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    <h6 id="header">RMagick 6.1.1 User's Guide and Reference</h6>

    <div class="nav">&laquo;&nbsp;<a href="index.html">Prev</a> | <a href="index.html">Contents</a> | <a href="imusage.html">Next</a>&nbsp;&raquo;</div>

    <h1>How to use RMagick</h1>

    <div id="toc">
      <h2>Table of Contents</h2>

      <ul style="margin-left: 15px; padding-top: 1em">
        <li><a href="#basics">Basic concepts</a></li>

        <li><a href="#reading">Reading, writing, and creating images</a></li>

        <li><a href="#displaying">Displaying images</a></li>

        <li><a href="#modifying">Examining and modifying images</a></li>

        <li><a href="#marshaling">Marshaling images</a></li>

        <li><a href="#drawing_on">Drawing on and adding text to images</a></li>

        <li><a href="#more">Where to go from here</a></li>
      </ul>
    </div>

    <h2 id="basics">Basic concepts</h2>

    <p>
      Let's look at the RMagick equivalent of "Hello, world". This program reads an image file named "Cheetah.jpg" and displays<span class="sup"
        ><a href="#display">1</a></span
      >
      it on your monitor
    </p>
    <pre class="example language-ruby">
require "rmagick"

cat = Magick::ImageList.new("Cheetah.jpg")
cat.display
exit
</pre
    >

    <p class="example_cutline">
      MS Windows users note: The
      <span style="font-style: normal">display</span> method does not work on native MS Windows. You must use an external viewer to view the images you create.
    </p>

    <p>
      Line 1 requires the rmagick.rb file, which defines the <b>Magick</b> module. The Magick module contains 3 major classes, <b>ImageList</b>, <b>Image</b>,
      and <b>Draw</b>. This section - <em>Basic Concepts</em> - describes the ImageList and Image classes. The Draw class is explained in the
      <em><a href="#drawing">Drawing on and adding text to images</a></em>
      section, below.
    </p>

    <p>
      The statement on line 5 creates an <em>imagelist</em> object and initializes it by reading the <code>Cheetah.jpg</code> file in the current directory.
      Line 6 sends the <code>display</code> method to the object. When you send <code>display</code> to an imagelist, it causes all the images in the imagelist
      to be displayed on the default X Window screen. In this case, the <code>display</code> method makes a picture of a cheetah appear on your monitor.
    </p>

    <p>
      Type this program in and try running it now. The
      <code>Cheetah.jpg</code> file is in the <code>ex/images</code> subdirectory where you installed the RMagick documentation.
    </p>

    <p>
      The Image and ImageList classes are closely related. An
      <em>Image</em> object describes one image or one frame in an image with multiple frames. (An animated GIF or a Photoshop image with multiple layers are
      examples of images with multiple frames.) You can create a image object from an image file such as a GIF, PNG, or JPEG. You can create a image from
      scratch by specifying its dimensions. You can write an image to disk, display it on a screen, change its size or orientation, convert it to another
      format, or otherwise modify it using one of over 100 methods.
    </p>

    <p>
      An <em>ImageList</em> object is a <em>list</em> of images. It contains zero or more images and a <em>scene number</em>. The scene number indicates the
      <em>current image</em>. The ImageList class includes methods that operate on all the images in the list. Also, with a very few exceptions, any method
      defined in the Image class can be used as well. Since Image methods always operate on a single image, when an Image method is sent to an imagelist, the
      ImageList class sends the method to the current image, that is, the image specified by the scene number.
    </p>

    <p>
      The ImageList class is a subclass of the Array class, so you can use most Array methods to change the images in the imagelist. For example, you can use
      the <code>&lt;&lt;</code> method to add an image to the list.
    </p>

    <p>Going back to the example, let's make one modification.</p>
    <pre class="example language-ruby">
require "rmagick"

cat = Magick::ImageList.new("Cheetah.jpg")
smallcat = cat.minify
smallcat.display
exit
</pre
    >

    <p>
      The difference is the statement on line 5. This statement sends the
      <code>minify</code> method to the imagelist. The <code>minify</code> method is an Image method that reduces the size of an image to half its original
      size. Remember, since <code>minify</code> is an Image method, the ImageList class sends <code>minify</code> to the current (and only) image. The return
      value is a new image, half the size of the original.
    </p>

    <p>
      Line 6 demonstrates the Image class's <code>display</code>
      method, which displays a single image on the X Window screen.
      <code>Image#display</code> makes a picture of a (in this case, small) cheetah appear on your monitor.
    </p>

    <p>Here's how to write the small cheetah to a file in GIF format.</p>
    <pre class="example language-ruby">
require "rmagick"

cat = Magick::ImageList.new("Cheetah.jpg")
smallcat = cat.minify
smallcat.display
smallcat.write("Small-Cheetah.gif")
exit
</pre
    >

    <p>
      The statement on line 7 writes the image to a file. Notice that the filename extension is <code>gif</code>. When writing images, ImageMagick uses the
      filename extension to determine what image format to write. In this example, the <code>Small-Cheetah.gif</code> file will be in the GIF format. Notice how
      easy it is to covert an image from one format to another? (For more details, see <a href="imusage.html#formats">Image formats and filenames</a>.)
    </p>

    <p>
      So why, in the previous example, did I create <code>cat</code> as an ImageList object containing just one image, instead of creating an Image object? No
      reason, really. When you only have one image to deal with, imagelists and images are pretty much interchangeable.
    </p>

