location;

    switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(node)) {
/* DEFINED_NIL ****************************************************************/
      case PM_NIL_NODE:
        // defined?(nil)
        //          ^^^
        dtype = DEFINED_NIL;
        break;
/* DEFINED_IVAR ***************************************************************/
      case PM_INSTANCE_VARIABLE_READ_NODE: {
        // defined?(@a)
        //          ^^
        const pm_instance_variable_read_node_t *cast = (const pm_instance_variable_read_node_t *) node;
        ID name = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name);

        PUSH_INSN3(ret, location, definedivar, ID2SYM(name), get_ivar_ic_value(iseq, name), PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_IVAR));

        return;
      }
/* DEFINED_LVAR ***************************************************************/
      case PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE:
        // a = 1; defined?(a)
        //                 ^
      case PM_IT_LOCAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE:
        // 1.then { defined?(it) }
        //                   ^^
        dtype = DEFINED_LVAR;
        break;
/* DEFINED_GVAR ***************************************************************/
      case PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE: {
        // defined?($a)
        //          ^^
        const pm_global_variable_read_node_t *cast = (const pm_global_variable_read_node_t *) node;
        ID name = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name);

        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
        PUSH_INSN3(ret, location, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_GVAR), ID2SYM(name), PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_GVAR));

        return;
      }
/* DEFINED_CVAR ***************************************************************/
      case PM_CLASS_VARIABLE_READ_NODE: {
        // defined?(@@a)
        //          ^^^
        const pm_class_variable_read_node_t *cast = (const pm_class_variable_read_node_t *) node;
        ID name = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name);

        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
        PUSH_INSN3(ret, location, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_CVAR), ID2SYM(name), PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_CVAR));

        return;
      }
/* DEFINED_CONST **************************************************************/
      case PM_CONSTANT_READ_NODE: {
        // defined?(A)
        //          ^
        const pm_constant_read_node_t *cast = (const pm_constant_read_node_t *) node;
        ID name = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name);

        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
        PUSH_INSN3(ret, location, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_CONST), ID2SYM(name), PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_CONST));

        return;
      }
/* DEFINED_YIELD **************************************************************/
      case PM_YIELD_NODE:
        // defined?(yield)
        //          ^^^^^
        iseq_set_use_block(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_iseq);

        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
        PUSH_INSN3(ret, location, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_YIELD), 0, PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_YIELD));

        return;
/* DEFINED_ZSUPER *************************************************************/
      case PM_SUPER_NODE: {
        // defined?(super 1, 2)
        //          ^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_super_node_t *cast = (const pm_super_node_t *) node;

        if (cast->block != NULL && !PM_NODE_TYPE_P(cast->block, PM_BLOCK_ARGUMENT_NODE)) {
            dtype = DEFINED_EXPR;
            break;
        }

        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
        PUSH_INSN3(ret, location, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_ZSUPER), 0, PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_ZSUPER));
        return;
      }
      case PM_FORWARDING_SUPER_NODE: {
        // defined?(super)
        //          ^^^^^
        const pm_forwarding_super_node_t *cast = (const pm_forwarding_super_node_t *) node;

        if (cast->block != NULL) {
            dtype = DEFINED_EXPR;
            break;
        }

        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
        PUSH_INSN3(ret, location, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_ZSUPER), 0, PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_ZSUPER));
        return;
      }
/* DEFINED_SELF ***************************************************************/
      case PM_SELF_NODE:
        // defined?(self)
        //          ^^^^
        dtype = DEFINED_SELF;
        break;
/* DEFINED_TRUE ***************************************************************/
      case PM_TRUE_NODE:
        // defined?(true)
        //          ^^^^
        dtype = DEFINED_TRUE;
        break;
/* DEFINED_FALSE **************************************************************/
      case PM_FALSE_NODE:
        // defined?(false)
        //          ^^^^^
        dtype = DEFINED_FALSE;
        break;
/* DEFINED_ASGN ***************************************************************/
      case PM_CALL_AND_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?(a.a &&= 1)
        //          ^^^^^^^^^
      case PM_CALL_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?(a.a += 1)
        //          ^^^^^^^^
      case PM_CALL_OR_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?(a.a ||= 1)
        //          ^^^^^^^^^
      case PM_CLASS_VARIABLE_AND_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?(@@a &&= 1)
        //          ^^^^^^^^^
      case PM_CLASS_VARIABLE_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?(@@a += 1)
        //          ^^^^^^^^
      case PM_CLASS_VARIABLE_OR_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?(@@a ||= 1)
        //          ^^^^^^^^^
      case PM_CLASS_VARIABLE_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?(@@a = 1)
        //          ^^^^^^^
      case PM_CONSTANT_AND_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?(A &&= 1)
        //          ^^^^^^^
      case PM_CONSTANT_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?(A += 1)
        //          ^^^^^^
      case PM_CONSTANT_OR_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?(A ||= 1)
        //          ^^^^^^^
      case PM_CONSTANT_PATH_AND_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?(A::A &&= 1)
        //          ^^^^^^^^^^
      case PM_CONSTANT_PATH_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?(A::A += 1)
        //          ^^^^^^^^^
      case PM_CONSTANT_PATH_OR_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?(A::A ||= 1)
        //          ^^^^^^^^^^
      case PM_CONSTANT_PATH_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?(A::A = 1)
        //          ^^^^^^^^
      case PM_CONSTANT_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?(A = 1)
        //          ^^^^^
      case PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_AND_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?($a &&= 1)
        //          ^^^^^^^^
      case PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?($a += 1)
        //          ^^^^^^^
      case PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_OR_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?($a ||= 1)
        //          ^^^^^^^^
      case PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?($a = 1)
        //          ^^^^^^
      case PM_INDEX_AND_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?(a[1] &&= 1)
        //          ^^^^^^^^^^
      case PM_INDEX_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?(a[1] += 1)
        //          ^^^^^^^^^
      case PM_INDEX_OR_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?(a[1] ||= 1)
        //          ^^^^^^^^^^
      case PM_INSTANCE_VARIABLE_AND_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?(@a &&= 1)
        //          ^^^^^^^^
      case PM_INSTANCE_VARIABLE_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?(@a += 1)
        //          ^^^^^^^
      case PM_INSTANCE_VARIABLE_OR_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?(@a ||= 1)
        //          ^^^^^^^^
      case PM_INSTANCE_VARIABLE_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?(@a = 1)
        //          ^^^^^^
      case PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_AND_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?(a &&= 1)
        //          ^^^^^^^
      case PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?(a += 1)
        //          ^^^^^^
      case PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_OR_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?(a ||= 1)
        //          ^^^^^^^
      case PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?(a = 1)
        //          ^^^^^
      case PM_MULTI_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?((a, = 1))
        //           ^^^^^^
        dtype = DEFINED_ASGN;
        break;
/* DEFINED_EXPR ***************************************************************/
      case PM_ALIAS_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_NODE:
        // defined?((alias $a $b))
        //           ^^^^^^^^^^^
      case PM_ALIAS_METHOD_NODE:
        // defined?((alias a b))
        //           ^^^^^^^^^
      case PM_AND_NODE:
        // defined?(a and b)
        //          ^^^^^^^
      case PM_BREAK_NODE:
        // defined?(break 1)
        //          ^^^^^^^
      case PM_CASE_MATCH_NODE:
        // defined?(case 1; in 1; end)
        //          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
      case PM_CASE_NODE:
        // defined?(case 1; when 1; end)
        //          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
      case PM_CLASS_NODE:
        // defined?(class Foo; end)
        //          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
      case PM_DEF_NODE:
        // defined?(def a() end)
        //          ^^^^^^^^^^^
      case PM_DEFINED_NODE:
        // defined?(defined?(a))
        //          ^^^^^^^^^^^
      case PM_FLIP_FLOP_NODE:
        // defined?(not (a .. b))
        //               ^^^^^^
      case PM_FLOAT_NODE:
        // defined?(1.0)
        //          ^^^
      case PM_FOR_NODE:
        // defined?(for a in 1 do end)
        //          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
      case PM_IF_NODE:
        // defined?(if a then end)
        //          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
      case PM_IMAGINARY_NODE:
        // defined?(1i)
        //          ^^
      case PM_INTEGER_NODE:
        // defined?(1)
        //          ^
      case PM_INTERPOLATED_MATCH_LAST_LINE_NODE:
        // defined?(not /#{1}/)
        //              ^^^^^^
      case PM_INTERPOLATED_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_NODE:
        // defined?(/#{1}/)
        //          ^^^^^^
      case PM_INTERPOLATED_STRING_NODE:
        // defined?("#{1}")
        //          ^^^^^^
      case PM_INTERPOLATED_SYMBOL_NODE:
        // defined?(:"#{1}")
        //          ^^^^^^^
      case PM_INTERPOLATED_X_STRING_NODE:
        // defined?(`#{1}`)
        //          ^^^^^^
      case PM_LAMBDA_NODE:
        // defined?(-> {})
        //          ^^^^^
      case PM_MATCH_LAST_LINE_NODE:
        // defined?(not //)
        //          ^^^^^^
      case PM_MATCH_PREDICATE_NODE:
        // defined?(1 in 1)
        //          ^^^^^^
      case PM_MATCH_REQUIRED_NODE:
        // defined?(1 => 1)
        //          ^^^^^^
      case PM_MATCH_WRITE_NODE:
        // defined?(/(?<a>)/ =~ "")
        //          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
      case PM_MODULE_NODE:
        // defined?(module A end)
        //          ^^^^^^^^^^^^
      case PM_NEXT_NODE:
        // defined?(next 1)
        //          ^^^^^^
      case PM_OR_NODE:
        // defined?(a or b)
        //          ^^^^^^
      case PM_POST_EXECUTION_NODE:
        // defined?((END {}))
        //          ^^^^^^^^
      case PM_RANGE_NODE:
        // defined?(1..1)
        //          ^^^^
      case PM_RATIONAL_NODE:
        // defined?(1r)
        //          ^^
      case PM_REDO_NODE:
        // defined?(redo)
        //          ^^^^
      case PM_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_NODE:
        // defined?(//)
        //          ^^
      case PM_RESCUE_MODIFIER_NODE:
        // defined?(a rescue b)
        //          ^^^^^^^^^^
      case PM_RETRY_NODE:
        // defined?(retry)
        //          ^^^^^
      case PM_RETURN_NODE:
        // defined?(return)
        //          ^^^^^^
      case PM_SINGLETON_CLASS_NODE:
        // defined?(class << self; end)
        //          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
      case PM_SOURCE_ENCODING_NODE:
        // defined?(__ENCODING__)
        //          ^^^^^^^^^^^^
      case PM_SOURCE_FILE_NODE:
        // defined?(__FILE__)
        //          ^^^^^^^^
      case PM_SOURCE_LINE_NODE:
        // defined?(__LINE__)
        //          ^^^^^^^^
      case PM_STRING_NODE:
        // defined?("")
        //          ^^
      case PM_SYMBOL_NODE:
        // defined?(:a)
        //          ^^
      case PM_UNDEF_NODE:
        // defined?((undef a))
        //           ^^^^^^^
      case PM_UNLESS_NODE:
        // defined?(unless a then end)
        //          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
      case PM_UNTIL_NODE:
        // defined?(until a do end)
        //          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
      case PM_WHILE_NODE:
        // defined?(while a do end)
        //          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
      case PM_X_STRING_NODE:
        // defined?(``)
        //          ^^
        dtype = DEFINED_EXPR;
        break;
/* DEFINED_REF ****************************************************************/
      case PM_BACK_REFERENCE_READ_NODE: {
        // defined?($+)
        //          ^^
        const pm_back_reference_read_node_t *cast = (const pm_back_reference_read_node_t *) node;
        VALUE ref = pm_compile_back_reference_ref(cast);

        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
        PUSH_INSN3(ret, location, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_REF), ref, PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_GVAR));

        return;
      }
      case PM_NUMBERED_REFERENCE_READ_NODE: {
        // defined?($1)
        //          ^^
        const pm_numbered_reference_read_node_t *cast = (const pm_numbered_reference_read_node_t *) node;
        VALUE ref = pm_compile_numbered_reference_ref(cast);

        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
        PUSH_INSN3(ret, location, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_REF), ref, PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_GVAR));

        return;
      }
/* DEFINED_CONST_FROM *********************************************************/
      case PM_CONSTANT_PATH_NODE: {
        // defined?(A::A)
        //          ^^^^
        const pm_constant_path_node_t *cast = (const pm_constant_path_node_t *) node;
        ID name = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name);

        if (cast->parent != NULL) {
            if (!lfinish[1]) lfinish[1] = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
            pm_compile_defined_expr0(iseq, cast->parent, node_location, ret, popped, scope_node, true, lfinish, false);

            PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, lfinish[1]);
            PM_COMPILE(cast->parent);
        }
        else {
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, rb_cObject);
        }

        PUSH_INSN3(ret, location, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_CONST_FROM), ID2SYM(name), PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_CONST));
        return;
      }
/* Containers *****************************************************************/
      case PM_BEGIN_NODE: {
        // defined?(begin end)
        //          ^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_begin_node_t *cast = (const pm_begin_node_t *) node;

        if (cast->rescue_clause == NULL && cast->ensure_clause == NULL && cast->else_clause == NULL) {
            if (cast->statements == NULL) {
                // If we have empty statements, then we want to return "nil".
                dtype = DEFINED_NIL;
            }
            else if (cast->statements->body.size == 1) {
                // If we have a begin node that is wrapping a single statement
                // then we want to recurse down to that statement and compile
                // it.
                pm_compile_defined_expr0(iseq, cast->statements->body.nodes[0], node_location, ret, popped, scope_node, in_condition, lfinish, false);
                return;
            }
            else {
                // Otherwise, we have a begin wrapping multiple statements, in
                // which case this is defined as "expression".
                dtype = DEFINED_EXPR;
            }
        } else {
            // If we have any of the other clauses besides the main begin/end,
            // this is defined as "expression".
            dtype = DEFINED_EXPR;
        }

        break;
      }
      case PM_PARENTHESES_NODE: {
        // defined?(())
        //          ^^
        const pm_parentheses_node_t *cast = (const pm_parentheses_node_t *) node;

        if (cast->body == NULL) {
            // If we have empty parentheses, then we want to return "nil".
            dtype = DEFINED_NIL;
        }
        else if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(cast->body, PM_STATEMENTS_NODE) && ((const pm_statements_node_t *) cast->body)->body.size == 1) {
            // If we have a parentheses node that is wrapping a single statement
            // then we want to recurse down to that statement and compile it.
            pm_compile_defined_expr0(iseq, ((const pm_statements_node_t *) cast->body)->body.nodes[0], node_location, ret, popped, scope_node, in_condition, lfinish, false);
            return;
        }
        else {
            // Otherwise, we have parentheses wrapping multiple statements, in
            // which case this is defined as "expression".
            dtype = DEFINED_EXPR;
        }

        break;
      }
      case PM_ARRAY_NODE: {
        // defined?([])
        //          ^^
        const pm_array_node_t *cast = (const pm_array_node_t *) node;

        if (cast->elements.size > 0 && !lfinish[1]) {
            lfinish[1] = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
        }

        for (size_t index = 0; index < cast->elements.size; index++) {
            pm_compile_defined_expr0(iseq, cast->elements.nodes[index], node_location, ret, popped, scope_node, true, lfinish, false);
            PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, lfinish[1]);
        }

        dtype = DEFINED_EXPR;
        break;
      }
      case PM_HASH_NODE:
        // defined?({ a: 1 })
        //          ^^^^^^^^
      case PM_KEYWORD_HASH_NODE: {
        // defined?(a(a: 1))
        //            ^^^^
        const pm_node_list_t *elements;

        if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node, PM_HASH_NODE)) {
            elements = &((const pm_hash_node_t *) node)->elements;
        }
        else {
            elements = &((const pm_keyword_hash_node_t *) node)->elements;
        }

        if (elements->size > 0 && !lfinish[1]) {
            lfinish[1] = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
        }

        for (size_t index = 0; index < elements->size; index++) {
            pm_compile_defined_expr0(iseq, elements->nodes[index], node_location, ret, popped, scope_node, true, lfinish, false);
            PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, lfinish[1]);
        }

        dtype = DEFINED_EXPR;
        break;
      }
      case PM_ASSOC_NODE: {
        // defined?({ a: 1 })
        //            ^^^^
        const pm_assoc_node_t *cast = (const pm_assoc_node_t *) node;

        pm_compile_defined_expr0(iseq, cast->key, node_location, ret, popped, scope_node, true, lfinish, false);
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, lfinish[1]);
        pm_compile_defined_expr0(iseq, cast->value, node_location, ret, popped, scope_node, true, lfinish, false);

        return;
      }
      case PM_ASSOC_SPLAT_NODE: {
        // defined?({ **a })
        //            ^^^^
        const pm_assoc_splat_node_t *cast = (const pm_assoc_splat_node_t *) node;

        if (cast->value == NULL) {
            dtype = DEFINED_EXPR;
            break;
        }

        pm_compile_defined_expr0(iseq, cast->value, node_location, ret, popped, scope_node, true, lfinish, false);
        return;
      }
      case PM_IMPLICIT_NODE: {
        // defined?({ a: })
        //            ^^
        const pm_implicit_node_t *cast = (const pm_implicit_node_t *) node;
        pm_compile_defined_expr0(iseq, cast->value, node_location, ret, popped, scope_node, in_condition, lfinish, false);
        return;
      }
      case PM_CALL_NODE: {
#define BLOCK_P(cast) ((cast)->block != NULL && PM_NODE_TYPE_P((cast)->block, PM_BLOCK_NODE))

        // defined?(a(1, 2, 3))
        //          ^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_call_node_t *cast = ((const pm_call_node_t *) node);

        if (BLOCK_P(cast)) {
            dtype = DEFINED_EXPR;
            break;
        }

        if (cast->receiver || cast->arguments || (cast->block && PM_NODE_TYPE_P(cast->block, PM_BLOCK_ARGUMENT_NODE))) {
            if (!lfinish[1]) lfinish[1] = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
            if (!lfinish[2]) lfinish[2] = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
        }

        if (cast->arguments) {
            pm_compile_defined_expr0(iseq, (const pm_node_t *) cast->arguments, node_location, ret, popped, scope_node, true, lfinish, false);
            PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, lfinish[1]);
        }

        if (cast->block && PM_NODE_TYPE_P(cast->block, PM_BLOCK_ARGUMENT_NODE)) {
            pm_compile_defined_expr0(iseq, cast->block, node_location, ret, popped, scope_node, true, lfinish, false);
            PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, lfinish[1]);
        }

        if (cast->receiver) {
            if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(cast->receiver, PM_CALL_NODE) && !BLOCK_P((const pm_call_node_t *) cast->receiver)) {
                // Special behavior here where we chain calls together. This is
                // the only path that sets explicit_receiver to true.
                pm_compile_defined_expr0(iseq, cast->receiver, node_location, ret, popped, scope_node, true, lfinish, true);
                PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, lfinish[2]);

                const pm_call_node_t *receiver = (const pm_call_node_t *) cast->receiver;
                ID method_id = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, receiver->name);

                pm_compile_call(iseq, receiver, ret, popped, scope_node, method_id, NULL);
            }
            else {
                pm_compile_defined_expr0(iseq, cast->receiver, node_location, ret, popped, scope_node, true, lfinish, false);
                PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, lfinish[1]);
                PM_COMPILE(cast->receiver);
            }

            ID method_id = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name);

            if (explicit_receiver) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
            PUSH_INSN3(ret, location, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_METHOD), rb_id2sym(method_id), PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_METHOD));
        }
        else {
            ID method_id = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name);

            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putself);
            if (explicit_receiver) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

            PUSH_INSN3(ret, location, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_FUNC), rb_id2sym(method_id), PUSH_VAL(DEFINED_METHOD));
        }

        return;

#undef BLOCK_P
      }
      case PM_ARGUMENTS_NODE: {
        // defined?(a(1, 2, 3))
        //            ^^^^^^^
        const pm_arguments_node_t *cast = (const pm_arguments_node_t *) node;

        for (size_t index = 0; index < cast->arguments.size; index++) {
            pm_compile_defined_expr0(iseq, cast->arguments.nodes[index], node_location, ret, popped, scope_node, in_condition, lfinish, false);
            PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, lfinish[1]);
        }

        dtype = DEFINED_EXPR;
        break;
      }
      case PM_BLOCK_ARGUMENT_NODE:
        // defined?(a(&b))
        //            ^^
        dtype = DEFINED_EXPR;
        break;
      case PM_FORWARDING_ARGUMENTS_NODE:
        // def a(...) = defined?(a(...))
        //                         ^^^
        dtype = DEFINED_EXPR;
        break;
      case PM_SPLAT_NODE: {
        // def a(*) = defined?(a(*))
        //                       ^
        const pm_splat_node_t *cast = (const pm_splat_node_t *) node;

        if (cast->expression == NULL) {
            dtype = DEFINED_EXPR;
            break;
        }

        pm_compile_defined_expr0(iseq, cast->expression, node_location, ret, popped, scope_node, in_condition, lfinish, false);

        if (!lfinish[1]) lfinish[1] = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, lfinish[1]);

        dtype = DEFINED_EXPR;
        break;
      }
      case PM_SHAREABLE_CONSTANT_NODE:
        // # shareable_constant_value: literal
        // defined?(A = 1)
        //          ^^^^^
        pm_compile_defined_expr0(iseq, ((const pm_shareable_constant_node_t *) node)->write, node_location, ret, popped, scope_node, in_condition, lfinish, explicit_receiver);
        return;
/* Unreachable (parameters) ***************************************************/
      case PM_BLOCK_LOCAL_VARIABLE_NODE:
      case PM_BLOCK_PARAMETER_NODE:
      case PM_BLOCK_PARAMETERS_NODE:
      case PM_FORWARDING_PARAMETER_NODE:
      case PM_IMPLICIT_REST_NODE:
      case PM_IT_PARAMETERS_NODE:
      case PM_PARAMETERS_NODE:
      case PM_KEYWORD_REST_PARAMETER_NODE:
      case PM_NO_KEYWORDS_PARAMETER_NODE:
      case PM_NUMBERED_PARAMETERS_NODE:
      case PM_OPTIONAL_KEYWORD_PARAMETER_NODE:
      case PM_OPTIONAL_PARAMETER_NODE:
      case PM_REQUIRED_KEYWORD_PARAMETER_NODE:
      case PM_REQUIRED_PARAMETER_NODE:
      case PM_REST_PARAMETER_NODE:
/* Unreachable (pattern matching) *********************************************/
      case PM_ALTERNATION_PATTERN_NODE:
      case PM_ARRAY_PATTERN_NODE:
      case PM_CAPTURE_PATTERN_NODE:
      case PM_FIND_PATTERN_NODE:
      case PM_HASH_PATTERN_NODE:
      case PM_PINNED_EXPRESSION_NODE:
      case PM_PINNED_VARIABLE_NODE:
/* Unreachable (indirect writes) **********************************************/
      case PM_CALL_TARGET_NODE:
      case PM_CLASS_VARIABLE_TARGET_NODE:
      case PM_CONSTANT_PATH_TARGET_NODE:
      case PM_CONSTANT_TARGET_NODE:
      case PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_TARGET_NODE:
      case PM_INDEX_TARGET_NODE:
      case PM_INSTANCE_VARIABLE_TARGET_NODE:
      case PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_TARGET_NODE:
      case PM_MULTI_TARGET_NODE:
/* Unreachable (clauses) ******************************************************/
      case PM_ELSE_NODE:
      case PM_ENSURE_NODE:
      case PM_IN_NODE:
      case PM_RESCUE_NODE:
      case PM_WHEN_NODE:
/* Unreachable (miscellaneous) ************************************************/
      case PM_BLOCK_NODE:
      case PM_EMBEDDED_STATEMENTS_NODE:
      case PM_EMBEDDED_VARIABLE_NODE:
      case PM_MISSING_NODE:
      case PM_PRE_EXECUTION_NODE:
      case PM_PROGRAM_NODE:
      case PM_SCOPE_NODE:
      case PM_STATEMENTS_NODE:
        rb_bug("Unreachable node in defined?: %s", pm_node_type_to_str(PM_NODE_TYPE(node)));
    }

    RUBY_ASSERT(dtype != DEFINED_NOT_DEFINED);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, PUSH_VAL(dtype));

#undef PUSH_VAL
}

static void
pm_defined_expr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, const pm_node_location_t *node_location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, bool in_condition, LABEL **lfinish)
{
    LINK_ELEMENT *lcur = ret->last;
    pm_compile_defined_expr0(iseq, node, node_location, ret, popped, scope_node, in_condition, lfinish, false);

    if (lfinish[1]) {
        LABEL *lstart = NEW_LABEL(node_location->line);
        LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(node_location->line);

        struct rb_iseq_new_with_callback_callback_func *ifunc =
            rb_iseq_new_with_callback_new_callback(build_defined_rescue_iseq, NULL);

        const rb_iseq_t *rescue = new_child_iseq_with_callback(
            iseq,
            ifunc,
            rb_str_concat(rb_str_new2("defined guard in "), ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->location.label),
            iseq,
            ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE,
            0
        );

        lstart->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_BEG;
        lend->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_END;

        APPEND_LABEL(ret, lcur, lstart);
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, lend);
        PUSH_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_RESCUE, lstart, lend, rescue, lfinish[1]);
    }
}

static void
pm_compile_defined_expr(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, const pm_node_location_t *node_location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, bool in_condition)
{
    LABEL *lfinish[3];
    LINK_ELEMENT *last = ret->last;

    lfinish[0] = NEW_LABEL(node_location->line);
    lfinish[1] = 0;
    lfinish[2] = 0;

    if (!popped) {
        pm_defined_expr(iseq, node, node_location, ret, popped, scope_node, in_condition, lfinish);
    }

    if (lfinish[1]) {
        ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(last, &new_insn_body(iseq, node_location->line, node_location->node_id, BIN(putnil), 0)->link);
        PUSH_INSN(ret, *node_location, swap);

        if (lfinish[2]) PUSH_LABEL(ret, lfinish[2]);
        PUSH_INSN(ret, *node_location, pop);
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, lfinish[1]);

    }

    PUSH_LABEL(ret, lfinish[0]);
}

// This is exactly the same as add_ensure_iseq, except it compiled
// the node as a Prism node, and not a CRuby node
static void
pm_add_ensure_iseq(LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, rb_iseq_t *iseq, int is_return, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    RUBY_ASSERT(can_add_ensure_iseq(iseq));

    struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack *enlp =
        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack;
    struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack *prev_enlp = enlp;
    DECL_ANCHOR(ensure);

    while (enlp) {
        if (enlp->erange != NULL) {
            DECL_ANCHOR(ensure_part);
            LABEL *lstart = NEW_LABEL(0);
            LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(0);

            add_ensure_range(iseq, enlp->erange, lstart, lend);

            ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack = enlp->prev;
            PUSH_LABEL(ensure_part, lstart);
            bool popped = true;
            PM_COMPILE_INTO_ANCHOR(ensure_part, (const pm_node_t *) enlp->ensure_node);
            PUSH_LABEL(ensure_part, lend);
            PUSH_SEQ(ensure, ensure_part);
        }
        else {
            if (!is_return) {
                break;
            }
        }
        enlp = enlp->prev;
    }
    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack = prev_enlp;
    PUSH_SEQ(ret, ensure);
}

struct pm_local_table_insert_ctx {
    pm_scope_node_t *scope_node;
    rb_ast_id_table_t *local_table_for_iseq;
    int local_index;
};

static int
pm_local_table_insert_func(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value, st_data_t arg, int existing)
{
    if (!existing) {
        pm_constant_id_t constant_id = (pm_constant_id_t) *key;
        struct pm_local_table_insert_ctx * ctx = (struct pm_local_table_insert_ctx *) arg;

        pm_scope_node_t *scope_node = ctx->scope_node;
        rb_ast_id_table_t *local_table_for_iseq = ctx->local_table_for_iseq;
        int local_index = ctx->local_index;

        ID local = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, constant_id);
        local_table_for_iseq->ids[local_index] = local;

        *value = (st_data_t)local_index;

        ctx->local_index++;
    }

    return ST_CONTINUE;
}

/**
 * Insert a local into the local table for the iseq. This is used to create the
 * local table in the correct order while compiling the scope. The locals being
 * inserted are regular named locals, as opposed to special forwarding locals.
 */
static void
pm_insert_local_index(pm_constant_id_t constant_id, int local_index, st_table *index_lookup_table, rb_ast_id_table_t *local_table_for_iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    RUBY_ASSERT((constant_id & PM_SPECIAL_CONSTANT_FLAG) == 0);

    ID local = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, constant_id);
    local_table_for_iseq->ids[local_index] = local;
    st_insert(index_lookup_table, (st_data_t) constant_id, (st_data_t) local_index);
}

/**
 * Insert a local into the local table for the iseq that is a special forwarding
 * local variable.
 */
static void
pm_insert_local_special(ID local_name, int local_index, st_table *index_lookup_table, rb_ast_id_table_t *local_table_for_iseq)
{
    local_table_for_iseq->ids[local_index] = local_name;
    st_insert(index_lookup_table, (st_data_t) (local_name | PM_SPECIAL_CONSTANT_FLAG), (st_data_t) local_index);
}

/**
 * Compile the locals of a multi target node that is used as a positional
 * parameter in a method, block, or lambda definition. Note that this doesn't
 * actually add any instructions to the iseq. Instead, it adds locals to the
 * local and index lookup tables and increments the local index as necessary.
 */
static int
pm_compile_destructured_param_locals(const pm_multi_target_node_t *node, st_table *index_lookup_table, rb_ast_id_table_t *local_table_for_iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, int local_index)
{
    for (size_t index = 0; index < node->lefts.size; index++) {
        const pm_node_t *left = node->lefts.nodes[index];

        if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(left, PM_REQUIRED_PARAMETER_NODE)) {
            if (!PM_NODE_FLAG_P(left, PM_PARAMETER_FLAGS_REPEATED_PARAMETER)) {
                pm_insert_local_index(((const pm_required_parameter_node_t *) left)->name, local_index, index_lookup_table, local_table_for_iseq, scope_node);
                local_index++;
            }
        }
        else {
            RUBY_ASSERT(PM_NODE_TYPE_P(left, PM_MULTI_TARGET_NODE));
            local_index = pm_compile_destructured_param_locals((const pm_multi_target_node_t *) left, index_lookup_table, local_table_for_iseq, scope_node, local_index);
        }
    }

    if (node->rest != NULL && PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node->rest, PM_SPLAT_NODE)) {
        const pm_splat_node_t *rest = (const pm_splat_node_t *) node->rest;

        if (rest->expression != NULL) {
            RUBY_ASSERT(PM_NODE_TYPE_P(rest->expression, PM_REQUIRED_PARAMETER_NODE));

            if (!PM_NODE_FLAG_P(rest->expression, PM_PARAMETER_FLAGS_REPEATED_PARAMETER)) {
                pm_insert_local_index(((const pm_required_parameter_node_t *) rest->expression)->name, local_index, index_lookup_table, local_table_for_iseq, scope_node);
                local_index++;
            }
        }
    }

    for (size_t index = 0; index < node->rights.size; index++) {
        const pm_node_t *right = node->rights.nodes[index];

        if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(right, PM_REQUIRED_PARAMETER_NODE)) {
            if (!PM_NODE_FLAG_P(right, PM_PARAMETER_FLAGS_REPEATED_PARAMETER)) {
                pm_insert_local_index(((const pm_required_parameter_node_t *) right)->name, local_index, index_lookup_table, local_table_for_iseq, scope_node);
                local_index++;
            }
        }
        else {
            RUBY_ASSERT(PM_NODE_TYPE_P(right, PM_MULTI_TARGET_NODE));
            local_index = pm_compile_destructured_param_locals((const pm_multi_target_node_t *) right, index_lookup_table, local_table_for_iseq, scope_node, local_index);
        }
    }

    return local_index;
}

/**
 * Compile a required parameter node that is part of a destructure that is used
 * as a positional parameter in a method, block, or lambda definition.
 */
static inline void
pm_compile_destructured_param_write(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_required_parameter_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, node);
    pm_local_index_t index = pm_lookup_local_index(iseq, scope_node, node->name, 0);
    PUSH_SETLOCAL(ret, location, index.index, index.level);
}

