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<body class="manpage">
<div id="header">
<h1>git(1) Manual Page</h1>
<h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>git - the stupid content tracker</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="verseblock">
<pre class="content"><em>git</em> [-v | --version] [-h | --help] [-C &lt;path&gt;] [-c &lt;name&gt;=&lt;value&gt;]
    [--exec-path[=&lt;path&gt;]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
    [-p | --paginate | -P | --no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--no-lazy-fetch]
    [--no-optional-locks] [--no-advice] [--bare] [--git-dir=&lt;path&gt;]
    [--work-tree=&lt;path&gt;] [--namespace=&lt;name&gt;] [--config-env=&lt;name&gt;=&lt;envvar&gt;]
    &lt;command&gt; [&lt;args&gt;]</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
and full access to internals.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>See <a href="gittutorial.html">gittutorial(7)</a> to get started, then see
<a href="giteveryday.html">giteveryday(7)</a> for a useful minimum set of
commands.  The <a href="user-manual.html">Git User&#8217;s Manual</a> has a more
in-depth introduction.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
page to learn what commands Git offers.  You can learn more about
individual Git commands with "git help command".  <a href="gitcli.html">gitcli(7)</a>
manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation
can be viewed at <a href="https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html" class="bare">https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html</a>
or <a href="https://git-scm.com/docs" class="bare">https://git-scm.com/docs</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">-v</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--version</dt>
<dd>
<p>Prints the Git suite version that the <em>git</em> program came from.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This option is internally converted to <code>git</code> <code>version</code> ... and accepts
the same options as the <a href="git-version.html">git-version(1)</a> command. If <code>--help</code> is
also given, it takes precedence over <code>--version</code>.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-h</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--help</dt>
<dd>
<p>Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
commands. If the option <code>--all</code> or <code>-a</code> is given then all
available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
option will bring up the manual page for that command.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Other options are available to control how the manual page is
displayed. See <a href="git-help.html">git-help(1)</a> for more information,
because <code>git</code> <code>--help</code> ... is converted internally into <code>git</code>
<code>help</code> ....</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-C &lt;path&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>Run as if git was started in <em>&lt;path&gt;</em> instead of the current working
directory.  When multiple <code>-C</code> options are given, each subsequent
non-absolute <code>-C</code> <em>&lt;path&gt;</em> is interpreted relative to the preceding <code>-C</code>
<em>&lt;path&gt;</em>.  If <em>&lt;path&gt;</em> is present but empty, e.g. <code>-C</code> "", then the
current working directory is left unchanged.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This option affects options that expect path name like <code>--git-dir</code> and
<code>--work-tree</code> in that their interpretations of the path names would be
made relative to the working directory caused by the <code>-C</code> option. For
example the following invocations are equivalent:</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status</pre>
</div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-c &lt;name&gt;=&lt;value&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
given will override values from configuration files.
The &lt;name&gt; is expected in the same format as listed by
<em>git config</em> (subkeys separated by dots).</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that omitting the <code>=</code> in <code>git</code> <code>-c</code> <code>foo.bar</code> ... is allowed and sets
<code>foo.bar</code> to the boolean true value (just like [<code>foo</code>]<code>bar</code> would in a
config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like <code>git</code> <code>-c</code>
<code>foo.bar=</code> ...) sets <code>foo.bar</code> to the empty string which <code>git</code> <code>config</code>
<code>--type=bool</code> will convert to <code>false</code>.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--config-env=&lt;name&gt;=&lt;envvar&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>Like <code>-c</code> <em>&lt;name&gt;</em><code>=</code><em>&lt;value&gt;</em>, give configuration variable
<em>&lt;name&gt;</em> a value, where &lt;envvar&gt; is the name of an
environment variable from which to retrieve the value. Unlike
<code>-c</code> there is no shortcut for directly setting the value to an
empty string, instead the environment variable itself must be
set to the empty string.  It is an error if the <em>&lt;envvar&gt;</em> does not exist
in the environment. <em>&lt;envvar&gt;</em> may not contain an equals sign
to avoid ambiguity with <em>&lt;name&gt;</em> containing one.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This is useful for cases where you want to pass transitory
configuration options to git, but are doing so on operating systems
where other processes might be able to read your command line
(e.g. <code>/proc/self/cmdline</code>), but not your environment
(e.g. <code>/proc/self/environ</code>). That behavior is the default on
Linux, but may not be on your system.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that this might add security for variables such as
<code>http.extraHeader</code> where the sensitive information is part of
the value, but not e.g. <code>url.</code><em>&lt;base&gt;</em><code>.insteadOf</code> where the
sensitive information can be part of the key.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--exec-path[=&lt;path&gt;]</dt>
<dd>
<p>Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
environment variable. If no path is given, <em>git</em> will print
the current setting and then exit.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--html-path</dt>
<dd>
<p>Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git&#8217;s HTML
documentation is installed and exit.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--man-path</dt>
<dd>
<p>Print the manpath (see <code>man</code>(<code>1</code>)) for the man pages for
this version of Git and exit.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--info-path</dt>
<dd>
<p>Print the path where the Info files documenting this
version of Git are installed and exit.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-p</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--paginate</dt>
<dd>
<p>Pipe all output into <em>less</em> (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
output is a terminal.  This overrides the <code>pager.</code><em>&lt;cmd&gt;</em>
configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
below).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-P</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-pager</dt>
<dd>
<p>Do not pipe Git output into a pager.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--git-dir=&lt;path&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>Set the path to the repository (".git" directory). This can also be
controlled by setting the <code>GIT_DIR</code> environment variable. It can be
an absolute path or relative path to current working directory.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Specifying the location of the ".git" directory using this
option (or <code>GIT_DIR</code> environment variable) turns off the
repository discovery that tries to find a directory with
".git" subdirectory (which is how the repository and the
top-level of the working tree are discovered), and tells Git
that you are at the top level of the working tree.  If you
are not at the top-level directory of the working tree, you
should tell Git where the top-level of the working tree is,
with the <code>--work-tree=</code><em>&lt;path&gt;</em> option (or <code>GIT_WORK_TREE</code>
environment variable)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If you just want to run git as if it was started in <em>&lt;path&gt;</em> then use
<code>git</code> <code>-C</code> <em>&lt;path&gt;</em>.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--work-tree=&lt;path&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
or a path relative to the current working directory.