    <p>
      <em><b>Note:</b></em> In most cases, an Image method does not modify the image to which it is sent. Instead, the method returns a new image, suitably
      modified. For example, the <a href="image3.html#resize"><code>resize</code></a> method returns a new image, sized as specified. The receiver image is
      unaltered. (Following the Ruby convention, when a method alters the receiver object, the method name ends with "!". For example, the
      <a href="image3.html#resize_bang"><code>resize!</code></a> method resizes the receiver in place.)
    </p>

    <h2 id="reading">Reading, writing, and creating images</h2>

    <p>
      You've already seen that you can create an imagelist and initialize it by specifying the name of an image file as the argument to
      <a href="ilist.html#new"><code>ImageList.new</code></a
      >. In fact, <code>new</code> can take any number of file name arguments. If the file contains a single image, <code>new</code> reads the file, creates an
      image, and adds it to the imagelist. If the file is a multi-frame image file, <code>new</code> adds an image for each frame or layer in the file. Lastly,
      <code>new</code> changes the scene number to point to the last image in the imagelist. In the simple case, <code>new</code> reads a single image from a
      file and sets the scene number to 0.
    </p>

    <p>
      You can also create an image from scratch by calling
      <a href="image1.html#new"><code>Image.new</code></a
      >. This method takes 2 or 3 arguments. The first argument is the number of columns in the new image (its width). The second argument is the number of rows
      (its height). If present, the 3rd argument is a <a href="struct.html#fill"><code>Fill</code></a> object. To add a "scratch" image to an imagelist, call
      <a href="ilist.html#new_image"><code>ImageList#new_image</code></a
      >. This method calls <code>Image.new</code>, adds the new image to the imagelist, and sets the scene number to point to the new image. Scratch images are
      good for <a href="#drawing">drawing</a> on or creating images by <a href="image1.html#composite">compositing</a>.
    </p>

    <p>
      Like many other methods in the Image and ImageList classes,
      <code>Image.new</code> accepts an optional block that can be used to set additional optional parameters. If the block is present,
      <code>Image.new</code> creates a <a href="info.html">parameter object</a> and yields to the block in the scope of that object. You set the parameters by
      calling attribute setter methods defined in the parameter object's class. For example, you can set the background color of a new image to red with the
      <code>background_color=</code> method, as shown here:
    </p>
    <pre class="example language-ruby">
require "rmagick"

# Create a 100x100 red image.
f = Magick::Image.new(100,100) { |options| options.background_color = "red" }
f.display
exit
</pre
    >

    <p>Within the parameter block you must use <code>self</code> so that Ruby knows that this statement is a method call, not an assignment to a variable.</p>

    <p>
      You can create an image by capturing it from the XWindow screen using
      <a href="image1.html#capture"><code>Image.capture</code></a
      >. This method can capture the root window, a window identified by name or ID number, or perform an interactive capture whereby you designate the desired
      window by clicking it or by drawing a rectangle on the screen with your mouse.
    </p>

    <p>
      Both the Image class and the ImageList class have
      <code>write</code> methods. Both accept a single argument, the name of the file to be written.
      <a href="image3.html#write"><code>Image#write</code></a> simply writes the image to a file. Like the <code>Image#read</code> method,
      <code>write</code> yields to an optional block that you can use to set parameters that control how the image is written.
    </p>

    <p>
      If an ImageList object contains only one image, then
      <a href="ilist.html#write"><code>ImageList#write</code></a> is the same as <code>Image#write</code>. However, if the imagelist contains multiple images
      and the file format (determined by the file name extension, as I mentioned earlier) supports multi-frame images, <code>Image#write</code> will
      automatically create a multi-frame image file.
    </p>

    <p>
      For example, the following program reads three GIF files and then uses
      <code>ImageList#write</code> to combine all the images in those files (remember, each input file can contain multiple images) into one animated GIF file.
    </p>
    <pre class="example language-ruby">
require "rmagick"

anim = Magick::ImageList.new("start.gif", "middle.gif", "finish.gif")
anim.write("animated.gif")
exit
</pre
    >

    <h2 id="displaying">Displaying images</h2>

    <p>
      RMagick defines 3 methods for displaying images and imagelists. Both the Image class and the ImageList class have a <code>display</code> method. The
      <a href="image1.html#display"><code>Image#display</code></a> method displays the image on the default X Window screen. For imagelists with just one image,
      <a href="ilist.html#display"><code>ImageList#display</code></a> is identical to <code>Image#display</code>. However, if the imagelist contains multiple
      images, <code>ImageList#display</code> displays each of the images in turn. With both methods, right-clicking the display window will produce a menu of
      other options.
    </p>

    <p>
      The <a href="ilist.html#animate"><code>ImageList#animate</code></a> method repeatedly cycles through all the images in an imagelist, displaying each one
      in turn. You can control the speed of the animation with the <a href="ilist.html#delay_eq"><code>ImageList#delay=</code></a> method.
    </p>

    <h2 id="modifying">Examining and modifying images</h2>

    <p>
      Once you've created an image or imagelist, what can you do with it? The Image and ImageList classes define over 100 methods for examining and modifying
      images, both individually and in groups. Remember, unless the ImageList class defines a method with the same name, you can send any method defined in the
      Image class to an instance of the ImageList class. The ImageList class sends the method to the current image and returns the result.
    </p>

    <p>
      The methods can be classified into the following broad groups. ImageList method descriptions look like <span class="ilist">this</span>. Some of the listed
      methods are not available in some releases of ImageMagick. See the method documentation for details.
    </p>