/**
 * Compile a multi target node that is used as a positional parameter in a
 * method, block, or lambda definition. Note that this is effectively the same
 * as a multi write, but with the added context that all of the targets
 * contained in the write are required parameter nodes. With this context, we
 * know they won't have any parent expressions so we build a separate code path
 * for this simplified case.
 */
static void
pm_compile_destructured_param_writes(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_multi_target_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, node);
    bool has_rest = (node->rest && PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node->rest, PM_SPLAT_NODE) && (((const pm_splat_node_t *) node->rest)->expression) != NULL);
    bool has_rights = node->rights.size > 0;

    int flag = (has_rest || has_rights) ? 1 : 0;
    PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, expandarray, INT2FIX(node->lefts.size), INT2FIX(flag));

    for (size_t index = 0; index < node->lefts.size; index++) {
        const pm_node_t *left = node->lefts.nodes[index];

        if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(left, PM_REQUIRED_PARAMETER_NODE)) {
            pm_compile_destructured_param_write(iseq, (const pm_required_parameter_node_t *) left, ret, scope_node);
        }
        else {
            RUBY_ASSERT(PM_NODE_TYPE_P(left, PM_MULTI_TARGET_NODE));
            pm_compile_destructured_param_writes(iseq, (const pm_multi_target_node_t *) left, ret, scope_node);
        }
    }

    if (has_rest) {
        if (has_rights) {
            PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, expandarray, INT2FIX(node->rights.size), INT2FIX(3));
        }

        const pm_node_t *rest = ((const pm_splat_node_t *) node->rest)->expression;
        RUBY_ASSERT(PM_NODE_TYPE_P(rest, PM_REQUIRED_PARAMETER_NODE));

        pm_compile_destructured_param_write(iseq, (const pm_required_parameter_node_t *) rest, ret, scope_node);
    }

    if (has_rights) {
        if (!has_rest) {
            PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, expandarray, INT2FIX(node->rights.size), INT2FIX(2));
        }

        for (size_t index = 0; index < node->rights.size; index++) {
            const pm_node_t *right = node->rights.nodes[index];

            if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(right, PM_REQUIRED_PARAMETER_NODE)) {
                pm_compile_destructured_param_write(iseq, (const pm_required_parameter_node_t *) right, ret, scope_node);
            }
            else {
                RUBY_ASSERT(PM_NODE_TYPE_P(right, PM_MULTI_TARGET_NODE));
                pm_compile_destructured_param_writes(iseq, (const pm_multi_target_node_t *) right, ret, scope_node);
            }
        }
    }
}

/**
 * This is a node in the multi target state linked list. It tracks the
 * information for a particular target that necessarily has a parent expression.
 */
typedef struct pm_multi_target_state_node {
    // The pointer to the topn instruction that will need to be modified after
    // we know the total stack size of all of the targets.
    INSN *topn;

    // The index of the stack from the base of the entire multi target at which
    // the parent expression is located.
    size_t stack_index;

    // The number of slots in the stack that this node occupies.
    size_t stack_size;

    // The position of the node in the list of targets.
    size_t position;

    // A pointer to the next node in this linked list.
    struct pm_multi_target_state_node *next;
} pm_multi_target_state_node_t;

/**
 * As we're compiling a multi target, we need to track additional information
 * whenever there is a parent expression on the left hand side of the target.
 * This is because we need to go back and tell the expression where to fetch its
 * parent expression from the stack. We use a linked list of nodes to track this
 * information.
 */
typedef struct {
    // The total number of slots in the stack that this multi target occupies.
    size_t stack_size;

    // The position of the current node being compiled. This is forwarded to
    // nodes when they are allocated.
    size_t position;

    // A pointer to the head of this linked list.
    pm_multi_target_state_node_t *head;

    // A pointer to the tail of this linked list.
    pm_multi_target_state_node_t *tail;
} pm_multi_target_state_t;

/**
 * Push a new state node onto the multi target state.
 */
static void
pm_multi_target_state_push(pm_multi_target_state_t *state, INSN *topn, size_t stack_size)
{
    pm_multi_target_state_node_t *node = ALLOC(pm_multi_target_state_node_t);
    node->topn = topn;
    node->stack_index = state->stack_size + 1;
    node->stack_size = stack_size;
    node->position = state->position;
    node->next = NULL;

    if (state->head == NULL) {
        state->head = node;
        state->tail = node;
    }
    else {
        state->tail->next = node;
        state->tail = node;
    }

    state->stack_size += stack_size;
}

/**
 * Walk through a multi target state's linked list and update the topn
 * instructions that were inserted into the write sequence to make sure they can
 * correctly retrieve their parent expressions.
 */
static void
pm_multi_target_state_update(pm_multi_target_state_t *state)
{
    // If nothing was ever pushed onto the stack, then we don't need to do any
    // kind of updates.
    if (state->stack_size == 0) return;

    pm_multi_target_state_node_t *current = state->head;
    pm_multi_target_state_node_t *previous;

    while (current != NULL) {
        VALUE offset = INT2FIX(state->stack_size - current->stack_index + current->position);
        current->topn->operands[0] = offset;

        // stack_size will be > 1 in the case that we compiled an index target
        // and it had arguments. In this case, we use multiple topn instructions
        // to grab up all of the arguments as well, so those offsets need to be
        // updated as well.
        if (current->stack_size > 1) {
            INSN *insn = current->topn;

            for (size_t index = 1; index < current->stack_size; index += 1) {
                LINK_ELEMENT *element = get_next_insn(insn);
                RUBY_ASSERT(IS_INSN(element));

                insn = (INSN *) element;
                RUBY_ASSERT(insn->insn_id == BIN(topn));

                insn->operands[0] = offset;
            }
        }

        previous = current;
        current = current->next;

        xfree(previous);
    }
}

static void
pm_compile_multi_target_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const parents, LINK_ANCHOR *const writes, LINK_ANCHOR *const cleanup, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, pm_multi_target_state_t *state);

/**
 * A target node represents an indirect write to a variable or a method call to
 * a method ending in =. Compiling one of these nodes requires three sequences:
 *
 * * The first is to compile retrieving the parent expression if there is one.
 *   This could be the object that owns a constant or the receiver of a method
 *   call.
 * * The second is to compile the writes to the targets. This could be writing
 *   to variables, or it could be performing method calls.
 * * The third is to compile any cleanup that needs to happen, i.e., popping the
 *   appropriate number of values off the stack.
 *
 * When there is a parent expression and this target is part of a multi write, a
 * topn instruction will be inserted into the write sequence. This is to move
 * the parent expression to the top of the stack so that it can be used as the
 * receiver of the method call or the owner of the constant. To facilitate this,
 * we return a pointer to the topn instruction that was used to be later
 * modified with the correct offset.
 *
 * These nodes can appear in a couple of places, but most commonly:
 *
 * * For loops - the index variable is a target node
 * * Rescue clauses - the exception reference variable is a target node
 * * Multi writes - the left hand side contains a list of target nodes
 *
 * For the comments with examples within this function, we'll use for loops as
 * the containing node.
 */
static void
pm_compile_target_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const parents, LINK_ANCHOR *const writes, LINK_ANCHOR *const cleanup, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, pm_multi_target_state_t *state)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, node);

    switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(node)) {
      case PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_TARGET_NODE: {
        // Local variable targets have no parent expression, so they only need
        // to compile the write.
        //
        //     for i in []; end
        //
        const pm_local_variable_target_node_t *cast = (const pm_local_variable_target_node_t *) node;
        pm_local_index_t index = pm_lookup_local_index(iseq, scope_node, cast->name, cast->depth);

        PUSH_SETLOCAL(writes, location, index.index, index.level);
        break;
      }
      case PM_CLASS_VARIABLE_TARGET_NODE: {
        // Class variable targets have no parent expression, so they only need
        // to compile the write.
        //
        //     for @@i in []; end
        //
        const pm_class_variable_target_node_t *cast = (const pm_class_variable_target_node_t *) node;
        ID name = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name);

        VALUE operand = ID2SYM(name);
        PUSH_INSN2(writes, location, setclassvariable, operand, get_cvar_ic_value(iseq, name));
        break;
      }
      case PM_CONSTANT_TARGET_NODE: {
        // Constant targets have no parent expression, so they only need to
        // compile the write.
        //
        //     for I in []; end
        //
        const pm_constant_target_node_t *cast = (const pm_constant_target_node_t *) node;
        ID name = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name);

        VALUE operand = ID2SYM(name);
        PUSH_INSN1(writes, location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CONST_BASE));
        PUSH_INSN1(writes, location, setconstant, operand);
        break;
      }
      case PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_TARGET_NODE: {
        // Global variable targets have no parent expression, so they only need
        // to compile the write.
        //
        //     for $i in []; end
        //
        const pm_global_variable_target_node_t *cast = (const pm_global_variable_target_node_t *) node;
        ID name = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name);

        VALUE operand = ID2SYM(name);
        PUSH_INSN1(writes, location, setglobal, operand);
        break;
      }
      case PM_INSTANCE_VARIABLE_TARGET_NODE: {
        // Instance variable targets have no parent expression, so they only
        // need to compile the write.
        //
        //     for @i in []; end
        //
        const pm_instance_variable_target_node_t *cast = (const pm_instance_variable_target_node_t *) node;
        ID name = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name);

        VALUE operand = ID2SYM(name);
        PUSH_INSN2(writes, location, setinstancevariable, operand, get_ivar_ic_value(iseq, name));
        break;
      }
      case PM_CONSTANT_PATH_TARGET_NODE: {
        // Constant path targets have a parent expression that is the object
        // that owns the constant. This needs to be compiled first into the
        // parents sequence. If no parent is found, then it represents using the
        // unary :: operator to indicate a top-level constant. In that case we
        // need to push Object onto the stack.
        //
        //     for I::J in []; end
        //
        const pm_constant_path_target_node_t *cast = (const pm_constant_path_target_node_t *) node;
        ID name = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name);

        if (cast->parent != NULL) {
            pm_compile_node(iseq, cast->parent, parents, false, scope_node);
        }
        else {
            PUSH_INSN1(parents, location, putobject, rb_cObject);
        }

        if (state == NULL) {
            PUSH_INSN(writes, location, swap);
        }
        else {
            PUSH_INSN1(writes, location, topn, INT2FIX(1));
            pm_multi_target_state_push(state, (INSN *) LAST_ELEMENT(writes), 1);
        }

        VALUE operand = ID2SYM(name);
        PUSH_INSN1(writes, location, setconstant, operand);

        if (state != NULL) {
            PUSH_INSN(cleanup, location, pop);
        }

        break;
      }
      case PM_CALL_TARGET_NODE: {
        // Call targets have a parent expression that is the receiver of the
        // method being called. This needs to be compiled first into the parents
        // sequence. These nodes cannot have arguments, so the method call is
        // compiled with a single argument which represents the value being
        // written.
        //
        //     for i.j in []; end
        //
        const pm_call_target_node_t *cast = (const pm_call_target_node_t *) node;
        ID method_id = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name);

        pm_compile_node(iseq, cast->receiver, parents, false, scope_node);

        LABEL *safe_label = NULL;
        if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(cast, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_SAFE_NAVIGATION)) {
            safe_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
            PUSH_INSN(parents, location, dup);
            PUSH_INSNL(parents, location, branchnil, safe_label);
        }

        if (state != NULL) {
            PUSH_INSN1(writes, location, topn, INT2FIX(1));
            pm_multi_target_state_push(state, (INSN *) LAST_ELEMENT(writes), 1);
            PUSH_INSN(writes, location, swap);
        }

        int flags = VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE;
        if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(cast, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_IGNORE_VISIBILITY)) flags |= VM_CALL_FCALL;

        PUSH_SEND_WITH_FLAG(writes, location, method_id, INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(flags));
        if (safe_label != NULL && state == NULL) PUSH_LABEL(writes, safe_label);
        PUSH_INSN(writes, location, pop);
        if (safe_label != NULL && state != NULL) PUSH_LABEL(writes, safe_label);

        if (state != NULL) {
            PUSH_INSN(cleanup, location, pop);
        }

        break;
      }
      case PM_INDEX_TARGET_NODE: {
        // Index targets have a parent expression that is the receiver of the
        // method being called and any additional arguments that are being
        // passed along with the value being written. The receiver and arguments
        // both need to be on the stack. Note that this is even more complicated
        // by the fact that these nodes can hold a block using the unary &
        // operator.
        //
        //     for i[:j] in []; end
        //
        const pm_index_target_node_t *cast = (const pm_index_target_node_t *) node;

        pm_compile_node(iseq, cast->receiver, parents, false, scope_node);

        int flags = 0;
        struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *kwargs = NULL;
        int argc = pm_setup_args(cast->arguments, (const pm_node_t *) cast->block, &flags, &kwargs, iseq, parents, scope_node, &location);

        if (state != NULL) {
            PUSH_INSN1(writes, location, topn, INT2FIX(argc + 1));
            pm_multi_target_state_push(state, (INSN *) LAST_ELEMENT(writes), argc + 1);

            if (argc == 0) {
                PUSH_INSN(writes, location, swap);
            }
            else {
                for (int index = 0; index < argc; index++) {
                    PUSH_INSN1(writes, location, topn, INT2FIX(argc + 1));
                }
                PUSH_INSN1(writes, location, topn, INT2FIX(argc + 1));
            }
        }

        // The argc that we're going to pass to the send instruction is the
        // number of arguments + 1 for the value being written. If there's a
        // splat, then we need to insert newarray and concatarray instructions
        // after the arguments have been written.
        int ci_argc = argc + 1;
        if (flags & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
            ci_argc--;
            PUSH_INSN1(writes, location, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
            PUSH_INSN(writes, location, concatarray);
        }

        PUSH_SEND_R(writes, location, idASET, INT2NUM(ci_argc), NULL, INT2FIX(flags), kwargs);
        PUSH_INSN(writes, location, pop);

        if (state != NULL) {
            if (argc != 0) {
                PUSH_INSN(writes, location, pop);
            }

            for (int index = 0; index < argc + 1; index++) {
                PUSH_INSN(cleanup, location, pop);
            }
        }

        break;
      }
      case PM_MULTI_TARGET_NODE: {
        // Multi target nodes represent a set of writes to multiple variables.
        // The parent expressions are the combined set of the parent expressions
        // of its inner target nodes.
        //
        //     for i, j in []; end
        //
        size_t before_position;
        if (state != NULL) {
            before_position = state->position;
            state->position--;
        }

        pm_compile_multi_target_node(iseq, node, parents, writes, cleanup, scope_node, state);
        if (state != NULL) state->position = before_position;

        break;
      }
      default:
        rb_bug("Unexpected node type: %s", pm_node_type_to_str(PM_NODE_TYPE(node)));
        break;
    }
}

/**
 * Compile a multi target or multi write node. It returns the number of values
 * on the stack that correspond to the parent expressions of the various
 * targets.
 */
static void
pm_compile_multi_target_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const parents, LINK_ANCHOR *const writes, LINK_ANCHOR *const cleanup, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, pm_multi_target_state_t *state)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, node);
    const pm_node_list_t *lefts;
    const pm_node_t *rest;
    const pm_node_list_t *rights;

    switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(node)) {
      case PM_MULTI_TARGET_NODE: {
        const pm_multi_target_node_t *cast = (const pm_multi_target_node_t *) node;
        lefts = &cast->lefts;
        rest = cast->rest;
        rights = &cast->rights;
        break;
      }
      case PM_MULTI_WRITE_NODE: {
        const pm_multi_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_multi_write_node_t *) node;
        lefts = &cast->lefts;
        rest = cast->rest;
        rights = &cast->rights;
        break;
      }
      default:
        rb_bug("Unsupported node %s", pm_node_type_to_str(PM_NODE_TYPE(node)));
        break;
    }

    bool has_rest = (rest != NULL) && PM_NODE_TYPE_P(rest, PM_SPLAT_NODE) && ((const pm_splat_node_t *) rest)->expression != NULL;
    bool has_posts = rights->size > 0;

    // The first instruction in the writes sequence is going to spread the
    // top value of the stack onto the number of values that we're going to
    // write.
    PUSH_INSN2(writes, location, expandarray, INT2FIX(lefts->size), INT2FIX((has_rest || has_posts) ? 1 : 0));

    // We need to keep track of some additional state information as we're
    // going through the targets because we will need to revisit them once
    // we know how many values are being pushed onto the stack.
    pm_multi_target_state_t target_state = { 0 };
    if (state == NULL) state = &target_state;

    size_t base_position = state->position;
    size_t splat_position = (has_rest || has_posts) ? 1 : 0;

    // Next, we'll iterate through all of the leading targets.
    for (size_t index = 0; index < lefts->size; index++) {
        const pm_node_t *target = lefts->nodes[index];
        state->position = lefts->size - index + splat_position + base_position;
        pm_compile_target_node(iseq, target, parents, writes, cleanup, scope_node, state);
    }

    // Next, we'll compile the rest target if there is one.
    if (has_rest) {
        const pm_node_t *target = ((const pm_splat_node_t *) rest)->expression;
        state->position = 1 + rights->size + base_position;

        if (has_posts) {
            PUSH_INSN2(writes, location, expandarray, INT2FIX(rights->size), INT2FIX(3));
        }

        pm_compile_target_node(iseq, target, parents, writes, cleanup, scope_node, state);
    }

    // Finally, we'll compile the trailing targets.
    if (has_posts) {
        if (!has_rest && rest != NULL) {
            PUSH_INSN2(writes, location, expandarray, INT2FIX(rights->size), INT2FIX(2));
        }

        for (size_t index = 0; index < rights->size; index++) {
            const pm_node_t *target = rights->nodes[index];
            state->position = rights->size - index + base_position;
            pm_compile_target_node(iseq, target, parents, writes, cleanup, scope_node, state);
        }
    }
}

/**
 * When compiling a for loop, we need to write the iteration variable to
 * whatever expression exists in the index slot. This function performs that
 * compilation.
 */
static void
pm_compile_for_node_index(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, node);

    switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(node)) {
      case PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_TARGET_NODE: {
        // For local variables, all we have to do is retrieve the value and then
        // compile the index node.
        PUSH_GETLOCAL(ret, location, 1, 0);
        pm_compile_target_node(iseq, node, ret, ret, ret, scope_node, NULL);
        break;
      }
      case PM_CLASS_VARIABLE_TARGET_NODE:
      case PM_CONSTANT_TARGET_NODE:
      case PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_TARGET_NODE:
      case PM_INSTANCE_VARIABLE_TARGET_NODE:
      case PM_CONSTANT_PATH_TARGET_NODE:
      case PM_CALL_TARGET_NODE:
      case PM_INDEX_TARGET_NODE: {
        // For other targets, we need to potentially compile the parent or
        // owning expression of this target, then retrieve the value, expand it,
        // and then compile the necessary writes.
        DECL_ANCHOR(writes);
        DECL_ANCHOR(cleanup);

        pm_multi_target_state_t state = { 0 };
        state.position = 1;
        pm_compile_target_node(iseq, node, ret, writes, cleanup, scope_node, &state);

        PUSH_GETLOCAL(ret, location, 1, 0);
        PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, expandarray, INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(0));

        PUSH_SEQ(ret, writes);
        PUSH_SEQ(ret, cleanup);

        pm_multi_target_state_update(&state);
        break;
      }
      case PM_MULTI_TARGET_NODE: {
        DECL_ANCHOR(writes);
        DECL_ANCHOR(cleanup);

        pm_compile_target_node(iseq, node, ret, writes, cleanup, scope_node, NULL);

        LABEL *not_single = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
        LABEL *not_ary = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

        // When there are multiple targets, we'll do a bunch of work to convert
        // the value into an array before we expand it. Effectively we're trying
        // to accomplish:
        //
        //     (args.length == 1 && Array.try_convert(args[0])) || args
        //
        PUSH_GETLOCAL(ret, location, 1, 0);
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
        PUSH_CALL(ret, location, idLength, INT2FIX(0));
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, INT2FIX(1));
        PUSH_CALL(ret, location, idEq, INT2FIX(1));
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, not_single);
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, INT2FIX(0));
        PUSH_CALL(ret, location, idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, rb_cArray);
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);
        PUSH_CALL(ret, location, rb_intern("try_convert"), INT2FIX(1));
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, not_ary);
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);

        PUSH_LABEL(ret, not_ary);
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);

        PUSH_LABEL(ret, not_single);
        PUSH_SEQ(ret, writes);
        PUSH_SEQ(ret, cleanup);
        break;
      }
      default:
        rb_bug("Unexpected node type for index in for node: %s", pm_node_type_to_str(PM_NODE_TYPE(node)));
        break;
    }
}

static void
pm_compile_rescue(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_begin_node_t *cast, const pm_node_location_t *node_location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const pm_parser_t *parser = scope_node->parser;

    LABEL *lstart = NEW_LABEL(node_location->line);
    LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(node_location->line);
    LABEL *lcont = NEW_LABEL(node_location->line);

    pm_scope_node_t rescue_scope_node;
    pm_scope_node_init((const pm_node_t *) cast->rescue_clause, &rescue_scope_node, scope_node);

    rb_iseq_t *rescue_iseq = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(
        &rescue_scope_node,
        rb_str_concat(rb_str_new2("rescue in "), ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->location.label),
        ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE,
        pm_node_line_number(parser, (const pm_node_t *) cast->rescue_clause)
    );

    pm_scope_node_destroy(&rescue_scope_node);

    lstart->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_BEG;
    lend->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_END;
    PUSH_LABEL(ret, lstart);

    bool prev_in_rescue = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->in_rescue;
    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->in_rescue = true;

    if (cast->statements != NULL) {
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED((const pm_node_t *) cast->statements);
    }
    else {
        const pm_node_location_t location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(parser, cast->rescue_clause);
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
    }

    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->in_rescue = prev_in_rescue;
    PUSH_LABEL(ret, lend);

    if (cast->else_clause != NULL) {
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, *node_location, pop);
        PM_COMPILE((const pm_node_t *) cast->else_clause);
    }

    PUSH_INSN(ret, *node_location, nop);
    PUSH_LABEL(ret, lcont);

    if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, *node_location, pop);
    PUSH_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_RESCUE, lstart, lend, rescue_iseq, lcont);
    PUSH_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_RETRY, lend, lcont, NULL, lstart);
}

static void
pm_compile_ensure(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_begin_node_t *cast, const pm_node_location_t *node_location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const pm_parser_t *parser = scope_node->parser;
    const pm_statements_node_t *statements = cast->ensure_clause->statements;

    pm_node_location_t location;
    if (statements != NULL) {
        location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(parser, statements);
    }
    else {
        location = *node_location;
    }

    LABEL *lstart = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
    LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
    LABEL *lcont = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

    struct ensure_range er;
    struct iseq_compile_data_ensure_node_stack enl;
    struct ensure_range *erange;

    DECL_ANCHOR(ensr);
    if (statements != NULL) {
        pm_compile_node(iseq, (const pm_node_t *) statements, ensr, true, scope_node);
    }

    LINK_ELEMENT *last = ensr->last;
    bool last_leave = last && IS_INSN(last) && IS_INSN_ID(last, leave);

    er.begin = lstart;
    er.end = lend;
    er.next = 0;
    push_ensure_entry(iseq, &enl, &er, (void *) cast->ensure_clause);

    PUSH_LABEL(ret, lstart);
    if (cast->rescue_clause != NULL) {
        pm_compile_rescue(iseq, cast, node_location, ret, popped | last_leave, scope_node);
    }
    else if (cast->statements != NULL) {
        pm_compile_node(iseq, (const pm_node_t *) cast->statements, ret, popped | last_leave, scope_node);
    }
    else if (!(popped | last_leave)) {
        PUSH_SYNTHETIC_PUTNIL(ret, iseq);
    }

    PUSH_LABEL(ret, lend);
    PUSH_SEQ(ret, ensr);
    if (!popped && last_leave) PUSH_INSN(ret, *node_location, putnil);
    PUSH_LABEL(ret, lcont);
    if (last_leave) PUSH_INSN(ret, *node_location, pop);

    pm_scope_node_t next_scope_node;
    pm_scope_node_init((const pm_node_t *) cast->ensure_clause, &next_scope_node, scope_node);

    rb_iseq_t *child_iseq = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(
        &next_scope_node,
        rb_str_concat(rb_str_new2("ensure in "), ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->location.label),
        ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE,
        location.line
    );

    pm_scope_node_destroy(&next_scope_node);

    erange = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack->erange;
    if (lstart->link.next != &lend->link) {
        while (erange) {
            PUSH_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_ENSURE, erange->begin, erange->end, child_iseq, lcont);
            erange = erange->next;
        }
    }
    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ensure_node_stack = enl.prev;
}

/**
 * Returns true if the given call node can use the opt_str_uminus or
 * opt_str_freeze instructions as an optimization with the current iseq options.
 */
static inline bool
pm_opt_str_freeze_p(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_call_node_t *node)
{
    return (
        !PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_SAFE_NAVIGATION) &&
        node->receiver != NULL &&
        PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node->receiver, PM_STRING_NODE) &&
        node->arguments == NULL &&
        node->block == NULL &&
        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction
    );
}

/**
 * Returns true if the given call node can use the opt_aref_with optimization
 * with the current iseq options.
 */
static inline bool
pm_opt_aref_with_p(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_call_node_t *node)
{
    return (
        !PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_SAFE_NAVIGATION) &&
        node->arguments != NULL &&
        PM_NODE_TYPE_P((const pm_node_t *) node->arguments, PM_ARGUMENTS_NODE) &&
        ((const pm_arguments_node_t *) node->arguments)->arguments.size == 1 &&
        PM_NODE_TYPE_P(((const pm_arguments_node_t *) node->arguments)->arguments.nodes[0], PM_STRING_NODE) &&
        node->block == NULL &&
        !PM_NODE_FLAG_P(((const pm_arguments_node_t *) node->arguments)->arguments.nodes[0], PM_STRING_FLAGS_FROZEN) &&
        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction
    );
}

/**
 * Returns true if the given call node can use the opt_aset_with optimization
 * with the current iseq options.
 */
static inline bool
pm_opt_aset_with_p(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_call_node_t *node)
{
    return (
        !PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_SAFE_NAVIGATION) &&
        node->arguments != NULL &&
        PM_NODE_TYPE_P((const pm_node_t *) node->arguments, PM_ARGUMENTS_NODE) &&
        ((const pm_arguments_node_t *) node->arguments)->arguments.size == 2 &&
        PM_NODE_TYPE_P(((const pm_arguments_node_t *) node->arguments)->arguments.nodes[0], PM_STRING_NODE) &&
        node->block == NULL &&
        !PM_NODE_FLAG_P(((const pm_arguments_node_t *) node->arguments)->arguments.nodes[0], PM_STRING_FLAGS_FROZEN) &&
        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction
    );
}

/**
 * Compile the instructions necessary to read a constant, based on the options
 * of the current iseq.
 */
static void
pm_compile_constant_read(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE name, const pm_location_t *name_loc, uint32_t node_id, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = PM_LOCATION_START_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, name_loc, node_id);

    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
        ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->ic_size++;
        VALUE segments = rb_ary_new_from_args(1, name);
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, opt_getconstant_path, segments);
    }
    else {
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, Qtrue);
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, getconstant, name);
    }
}

/**
 * Returns a Ruby array of the parts of the constant path node if it is constant
 * reads all of the way down. If it isn't, then Qnil is returned.
 */
static VALUE
pm_constant_path_parts(const pm_node_t *node, const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    VALUE parts = rb_ary_new();

    while (true) {
        switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(node)) {
          case PM_CONSTANT_READ_NODE: {
            const pm_constant_read_node_t *cast = (const pm_constant_read_node_t *) node;
            VALUE name = ID2SYM(pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name));

            rb_ary_unshift(parts, name);
            return parts;
          }
          case PM_CONSTANT_PATH_NODE: {
            const pm_constant_path_node_t *cast = (const pm_constant_path_node_t *) node;
            VALUE name = ID2SYM(pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name));

            rb_ary_unshift(parts, name);
            if (cast->parent == NULL) {
                rb_ary_unshift(parts, ID2SYM(idNULL));
                return parts;
            }

            node = cast->parent;
            break;
          }
          default:
            return Qnil;
        }
    }
}

/**
 * Compile a constant path into two sequences of instructions, one for the
 * owning expression if there is one (prefix) and one for the constant reads
 * (body).
 */
static void
pm_compile_constant_path(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const prefix, LINK_ANCHOR *const body, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, node);

    switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(node)) {
      case PM_CONSTANT_READ_NODE: {
        const pm_constant_read_node_t *cast = (const pm_constant_read_node_t *) node;
        VALUE name = ID2SYM(pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name));

        PUSH_INSN1(body, location, putobject, Qtrue);
        PUSH_INSN1(body, location, getconstant, name);
        break;
      }
      case PM_CONSTANT_PATH_NODE: {
        const pm_constant_path_node_t *cast = (const pm_constant_path_node_t *) node;
        VALUE name = ID2SYM(pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name));

        if (cast->parent == NULL) {
            PUSH_INSN(body, location, pop);
            PUSH_INSN1(body, location, putobject, rb_cObject);
            PUSH_INSN1(body, location, putobject, Qtrue);
            PUSH_INSN1(body, location, getconstant, name);
        }
        else {
            pm_compile_constant_path(iseq, cast->parent, prefix, body, false, scope_node);
            PUSH_INSN1(body, location, putobject, Qfalse);
            PUSH_INSN1(body, location, getconstant, name);
        }
        break;
      }
      default:
        PM_COMPILE_INTO_ANCHOR(prefix, node);
        break;
    }
}

/**
 * Return the object that will be pushed onto the stack for the given node.
 */
static VALUE
pm_compile_shareable_constant_literal(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(node)) {
      case PM_TRUE_NODE:
      case PM_FALSE_NODE:
      case PM_NIL_NODE:
      case PM_SYMBOL_NODE:
      case PM_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_NODE:
      case PM_SOURCE_LINE_NODE:
      case PM_INTEGER_NODE:
      case PM_FLOAT_NODE:
      case PM_RATIONAL_NODE:
      case PM_IMAGINARY_NODE:
      case PM_SOURCE_ENCODING_NODE:
        return pm_static_literal_value(iseq, node, scope_node);
      case PM_STRING_NODE:
        return parse_static_literal_string(iseq, scope_node, node, &((const pm_string_node_t *) node)->unescaped);
      case PM_SOURCE_FILE_NODE:
        return pm_source_file_value((const pm_source_file_node_t *) node, scope_node);
      case PM_ARRAY_NODE: {
        const pm_array_node_t *cast = (const pm_array_node_t *) node;
        VALUE result = rb_ary_new_capa(cast->elements.size);

        for (size_t index = 0; index < cast->elements.size; index++) {
            VALUE element = pm_compile_shareable_constant_literal(iseq, cast->elements.nodes[index], scope_node);
            if (element == Qundef) return Qundef;

            rb_ary_push(result, element);
        }

        return rb_ractor_make_shareable(result);
      }
      case PM_HASH_NODE: {
        const pm_hash_node_t *cast = (const pm_hash_node_t *) node;
        VALUE result = rb_hash_new_capa(cast->elements.size);

        for (size_t index = 0; index < cast->elements.size; index++) {
            const pm_node_t *element = cast->elements.nodes[index];
            if (!PM_NODE_TYPE_P(element, PM_ASSOC_NODE)) return Qundef;

            const pm_assoc_node_t *assoc = (const pm_assoc_node_t *) element;

            VALUE key = pm_compile_shareable_constant_literal(iseq, assoc->key, scope_node);
            if (key == Qundef) return Qundef;

            VALUE value = pm_compile_shareable_constant_literal(iseq, assoc->value, scope_node);
            if (value == Qundef) return Qundef;

            rb_hash_aset(result, key, value);
        }

        return rb_ractor_make_shareable(result);
      }
      default:
        return Qundef;
    }
}

/**
 * Compile the instructions for pushing the value that will be written to a
 * shared constant.
 */
static void
pm_compile_shareable_constant_value(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, const pm_node_flags_t shareability, VALUE path, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, bool top)
{
    VALUE literal = pm_compile_shareable_constant_literal(iseq, node, scope_node);
    if (literal != Qundef) {
        const pm_node_location_t location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, node);
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, literal);
        return;
    }

    const pm_node_location_t location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, node);
    switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(node)) {
      case PM_ARRAY_NODE: {
        const pm_array_node_t *cast = (const pm_array_node_t *) node;

        if (top) {
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
        }

        for (size_t index = 0; index < cast->elements.size; index++) {
            pm_compile_shareable_constant_value(iseq, cast->elements.nodes[index], shareability, path, ret, scope_node, false);
        }

