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<body class="manpage">
<div id="header">
<h1>gitcli(7) Manual Page</h1>
<h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>gitcli - Git command-line interface and conventions</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>gitcli</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This manual describes the convention used throughout Git CLI.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Many commands take revisions (most often "commits", but sometimes
"tree-ish", depending on the context and command) and paths as their
arguments.  Here are the rules:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Options come first and then args.
A subcommand may take dashed options (which may take their own
arguments, e.g. "--max-parents 2") and arguments.  You SHOULD
give dashed options first and then arguments.  Some commands may
accept dashed options after you have already given non-option
arguments (which may make the command ambiguous), but you should
not rely on it (because eventually we may find a way to fix
these ambiguities by enforcing the "options then args" rule).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Revisions come first and then paths.
E.g. in <code>git</code> <code>diff</code> <code>v1.0</code> <code>v2.0</code> <code>arch/x86</code> <code>include/asm-x86</code>,
<code>v1.0</code> and <code>v2.0</code> are revisions and <code>arch/x86</code> and <code>include/asm-x86</code>
are paths.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>When an argument can be misunderstood as either a revision or a path,
they can be disambiguated by placing <code>--</code> between them.
E.g. <code>git</code> <code>diff</code> <code>--</code> <code>HEAD</code> is, "I have a file called HEAD in my work
tree.  Please show changes between the version I staged in the index
and what I have in the work tree for that file", not "show the difference
between the HEAD commit and the work tree as a whole".  You can say
<code>git</code> <code>diff</code> <code>HEAD</code> <code>--</code> to ask for the latter.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Without disambiguating <code>--</code>, Git makes a reasonable guess, but errors
out and asks you to disambiguate when ambiguous.  E.g. if you have a
file called HEAD in your work tree, <code>git</code> <code>diff</code> <code>HEAD</code> is ambiguous, and
you have to say either <code>git</code> <code>diff</code> <code>HEAD</code> <code>--</code> or <code>git</code> <code>diff</code> <code>--</code> <code>HEAD</code> to
disambiguate.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Because <code>--</code> disambiguates revisions and paths in some commands, it
cannot be used for those commands to separate options and revisions.
You can use <code>--end-of-options</code> for this (it also works for commands
that do not distinguish between revisions in paths, in which case it
is simply an alias for <code>--</code>).</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When writing a script that is expected to handle random user-input, it is
a good practice to make it explicit which arguments are which by placing
disambiguating <code>--</code> at appropriate places.</p>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Many commands allow wildcards in paths, but you need to protect
them from getting globbed by the shell.  These two mean different
things:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git restore *.c
$ git restore \*.c</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The former lets your shell expand the fileglob, and you are asking
the dot-C files in your working tree to be overwritten with the version
in the index.  The latter passes the *.<code>c</code> to Git, and you are asking
the paths in the index that match the pattern to be checked out to your
working tree.  After running <code>git</code> <code>add</code> <code>hello.c</code>; <code>rm</code> <code>hello.c</code>, you will <em>not</em>
see <code>hello.c</code> in your working tree with the former, but with the latter
you will.</p>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Just as the filesystem <em>.</em> (period) refers to the current directory,
using a <em>.</em> as a repository name in Git (a dot-repository) is a relative
path and means your current repository.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Here are the rules regarding the "flags" that you should follow when you are
scripting Git:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Splitting short options to separate words (prefer <code>git</code> <code>foo</code> <code>-a</code> <code>-b</code>
to <code>git</code> <code>foo</code> <code>-ab</code>, the latter may not even work).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>When a command-line option takes an argument, use the <em>stuck</em> form.  In
other words, write <code>git</code> <code>foo</code> <code>-oArg</code> instead of <code>git</code> <code>foo</code> <code>-o</code> <code>Arg</code> for short
options, and <code>git</code> <code>foo</code> <code>--long-opt=Arg</code> instead of <code>git</code> <code>foo</code> <code>--long-opt</code> <code>Arg</code>
for long options.  An option that takes optional option-argument must be
written in the <em>stuck</em> form.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Despite the above suggestion, when Arg is a path relative to the
home directory of a user, e.g. <code>~/directory/file</code> or <code>~u/d/f</code>, you
may want to use the separate form, e.g. <code>git</code> <code>foo</code> <code>--file</code> <code>~/mine</code>,
not <code>git</code> <code>foo</code> <code>--file=~/mine</code>.  The shell will expand <code>~/</code> in the
former to your home directory, but most shells keep the tilde in
the latter.  Some of our commands know how to tilde-expand the
option value even when given in the stuck form, but not all of
them do.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>When you give a revision parameter to a command, make sure the parameter is
not ambiguous with a name of a file in the work tree.  E.g. do not write
<code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>-1</code> <code>HEAD</code> but write <code>git</code> <code>log</code> <code>-1</code> <code>HEAD</code> <code>--</code>; the former will not work
if you happen to have a file called <code>HEAD</code> in the work tree.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Many commands allow a long option <code>--option</code> to be abbreviated
only to their unique prefix (e.g. if there is no other option
whose name begins with <code>opt</code>, you may be able to spell <code>--opt</code> to
invoke the <code>--option</code> flag), but you should fully spell them out
when writing your scripts; later versions of Git may introduce a
new option whose name shares the same prefix, e.g. <code>--optimize</code>,
to make a short prefix that used to be unique no longer unique.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_enhanced_option_parser">ENHANCED OPTION PARSER</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>From the Git 1.5.4 series and further, many Git commands (not all of them at the
time of the writing though) come with an enhanced option parser.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Here is a list of the facilities provided by this option parser.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_magic_options">Magic Options</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Commands which have the enhanced option parser activated all understand a
couple of magic command-line options:</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">-h</dt>
<dd>
