Checkpoints

#12.1
To define a class that extend a super class, we use the following syntax:
    subclassName(superclassName):
        super().__init__()
The super() keyword is used to refer to the superclass, The superclass initializer
is invoked using super().__init__()

#12.2
The variable i in class A is not inherited in class B, so we
cannot access variable i from the object b. To fix it, we have to
invoke super().__init__() in the class B’s __init__ method.

#12.3
False.

#12.4
Yes. Using the following syntax
class Subclass(SuperClass1, SuperClass2, ...):
    initializer
    methods

#12.5
(a) True
(b) False
(c) False
(d) False

#12.6
4
0

#12.7
(a) True
(b) True

#12.8
8

#12.9
B's __new__() invoked
A's __new__() invoked

#12.10
B's __init__() invoked
B's __new__() invoked
A's __init__() invoked
A's __new__() invoked

#12.11
B's __init__() invoked
A's __init__() invoked

#12.12
A
A

#12.13
True

#12.14
Encapsulation: the details of implementation are encapsulated and hidden from the user.
In essence, encapsulation combines data and methods into a single object and hides the
data fields and method implementation from the user.

Inheritance: The inheritance relationship enables a subclass to inherit features from its superclass with
additional new features. A subclass is a specialization of its superclass; every instance of a
subclass is also an instance of its superclass, but not vice versa.

Polymorphism: Polymorphism means that an object of a subclass can be passed to a parameter of a
superclass type.

#12.15
(a) Person
    Student
(b) Person
    Person

#12.16
(a) True
(b) False
(c) True
(d) True
(e) False
(f) True
(g) True
(h) False
(i) Can goldenDelicious invoke this method? True
    Can orange invoke this method? False
(j) Can orange invoke this method? True
    Can goldenDelicious invoke this method? False

#12.17
the common types of relationships among classes are:
1) Inheritance
2) Association
3) Aggregation
4) Composition

#12.18
•	Company and Employee >>  Association
•	Course and Faculty   >>	 Aggregation
•	Student and Person   >>	 Inheritance
•	House and Window     >>	 Composition
•	Account and Savings Account	 >> Inheritance