        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, newarray, INT2FIX(cast->elements.size));

        if (top) {
            ID method_id = (shareability & PM_SHAREABLE_CONSTANT_NODE_FLAGS_EXPERIMENTAL_COPY) ? rb_intern("make_shareable_copy") : rb_intern("make_shareable");
            PUSH_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, location, method_id, INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE));
        }

        return;
      }
      case PM_HASH_NODE: {
        const pm_hash_node_t *cast = (const pm_hash_node_t *) node;

        if (top) {
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
        }

        pm_compile_hash_elements(iseq, (const pm_node_t *) cast, &cast->elements, shareability, path, false, ret, scope_node);

        if (top) {
            ID method_id = (shareability & PM_SHAREABLE_CONSTANT_NODE_FLAGS_EXPERIMENTAL_COPY) ? rb_intern("make_shareable_copy") : rb_intern("make_shareable");
            PUSH_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, location, method_id, INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE));
        }

        return;
      }
      default: {
        DECL_ANCHOR(value_seq);

        pm_compile_node(iseq, node, value_seq, false, scope_node);
        if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node, PM_INTERPOLATED_STRING_NODE)) {
            PUSH_SEND_WITH_FLAG(value_seq, location, idUMinus, INT2FIX(0), INT2FIX(VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE));
        }

        if (shareability & PM_SHAREABLE_CONSTANT_NODE_FLAGS_LITERAL) {
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
            PUSH_SEQ(ret, value_seq);
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, path);
            PUSH_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, location, rb_intern("ensure_shareable"), INT2FIX(2), INT2FIX(VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE));
        }
        else if (shareability & PM_SHAREABLE_CONSTANT_NODE_FLAGS_EXPERIMENTAL_COPY) {
            if (top) PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
            PUSH_SEQ(ret, value_seq);
            if (top) PUSH_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, location, rb_intern("make_shareable_copy"), INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE));
        }
        else if (shareability & PM_SHAREABLE_CONSTANT_NODE_FLAGS_EXPERIMENTAL_EVERYTHING) {
            if (top) PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
            PUSH_SEQ(ret, value_seq);
            if (top) PUSH_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, location, rb_intern("make_shareable"), INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE));
        }

        break;
      }
    }
}

/**
 * Compile a constant write node, either in the context of a ractor pragma or
 * not.
 */
static void
pm_compile_constant_write_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_constant_write_node_t *node, const pm_node_flags_t shareability, const pm_node_location_t *node_location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = *node_location;
    ID name_id = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, node->name);

    if (shareability != 0) {
        pm_compile_shareable_constant_value(iseq, node->value, shareability, rb_id2str(name_id), ret, scope_node, true);
    }
    else {
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(node->value);
    }

    if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CONST_BASE));

    VALUE operand = ID2SYM(name_id);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setconstant, operand);
}

/**
 * Compile a constant and write node, either in the context of a ractor pragma
 * or not.
 */
static void
pm_compile_constant_and_write_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_constant_and_write_node_t *node, const pm_node_flags_t shareability, const pm_node_location_t *node_location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = *node_location;

    VALUE name = ID2SYM(pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, node->name));
    LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

    pm_compile_constant_read(iseq, name, &node->name_loc, location.node_id, ret, scope_node);
    if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

    PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, end_label);
    if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);

    if (shareability != 0) {
        pm_compile_shareable_constant_value(iseq, node->value, shareability, name, ret, scope_node, true);
    }
    else {
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(node->value);
    }

    if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CONST_BASE));
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setconstant, name);
    PUSH_LABEL(ret, end_label);
}

/**
 * Compile a constant or write node, either in the context of a ractor pragma or
 * not.
 */
static void
pm_compile_constant_or_write_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_constant_or_write_node_t *node, const pm_node_flags_t shareability, const pm_node_location_t *node_location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = *node_location;
    VALUE name = ID2SYM(pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, node->name));

    LABEL *set_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
    LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
    PUSH_INSN3(ret, location, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_CONST), name, Qtrue);
    PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, set_label);

    pm_compile_constant_read(iseq, name, &node->name_loc, location.node_id, ret, scope_node);
    if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

    PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchif, end_label);
    if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
    PUSH_LABEL(ret, set_label);

    if (shareability != 0) {
        pm_compile_shareable_constant_value(iseq, node->value, shareability, name, ret, scope_node, true);
    }
    else {
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(node->value);
    }

    if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CONST_BASE));
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setconstant, name);
    PUSH_LABEL(ret, end_label);
}

/**
 * Compile a constant operator write node, either in the context of a ractor
 * pragma or not.
 */
static void
pm_compile_constant_operator_write_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_constant_operator_write_node_t *node, const pm_node_flags_t shareability, const pm_node_location_t *node_location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = *node_location;

    VALUE name = ID2SYM(pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, node->name));
    ID method_id = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, node->binary_operator);

    pm_compile_constant_read(iseq, name, &node->name_loc, location.node_id, ret, scope_node);

    if (shareability != 0) {
        pm_compile_shareable_constant_value(iseq, node->value, shareability, name, ret, scope_node, true);
    }
    else {
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(node->value);
    }

    PUSH_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, location, method_id, INT2NUM(1), INT2FIX(VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE));
    if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CONST_BASE));
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setconstant, name);
}

/**
 * Creates a string that is used in ractor error messages to describe the
 * constant path being written.
 */
static VALUE
pm_constant_path_path(const pm_constant_path_node_t *node, const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    VALUE parts = rb_ary_new();
    rb_ary_push(parts, rb_id2str(pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, node->name)));

    const pm_node_t *current = node->parent;
    while (current != NULL && PM_NODE_TYPE_P(current, PM_CONSTANT_PATH_NODE)) {
        const pm_constant_path_node_t *cast = (const pm_constant_path_node_t *) current;
        rb_ary_unshift(parts, rb_id2str(pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name)));
        current = cast->parent;
    }

    if (current == NULL) {
        rb_ary_unshift(parts, rb_id2str(idNULL));
    }
    else if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(current, PM_CONSTANT_READ_NODE)) {
        rb_ary_unshift(parts, rb_id2str(pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, ((const pm_constant_read_node_t *) current)->name)));
    }
    else {
        rb_ary_unshift(parts, rb_str_new_cstr("..."));
    }

    return rb_ary_join(parts, rb_str_new_cstr("::"));
}

/**
 * Compile a constant path write node, either in the context of a ractor pragma
 * or not.
 */
static void
pm_compile_constant_path_write_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_constant_path_write_node_t *node, const pm_node_flags_t shareability, const pm_node_location_t *node_location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = *node_location;
    const pm_constant_path_node_t *target = node->target;
    VALUE name = ID2SYM(pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, target->name));

    if (target->parent) {
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED((const pm_node_t *) target->parent);
    }
    else {
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, rb_cObject);
    }

    if (shareability != 0) {
        pm_compile_shareable_constant_value(iseq, node->value, shareability, pm_constant_path_path(node->target, scope_node), ret, scope_node, true);
    }
    else {
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(node->value);
    }

    if (!popped) {
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(1));
    }

    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setconstant, name);
}

/**
 * Compile a constant path and write node, either in the context of a ractor
 * pragma or not.
 */
static void
pm_compile_constant_path_and_write_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_constant_path_and_write_node_t *node, const pm_node_flags_t shareability, const pm_node_location_t *node_location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = *node_location;
    const pm_constant_path_node_t *target = node->target;

    VALUE name = ID2SYM(pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, target->name));
    LABEL *lfin = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

    if (target->parent) {
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(target->parent);
    }
    else {
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, rb_cObject);
    }

    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, Qtrue);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, getconstant, name);

    if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
    PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, lfin);

    if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);

    if (shareability != 0) {
        pm_compile_shareable_constant_value(iseq, node->value, shareability, pm_constant_path_path(node->target, scope_node), ret, scope_node, true);
    }
    else {
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(node->value);
    }

    if (popped) {
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(1));
    }
    else {
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, dupn, INT2FIX(2));
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);
    }

    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setconstant, name);
    PUSH_LABEL(ret, lfin);

    if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);
    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
}

/**
 * Compile a constant path or write node, either in the context of a ractor
 * pragma or not.
 */
static void
pm_compile_constant_path_or_write_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_constant_path_or_write_node_t *node, const pm_node_flags_t shareability, const pm_node_location_t *node_location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = *node_location;
    const pm_constant_path_node_t *target = node->target;

    VALUE name = ID2SYM(pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, target->name));
    LABEL *lassign = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
    LABEL *lfin = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

    if (target->parent) {
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(target->parent);
    }
    else {
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, rb_cObject);
    }

    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
    PUSH_INSN3(ret, location, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_CONST_FROM), name, Qtrue);
    PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, lassign);

    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, Qtrue);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, getconstant, name);

    if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
    PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchif, lfin);

    if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
    PUSH_LABEL(ret, lassign);

    if (shareability != 0) {
        pm_compile_shareable_constant_value(iseq, node->value, shareability, pm_constant_path_path(node->target, scope_node), ret, scope_node, true);
    }
    else {
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(node->value);
    }

    if (popped) {
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(1));
    }
    else {
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, dupn, INT2FIX(2));
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);
    }

    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setconstant, name);
    PUSH_LABEL(ret, lfin);

    if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);
    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
}

/**
 * Compile a constant path operator write node, either in the context of a
 * ractor pragma or not.
 */
static void
pm_compile_constant_path_operator_write_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_constant_path_operator_write_node_t *node, const pm_node_flags_t shareability, const pm_node_location_t *node_location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = *node_location;
    const pm_constant_path_node_t *target = node->target;

    ID method_id = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, node->binary_operator);
    VALUE name = ID2SYM(pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, target->name));

    if (target->parent) {
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(target->parent);
    }
    else {
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, rb_cObject);
    }

    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, Qtrue);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, getconstant, name);

    if (shareability != 0) {
        pm_compile_shareable_constant_value(iseq, node->value, shareability, pm_constant_path_path(node->target, scope_node), ret, scope_node, true);
    }
    else {
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(node->value);
    }

    PUSH_CALL(ret, location, method_id, INT2FIX(1));
    PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);

    if (!popped) {
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(1));
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);
    }

    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setconstant, name);
}

/**
 * Many nodes in Prism can be marked as a static literal, which means slightly
 * different things depending on which node it is. Occasionally we need to omit
 * container nodes from static literal checks, which is where this macro comes
 * in.
 */
#define PM_CONTAINER_P(node) (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node, PM_ARRAY_NODE) || PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node, PM_HASH_NODE) || PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node, PM_RANGE_NODE))

/**
 * Compile a scope node, which is a special kind of node that represents a new
 * lexical scope, attached to a node in the AST.
 */
static inline void
pm_compile_scope_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_node_location_t *node_location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped)
{
    const pm_node_location_t location = *node_location;
    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *body = ISEQ_BODY(iseq);

    pm_constant_id_list_t *locals = &scope_node->locals;
    pm_parameters_node_t *parameters_node = NULL;
    pm_node_list_t *keywords_list = NULL;
    pm_node_list_t *optionals_list = NULL;
    pm_node_list_t *posts_list = NULL;
    pm_node_list_t *requireds_list = NULL;
    pm_node_list_t *block_locals = NULL;
    bool trailing_comma = false;

    if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(scope_node->ast_node, PM_CLASS_NODE) || PM_NODE_TYPE_P(scope_node->ast_node, PM_MODULE_NODE)) {
        PUSH_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_CLASS);
    }

    if (scope_node->parameters != NULL) {
        switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(scope_node->parameters)) {
          case PM_BLOCK_PARAMETERS_NODE: {
            pm_block_parameters_node_t *cast = (pm_block_parameters_node_t *) scope_node->parameters;
            parameters_node = cast->parameters;
            block_locals = &cast->locals;

            if (parameters_node) {
                if (parameters_node->rest && PM_NODE_TYPE_P(parameters_node->rest, PM_IMPLICIT_REST_NODE)) {
                    trailing_comma = true;
                }
            }
            break;
          }
          case PM_PARAMETERS_NODE: {
            parameters_node = (pm_parameters_node_t *) scope_node->parameters;
            break;
          }
          case PM_NUMBERED_PARAMETERS_NODE: {
            uint32_t maximum = ((const pm_numbered_parameters_node_t *) scope_node->parameters)->maximum;
            body->param.lead_num = maximum;
            body->param.flags.ambiguous_param0 = maximum == 1;
            break;
          }
          case PM_IT_PARAMETERS_NODE:
            body->param.lead_num = 1;
            body->param.flags.ambiguous_param0 = true;
            break;
          default:
            rb_bug("Unexpected node type for parameters: %s", pm_node_type_to_str(PM_NODE_TYPE(scope_node->parameters)));
        }
    }

    struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *keyword = NULL;

    if (parameters_node) {
        optionals_list = &parameters_node->optionals;
        requireds_list = &parameters_node->requireds;
        keywords_list = &parameters_node->keywords;
        posts_list = &parameters_node->posts;
    }
    else if (scope_node->parameters && (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(scope_node->parameters, PM_NUMBERED_PARAMETERS_NODE) || PM_NODE_TYPE_P(scope_node->parameters, PM_IT_PARAMETERS_NODE))) {
        body->param.opt_num = 0;
    }
    else {
        body->param.lead_num = 0;
        body->param.opt_num = 0;
    }

    //********STEP 1**********
    // Goal: calculate the table size for the locals, accounting for
    // hidden variables and multi target nodes
    size_t locals_size = locals->size;

    // Index lookup table buffer size is only the number of the locals
    st_table *index_lookup_table = st_init_numtable();

    int table_size = (int) locals_size;

    // For nodes have a hidden iteration variable. We add that to the local
    // table size here.
    if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(scope_node->ast_node, PM_FOR_NODE)) table_size++;

    if (keywords_list && keywords_list->size) {
        table_size++;
    }

    if (requireds_list) {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < requireds_list->size; i++) {
            // For each MultiTargetNode, we're going to have one
            // additional anonymous local not represented in the locals table
            // We want to account for this in our table size
            pm_node_t *required = requireds_list->nodes[i];
            if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(required, PM_MULTI_TARGET_NODE)) {
                table_size++;
            }
            else if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(required, PM_REQUIRED_PARAMETER_NODE)) {
                if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(required, PM_PARAMETER_FLAGS_REPEATED_PARAMETER)) {
                    table_size++;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // If we have the `it` implicit local variable, we need to account for
    // it in the local table size.
    if (scope_node->parameters != NULL && PM_NODE_TYPE_P(scope_node->parameters, PM_IT_PARAMETERS_NODE)) {
        table_size++;
    }

    // Ensure there is enough room in the local table for any
    // parameters that have been repeated
    // ex: def underscore_parameters(_, _ = 1, _ = 2); _; end
    //                                  ^^^^^^^^^^^^
    if (optionals_list && optionals_list->size) {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < optionals_list->size; i++) {
            pm_node_t * node = optionals_list->nodes[i];
            if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_PARAMETER_FLAGS_REPEATED_PARAMETER)) {
                table_size++;
            }
        }
    }

    // If we have an anonymous "rest" node, we'll need to increase the local
    // table size to take it in to account.
    // def m(foo, *, bar)
    //            ^
    if (parameters_node) {
        if (parameters_node->rest) {
            if (!(PM_NODE_TYPE_P(parameters_node->rest, PM_IMPLICIT_REST_NODE))) {
                if (!((const pm_rest_parameter_node_t *) parameters_node->rest)->name || PM_NODE_FLAG_P(parameters_node->rest, PM_PARAMETER_FLAGS_REPEATED_PARAMETER)) {
                    table_size++;
                }
            }
        }

        // def foo(_, **_); _; end
        //            ^^^
        if (parameters_node->keyword_rest) {
            // def foo(...); end
            //         ^^^
            // When we have a `...` as the keyword_rest, it's a forwarding_parameter_node and
            // we need to leave space for 4 locals: *, **, &, ...
            if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(parameters_node->keyword_rest, PM_FORWARDING_PARAMETER_NODE)) {
                // Only optimize specifically methods like this: `foo(...)`
                if (requireds_list->size == 0 && optionals_list->size == 0 && keywords_list->size == 0) {
                    ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->param.flags.use_block = TRUE;
                    ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->param.flags.forwardable = TRUE;
                    table_size += 1;
                }
                else {
                    table_size += 4;
                }
            }
            else {
                const pm_keyword_rest_parameter_node_t *kw_rest = (const pm_keyword_rest_parameter_node_t *) parameters_node->keyword_rest;

                // If it's anonymous or repeated, then we need to allocate stack space
                if (!kw_rest->name || PM_NODE_FLAG_P(kw_rest, PM_PARAMETER_FLAGS_REPEATED_PARAMETER)) {
                    table_size++;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    if (posts_list) {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < posts_list->size; i++) {
            // For each MultiTargetNode, we're going to have one
            // additional anonymous local not represented in the locals table
            // We want to account for this in our table size
            pm_node_t *required = posts_list->nodes[i];
            if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(required, PM_MULTI_TARGET_NODE) || PM_NODE_FLAG_P(required, PM_PARAMETER_FLAGS_REPEATED_PARAMETER)) {
                table_size++;
            }
        }
    }

    if (keywords_list && keywords_list->size) {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < keywords_list->size; i++) {
            pm_node_t *keyword_parameter_node = keywords_list->nodes[i];
            if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(keyword_parameter_node, PM_PARAMETER_FLAGS_REPEATED_PARAMETER)) {
                table_size++;
            }
        }
    }

    if (parameters_node && parameters_node->block) {
        const pm_block_parameter_node_t *block_node = (const pm_block_parameter_node_t *) parameters_node->block;

        if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(block_node, PM_PARAMETER_FLAGS_REPEATED_PARAMETER) || !block_node->name) {
            table_size++;
        }
    }

    // We can create local_table_for_iseq with the correct size
    VALUE idtmp = 0;
    rb_ast_id_table_t *local_table_for_iseq = ALLOCV(idtmp, sizeof(rb_ast_id_table_t) + table_size * sizeof(ID));
    local_table_for_iseq->size = table_size;

    //********END OF STEP 1**********

    //********STEP 2**********
    // Goal: populate iv index table as well as local table, keeping the
    // layout of the local table consistent with the layout of the
    // stack when calling the method
    //
    // Do a first pass on all of the parameters, setting their values in
    // the local_table_for_iseq, _except_ for Multis who get a hidden
    // variable in this step, and will get their names inserted in step 3

    // local_index is a cursor that keeps track of the current
    // index into local_table_for_iseq. The local table is actually a list,
    // and the order of that list must match the order of the items pushed
    // on the stack.  We need to take in to account things pushed on the
    // stack that _might not have a name_ (for example array destructuring).
    // This index helps us know which item we're dealing with and also give
    // those anonymous items temporary names (as below)
    int local_index = 0;

    // Here we figure out local table indices and insert them in to the
    // index lookup table and local tables.
    //
    // def foo(a, (b, *c, d), e = 1, *f, g, (h, *i, j), k:, l: 1, **m, &n)
    //         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    if (requireds_list && requireds_list->size) {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < requireds_list->size; i++, local_index++) {
            ID local;

            // For each MultiTargetNode, we're going to have one additional
            // anonymous local not represented in the locals table. We want
            // to account for this in our table size.
            pm_node_t *required = requireds_list->nodes[i];

            switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(required)) {
              case PM_MULTI_TARGET_NODE: {
                // def foo(a, (b, *c, d), e = 1, *f, g, (h, *i, j), k:, l: 1, **m, &n)
                //            ^^^^^^^^^^
                local = rb_make_temporary_id(local_index);
                local_table_for_iseq->ids[local_index] = local;
                break;
              }
              case PM_REQUIRED_PARAMETER_NODE: {
                // def foo(a, (b, *c, d), e = 1, *f, g, (h, *i, j), k:, l: 1, **m, &n)
                //         ^
                const pm_required_parameter_node_t *param = (const pm_required_parameter_node_t *) required;

                if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(required, PM_PARAMETER_FLAGS_REPEATED_PARAMETER)) {
                    ID local = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, param->name);
                    local_table_for_iseq->ids[local_index] = local;
                }
                else {
                    pm_insert_local_index(param->name, local_index, index_lookup_table, local_table_for_iseq, scope_node);
                }

                break;
              }
              default:
                rb_bug("Unsupported node in requireds in parameters %s", pm_node_type_to_str(PM_NODE_TYPE(required)));
            }
        }

        body->param.lead_num = (int) requireds_list->size;
        body->param.flags.has_lead = true;
    }

    if (scope_node->parameters != NULL && PM_NODE_TYPE_P(scope_node->parameters, PM_IT_PARAMETERS_NODE)) {
        ID local = rb_make_temporary_id(local_index);
        local_table_for_iseq->ids[local_index++] = local;
    }

    // def foo(a, (b, *c, d), e = 1, *f, g, (h, *i, j), k:, l: 1, **m, &n)
    //                        ^^^^^
    if (optionals_list && optionals_list->size) {
        body->param.opt_num = (int) optionals_list->size;
        body->param.flags.has_opt = true;

        for (size_t i = 0; i < optionals_list->size; i++, local_index++) {
            pm_node_t * node = optionals_list->nodes[i];
            pm_constant_id_t name = ((const pm_optional_parameter_node_t *) node)->name;

            if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_PARAMETER_FLAGS_REPEATED_PARAMETER)) {
                ID local = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, name);
                local_table_for_iseq->ids[local_index] = local;
            }
            else {
                pm_insert_local_index(name, local_index, index_lookup_table, local_table_for_iseq, scope_node);
            }
        }
    }

    // def foo(a, (b, *c, d), e = 1, *f, g, (h, *i, j), k:, l: 1, **m, &n)
    //                               ^^
    if (parameters_node && parameters_node->rest) {
        body->param.rest_start = local_index;

        // If there's a trailing comma, we'll have an implicit rest node,
        // and we don't want it to impact the rest variables on param
        if (!(PM_NODE_TYPE_P(parameters_node->rest, PM_IMPLICIT_REST_NODE))) {
            body->param.flags.has_rest = true;
            RUBY_ASSERT(body->param.rest_start != -1);

            pm_constant_id_t name = ((const pm_rest_parameter_node_t *) parameters_node->rest)->name;

            if (name) {
                // def foo(a, (b, *c, d), e = 1, *f, g, (h, *i, j), k:, l: 1, **m, &n)
                //                               ^^
                if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(parameters_node->rest, PM_PARAMETER_FLAGS_REPEATED_PARAMETER)) {
                    ID local = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, name);
                    local_table_for_iseq->ids[local_index] = local;
                }
                else {
                    pm_insert_local_index(name, local_index, index_lookup_table, local_table_for_iseq, scope_node);
                }
            }
            else {
                // def foo(a, (b, *c, d), e = 1, *, g, (h, *i, j), k:, l: 1, **m, &n)
                //                               ^
                body->param.flags.anon_rest = true;
                pm_insert_local_special(idMULT, local_index, index_lookup_table, local_table_for_iseq);
            }

            local_index++;
        }
    }

    // def foo(a, (b, *c, d), e = 1, *f, g, (h, *i, j), k:, l: 1, **m, &n)
    //                                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    if (posts_list && posts_list->size) {
        body->param.post_num = (int) posts_list->size;
        body->param.post_start = local_index;
        body->param.flags.has_post = true;

        for (size_t i = 0; i < posts_list->size; i++, local_index++) {
            ID local;

            // For each MultiTargetNode, we're going to have one additional
            // anonymous local not represented in the locals table. We want
            // to account for this in our table size.
            const pm_node_t *post_node = posts_list->nodes[i];

            switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(post_node)) {
              case PM_MULTI_TARGET_NODE: {
                // def foo(a, (b, *c, d), e = 1, *f, g, (h, *i, j), k:, l: 1, **m, &n)
                //                                      ^^^^^^^^^^
                local = rb_make_temporary_id(local_index);
                local_table_for_iseq->ids[local_index] = local;
                break;
              }
              case PM_REQUIRED_PARAMETER_NODE: {
                // def foo(a, (b, *c, d), e = 1, *f, g, (h, *i, j), k:, l: 1, **m, &n)
                //                                   ^
                const pm_required_parameter_node_t *param = (const pm_required_parameter_node_t *) post_node;

                if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(param, PM_PARAMETER_FLAGS_REPEATED_PARAMETER)) {
                    ID local = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, param->name);
                    local_table_for_iseq->ids[local_index] = local;
                }
                else {
                    pm_insert_local_index(param->name, local_index, index_lookup_table, local_table_for_iseq, scope_node);
                }
                break;
              }
              default:
                rb_bug("Unsupported node in posts in parameters %s", pm_node_type_to_str(PM_NODE_TYPE(post_node)));
            }
        }
    }

    // def foo(a, (b, *c, d), e = 1, *f, g, (h, *i, j), k:, l: 1, **m, &n)
    //                                                   ^^^^^^^^
    // Keywords create an internal variable on the parse tree
    if (keywords_list && keywords_list->size) {
        keyword = ZALLOC_N(struct rb_iseq_param_keyword, 1);
        keyword->num = (int) keywords_list->size;

        const VALUE default_values = rb_ary_hidden_new(1);
        const VALUE complex_mark = rb_str_tmp_new(0);

        for (size_t i = 0; i < keywords_list->size; i++) {
            pm_node_t *keyword_parameter_node = keywords_list->nodes[i];
            pm_constant_id_t name;

            // def foo(a, (b, *c, d), e = 1, *f, g, (h, *i, j), k:, l: 1, **m, &n)
            //                                                   ^^
            if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(keyword_parameter_node, PM_REQUIRED_KEYWORD_PARAMETER_NODE)) {
                name = ((const pm_required_keyword_parameter_node_t *) keyword_parameter_node)->name;
                keyword->required_num++;
                ID local = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, name);

                if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(keyword_parameter_node, PM_PARAMETER_FLAGS_REPEATED_PARAMETER)) {
                    local_table_for_iseq->ids[local_index] = local;
                }
                else {
                    pm_insert_local_index(name, local_index, index_lookup_table, local_table_for_iseq, scope_node);
                }
                local_index++;
            }
        }

        for (size_t i = 0; i < keywords_list->size; i++) {
            pm_node_t *keyword_parameter_node = keywords_list->nodes[i];
            pm_constant_id_t name;

            // def foo(a, (b, *c, d), e = 1, *f, g, (h, *i, j), k:, l: 1, **m, &n)
            //                                                       ^^^^
            if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(keyword_parameter_node, PM_OPTIONAL_KEYWORD_PARAMETER_NODE)) {
                const pm_optional_keyword_parameter_node_t *cast = ((const pm_optional_keyword_parameter_node_t *) keyword_parameter_node);

                pm_node_t *value = cast->value;
                name = cast->name;

                if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(value, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL) && !PM_CONTAINER_P(value)) {
                    rb_ary_push(default_values, pm_static_literal_value(iseq, value, scope_node));
                }
                else {
                    rb_ary_push(default_values, complex_mark);
                }

                ID local = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, name);
                if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(keyword_parameter_node, PM_PARAMETER_FLAGS_REPEATED_PARAMETER)) {
                    local_table_for_iseq->ids[local_index] = local;
                }
                else {
                    pm_insert_local_index(name, local_index, index_lookup_table, local_table_for_iseq, scope_node);
                }
                local_index++;
            }

        }

        if (RARRAY_LEN(default_values)) {
            VALUE *dvs = ALLOC_N(VALUE, RARRAY_LEN(default_values));

            for (int i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(default_values); i++) {
                VALUE dv = RARRAY_AREF(default_values, i);
                if (dv == complex_mark) dv = Qundef;
                RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &dvs[i], dv);
            }

            keyword->default_values = dvs;
        }

        // Hidden local for keyword arguments
        keyword->bits_start = local_index;
        ID local = rb_make_temporary_id(local_index);
        local_table_for_iseq->ids[local_index] = local;
        local_index++;

        body->param.keyword = keyword;
        body->param.flags.has_kw = true;
    }

    if (body->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK && local_index == 1 && requireds_list && requireds_list->size == 1 && !trailing_comma) {
        body->param.flags.ambiguous_param0 = true;
    }

    if (parameters_node) {
        // def foo(a, (b, *c, d), e = 1, *f, g, (h, *i, j), k:, l: 1, **m, &n)
        //                                                             ^^^
        if (parameters_node->keyword_rest) {
            switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(parameters_node->keyword_rest)) {
              case PM_NO_KEYWORDS_PARAMETER_NODE: {
                // def foo(a, (b, *c, d), e = 1, *f, g, (h, *i, j), k:, l: 1, **nil, &n)
                //                                                             ^^^^^
                body->param.flags.accepts_no_kwarg = true;
                break;
              }
              case PM_KEYWORD_REST_PARAMETER_NODE: {
                // def foo(a, (b, *c, d), e = 1, *f, g, (h, *i, j), k:, l: 1, **m, &n)
                //                                                             ^^^
                const pm_keyword_rest_parameter_node_t *kw_rest_node = (const pm_keyword_rest_parameter_node_t *) parameters_node->keyword_rest;
                if (!body->param.flags.has_kw) {
                    body->param.keyword = keyword = ZALLOC_N(struct rb_iseq_param_keyword, 1);
                }

                keyword->rest_start = local_index;
                body->param.flags.has_kwrest = true;

                pm_constant_id_t constant_id = kw_rest_node->name;
                if (constant_id) {
                    if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(kw_rest_node, PM_PARAMETER_FLAGS_REPEATED_PARAMETER)) {
                        ID local = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, constant_id);
                        local_table_for_iseq->ids[local_index] = local;
                    }
                    else {
                        pm_insert_local_index(constant_id, local_index, index_lookup_table, local_table_for_iseq, scope_node);
                    }
                }
                else {
                    body->param.flags.anon_kwrest = true;
                    pm_insert_local_special(idPow, local_index, index_lookup_table, local_table_for_iseq);
                }

                local_index++;
                break;
              }
              case PM_FORWARDING_PARAMETER_NODE: {
                // def foo(...)
                //         ^^^
                if (!ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->param.flags.forwardable) {
                    // Add the anonymous *
                    body->param.rest_start = local_index;
                    body->param.flags.has_rest = true;
                    body->param.flags.anon_rest = true;
                    pm_insert_local_special(idMULT, local_index++, index_lookup_table, local_table_for_iseq);

                    // Add the anonymous **
                    RUBY_ASSERT(!body->param.flags.has_kw);
                    body->param.flags.has_kw = false;
                    body->param.flags.has_kwrest = true;
                    body->param.flags.anon_kwrest = true;
                    body->param.keyword = keyword = ZALLOC_N(struct rb_iseq_param_keyword, 1);
                    keyword->rest_start = local_index;
                    pm_insert_local_special(idPow, local_index++, index_lookup_table, local_table_for_iseq);

                    // Add the anonymous &
                    body->param.block_start = local_index;
                    body->param.flags.has_block = true;
                    pm_insert_local_special(idAnd, local_index++, index_lookup_table, local_table_for_iseq);
                }

                // Add the ...
                pm_insert_local_special(idDot3, local_index++, index_lookup_table, local_table_for_iseq);
                break;
              }
              default:
                rb_bug("node type %s not expected as keyword_rest", pm_node_type_to_str(PM_NODE_TYPE(parameters_node->keyword_rest)));
            }
        }

        // def foo(a, (b, *c, d), e = 1, *f, g, (h, *i, j), k:, l: 1, **m, &n)
        //                                                                  ^^
        if (parameters_node->block) {
            body->param.block_start = local_index;
            body->param.flags.has_block = true;
            iseq_set_use_block(iseq);

            pm_constant_id_t name = ((const pm_block_parameter_node_t *) parameters_node->block)->name;

            if (name) {
                if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(parameters_node->block, PM_PARAMETER_FLAGS_REPEATED_PARAMETER)) {
                    ID local = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, name);
                    local_table_for_iseq->ids[local_index] = local;
                }
                else {
                    pm_insert_local_index(name, local_index, index_lookup_table, local_table_for_iseq, scope_node);
                }
            }
            else {
                pm_insert_local_special(idAnd, local_index, index_lookup_table, local_table_for_iseq);
            }

            local_index++;
        }
    }

    //********END OF STEP 2**********
    // The local table is now consistent with expected
    // stack layout