This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
variable (see core.worktree in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for a
more detailed discussion).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--namespace=&lt;path&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>Set the Git namespace.  See <a href="gitnamespaces.html">gitnamespaces(7)</a> for more
details.  Equivalent to setting the <code>GIT_NAMESPACE</code> environment
variable.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--bare</dt>
<dd>
<p>Treat the repository as a bare repository.  If GIT_DIR
environment is not set, it is set to the current working
directory.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-replace-objects</dt>
<dd>
<p>Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects.
This is equivalent to exporting the <code>GIT_NO_REPLACE_OBJECTS</code>
environment variable with any value.
See <a href="git-replace.html">git-replace(1)</a> for more information.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-lazy-fetch</dt>
<dd>
<p>Do not fetch missing objects from the promisor remote on
demand.  Useful together with <code>git</code> <code>cat-file</code> <code>-e</code> <em>&lt;object&gt;</em> to
see if the object is locally available.
This is equivalent to setting the <code>GIT_NO_LAZY_FETCH</code>
environment variable to <code>1</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-optional-locks</dt>
<dd>
<p>Do not perform optional operations that require locks. This is
equivalent to setting the <code>GIT_OPTIONAL_LOCKS</code> to <code>0</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-advice</dt>
<dd>
<p>Disable all advice hints from being printed.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--literal-pathspecs</dt>
<dd>
<p>Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic).
This is equivalent to setting the <code>GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS</code> environment
variable to <code>1</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--glob-pathspecs</dt>
<dd>
<p>Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
the <code>GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS</code> environment variable to <code>1</code>. Disabling
globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
magic ":(literal)"</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--noglob-pathspecs</dt>
<dd>
<p>Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
the <code>GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS</code> environment variable to <code>1</code>. Enabling
globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
magic ":(glob)"</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--icase-pathspecs</dt>
<dd>
<p>Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
the <code>GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS</code> environment variable to <code>1</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--list-cmds=&lt;group&gt;[,&lt;group&gt;&#8230;&#8203;]</dt>
<dd>
<p>List commands by group. This is an internal/experimental
option and may change or be removed in the future. Supported
groups are: builtins, parseopt (builtin commands that use
parse-options), main (all commands in libexec directory),
others (all other commands in <code>$PATH</code> that have git- prefix),
list-&lt;category&gt; (see categories in command-list.txt),
nohelpers (exclude helper commands), alias and config
(retrieve command list from config variable completion.commands)</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--attr-source=&lt;tree-ish&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>Read gitattributes from &lt;tree-ish&gt; instead of the worktree. See
<a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a>. This is equivalent to setting the
<code>GIT_ATTR_SOURCE</code> environment variable.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_git_commands">GIT COMMANDS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
("plumbing") commands.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_high_level_commands_porcelain">High-level commands (porcelain)</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
ancillary user utilities.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_main_porcelain_commands">Main porcelain commands</h3>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-add.html">git-add(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Add file contents to the index.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-am.html">git-am(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Apply a series of patches from a mailbox.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-archive.html">git-archive(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Create an archive of files from a named tree.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-backfill.html">git-backfill(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Download missing objects in a partial clone.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-bisect.html">git-bisect(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Use binary search to find the commit that introduced a bug.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-branch.html">git-branch(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>List, create, or delete branches.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-bundle.html">git-bundle(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Move objects and refs by archive.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-checkout.html">git-checkout(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Switch branches or restore working tree files.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-cherry-pick.html">git-cherry-pick(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Apply the changes introduced by some existing commits.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-citool.html">git-citool(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Graphical alternative to git-commit.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-clean.html">git-clean(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Remove untracked files from the working tree.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Clone a repository into a new directory.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Record changes to the repository.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-describe.html">git-describe(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Give an object a human readable name based on an available ref.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Download objects and refs from another repository.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Prepare patches for e-mail submission.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-gc.html">git-gc(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Cleanup unnecessary files and optimize the local repository.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-grep.html">git-grep(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Print lines matching a pattern.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-gui.html">git-gui(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A portable graphical interface to Git.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-init.html">git-init(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Create an empty Git repository or reinitialize an existing one.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Show commit logs.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-maintenance.html">git-maintenance(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Run tasks to optimize Git repository data.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Join two or more development histories together.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-mv.html">git-mv(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-notes.html">git-notes(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Add or inspect object notes.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-pull.html">git-pull(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Fetch from and integrate with another repository or a local branch.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Update remote refs along with associated objects.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-range-diff.html">git-range-diff(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Compare two commit ranges (e.g. two versions of a branch).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Reapply commits on top of another base tip.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-reset.html">git-reset(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Reset current HEAD to the specified state.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-restore.html">git-restore(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Restore working tree files.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-revert.html">git-revert(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Revert some existing commits.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-rm.html">git-rm(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Remove files from the working tree and from the index.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Summarize <em>git log</em> output.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-show.html">git-show(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Show various types of objects.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-sparse-checkout.html">git-sparse-checkout(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Reduce your working tree to a subset of tracked files.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-stash.html">git-stash(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Stash the changes in a dirty working directory away.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-status.html">git-status(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Show the working tree status.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-submodule.html">git-submodule(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Initialize, update or inspect submodules.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-switch.html">git-switch(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Switch branches.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-tag.html">git-tag(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Create, list, delete or verify a tag object signed with GPG.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-worktree.html">git-worktree(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Manage multiple working trees.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitk.html">gitk(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>The Git repository browser.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="scalar.html">scalar(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A tool for managing large Git repositories.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_ancillary_commands">Ancillary Commands</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Manipulators:</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Get and set repository or global options.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-fast-export.html">git-fast-export(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Git data exporter.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-fast-import.html">git-fast-import(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Backend for fast Git data importers.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-filter-branch.html">git-filter-branch(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Rewrite branches.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-mergetool.html">git-mergetool(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Run merge conflict resolution tools to resolve merge conflicts.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-pack-refs.html">git-pack-refs(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Pack heads and tags for efficient repository access.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-prune.html">git-prune(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Prune all unreachable objects from the object database.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-reflog.html">git-reflog(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Manage reflog information.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-refs.html">git-refs(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Low-level access to refs.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-remote.html">git-remote(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Manage set of tracked repositories.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-repack.html">git-repack(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Pack unpacked objects in a repository.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-replace.html">git-replace(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Create, list, delete refs to replace objects.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Interrogators:</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-annotate.html">git-annotate(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Annotate file lines with commit information.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-bugreport.html">git-bugreport(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Collect information for user to file a bug report.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-count-objects.html">git-count-objects(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-diagnose.html">git-diagnose(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Generate a zip archive of diagnostic information.