    <div id="index">
      <h4>Utility methods</h4>

      <dl>
        <dt><a href="image1.html#spaceship">&lt;=&gt;</a></dt>

        <dd>Compare 2 images</dd>

        <dt class="ilist"><a href="ilist.html#spaceship">&lt;=&gt;</a></dt>

        <dd class="ilist">Compare 2 imagelists</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#aref">[ ]</a></dt>

        <dd>Reference an image property</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#aset">[ ]=</a></dt>

        <dd>Set an image property</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#add_profile">add_profile</a></dt>

        <dd>Add an ICC, IPTC, or generic profile</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#changed_q">changed?</a></dt>

        <dd>Has the image been changed?</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#channel">channel</a></dt>

        <dd>Extract a color channel from the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#compare_channel">compare_channel</a></dt>

        <dd>Compare one or more channels between two images</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#channel_depth">channel_depth</a></dt>

        <dd>Return the depth of the specified channel or channels</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#channel_extrema">channel_extrema</a></dt>

        <dd>Return the maximum and minimum intensity values for one or more channels in the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#check_destroyed">check_destroyed</a></dt>

        <dd>Raise an exception if the image has been destroyed</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#clone">clone</a></dt>

        <dd>Return a shallow copy of the image</dd>

        <dt class="ilist"><a href="ilist.html#clone">clone</a></dt>

        <dd class="ilist">Return a shallow copy of the imagelist</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#color_histogram">color_histogram</a></dt>

        <dd>Count the number of times each unique color appears in the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#combine">combine</a></dt>

        <dd>Combines the grayscale value of the pixels in each image to form a new image.</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#copy">copy</a></dt>

        <dd>Return a deep copy of the image</dd>

        <dt class="ilist"><a href="ilist.html#copy">copy</a></dt>

        <dd class="ilist">Return a deep copy of the imagelist</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#delete_profile">delete_profile</a></dt>

        <dd>Delete an ICC, IPTC, or generic profile</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#destroy_bang">destroy!</a></dt>

        <dd>Return all memory associated with the image to the system</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#destroyed_q">destroyed?</a></dt>

        <dd>Has the image has been destroyed?</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#difference">difference</a></dt>

        <dd>Compute the difference between two images</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#distortion_channel">distortion_channel</a></dt>

        <dd>Compare one or more channels to a reconstructed image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#dup">dup</a></dt>

        <dd>Return a shallow copy of the image</dd>

        <dt class="ilist"><a href="ilist.html#dup">dup</a></dt>

        <dd class="ilist">Return a shallow copy of the imagelist</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#each_pixel">each_pixel</a></dt>

        <dd>Iterate over all the pixels in the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#each_profile">each_profile</a></dt>

        <dd>Iterate over all the profiles associated with the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#export_pixels">export_pixels</a></dt>

        <dd>Extract pixel data from the image into an array</dd>

        <dt>
          <a href="image2.html#export_pixels_to_str">export_pixels_to_str</a>
        </dt>

        <dd>Extract pixel data from the image into a string</dd>

        <dt>
          <a href="image2.html#find_similar_region">find_similar_region</a>
        </dt>

        <dd>Search for a rectangle matching the target</dd>

        <dt>
          <a href="image2.html#get_exif_by_entry">get_exif_by_entry</a>,
          <a href="image2.html#get_exif_by_number">get_exif_by_number</a>
        </dt>

        <dd>Get one or more EXIF property values for the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#get_pixels">get_pixels</a></dt>

        <dd>Copy a region of pixels from the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#gray_q">gray?</a></dt>

        <dd>Are all the pixels in the image gray?</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#histogram_q">histogram?</a></dt>

        <dd>Does the image have &lt;= 1024 unique colors??</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#import_pixels">import_pixels</a></dt>

        <dd>Replace pixels in the image with pixel data from an array</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#monochrome_q">monochrome?</a></dt>

        <dd>Are all the pixels in the image either black or white?</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#opaque_q">opaque?</a></dt>

        <dd>Are all the pixels in the image opaque?</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#palette_q">palette?</a></dt>

        <dd>Is the image a PseudoClass type image with 256 colors or less?</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#preview">preview</a></dt>

        <dd>Show the effect of a transformation method on the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#profile_bang">profile!</a></dt>

        <dd>Add or remove an ICM, IPTC, or generic profile from the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#properties">properties</a></dt>

        <dd>Iterate over all the properties associated with the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#separate">separate</a></dt>

        <dd>Construct a grayscale image for each channel specified</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#set_channel_depth">set_channel_depth</a></dt>

        <dd>Set the specified channel's depth</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#signature">signature</a></dt>

        <dd>Compute the 64-byte message signature for the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#store_pixels">store_pixels</a></dt>

        <dd>Replace a region of pixels in the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#strip_bang">strip!</a></dt>

        <dd>Strip the image of all comments and profiles</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#sync_profiles">sync_profiles</a></dt>

        <dd>Synchronize the image properties with the image profiles</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#unique_colors">unique_colors</a></dt>

        <dd>Construct an image from the unique colors</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#view">view</a></dt>

        <dd>Access pixels by their coordinates.</dd>
      </dl>

      <h4>Reduce the number of colors</h4>

      <dl>
        <dt>
          <a href="image1.html#compress_colormap_bang">compress_colormap!</a>
        </dt>

        <dd>Remove duplicate or unused entries in the image's colormap</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#ordered_dither">ordered_dither</a></dt>

        <dd>Dither the image to a predefined pattern</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#posterize">posterize</a></dt>

        <dd>Reduce the number of colors for a "poster" effect</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#quantize">quantize</a></dt>

        <dd>Choose a fixed number of colors to represent the image</dd>

        <dt class="ilist"><a href="ilist.html#quantize">quantize</a></dt>

        <dd class="ilist">Choose a fixed number of colors to represent all the images in the imagelist</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#remap">remap</a></dt>