    // If there's only one required element in the parameters
    // CRuby needs to recognize it as an ambiguous parameter

    //********STEP 3**********
    // Goal: fill in the names of the parameters in MultiTargetNodes
    //
    // Go through requireds again to set the multis

    if (requireds_list && requireds_list->size) {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < requireds_list->size; i++) {
            // For each MultiTargetNode, we're going to have one
            // additional anonymous local not represented in the locals table
            // We want to account for this in our table size
            const pm_node_t *required = requireds_list->nodes[i];

            if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(required, PM_MULTI_TARGET_NODE)) {
                local_index = pm_compile_destructured_param_locals((const pm_multi_target_node_t *) required, index_lookup_table, local_table_for_iseq, scope_node, local_index);
            }
        }
    }

    // Go through posts again to set the multis
    if (posts_list && posts_list->size) {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < posts_list->size; i++) {
            // For each MultiTargetNode, we're going to have one
            // additional anonymous local not represented in the locals table
            // We want to account for this in our table size
            const pm_node_t *post = posts_list->nodes[i];

            if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(post, PM_MULTI_TARGET_NODE)) {
                local_index = pm_compile_destructured_param_locals((const pm_multi_target_node_t *) post, index_lookup_table, local_table_for_iseq, scope_node, local_index);
            }
        }
    }

    // Set any anonymous locals for the for node
    if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(scope_node->ast_node, PM_FOR_NODE)) {
        if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(((const pm_for_node_t *) scope_node->ast_node)->index, PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_TARGET_NODE)) {
            body->param.lead_num++;
        }
        else {
            body->param.rest_start = local_index;
            body->param.flags.has_rest = true;
        }

        ID local = rb_make_temporary_id(local_index);
        local_table_for_iseq->ids[local_index] = local;
        local_index++;
    }

    // Fill in any NumberedParameters, if they exist
    if (scope_node->parameters && PM_NODE_TYPE_P(scope_node->parameters, PM_NUMBERED_PARAMETERS_NODE)) {
        int maximum = ((const pm_numbered_parameters_node_t *) scope_node->parameters)->maximum;
        RUBY_ASSERT(0 < maximum && maximum <= 9);
        for (int i = 0; i < maximum; i++, local_index++) {
            const uint8_t param_name[] = { '_', '1' + i };
            pm_constant_id_t constant_id = pm_constant_pool_find(&scope_node->parser->constant_pool, param_name, 2);
            RUBY_ASSERT(constant_id && "parser should fill in any gaps in numbered parameters");
            pm_insert_local_index(constant_id, local_index, index_lookup_table, local_table_for_iseq, scope_node);
        }
        body->param.lead_num = maximum;
        body->param.flags.has_lead = true;
    }

    //********END OF STEP 3**********

    //********STEP 4**********
    // Goal: fill in the method body locals
    // To be explicit, these are the non-parameter locals
    // We fill in the block_locals, if they exist
    // lambda { |x; y| y }
    //              ^
    if (block_locals && block_locals->size) {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < block_locals->size; i++, local_index++) {
            pm_constant_id_t constant_id = ((const pm_block_local_variable_node_t *) block_locals->nodes[i])->name;
            pm_insert_local_index(constant_id, local_index, index_lookup_table, local_table_for_iseq, scope_node);
        }
    }

    // Fill in any locals we missed
    if (scope_node->locals.size) {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < scope_node->locals.size; i++) {
            pm_constant_id_t constant_id = locals->ids[i];
            if (constant_id) {
                struct pm_local_table_insert_ctx ctx;
                ctx.scope_node = scope_node;
                ctx.local_table_for_iseq = local_table_for_iseq;
                ctx.local_index = local_index;

                st_update(index_lookup_table, (st_data_t)constant_id, pm_local_table_insert_func, (st_data_t)&ctx);

                local_index = ctx.local_index;
            }
        }
    }

    //********END OF STEP 4**********

    // We set the index_lookup_table on the scope node so we can
    // refer to the parameters correctly
    if (scope_node->index_lookup_table) {
        st_free_table(scope_node->index_lookup_table);
    }
    scope_node->index_lookup_table = index_lookup_table;
    iseq_calc_param_size(iseq);

    if (ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->param.flags.forwardable) {
        // We're treating `...` as a parameter so that frame
        // pushing won't clobber it.
        ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->param.size += 1;
    }

    // FIXME: args?
    iseq_set_local_table(iseq, local_table_for_iseq, 0);
    scope_node->local_table_for_iseq_size = local_table_for_iseq->size;

    if (keyword != NULL) {
        size_t keyword_start_index = keyword->bits_start - keyword->num;
        keyword->table = (ID *)&ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_table[keyword_start_index];
    }

    //********STEP 5************
    // Goal: compile anything that needed to be compiled
    if (optionals_list && optionals_list->size) {
        LABEL **opt_table = (LABEL **) ALLOC_N(VALUE, optionals_list->size + 1);
        LABEL *label;

        // TODO: Should we make an api for NEW_LABEL where you can pass
        // a pointer to the label it should fill out?  We already
        // have a list of labels allocated above so it seems wasteful
        // to do the copies.
        for (size_t i = 0; i < optionals_list->size; i++) {
            label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
            opt_table[i] = label;
            PUSH_LABEL(ret, label);
            pm_node_t *optional_node = optionals_list->nodes[i];
            PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(optional_node);
        }

        // Set the last label
        label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
        opt_table[optionals_list->size] = label;
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, label);

        body->param.opt_table = (const VALUE *) opt_table;
    }

    if (keywords_list && keywords_list->size) {
        size_t optional_index = 0;
        for (size_t i = 0; i < keywords_list->size; i++) {
            pm_node_t *keyword_parameter_node = keywords_list->nodes[i];
            pm_constant_id_t name;

            switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(keyword_parameter_node)) {
              case PM_OPTIONAL_KEYWORD_PARAMETER_NODE: {
                // def foo(a, (b, *c, d), e = 1, *f, g, (h, *i, j), k:, l: 1, **m, &n)
                //                                                       ^^^^
                const pm_optional_keyword_parameter_node_t *cast = ((const pm_optional_keyword_parameter_node_t *) keyword_parameter_node);

                pm_node_t *value = cast->value;
                name = cast->name;

                if (!PM_NODE_FLAG_P(value, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL) || PM_CONTAINER_P(value)) {
                    LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

                    pm_local_index_t index = pm_lookup_local_index(iseq, scope_node, name, 0);
                    int kw_bits_idx = table_size - body->param.keyword->bits_start;
                    PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, checkkeyword, INT2FIX(kw_bits_idx + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(optional_index));
                    PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchif, end_label);
                    PM_COMPILE(value);
                    PUSH_SETLOCAL(ret, location, index.index, index.level);
                    PUSH_LABEL(ret, end_label);
                }
                optional_index++;
                break;
              }
              case PM_REQUIRED_KEYWORD_PARAMETER_NODE:
                // def foo(a, (b, *c, d), e = 1, *f, g, (h, *i, j), k:, l: 1, **m, &n)
                //                                                   ^^
                break;
              default:
                rb_bug("Unexpected keyword parameter node type %s", pm_node_type_to_str(PM_NODE_TYPE(keyword_parameter_node)));
            }
        }
    }

    if (requireds_list && requireds_list->size) {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < requireds_list->size; i++) {
            // For each MultiTargetNode, we're going to have one additional
            // anonymous local not represented in the locals table. We want
            // to account for this in our table size.
            const pm_node_t *required = requireds_list->nodes[i];

            if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(required, PM_MULTI_TARGET_NODE)) {
                PUSH_GETLOCAL(ret, location, table_size - (int)i, 0);
                pm_compile_destructured_param_writes(iseq, (const pm_multi_target_node_t *) required, ret, scope_node);
            }
        }
    }

    if (posts_list && posts_list->size) {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < posts_list->size; i++) {
            // For each MultiTargetNode, we're going to have one additional
            // anonymous local not represented in the locals table. We want
            // to account for this in our table size.
            const pm_node_t *post = posts_list->nodes[i];

            if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(post, PM_MULTI_TARGET_NODE)) {
                PUSH_GETLOCAL(ret, location, table_size - body->param.post_start - (int) i, 0);
                pm_compile_destructured_param_writes(iseq, (const pm_multi_target_node_t *) post, ret, scope_node);
            }
        }
    }

    switch (body->type) {
      case ISEQ_TYPE_PLAIN: {
        RUBY_ASSERT(PM_NODE_TYPE_P(scope_node->ast_node, PM_INTERPOLATED_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_NODE));

        const pm_interpolated_regular_expression_node_t *cast = (const pm_interpolated_regular_expression_node_t *) scope_node->ast_node;
        pm_compile_regexp_dynamic(iseq, (const pm_node_t *) cast, &cast->parts, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);

        break;
      }
      case ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK: {
        LABEL *start = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label = NEW_LABEL(0);
        LABEL *end = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label = NEW_LABEL(0);
        const pm_node_location_t block_location = { .line = body->location.first_lineno, .node_id = scope_node->ast_node->node_id };

        start->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_BEG;
        end->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_END;

        // For nodes automatically assign the iteration variable to whatever
        // index variable. We need to handle that write here because it has
        // to happen in the context of the block. Note that this happens
        // before the B_CALL tracepoint event.
        if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(scope_node->ast_node, PM_FOR_NODE)) {
            pm_compile_for_node_index(iseq, ((const pm_for_node_t *) scope_node->ast_node)->index, ret, scope_node);
        }

        PUSH_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_B_CALL);
        PUSH_INSN(ret, block_location, nop);
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, start);

        if (scope_node->body != NULL) {
            switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(scope_node->ast_node)) {
              case PM_POST_EXECUTION_NODE: {
                const pm_post_execution_node_t *cast = (const pm_post_execution_node_t *) scope_node->ast_node;
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, block_location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));

                // We create another ScopeNode from the statements within the PostExecutionNode
                pm_scope_node_t next_scope_node;
                pm_scope_node_init((const pm_node_t *) cast->statements, &next_scope_node, scope_node);

                const rb_iseq_t *block = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(&next_scope_node, make_name_for_block(body->parent_iseq), ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, location.line);
                pm_scope_node_destroy(&next_scope_node);

                PUSH_CALL_WITH_BLOCK(ret, block_location, id_core_set_postexe, INT2FIX(0), block);
                break;
              }
              case PM_INTERPOLATED_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_NODE: {
                const pm_interpolated_regular_expression_node_t *cast = (const pm_interpolated_regular_expression_node_t *) scope_node->ast_node;
                pm_compile_regexp_dynamic(iseq, (const pm_node_t *) cast, &cast->parts, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
                break;
              }
              default:
                pm_compile_node(iseq, scope_node->body, ret, popped, scope_node);
                break;
            }
        }
        else {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, block_location, putnil);
        }

        PUSH_LABEL(ret, end);
        PUSH_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_B_RETURN);
        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line = body->location.code_location.end_pos.lineno;

        /* wide range catch handler must put at last */
        PUSH_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_REDO, start, end, NULL, start);
        PUSH_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_NEXT, start, end, NULL, end);
        break;
      }
      case ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE: {
        const pm_node_location_t statements_location = (scope_node->body != NULL ? PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, scope_node->body) : location);
        iseq_set_exception_local_table(iseq);

        if (scope_node->body != NULL) {
            PM_COMPILE_POPPED((const pm_node_t *) scope_node->body);
        }

        PUSH_GETLOCAL(ret, statements_location, 1, 0);
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, statements_location, throw, INT2FIX(0));
        return;
      }
      case ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD: {
        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->root_node = (const void *) scope_node->body;
        PUSH_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_CALL);

        if (scope_node->body) {
            PM_COMPILE((const pm_node_t *) scope_node->body);
        }
        else {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
        }

        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->root_node = (const void *) scope_node->body;
        PUSH_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_RETURN);

        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line = body->location.code_location.end_pos.lineno;
        break;
      }
      case ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE: {
        iseq_set_exception_local_table(iseq);
        if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(scope_node->ast_node, PM_RESCUE_MODIFIER_NODE)) {
            LABEL *lab = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
            LABEL *rescue_end = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
            PUSH_GETLOCAL(ret, location, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, rb_eStandardError);
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_RESCUE));
            PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchif, lab);
            PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, rescue_end);
            PUSH_LABEL(ret, lab);
            PUSH_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_RESCUE);
            PM_COMPILE((const pm_node_t *) scope_node->body);
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, leave);
            PUSH_LABEL(ret, rescue_end);
            PUSH_GETLOCAL(ret, location, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);
        }
        else {
            PM_COMPILE((const pm_node_t *) scope_node->ast_node);
        }
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, throw, INT2FIX(0));

        return;
      }
      default:
        if (scope_node->body) {
            PM_COMPILE((const pm_node_t *) scope_node->body);
        }
        else {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
        }
        break;
    }

    if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(scope_node->ast_node, PM_CLASS_NODE) || PM_NODE_TYPE_P(scope_node->ast_node, PM_MODULE_NODE)) {
        const pm_node_location_t end_location = PM_NODE_END_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, scope_node->ast_node);
        PUSH_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_END);
        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line = end_location.line;
    }

    if (!PM_NODE_TYPE_P(scope_node->ast_node, PM_ENSURE_NODE)) {
        const pm_node_location_t location = { .line = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line, .node_id = scope_node->ast_node->node_id };
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, leave);
    }
}

static inline void
pm_compile_alias_global_variable_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_alias_global_variable_node_t *node, const pm_node_location_t *location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    // alias $foo $bar
    // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, *location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));

    {
        const pm_location_t *name_loc = &node->new_name->location;
        VALUE operand = ID2SYM(rb_intern3((const char *) name_loc->start, name_loc->end - name_loc->start, scope_node->encoding));
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, *location, putobject, operand);
    }

    {
        const pm_location_t *name_loc = &node->old_name->location;
        VALUE operand = ID2SYM(rb_intern3((const char *) name_loc->start, name_loc->end - name_loc->start, scope_node->encoding));
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, *location, putobject, operand);
    }

    PUSH_SEND(ret, *location, id_core_set_variable_alias, INT2FIX(2));
    if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, pop);
}

static inline void
pm_compile_alias_method_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_alias_method_node_t *node, const pm_node_location_t *location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, *location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, *location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CBASE));
    PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(node->new_name);
    PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(node->old_name);

    PUSH_SEND(ret, *location, id_core_set_method_alias, INT2FIX(3));
    if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, pop);
}

static inline void
pm_compile_and_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_and_node_t *node, const pm_node_location_t *location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(location->line);

    PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(node->left);
    if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, dup);
    PUSH_INSNL(ret, *location, branchunless, end_label);

    if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, pop);
    PM_COMPILE(node->right);
    PUSH_LABEL(ret, end_label);
}

static inline void
pm_compile_array_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, const pm_node_list_t *elements, const pm_node_location_t *location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    // If every node in the array is static, then we can compile the entire
    // array now instead of later.
    if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL)) {
        // We're only going to compile this node if it's not popped. If it
        // is popped, then we know we don't need to do anything since it's
        // statically known.
        if (!popped) {
            if (elements->size) {
                VALUE value = pm_static_literal_value(iseq, node, scope_node);
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, *location, duparray, value);
            }
            else {
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, *location, newarray, INT2FIX(0));
            }
        }
        return;
    }

    // Here since we know there are possible side-effects inside the
    // array contents, we're going to build it entirely at runtime.
    // We'll do this by pushing all of the elements onto the stack and
    // then combining them with newarray.
    //
    // If this array is popped, then this serves only to ensure we enact
    // all side-effects (like method calls) that are contained within
    // the array contents.
    //
    // We treat all sequences of non-splat elements as their
    // own arrays, followed by a newarray, and then continually
    // concat the arrays with the SplatNode nodes.
    const int max_new_array_size = 0x100;
    const unsigned int min_tmp_array_size = 0x40;

    int new_array_size = 0;
    bool first_chunk = true;

    // This is an optimization wherein we keep track of whether or not
    // the previous element was a static literal. If it was, then we do
    // not attempt to check if we have a subarray that can be optimized.
    // If it was not, then we do check.
    bool static_literal = false;

    // Either create a new array, or push to the existing array.
#define FLUSH_CHUNK \
    if (new_array_size) {                                                               \
        if (first_chunk) PUSH_INSN1(ret, *location, newarray, INT2FIX(new_array_size)); \
        else PUSH_INSN1(ret, *location, pushtoarray, INT2FIX(new_array_size));          \
        first_chunk = false;                                                            \
        new_array_size = 0;                                                             \
    }

    for (size_t index = 0; index < elements->size; index++) {
        const pm_node_t *element = elements->nodes[index];

        if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(element, PM_SPLAT_NODE)) {
            FLUSH_CHUNK;

            const pm_splat_node_t *splat_element = (const pm_splat_node_t *) element;
            if (splat_element->expression) {
                PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(splat_element->expression);
            }
            else {
                pm_local_index_t index = pm_lookup_local_index(iseq, scope_node, PM_CONSTANT_MULT, 0);
                PUSH_GETLOCAL(ret, *location, index.index, index.level);
            }

            if (first_chunk) {
                // If this is the first element of the array then we
                // need to splatarray the elements into the list.
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, *location, splatarray, Qtrue);
                first_chunk = false;
            }
            else {
                PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, concattoarray);
            }

            static_literal = false;
        }
        else if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(element, PM_KEYWORD_HASH_NODE)) {
            if (new_array_size == 0 && first_chunk) {
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, *location, newarray, INT2FIX(0));
                first_chunk = false;
            }
            else {
                FLUSH_CHUNK;
            }

            // If we get here, then this is the last element of the
            // array/arguments, because it cannot be followed by
            // anything else without a syntax error. This looks like:
            //
            //     [foo, bar, baz: qux]
            //                ^^^^^^^^
            //
            //     [foo, bar, **baz]
            //                ^^^^^
            //
            const pm_keyword_hash_node_t *keyword_hash = (const pm_keyword_hash_node_t *) element;
            pm_compile_hash_elements(iseq, element, &keyword_hash->elements, 0, Qundef, false, ret, scope_node);

            // This boolean controls the manner in which we push the
            // hash onto the array. If it's all keyword splats, then we
            // can use the very specialized pushtoarraykwsplat
            // instruction to check if it's empty before we push it.
            size_t splats = 0;
            while (splats < keyword_hash->elements.size && PM_NODE_TYPE_P(keyword_hash->elements.nodes[splats], PM_ASSOC_SPLAT_NODE)) splats++;

            if (keyword_hash->elements.size == splats) {
                PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, pushtoarraykwsplat);
            }
            else {
                new_array_size++;
            }
        }
        else if (
            PM_NODE_FLAG_P(element, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL) &&
            !PM_CONTAINER_P(element) &&
            !static_literal &&
            ((index + min_tmp_array_size) < elements->size)
        ) {
            // If we have a static literal, then there's the potential
            // to group a bunch of them together with a literal array
            // and then concat them together.
            size_t right_index = index + 1;
            while (
                right_index < elements->size &&
                PM_NODE_FLAG_P(elements->nodes[right_index], PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL) &&
                !PM_CONTAINER_P(elements->nodes[right_index])
            ) right_index++;

            size_t tmp_array_size = right_index - index;
            if (tmp_array_size >= min_tmp_array_size) {
                VALUE tmp_array = rb_ary_hidden_new(tmp_array_size);

                // Create the temporary array.
                for (; tmp_array_size; tmp_array_size--)
                    rb_ary_push(tmp_array, pm_static_literal_value(iseq, elements->nodes[index++], scope_node));

                index--; // about to be incremented by for loop
                OBJ_FREEZE(tmp_array);

                // Emit the optimized code.
                FLUSH_CHUNK;
                if (first_chunk) {
                    PUSH_INSN1(ret, *location, duparray, tmp_array);
                    first_chunk = false;
                }
                else {
                    PUSH_INSN1(ret, *location, putobject, tmp_array);
                    PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, concattoarray);
                }
            }
            else {
                PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(element);
                if (++new_array_size >= max_new_array_size) FLUSH_CHUNK;
                static_literal = true;
            }
        } else {
            PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(element);
            if (++new_array_size >= max_new_array_size) FLUSH_CHUNK;
            static_literal = false;
        }
    }

    FLUSH_CHUNK;
    if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, pop);

#undef FLUSH_CHUNK
}

static inline void
pm_compile_break_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_break_node_t *node, const pm_node_location_t *location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    unsigned long throw_flag = 0;

    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label != 0 && can_add_ensure_iseq(iseq)) {
        /* while/until */
        LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, splabel);
        PUSH_ADJUST(ret, *location, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);

        if (node->arguments != NULL) {
            PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED((const pm_node_t *) node->arguments);
        }
        else {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, putnil);
        }

        pm_add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0, scope_node);
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, *location, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label);
        PUSH_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, putnil);
    }
    else {
        const rb_iseq_t *ip = iseq;

        while (ip) {
            if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)) {
                ip = 0;
                break;
            }

            if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)->redo_label != 0) {
                throw_flag = VM_THROW_NO_ESCAPE_FLAG;
            }
            else if (ISEQ_BODY(ip)->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
                throw_flag = 0;
            }
            else if (ISEQ_BODY(ip)->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
                COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, location->line, "Invalid break");
                return;
            }
            else {
                ip = ISEQ_BODY(ip)->parent_iseq;
                continue;
            }

            /* escape from block */
            if (node->arguments != NULL) {
                PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED((const pm_node_t *) node->arguments);
            }
            else {
                PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, putnil);
            }

            PUSH_INSN1(ret, *location, throw, INT2FIX(throw_flag | TAG_BREAK));
            if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, pop);

            return;
        }

        COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, location->line, "Invalid break");
    }
}

static inline void
pm_compile_call_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_call_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    ID method_id = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, node->name);

    const pm_location_t *message_loc = &node->message_loc;
    if (message_loc->start == NULL) message_loc = &node->base.location;

    const pm_node_location_t location = PM_LOCATION_START_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, message_loc, node->base.node_id);
    const char *builtin_func;

    if (UNLIKELY(iseq_has_builtin_function_table(iseq)) && (builtin_func = pm_iseq_builtin_function_name(scope_node, node->receiver, method_id)) != NULL) {
        pm_compile_builtin_function_call(iseq, ret, scope_node, node, &location, popped, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block, builtin_func);
        return;
    }

    LABEL *start = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
    if (node->block) PUSH_LABEL(ret, start);

    switch (method_id) {
      case idUMinus: {
        if (pm_opt_str_freeze_p(iseq, node)) {
            VALUE value = parse_static_literal_string(iseq, scope_node, node->receiver, &((const pm_string_node_t * ) node->receiver)->unescaped);
            const struct rb_callinfo *callinfo = new_callinfo(iseq, idUMinus, 0, 0, NULL, FALSE);
            PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, opt_str_uminus, value, callinfo);
            if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
            return;
        }
        break;
      }
      case idFreeze: {
        if (pm_opt_str_freeze_p(iseq, node)) {
            VALUE value = parse_static_literal_string(iseq, scope_node, node->receiver, &((const pm_string_node_t * ) node->receiver)->unescaped);
            const struct rb_callinfo *callinfo = new_callinfo(iseq, idFreeze, 0, 0, NULL, FALSE);
            PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, opt_str_freeze, value, callinfo);
            if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
            return;
        }
        break;
      }
      case idAREF: {
        if (pm_opt_aref_with_p(iseq, node)) {
            const pm_string_node_t *string = (const pm_string_node_t *) ((const pm_arguments_node_t *) node->arguments)->arguments.nodes[0];
            VALUE value = parse_static_literal_string(iseq, scope_node, (const pm_node_t *) string, &string->unescaped);

            PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(node->receiver);

            const struct rb_callinfo *callinfo = new_callinfo(iseq, idAREF, 1, 0, NULL, FALSE);
            PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, opt_aref_with, value, callinfo);

            if (popped) {
                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
            }

            return;
        }
        break;
      }
      case idASET: {
        if (pm_opt_aset_with_p(iseq, node)) {
            const pm_string_node_t *string = (const pm_string_node_t *) ((const pm_arguments_node_t *) node->arguments)->arguments.nodes[0];
            VALUE value = parse_static_literal_string(iseq, scope_node, (const pm_node_t *) string, &string->unescaped);

            PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(node->receiver);
            PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(((const pm_arguments_node_t *) node->arguments)->arguments.nodes[1]);

            if (!popped) {
                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, swap);
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, topn, INT2FIX(1));
            }

            const struct rb_callinfo *callinfo = new_callinfo(iseq, idASET, 2, 0, NULL, FALSE);
            PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, opt_aset_with, value, callinfo);
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
            return;
        }
        break;
      }
    }

    if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_ATTRIBUTE_WRITE) && !popped) {
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
    }

    if (node->receiver == NULL) {
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putself);
    }
    else {
        if (method_id == idCall && PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node->receiver, PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE)) {
            const pm_local_variable_read_node_t *read_node_cast = (const pm_local_variable_read_node_t *) node->receiver;
            uint32_t node_id = node->receiver->node_id;
            int idx, level;

            if (iseq_block_param_id_p(iseq, pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, read_node_cast->name), &idx, &level)) {
                ADD_ELEM(ret, (LINK_ELEMENT *) new_insn_body(iseq, location.line, node_id, BIN(getblockparamproxy), 2, INT2FIX((idx) + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(level)));
            }
            else {
                PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(node->receiver);
            }
        }
        else {
            PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(node->receiver);
        }
    }

    pm_compile_call(iseq, node, ret, popped, scope_node, method_id, start);
    return;
}

static inline void
pm_compile_call_operator_write_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_call_operator_write_node_t *node, const pm_node_location_t *location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    int flag = 0;

    if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_IGNORE_VISIBILITY)) {
        flag = VM_CALL_FCALL;
    }

    PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(node->receiver);

    LABEL *safe_label = NULL;
    if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_SAFE_NAVIGATION)) {
        safe_label = NEW_LABEL(location->line);
        PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, dup);
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, *location, branchnil, safe_label);
    }

    PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, dup);

    ID id_read_name = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, node->read_name);
    PUSH_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, *location, id_read_name, INT2FIX(0), INT2FIX(flag));

    PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(node->value);
    ID id_operator = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, node->binary_operator);
    PUSH_SEND(ret, *location, id_operator, INT2FIX(1));

    if (!popped) {
        PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, swap);
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, *location, topn, INT2FIX(1));
    }

    ID id_write_name = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, node->write_name);
    PUSH_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, *location, id_write_name, INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(flag));

    if (safe_label != NULL && popped) PUSH_LABEL(ret, safe_label);
    PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, pop);
    if (safe_label != NULL && !popped) PUSH_LABEL(ret, safe_label);
}

/**
 * When we're compiling a case node, it's possible that we can speed it up using
 * a dispatch hash, which will allow us to jump directly to the correct when
 * clause body based on a hash lookup of the value. This can only happen when
 * the conditions are literals that can be compiled into a hash key.
 *
 * This function accepts a dispatch hash and the condition of a when clause. It
 * is responsible for compiling the condition into a hash key and then adding it
 * to the dispatch hash.
 *
 * If the value can be successfully compiled into the hash, then this function
 * returns the dispatch hash with the new key added. If the value cannot be
 * compiled into the hash, then this function returns Qundef. In the case of
 * Qundef, this function is signaling that the caller should abandon the
 * optimization entirely.
 */
static VALUE
pm_compile_case_node_dispatch(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE dispatch, const pm_node_t *node, LABEL *label, const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    VALUE key = Qundef;

    switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(node)) {
      case PM_FLOAT_NODE: {
        key = pm_static_literal_value(iseq, node, scope_node);
        double intptr;

        if (modf(RFLOAT_VALUE(key), &intptr) == 0.0) {
            key = (FIXABLE(intptr) ? LONG2FIX((long) intptr) : rb_dbl2big(intptr));
        }

        break;
      }
      case PM_FALSE_NODE:
      case PM_INTEGER_NODE:
      case PM_NIL_NODE:
      case PM_SOURCE_FILE_NODE:
      case PM_SOURCE_LINE_NODE:
      case PM_SYMBOL_NODE:
      case PM_TRUE_NODE:
        key = pm_static_literal_value(iseq, node, scope_node);
        break;
      case PM_STRING_NODE: {
        const pm_string_node_t *cast = (const pm_string_node_t *) node;
        key = parse_static_literal_string(iseq, scope_node, node, &cast->unescaped);
        break;
      }
      default:
        return Qundef;
    }

    if (NIL_P(rb_hash_lookup(dispatch, key))) {
        rb_hash_aset(dispatch, key, ((VALUE) label) | 1);
    }

    return dispatch;
}

/**
 * Compile a case node, representing a case statement with when clauses.
 */
static inline void
pm_compile_case_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_case_node_t *cast, const pm_node_location_t *node_location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const pm_parser_t *parser = scope_node->parser;
    const pm_node_location_t location = *node_location;
    const pm_node_list_t *conditions = &cast->conditions;

    // This is the anchor that we will compile the conditions of the various
    // `when` nodes into. If a match is found, they will need to jump into
    // the body_seq anchor to the correct spot.
    DECL_ANCHOR(cond_seq);

    // This is the anchor that we will compile the bodies of the various
    // `when` nodes into. We'll make sure that the clauses that are compiled
    // jump into the correct spots within this anchor.
    DECL_ANCHOR(body_seq);

    // This is the label where all of the when clauses will jump to if they
    // have matched and are done executing their bodies.
    LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

    // If we have a predicate on this case statement, then it's going to
    // compare all of the various when clauses to the predicate. If we
    // don't, then it's basically an if-elsif-else chain.
    if (cast->predicate == NULL) {
        // Establish branch coverage for the case node.
        VALUE branches = Qfalse;
        rb_code_location_t case_location = { 0 };
        int branch_id = 0;

        if (PM_BRANCH_COVERAGE_P(iseq)) {
            case_location = pm_code_location(scope_node, (const pm_node_t *) cast);
            branches = decl_branch_base(iseq, PTR2NUM(cast), &case_location, "case");
        }

        // Loop through each clauses in the case node and compile each of
        // the conditions within them into cond_seq. If they match, they
        // should jump into their respective bodies in body_seq.
        for (size_t clause_index = 0; clause_index < conditions->size; clause_index++) {
            const pm_when_node_t *clause = (const pm_when_node_t *) conditions->nodes[clause_index];
            const pm_node_list_t *conditions = &clause->conditions;

            int clause_lineno = pm_node_line_number(parser, (const pm_node_t *) clause);
            LABEL *label = NEW_LABEL(clause_lineno);
            PUSH_LABEL(body_seq, label);

            // Establish branch coverage for the when clause.
            if (PM_BRANCH_COVERAGE_P(iseq)) {
                rb_code_location_t branch_location = pm_code_location(scope_node, clause->statements != NULL ? ((const pm_node_t *) clause->statements) : ((const pm_node_t *) clause));
                add_trace_branch_coverage(iseq, body_seq, &branch_location, branch_location.beg_pos.column, branch_id++, "when", branches);
            }

            if (clause->statements != NULL) {
                pm_compile_node(iseq, (const pm_node_t *) clause->statements, body_seq, popped, scope_node);
            }
            else if (!popped) {
                PUSH_SYNTHETIC_PUTNIL(body_seq, iseq);
            }

            PUSH_INSNL(body_seq, location, jump, end_label);

            // Compile each of the conditions for the when clause into the
            // cond_seq. Each one should have a unique condition and should
            // jump to the subsequent one if it doesn't match.
            for (size_t condition_index = 0; condition_index < conditions->size; condition_index++) {
                const pm_node_t *condition = conditions->nodes[condition_index];

                if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(condition, PM_SPLAT_NODE)) {
                    pm_node_location_t cond_location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(parser, condition);
                    PUSH_INSN(cond_seq, cond_location, putnil);
                    pm_compile_node(iseq, condition, cond_seq, false, scope_node);
                    PUSH_INSN1(cond_seq, cond_location, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_WHEN | VM_CHECKMATCH_ARRAY));
                    PUSH_INSNL(cond_seq, cond_location, branchif, label);
                }
                else {
                    LABEL *next_label = NEW_LABEL(pm_node_line_number(parser, condition));
                    pm_compile_branch_condition(iseq, cond_seq, condition, label, next_label, false, scope_node);
                    PUSH_LABEL(cond_seq, next_label);
                }
            }
        }

