buffer: optimize read UInt16/24 functions with bitwise operators

[gurgunday]

These are functions where it's completely safe to use bitwise operators

The maximum value here is 255, so up to 255 << 16 is fine

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 90.23%. Comparing base (db4dcc0) to head (d8dfd7a).
Report is 11 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #57267      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   90.24%   90.23%   -0.01%     
==========================================
  Files         630      630              
  Lines      184921   184908      -13     
  Branches    36185    36192       +7     
==========================================
- Hits       166879   166858      -21     
+ Misses      11065    11058       -7     
- Partials     6977     6992      +15     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
lib/internal/buffer.js	98.75% <100.00%> (ø)

... and 41 files with indirect coverage changes