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-difftool.html">git-difftool(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Show changes using common diff tools.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-fsck.html">git-fsck(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the database.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-help.html">git-help(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Display help information about Git.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-instaweb.html">git-instaweb(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-merge-tree.html">git-merge-tree(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Perform merge without touching index or working tree.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-rerere.html">git-rerere(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Reuse recorded resolution of conflicted merges.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-show-branch.html">git-show-branch(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Show branches and their commits.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-verify-commit.html">git-verify-commit(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Check the GPG signature of commits.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-verify-tag.html">git-verify-tag(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Check the GPG signature of tags.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-version.html">git-version(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Display version information about Git.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-whatchanged.html">git-whatchanged(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Show logs with differences each commit introduces.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitweb.html">gitweb(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Git web interface (web frontend to Git repositories).</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_interacting_with_others">Interacting with Others</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
people via patch over e-mail.</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-archimport.html">git-archimport(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Import a GNU Arch repository into Git.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-cvsexportcommit.html">git-cvsexportcommit(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Export a single commit to a CVS checkout.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-cvsimport.html">git-cvsimport(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Salvage your data out of another SCM people love to hate.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-cvsserver.html">git-cvsserver(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A CVS server emulator for Git.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-imap-send.html">git-imap-send(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Send a collection of patches from stdin to an IMAP folder.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-p4.html">git-p4(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Import from and submit to Perforce repositories.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-quiltimport.html">git-quiltimport(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Applies a quilt patchset onto the current branch.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-request-pull.html">git-request-pull(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Generates a summary of pending changes.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-send-email.html">git-send-email(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Send a collection of patches as emails.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-svn.html">git-svn(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Bidirectional operation between a Subversion repository and Git.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_reset_restore_and_revert">Reset, restore and revert</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>There are three commands with similar names: <code>git</code> <code>reset</code>,
<code>git</code> <code>restore</code> and <code>git</code> <code>revert</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="git-revert.html">git-revert(1)</a> is about making a new commit that reverts the
changes made by other commits.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="git-restore.html">git-restore(1)</a> is about restoring files in the working tree
from either the index or another commit. This command does not
update your branch. The command can also be used to restore files in
the index from another commit.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="git-reset.html">git-reset(1)</a> is about updating your branch, moving the tip
in order to add or remove commits from the branch. This operation
changes the commit history.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>git</code> <code>reset</code> can also be used to restore the index, overlapping with
<code>git</code> <code>restore</code>.</p>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_low_level_commands_plumbing">Low-level commands (plumbing)</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Although Git includes its
own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
development of alternative porcelains.  Developers of such porcelains
might start by reading about <a href="git-update-index.html">git-update-index(1)</a> and
<a href="git-read-tree.html">git-read-tree(1)</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
primarily for scripted use.  The interface to Porcelain commands
on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
end user experience.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The following description divides
the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
repositories.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_manipulation_commands">Manipulation commands</h3>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-apply.html">git-apply(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Apply a patch to files and/or to the index.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-checkout-index.html">git-checkout-index(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Copy files from the index to the working tree.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-commit-graph.html">git-commit-graph(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Write and verify Git commit-graph files.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-commit-tree.html">git-commit-tree(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Create a new commit object.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-hash-object.html">git-hash-object(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Compute object ID and optionally create an object from a file.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-index-pack.html">git-index-pack(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Build pack index file for an existing packed archive.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-merge-file.html">git-merge-file(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Run a three-way file merge.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-merge-index.html">git-merge-index(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Run a merge for files needing merging.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-mktag.html">git-mktag(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Creates a tag object with extra validation.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-mktree.html">git-mktree(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Build a tree-object from ls-tree formatted text.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-multi-pack-index.html">git-multi-pack-index(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Write and verify multi-pack-indexes.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-pack-objects.html">git-pack-objects(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Create a packed archive of objects.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-prune-packed.html">git-prune-packed(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Remove extra objects that are already in pack files.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-read-tree.html">git-read-tree(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Reads tree information into the index.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-replay.html">git-replay(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>EXPERIMENTAL: Replay commits on a new base, works with bare repos too.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-symbolic-ref.html">git-symbolic-ref(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Read, modify and delete symbolic refs.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-unpack-objects.html">git-unpack-objects(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Unpack objects from a packed archive.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-update-index.html">git-update-index(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Register file contents in the working tree to the index.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-update-ref.html">git-update-ref(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Update the object name stored in a ref safely.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-write-tree.html">git-write-tree(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Create a tree object from the current index.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_interrogation_commands">Interrogation commands</h3>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-cat-file.html">git-cat-file(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Provide contents or details of repository objects.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-cherry.html">git-cherry(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Find commits yet to be applied to upstream.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-diff-files.html">git-diff-files(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Compares files in the working tree and the index.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-diff-index.html">git-diff-index(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Compare a tree to the working tree or index.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-diff-tree.html">git-diff-tree(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-for-each-ref.html">git-for-each-ref(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Output information on each ref.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-for-each-repo.html">git-for-each-repo(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Run a Git command on a list of repositories.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-get-tar-commit-id.html">git-get-tar-commit-id(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Extract commit ID from an archive created using git-archive.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-ls-files.html">git-ls-files(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Show information about files in the index and the working tree.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-ls-remote.html">git-ls-remote(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>List references in a remote repository.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-ls-tree.html">git-ls-tree(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>List the contents of a tree object.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-merge-base.html">git-merge-base(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Find as good common ancestors as possible for a merge.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-name-rev.html">git-name-rev(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Find symbolic names for given revs.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-pack-redundant.html">git-pack-redundant(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Find redundant pack files.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-rev-parse.html">git-rev-parse(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Pick out and massage parameters.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-show-index.html">git-show-index(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Show packed archive index.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-show-ref.html">git-show-ref(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>List references in a local repository.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-unpack-file.html">git-unpack-file(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Creates a temporary file with a blob&#8217;s contents.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-var.html">git-var(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Show a Git logical variable.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-verify-pack.html">git-verify-pack(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Validate packed Git archive files.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