        // Establish branch coverage for the else clause (implicit or
        // explicit).
        if (PM_BRANCH_COVERAGE_P(iseq)) {
            rb_code_location_t branch_location;

            if (cast->else_clause == NULL) {
                branch_location = case_location;
            } else if (cast->else_clause->statements == NULL) {
                branch_location = pm_code_location(scope_node, (const pm_node_t *) cast->else_clause);
            } else {
                branch_location = pm_code_location(scope_node, (const pm_node_t *) cast->else_clause->statements);
            }

            add_trace_branch_coverage(iseq, cond_seq, &branch_location, branch_location.beg_pos.column, branch_id, "else", branches);
        }

        // Compile the else clause if there is one.
        if (cast->else_clause != NULL) {
            pm_compile_node(iseq, (const pm_node_t *) cast->else_clause, cond_seq, popped, scope_node);
        }
        else if (!popped) {
            PUSH_SYNTHETIC_PUTNIL(cond_seq, iseq);
        }

        // Finally, jump to the end label if none of the other conditions
        // have matched.
        PUSH_INSNL(cond_seq, location, jump, end_label);
        PUSH_SEQ(ret, cond_seq);
    }
    else {
        // Establish branch coverage for the case node.
        VALUE branches = Qfalse;
        rb_code_location_t case_location = { 0 };
        int branch_id = 0;

        if (PM_BRANCH_COVERAGE_P(iseq)) {
            case_location = pm_code_location(scope_node, (const pm_node_t *) cast);
            branches = decl_branch_base(iseq, PTR2NUM(cast), &case_location, "case");
        }

        // This is the label where everything will fall into if none of the
        // conditions matched.
        LABEL *else_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

        // It's possible for us to speed up the case node by using a
        // dispatch hash. This is a hash that maps the conditions of the
        // various when clauses to the labels of their bodies. If we can
        // compile the conditions into a hash key, then we can use a hash
        // lookup to jump directly to the correct when clause body.
        VALUE dispatch = Qundef;
        if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->specialized_instruction) {
            dispatch = rb_hash_new();
            RHASH_TBL_RAW(dispatch)->type = &cdhash_type;
        }

        // We're going to loop through each of the conditions in the case
        // node and compile each of their contents into both the cond_seq
        // and the body_seq. Each condition will use its own label to jump
        // from its conditions into its body.
        //
        // Note that none of the code in the loop below should be adding
        // anything to ret, as we're going to be laying out the entire case
        // node instructions later.
        for (size_t clause_index = 0; clause_index < conditions->size; clause_index++) {
            const pm_when_node_t *clause = (const pm_when_node_t *) conditions->nodes[clause_index];
            pm_node_location_t clause_location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(parser, (const pm_node_t *) clause);

            const pm_node_list_t *conditions = &clause->conditions;
            LABEL *label = NEW_LABEL(clause_location.line);

            // Compile each of the conditions for the when clause into the
            // cond_seq. Each one should have a unique comparison that then
            // jumps into the body if it matches.
            for (size_t condition_index = 0; condition_index < conditions->size; condition_index++) {
                const pm_node_t *condition = conditions->nodes[condition_index];
                const pm_node_location_t condition_location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(parser, condition);

                // If we haven't already abandoned the optimization, then
                // we're going to try to compile the condition into the
                // dispatch hash.
                if (dispatch != Qundef) {
                    dispatch = pm_compile_case_node_dispatch(iseq, dispatch, condition, label, scope_node);
                }

                if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(condition, PM_SPLAT_NODE)) {
                    PUSH_INSN(cond_seq, condition_location, dup);
                    pm_compile_node(iseq, condition, cond_seq, false, scope_node);
                    PUSH_INSN1(cond_seq, condition_location, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_CASE | VM_CHECKMATCH_ARRAY));
                }
                else {
                    if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(condition, PM_STRING_NODE)) {
                        const pm_string_node_t *string = (const pm_string_node_t *) condition;
                        VALUE value = parse_static_literal_string(iseq, scope_node, condition, &string->unescaped);
                        PUSH_INSN1(cond_seq, condition_location, putobject, value);
                    }
                    else {
                        pm_compile_node(iseq, condition, cond_seq, false, scope_node);
                    }

                    PUSH_INSN1(cond_seq, condition_location, topn, INT2FIX(1));
                    PUSH_SEND_WITH_FLAG(cond_seq, condition_location, idEqq, INT2NUM(1), INT2FIX(VM_CALL_FCALL | VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE));
                }

                PUSH_INSNL(cond_seq, condition_location, branchif, label);
            }

            // Now, add the label to the body and compile the body of the
            // when clause. This involves popping the predicate, compiling
            // the statements to be executed, and then compiling a jump to
            // the end of the case node.
            PUSH_LABEL(body_seq, label);
            PUSH_INSN(body_seq, clause_location, pop);

            // Establish branch coverage for the when clause.
            if (PM_BRANCH_COVERAGE_P(iseq)) {
                rb_code_location_t branch_location = pm_code_location(scope_node, clause->statements != NULL ? ((const pm_node_t *) clause->statements) : ((const pm_node_t *) clause));
                add_trace_branch_coverage(iseq, body_seq, &branch_location, branch_location.beg_pos.column, branch_id++, "when", branches);
            }

            if (clause->statements != NULL) {
                pm_compile_node(iseq, (const pm_node_t *) clause->statements, body_seq, popped, scope_node);
            }
            else if (!popped) {
                PUSH_SYNTHETIC_PUTNIL(body_seq, iseq);
            }

            PUSH_INSNL(body_seq, clause_location, jump, end_label);
        }

        // Now that we have compiled the conditions and the bodies of the
        // various when clauses, we can compile the predicate, lay out the
        // conditions, compile the fallback subsequent if there is one, and
        // finally put in the bodies of the when clauses.
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(cast->predicate);

        // If we have a dispatch hash, then we'll use it here to create the
        // optimization.
        if (dispatch != Qundef) {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
            PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, opt_case_dispatch, dispatch, else_label);
            LABEL_REF(else_label);
        }

        PUSH_SEQ(ret, cond_seq);

        // Compile either the explicit else clause or an implicit else
        // clause.
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, else_label);

        if (cast->else_clause != NULL) {
            pm_node_location_t else_location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(parser, cast->else_clause->statements != NULL ? ((const pm_node_t *) cast->else_clause->statements) : ((const pm_node_t *) cast->else_clause));
            PUSH_INSN(ret, else_location, pop);

            // Establish branch coverage for the else clause.
            if (PM_BRANCH_COVERAGE_P(iseq)) {
                rb_code_location_t branch_location = pm_code_location(scope_node, cast->else_clause->statements != NULL ? ((const pm_node_t *) cast->else_clause->statements) : ((const pm_node_t *) cast->else_clause));
                add_trace_branch_coverage(iseq, ret, &branch_location, branch_location.beg_pos.column, branch_id, "else", branches);
            }

            PM_COMPILE((const pm_node_t *) cast->else_clause);
            PUSH_INSNL(ret, else_location, jump, end_label);
        }
        else {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);

            // Establish branch coverage for the implicit else clause.
            if (PM_BRANCH_COVERAGE_P(iseq)) {
                add_trace_branch_coverage(iseq, ret, &case_location, case_location.beg_pos.column, branch_id, "else", branches);
            }

            if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
            PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, end_label);
        }
    }

    PUSH_SEQ(ret, body_seq);
    PUSH_LABEL(ret, end_label);
}

static inline void
pm_compile_case_match_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_case_match_node_t *node, const pm_node_location_t *location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    // This is the anchor that we will compile the bodies of the various
    // `in` nodes into. We'll make sure that the patterns that are compiled
    // jump into the correct spots within this anchor.
    DECL_ANCHOR(body_seq);

    // This is the anchor that we will compile the patterns of the various
    // `in` nodes into. If a match is found, they will need to jump into the
    // body_seq anchor to the correct spot.
    DECL_ANCHOR(cond_seq);

    // This label is used to indicate the end of the entire node. It is
    // jumped to after the entire stack is cleaned up.
    LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(location->line);

    // This label is used as the fallback for the case match. If no match is
    // found, then we jump to this label. This is either an `else` clause or
    // an error handler.
    LABEL *else_label = NEW_LABEL(location->line);

    // We're going to use this to uniquely identify each branch so that we
    // can track coverage information.
    rb_code_location_t case_location = { 0 };
    VALUE branches = Qfalse;
    int branch_id = 0;

    if (PM_BRANCH_COVERAGE_P(iseq)) {
        case_location = pm_code_location(scope_node, (const pm_node_t *) node);
        branches = decl_branch_base(iseq, PTR2NUM(node), &case_location, "case");
    }

    // If there is only one pattern, then the behavior changes a bit. It
    // effectively gets treated as a match required node (this is how it is
    // represented in the other parser).
    bool in_single_pattern = node->else_clause == NULL && node->conditions.size == 1;

    // First, we're going to push a bunch of stuff onto the stack that is
    // going to serve as our scratch space.
    if (in_single_pattern) {
        PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, putnil); // key error key
        PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, putnil); // key error matchee
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, *location, putobject, Qfalse); // key error?
        PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, putnil); // error string
    }

    // Now we're going to compile the value to match against.
    PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, putnil); // deconstruct cache
    PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(node->predicate);

    // Next, we'll loop through every in clause and compile its body into
    // the body_seq anchor and its pattern into the cond_seq anchor. We'll
    // make sure the pattern knows how to jump correctly into the body if it
    // finds a match.
    for (size_t index = 0; index < node->conditions.size; index++) {
        const pm_node_t *condition = node->conditions.nodes[index];
        RUBY_ASSERT(PM_NODE_TYPE_P(condition, PM_IN_NODE));

        const pm_in_node_t *in_node = (const pm_in_node_t *) condition;
        const pm_node_location_t in_location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, in_node);
        const pm_node_location_t pattern_location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(scope_node->parser, in_node->pattern);

        if (branch_id) {
            PUSH_INSN(body_seq, in_location, putnil);
        }

        LABEL *body_label = NEW_LABEL(in_location.line);
        PUSH_LABEL(body_seq, body_label);
        PUSH_INSN1(body_seq, in_location, adjuststack, INT2FIX(in_single_pattern ? 6 : 2));

        // Establish branch coverage for the in clause.
        if (PM_BRANCH_COVERAGE_P(iseq)) {
            rb_code_location_t branch_location = pm_code_location(scope_node, in_node->statements != NULL ? ((const pm_node_t *) in_node->statements) : ((const pm_node_t *) in_node));
            add_trace_branch_coverage(iseq, body_seq, &branch_location, branch_location.beg_pos.column, branch_id++, "in", branches);
        }

        if (in_node->statements != NULL) {
            PM_COMPILE_INTO_ANCHOR(body_seq, (const pm_node_t *) in_node->statements);
        }
        else if (!popped) {
            PUSH_SYNTHETIC_PUTNIL(body_seq, iseq);
        }

        PUSH_INSNL(body_seq, in_location, jump, end_label);
        LABEL *next_pattern_label = NEW_LABEL(pattern_location.line);

        PUSH_INSN(cond_seq, pattern_location, dup);
        pm_compile_pattern(iseq, scope_node, in_node->pattern, cond_seq, body_label, next_pattern_label, in_single_pattern, false, true, 2);
        PUSH_LABEL(cond_seq, next_pattern_label);
        LABEL_UNREMOVABLE(next_pattern_label);
    }

    if (node->else_clause != NULL) {
        // If we have an `else` clause, then this becomes our fallback (and
        // there is no need to compile in code to potentially raise an
        // error).
        const pm_else_node_t *else_node = node->else_clause;

        PUSH_LABEL(cond_seq, else_label);
        PUSH_INSN(cond_seq, *location, pop);
        PUSH_INSN(cond_seq, *location, pop);

        // Establish branch coverage for the else clause.
        if (PM_BRANCH_COVERAGE_P(iseq)) {
            rb_code_location_t branch_location = pm_code_location(scope_node, else_node->statements != NULL ? ((const pm_node_t *) else_node->statements) : ((const pm_node_t *) else_node));
            add_trace_branch_coverage(iseq, cond_seq, &branch_location, branch_location.beg_pos.column, branch_id, "else", branches);
        }

        PM_COMPILE_INTO_ANCHOR(cond_seq, (const pm_node_t *) else_node);
        PUSH_INSNL(cond_seq, *location, jump, end_label);
        PUSH_INSN(cond_seq, *location, putnil);
        if (popped) PUSH_INSN(cond_seq, *location, putnil);
    }
    else {
        // Otherwise, if we do not have an `else` clause, we will compile in
        // the code to handle raising an appropriate error.
        PUSH_LABEL(cond_seq, else_label);

        // Establish branch coverage for the implicit else clause.
        add_trace_branch_coverage(iseq, cond_seq, &case_location, case_location.beg_pos.column, branch_id, "else", branches);

        if (in_single_pattern) {
            pm_compile_pattern_error_handler(iseq, scope_node, (const pm_node_t *) node, cond_seq, end_label, popped);
        }
        else {
            PUSH_INSN1(cond_seq, *location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
            PUSH_INSN1(cond_seq, *location, putobject, rb_eNoMatchingPatternError);
            PUSH_INSN1(cond_seq, *location, topn, INT2FIX(2));
            PUSH_SEND(cond_seq, *location, id_core_raise, INT2FIX(2));

            PUSH_INSN1(cond_seq, *location, adjuststack, INT2FIX(3));
            if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(cond_seq, *location, putnil);
            PUSH_INSNL(cond_seq, *location, jump, end_label);
            PUSH_INSN1(cond_seq, *location, dupn, INT2FIX(1));
            if (popped) PUSH_INSN(cond_seq, *location, putnil);
        }
    }

    // At the end of all of this compilation, we will add the code for the
    // conditions first, then the various bodies, then mark the end of the
    // entire sequence with the end label.
    PUSH_SEQ(ret, cond_seq);
    PUSH_SEQ(ret, body_seq);
    PUSH_LABEL(ret, end_label);
}

static inline void
pm_compile_forwarding_super_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_forwarding_super_node_t *node, const pm_node_location_t *location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const rb_iseq_t *block = NULL;
    const rb_iseq_t *previous_block = NULL;
    LABEL *retry_label = NULL;
    LABEL *retry_end_l = NULL;

    if (node->block != NULL) {
        previous_block = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block;
        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = NULL;

        retry_label = NEW_LABEL(location->line);
        retry_end_l = NEW_LABEL(location->line);

        PUSH_LABEL(ret, retry_label);
    }
    else {
        iseq_set_use_block(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_iseq);
    }

    PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, putself);
    int flag = VM_CALL_ZSUPER | VM_CALL_SUPER | VM_CALL_FCALL;

    if (node->block != NULL) {
        pm_scope_node_t next_scope_node;
        pm_scope_node_init((const pm_node_t *) node->block, &next_scope_node, scope_node);

        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = block = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(&next_scope_node, make_name_for_block(iseq), ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, location->line);
        pm_scope_node_destroy(&next_scope_node);
        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE) block);
    }

    DECL_ANCHOR(args);

    struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = ISEQ_BODY(iseq);
    const rb_iseq_t *local_iseq = body->local_iseq;
    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const local_body = ISEQ_BODY(local_iseq);

    int argc = 0;
    int depth = get_lvar_level(iseq);

    if (ISEQ_BODY(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_iseq)->param.flags.forwardable) {
        flag |= VM_CALL_FORWARDING;
        pm_local_index_t mult_local = pm_lookup_local_index(iseq, scope_node, PM_CONSTANT_DOT3, 0);
        PUSH_GETLOCAL(ret, *location, mult_local.index, mult_local.level);

        const struct rb_callinfo *callinfo = new_callinfo(iseq, 0, 0, flag, NULL, block != NULL);
        PUSH_INSN2(ret, *location, invokesuperforward, callinfo, block);

        if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, pop);
        if (node->block) {
            ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = previous_block;
        }
        return;
    }

    if (local_body->param.flags.has_lead) {
        /* required arguments */
        for (int i = 0; i < local_body->param.lead_num; i++) {
            int idx = local_body->local_table_size - i;
            PUSH_GETLOCAL(args, *location, idx, depth);
        }
        argc += local_body->param.lead_num;
    }

    if (local_body->param.flags.has_opt) {
        /* optional arguments */
        for (int j = 0; j < local_body->param.opt_num; j++) {
            int idx = local_body->local_table_size - (argc + j);
            PUSH_GETLOCAL(args, *location, idx, depth);
        }
        argc += local_body->param.opt_num;
    }

    if (local_body->param.flags.has_rest) {
        /* rest argument */
        int idx = local_body->local_table_size - local_body->param.rest_start;
        PUSH_GETLOCAL(args, *location, idx, depth);
        PUSH_INSN1(args, *location, splatarray, Qfalse);

        argc = local_body->param.rest_start + 1;
        flag |= VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT;
    }

    if (local_body->param.flags.has_post) {
        /* post arguments */
        int post_len = local_body->param.post_num;
        int post_start = local_body->param.post_start;

        int j = 0;
        for (; j < post_len; j++) {
            int idx = local_body->local_table_size - (post_start + j);
            PUSH_GETLOCAL(args, *location, idx, depth);
        }

        if (local_body->param.flags.has_rest) {
            // argc remains unchanged from rest branch
            PUSH_INSN1(args, *location, newarray, INT2FIX(j));
            PUSH_INSN(args, *location, concatarray);
        }
        else {
            argc = post_len + post_start;
        }
    }

    const struct rb_iseq_param_keyword *const local_keyword = local_body->param.keyword;
    if (local_body->param.flags.has_kw) {
        int local_size = local_body->local_table_size;
        argc++;

        PUSH_INSN1(args, *location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));

        if (local_body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
            int idx = local_body->local_table_size - local_keyword->rest_start;
            PUSH_GETLOCAL(args, *location, idx, depth);
            RUBY_ASSERT(local_keyword->num > 0);
            PUSH_SEND(args, *location, rb_intern("dup"), INT2FIX(0));
        }
        else {
            PUSH_INSN1(args, *location, newhash, INT2FIX(0));
        }
        int i = 0;
        for (; i < local_keyword->num; ++i) {
            ID id = local_keyword->table[i];
            int idx = local_size - get_local_var_idx(local_iseq, id);

            {
                VALUE operand = ID2SYM(id);
                PUSH_INSN1(args, *location, putobject, operand);
            }

            PUSH_GETLOCAL(args, *location, idx, depth);
        }

        PUSH_SEND(args, *location, id_core_hash_merge_ptr, INT2FIX(i * 2 + 1));
        flag |= VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT| VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT_MUT;
    }
    else if (local_body->param.flags.has_kwrest) {
        int idx = local_body->local_table_size - local_keyword->rest_start;
        PUSH_GETLOCAL(args, *location, idx, depth);
        argc++;
        flag |= VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT;
    }

    PUSH_SEQ(ret, args);

    {
        const struct rb_callinfo *callinfo = new_callinfo(iseq, 0, argc, flag, NULL, block != NULL);
        PUSH_INSN2(ret, *location, invokesuper, callinfo, block);
    }

    if (node->block != NULL) {
        pm_compile_retry_end_label(iseq, ret, retry_end_l);
        PUSH_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_BREAK, retry_label, retry_end_l, block, retry_end_l);
        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = previous_block;
    }

    if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, pop);
}

static inline void
pm_compile_match_required_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_match_required_node_t *node, const pm_node_location_t *location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    LABEL *matched_label = NEW_LABEL(location->line);
    LABEL *unmatched_label = NEW_LABEL(location->line);
    LABEL *done_label = NEW_LABEL(location->line);

    // First, we're going to push a bunch of stuff onto the stack that is
    // going to serve as our scratch space.
    PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, putnil); // key error key
    PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, putnil); // key error matchee
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, *location, putobject, Qfalse); // key error?
    PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, putnil); // error string
    PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, putnil); // deconstruct cache

    // Next we're going to compile the value expression such that it's on
    // the stack.
    PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(node->value);

    // Here we'll dup it so that it can be used for comparison, but also be
    // used for error handling.
    PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, dup);

    // Next we'll compile the pattern. We indicate to the pm_compile_pattern
    // function that this is the only pattern that will be matched against
    // through the in_single_pattern parameter. We also indicate that the
    // value to compare against is 2 slots from the top of the stack (the
    // base_index parameter).
    pm_compile_pattern(iseq, scope_node, node->pattern, ret, matched_label, unmatched_label, true, false, true, 2);

    // If the pattern did not match the value, then we're going to compile
    // in our error handler code. This will determine which error to raise
    // and raise it.
    PUSH_LABEL(ret, unmatched_label);
    pm_compile_pattern_error_handler(iseq, scope_node, (const pm_node_t *) node, ret, done_label, popped);

    // If the pattern did match, we'll clean up the values we've pushed onto
    // the stack and then push nil onto the stack if it's not popped.
    PUSH_LABEL(ret, matched_label);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, *location, adjuststack, INT2FIX(6));
    if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, putnil);
    PUSH_INSNL(ret, *location, jump, done_label);

    PUSH_LABEL(ret, done_label);
}

static inline void
pm_compile_match_write_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_match_write_node_t *node, const pm_node_location_t *location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    LABEL *fail_label = NEW_LABEL(location->line);
    LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(location->line);

    // First, we'll compile the call so that all of its instructions are
    // present. Then we'll compile all of the local variable targets.
    PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED((const pm_node_t *) node->call);

    // Now, check if the match was successful. If it was, then we'll
    // continue on and assign local variables. Otherwise we'll skip over the
    // assignment code.
    {
        VALUE operand = rb_id2sym(idBACKREF);
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, *location, getglobal, operand);
    }

    PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, dup);
    PUSH_INSNL(ret, *location, branchunless, fail_label);

    // If there's only a single local variable target, we can skip some of
    // the bookkeeping, so we'll put a special branch here.
    size_t targets_count = node->targets.size;

    if (targets_count == 1) {
        const pm_node_t *target = node->targets.nodes[0];
        RUBY_ASSERT(PM_NODE_TYPE_P(target, PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_TARGET_NODE));

        const pm_local_variable_target_node_t *local_target = (const pm_local_variable_target_node_t *) target;
        pm_local_index_t index = pm_lookup_local_index(iseq, scope_node, local_target->name, local_target->depth);

        {
            VALUE operand = rb_id2sym(pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, local_target->name));
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, *location, putobject, operand);
        }

        PUSH_SEND(ret, *location, idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, fail_label);
        PUSH_SETLOCAL(ret, *location, index.index, index.level);
        if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, pop);
        return;
    }

    DECL_ANCHOR(fail_anchor);

    // Otherwise there is more than one local variable target, so we'll need
    // to do some bookkeeping.
    for (size_t targets_index = 0; targets_index < targets_count; targets_index++) {
        const pm_node_t *target = node->targets.nodes[targets_index];
        RUBY_ASSERT(PM_NODE_TYPE_P(target, PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_TARGET_NODE));

        const pm_local_variable_target_node_t *local_target = (const pm_local_variable_target_node_t *) target;
        pm_local_index_t index = pm_lookup_local_index(iseq, scope_node, local_target->name, local_target->depth);

        if (((size_t) targets_index) < (targets_count - 1)) {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, dup);
        }

        {
            VALUE operand = rb_id2sym(pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, local_target->name));
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, *location, putobject, operand);
        }

        PUSH_SEND(ret, *location, idAREF, INT2FIX(1));
        PUSH_SETLOCAL(ret, *location, index.index, index.level);

        PUSH_INSN(fail_anchor, *location, putnil);
        PUSH_SETLOCAL(fail_anchor, *location, index.index, index.level);
    }

    // Since we matched successfully, now we'll jump to the end.
    PUSH_INSNL(ret, *location, jump, end_label);

    // In the case that the match failed, we'll loop through each local
    // variable target and set all of them to `nil`.
    PUSH_LABEL(ret, fail_label);
    PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, pop);
    PUSH_SEQ(ret, fail_anchor);

    // Finally, we can push the end label for either case.
    PUSH_LABEL(ret, end_label);
    if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, pop);
}

static inline void
pm_compile_next_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_next_node_t *node, const pm_node_location_t *location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label != 0 && can_add_ensure_iseq(iseq)) {
        LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, splabel);

        if (node->arguments) {
            PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED((const pm_node_t *) node->arguments);
        }
        else {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, putnil);
        }
        pm_add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0, scope_node);

        PUSH_ADJUST(ret, *location, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, *location, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);

        PUSH_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, putnil);
    }
    else if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label && can_add_ensure_iseq(iseq)) {
        LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);

        PUSH_LABEL(ret, splabel);
        PUSH_ADJUST(ret, *location, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);

        if (node->arguments != NULL) {
            PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED((const pm_node_t *) node->arguments);
        }
        else {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, putnil);
        }

        pm_add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0, scope_node);
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, *location, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label);
        PUSH_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
        splabel->unremovable = FALSE;

        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, putnil);
    }
    else {
        const rb_iseq_t *ip = iseq;
        unsigned long throw_flag = 0;

        while (ip) {
            if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)) {
                ip = 0;
                break;
            }

            throw_flag = VM_THROW_NO_ESCAPE_FLAG;
            if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)->redo_label != 0) {
                /* while loop */
                break;
            }
            else if (ISEQ_BODY(ip)->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
                break;
            }
            else if (ISEQ_BODY(ip)->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
                COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, location->line, "Invalid next");
                return;
            }

            ip = ISEQ_BODY(ip)->parent_iseq;
        }

        if (ip != 0) {
            if (node->arguments) {
                PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED((const pm_node_t *) node->arguments);
            }
            else {
                PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, putnil);
            }

            PUSH_INSN1(ret, *location, throw, INT2FIX(throw_flag | TAG_NEXT));
            if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, pop);
        }
        else {
            COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, location->line, "Invalid next");
        }
    }
}

static inline void
pm_compile_redo_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_location_t *location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label && can_add_ensure_iseq(iseq)) {
        LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);

        PUSH_LABEL(ret, splabel);
        PUSH_ADJUST(ret, *location, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
        pm_add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0, scope_node);

        PUSH_INSNL(ret, *location, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->redo_label);
        PUSH_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, putnil);
    }
    else if (ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->type != ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL && ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label && can_add_ensure_iseq(iseq)) {
        LABEL *splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);

        PUSH_LABEL(ret, splabel);
        pm_add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0, scope_node);
        PUSH_ADJUST(ret, *location, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);

        PUSH_INSNL(ret, *location, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->start_label);
        PUSH_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, putnil);
    }
    else {
        const rb_iseq_t *ip = iseq;

        while (ip) {
            if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)) {
                ip = 0;
                break;
            }

            if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(ip)->redo_label != 0) {
                break;
            }
            else if (ISEQ_BODY(ip)->type == ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK) {
                break;
            }
            else if (ISEQ_BODY(ip)->type == ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL) {
                COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, location->line, "Invalid redo");
                return;
            }

            ip = ISEQ_BODY(ip)->parent_iseq;
        }

        if (ip != 0) {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, putnil);
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, *location, throw, INT2FIX(VM_THROW_NO_ESCAPE_FLAG | TAG_REDO));
            if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, pop);
        }
        else {
            COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, location->line, "Invalid redo");
        }
    }
}

static inline void
pm_compile_rescue_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_rescue_node_t *node, const pm_node_location_t *location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    iseq_set_exception_local_table(iseq);

    // First, establish the labels that we need to be able to jump to within
    // this compilation block.
    LABEL *exception_match_label = NEW_LABEL(location->line);
    LABEL *rescue_end_label = NEW_LABEL(location->line);

    // Next, compile each of the exceptions that we're going to be
    // handling. For each one, we'll add instructions to check if the
    // exception matches the raised one, and if it does then jump to the
    // exception_match_label label. Otherwise it will fall through to the
    // subsequent check. If there are no exceptions, we'll only check
    // StandardError.
    const pm_node_list_t *exceptions = &node->exceptions;

    if (exceptions->size > 0) {
        for (size_t index = 0; index < exceptions->size; index++) {
            PUSH_GETLOCAL(ret, *location, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);
            PM_COMPILE(exceptions->nodes[index]);
            int checkmatch_flags = VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_RESCUE;
            if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(exceptions->nodes[index], PM_SPLAT_NODE)) {
                checkmatch_flags |= VM_CHECKMATCH_ARRAY;
            }
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, *location, checkmatch, INT2FIX(checkmatch_flags));
            PUSH_INSNL(ret, *location, branchif, exception_match_label);
        }
    }
    else {
        PUSH_GETLOCAL(ret, *location, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, *location, putobject, rb_eStandardError);
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, *location, checkmatch, INT2FIX(VM_CHECKMATCH_TYPE_RESCUE));
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, *location, branchif, exception_match_label);
    }

    // If none of the exceptions that we are matching against matched, then
    // we'll jump straight to the rescue_end_label label.
    PUSH_INSNL(ret, *location, jump, rescue_end_label);

    // Here we have the exception_match_label, which is where the
    // control-flow goes in the case that one of the exceptions matched.
    // Here we will compile the instructions to handle the exception.
    PUSH_LABEL(ret, exception_match_label);
    PUSH_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_RESCUE);

    // If we have a reference to the exception, then we'll compile the write
    // into the instruction sequence. This can look quite different
    // depending on the kind of write being performed.
    if (node->reference) {
        DECL_ANCHOR(writes);
        DECL_ANCHOR(cleanup);

        pm_compile_target_node(iseq, node->reference, ret, writes, cleanup, scope_node, NULL);
        PUSH_GETLOCAL(ret, *location, LVAR_ERRINFO, 0);

        PUSH_SEQ(ret, writes);
        PUSH_SEQ(ret, cleanup);
    }

    // If we have statements to execute, we'll compile them here. Otherwise
    // we'll push nil onto the stack.
    if (node->statements != NULL) {
        // We'll temporarily remove the end_label location from the iseq
        // when compiling the statements so that next/redo statements
        // inside the body will throw to the correct place instead of
        // jumping straight to the end of this iseq
        LABEL *prev_end = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label;
        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label = NULL;

        PM_COMPILE((const pm_node_t *) node->statements);

        // Now restore the end_label
        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label = prev_end;
    }
    else {
        PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, putnil);
    }

    PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, leave);

    // Here we'll insert the rescue_end_label label, which is jumped to if
    // none of the exceptions matched. It will cause the control-flow to
    // either jump to the next rescue clause or it will fall through to the
    // subsequent instruction returning the raised error.
    PUSH_LABEL(ret, rescue_end_label);
    if (node->subsequent != NULL) {
        PM_COMPILE((const pm_node_t *) node->subsequent);
    }
    else {
        PUSH_GETLOCAL(ret, *location, 1, 0);
    }
}

static inline void
pm_compile_return_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_return_node_t *node, const pm_node_location_t *location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const pm_arguments_node_t *arguments = node->arguments;
    enum rb_iseq_type type = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->type;
    LABEL *splabel = 0;

    const rb_iseq_t *parent_iseq = iseq;
    enum rb_iseq_type parent_type = ISEQ_BODY(parent_iseq)->type;
    while (parent_type == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE || parent_type == ISEQ_TYPE_ENSURE) {
        if (!(parent_iseq = ISEQ_BODY(parent_iseq)->parent_iseq)) break;
        parent_type = ISEQ_BODY(parent_iseq)->type;
    }

    switch (parent_type) {
      case ISEQ_TYPE_TOP:
      case ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN:
        if (arguments) {
            rb_warn("argument of top-level return is ignored");
        }
        if (parent_iseq == iseq) {
            type = ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD;
        }
        break;
      default:
        break;
    }

    if (type == ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD) {
        splabel = NEW_LABEL(0);
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, splabel);
        PUSH_ADJUST(ret, *location, 0);
    }

    if (arguments != NULL) {
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED((const pm_node_t *) arguments);
    }
    else {
        PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, putnil);
    }

    if (type == ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD && can_add_ensure_iseq(iseq)) {
        pm_add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 1, scope_node);
        PUSH_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_RETURN);
        PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, leave);
        PUSH_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, putnil);
    }
    else {
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, *location, throw, INT2FIX(TAG_RETURN));
        if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, pop);
    }
}

static inline void
pm_compile_super_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_super_node_t *node, const pm_node_location_t *location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    DECL_ANCHOR(args);

    LABEL *retry_label = NEW_LABEL(location->line);
    LABEL *retry_end_l = NEW_LABEL(location->line);

    const rb_iseq_t *previous_block = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block;
    const rb_iseq_t *current_block;
    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = current_block = NULL;