        <dd>Change the colors in the image to the colors in a reference image.</dd>

        <dt class="ilist"><a href="ilist.html#remap">remap</a></dt>

        <dd class="ilist">Change the images in the imagelist to use a common color map.</dd>
      </dl>

      <h4>Resize</h4>

      <dl>
        <dt><a href="image1.html#change_geometry">change_geometry</a></dt>

        <dd>Compute a new constrained size for the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#liquid_rescale">liquid_rescale</a></dt>

        <dd>Rescale image with seam-carving</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#magnify">magnify</a></dt>

        <dd>Double the size of the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#minify">minify</a></dt>

        <dd>Halve the size of the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#resample">resample</a></dt>

        <dd>Resample the image to the specified horizontal and vertical resolution</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#resize">resize</a></dt>

        <dd>Resize the image using a filter</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#resize_to_fill">resize_to_fill</a></dt>

        <dd>Resize and crop while retaining the aspect ratio</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#resize_to_fit">resize_to_fit</a></dt>

        <dd>Resize the image retaining the aspect ratio</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#sample">sample</a></dt>

        <dd>Resize the image using pixel sampling</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#scale">scale</a></dt>

        <dd>Resize the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#thumbnail">thumbnail</a></dt>

        <dd>Quickly create a thumbnail of the image</dd>
      </dl>

      <h4>Change colors or opacity</h4>

      <dl>
        <dt>
          <a href="image1.html#color_fill_to_border">color_fill_to_border</a>
        </dt>

        <dd>Change the color of neighboring pixels. Stop at the image's border color.</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#color_floodfill">color_floodfill</a></dt>

        <dd>Change the color of neighboring pixels that are the same color</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#colormap">colormap</a></dt>

        <dd>Get or set a color in the image's colormap</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#color_point">color_point</a></dt>

        <dd>Change the color of a single pixel in the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#color_reset_bang">color_reset!</a></dt>

        <dd>Set the entire image to a single color</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#cycle_colormap">cycle_colormap</a></dt>

        <dd>Displace the image's colormap</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#erase_bang">erase!</a></dt>

        <dd>Set the entire image to a single color</dd>

        <dt>
          <a href="image2.html#matte_fill_to_border">matte_fill_to_border</a>
        </dt>

        <dd>Make transparent neighboring pixels. Stop at the image's border color.</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#matte_floodfill">matte_floodfill</a></dt>

        <dd>Make transparent neighboring pixels that are the same color</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#matte_point">matte_point</a></dt>

        <dd>Make a single pixel transparent</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#matte_reset_bang">matte_reset!</a></dt>

        <dd>Make the entire image transparent</dd>

        <dt>
          <a href="image2.html#opaque">opaque</a>,
          <a href="image2.html#opaque_channel">opaque_channel</a>
        </dt>

        <dd>Change all pixels from the specified color to a new color</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#pixel_color">pixel_color</a></dt>

        <dd>Get or set the color of a single pixel</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#splice">splice</a></dt>

        <dd>Splice a solid color into the image.</dd>

        <dt>
          <a href="image3.html#texture_fill_to_border">texture_fill_to_border</a>
        </dt>

        <dd>Replace neighbor pixels with pixels from a texture image. Stop at the image's border color.</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#texture_floodfill">texture_floodfill</a></dt>

        <dd>Replace neighboring pixels that are the same color with pixels from a texture image</dd>

        <dt>
          <a href="image3.html#paint_transparent">paint_transparent</a>,
          <a href="image3.html#transparent">transparent</a>
        </dt>

        <dd>Change the opacity value of pixels having the specified color</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#transparent_chroma">transparent_chroma</a></dt>

        <dd>Change the opacity value of pixels within the specified range</dd>
      </dl>

      <h4>Rotate, flip, or shear</h4>

      <dl>
        <dt><a href="image1.html#affine_transform">affine_transform</a></dt>

        <dd>Transform the image as dictated by an affine matrix</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#auto_orient">auto_orient</a></dt>

        <dd>Rotate or flip the image using the EXIF orientation tag</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#deskew">deskew</a></dt>

        <dd>Straighten the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#flip">flip</a></dt>

        <dd>Create a vertical mirror image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#flop">flop</a></dt>

        <dd>Create a horizontal mirror image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#rotate">rotate</a></dt>

        <dd>Rotate the image by the specified angle</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#shear">shear</a></dt>

        <dd>Shear the image along the X or Y axis, creating a parallelogram</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#transpose">transpose</a></dt>

        <dd>Create a horizontal mirror image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#transverse">transverse</a></dt>

        <dd>Create a vertical mirror image</dd>
      </dl>

      <h4>Composite</h4>

      <dl>
        <dt><a href="image1.html#add_compose_mask">add_compose_mask</a></dt>

        <dd>Add a mask to the background image in a composite operation</dd>

        <dt class="ilist"><a href="ilist.html#average">average</a></dt>

        <dd class="ilist">Average all the images in the imagelist into a single image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#blend">blend</a></dt>

        <dd>Blend two images together</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#composite">composite</a></dt>

        <dd>Composite a source image onto the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#composite_affine">composite_affine</a></dt>

        <dd>Composite a source image onto the image as dictated by an affine matrix</dd>

        <dt class="ilist">
          <a href="ilist.html#composite_layers">composite_layers</a>
        </dt>

        <dd class="ilist">Composite two imagelists</dd>

        <dt>
          <a href="image1.html#composite_mathematics">composite_mathematics</a>
        </dt>

