ENH: Support for Python 3.13.2 free-threading version

[qfcy]

Pandas version checks

• I have checked that this issue has not already been reported.

• I have confirmed this bug exists on the latest version of pandas.

• I have confirmed this bug exists on the main branch of pandas.

Reproducible Example

Firstly, use python3.13t -m pip install pandas to build and install pandas on VS 16.11.43 and MSVC 19.29.30158.
Then try to import it:

E:\Git-repositories\project179>python3.13t
Python 3.13.2 experimental free-threading build (tags/v3.13.2:4f8bb39, Feb  4 2025, 15:33:40) [MSC v.1942 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import pandas as pd
<Segmentation fault caused there>

Issue Description

The line import pandas failed in Python 3.13 free-threading version on x64 Windows.
As I tried to execute it, a segmentation fault caused because I've seen werfault.exe appeared in the task manager.

Expected Behavior

The line import pandas successfully be executed.

Installed Versions

pandas 2.2.3 (Note: cannot call pd.show_versions() as I couldn't import pandas at the first step)

Additionally, this is the output during compiling pandas that contains the MSVC version:

 + meson setup C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-yk54bvta\pandas_93cffcf8ab364c6d8ccc39766c5b148a C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-yk54bvta\pandas_93cffcf8ab364c6d8ccc39766c5b148a\.mesonpy-6btzqpgz\build -Dbuildtype=release -Db_ndebug=if-release -Db_vscrt=md --vsenv --native-file=C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-yk54bvta\pandas_93cffcf8ab364c6d8ccc39766c5b148a\.mesonpy-6btzqpgz\build\meson-python-native-file.ini
      The Meson build system
      Version: 1.2.1
      Source dir: C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-yk54bvta\pandas_93cffcf8ab364c6d8ccc39766c5b148a
      Build dir: C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-yk54bvta\pandas_93cffcf8ab364c6d8ccc39766c5b148a\.mesonpy-6btzqpgz\build
      Build type: native build
      Project name: pandas
      Project version: 2.2.3
      Activating VS 16.11.43
      C compiler for the host machine: cl (msvc 19.29.30158 "用于 x64 的 Microsoft (R) C/C++ 优化编译器 19.29.30158 版")
      C linker for the host machine: link link 14.29.30158.0
      C++ compiler for the host machine: cl (msvc 19.29.30158 "用于 x64 的 Microsoft (R) C/C++ 优化编译器 19.29.30158 版")
      C++ linker for the host machine: link link 14.29.30158.0
      Cython compiler for the host machine: cython (cython 3.0.12)
      Host machine cpu family: x86_64
      Host machine cpu: x86_64
      Program python found: YES (D:\Python\Python313\python3.13t.exe)
      Run-time dependency python found: YES 3.13
      Build targets in project: 53

      pandas 2.2.3

        User defined options
          Native files: C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-yk54bvta\pandas_93cffcf8ab364c6d8ccc39766c5b148a\.mesonpy-6btzqpgz\build\meson-python-native-file.ini
          buildtype   : release
          vsenv       : True
          b_ndebug    : if-release
          b_vscrt     : md

      Found ninja.EXE-1.11.1.git.kitware.jobserver-1 at C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-3jrexmoi\normal\Scripts\ninja.EXE

      Visual Studio environment is needed to run Ninja. It is recommended to use Meson wrapper:
      C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-3jrexmoi\overlay\Scripts\meson compile -C .
      + meson compile
      [1/151] Generating pandas/_libs/algos_common_helper_pxi with a custom command
      [2/151] Generating pandas/_libs/khash_primitive_helper_pxi with a custom command
      [3/151] Generating pandas/_libs/hashtable_class_helper_pxi with a custom command
      [4/151] Generating pandas/_libs/algos_take_helper_pxi with a custom command
      [5/151] Generating pandas/_libs/hashtable_func_helper_pxi with a custom command
      [6/151] Generating pandas/_libs/intervaltree_helper_pxi with a custom command
      [7/151] Generating pandas/_libs/index_class_helper_pxi with a custom command
      [8/151] Generating pandas/_libs/sparse_op_helper_pxi with a custom command
      [9/151] Generating pandas/__init__.py with a custom command
      [10/151] Compiling C object pandas/_libs/tslibs/parsing.cp313t-win_amd64.pyd.p/.._src_parser_tokenizer.c.obj
      ..\..\pandas\_libs\include\pandas/vendored/klib/khash.h(729): warning C4090: “函数”: 不同的“const”限定符
      [11/151] Compiling Cython source C:/Users/admin/AppData/Local/Temp/pip-install-yk54bvta/pandas_93cffcf8ab364c6d8ccc39766c5b148a/pandas/_libs/tslibs/base.pyx
      [12/151] Compiling C object pandas/_libs/tslibs/base.cp313t-win_amd64.pyd.p/meson-generated_pandas__libs_tslibs_base.pyx.c.obj

[rhshadrach]

Thanks for the report. Cython is still working on support (but it seems 3.1 is getting close). pandas cannot support free-threading until after Cython is ready. Even then, it's not clear to me what the level of effort it will take to support free-threading. Work on this is certainly appreciated!

Reworking this issue as an enhancement.