    PUSH_LABEL(ret, retry_label);
    PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, putself);

    int flags = 0;
    struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *keywords = NULL;
    int argc = pm_setup_args(node->arguments, node->block, &flags, &keywords, iseq, ret, scope_node, location);
    bool is_forwardable = (node->arguments != NULL) && PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node->arguments, PM_ARGUMENTS_NODE_FLAGS_CONTAINS_FORWARDING);
    flags |= VM_CALL_SUPER | VM_CALL_FCALL;

    if (node->block && PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node->block, PM_BLOCK_NODE)) {
        pm_scope_node_t next_scope_node;
        pm_scope_node_init(node->block, &next_scope_node, scope_node);

        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = current_block = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(&next_scope_node, make_name_for_block(iseq), ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, location->line);
        pm_scope_node_destroy(&next_scope_node);
    }

    if (!node->block) {
        iseq_set_use_block(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_iseq);
    }

    if ((flags & VM_CALL_ARGS_BLOCKARG) && (flags & VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT) && !(flags & VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT_MUT)) {
        PUSH_INSN(args, *location, splatkw);
    }

    PUSH_SEQ(ret, args);
    if (is_forwardable && ISEQ_BODY(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_iseq)->param.flags.forwardable) {
        flags |= VM_CALL_FORWARDING;

        {
            const struct rb_callinfo *callinfo = new_callinfo(iseq, 0, argc, flags, keywords, current_block != NULL);
            PUSH_INSN2(ret, *location, invokesuperforward, callinfo, current_block);
        }
    }
    else {
        {
            const struct rb_callinfo *callinfo = new_callinfo(iseq, 0, argc, flags, keywords, current_block != NULL);
            PUSH_INSN2(ret, *location, invokesuper, callinfo, current_block);
        }

    }

    pm_compile_retry_end_label(iseq, ret, retry_end_l);

    if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, pop);
    ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = previous_block;
    PUSH_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_BREAK, retry_label, retry_end_l, current_block, retry_end_l);
}

static inline void
pm_compile_yield_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_yield_node_t *node, const pm_node_location_t *location, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    switch (ISEQ_BODY(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_iseq)->type) {
      case ISEQ_TYPE_TOP:
      case ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN:
      case ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS:
        COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, location->line, "Invalid yield");
        return;
      default: /* valid */;
    }

    int argc = 0;
    int flags = 0;
    struct rb_callinfo_kwarg *keywords = NULL;

    if (node->arguments) {
        argc = pm_setup_args(node->arguments, NULL, &flags, &keywords, iseq, ret, scope_node, location);
    }

    const struct rb_callinfo *callinfo = new_callinfo(iseq, 0, argc, flags, keywords, FALSE);
    PUSH_INSN1(ret, *location, invokeblock, callinfo);

    iseq_set_use_block(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_iseq);
    if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, *location, pop);

    int level = 0;
    for (const rb_iseq_t *tmp_iseq = iseq; tmp_iseq != ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->local_iseq; level++) {
        tmp_iseq = ISEQ_BODY(tmp_iseq)->parent_iseq;
    }

    if (level > 0) access_outer_variables(iseq, level, rb_intern("yield"), true);
}

/**
 * Compiles a prism node into instruction sequences.
 *
 * iseq -            The current instruction sequence object (used for locals)
 * node -            The prism node to compile
 * ret -             The linked list of instructions to append instructions onto
 * popped -          True if compiling something with no side effects, so instructions don't
 *                   need to be added
 * scope_node - Stores parser and local information
 */
static void
pm_compile_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const pm_node_t *node, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, bool popped, pm_scope_node_t *scope_node)
{
    const pm_parser_t *parser = scope_node->parser;
    const pm_node_location_t location = PM_NODE_START_LOCATION(parser, node);
    int lineno = (int) location.line;

    if (PM_NODE_TYPE_P(node, PM_BEGIN_NODE) && (((const pm_begin_node_t *) node)->statements == NULL) && (((const pm_begin_node_t *) node)->rescue_clause != NULL)) {
        // If this node is a begin node and it has empty statements and also
        // has a rescue clause, then the other parser considers it as
        // starting on the same line as the rescue, as opposed to the
        // location of the begin keyword. We replicate that behavior here.
        lineno = (int) PM_NODE_START_LINE_COLUMN(parser, ((const pm_begin_node_t *) node)->rescue_clause).line;
    }

    if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_NODE_FLAG_NEWLINE) && ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line != lineno) {
        // If this node has the newline flag set and it is on a new line
        // from the previous nodes that have been compiled for this ISEQ,
        // then we need to emit a newline event.
        int event = RUBY_EVENT_LINE;

        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->last_line = lineno;
        if (ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq) && ISEQ_LINE_COVERAGE(iseq)) {
            event |= RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_LINE;
        }
        PUSH_TRACE(ret, event);
    }

    switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(node)) {
      case PM_ALIAS_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_NODE:
        // alias $foo $bar
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        pm_compile_alias_global_variable_node(iseq, (const pm_alias_global_variable_node_t *) node, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      case PM_ALIAS_METHOD_NODE:
        // alias foo bar
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        pm_compile_alias_method_node(iseq, (const pm_alias_method_node_t *) node, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      case PM_AND_NODE:
        // a and b
        // ^^^^^^^
        pm_compile_and_node(iseq, (const pm_and_node_t *) node, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      case PM_ARGUMENTS_NODE: {
        // break foo
        //       ^^^
        //
        // These are ArgumentsNodes that are not compiled directly by their
        // parent call nodes, used in the cases of NextNodes, ReturnNodes, and
        // BreakNodes. They can create an array like ArrayNode.
        const pm_arguments_node_t *cast = (const pm_arguments_node_t *) node;
        const pm_node_list_t *elements = &cast->arguments;

        if (elements->size == 1) {
            // If we are only returning a single element through one of the jump
            // nodes, then we will only compile that node directly.
            PM_COMPILE(elements->nodes[0]);
        }
        else {
            pm_compile_array_node(iseq, (const pm_node_t *) cast, elements, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        }
        return;
      }
      case PM_ARRAY_NODE: {
        // [foo, bar, baz]
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_array_node_t *cast = (const pm_array_node_t *) node;
        pm_compile_array_node(iseq, (const pm_node_t *) cast, &cast->elements, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      }
      case PM_ASSOC_NODE: {
        // { foo: 1 }
        //   ^^^^^^
        //
        // foo(bar: 1)
        //     ^^^^^^
        const pm_assoc_node_t *cast = (const pm_assoc_node_t *) node;

        PM_COMPILE(cast->key);
        PM_COMPILE(cast->value);

        return;
      }
      case PM_ASSOC_SPLAT_NODE: {
        // { **foo }
        //   ^^^^^
        //
        // def foo(**); bar(**); end
        //                  ^^
        const pm_assoc_splat_node_t *cast = (const pm_assoc_splat_node_t *) node;

        if (cast->value != NULL) {
            PM_COMPILE(cast->value);
        }
        else if (!popped) {
            pm_local_index_t index = pm_lookup_local_index(iseq, scope_node, PM_CONSTANT_POW, 0);
            PUSH_GETLOCAL(ret, location, index.index, index.level);
        }

        return;
      }
      case PM_BACK_REFERENCE_READ_NODE: {
        // $+
        // ^^
        if (!popped) {
            const pm_back_reference_read_node_t *cast = (const pm_back_reference_read_node_t *) node;
            VALUE backref = pm_compile_back_reference_ref(cast);

            PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, getspecial, INT2FIX(1), backref);
        }
        return;
      }
      case PM_BEGIN_NODE: {
        // begin end
        // ^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_begin_node_t *cast = (const pm_begin_node_t *) node;

        if (cast->ensure_clause) {
            // Compiling the ensure clause will compile the rescue clause (if
            // there is one), which will compile the begin statements.
            pm_compile_ensure(iseq, cast, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        }
        else if (cast->rescue_clause) {
            // Compiling rescue will compile begin statements (if applicable).
            pm_compile_rescue(iseq, cast, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        }
        else {
            // If there is neither ensure or rescue, the just compile the
            // statements.
            if (cast->statements != NULL) {
                PM_COMPILE((const pm_node_t *) cast->statements);
            }
            else if (!popped) {
                PUSH_SYNTHETIC_PUTNIL(ret, iseq);
            }
        }
        return;
      }
      case PM_BLOCK_ARGUMENT_NODE: {
        // foo(&bar)
        //     ^^^^
        const pm_block_argument_node_t *cast = (const pm_block_argument_node_t *) node;

        if (cast->expression != NULL) {
            PM_COMPILE(cast->expression);
        }
        else {
            // If there's no expression, this must be block forwarding.
            pm_local_index_t local_index = pm_lookup_local_index(iseq, scope_node, PM_CONSTANT_AND, 0);
            PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, getblockparamproxy, INT2FIX(local_index.index + VM_ENV_DATA_SIZE - 1), INT2FIX(local_index.level));
        }
        return;
      }
      case PM_BREAK_NODE:
        // break
        // ^^^^^
        //
        // break foo
        // ^^^^^^^^^
        pm_compile_break_node(iseq, (const pm_break_node_t *) node, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      case PM_CALL_NODE:
        // foo
        // ^^^
        //
        // foo.bar
        // ^^^^^^^
        //
        // foo.bar() {}
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^
        pm_compile_call_node(iseq, (const pm_call_node_t *) node, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      case PM_CALL_AND_WRITE_NODE: {
        // foo.bar &&= baz
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_call_and_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_call_and_write_node_t *) node;
        pm_compile_call_and_or_write_node(iseq, true, cast->receiver, cast->value, cast->write_name, cast->read_name, PM_NODE_FLAG_P(cast, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_SAFE_NAVIGATION), &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      }
      case PM_CALL_OR_WRITE_NODE: {
        // foo.bar ||= baz
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_call_or_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_call_or_write_node_t *) node;
        pm_compile_call_and_or_write_node(iseq, false, cast->receiver, cast->value, cast->write_name, cast->read_name, PM_NODE_FLAG_P(cast, PM_CALL_NODE_FLAGS_SAFE_NAVIGATION), &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      }
      case PM_CALL_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE:
        // foo.bar += baz
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        //
        // Call operator writes occur when you have a call node on the left-hand
        // side of a write operator that is not `=`. As an example,
        // `foo.bar *= 1`. This breaks down to caching the receiver on the
        // stack and then performing three method calls, one to read the value,
        // one to compute the result, and one to write the result back to the
        // receiver.
        pm_compile_call_operator_write_node(iseq, (const pm_call_operator_write_node_t *) node, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      case PM_CASE_NODE:
        // case foo; when bar; end
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        pm_compile_case_node(iseq, (const pm_case_node_t *) node, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      case PM_CASE_MATCH_NODE:
        // case foo; in bar; end
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        //
        // If you use the `case` keyword to create a case match node, it will
        // match against all of the `in` clauses until it finds one that
        // matches. If it doesn't find one, it can optionally fall back to an
        // `else` clause. If none is present and a match wasn't found, it will
        // raise an appropriate error.
        pm_compile_case_match_node(iseq, (const pm_case_match_node_t *) node, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      case PM_CLASS_NODE: {
        // class Foo; end
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_class_node_t *cast = (const pm_class_node_t *) node;

        ID class_id = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name);
        VALUE class_name = rb_str_freeze(rb_sprintf("<class:%"PRIsVALUE">", rb_id2str(class_id)));

        pm_scope_node_t next_scope_node;
        pm_scope_node_init((const pm_node_t *) cast, &next_scope_node, scope_node);

        const rb_iseq_t *class_iseq = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(&next_scope_node, class_name, ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS, location.line);
        pm_scope_node_destroy(&next_scope_node);

        // TODO: Once we merge constant path nodes correctly, fix this flag
        const int flags = VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_CLASS |
            (cast->superclass ? VM_DEFINECLASS_FLAG_HAS_SUPERCLASS : 0) |
            pm_compile_class_path(iseq, cast->constant_path, &location, ret, false, scope_node);

        if (cast->superclass) {
            PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(cast->superclass);
        }
        else {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
        }

        {
            VALUE operand = ID2SYM(class_id);
            PUSH_INSN3(ret, location, defineclass, operand, class_iseq, INT2FIX(flags));
        }
        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE)class_iseq);

        if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        return;
      }
      case PM_CLASS_VARIABLE_AND_WRITE_NODE: {
        // @@foo &&= bar
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_class_variable_and_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_class_variable_and_write_node_t *) node;
        LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

        ID name_id = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name);
        VALUE name = ID2SYM(name_id);

        PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, getclassvariable, name, get_cvar_ic_value(iseq, name_id));
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, end_label);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);

        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(cast->value);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

        PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, setclassvariable, name, get_cvar_ic_value(iseq, name_id));
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, end_label);

        return;
      }
      case PM_CLASS_VARIABLE_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE: {
        // @@foo += bar
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_class_variable_operator_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_class_variable_operator_write_node_t *) node;

        ID name_id = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name);
        VALUE name = ID2SYM(name_id);

        PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, getclassvariable, name, get_cvar_ic_value(iseq, name_id));
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(cast->value);

        ID method_id = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->binary_operator);
        int flags = VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE;
        PUSH_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, location, method_id, INT2NUM(1), INT2FIX(flags));

        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
        PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, setclassvariable, name, get_cvar_ic_value(iseq, name_id));

        return;
      }
      case PM_CLASS_VARIABLE_OR_WRITE_NODE: {
        // @@foo ||= bar
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_class_variable_or_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_class_variable_or_write_node_t *) node;
        LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
        LABEL *start_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

        ID name_id = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name);
        VALUE name = ID2SYM(name_id);

        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
        PUSH_INSN3(ret, location, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_CVAR), name, Qtrue);
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, start_label);

        PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, getclassvariable, name, get_cvar_ic_value(iseq, name_id));
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchif, end_label);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);

        PUSH_LABEL(ret, start_label);
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(cast->value);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

        PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, setclassvariable, name, get_cvar_ic_value(iseq, name_id));
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, end_label);

        return;
      }
      case PM_CLASS_VARIABLE_READ_NODE: {
        // @@foo
        // ^^^^^
        if (!popped) {
            const pm_class_variable_read_node_t *cast = (const pm_class_variable_read_node_t *) node;
            ID name = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name);
            PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, getclassvariable, ID2SYM(name), get_cvar_ic_value(iseq, name));
        }
        return;
      }
      case PM_CLASS_VARIABLE_WRITE_NODE: {
        // @@foo = 1
        // ^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_class_variable_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_class_variable_write_node_t *) node;
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(cast->value);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

        ID name = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name);
        PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, setclassvariable, ID2SYM(name), get_cvar_ic_value(iseq, name));

        return;
      }
      case PM_CONSTANT_PATH_NODE: {
        // Foo::Bar
        // ^^^^^^^^
        VALUE parts;

        if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache && ((parts = pm_constant_path_parts(node, scope_node)) != Qnil)) {
            ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->ic_size++;
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, opt_getconstant_path, parts);
        }
        else {
            DECL_ANCHOR(prefix);
            DECL_ANCHOR(body);

            pm_compile_constant_path(iseq, node, prefix, body, popped, scope_node);
            if (LIST_INSN_SIZE_ZERO(prefix)) {
                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
            }
            else {
                PUSH_SEQ(ret, prefix);
            }

            PUSH_SEQ(ret, body);
        }

        if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        return;
      }
      case PM_CONSTANT_PATH_AND_WRITE_NODE: {
        // Foo::Bar &&= baz
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_constant_path_and_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_constant_path_and_write_node_t *) node;
        pm_compile_constant_path_and_write_node(iseq, cast, 0, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      }
      case PM_CONSTANT_PATH_OR_WRITE_NODE: {
        // Foo::Bar ||= baz
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_constant_path_or_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_constant_path_or_write_node_t *) node;
        pm_compile_constant_path_or_write_node(iseq, cast, 0, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      }
      case PM_CONSTANT_PATH_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE: {
        // Foo::Bar += baz
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_constant_path_operator_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_constant_path_operator_write_node_t *) node;
        pm_compile_constant_path_operator_write_node(iseq, cast, 0, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      }
      case PM_CONSTANT_PATH_WRITE_NODE: {
        // Foo::Bar = 1
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_constant_path_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_constant_path_write_node_t *) node;
        pm_compile_constant_path_write_node(iseq, cast, 0, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      }
      case PM_CONSTANT_READ_NODE: {
        // Foo
        // ^^^
        const pm_constant_read_node_t *cast = (const pm_constant_read_node_t *) node;
        VALUE name = ID2SYM(pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name));

        pm_compile_constant_read(iseq, name, &cast->base.location, location.node_id, ret, scope_node);
        if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);

        return;
      }
      case PM_CONSTANT_AND_WRITE_NODE: {
        // Foo &&= bar
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_constant_and_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_constant_and_write_node_t *) node;
        pm_compile_constant_and_write_node(iseq, cast, 0, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      }
      case PM_CONSTANT_OR_WRITE_NODE: {
        // Foo ||= bar
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_constant_or_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_constant_or_write_node_t *) node;
        pm_compile_constant_or_write_node(iseq, cast, 0, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      }
      case PM_CONSTANT_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE: {
        // Foo += bar
        // ^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_constant_operator_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_constant_operator_write_node_t *) node;
        pm_compile_constant_operator_write_node(iseq, cast, 0, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      }
      case PM_CONSTANT_WRITE_NODE: {
        // Foo = 1
        // ^^^^^^^
        const pm_constant_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_constant_write_node_t *) node;
        pm_compile_constant_write_node(iseq, cast, 0, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      }
      case PM_DEF_NODE: {
        // def foo; end
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^
        //
        // def self.foo; end
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_def_node_t *cast = (const pm_def_node_t *) node;
        ID method_name = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name);

        pm_scope_node_t next_scope_node;
        pm_scope_node_init((const pm_node_t *) cast, &next_scope_node, scope_node);

        rb_iseq_t *method_iseq = NEW_ISEQ(&next_scope_node, rb_id2str(method_name), ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD, location.line);
        pm_scope_node_destroy(&next_scope_node);

        if (cast->receiver) {
            PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(cast->receiver);
            PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, definesmethod, ID2SYM(method_name), method_iseq);
        }
        else {
            PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, definemethod, ID2SYM(method_name), method_iseq);
        }
        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE) method_iseq);

        if (!popped) {
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, ID2SYM(method_name));
        }

        return;
      }
      case PM_DEFINED_NODE: {
        // defined?(a)
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_defined_node_t *cast = (const pm_defined_node_t *) node;
        pm_compile_defined_expr(iseq, cast->value, &location, ret, popped, scope_node, false);
        return;
      }
      case PM_EMBEDDED_STATEMENTS_NODE: {
        // "foo #{bar}"
        //      ^^^^^^
        const pm_embedded_statements_node_t *cast = (const pm_embedded_statements_node_t *) node;

        if (cast->statements != NULL) {
            PM_COMPILE((const pm_node_t *) (cast->statements));
        }
        else {
            PUSH_SYNTHETIC_PUTNIL(ret, iseq);
        }

        if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        return;
      }
      case PM_EMBEDDED_VARIABLE_NODE: {
        // "foo #@bar"
        //      ^^^^^
        const pm_embedded_variable_node_t *cast = (const pm_embedded_variable_node_t *) node;
        PM_COMPILE(cast->variable);
        return;
      }
      case PM_FALSE_NODE: {
        // false
        // ^^^^^
        if (!popped) {
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, Qfalse);
        }
        return;
      }
      case PM_ENSURE_NODE: {
        const pm_ensure_node_t *cast = (const pm_ensure_node_t *) node;

        if (cast->statements != NULL) {
            PM_COMPILE((const pm_node_t *) cast->statements);
        }

        return;
      }
      case PM_ELSE_NODE: {
        // if foo then bar else baz end
        //                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_else_node_t *cast = (const pm_else_node_t *) node;

        if (cast->statements != NULL) {
            PM_COMPILE((const pm_node_t *) cast->statements);
        }
        else if (!popped) {
            PUSH_SYNTHETIC_PUTNIL(ret, iseq);
        }

        return;
      }
      case PM_FLIP_FLOP_NODE: {
        // if foo .. bar; end
        //    ^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_flip_flop_node_t *cast = (const pm_flip_flop_node_t *) node;

        LABEL *final_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
        LABEL *then_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
        LABEL *else_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

        pm_compile_flip_flop(cast, else_label, then_label, iseq, location.line, ret, popped, scope_node);

        PUSH_LABEL(ret, then_label);
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, Qtrue);
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, final_label);
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, else_label);
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, Qfalse);
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, final_label);

        return;
      }
      case PM_FLOAT_NODE: {
        // 1.0
        // ^^^
        if (!popped) {
            VALUE operand = parse_float((const pm_float_node_t *) node);
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, operand);
        }
        return;
      }
      case PM_FOR_NODE: {
        // for foo in bar do end
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_for_node_t *cast = (const pm_for_node_t *) node;

        LABEL *retry_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
        LABEL *retry_end_l = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

        // First, compile the collection that we're going to be iterating over.
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, retry_label);
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(cast->collection);

        // Next, create the new scope that is going to contain the block that
        // will be passed to the each method.
        pm_scope_node_t next_scope_node;
        pm_scope_node_init((const pm_node_t *) cast, &next_scope_node, scope_node);

        const rb_iseq_t *child_iseq = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(&next_scope_node, make_name_for_block(iseq), ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, location.line);
        pm_scope_node_destroy(&next_scope_node);

        const rb_iseq_t *prev_block = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block;
        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = child_iseq;

        // Now, create the method call to each that will be used to iterate over
        // the collection, and pass the newly created iseq as the block.
        PUSH_SEND_WITH_BLOCK(ret, location, idEach, INT2FIX(0), child_iseq);
        pm_compile_retry_end_label(iseq, ret, retry_end_l);

        if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = prev_block;
        PUSH_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_BREAK, retry_label, retry_end_l, child_iseq, retry_end_l);
        return;
      }
      case PM_FORWARDING_ARGUMENTS_NODE:
        rb_bug("Cannot compile a ForwardingArgumentsNode directly\n");
        return;
      case PM_FORWARDING_SUPER_NODE:
        // super
        // ^^^^^
        //
        // super {}
        // ^^^^^^^^
        pm_compile_forwarding_super_node(iseq, (const pm_forwarding_super_node_t *) node, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      case PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_AND_WRITE_NODE: {
        // $foo &&= bar
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_global_variable_and_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_global_variable_and_write_node_t *) node;
        LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

        VALUE name = ID2SYM(pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name));
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, getglobal, name);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, end_label);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);

        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(cast->value);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setglobal, name);
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, end_label);

        return;
      }
      case PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE: {
        // $foo += bar
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_global_variable_operator_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_global_variable_operator_write_node_t *) node;

        VALUE name = ID2SYM(pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name));
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, getglobal, name);
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(cast->value);

        ID method_id = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->binary_operator);
        int flags = VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE;
        PUSH_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, location, method_id, INT2NUM(1), INT2FIX(flags));

        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setglobal, name);

        return;
      }
      case PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_OR_WRITE_NODE: {
        // $foo ||= bar
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_global_variable_or_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_global_variable_or_write_node_t *) node;
        LABEL *set_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
        LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
        VALUE name = ID2SYM(pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name));

        PUSH_INSN3(ret, location, defined, INT2FIX(DEFINED_GVAR), name, Qtrue);
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, set_label);

        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, getglobal, name);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchif, end_label);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);

        PUSH_LABEL(ret, set_label);
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(cast->value);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setglobal, name);
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, end_label);

        return;
      }
      case PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE: {
        // $foo
        // ^^^^
        const pm_global_variable_read_node_t *cast = (const pm_global_variable_read_node_t *) node;
        VALUE name = ID2SYM(pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name));

        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, getglobal, name);
        if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);

        return;
      }
      case PM_GLOBAL_VARIABLE_WRITE_NODE: {
        // $foo = 1
        // ^^^^^^^^
        const pm_global_variable_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_global_variable_write_node_t *) node;
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(cast->value);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

        ID name = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name);
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setglobal, ID2SYM(name));

        return;
      }
      case PM_HASH_NODE: {
        // {}
        // ^^
        //
        // If every node in the hash is static, then we can compile the entire
        // hash now instead of later.
        if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL)) {
            // We're only going to compile this node if it's not popped. If it
            // is popped, then we know we don't need to do anything since it's
            // statically known.
            if (!popped) {
                const pm_hash_node_t *cast = (const pm_hash_node_t *) node;

                if (cast->elements.size == 0) {
                    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, newhash, INT2FIX(0));
                }
                else {
                    VALUE value = pm_static_literal_value(iseq, node, scope_node);
                    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, duphash, value);
                    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, value);
                }
            }
        }
        else {
            // Here since we know there are possible side-effects inside the
            // hash contents, we're going to build it entirely at runtime. We'll
            // do this by pushing all of the key-value pairs onto the stack and
            // then combining them with newhash.
            //
            // If this hash is popped, then this serves only to ensure we enact
            // all side-effects (like method calls) that are contained within
            // the hash contents.
            const pm_hash_node_t *cast = (const pm_hash_node_t *) node;
            const pm_node_list_t *elements = &cast->elements;

            if (popped) {
                // If this hash is popped, then we can iterate through each
                // element and compile it. The result of each compilation will
                // only include the side effects of the element itself.
                for (size_t index = 0; index < elements->size; index++) {
                    PM_COMPILE_POPPED(elements->nodes[index]);
                }
            }
            else {
                pm_compile_hash_elements(iseq, node, elements, 0, Qundef, false, ret, scope_node);
            }
        }

        return;
      }
      case PM_IF_NODE: {
        // if foo then bar end
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        //
        // bar if foo
        // ^^^^^^^^^^
        //
        // foo ? bar : baz
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_if_node_t *cast = (const pm_if_node_t *) node;
        pm_compile_conditional(iseq, &location, PM_IF_NODE, (const pm_node_t *) cast, cast->statements, cast->subsequent, cast->predicate, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      }
      case PM_IMAGINARY_NODE: {
        // 1i
        // ^^
        if (!popped) {
            VALUE operand = parse_imaginary((const pm_imaginary_node_t *) node);
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, operand);
        }
        return;
      }
      case PM_IMPLICIT_NODE: {
        // Implicit nodes mark places in the syntax tree where explicit syntax
        // was omitted, but implied. For example,
        //
        //     { foo: }
        //
        // In this case a method call/local variable read is implied by virtue
        // of the missing value. To compile these nodes, we simply compile the
        // value that is implied, which is helpfully supplied by the parser.
        const pm_implicit_node_t *cast = (const pm_implicit_node_t *) node;
        PM_COMPILE(cast->value);
        return;
      }
      case PM_IN_NODE: {
        // In nodes are handled by the case match node directly, so we should
        // never end up hitting them through this path.
        rb_bug("Should not ever enter an in node directly");
        return;
      }
      case PM_INDEX_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE: {
        // foo[bar] += baz
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_index_operator_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_index_operator_write_node_t *) node;
        pm_compile_index_operator_write_node(iseq, cast, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      }
      case PM_INDEX_AND_WRITE_NODE: {
        // foo[bar] &&= baz
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_index_and_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_index_and_write_node_t *) node;
        pm_compile_index_control_flow_write_node(iseq, node, cast->receiver, cast->arguments, cast->block, cast->value, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      }
      case PM_INDEX_OR_WRITE_NODE: {
        // foo[bar] ||= baz
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_index_or_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_index_or_write_node_t *) node;
        pm_compile_index_control_flow_write_node(iseq, node, cast->receiver, cast->arguments, cast->block, cast->value, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      }
      case PM_INSTANCE_VARIABLE_AND_WRITE_NODE: {
        // @foo &&= bar
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_instance_variable_and_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_instance_variable_and_write_node_t *) node;
        LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

        ID name_id = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name);
        VALUE name = ID2SYM(name_id);

        PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, getinstancevariable, name, get_ivar_ic_value(iseq, name_id));
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, end_label);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);

        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(cast->value);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

        PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, setinstancevariable, name, get_ivar_ic_value(iseq, name_id));
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, end_label);

        return;
      }
      case PM_INSTANCE_VARIABLE_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE: {
        // @foo += bar
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_instance_variable_operator_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_instance_variable_operator_write_node_t *) node;

        ID name_id = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name);
        VALUE name = ID2SYM(name_id);

        PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, getinstancevariable, name, get_ivar_ic_value(iseq, name_id));
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(cast->value);

        ID method_id = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->binary_operator);
        int flags = VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE;
        PUSH_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, location, method_id, INT2NUM(1), INT2FIX(flags));

        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
        PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, setinstancevariable, name, get_ivar_ic_value(iseq, name_id));

        return;
      }
      case PM_INSTANCE_VARIABLE_OR_WRITE_NODE: {
        // @foo ||= bar
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_instance_variable_or_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_instance_variable_or_write_node_t *) node;
        LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

        ID name_id = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name);
        VALUE name = ID2SYM(name_id);

        PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, getinstancevariable, name, get_ivar_ic_value(iseq, name_id));
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchif, end_label);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);

        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(cast->value);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

        PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, setinstancevariable, name, get_ivar_ic_value(iseq, name_id));
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, end_label);

        return;
      }
      case PM_INSTANCE_VARIABLE_READ_NODE: {
        // @foo
        // ^^^^
        if (!popped) {
            const pm_instance_variable_read_node_t *cast = (const pm_instance_variable_read_node_t *) node;
            ID name = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name);
            PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, getinstancevariable, ID2SYM(name), get_ivar_ic_value(iseq, name));
        }
        return;
      }
      case PM_INSTANCE_VARIABLE_WRITE_NODE: {
        // @foo = 1
        // ^^^^^^^^
        const pm_instance_variable_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_instance_variable_write_node_t *) node;
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(cast->value);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

        ID name = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name);
        PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, setinstancevariable, ID2SYM(name), get_ivar_ic_value(iseq, name));

        return;
      }
      case PM_INTEGER_NODE: {
        // 1
        // ^
        if (!popped) {
            VALUE operand = parse_integer((const pm_integer_node_t *) node);
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, operand);
        }
        return;
      }
      case PM_INTERPOLATED_MATCH_LAST_LINE_NODE: {
        // if /foo #{bar}/ then end
        //    ^^^^^^^^^^^^
        if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL)) {
            if (!popped) {
                VALUE regexp = pm_static_literal_value(iseq, node, scope_node);
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, regexp);
            }
        }
        else {
            pm_compile_regexp_dynamic(iseq, node, &((const pm_interpolated_match_last_line_node_t *) node)->parts, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        }

        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, getglobal, rb_id2sym(idLASTLINE));
        PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idEqTilde, INT2NUM(1));
        if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);

        return;
      }
      case PM_INTERPOLATED_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_NODE: {
        // /foo #{bar}/
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^
        if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_FLAGS_ONCE)) {
            const rb_iseq_t *prevblock = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block;
            const rb_iseq_t *block_iseq = NULL;
            int ise_index = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->ise_size++;

            pm_scope_node_t next_scope_node;
            pm_scope_node_init(node, &next_scope_node, scope_node);

            block_iseq = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(&next_scope_node, make_name_for_block(iseq), ISEQ_TYPE_PLAIN, location.line);
            pm_scope_node_destroy(&next_scope_node);

            ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = block_iseq;
            PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, once, block_iseq, INT2FIX(ise_index));
            ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = prevblock;

            if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
            return;
        }

        if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL)) {
            if (!popped) {
                VALUE regexp = pm_static_literal_value(iseq, node, scope_node);
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, regexp);
            }
        }
        else {
            pm_compile_regexp_dynamic(iseq, node, &((const pm_interpolated_regular_expression_node_t *) node)->parts, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
            if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        }

        return;
      }
      case PM_INTERPOLATED_STRING_NODE: {
        // "foo #{bar}"
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^
        if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_NODE_FLAG_STATIC_LITERAL)) {
            if (!popped) {
                VALUE string = pm_static_literal_value(iseq, node, scope_node);

                if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_INTERPOLATED_STRING_NODE_FLAGS_FROZEN)) {
                    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, string);
                }
                else if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_INTERPOLATED_STRING_NODE_FLAGS_MUTABLE)) {
                    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putstring, string);
                }
                else {
                    PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putchilledstring, string);
                }
            }
        }
        else {
            const pm_interpolated_string_node_t *cast = (const pm_interpolated_string_node_t *) node;
            int length = pm_interpolated_node_compile(iseq, &cast->parts, &location, ret, popped, scope_node, NULL, NULL);
            if (length > 1) PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, concatstrings, INT2FIX(length));
            if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        }

        return;
      }
      case PM_INTERPOLATED_SYMBOL_NODE: {
        // :"foo #{bar}"
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_interpolated_symbol_node_t *cast = (const pm_interpolated_symbol_node_t *) node;
        int length = pm_interpolated_node_compile(iseq, &cast->parts, &location, ret, popped, scope_node, NULL, NULL);

        if (length > 1) {
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, concatstrings, INT2FIX(length));
        }

        if (!popped) {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, intern);
        }
        else {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        }

        return;
      }
      case PM_INTERPOLATED_X_STRING_NODE: {
        // `foo #{bar}`
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_interpolated_x_string_node_t *cast = (const pm_interpolated_x_string_node_t *) node;