        <dd>Merge a source image onto the image according to a formula.</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#composite_tiled">composite_tiled</a></dt>

        <dd>Composite multiple copies of an image over another image</dd>

        <dt>
          <a href="image1.html#delete_compose_mask">delete_compose_mask</a>
        </dt>

        <dd>Delete a compose mask</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#displace">displace</a></dt>

        <dd>Distort the image using a displacement map</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#dissolve">dissolve</a></dt>

        <dd>Dissolve two images into each other</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#extent">extent</a></dt>

        <dd>Extend or crop the image over the background color.</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#watermark">watermark</a></dt>

        <dd>Composite a watermark onto the image</dd>
      </dl>

      <h4>Transform</h4>

      <dl>
        <dt class="ilist"><a href="ilist.html#append">append</a></dt>

        <dd class="ilist">Append all the images in the imagelist into a single image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#chop">chop</a></dt>

        <dd>Chop a region from the image</dd>

        <dt class="ilist"><a href="ilist.html#coalesce">coalesce</a></dt>

        <dd class="ilist">Merge successive images in the imagelist into a new imagelist</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#crop">crop</a></dt>

        <dd>Extract a region from the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#decipher">decipher</a></dt>

        <dd>Convert enciphered pixels to plain pixels</dd>

        <dt class="ilist"><a href="ilist.html#deconstruct">deconstruct</a></dt>

        <dd class="ilist">Construct a new imagelist containing images that include only the changed pixels between each image and its successor</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#distort">distort</a></dt>

        <dd>Distort the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#encipher">encipher</a></dt>

        <dd>Encipher plain pixels</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#excerpt">excerpt</a></dt>

        <dd>Excerpt a rectangle from the image</dd>

        <dt class="ilist">
          <a href="ilist.html#flatten_images">flatten_images</a>
        </dt>

        <dd class="ilist">Merge all the images in the imagelist into a single image</dd>

        <dt class="ilist"><a href="ilist.html#mosaic">mosaic</a></dt>

        <dd class="ilist">Inlay all the images in the imagelist into a single image</dd>

        <dt class="ilist">
          <a href="ilist.html#optimize_layers">optimize_layers</a>
        </dt>

        <dd class="ilist">Optimize or compare image layers</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#resize_to_fill">resize_to_fill</a></dt>

        <dd>Resize and crop while retaining the aspect ratio</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#roll">roll</a></dt>

        <dd>Offset the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#shave">shave</a></dt>

        <dd>Shave regions from the edges of the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#trim">trim</a></dt>

        <dd>Remove borders from the edges of the image</dd>
      </dl>

      <h4>Enhance</h4>

      <dl>
        <dt><a href="image1.html#clut_channel">clut_channel</a></dt>

        <dd>Replace the channel values in the image with a lookup of its replacement value in an LUT gradient image.</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#contrast">contrast</a></dt>

        <dd>Enhance the intensity differences between the lighter and darker elements in the image</dd>

        <dt>
          <a href="image1.html#contrast_stretch_channel">contrast_stretch_channel</a>
        </dt>

        <dd>Improve the contrast in the image by stretching the range of intensity values</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#despeckle">despeckle</a></dt>

        <dd>Reduce the speckle noise in the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#enhance">enhance</a></dt>

        <dd>Apply a digital filter that improves the quality of a noisy image</dd>

        <dt>
          <a href="image2.html#equalize">equalize</a>,
          <a href="image2.html#equalize_channel">equalize_channel</a>
        </dt>

        <dd>Apply a histogram equalization to the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#function_channel">function_channel</a></dt>

        <dd>Apply a function to selected channel values</dd>

        <dt class="ilist"><a href="ilist.html#fx">fx</a></dt>

        <dd class="ilist">Apply a mathematical expression to an image</dd>

        <dt>
          <a href="image1.html#auto_gamma_channel">auto_gamma_channel</a>, <a href="image2.html#gamma_correct">gamma_correct</a>,
          <a href="image2.html#gamma_channel">gamma_channel</a>
        </dt>

        <dd>Gamma correct the image</dd>

        <dt>
          <a href="image1.html#auto_level_channel">auto_level_channel</a>,
          <a href="image2.html#level">level,</a>
          <a href="image2.html#level_channel">level_channel</a>, <a href="image2.html#level_colors">level_colors</a>,
          <a href="image2.html#levelize_channel">levelize_channel</a>
        </dt>

        <dd>Adjust the levels of one or more channels in the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#linear_stretch">linear_stretch</a></dt>

        <dd>Stretch with saturation the image contrast</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#median_filter">median_filter</a></dt>

        <dd>Apply a digital filter that improves the quality of a noisy image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#modulate">modulate</a></dt>

        <dd>Change the brightness, saturation, or hue of the image</dd>

        <dt>
          <a href="image2.html#negate">negate</a>,
          <a href="image2.html#negate_channel">negate_channel</a>
        </dt>

        <dd>Negate the colors of the image</dd>

        <dt>
          <a href="image2.html#normalize">normalize</a>,
          <a href="image2.html#normalize_channel">normalize_channel</a>
        </dt>

        <dd>Enhance the contrast of the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#quantum_operator">quantum_operator</a></dt>

        <dd>Performs an integer arithmetic operation on selected channels values</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#reduce_noise">reduce_noise</a></dt>

        <dd>Smooth the contours of an image while still preserving edge information</dd>

        <dt>
          <a href="image1.html#adaptive_sharpen">adaptive_sharpen</a>, <a href="image1.html#adaptive_sharpen_channel">adaptive_sharpen_channel</a>,
          <a href="image3.html#sharpen">sharpen</a>, <a href="image3.html#sharpen_channel">sharpen_channel</a>,
          <a href="image3.html#unsharp_mask">unsharp_mask</a>,
          <a href="image3.html#unsharp_mask_channel">unsharp_mask_channel</a>
        </dt>

