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</head>
<body class="manpage">
<div id="header">
<h1>git-commit-tree(1) Manual Page</h1>
<h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>git-commit-tree - Create a new commit object</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="verseblock">
<pre class="content"><em>git commit-tree</em> &lt;tree&gt; [(-p &lt;parent&gt;)&#8230;&#8203;]
<em>git commit-tree</em> [(-p &lt;parent&gt;)&#8230;&#8203;] [-S[&lt;keyid&gt;]] [(-m &lt;message&gt;)&#8230;&#8203;]
                  [(-F &lt;file&gt;)&#8230;&#8203;] &lt;tree&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This is usually not what an end user wants to run directly.  See
<a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a> instead.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Creates a new commit object based on the provided tree object and
emits the new commit object id on stdout. The log message is read
from the standard input, unless <code>-m</code> or <code>-F</code> options are given.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <code>-m</code> and <code>-F</code> options can be given any number of times, in any
order. The commit log message will be composed in the order in which
the options are given.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A commit object may have any number of parents. With exactly one
parent, it is an ordinary commit. Having more than one parent makes
the commit a merge between several lines of history. Initial (root)
commits have no parents.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>While a tree represents a particular directory state of a working
directory, a commit represents that state in "time", and explains how
to get there.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Normally a commit would identify a new "HEAD" state, and while Git
doesn&#8217;t care where you save the note about that state, in practice we
tend to just write the result to the file that is pointed at by
.<code>git/HEAD</code>, so that we can always see what the last committed
state was.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">&lt;tree&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>An existing tree object.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-p &lt;parent&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>Each <code>-p</code> indicates the id of a parent commit object.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-m &lt;message&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>A paragraph in the commit log message. This can be given more than
once and each &lt;message&gt; becomes its own paragraph.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-F &lt;file&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>Read the commit log message from the given file. Use <code>-</code> to read
from the standard input. This can be given more than once and the
content of each file becomes its own paragraph.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-S[&lt;keyid&gt;]</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--gpg-sign[=&lt;keyid&gt;]</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-gpg-sign</dt>
<dd>
<p>GPG-sign commits. The <code>keyid</code> argument is optional and
defaults to the committer identity; if specified, it must be
stuck to the option without a space. <code>--no-gpg-sign</code> is useful to
countermand a <code>--gpg-sign</code> option given earlier on the command line.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_commit_information">Commit Information</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A commit encapsulates:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>all parent object ids</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>author name, email and date</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>committer name and email and the commit time.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A commit comment is read from stdin. If a changelog
entry is not provided via "&lt;" redirection, <em>git commit-tree</em> will just wait
for one to be entered and terminated with ^D.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_date_formats">DATE FORMATS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <code>GIT_AUTHOR_DATE</code> and <code>GIT_COMMITTER_DATE</code> environment variables
support the following date formats:</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">Git internal format</dt>
<dd>
<p>It is <em>&lt;unix-timestamp&gt;</em> <em>&lt;time-zone-offset&gt;</em>, where
<em>&lt;unix-timestamp&gt;</em> is the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch.
<em>&lt;time-zone-offset&gt;</em> is a positive or negative offset from UTC.
For example CET (which is 1 hour ahead of UTC) is <code>+0100</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">RFC 2822</dt>
<dd>
<p>The standard date format as described by RFC 2822, for example
<code>Thu,</code> <code>07</code> <code>Apr</code> <code>2005</code> <code>22:13:13</code> <code>+0200</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">ISO 8601</dt>
<dd>
<p>Time and date specified by the ISO 8601 standard, for example
<code>2005-04-07T22:13:13</code>. The parser accepts a space instead of the
<code>T</code> character as well. Fractional parts of a second will be ignored,
for example <code>2005-04-07T22:13:13.019</code> will be treated as
<code>2005-04-07T22:13:13</code>.</p>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">
In addition, the date part is accepted in the following formats:
<code>YYYY.MM.DD</code>, <code>MM/DD/YYYY</code> and <code>DD.MM.YYYY</code>.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_discussion">Discussion</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Git is to some extent character encoding agnostic.</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences
of bytes.  There is no encoding translation at the core
level.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Path names are encoded in UTF-8 normalization form C. This
applies to tree objects, the index file, ref names, as well as
path names in command line arguments, environment variables
and config files (.<code>git/config</code> (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>),
<a href="gitignore.html">gitignore(5)</a>, <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a> and
<a href="gitmodules.html">gitmodules(5)</a>).</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that Git at the core level treats path names simply as
sequences of non-NUL bytes, there are no path name encoding
conversions (except on Mac and Windows). Therefore, using
non-ASCII path names will mostly work even on platforms and file
systems that use legacy extended ASCII encodings. However,
repositories created on such systems will not work properly on
UTF-8-based systems (e.g. Linux, Mac, Windows) and vice versa.
Additionally, many Git-based tools simply assume path names to
be UTF-8 and will fail to display other encodings correctly.</p>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Commit log messages are typically encoded in UTF-8, but other
extended ASCII encodings are also supported. This includes
ISO-8859-x, CP125x and many others, but <em>not</em> UTF-16/32,
EBCDIC and CJK multi-byte encodings (GBK, Shift-JIS, Big5,
EUC-x, CP9xx etc.).</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded
in UTF-8, both the core and Git Porcelain are designed not to
force UTF-8 on projects.  If all participants of a particular
project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, Git
does not forbid it.  However, there are a few things to keep in
mind.</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p><code>git</code> <code>commit</code> and <code>git</code> <code>commit-tree</code> issue
a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look
like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your
project uses a legacy encoding.  The way to say this is to
have <code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> in .<code>git/config</code> file, like this:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>[i18n]
        commitEncoding = ISO-8859-1</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Commit objects created with the above setting record the value
of <code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> in their <code>encoding</code> header.  This is to
help other people who look at them later.  Lack of this header
implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.</p>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>git</code> <code>log</code>, <code>git</code> <code>show</code>, <code>git</code> <code>blame</code> and friends look at the
<code>encoding</code> header of a commit object, and try to re-code the
log message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified.  You can
specify the desired output encoding with
<code>i18n.logOutputEncoding</code> in .<code>git/config</code> file, like this:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>[i18n]
        logOutputEncoding = ISO-8859-1</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
<code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> is used instead.</p>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log
message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit
object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a
reversible operation.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_files">FILES</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>/etc/mailname</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="git-write-tree.html">git-write-tree(1)</a>
<a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Last updated 2025-02-14 21:38:14 -0800
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