the working tree.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_syncing_repositories">Syncing repositories</h3>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-daemon.html">git-daemon(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A really simple server for Git repositories.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-fetch-pack.html">git-fetch-pack(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Receive missing objects from another repository.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-http-backend.html">git-http-backend(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Server side implementation of Git over HTTP.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-send-pack.html">git-send-pack(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Push objects over Git protocol to another repository.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-update-server-info.html">git-update-server-info(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Update auxiliary info file to help dumb servers.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
typically do not use them directly.</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-http-fetch.html">git-http-fetch(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Download from a remote Git repository via HTTP.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-http-push.html">git-http-push(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Push objects over HTTP/DAV to another repository.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-receive-pack.html">git-receive-pack(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Receive what is pushed into the repository.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-shell.html">git-shell(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Restricted login shell for Git-only SSH access.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-upload-archive.html">git-upload-archive(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Send archive back to git-archive.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-upload-pack.html">git-upload-pack(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Send objects packed back to git-fetch-pack.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_internal_helper_commands">Internal helper commands</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
users typically do not use them directly.</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-check-attr.html">git-check-attr(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Display gitattributes information.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-check-ignore.html">git-check-ignore(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Debug gitignore / exclude files.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-check-mailmap.html">git-check-mailmap(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Show canonical names and email addresses of contacts.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-check-ref-format.html">git-check-ref-format(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Ensures that a reference name is well formed.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-column.html">git-column(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Display data in columns.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-credential.html">git-credential(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Retrieve and store user credentials.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-credential-cache.html">git-credential-cache(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Helper to temporarily store passwords in memory.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-credential-store.html">git-credential-store(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Helper to store credentials on disk.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-fmt-merge-msg.html">git-fmt-merge-msg(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Produce a merge commit message.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-hook.html">git-hook(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Run git hooks.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-interpret-trailers.html">git-interpret-trailers(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Add or parse structured information in commit messages.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-mailinfo.html">git-mailinfo(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Extracts patch and authorship from a single e-mail message.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-mailsplit.html">git-mailsplit(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Simple UNIX mbox splitter program.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-merge-one-file.html">git-merge-one-file(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>The standard helper program to use with git-merge-index.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-patch-id.html">git-patch-id(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Compute unique ID for a patch.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-sh-i18n.html">git-sh-i18n(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Git&#8217;s i18n setup code for shell scripts.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-sh-setup.html">git-sh-setup(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Common Git shell script setup code.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="git-stripspace.html">git-stripspace(1)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Remove unnecessary whitespace.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_guides">Guides</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The following documentation pages are guides about Git concepts.</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitcore-tutorial.html">gitcore-tutorial(7)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A Git core tutorial for developers.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitcredentials.html">gitcredentials(7)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Providing usernames and passwords to Git.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitcvs-migration.html">gitcvs-migration(7)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Git for CVS users.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitdiffcore.html">gitdiffcore(7)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Tweaking diff output.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="giteveryday.html">giteveryday(7)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A useful minimum set of commands for Everyday Git.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitfaq.html">gitfaq(7)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Frequently asked questions about using Git.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A Git Glossary.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitnamespaces.html">gitnamespaces(7)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Git namespaces.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitremote-helpers.html">gitremote-helpers(7)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Helper programs to interact with remote repositories.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitsubmodules.html">gitsubmodules(7)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Mounting one repository inside another.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gittutorial.html">gittutorial(7)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A tutorial introduction to Git.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gittutorial-2.html">gittutorial-2(7)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>A tutorial introduction to Git: part two.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitworkflows.html">gitworkflows(7)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>An overview of recommended workflows with Git.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_repository_command_and_file_interfaces">Repository, command and file interfaces</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This documentation discusses repository and command interfaces which
users are expected to interact with directly. See <code>--user-formats</code> in
<a href="git-help.html">git-help(1)</a> for more details on the criteria.</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Defining attributes per path.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitcli.html">gitcli(7)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Git command-line interface and conventions.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Hooks used by Git.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitignore.html">gitignore(5)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Specifies intentionally untracked files to ignore.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitmailmap.html">gitmailmap(5)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Map author/committer names and/or E-Mail addresses.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitmodules.html">gitmodules(5)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Defining submodule properties.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitrepository-layout.html">gitrepository-layout(5)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Git Repository Layout.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions(7)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Specifying revisions and ranges for Git.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_file_formats_protocols_and_other_developer_interfaces">File formats, protocols and other developer interfaces</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This documentation discusses file formats, over-the-wire protocols and
other git developer interfaces. See <code>--developer-interfaces</code> in
<a href="git-help.html">git-help(1)</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitformat-bundle.html">gitformat-bundle(5)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>The bundle file format.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitformat-chunk.html">gitformat-chunk(5)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Chunk-based file formats.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitformat-commit-graph.html">gitformat-commit-graph(5)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Git commit-graph format.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitformat-index.html">gitformat-index(5)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Git index format.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitformat-pack.html">gitformat-pack(5)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Git pack format.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitformat-signature.html">gitformat-signature(5)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Git cryptographic signature formats.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitprotocol-capabilities.html">gitprotocol-capabilities(5)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Protocol v0 and v1 capabilities.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitprotocol-common.html">gitprotocol-common(5)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Things common to various protocols.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitprotocol-http.html">gitprotocol-http(5)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Git HTTP-based protocols.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitprotocol-pack.html">gitprotocol-pack(5)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>How packs are transferred over-the-wire.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a href="gitprotocol-v2.html">gitprotocol-v2(5)</a></dt>
<dd>
<p>Git Wire Protocol, Version 2.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_configuration_mechanism">Configuration Mechanism</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
repository and are per user.  Such a configuration file may look
like this:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>#
# A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
#

; core variables
[core]
        ; Don't trust file modes
        filemode = false

; user identity
[user]
        name = "Junio C Hamano"
        email = "gitster@pobox.com"</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
their operation accordingly.  See <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for a
list and more details about the configuration mechanism.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_identifier_terminology">Identifier Terminology</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">&lt;object&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>Indicates the object name for any type of object.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">&lt;blob&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>Indicates a blob object name.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">&lt;tree&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>Indicates a tree object name.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">&lt;commit&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>Indicates a commit object name.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">&lt;tree-ish&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name.  A
command that takes a &lt;tree-ish&gt; argument ultimately wants to
operate on a &lt;tree&gt; object but automatically dereferences
&lt;commit&gt; and &lt;tag&gt; objects that point at a &lt;tree&gt;.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">&lt;commit-ish&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>Indicates a commit or tag object name.  A
command that takes a &lt;commit-ish&gt; argument ultimately wants to
operate on a &lt;commit&gt; object but automatically dereferences
&lt;tag&gt; objects that point at a &lt;commit&gt;.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">&lt;type&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>Indicates that an object type is required.