        <dd>Sharpen the image</dd>

        <dt>
          <a href="image3.html#sigmoidal_contrast_channel">sigmoidal_contrast_channel</a>
        </dt>

        <dd>Adjusts the contrast of an image channel with a non-linear sigmoidal contrast algorithm</dd>
      </dl>

      <h4>Add effects</h4>

      <dl>
        <dt><a href="image1.html#adaptive_threshold">adaptive_threshold</a></dt>

        <dd>Threshold an image whose global intensity histogram doesn't contain distinctive peaks</dd>

        <dt>
          <a href="image1.html#add_noise">add_noise</a>,
          <a href="image1.html#add_noise_channel">add_noise_channel</a>
        </dt>

        <dd>Add random noise</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#bilevel_channel">bilevel_channel</a></dt>

        <dd class="imquote">Change the value of individual image pixels based on the intensity of each pixel channel</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#black_threshold">black_threshold</a></dt>

        <dd>Force all pixels below the threshold into black</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#blue_shift">blue_shift</a></dt>

        <dd class="imquote">Simulate a scene at nighttime in the moonlight</dd>

        <dt>
          <a href="image1.html#adaptive_blur">adaptive_blur</a>, <a href="image1.html#adaptive_blur_channel">adaptive_blur_channel</a>,
          <a href="image1.html#blur_image">blur_image</a>, <a href="image1.html#blur_channel">blur_channel</a>,
          <a href="image2.html#gaussian_blur">gaussian_blur</a>, <a href="image2.html#gaussian_blur_channel">gaussian_blur_channel</a>,
          <a href="image2.html#motion_blur">motion_blur</a>, <a href="image3.html#radial_blur">radial_blur</a>,
          <a href="image3.html#radial_blur_channel">radial_blur_channel</a>,
          <a href="image3.html#selective_blur_channel">selective_blur_channel</a>
        </dt>

        <dd>Blur the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image1.html#colorize">colorize</a></dt>

        <dd>Blend the fill color with each pixel in the image</dd>

        <dt>
          <a href="image1.html#convolve">convolve</a>,
          <a href="image1.html#convolve_channel">convolve_channel</a>
        </dt>

        <dd>Apply a custom convolution kernel to the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#segment">segment</a></dt>

        <dd>
          Segment an image by analyzing the histograms of the color components and identifying units that are homogeneous with the fuzzy c-means technique
        </dd>

        <dt>
          <a href="image3.html#random_threshold_channel">random_threshold_channel</a>
        </dt>

        <dd>Change the value of individual pixels based on the intensity of each pixel compared to a random threshold.</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#recolor">recolor</a></dt>

        <dd>translate, scale, shear, or rotate the image colors</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#threshold">threshold</a></dt>

        <dd>Change the value of individual pixels based on the intensity of each pixel compared to threshold</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#white_threshold">white_threshold</a></dt>

        <dd>Force all pixels above the threshold into white</dd>
      </dl>

      <h4>Add special effects</h4>

      <dl>
        <dt><a href="image1.html#charcoal">charcoal</a></dt>

        <dd>Add a charcoal effect</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#edge">edge</a></dt>

        <dd>Find edges in the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#emboss">emboss</a></dt>

        <dd>Add a three-dimensional effect</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#implode">implode</a></dt>

        <dd>Implode or explode the center pixels in the image</dd>

        <dt class="ilist"><a href="ilist.html#morph">morph</a></dt>

        <dd class="ilist">Transform each image in the imagelist to the next in sequence by creating intermediate images</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#oil_paint">oil_paint</a></dt>

        <dd>Add an oil paint effect</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#polaroid">polaroid</a></dt>

        <dd>Simulate a Polaroid&reg; instant picture</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#sepiatone">sepiatone</a></dt>

        <dd>Applies an effect similar to the effect achieved in a photo darkroom by sepia toning.</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#shade">shade</a></dt>

        <dd>Shine a distant light on an image to create a three-dimensional effect</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#shadow">shadow</a></dt>

        <dd>Add a shadow to an image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#sketch">sketch</a></dt>

        <dd>Simulate a pencil sketch</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#solarize">solarize</a></dt>

        <dd>
          Apply a special effect to the image, similar to the effect achieved in a photo darkroom by selectively exposing areas of photo sensitive paper to
          light
        </dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#spread">spread</a></dt>

        <dd>Randomly displace each pixel in a block</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#stegano">stegano</a></dt>

        <dd>Hide a digital watermark within the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#stereo">stereo</a></dt>

        <dd>Combine two images into a single image that is the composite of a left and right image of a stereo pair</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#swirl">swirl</a></dt>

        <dd>Swirl the pixels about the center of the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#vignette">vignette</a></dt>

        <dd>Soften the edges of the image to create a vignette</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#wave">wave</a></dt>

        <dd>Add a ripple effect to the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#wet_floor">wet_floor</a></dt>

        <dd>Create a "wet floor" reflection of the image</dd>
      </dl>

      <h4>Decorate</h4>

      <dl>
        <dt><a href="image1.html#border">border</a></dt>

        <dd>Surround the image with a solid-colored border</dd>

        <dt><a href="image2.html#frame">frame</a></dt>

        <dd>Add a simulated three-dimensional border around the image</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#raise">raise</a></dt>

        <dd>Create a simulated three-dimensional button-like effect by lightening and darkening the edges of the image</dd>
      </dl>