<p>gives a pretty printed usage of the command.</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git describe -h
usage: git describe [&lt;options&gt;] &lt;commit-ish&gt;*
   or: git describe [&lt;options&gt;] --dirty

    --contains            find the tag that comes after the commit
    --debug               debug search strategy on stderr
    --all                 use any ref
    --tags                use any tag, even unannotated
    --long                always use long format
    --abbrev[=&lt;n&gt;]        use &lt;n&gt; digits to display SHA-1s</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that some subcommand (e.g. <code>git</code> <code>grep</code>) may behave differently
when there are things on the command line other than <code>-h</code>, but <code>git</code>
<code>subcmd</code> <code>-h</code> without anything else on the command line is meant to
consistently give the usage.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--help-all</dt>
<dd>
<p>Some Git commands take options that are only used for plumbing or that
are deprecated, and such options are hidden from the default usage. This
option gives the full list of options.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_negating_options">Negating options</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Options with long option names can be negated by prefixing <code>--no-</code>. For
example, <code>git</code> <code>branch</code> has the option <code>--track</code> which is <em>on</em> by default. You
can use <code>--no-track</code> to override that behaviour. The same goes for <code>--color</code>
and <code>--no-color</code>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_options_trump_configuration_and_environment">Options trump configuration and environment</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When there is a configuration variable or an environment variable
that tweak the behaviour of an aspect of a Git command, and also a
command line option that tweaks the same, the command line option
overrides what the configuration and/or environment variable say.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For example, the <code>user.name</code> configuration variable is used to
specify the human-readable name used by the <code>git</code> <code>commit</code> command to
record the author and the committer name in a newly created commit.
The <code>GIT_AUTHOR_NAME</code> environment variable, if set, takes precedence
when deciding what author name to record.  The <code>--author=</code><em>&lt;author&gt;</em>
command line option of the <code>git</code> <code>commit</code> command, when given, takes
precedence over these two sources of information.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_aggregating_short_options">Aggregating short options</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Commands that support the enhanced option parser allow you to aggregate short
options. This means that you can for example use <code>git</code> <code>rm</code> <code>-rf</code> or
<code>git</code> <code>clean</code> <code>-fdx</code>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_abbreviating_long_options">Abbreviating long options</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Commands that support the enhanced option parser accepts unique
prefix of a long option as if it is fully spelled out, but use this
with a caution.  For example, <code>git</code> <code>commit</code> <code>--amen</code> behaves as if you
typed <code>git</code> <code>commit</code> <code>--amend</code>, but that is true only until a later version
of Git introduces another option that shares the same prefix,
e.g. <code>git</code> <code>commit</code> <code>--amenity</code> option.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_separating_argument_from_the_option">Separating argument from the option</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You can write the mandatory option parameter to an option as a separate
word on the command line.  That means that all the following uses work:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git foo --long-opt=Arg
$ git foo --long-opt Arg
$ git foo -oArg
$ git foo -o Arg</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>However, this is <strong>NOT</strong> allowed for switches with an optional value, where the
<em>stuck</em> form must be used:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git describe --abbrev HEAD     # correct
$ git describe --abbrev=10 HEAD  # correct
$ git describe --abbrev 10 HEAD  # NOT WHAT YOU MEANT</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_notes_on_frequently_confused_options">NOTES ON FREQUENTLY CONFUSED OPTIONS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Many commands that can work on files in the working tree
and/or in the index can take <code>--cached</code> and/or <code>--index</code>
options.  Sometimes people incorrectly think that, because
the index was originally called cache, these two are
synonyms.  They are <strong>not</strong>&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;these two options mean very
different things.</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>The <code>--cached</code> option is used to ask a command that
usually works on files in the working tree to <strong>only</strong> work
with the index.  For example, <code>git</code> <code>grep</code>, when used
without a commit to specify from which commit to look for
strings in, usually works on files in the working tree,
but with the <code>--cached</code> option, it looks for strings in
the index.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <code>--index</code> option is used to ask a command that
usually works on files in the working tree to <strong>also</strong>
affect the index.  For example, <code>git</code> <code>stash</code> <code>apply</code> usually
merges changes recorded in a stash entry to the working tree,
but with the <code>--index</code> option, it also merges changes to
the index as well.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>git</code> <code>apply</code> command can be used with <code>--cached</code> and
<code>--index</code> (but not at the same time).  Usually the command
only affects the files in the working tree, but with
<code>--index</code>, it patches both the files and their index
entries, and with <code>--cached</code>, it modifies only the index
entries.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>See also <a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git/7v64clg5u9.fsf@assigned-by-dhcp.cox.net/" class="bare">https://lore.kernel.org/git/7v64clg5u9.fsf@assigned-by-dhcp.cox.net/</a> and
<a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git/7vy7ej9g38.fsf@gitster.siamese.dyndns.org/" class="bare">https://lore.kernel.org/git/7vy7ej9g38.fsf@gitster.siamese.dyndns.org/</a> for further
information.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Some other commands that also work on files in the working tree and/or
in the index can take <code>--staged</code> and/or <code>--worktree</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>--staged</code> is exactly like <code>--cached</code>, which is used to ask a
command to only work on the index, not the working tree.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>--worktree</code> is the opposite, to ask a command to work on the
working tree only, not the index.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The two options can be specified together to ask a command to work
on both the index and the working tree.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
</div>
</div>
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Last updated 2025-02-14 21:38:14 -0800
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