Currently one of: <code>blob</code>, <code>tree</code>, <code>commit</code>, or <code>tag</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">&lt;file&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
root of the tree structure <code>GIT_INDEX_FILE</code> describes.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_symbolic_identifiers">Symbolic Identifiers</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Any Git command accepting any &lt;object&gt; can also use the following
symbolic notation:</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">HEAD</dt>
<dd>
<p>indicates the head of the current branch.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">&lt;tag&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>a valid tag <em>name</em>
(i.e. a <code>refs/tags/</code><em>&lt;tag&gt;</em> reference).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">&lt;head&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>a valid head <em>name</em>
(i.e. a <code>refs/heads/</code><em>&lt;head&gt;</em> reference).</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
"SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in <a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions(7)</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_filedirectory_structure">File/Directory Structure</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Please see the <a href="gitrepository-layout.html">gitrepository-layout(5)</a> document.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Read <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a> for more details about each hook.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
<code>$GIT_DIR</code>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_terminology">Terminology</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Please see <a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_environment_variables">Environment Variables</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Various Git commands pay attention to environment variables and change
their behavior.  The environment variables marked as "Boolean" take
their values the same way as Boolean valued configuration variables, i.e.,
"true", "yes", "on" and positive numbers are taken as "yes", while "false",
"no", "off", and "0" are taken as "no".</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Here are the variables:</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_system">System</h3>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>HOME</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Specifies the path to the user&#8217;s home directory. On Windows, if
unset, Git will set a process environment variable equal to:
<code>$HOMEDRIVE$HOMEPATH</code> if both <code>$HOMEDRIVE</code> and <code>$HOMEPATH</code> exist;
otherwise <code>$USERPROFILE</code> if <code>$USERPROFILE</code> exists.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_the_git_repository">The Git Repository</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>These environment variables apply to <em>all</em> core Git commands. Nb: it
is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
Git so take care if using a foreign front-end.</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_INDEX_FILE</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>This environment variable specifies an alternate
index file. If not specified, the default of <code>$GIT_DIR/index</code>
is used.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_INDEX_VERSION</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>This environment variable specifies what index version is used
when writing the index file out.  It won&#8217;t affect existing index
files.  By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See
<a href="git-update-index.html">git-update-index(1)</a> for more information.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>If the object storage directory is specified via this
environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
underneath - otherwise the default <code>$GIT_DIR/objects</code>
directory is used.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Entries that begin with " (double-quote) will be interpreted
as C-style quoted paths, removing leading and trailing
double-quotes and respecting backslash escapes. E.g., the value
"path-with-\"-and-:-in-it":vanilla-path has two paths:
<code>path-with-</code>"-and-:-in-it and <code>vanilla-path</code>.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_DIR</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>If the <code>GIT_DIR</code> environment variable is set then it
specifies a path to use instead of the default .<code>git</code>
for the base of the repository.
The <code>--git-dir</code> command-line option also sets this value.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_WORK_TREE</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Set the path to the root of the working tree.
This can also be controlled by the <code>--work-tree</code> command-line
option and the core.worktree configuration variable.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_NAMESPACE</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Set the Git namespace; see <a href="gitnamespaces.html">gitnamespaces(7)</a> for details.
The <code>--namespace</code> command-line option also sets this value.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.  If
set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
excluding slow-loading network directories).  It will not
exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
command line or in the environment.  Normally, Git has to read
the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
might be present in order to compare them with the current
directory.  However, if even this access is slow, you
can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn&#8217;t be resolved;
e.g.,
<code>GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
does not cross filesystem boundaries.  This Boolean environment variable
can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
boundaries.  Like <code>GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES</code>, this will not affect
an explicit repository directory set via <code>GIT_DIR</code> or on the
command line.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_COMMON_DIR</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are
normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path
instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are
taken from $GIT_DIR. See <a href="gitrepository-layout.html">gitrepository-layout(5)</a> and
<a href="git-worktree.html">git-worktree(1)</a> for
details. This variable has lower precedence than other path
variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY&#8230;&#8203;</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_DEFAULT_HASH</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>If this variable is set, the default hash algorithm for new
repositories will be set to this value. This value is
ignored when cloning and the setting of the remote repository
is always used. The default is "sha1".
See <code>--object-format</code> in <a href="git-init.html">git-init(1)</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_DEFAULT_REF_FORMAT</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>If this variable is set, the default reference backend format for new
repositories will be set to this value. The default is "files".
See <code>--ref-format</code> in <a href="git-init.html">git-init(1)</a>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_git_commits">Git Commits</h3>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_AUTHOR_NAME</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>The human-readable name used in the author identity when creating commit or
tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the <code>user.name</code> and
<code>author.name</code> configuration settings.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>The email address used in the author identity when creating commit or
tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the <code>user.email</code> and
<code>author.email</code> configuration settings.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_AUTHOR_DATE</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>The date used for the author identity when creating commit or tag objects, or
when writing reflogs. See <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a> for valid formats.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_COMMITTER_NAME</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>The human-readable name used in the committer identity when creating commit or
tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the <code>user.name</code> and
<code>committer.name</code> configuration settings.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>The email address used in the author identity when creating commit or
tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the <code>user.email</code> and
<code>committer.email</code> configuration settings.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_COMMITTER_DATE</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>The date used for the committer identity when creating commit or tag objects, or
when writing reflogs. See <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a> for valid formats.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>EMAIL</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>The email address used in the author and committer identities if no other
relevant environment variable or configuration setting has been set.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_git_diffs">Git Diffs</h3>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_DIFF_OPTS</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
value passed on the Git diff command line.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>When the environment variable <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> is set, the
program named by it is called to generate diffs, and Git
does not use its builtin diff machinery.