      <h4>Create thumbnail montages</h4>

      <dl>
        <dt class="ilist"><a href="ilist.html#montage">montage</a></dt>

        <dd class="ilist">Tile image thumbnails across a canvas</dd>
      </dl>

      <h4>Create image blobs</h4>

      <dl>
        <dt><a href="image1.html#from_blob">from_blob</a></dt>

        <dd>Create an image from a BLOB</dd>

        <dt class="ilist"><a href="ilist.html#from_blob">from_blob</a></dt>

        <dd class="ilist">Create an imagelist from one or more BLOBs</dd>

        <dt><a href="image3.html#to_blob">to_blob</a></dt>

        <dd>Construct a BLOB from an image</dd>

        <dt class="ilist"><a href="ilist.html#to_blob">to_blob</a></dt>

        <dd class="ilist">Construct a BLOB from all the images in the imagelist</dd>
      </dl>
    </div>

    <h2 id="marshaling">Marshaling images</h2>

    <p>
      ImageList, Image, Draw, and Pixel objects are marshaled using custom serialization methods. Images are marshaled with ImageMagick's Binary Large OBject
      functions <code>ImageToBlob</code> (for dumping) and <code>BlobToImage</code> (for loading).
    </p>

    <h4>Notes</h4>

    <ol>
      <li>Some image formats cannot be dumped. The only way to be sure it will work is to try it.</li>

      <li>
        Images in lossy formats, such as JPEG, will have a different signature after being reconstituted and therefore will not compare equal (using
        <a href="image1.html#spaceship">&lt;=&gt;</a>) to the original image.
      </li>

      <li>Image metadata may be changed by marshaling.</li>
    </ol>

    <h2 id="drawing_on">Drawing on and adding text to images</h2>

    <p>
      The <strong>Draw</strong> class is the third major class in the Magick module. This class defines two kinds of methods,
      <a href="#drawing">drawing</a> methods and <a href="#annotation">annotation</a> methods.
    </p>

    <h3 id="drawing">Drawing</h3>

    <p>
      ImageMagick supports a set of 2D drawing commands that are very similar to the commands and elements defined by the W3C's
      <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/">Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) 1.1 Specification</a>. In RMagick, each command (called a <em>primitive</em>) is
      implemented as a method in the <code>Draw</code> class. To draw on an image, simply
    </p>

    <ol>
      <li>Create an instance of the <code>Draw</code> class.</li>

      <li>Call one or more primitive methods with the appropriate arguments.</li>

      <li>
        Call the <a href="draw.html#draw"><code>draw</code></a> method.
      </li>
    </ol>

    <p>
      The primitive methods do <em>not</em> draw anything directly. When you call a primitive method, you are simply adding the primitive and its arguments to a
      list of primitives stored in the <code>Draw</code> object. To "execute" the primitive list, call <code>draw</code>. Drawing the primitives does not
      destroy them. You can draw on another image by calling <code>draw</code> again, specifying a different image as the "canvas." Of course you can also draw
      on an image with multiple <code>Draw</code> objects, too. The canvas can be any image or imagelist, created by reading an image file or from scratch using
      <code>ImageList#new_image</code> or <code>Image.new</code>. (If you pass an imagelist object to <code>draw</code>, it draws on the current image.)
    </p>

    <div id="axes">
      <a href="javascript:popup('axes.rb.html')"><img src="ex/axes.gif" alt="Drawing coordinate system" title="Click to see the example script" /></a>

      <div>
        <p>
          Here's an illustration of the default drawing coordinate system. The origin is in the top left corner. The x axis extends to the right. The y axis
          extends downward. The units are pixels. 0&deg; is at 3 o'clock and rotation is clockwise. The units of rotation are usually degrees.<sup
            ><a href="#degrees">2</a></sup
          >
        </p>

        <p>
          You can change the default coordinate system by specifying a
          <em>scaling</em>, <em>rotation</em>, or <em>translation</em> transformation.
        </p>

        <p>
          <em>(Click the image to see the Ruby program that created it.)</em>
        </p>
      </div>
    </div>

    <p>
      RMagick's primitive methods include methods for drawing points, lines, Bezier curves, shapes such as ellipses and rectangles, and text. Shapes and lines
      have a fill color and a stroke color. Shapes are filled with the fill color unless the fill opacity is 0. Similarly, shapes are stroked with the stroke
      color unless the stroke opacity is 0. Text is considered a shape and is stroked and filled. Other rendering properties you can set include the stroke
      width, antialiasing, stroke patterns, and fill patterns.
    </p>

    <p>As an example, here's the section of the Ruby program that created the circle in the center of the above image.</p>
    <pre class="example language-ruby">
require "rmagick"

canvas = Magick::ImageList.new
canvas.new_image(250, 250, Magick::HatchFill.new('white', 'gray90'))

circle = Magick::Draw.new
circle.stroke('tomato')
circle.fill_opacity(0)
circle.stroke_opacity(0.75)
circle.stroke_width(6)
circle.stroke_linecap('round')
circle.stroke_linejoin('round')
circle.ellipse(canvas.rows/2,canvas.columns/2, 80, 80, 0, 315)
circle.polyline(180,70, 173,78, 190,78, 191,62)
circle.draw(canvas)
</pre
    >

    <p>
      The statements on lines 4 and 5 create the drawing canvas with a single 250x250 image. The <code>HatchFill</code> object fills the image with light-gray
      lines 10 pixels apart. The statement on line 7 creates a Draw object. The method calls on lines 8-15 construct a list of primitives that are "executed" by
      the <code>draw</code> method call on line 16.
    </p>