        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putself);

        int length = pm_interpolated_node_compile(iseq, &cast->parts, &location, ret, false, scope_node, NULL, NULL);
        if (length > 1) PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, concatstrings, INT2FIX(length));

        PUSH_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, location, idBackquote, INT2NUM(1), INT2FIX(VM_CALL_FCALL | VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE));
        if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);

        return;
      }
      case PM_IT_LOCAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE: {
        // -> { it }
        //      ^^
        if (!popped) {
            PUSH_GETLOCAL(ret, location, scope_node->local_table_for_iseq_size, 0);
        }

        return;
      }
      case PM_KEYWORD_HASH_NODE: {
        // foo(bar: baz)
        //     ^^^^^^^^
        const pm_keyword_hash_node_t *cast = (const pm_keyword_hash_node_t *) node;
        const pm_node_list_t *elements = &cast->elements;

        const pm_node_t *element;
        PM_NODE_LIST_FOREACH(elements, index, element) {
            PM_COMPILE(element);
        }

        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, newhash, INT2FIX(elements->size * 2));
        return;
      }
      case PM_LAMBDA_NODE: {
        // -> {}
        // ^^^^^
        const pm_lambda_node_t *cast = (const pm_lambda_node_t *) node;

        pm_scope_node_t next_scope_node;
        pm_scope_node_init(node, &next_scope_node, scope_node);

        int opening_lineno = pm_location_line_number(parser, &cast->opening_loc);
        const rb_iseq_t *block = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(&next_scope_node, make_name_for_block(iseq), ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, opening_lineno);
        pm_scope_node_destroy(&next_scope_node);

        VALUE argc = INT2FIX(0);
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
        PUSH_CALL_WITH_BLOCK(ret, location, idLambda, argc, block);
        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE) block);

        if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        return;
      }
      case PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_AND_WRITE_NODE: {
        // foo &&= bar
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_local_variable_and_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_local_variable_and_write_node_t *) node;
        LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

        pm_local_index_t local_index = pm_lookup_local_index(iseq, scope_node, cast->name, cast->depth);
        PUSH_GETLOCAL(ret, location, local_index.index, local_index.level);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, end_label);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);

        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(cast->value);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

        PUSH_SETLOCAL(ret, location, local_index.index, local_index.level);
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, end_label);

        return;
      }
      case PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE: {
        // foo += bar
        // ^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_local_variable_operator_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_local_variable_operator_write_node_t *) node;

        pm_local_index_t local_index = pm_lookup_local_index(iseq, scope_node, cast->name, cast->depth);
        PUSH_GETLOCAL(ret, location, local_index.index, local_index.level);

        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(cast->value);

        ID method_id = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->binary_operator);
        PUSH_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, location, method_id, INT2NUM(1), INT2FIX(VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE));

        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
        PUSH_SETLOCAL(ret, location, local_index.index, local_index.level);

        return;
      }
      case PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_OR_WRITE_NODE: {
        // foo ||= bar
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_local_variable_or_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_local_variable_or_write_node_t *) node;

        LABEL *set_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
        LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, Qtrue);
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchunless, set_label);

        pm_local_index_t local_index = pm_lookup_local_index(iseq, scope_node, cast->name, cast->depth);
        PUSH_GETLOCAL(ret, location, local_index.index, local_index.level);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchif, end_label);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);

        PUSH_LABEL(ret, set_label);
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(cast->value);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

        PUSH_SETLOCAL(ret, location, local_index.index, local_index.level);
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, end_label);

        return;
      }
      case PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_READ_NODE: {
        // foo
        // ^^^
        if (!popped) {
            const pm_local_variable_read_node_t *cast = (const pm_local_variable_read_node_t *) node;
            pm_local_index_t index = pm_lookup_local_index(iseq, scope_node, cast->name, cast->depth);
            PUSH_GETLOCAL(ret, location, index.index, index.level);
        }

        return;
      }
      case PM_LOCAL_VARIABLE_WRITE_NODE: {
        // foo = 1
        // ^^^^^^^
        const pm_local_variable_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_local_variable_write_node_t *) node;
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(cast->value);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

        pm_local_index_t index = pm_lookup_local_index(iseq, scope_node, cast->name, cast->depth);
        PUSH_SETLOCAL(ret, location, index.index, index.level);
        return;
      }
      case PM_MATCH_LAST_LINE_NODE: {
        // if /foo/ then end
        //    ^^^^^
        VALUE regexp = pm_static_literal_value(iseq, node, scope_node);

        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, regexp);
        PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, getspecial, INT2FIX(0), INT2FIX(0));
        PUSH_SEND(ret, location, idEqTilde, INT2NUM(1));
        if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);

        return;
      }
      case PM_MATCH_PREDICATE_NODE: {
        // foo in bar
        // ^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_match_predicate_node_t *cast = (const pm_match_predicate_node_t *) node;

        // First, allocate some stack space for the cached return value of any
        // calls to #deconstruct.
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);

        // Next, compile the expression that we're going to match against.
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(cast->value);
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

        // Now compile the pattern that is going to be used to match against the
        // expression.
        LABEL *matched_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
        LABEL *unmatched_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
        LABEL *done_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
        pm_compile_pattern(iseq, scope_node, cast->pattern, ret, matched_label, unmatched_label, false, false, true, 2);

        // If the pattern did not match, then compile the necessary instructions
        // to handle pushing false onto the stack, then jump to the end.
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, unmatched_label);
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);

        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, Qfalse);
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, done_label);
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);

        // If the pattern did match, then compile the necessary instructions to
        // handle pushing true onto the stack, then jump to the end.
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, matched_label);
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, adjuststack, INT2FIX(2));
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, Qtrue);
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, jump, done_label);

        PUSH_LABEL(ret, done_label);
        return;
      }
      case PM_MATCH_REQUIRED_NODE:
        // foo => bar
        // ^^^^^^^^^^
        //
        // A match required node represents pattern matching against a single
        // pattern using the => operator. For example,
        //
        //     foo => bar
        //
        // This is somewhat analogous to compiling a case match statement with a
        // single pattern. In both cases, if the pattern fails it should
        // immediately raise an error.
        pm_compile_match_required_node(iseq, (const pm_match_required_node_t *) node, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      case PM_MATCH_WRITE_NODE:
        // /(?<foo>foo)/ =~ bar
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        //
        // Match write nodes are specialized call nodes that have a regular
        // expression with valid named capture groups on the left, the =~
        // operator, and some value on the right. The nodes themselves simply
        // wrap the call with the local variable targets that will be written
        // when the call is executed.
        pm_compile_match_write_node(iseq, (const pm_match_write_node_t *) node, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      case PM_MISSING_NODE:
        rb_bug("A pm_missing_node_t should not exist in prism's AST.");
        return;
      case PM_MODULE_NODE: {
        // module Foo; end
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_module_node_t *cast = (const pm_module_node_t *) node;

        ID module_id = pm_constant_id_lookup(scope_node, cast->name);
        VALUE module_name = rb_str_freeze(rb_sprintf("<module:%"PRIsVALUE">", rb_id2str(module_id)));

        pm_scope_node_t next_scope_node;
        pm_scope_node_init((const pm_node_t *) cast, &next_scope_node, scope_node);

        const rb_iseq_t *module_iseq = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(&next_scope_node, module_name, ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS, location.line);
        pm_scope_node_destroy(&next_scope_node);

        const int flags = VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_MODULE | pm_compile_class_path(iseq, cast->constant_path, &location, ret, false, scope_node);
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
        PUSH_INSN3(ret, location, defineclass, ID2SYM(module_id), module_iseq, INT2FIX(flags));
        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE) module_iseq);

        if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        return;
      }
      case PM_REQUIRED_PARAMETER_NODE: {
        // def foo(bar); end
        //         ^^^
        const pm_required_parameter_node_t *cast = (const pm_required_parameter_node_t *) node;
        pm_local_index_t index = pm_lookup_local_index(iseq, scope_node, cast->name, 0);

        PUSH_SETLOCAL(ret, location, index.index, index.level);
        return;
      }
      case PM_MULTI_WRITE_NODE: {
        // foo, bar = baz
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        //
        // A multi write node represents writing to multiple values using an =
        // operator. Importantly these nodes are only parsed when the left-hand
        // side of the operator has multiple targets. The right-hand side of the
        // operator having multiple targets represents an implicit array
        // instead.
        const pm_multi_write_node_t *cast = (const pm_multi_write_node_t *) node;

        DECL_ANCHOR(writes);
        DECL_ANCHOR(cleanup);

        pm_multi_target_state_t state = { 0 };
        state.position = popped ? 0 : 1;
        pm_compile_multi_target_node(iseq, node, ret, writes, cleanup, scope_node, &state);

        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(cast->value);
        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);

        PUSH_SEQ(ret, writes);
        if (!popped && state.stack_size >= 1) {
            // Make sure the value on the right-hand side of the = operator is
            // being returned before we pop the parent expressions.
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, setn, INT2FIX(state.stack_size));
        }

        // Now, we need to go back and modify the topn instructions in order to
        // ensure they can correctly retrieve the parent expressions.
        pm_multi_target_state_update(&state);

        PUSH_SEQ(ret, cleanup);
        return;
      }
      case PM_NEXT_NODE:
        // next
        // ^^^^
        //
        // next foo
        // ^^^^^^^^
        pm_compile_next_node(iseq, (const pm_next_node_t *) node, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      case PM_NIL_NODE: {
        // nil
        // ^^^
        if (!popped) {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
        }

        return;
      }
      case PM_NO_KEYWORDS_PARAMETER_NODE: {
        // def foo(**nil); end
        //         ^^^^^
        ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->param.flags.accepts_no_kwarg = TRUE;
        return;
      }
      case PM_NUMBERED_REFERENCE_READ_NODE: {
        // $1
        // ^^
        if (!popped) {
            const pm_numbered_reference_read_node_t *cast = (const pm_numbered_reference_read_node_t *) node;

            if (cast->number != 0) {
                VALUE ref = pm_compile_numbered_reference_ref(cast);
                PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, getspecial, INT2FIX(1), ref);
            }
            else {
                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
            }
        }

        return;
      }
      case PM_OR_NODE: {
        // a or b
        // ^^^^^^
        const pm_or_node_t *cast = (const pm_or_node_t *) node;

        LABEL *end_label = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(cast->left);

        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, dup);
        PUSH_INSNL(ret, location, branchif, end_label);

        if (!popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        PM_COMPILE(cast->right);
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, end_label);

        return;
      }
      case PM_OPTIONAL_PARAMETER_NODE: {
        // def foo(bar = 1); end
        //         ^^^^^^^
        const pm_optional_parameter_node_t *cast = (const pm_optional_parameter_node_t *) node;
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(cast->value);

        pm_local_index_t index = pm_lookup_local_index(iseq, scope_node, cast->name, 0);
        PUSH_SETLOCAL(ret, location, index.index, index.level);

        return;
      }
      case PM_PARENTHESES_NODE: {
        // ()
        // ^^
        //
        // (1)
        // ^^^
        const pm_parentheses_node_t *cast = (const pm_parentheses_node_t *) node;

        if (cast->body != NULL) {
            PM_COMPILE(cast->body);
        }
        else if (!popped) {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
        }

        return;
      }
      case PM_PRE_EXECUTION_NODE: {
        // BEGIN {}
        // ^^^^^^^^
        const pm_pre_execution_node_t *cast = (const pm_pre_execution_node_t *) node;

        LINK_ANCHOR *outer_pre = scope_node->pre_execution_anchor;
        RUBY_ASSERT(outer_pre != NULL);

        // BEGIN{} nodes can be nested, so here we're going to do the same thing
        // that we did for the top-level compilation where we create two
        // anchors and then join them in the correct order into the resulting
        // anchor.
        DECL_ANCHOR(inner_pre);
        scope_node->pre_execution_anchor = inner_pre;

        DECL_ANCHOR(inner_body);

        if (cast->statements != NULL) {
            const pm_node_list_t *body = &cast->statements->body;

            for (size_t index = 0; index < body->size; index++) {
                pm_compile_node(iseq, body->nodes[index], inner_body, true, scope_node);
            }
        }

        if (!popped) {
            PUSH_INSN(inner_body, location, putnil);
        }

        // Now that everything has been compiled, join both anchors together
        // into the correct outer pre execution anchor, and reset the value so
        // that subsequent BEGIN{} nodes can be compiled correctly.
        PUSH_SEQ(outer_pre, inner_pre);
        PUSH_SEQ(outer_pre, inner_body);
        scope_node->pre_execution_anchor = outer_pre;

        return;
      }
      case PM_POST_EXECUTION_NODE: {
        // END {}
        // ^^^^^^
        const rb_iseq_t *child_iseq;
        const rb_iseq_t *prevblock = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block;

        pm_scope_node_t next_scope_node;
        pm_scope_node_init(node, &next_scope_node, scope_node);
        child_iseq = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(&next_scope_node, make_name_for_block(iseq), ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, lineno);
        pm_scope_node_destroy(&next_scope_node);

        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = child_iseq;

        int is_index = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->ise_size++;
        PUSH_INSN2(ret, location, once, child_iseq, INT2FIX(is_index));
        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE) child_iseq);
        if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);

        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block = prevblock;

        return;
      }
      case PM_RANGE_NODE: {
        // 0..5
        // ^^^^
        const pm_range_node_t *cast = (const pm_range_node_t *) node;
        bool exclude_end = PM_NODE_FLAG_P(cast, PM_RANGE_FLAGS_EXCLUDE_END);

        if (pm_optimizable_range_item_p(cast->left) && pm_optimizable_range_item_p(cast->right))  {
            if (!popped) {
                const pm_node_t *left = cast->left;
                const pm_node_t *right = cast->right;

                VALUE val = rb_range_new(
                    (left && PM_NODE_TYPE_P(left, PM_INTEGER_NODE)) ? parse_integer((const pm_integer_node_t *) left) : Qnil,
                    (right && PM_NODE_TYPE_P(right, PM_INTEGER_NODE)) ? parse_integer((const pm_integer_node_t *) right) : Qnil,
                    exclude_end
                );

                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, val);
            }
        }
        else {
            if (cast->left != NULL) {
                PM_COMPILE(cast->left);
            }
            else if (!popped) {
                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
            }

            if (cast->right != NULL) {
                PM_COMPILE(cast->right);
            }
            else if (!popped) {
                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
            }

            if (!popped) {
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, newrange, INT2FIX(exclude_end ? 1 : 0));
            }
        }
        return;
      }
      case PM_RATIONAL_NODE: {
        // 1r
        // ^^
        if (!popped) {
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, parse_rational((const pm_rational_node_t *) node));
        }
        return;
      }
      case PM_REDO_NODE:
        // redo
        // ^^^^
        pm_compile_redo_node(iseq, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      case PM_REGULAR_EXPRESSION_NODE: {
        // /foo/
        // ^^^^^
        if (!popped) {
            VALUE regexp = pm_static_literal_value(iseq, node, scope_node);
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, regexp);
        }
        return;
      }
      case PM_RESCUE_NODE:
        // begin; rescue; end
        //        ^^^^^^^
        pm_compile_rescue_node(iseq, (const pm_rescue_node_t *) node, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      case PM_RESCUE_MODIFIER_NODE: {
        // foo rescue bar
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_rescue_modifier_node_t *cast = (const pm_rescue_modifier_node_t *) node;

        pm_scope_node_t rescue_scope_node;
        pm_scope_node_init((const pm_node_t *) cast, &rescue_scope_node, scope_node);

        rb_iseq_t *rescue_iseq = NEW_CHILD_ISEQ(
            &rescue_scope_node,
            rb_str_concat(rb_str_new2("rescue in "), ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->location.label),
            ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE,
            pm_node_line_number(parser, cast->rescue_expression)
        );

        pm_scope_node_destroy(&rescue_scope_node);

        LABEL *lstart = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
        LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(location.line);
        LABEL *lcont = NEW_LABEL(location.line);

        lstart->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_BEG;
        lend->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_END;

        PUSH_LABEL(ret, lstart);
        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(cast->expression);
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, lend);

        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, nop);
        PUSH_LABEL(ret, lcont);
        if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);

        PUSH_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_RESCUE, lstart, lend, rescue_iseq, lcont);
        PUSH_CATCH_ENTRY(CATCH_TYPE_RETRY, lend, lcont, NULL, lstart);
        return;
      }
      case PM_RETURN_NODE:
        // return
        // ^^^^^^
        //
        // return 1
        // ^^^^^^^^
        pm_compile_return_node(iseq, (const pm_return_node_t *) node, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      case PM_RETRY_NODE: {
        // retry
        // ^^^^^
        if (ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->type == ISEQ_TYPE_RESCUE) {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, throw, INT2FIX(TAG_RETRY));
            if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        }
        else {
            COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, location.line, "Invalid retry");
            return;
        }
        return;
      }
      case PM_SCOPE_NODE:
        pm_compile_scope_node(iseq, (pm_scope_node_t *) node, &location, ret, popped);
        return;
      case PM_SELF_NODE: {
        // self
        // ^^^^
        if (!popped) {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putself);
        }
        return;
      }
      case PM_SHAREABLE_CONSTANT_NODE: {
        // A value that is being written to a constant that is being marked as
        // shared depending on the current lexical context.
        const pm_shareable_constant_node_t *cast = (const pm_shareable_constant_node_t *) node;
        pm_node_flags_t shareability = (cast->base.flags & (PM_SHAREABLE_CONSTANT_NODE_FLAGS_LITERAL | PM_SHAREABLE_CONSTANT_NODE_FLAGS_EXPERIMENTAL_EVERYTHING | PM_SHAREABLE_CONSTANT_NODE_FLAGS_EXPERIMENTAL_COPY));

        switch (PM_NODE_TYPE(cast->write)) {
          case PM_CONSTANT_WRITE_NODE:
            pm_compile_constant_write_node(iseq, (const pm_constant_write_node_t *) cast->write, shareability, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
            break;
          case PM_CONSTANT_AND_WRITE_NODE:
            pm_compile_constant_and_write_node(iseq, (const pm_constant_and_write_node_t *) cast->write, shareability, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
            break;
          case PM_CONSTANT_OR_WRITE_NODE:
            pm_compile_constant_or_write_node(iseq, (const pm_constant_or_write_node_t *) cast->write, shareability, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
            break;
          case PM_CONSTANT_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE:
            pm_compile_constant_operator_write_node(iseq, (const pm_constant_operator_write_node_t *) cast->write, shareability, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
            break;
          case PM_CONSTANT_PATH_WRITE_NODE:
            pm_compile_constant_path_write_node(iseq, (const pm_constant_path_write_node_t *) cast->write, shareability, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
            break;
          case PM_CONSTANT_PATH_AND_WRITE_NODE:
            pm_compile_constant_path_and_write_node(iseq, (const pm_constant_path_and_write_node_t *) cast->write, shareability, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
            break;
          case PM_CONSTANT_PATH_OR_WRITE_NODE:
            pm_compile_constant_path_or_write_node(iseq, (const pm_constant_path_or_write_node_t *) cast->write, shareability, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
            break;
          case PM_CONSTANT_PATH_OPERATOR_WRITE_NODE:
            pm_compile_constant_path_operator_write_node(iseq, (const pm_constant_path_operator_write_node_t *) cast->write, shareability, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
            break;
          default:
            rb_bug("Unexpected node type for shareable constant write: %s", pm_node_type_to_str(PM_NODE_TYPE(cast->write)));
            break;
        }

        return;
      }
      case PM_SINGLETON_CLASS_NODE: {
        // class << self; end
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_singleton_class_node_t *cast = (const pm_singleton_class_node_t *) node;

        pm_scope_node_t next_scope_node;
        pm_scope_node_init((const pm_node_t *) cast, &next_scope_node, scope_node);
        const rb_iseq_t *child_iseq = NEW_ISEQ(&next_scope_node, rb_fstring_lit("singleton class"), ISEQ_TYPE_CLASS, location.line);
        pm_scope_node_destroy(&next_scope_node);

        PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(cast->expression);
        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);

        ID singletonclass;
        CONST_ID(singletonclass, "singletonclass");
        PUSH_INSN3(ret, location, defineclass, ID2SYM(singletonclass), child_iseq, INT2FIX(VM_DEFINECLASS_TYPE_SINGLETON_CLASS));

        if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, (VALUE) child_iseq);

        return;
      }
      case PM_SOURCE_ENCODING_NODE: {
        // __ENCODING__
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^
        if (!popped) {
            VALUE value = pm_static_literal_value(iseq, node, scope_node);
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, value);
        }
        return;
      }
      case PM_SOURCE_FILE_NODE: {
        // __FILE__
        // ^^^^^^^^
        if (!popped) {
            const pm_source_file_node_t *cast = (const pm_source_file_node_t *) node;
            VALUE string = pm_source_file_value(cast, scope_node);

            if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(cast, PM_STRING_FLAGS_FROZEN)) {
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, string);
            }
            else if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(cast, PM_STRING_FLAGS_MUTABLE)) {
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putstring, string);
            }
            else {
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putchilledstring, string);
            }
        }
        return;
      }
      case PM_SOURCE_LINE_NODE: {
        // __LINE__
        // ^^^^^^^^
        if (!popped) {
            VALUE value = pm_static_literal_value(iseq, node, scope_node);
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, value);
        }
        return;
      }
      case PM_SPLAT_NODE: {
        // foo(*bar)
        //     ^^^^
        const pm_splat_node_t *cast = (const pm_splat_node_t *) node;
        if (cast->expression) {
            PM_COMPILE(cast->expression);
        }

        if (!popped) {
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, splatarray, Qtrue);
        }
        return;
      }
      case PM_STATEMENTS_NODE: {
        // A list of statements.
        const pm_statements_node_t *cast = (const pm_statements_node_t *) node;
        const pm_node_list_t *body = &cast->body;

        if (body->size > 0) {
            for (size_t index = 0; index < body->size - 1; index++) {
                PM_COMPILE_POPPED(body->nodes[index]);
            }
            PM_COMPILE(body->nodes[body->size - 1]);
        }
        else {
            PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putnil);
        }
        return;
      }
      case PM_STRING_NODE: {
        // "foo"
        // ^^^^^
        if (!popped) {
            const pm_string_node_t *cast = (const pm_string_node_t *) node;
            VALUE value = parse_static_literal_string(iseq, scope_node, node, &cast->unescaped);

            if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_STRING_FLAGS_FROZEN)) {
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, value);
            }
            else if (PM_NODE_FLAG_P(node, PM_STRING_FLAGS_MUTABLE)) {
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putstring, value);
            }
            else {
                PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putchilledstring, value);
            }
        }
        return;
      }
      case PM_SUPER_NODE:
        // super()
        // super(foo)
        // super(...)
        pm_compile_super_node(iseq, (const pm_super_node_t *) node, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      case PM_SYMBOL_NODE: {
        // :foo
        // ^^^^
        if (!popped) {
            VALUE value = pm_static_literal_value(iseq, node, scope_node);
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, value);
        }
        return;
      }
      case PM_TRUE_NODE: {
        // true
        // ^^^^
        if (!popped) {
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, Qtrue);
        }
        return;
      }
      case PM_UNDEF_NODE: {
        // undef foo
        // ^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_undef_node_t *cast = (const pm_undef_node_t *) node;
        const pm_node_list_t *names = &cast->names;

        for (size_t index = 0; index < names->size; index++) {
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE));
            PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_CBASE));

            PM_COMPILE_NOT_POPPED(names->nodes[index]);
            PUSH_SEND(ret, location, id_core_undef_method, INT2NUM(2));

            if (index < names->size - 1) {
                PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
            }
        }

        if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);
        return;
      }
      case PM_UNLESS_NODE: {
        // unless foo; bar end
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        //
        // bar unless foo
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_unless_node_t *cast = (const pm_unless_node_t *) node;
        const pm_statements_node_t *statements = NULL;
        if (cast->else_clause != NULL) {
            statements = ((const pm_else_node_t *) cast->else_clause)->statements;
        }

        pm_compile_conditional(iseq, &location, PM_UNLESS_NODE, (const pm_node_t *) cast, statements, (const pm_node_t *) cast->statements, cast->predicate, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      }
      case PM_UNTIL_NODE: {
        // until foo; bar end
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        //
        // bar until foo
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_until_node_t *cast = (const pm_until_node_t *) node;
        pm_compile_loop(iseq, &location, cast->base.flags, PM_UNTIL_NODE, (const pm_node_t *) cast, cast->statements, cast->predicate, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      }
      case PM_WHILE_NODE: {
        // while foo; bar end
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        //
        // bar while foo
        // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        const pm_while_node_t *cast = (const pm_while_node_t *) node;
        pm_compile_loop(iseq, &location, cast->base.flags, PM_WHILE_NODE, (const pm_node_t *) cast, cast->statements, cast->predicate, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      }
      case PM_X_STRING_NODE: {
        // `foo`
        // ^^^^^
        const pm_x_string_node_t *cast = (const pm_x_string_node_t *) node;
        VALUE value = parse_static_literal_string(iseq, scope_node, node, &cast->unescaped);

        PUSH_INSN(ret, location, putself);
        PUSH_INSN1(ret, location, putobject, value);
        PUSH_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, location, idBackquote, INT2NUM(1), INT2FIX(VM_CALL_FCALL | VM_CALL_ARGS_SIMPLE));
        if (popped) PUSH_INSN(ret, location, pop);

        return;
      }
      case PM_YIELD_NODE:
        // yield
        // ^^^^^
        //
        // yield 1
        // ^^^^^^^
        pm_compile_yield_node(iseq, (const pm_yield_node_t *) node, &location, ret, popped, scope_node);
        return;
      default:
        rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError, "node type %s not implemented", pm_node_type_to_str(PM_NODE_TYPE(node)));
        return;
    }
}

#undef PM_CONTAINER_P

/** True if the given iseq can have pre execution blocks. */
static inline bool
pm_iseq_pre_execution_p(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
{
    switch (ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->type) {
      case ISEQ_TYPE_TOP:
      case ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL:
      case ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN:
        return true;
      default:
        return false;
    }
}

/**
 * This is the main entry-point into the prism compiler. It accepts the iseq
 * that it should be compiling instruction into and a pointer to the scope node
 * that it should be compiling. It returns the established instruction sequence.
 * Note that this function could raise Ruby errors if it encounters compilation
 * errors or if there is a bug in the compiler.
 */
VALUE
pm_iseq_compile_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, pm_scope_node_t *node)
{
    DECL_ANCHOR(ret);

    if (pm_iseq_pre_execution_p(iseq)) {
        // Because these ISEQs can have BEGIN{}, we're going to create two
        // anchors to compile them, a "pre" and a "body". We'll mark the "pre"
        // on the scope node so that when BEGIN{} is found, its contents will be
        // added to the "pre" anchor.
        DECL_ANCHOR(pre);
        node->pre_execution_anchor = pre;

        // Now we'll compile the body as normal. We won't compile directly into
        // the "ret" anchor yet because we want to add the "pre" anchor to the
        // beginning of the "ret" anchor first.
        DECL_ANCHOR(body);
        pm_compile_node(iseq, (const pm_node_t *) node, body, false, node);

        // Now we'll join both anchors together so that the content is in the
        // correct order.
        PUSH_SEQ(ret, pre);
        PUSH_SEQ(ret, body);
    }
    else {
        // In other circumstances, we can just compile the node directly into
        // the "ret" anchor.
        pm_compile_node(iseq, (const pm_node_t *) node, ret, false, node);
    }

    CHECK(iseq_setup_insn(iseq, ret));
    return iseq_setup(iseq, ret);
}

/**
 * Free the internal memory associated with a pm_parse_result_t struct.
 * Importantly this does not free the struct itself.
 */
void
pm_parse_result_free(pm_parse_result_t *result)
{
    if (result->node.ast_node != NULL) {
        pm_node_destroy(&result->parser, result->node.ast_node);
    }

    if (result->parsed) {
        xfree(result->node.constants);
        pm_scope_node_destroy(&result->node);
    }

    pm_parser_free(&result->parser);
    pm_string_free(&result->input);
    pm_options_free(&result->options);
}

/** An error that is going to be formatted into the output. */
typedef struct {
    /** A pointer to the diagnostic that was generated during parsing. */
    pm_diagnostic_t *error;

    /** The start line of the diagnostic message. */
    int32_t line;

    /** The column start of the diagnostic message. */
    uint32_t column_start;

    /** The column end of the diagnostic message. */
    uint32_t column_end;
} pm_parse_error_t;

/** The format that will be used to format the errors into the output. */
typedef struct {
    /** The prefix that will be used for line numbers. */
    const char *number_prefix;

    /** The prefix that will be used for blank lines. */
    const char *blank_prefix;

    /** The divider that will be used between sections of source code. */
    const char *divider;

    /** The length of the blank prefix. */
    size_t blank_prefix_length;

    /** The length of the divider. */
    size_t divider_length;
} pm_parse_error_format_t;

#define PM_COLOR_BOLD "\033[1m"
#define PM_COLOR_GRAY "\033[2m"
#define PM_COLOR_RED "\033[1;31m"
#define PM_COLOR_RESET "\033[m"
#define PM_ERROR_TRUNCATE 30

static inline pm_parse_error_t *
pm_parse_errors_format_sort(const pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_list_t *error_list, const pm_newline_list_t *newline_list) {
    pm_parse_error_t *errors = xcalloc(error_list->size, sizeof(pm_parse_error_t));
    if (errors == NULL) return NULL;

    int32_t start_line = parser->start_line;
    for (pm_diagnostic_t *error = (pm_diagnostic_t *) error_list->head; error != NULL; error = (pm_diagnostic_t *) error->node.next) {
        pm_line_column_t start = pm_newline_list_line_column(newline_list, error->location.start, start_line);
        pm_line_column_t end = pm_newline_list_line_column(newline_list, error->location.end, start_line);

        // We're going to insert this error into the array in sorted order. We
        // do this by finding the first error that has a line number greater
        // than the current error and then inserting the current error before
        // that one.
        size_t index = 0;
        while (
            (index < error_list->size) &&
            (errors[index].error != NULL) &&
            (
                (errors[index].line < start.line) ||
                ((errors[index].line == start.line) && (errors[index].column_start < start.column))
            )
        ) index++;

        // Now we're going to shift all of the errors after this one down one
        // index to make room for the new error.
        if (index + 1 < error_list->size) {
            memmove(&errors[index + 1], &errors[index], sizeof(pm_parse_error_t) * (error_list->size - index - 1));
        }

        // Finally, we'll insert the error into the array.
        uint32_t column_end;
        if (start.line == end.line) {
            column_end = end.column;
        } else {
            column_end = (uint32_t) (newline_list->offsets[start.line - start_line + 1] - newline_list->offsets[start.line - start_line] - 1);
        }

        // Ensure we have at least one column of error.
        if (start.column == column_end) column_end++;

        errors[index] = (pm_parse_error_t) {
            .error = error,
            .line = start.line,
            .column_start = start.column,
            .column_end = column_end
        };
    }

    return errors;
}

/* Append a literal string to the buffer. */
#define pm_buffer_append_literal(buffer, str) pm_buffer_append_string(buffer, str, rb_strlen_lit(str))

static inline void
pm_parse_errors_format_line(const pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_newline_list_t *newline_list, const char *number_prefix, int32_t line, uint32_t column_start, uint32_t column_end, pm_buffer_t *buffer) {
    int32_t line_delta = line - parser->start_line;
    assert(line_delta >= 0);

    size_t index = (size_t) line_delta;
    assert(index < newline_list->size);

    const uint8_t *start = &parser->start[newline_list->offsets[index]];
    const uint8_t *end;

    if (index >= newline_list->size - 1) {
        end = parser->end;
    } else {
        end = &parser->start[newline_list->offsets[index + 1]];
    }

    pm_buffer_append_format(buffer, number_prefix, line);