For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
<code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> is called with 7 parameters:</p>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>where:</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">&lt;old|new&gt;-file</dt>
<dd>
<p>are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
contents of &lt;old|new&gt;,</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">&lt;old|new&gt;-hex</dt>
<dd>
<p>are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">&lt;old|new&gt;-mode</dt>
<dd>
<p>are the octal representation of the file modes.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The file parameters can point at the user&#8217;s working file
(e.g. <code>new-file</code> in "git-diff-files"), <code>/dev/null</code> (e.g. <code>old-file</code>
when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. <code>old-file</code> in the
index).  <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> should not worry about unlinking the
temporary file&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;it is removed when <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> exits.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For a path that is unmerged, <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> is called with 1
parameter, &lt;path&gt;.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For each path <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> is called, two environment variables,
<code>GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER</code> and <code>GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL</code> are set.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF_TRUST_EXIT_CODE</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>If this Boolean environment variable is set to true then the
<code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> command is expected to return exit code
0 if it considers the input files to be equal or 1 if it
considers them to be different, like <code>diff</code>(<code>1</code>).
If it is set to false, which is the default, then the command
is expected to return exit code 0 regardless of equality.
Any other exit code causes Git to report a fatal error.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>The total number of paths.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_other">other</h3>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>A number controlling the amount of output shown by
the recursive merge strategy.  Overrides merge.verbosity.
See <a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a></p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_PAGER</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>This environment variable overrides <code>$PAGER</code>. If it is set
to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
a pager.  See also the <code>core.pager</code> option in
<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_PROGRESS_DELAY</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>A number controlling how many seconds to delay before showing
optional progress indicators. Defaults to 2.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_EDITOR</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>This environment variable overrides <code>$EDITOR</code> and <code>$VISUAL</code>.
It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
an editor is to be launched. See also <a href="git-var.html">git-var(1)</a>
and the <code>core.editor</code> option in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>This environment variable overrides the configured Git editor
when editing the todo list of an interactive rebase. See also
<a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a> and the <code>sequence.editor</code> option in
<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_SSH</code></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_SSH_COMMAND</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>If either of these environment variables is set then <em>git fetch</em>
and <em>git push</em> will use the specified command instead of <em>ssh</em>
when they need to connect to a remote system.
The command-line parameters passed to the configured command are
determined by the ssh variant.  See <code>ssh.variant</code> option in
<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for details.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>$GIT_SSH_COMMAND</code> takes precedence over <code>$GIT_SSH</code>, and is interpreted
by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.
<code>$GIT_SSH</code> on the other hand must be just the path to a program
(which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are
needed).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
personal .<code>ssh/config</code> file.  Please consult your ssh documentation
for further details.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_SSH_VARIANT</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>If this environment variable is set, it overrides Git&#8217;s autodetection
whether <code>GIT_SSH</code>/<code>GIT_SSH_COMMAND</code>/<code>core.sshCommand</code> refer to OpenSSH,
plink or tortoiseplink. This variable overrides the config setting
<code>ssh.variant</code> that serves the same purpose.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_SSL_NO_VERIFY</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Setting and exporting this environment variable to any value
tells Git not to verify the SSL certificate when fetching or
pushing over HTTPS.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_ATTR_SOURCE</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Sets the treeish that gitattributes will be read from.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_ASKPASS</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument
and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the <code>core.askPass</code>
option in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>If this Boolean environment variable is set to false, git will not prompt
on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL</code></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_CONFIG_SYSTEM</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Take the configuration from the given files instead from global or
system-level configuration files. If <code>GIT_CONFIG_SYSTEM</code> is set, the
system config file defined at build time (usually <code>/etc/gitconfig</code>)
will not be read. Likewise, if <code>GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL</code> is set, neither
<code>$HOME/.gitconfig</code> nor <code>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/config</code> will be read. Can
be set to <code>/dev/null</code> to skip reading configuration files of the
respective level.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
<code>$</code>(<code>prefix</code>)<code>/etc/gitconfig</code> file.  This Boolean environment variable can
be used along with <code>$HOME</code> and <code>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME</code> to create a
predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
to true to temporarily avoid using a buggy <code>/etc/gitconfig</code> file while
waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_FLUSH</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>If this Boolean environment variable is set to true, then commands such
as <em>git blame</em> (in incremental mode), <em>git rev-list</em>, <em>git log</em>,
<em>git check-attr</em> and <em>git check-ignore</em> will
force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
flushed. If this
variable is set to false, the output of these commands will be done
using completely buffered I/O.   If this environment variable is
not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_TRACE</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in
command execution and external command execution.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to
stderr.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2
and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
trace messages into this file descriptor.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
(starting with a <em>/</em> character), Git will interpret this
as a file path and will try to append the trace messages
to it.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
"false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_TRACE_FSMONITOR</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Enables trace messages for the filesystem monitor extension.
See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each
access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
pack-related performance problems.
See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_TRACE_PACKET</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a
given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation
or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet
starting with "PACK" (but see <code>GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE</code> below).
See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a
given program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is
verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost
certainly want to direct into a file (e.g.,
<code>GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack</code>) rather than displaying it on
the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side
of clones and fetches.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution
time of each Git command.
See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_TRACE_REFS</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Enables trace messages for operations on the ref database.
See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_TRACE_SETUP</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current
working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.
See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /
cloning of shallow repositories.
See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_TRACE_CURL</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data,
including descriptive information, of the git transport protocol.
This is similar to doing curl <code>--trace-ascii</code> on the command line.