    <p>
      The <code>stroke</code> method sets the stroke color, as seen on line 8. Normally, shapes are filled (opacity = 1.0), but the call to
      <code>fill_opacity</code> on line 9 sets the opacity to 0, so the background will show through the circle. Similarly, the stroke lines are normally
      opaque, but the tomato-colored stroke line in this example is made slightly transparent by the call to <code>stroke_opacity</code> on line 10. The method
      calls on lines 11 through 13 set the stroke width and specify the appearance of the line ends and corners.
    </p>

    <p>
      The <code>ellipse</code> method call on line 14 describes an circle in the center of the canvas with a radius of 80 pixels. The ellipse occupies 315&deg;
      of a circle, starting at 0&deg; (that is, 3 o'clock). The <code>polyline</code> call on line 15 adds the arrowhead to the circle. The arguments (always an
      even number) are the x- and y-coordinates of the points the line passes through.
    </p>

    <p>Finally, the <code>draw</code> method on line 16 identifies the canvas to be drawn on and executes the stored primitives.</p>

    <h3 id="annotation">Annotation</h3>

    <p>
      The <a href="draw.html#annotate"><code>annotate</code></a>
      method draws text on an image. In its simplest form,
      <code>annotate</code> requires only arguments that describe where to draw the text and the text string.
    </p>

    <p>
      Most of the time, you'll want to specify text properties such as the font, its size, font styles such as italic, font weights such as bold, the fill and
      stroke color, etc. The Draw class defines
      <a href="draw.html">attribute writers</a> for this purpose. You can set the desired text properties by calling the attribute writers before calling
      <code>annotate</code>, or you can call them in an image block associated with the <code>annotate</code> call.
    </p>

    <p>The following example shows how to use <code>annotate</code> to produce this image.</p>

    <div id="rubyname">
      <a href="javascript:popup('rubyname.rb.html')"><img src="ex/rubyname.gif" alt="annotate example" title="Click to see the example script" /></a>
    </div>
    <pre class="example language-ruby">
require "rmagick"

# Demonstrate the annotate method

Text = 'RMagick'

granite = Magick::ImageList.new('granite:')
canvas = Magick::ImageList.new
canvas.new_image(300, 100, Magick::TextureFill.new(granite))

text = Magick::Draw.new
text.font_family = 'helvetica'
text.pointsize = 52
text.gravity = Magick::CenterGravity

text.annotate(canvas, 0,0,2,2, Text) { |options|
  options.fill = 'gray83'
}

text.annotate(canvas, 0,0,-1.5,-1.5, Text) { |options|
  options.fill = 'gray40'
}

text.annotate(canvas, 0,0,0,0, Text) { |options|
  options.fill = 'darkred'
}

canvas.write('rubyname.gif')
exit
</pre
    >

    <p>
      This program uses three calls to <code>annotate</code> to produce the "etched" appearance. All three calls have some parameters in common but the fill
      color and location are different.
    </p>

    <p>
      First, the statements in lines 8-10 create the background. See
      <a href="struct.html#fill"><code>Fill classes</code></a> for information about the <code>TextureFill</code> class. The "granite:" image format is one of
      ImageMagick's built-in image formats. See <a href="imusage.html#builtin_formats">"Built-in image formats"</a> for more information. The statement on line
      12 creates the Draw object that does the annotation. The next 3 lines set the values of the attributes that are common to all 3
      <code>annotate</code> calls.
    </p>

    <p>
      The first <code>annotate</code> argument is the image on which the text will be drawn. Arguments 2-5, <code>width</code>, <code>height</code>,
      <code>x</code>, and <code>y</code>, describe a rectangle about which the text is drawn. This rectangle, combined with the value of <code>gravity</code>,
      define the position of the text. When the <code>gravity</code> value is <a href="constants.html#GravityType"><code>CenterGravity</code></a> the values of
      <code>width</code> and <code>height</code> are unused.
    </p>

    <p>
      The first call to <code>annotate</code>, on lines 17-19, draws the text 2 pixels to the right and down from the center. The
      <code>options.fill = 'gray83'</code> statement sets the text color to light gray. The second call to <code>annotate</code>, on lines 21-22, draws dark
      gray text 1.5 pixels to the left and up from the center. The last call, on lines 25-27, draws the text a third time, in dark red, exactly in the center of
      the image.
    </p>

    <h2 id="more">Where to go from here</h2>

    <p>
      The next section,
      <a href="imusage.html">"ImageMagick Conventions,"</a> describes some conventions that you need to know, such as how ImageMagick determines the graphic
      format of an image file, etc. The ImageMagick (www.imagemagick.org) web site (from which much of the information in these pages has been taken) offers a
      lot of detail about ImageMagick. While this web sites doesn't describe RMagick, you can often use the documentation to learn more about a RMagick method
      by reading about the Magick API the method calls. (In the Reference section of this document, most of the method descriptions include the name of the
      Magick API that the method calls.) Check out the example programs. Almost every one of the methods is demonstrated in one of the examples.
    </p>

    <p>Good luck!</p>

    <div>
      <h5 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h5>

      <p id="display">
        <span class="sup">1</span>The <code>display</code> and <code>animate</code> methods do not work on MS Windows. You will have to write the image to a
        file and view it with a separate image viewer.
      </p>

      <p id="degrees">
        <span class="sup">2</span>The rotation attributes <code>rx</code> and <code>ry</code> in the
        <a href="struct.html#AffineMatrix"><code>AffineMatrix</code></a> class use radians instead of degrees.
      </p>
    </div>

    <p class="spacer"></p>

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