    // Here we determine if we should truncate the end of the line.
    bool truncate_end = false;
    if ((column_end != 0) && ((end - (start + column_end)) >= PM_ERROR_TRUNCATE)) {
        end = start + column_end + PM_ERROR_TRUNCATE;
        truncate_end = true;
    }

    // Here we determine if we should truncate the start of the line.
    if (column_start >= PM_ERROR_TRUNCATE) {
        pm_buffer_append_string(buffer, "... ", 4);
        start += column_start;
    }

    pm_buffer_append_string(buffer, (const char *) start, (size_t) (end - start));

    if (truncate_end) {
        pm_buffer_append_string(buffer, " ...\n", 5);
    } else if (end == parser->end && end[-1] != '\n') {
        pm_buffer_append_string(buffer, "\n", 1);
    }
}

/**
 * Format the errors on the parser into the given buffer.
 */
static void
pm_parse_errors_format(const pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_list_t *error_list, pm_buffer_t *buffer, int highlight, bool inline_messages) {
    assert(error_list->size != 0);

    // First, we're going to sort all of the errors by line number using an
    // insertion sort into a newly allocated array.
    const int32_t start_line = parser->start_line;
    const pm_newline_list_t *newline_list = &parser->newline_list;

    pm_parse_error_t *errors = pm_parse_errors_format_sort(parser, error_list, newline_list);
    if (errors == NULL) return;

    // Now we're going to determine how we're going to format line numbers and
    // blank lines based on the maximum number of digits in the line numbers
    // that are going to be displaid.
    pm_parse_error_format_t error_format;
    int32_t first_line_number = errors[0].line;
    int32_t last_line_number = errors[error_list->size - 1].line;

    // If we have a maximum line number that is negative, then we're going to
    // use the absolute value for comparison but multiple by 10 to additionally
    // have a column for the negative sign.
    if (first_line_number < 0) first_line_number = (-first_line_number) * 10;
    if (last_line_number < 0) last_line_number = (-last_line_number) * 10;
    int32_t max_line_number = first_line_number > last_line_number ? first_line_number : last_line_number;

    if (max_line_number < 10) {
        if (highlight > 0) {
            error_format = (pm_parse_error_format_t) {
                .number_prefix = PM_COLOR_GRAY "%1" PRIi32 " | " PM_COLOR_RESET,
                .blank_prefix = PM_COLOR_GRAY "  | " PM_COLOR_RESET,
                .divider = PM_COLOR_GRAY "  ~~~~~" PM_COLOR_RESET "\n"
            };
        } else {
            error_format = (pm_parse_error_format_t) {
                .number_prefix = "%1" PRIi32 " | ",
                .blank_prefix = "  | ",
                .divider = "  ~~~~~\n"
            };
        }
    } else if (max_line_number < 100) {
        if (highlight > 0) {
            error_format = (pm_parse_error_format_t) {
                .number_prefix = PM_COLOR_GRAY "%2" PRIi32 " | " PM_COLOR_RESET,
                .blank_prefix = PM_COLOR_GRAY "   | " PM_COLOR_RESET,
                .divider = PM_COLOR_GRAY "  ~~~~~~" PM_COLOR_RESET "\n"
            };
        } else {
            error_format = (pm_parse_error_format_t) {
                .number_prefix = "%2" PRIi32 " | ",
                .blank_prefix = "   | ",
                .divider = "  ~~~~~~\n"
            };
        }
    } else if (max_line_number < 1000) {
        if (highlight > 0) {
            error_format = (pm_parse_error_format_t) {
                .number_prefix = PM_COLOR_GRAY "%3" PRIi32 " | " PM_COLOR_RESET,
                .blank_prefix = PM_COLOR_GRAY "    | " PM_COLOR_RESET,
                .divider = PM_COLOR_GRAY "  ~~~~~~~" PM_COLOR_RESET "\n"
            };
        } else {
            error_format = (pm_parse_error_format_t) {
                .number_prefix = "%3" PRIi32 " | ",
                .blank_prefix = "    | ",
                .divider = "  ~~~~~~~\n"
            };
        }
    } else if (max_line_number < 10000) {
        if (highlight > 0) {
            error_format = (pm_parse_error_format_t) {
                .number_prefix = PM_COLOR_GRAY "%4" PRIi32 " | " PM_COLOR_RESET,
                .blank_prefix = PM_COLOR_GRAY "     | " PM_COLOR_RESET,
                .divider = PM_COLOR_GRAY "  ~~~~~~~~" PM_COLOR_RESET "\n"
            };
        } else {
            error_format = (pm_parse_error_format_t) {
                .number_prefix = "%4" PRIi32 " | ",
                .blank_prefix = "     | ",
                .divider = "  ~~~~~~~~\n"
            };
        }
    } else {
        if (highlight > 0) {
            error_format = (pm_parse_error_format_t) {
                .number_prefix = PM_COLOR_GRAY "%5" PRIi32 " | " PM_COLOR_RESET,
                .blank_prefix = PM_COLOR_GRAY "      | " PM_COLOR_RESET,
                .divider = PM_COLOR_GRAY "  ~~~~~~~~" PM_COLOR_RESET "\n"
            };
        } else {
            error_format = (pm_parse_error_format_t) {
                .number_prefix = "%5" PRIi32 " | ",
                .blank_prefix = "      | ",
                .divider = "  ~~~~~~~~\n"
            };
        }
    }

    error_format.blank_prefix_length = strlen(error_format.blank_prefix);
    error_format.divider_length = strlen(error_format.divider);

    // Now we're going to iterate through every error in our error list and
    // display it. While we're iterating, we will display some padding lines of
    // the source before the error to give some context. We'll be careful not to
    // display the same line twice in case the errors are close enough in the
    // source.
    int32_t last_line = parser->start_line - 1;
    uint32_t last_column_start = 0;
    const pm_encoding_t *encoding = parser->encoding;

    for (size_t index = 0; index < error_list->size; index++) {
        pm_parse_error_t *error = &errors[index];

        // Here we determine how many lines of padding of the source to display,
        // based on the difference from the last line that was displaid.
        if (error->line - last_line > 1) {
            if (error->line - last_line > 2) {
                if ((index != 0) && (error->line - last_line > 3)) {
                    pm_buffer_append_string(buffer, error_format.divider, error_format.divider_length);
                }

                pm_buffer_append_string(buffer, "  ", 2);
                pm_parse_errors_format_line(parser, newline_list, error_format.number_prefix, error->line - 2, 0, 0, buffer);
            }

            pm_buffer_append_string(buffer, "  ", 2);
            pm_parse_errors_format_line(parser, newline_list, error_format.number_prefix, error->line - 1, 0, 0, buffer);
        }

        // If this is the first error or we're on a new line, then we'll display
        // the line that has the error in it.
        if ((index == 0) || (error->line != last_line)) {
            if (highlight > 1) {
                pm_buffer_append_literal(buffer, PM_COLOR_RED "> " PM_COLOR_RESET);
            } else if (highlight > 0) {
                pm_buffer_append_literal(buffer, PM_COLOR_BOLD "> " PM_COLOR_RESET);
            } else {
                pm_buffer_append_literal(buffer, "> ");
            }

            last_column_start = error->column_start;

            // Find the maximum column end of all the errors on this line.
            uint32_t column_end = error->column_end;
            for (size_t next_index = index + 1; next_index < error_list->size; next_index++) {
                if (errors[next_index].line != error->line) break;
                if (errors[next_index].column_end > column_end) column_end = errors[next_index].column_end;
            }

            pm_parse_errors_format_line(parser, newline_list, error_format.number_prefix, error->line, error->column_start, column_end, buffer);
        }

        const uint8_t *start = &parser->start[newline_list->offsets[error->line - start_line]];
        if (start == parser->end) pm_buffer_append_byte(buffer, '\n');

        // Now we'll display the actual error message. We'll do this by first
        // putting the prefix to the line, then a bunch of blank spaces
        // depending on the column, then as many carets as we need to display
        // the width of the error, then the error message itself.
        //
        // Note that this doesn't take into account the width of the actual
        // character when displaid in the terminal. For some east-asian
        // languages or emoji, this means it can be thrown off pretty badly. We
        // will need to solve this eventually.
        pm_buffer_append_string(buffer, "  ", 2);
        pm_buffer_append_string(buffer, error_format.blank_prefix, error_format.blank_prefix_length);

        size_t column = 0;
        if (last_column_start >= PM_ERROR_TRUNCATE) {
            pm_buffer_append_string(buffer, "    ", 4);
            column = last_column_start;
        }

        while (column < error->column_start) {
            pm_buffer_append_byte(buffer, ' ');

            size_t char_width = encoding->char_width(start + column, parser->end - (start + column));
            column += (char_width == 0 ? 1 : char_width);
        }

        if (highlight > 1) pm_buffer_append_literal(buffer, PM_COLOR_RED);
        else if (highlight > 0) pm_buffer_append_literal(buffer, PM_COLOR_BOLD);
        pm_buffer_append_byte(buffer, '^');

        size_t char_width = encoding->char_width(start + column, parser->end - (start + column));
        column += (char_width == 0 ? 1 : char_width);

        while (column < error->column_end) {
            pm_buffer_append_byte(buffer, '~');

            size_t char_width = encoding->char_width(start + column, parser->end - (start + column));
            column += (char_width == 0 ? 1 : char_width);
        }

        if (highlight > 0) pm_buffer_append_literal(buffer, PM_COLOR_RESET);

        if (inline_messages) {
            pm_buffer_append_byte(buffer, ' ');
            assert(error->error != NULL);

            const char *message = error->error->message;
            pm_buffer_append_string(buffer, message, strlen(message));
        }

        pm_buffer_append_byte(buffer, '\n');

        // Here we determine how many lines of padding to display after the
        // error, depending on where the next error is in source.
        last_line = error->line;
        int32_t next_line;

        if (index == error_list->size - 1) {
            next_line = (((int32_t) newline_list->size) + parser->start_line);

            // If the file ends with a newline, subtract one from our "next_line"
            // so that we don't output an extra line at the end of the file
            if ((parser->start + newline_list->offsets[newline_list->size - 1]) == parser->end) {
                next_line--;
            }
        }
        else {
            next_line = errors[index + 1].line;
        }

        if (next_line - last_line > 1) {
            pm_buffer_append_string(buffer, "  ", 2);
            pm_parse_errors_format_line(parser, newline_list, error_format.number_prefix, ++last_line, 0, 0, buffer);
        }

        if (next_line - last_line > 1) {
            pm_buffer_append_string(buffer, "  ", 2);
            pm_parse_errors_format_line(parser, newline_list, error_format.number_prefix, ++last_line, 0, 0, buffer);
        }
    }

    // Finally, we'll free the array of errors that we allocated.
    xfree(errors);
}

#undef PM_ERROR_TRUNCATE
#undef PM_COLOR_GRAY
#undef PM_COLOR_RED
#undef PM_COLOR_RESET

/**
 * Check if the given source slice is valid UTF-8. The location represents the
 * location of the error, but the slice of the source will include the content
 * of all of the lines that the error touches, so we need to check those parts
 * as well.
 */
static bool
pm_parse_process_error_utf8_p(const pm_parser_t *parser, const pm_location_t *location)
{
    const size_t start_line = pm_newline_list_line_column(&parser->newline_list, location->start, 1).line;
    const size_t end_line = pm_newline_list_line_column(&parser->newline_list, location->end, 1).line;

    const uint8_t *start = parser->start + parser->newline_list.offsets[start_line - 1];
    const uint8_t *end = ((end_line == parser->newline_list.size) ? parser->end : (parser->start + parser->newline_list.offsets[end_line]));
    size_t width;

    while (start < end) {
        if ((width = pm_encoding_utf_8_char_width(start, end - start)) == 0) return false;
        start += width;
    }

    return true;
}

/**
 * Generate an error object from the given parser that contains as much
 * information as possible about the errors that were encountered.
 */
static VALUE
pm_parse_process_error(const pm_parse_result_t *result)
{
    const pm_parser_t *parser = &result->parser;
    const pm_diagnostic_t *head = (const pm_diagnostic_t *) parser->error_list.head;
    bool valid_utf8 = true;

    pm_buffer_t buffer = { 0 };
    const pm_string_t *filepath = &parser->filepath;

    int highlight = rb_stderr_tty_p();
    if (highlight) {
        const char *no_color = getenv("NO_COLOR");
        highlight = (no_color == NULL || no_color[0] == '\0') ? 2 : 1;
    }

    for (const pm_diagnostic_t *error = head; error != NULL; error = (const pm_diagnostic_t *) error->node.next) {
        switch (error->level) {
          case PM_ERROR_LEVEL_SYNTAX:
            // It is implicitly assumed that the error messages will be
            // encodeable as UTF-8. Because of this, we can't include source
            // examples that contain invalid byte sequences. So if any source
            // examples include invalid UTF-8 byte sequences, we will skip
            // showing source examples entirely.
            if (valid_utf8 && !pm_parse_process_error_utf8_p(parser, &error->location)) {
                valid_utf8 = false;
            }
            break;
          case PM_ERROR_LEVEL_ARGUMENT: {
            // Any errors with the level PM_ERROR_LEVEL_ARGUMENT take over as
            // the only argument that gets raised. This is to allow priority
            // messages that should be handled before anything else.
            int32_t line_number = (int32_t) pm_location_line_number(parser, &error->location);

            pm_buffer_append_format(
                &buffer,
                "%.*s:%" PRIi32 ": %s",
                (int) pm_string_length(filepath),
                pm_string_source(filepath),
                line_number,
                error->message
            );

            if (pm_parse_process_error_utf8_p(parser, &error->location)) {
                pm_buffer_append_byte(&buffer, '\n');

                pm_list_node_t *list_node = (pm_list_node_t *) error;
                pm_list_t error_list = { .size = 1, .head = list_node, .tail = list_node };

                pm_parse_errors_format(parser, &error_list, &buffer, highlight, false);
            }

            VALUE value = rb_exc_new(rb_eArgError, pm_buffer_value(&buffer), pm_buffer_length(&buffer));
            pm_buffer_free(&buffer);

            return value;
          }
          case PM_ERROR_LEVEL_LOAD: {
            // Load errors are much simpler, because they don't include any of
            // the source in them. We create the error directly from the
            // message.
            VALUE message = rb_enc_str_new_cstr(error->message, rb_locale_encoding());
            VALUE value = rb_exc_new3(rb_eLoadError, message);
            rb_ivar_set(value, rb_intern_const("@path"), Qnil);
            return value;
          }
        }
    }

    pm_buffer_append_format(
        &buffer,
        "%.*s:%" PRIi32 ": syntax error%s found\n",
        (int) pm_string_length(filepath),
        pm_string_source(filepath),
        (int32_t) pm_location_line_number(parser, &head->location),
        (parser->error_list.size > 1) ? "s" : ""
    );

    if (valid_utf8) {
        pm_parse_errors_format(parser, &parser->error_list, &buffer, highlight, true);
    }
    else {
        for (const pm_diagnostic_t *error = head; error != NULL; error = (const pm_diagnostic_t *) error->node.next) {
            if (error != head) pm_buffer_append_byte(&buffer, '\n');
            pm_buffer_append_format(&buffer, "%.*s:%" PRIi32 ": %s", (int) pm_string_length(filepath), pm_string_source(filepath), (int32_t) pm_location_line_number(parser, &error->location), error->message);
        }
    }

    VALUE message = rb_enc_str_new(pm_buffer_value(&buffer), pm_buffer_length(&buffer), result->node.encoding);
    VALUE error = rb_exc_new_str(rb_eSyntaxError, message);

    rb_encoding *filepath_encoding = result->node.filepath_encoding != NULL ? result->node.filepath_encoding : rb_utf8_encoding();
    VALUE path = rb_enc_str_new((const char *) pm_string_source(filepath), pm_string_length(filepath), filepath_encoding);

    rb_ivar_set(error, rb_intern_const("@path"), path);
    pm_buffer_free(&buffer);

    return error;
}

/**
 * Parse the parse result and raise a Ruby error if there are any syntax errors.
 * It returns an error if one should be raised. It is assumed that the parse
 * result object is zeroed out.
 */
static VALUE
pm_parse_process(pm_parse_result_t *result, pm_node_t *node, VALUE *script_lines)
{
    pm_parser_t *parser = &result->parser;

    // First, set up the scope node so that the AST node is attached and can be
    // freed regardless of whether or we return an error.
    pm_scope_node_t *scope_node = &result->node;
    rb_encoding *filepath_encoding = scope_node->filepath_encoding;
    int coverage_enabled = scope_node->coverage_enabled;

    pm_scope_node_init(node, scope_node, NULL);
    scope_node->filepath_encoding = filepath_encoding;

    scope_node->encoding = rb_enc_find(parser->encoding->name);
    if (!scope_node->encoding) rb_bug("Encoding not found %s!", parser->encoding->name);

    scope_node->coverage_enabled = coverage_enabled;

    // If RubyVM.keep_script_lines is set to true, then we need to create that
    // array of script lines here.
    if (script_lines != NULL) {
        *script_lines = rb_ary_new_capa(parser->newline_list.size);

        for (size_t index = 0; index < parser->newline_list.size; index++) {
            size_t offset = parser->newline_list.offsets[index];
            size_t length = index == parser->newline_list.size - 1 ? ((size_t) (parser->end - (parser->start + offset))) : (parser->newline_list.offsets[index + 1] - offset);
            rb_ary_push(*script_lines, rb_enc_str_new((const char *) parser->start + offset, length, scope_node->encoding));
        }

        scope_node->script_lines = script_lines;
    }

    // Emit all of the various warnings from the parse.
    const pm_diagnostic_t *warning;
    const char *warning_filepath = (const char *) pm_string_source(&parser->filepath);

    for (warning = (const pm_diagnostic_t *) parser->warning_list.head; warning != NULL; warning = (const pm_diagnostic_t *) warning->node.next) {
        int line = pm_location_line_number(parser, &warning->location);

        if (warning->level == PM_WARNING_LEVEL_VERBOSE) {
            rb_enc_compile_warning(scope_node->encoding, warning_filepath, line, "%s", warning->message);
        }
        else {
            rb_enc_compile_warn(scope_node->encoding, warning_filepath, line, "%s", warning->message);
        }
    }

    // If there are errors, raise an appropriate error and free the result.
    if (parser->error_list.size > 0) {
        VALUE error = pm_parse_process_error(result);

        // TODO: We need to set the backtrace.
        // rb_funcallv(error, rb_intern("set_backtrace"), 1, &path);
        return error;
    }

    // Now set up the constant pool and intern all of the various constants into
    // their corresponding IDs.
    scope_node->parser = parser;
    scope_node->constants = xcalloc(parser->constant_pool.size, sizeof(ID));

    for (uint32_t index = 0; index < parser->constant_pool.size; index++) {
        pm_constant_t *constant = &parser->constant_pool.constants[index];
        scope_node->constants[index] = rb_intern3((const char *) constant->start, constant->length, scope_node->encoding);
    }

    scope_node->index_lookup_table = st_init_numtable();
    pm_constant_id_list_t *locals = &scope_node->locals;
    for (size_t index = 0; index < locals->size; index++) {
        st_insert(scope_node->index_lookup_table, locals->ids[index], index);
    }

    // If we got here, this is a success and we can return Qnil to indicate that
    // no error should be raised.
    result->parsed = true;
    return Qnil;
}

/**
 * Set the frozen_string_literal option based on the default value used by the
 * CRuby compiler.
 */
static void
pm_options_frozen_string_literal_init(pm_options_t *options)
{
    int frozen_string_literal = rb_iseq_opt_frozen_string_literal();

    switch (frozen_string_literal) {
      case ISEQ_FROZEN_STRING_LITERAL_UNSET:
        break;
      case ISEQ_FROZEN_STRING_LITERAL_DISABLED:
        pm_options_frozen_string_literal_set(options, false);
        break;
      case ISEQ_FROZEN_STRING_LITERAL_ENABLED:
        pm_options_frozen_string_literal_set(options, true);
        break;
      default:
        rb_bug("pm_options_frozen_string_literal_init: invalid frozen_string_literal=%d", frozen_string_literal);
        break;
    }
}

/**
 * Returns an array of ruby String objects that represent the lines of the
 * source file that the given parser parsed.
 */
static inline VALUE
pm_parse_file_script_lines(const pm_scope_node_t *scope_node, const pm_parser_t *parser)
{
    const pm_newline_list_t *newline_list = &parser->newline_list;
    const char *start = (const char *) parser->start;
    const char *end = (const char *) parser->end;

    // If we end exactly on a newline, then there's no need to push on a final
    // segment. If we don't, then we need to push on the last offset up to the
    // end of the string.
    size_t last_offset = newline_list->offsets[newline_list->size - 1];
    bool last_push = start + last_offset != end;

    // Create the ruby strings that represent the lines of the source.
    VALUE lines = rb_ary_new_capa(newline_list->size - (last_push ? 0 : 1));

    for (size_t index = 0; index < newline_list->size - 1; index++) {
        size_t offset = newline_list->offsets[index];
        size_t length = newline_list->offsets[index + 1] - offset;

        rb_ary_push(lines, rb_enc_str_new(start + offset, length, scope_node->encoding));
    }

    // Push on the last line if we need to.
    if (last_push) {
        rb_ary_push(lines, rb_enc_str_new(start + last_offset, end - (start + last_offset), scope_node->encoding));
    }

    return lines;
}

// This is essentially pm_string_mapped_init(), preferring to memory map the
// file, with additional handling for files that require blocking to properly
// read (e.g. pipes).
static pm_string_init_result_t
pm_read_file(pm_string_t *string, const char *filepath)
{
#ifdef _WIN32
    // Open the file for reading.
    int length = MultiByteToWideChar(CP_UTF8, 0, filepath, -1, NULL, 0);
    if (length == 0) return PM_STRING_INIT_ERROR_GENERIC;

    WCHAR *wfilepath = xmalloc(sizeof(WCHAR) * ((size_t) length));
    if ((wfilepath == NULL) || (MultiByteToWideChar(CP_UTF8, 0, filepath, -1, wfilepath, length) == 0)) {
        xfree(wfilepath);
        return PM_STRING_INIT_ERROR_GENERIC;
    }

    HANDLE file = CreateFileW(wfilepath, GENERIC_READ, FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE, NULL, OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY, NULL);
    if (file == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
        pm_string_init_result_t result = PM_STRING_INIT_ERROR_GENERIC;

        if (GetLastError() == ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED) {
            DWORD attributes = GetFileAttributesW(wfilepath);
            if ((attributes != INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES) && (attributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY)) {
                result = PM_STRING_INIT_ERROR_DIRECTORY;
            }
        }

        xfree(wfilepath);
        return result;
    }

    // Get the file size.
    DWORD file_size = GetFileSize(file, NULL);
    if (file_size == INVALID_FILE_SIZE) {
        CloseHandle(file);
        xfree(wfilepath);
        return PM_STRING_INIT_ERROR_GENERIC;
    }

    // If the file is empty, then we don't need to do anything else, we'll set
    // the source to a constant empty string and return.
    if (file_size == 0) {
        CloseHandle(file);
        xfree(wfilepath);
        const uint8_t source[] = "";
        *string = (pm_string_t) { .type = PM_STRING_CONSTANT, .source = source, .length = 0 };
        return PM_STRING_INIT_SUCCESS;
    }

    // Create a mapping of the file.
    HANDLE mapping = CreateFileMapping(file, NULL, PAGE_READONLY, 0, 0, NULL);
    if (mapping == NULL) {
        CloseHandle(file);
        xfree(wfilepath);
        return PM_STRING_INIT_ERROR_GENERIC;
    }

    // Map the file into memory.
    uint8_t *source = (uint8_t *) MapViewOfFile(mapping, FILE_MAP_READ, 0, 0, 0);
    CloseHandle(mapping);
    CloseHandle(file);
    xfree(wfilepath);

    if (source == NULL) {
        return PM_STRING_INIT_ERROR_GENERIC;
    }

    *string = (pm_string_t) { .type = PM_STRING_MAPPED, .source = source, .length = (size_t) file_size };
    return PM_STRING_INIT_SUCCESS;
#elif defined(_POSIX_MAPPED_FILES)
    // Open the file for reading
    const int open_mode = O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK;
    int fd = open(filepath, open_mode);
    if (fd == -1) {
        return PM_STRING_INIT_ERROR_GENERIC;
    }

    // Stat the file to get the file size
    struct stat sb;
    if (fstat(fd, &sb) == -1) {
        close(fd);
        return PM_STRING_INIT_ERROR_GENERIC;
    }

    // Ensure it is a file and not a directory
    if (S_ISDIR(sb.st_mode)) {
        close(fd);
        return PM_STRING_INIT_ERROR_DIRECTORY;
    }

    // We need to wait for data first before reading from pipes and character
    // devices. To not block the entire VM, we need to release the GVL while
    // reading. Use IO#read to do this and let the GC handle closing the FD.
    if (S_ISFIFO(sb.st_mode) || S_ISCHR(sb.st_mode)) {
        VALUE io = rb_io_fdopen((int) fd, open_mode, filepath);
        rb_io_wait(io, RB_INT2NUM(RUBY_IO_READABLE), Qnil);
        VALUE contents = rb_funcall(io, rb_intern("read"), 0);

        if (!RB_TYPE_P(contents, T_STRING)) {
            return PM_STRING_INIT_ERROR_GENERIC;
        }

        long len = RSTRING_LEN(contents);
        if (len < 0) {
            return PM_STRING_INIT_ERROR_GENERIC;
        }

        size_t length = (size_t) len;
        uint8_t *source = malloc(length);
        memcpy(source, RSTRING_PTR(contents), length);
        *string = (pm_string_t) { .type = PM_STRING_OWNED, .source = source, .length = length };

        return PM_STRING_INIT_SUCCESS;
    }

    // mmap the file descriptor to virtually get the contents
    size_t size = (size_t) sb.st_size;
    uint8_t *source = NULL;

    if (size == 0) {
        close(fd);
        const uint8_t source[] = "";
        *string = (pm_string_t) { .type = PM_STRING_CONSTANT, .source = source, .length = 0 };
        return PM_STRING_INIT_SUCCESS;
    }

    source = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0);
    if (source == MAP_FAILED) {
        close(fd);
        return PM_STRING_INIT_ERROR_GENERIC;
    }

    close(fd);
    *string = (pm_string_t) { .type = PM_STRING_MAPPED, .source = source, .length = size };
    return PM_STRING_INIT_SUCCESS;
#else
    return pm_string_file_init(string, filepath);
#endif
}

/**
 * Attempt to load the file into memory. Return a Ruby error if the file cannot
 * be read.
 */
VALUE
pm_load_file(pm_parse_result_t *result, VALUE filepath, bool load_error)
{
    pm_string_init_result_t init_result = pm_read_file(&result->input, RSTRING_PTR(filepath));

    if (init_result == PM_STRING_INIT_SUCCESS) {
        pm_options_frozen_string_literal_init(&result->options);
        return Qnil;
    }

    int err;
    if (init_result == PM_STRING_INIT_ERROR_DIRECTORY) {
        err = EISDIR;
    } else {
#ifdef _WIN32
        err = rb_w32_map_errno(GetLastError());
#else
        err = errno;
#endif
    }

    VALUE error;
    if (load_error) {
        VALUE message = rb_str_buf_new_cstr(strerror(err));
        rb_str_cat2(message, " -- ");
        rb_str_append(message, filepath);

        error = rb_exc_new3(rb_eLoadError, message);
        rb_ivar_set(error, rb_intern_const("@path"), filepath);
    } else {
        error = rb_syserr_new(err, RSTRING_PTR(filepath));
        RB_GC_GUARD(filepath);
    }

    return error;
}

/**
 * Parse the given filepath and store the resulting scope node in the given
 * parse result struct. It returns a Ruby error if the file cannot be read or
 * if it cannot be parsed properly. It is assumed that the parse result object
 * is zeroed out.
 */
VALUE
pm_parse_file(pm_parse_result_t *result, VALUE filepath, VALUE *script_lines)
{
    result->node.filepath_encoding = rb_enc_get(filepath);
    pm_options_filepath_set(&result->options, RSTRING_PTR(filepath));
    RB_GC_GUARD(filepath);

    pm_parser_init(&result->parser, pm_string_source(&result->input), pm_string_length(&result->input), &result->options);
    pm_node_t *node = pm_parse(&result->parser);

    VALUE error = pm_parse_process(result, node, script_lines);

    // If we're parsing a filepath, then we need to potentially support the
    // SCRIPT_LINES__ constant, which can be a hash that has an array of lines
    // of every read file.
    ID id_script_lines = rb_intern("SCRIPT_LINES__");

    if (rb_const_defined_at(rb_cObject, id_script_lines)) {
        VALUE constant_script_lines = rb_const_get_at(rb_cObject, id_script_lines);

        if (RB_TYPE_P(constant_script_lines, T_HASH)) {
            rb_hash_aset(constant_script_lines, filepath, pm_parse_file_script_lines(&result->node, &result->parser));
        }
    }

    return error;
}

/**
 * Load and then parse the given filepath. It returns a Ruby error if the file
 * cannot be read or if it cannot be parsed properly.
 */
VALUE
pm_load_parse_file(pm_parse_result_t *result, VALUE filepath, VALUE *script_lines)
{
    VALUE error = pm_load_file(result, filepath, false);
    if (NIL_P(error)) {
        error = pm_parse_file(result, filepath, script_lines);
    }

    return error;
}

/**
 * Parse the given source that corresponds to the given filepath and store the
 * resulting scope node in the given parse result struct. It is assumed that the
 * parse result object is zeroed out. If the string fails to parse, then a Ruby
 * error is returned.
 */
VALUE
pm_parse_string(pm_parse_result_t *result, VALUE source, VALUE filepath, VALUE *script_lines)
{
    rb_encoding *encoding = rb_enc_get(source);
    if (!rb_enc_asciicompat(encoding)) {
        return rb_exc_new_cstr(rb_eArgError, "invalid source encoding");
    }

    pm_options_frozen_string_literal_init(&result->options);
    pm_string_constant_init(&result->input, RSTRING_PTR(source), RSTRING_LEN(source));
    pm_options_encoding_set(&result->options, rb_enc_name(encoding));

    result->node.filepath_encoding = rb_enc_get(filepath);
    pm_options_filepath_set(&result->options, RSTRING_PTR(filepath));
    RB_GC_GUARD(filepath);

    pm_parser_init(&result->parser, pm_string_source(&result->input), pm_string_length(&result->input), &result->options);
    pm_node_t *node = pm_parse(&result->parser);

    return pm_parse_process(result, node, script_lines);
}

/**
 * An implementation of fgets that is suitable for use with Ruby IO objects.
 */
static char *
pm_parse_stdin_fgets(char *string, int size, void *stream)
{
    RUBY_ASSERT(size > 0);

    VALUE line = rb_funcall((VALUE) stream, rb_intern("gets"), 1, INT2FIX(size - 1));
    if (NIL_P(line)) {
        return NULL;
    }

    const char *cstr = RSTRING_PTR(line);
    long length = RSTRING_LEN(line);

    memcpy(string, cstr, length);
    string[length] = '\0';

    return string;
}

// We need access to this function when we're done parsing stdin.
void rb_reset_argf_lineno(long n);

/**
 * Parse the source off STDIN and store the resulting scope node in the given
 * parse result struct. It is assumed that the parse result object is zeroed
 * out. If the stream fails to parse, then a Ruby error is returned.
 */
VALUE
pm_parse_stdin(pm_parse_result_t *result)
{
    pm_options_frozen_string_literal_init(&result->options);

    pm_buffer_t buffer;
    pm_node_t *node = pm_parse_stream(&result->parser, &buffer, (void *) rb_stdin, pm_parse_stdin_fgets, &result->options);

    // Copy the allocated buffer contents into the input string so that it gets
    // freed. At this point we've handed over ownership, so we don't need to
    // free the buffer itself.
    pm_string_owned_init(&result->input, (uint8_t *) pm_buffer_value(&buffer), pm_buffer_length(&buffer));

    // When we're done parsing, we reset $. because we don't want the fact that
    // we went through an IO object to be visible to the user.
    rb_reset_argf_lineno(0);

    return pm_parse_process(result, node, NULL);
}

#undef NEW_ISEQ
#define NEW_ISEQ OLD_ISEQ

#undef NEW_CHILD_ISEQ
#define NEW_CHILD_ISEQ OLD_CHILD_ISEQ