See <code>GIT_TRACE</code> for available trace output options.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_TRACE_CURL_NO_DATA</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>When a curl trace is enabled (see <code>GIT_TRACE_CURL</code> above), do not dump
data (that is, only dump info lines and headers).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_TRACE2</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Enables more detailed trace messages from the "trace2" library.
Output from <code>GIT_TRACE2</code> is a simple text-based format for human
readability.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to
stderr.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2
and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
trace messages into this file descriptor.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
(starting with a <em>/</em> character), Git will interpret this
as a file path and will try to append the trace messages
to it.  If the path already exists and is a directory, the
trace messages will be written to files (one per process)
in that directory, named according to the last component
of the SID and an optional counter (to avoid filename
collisions).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In addition, if the variable is set to
<code>af_unix:</code>[<em>&lt;socket-type&gt;</em><code>:</code>]<em>&lt;absolute-pathname&gt;</em>, Git will try
to open the path as a Unix Domain Socket.  The socket type
can be either <code>stream</code> or <code>dgram</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
"false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>See <a href="technical/api-trace2.html">Trace2 documentation</a>
for full details.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_TRACE2_EVENT</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>This setting writes a JSON-based format that is suited for machine
interpretation.
See <code>GIT_TRACE2</code> for available trace output options and
<a href="technical/api-trace2.html">Trace2 documentation</a> for full details.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_TRACE2_PERF</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>In addition to the text-based messages available in <code>GIT_TRACE2</code>, this
setting writes a column-based format for understanding nesting
regions.
See <code>GIT_TRACE2</code> for available trace output options and
<a href="technical/api-trace2.html">Trace2 documentation</a> for full details.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_TRACE_REDACT</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>By default, when tracing is activated, Git redacts the values of
cookies, the "Authorization:" header, the "Proxy-Authorization:"
header and packfile URIs. Set this Boolean environment variable to false to prevent this
redaction.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_NO_REPLACE_OBJECTS</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Setting and exporting this environment variable tells Git to
ignore replacement refs and do not replace Git objects.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause Git to treat all
pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
running <code>GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1</code> <code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>--</code> '*.<code>c</code>' will search
for commits that touch the path *.<code>c</code>, not any paths that the
glob *.<code>c</code> matches. You might want this if you are feeding
literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
<code>git</code> <code>ls-tree</code>, <code>--raw</code> diff output, etc).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause Git to treat all
pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause Git to treat all
pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause Git to treat all
pathspecs as case-insensitive.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_NO_LAZY_FETCH</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Setting this Boolean environment variable to true tells Git
not to lazily fetch missing objects from the promisor remote
on demand.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_REFLOG_ACTION</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep
track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is
typically the name of the high-level command that updated
the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.
A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action
helper function in <code>git-sh-setup</code> to set its name to this
variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the
end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_REF_PARANOIA</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>If this Boolean environment variable is set to false, ignore broken or badly named refs when iterating
over lists of refs. Normally Git will try to include any such
refs, which may cause some operations to fail. This is usually
preferable, as potentially destructive operations (e.g.,
<a href="git-prune.html">git-prune(1)</a>) are better off aborting rather than
ignoring broken refs (and thus considering the history they
point to as not worth saving). The default value is <code>1</code> (i.e.,
be paranoid about detecting and aborting all operations). You
should not normally need to set this to <code>0</code>, but it may be
useful when trying to salvage data from a corrupted repository.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_COMMIT_GRAPH_PARANOIA</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>When loading a commit object from the commit-graph, Git performs an
existence check on the object in the object database. This is done to
avoid issues with stale commit-graphs that contain references to
already-deleted commits, but comes with a performance penalty.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The default is "false", which disables the aforementioned behavior.
Setting this to "true" enables the existence check so that stale commits
will never be returned from the commit-graph at the cost of performance.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>If set to a colon-separated list of protocols, behave as if
<code>protocol.allow</code> is set to <code>never</code>, and each of the listed
protocols has <code>protocol.</code><em>&lt;name&gt;</em><code>.allow</code> set to <code>always</code>
(overriding any existing configuration). See the description of
<code>protocol.allow</code> in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for more details.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_PROTOCOL_FROM_USER</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Set this Boolean environment variable to false to prevent protocols used by fetch/push/clone which are
configured to the <code>user</code> state.  This is useful to restrict recursive
submodule initialization from an untrusted repository or for programs
which feed potentially-untrusted URLS to git commands.  See
<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for more details.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_PROTOCOL</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>For internal use only.  Used in handshaking the wire protocol.
Contains a colon <em>:</em> separated list of keys with optional values
<em>&lt;key&gt;[=&lt;value&gt;]</em>.  Presence of unknown keys and values must be
ignored.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that servers may need to be configured to allow this variable to
pass over some transports. It will be propagated automatically when
accessing local repositories (i.e., <code>file://</code> or a filesystem path), as
well as over the <code>git://</code> protocol. For git-over-http, it should work
automatically in most configurations, but see the discussion in
<a href="git-http-backend.html">git-http-backend(1)</a>. For git-over-ssh, the ssh server may need
to be configured to allow clients to pass this variable (e.g., by using
<code>AcceptEnv</code> <code>GIT_PROTOCOL</code> with OpenSSH).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This configuration is optional. If the variable is not propagated, then
clients will fall back to the original "v0" protocol (but may miss out
on some performance improvements or features). This variable currently
only affects clones and fetches; it is not yet used for pushes (but may
be in the future).</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_OPTIONAL_LOCKS</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>If this Boolean environment variable is set to false, Git will complete any requested operation without
performing any optional sub-operations that require taking a lock.
For example, this will prevent <code>git</code> <code>status</code> from refreshing the
index as a side effect. This is useful for processes running in
the background which do not want to cause lock contention with
other operations on the repository.  Defaults to <code>1</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_REDIRECT_STDIN</code></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_REDIRECT_STDOUT</code></dt>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_REDIRECT_STDERR</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Windows-only: allow redirecting the standard input/output/error
handles to paths specified by the environment variables. This is
particularly useful in multi-threaded applications where the
canonical way to pass standard handles via <code>CreateProcess</code>() is
not an option because it would require the handles to be marked
inheritable (and consequently <strong>every</strong> spawned process would
inherit them, possibly blocking regular Git operations). The
primary intended use case is to use named pipes for communication
(e.g. \\.\pipe\my-git-stdin-123).</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Two special values are supported: <code>off</code> will simply close the
corresponding standard handle, and if <code>GIT_REDIRECT_STDERR</code> is
<code>2</code>&gt;&amp;1, standard error will be redirected to the same handle as
standard output.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_PRINT_SHA1_ELLIPSIS</code> (deprecated)</dt>
<dd>
<p>If set to <code>yes</code>, print an ellipsis following an
(abbreviated) SHA-1 value.  This affects indications of
detached HEADs (<a href="git-checkout.html">git-checkout(1)</a>) and the raw
diff output (<a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a>).  Printing an
ellipsis in the cases mentioned is no longer considered
adequate and support for it is likely to be removed in the
foreseeable future (along with the variable).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>GIT_ADVICE</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>If set to <code>0</code>, then disable all advice messages. These messages are
intended to provide hints to human users that may help them get out of
problematic situations or take advantage of new features. Users can
disable individual messages using the <code>advice.</code>* config keys. These
messages may be disruptive to tools that execute Git processes, so this
variable is available to disable the messages. (The <code>--no-advice</code>
global option is also available, but old Git versions may fail when
this option is not understood. The environment variable will be ignored
by Git versions that do not understand it.)</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_discussion">Discussion<a id="Discussion"></a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>More detail on the following is available from the
<a href="user-manual.html#git-concepts">Git concepts chapter of the
user-manual</a> and <a href="gitcore-tutorial.html">gitcore-tutorial(7)</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
subdirectory at the top level.  The .git directory contains, among other
things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
as tags and branch heads.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
and some number of parent commits.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
"version", represents a step in the project&#8217;s history, and each parent
represents an immediately preceding step.  Commits with more than one
parent represent merges of independent lines of development.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
written as a string of 40 hex digits.  Such names are globally unique.
The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
just that commit.  A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
purpose.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history.  A ref
may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref (the
latter is called a "symbolic ref").
Refs with names beginning <code>refs/head/</code> contain the SHA-1 name of the most
recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development.  SHA-1 names of
tags of interest are stored under <code>refs/tags/</code>.  A symbolic ref named
<code>HEAD</code> contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
path, a blob object and a set of attributes.  The blob object represents
the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch.  The
attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
corresponding file in the working tree.  Subsequent changes to the
working tree can be found by comparing these attributes.  The index may
be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
content stored in the index.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
for a given pathname.  These stages are used to hold the various
unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_security">SECURITY</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Some configuration options and hook files may cause Git to run arbitrary
shell commands. Because configuration and hooks are not copied using
<code>git</code> <code>clone</code>, it is generally safe to clone remote repositories with
untrusted content, inspect them with <code>git</code> <code>log</code>, and so on.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>However, it is not safe to run Git commands in a .<code>git</code> directory (or
the working tree that surrounds it) when that .<code>git</code> directory itself
comes from an untrusted source. The commands in its config and hooks
are executed in the usual way.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>By default, Git will refuse to run when the repository is owned by
someone other than the user running the command. See the entry for
<code>safe.directory</code> in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>. While this can help protect
you in a multi-user environment, note that you can also acquire
untrusted repositories that are owned by you (for example, if you
extract a zip file or tarball from an untrusted source). In such cases,
you&#8217;d need to "sanitize" the untrusted repository first.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If you have an untrusted .<code>git</code> directory, you should first clone it
with <code>git</code> <code>clone</code> <code>--no-local</code> to obtain a clean copy. Git does restrict
the set of options and hooks that will be run by <code>upload-pack</code>, which
handles the server side of a clone or fetch, but beware that the
surface area for attack against <code>upload-pack</code> is large, so this does
carry some risk. The safest thing is to serve the repository as an
unprivileged user (either via <a href="git-daemon.html">git-daemon(1)</a>, ssh, or using
other tools to change user ids). See the discussion in the <code>SECURITY</code>
section of <a href="git-upload-pack.html">git-upload-pack(1)</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_further_documentation">FURTHER DOCUMENTATION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>See the references in the "description" section to get started
using Git.  The following is probably more detail than necessary
for a first-time user.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <a href="user-manual.html#git-concepts">Git concepts chapter of the
user-manual</a> and <a href="gitcore-tutorial.html">gitcore-tutorial(7)</a> both provide
introductions to the underlying Git architecture.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>See <a href="gitworkflows.html">gitworkflows(7)</a> for an overview of recommended workflows.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>See also the <a href="howto-index.html">howto</a> documents for some useful
examples.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The internals are documented in the
<a href="technical/api-index.html">Git API documentation</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Users migrating from CVS may also want to
read <a href="gitcvs-migration.html">gitcvs-migration(7)</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_authors">Authors</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
&lt;<a href="mailto:git@vger.kernel.org">git@vger.kernel.org</a>&gt;.  <a href="https://openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary" class="bare">https://openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary</a>
gives you a more complete list of contributors.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
output of <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> and <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a> can show you
the authors for specific parts of the project.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_reporting_bugs">Reporting Bugs</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Report bugs to the Git mailing list &lt;<a href="mailto:git@vger.kernel.org">git@vger.kernel.org</a>&gt; where the
development and maintenance is primarily done.  You do not have to be
subscribed to the list to send a message there.  See the list archive
at <a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git" class="bare">https://lore.kernel.org/git</a> for previous bug reports and other
discussions.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Issues which are security relevant should be disclosed privately to
the Git Security mailing list &lt;<a href="mailto:git-security@googlegroups.com">git-security@googlegroups.com</a>&gt;.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="gittutorial.html">gittutorial(7)</a>, <a href="gittutorial-2.html">gittutorial-2(7)</a>,
<a href="giteveryday.html">giteveryday(7)</a>, <a href="gitcvs-migration.html">gitcvs-migration(7)</a>,
<a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a>, <a href="gitcore-tutorial.html">gitcore-tutorial(7)</a>,
<a href="gitcli.html">gitcli(7)</a>, <a href="user-manual.html">The Git User&#8217;s Manual</a>,
<a href="gitworkflows.html">gitworkflows(7)</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
</div>
</div>
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