GH-44900: [Python] Support fsspec filesystem URIs

[AlenkaF]

Rationale for this change

It would be convenient to read parquet files from fsspec filesystems using schemes available in the fsspec registry using URIs, without explicitly specifying the filesystem object.

What changes are included in this PR?

This changes are based on #45089. In this PR _resolve_filesystem_and_path() can recognize the scheme used in the URI together with the fsspec prefix. For example:

>>> table = pa.table({"a": range(10)})
>>> pq.write_table(table, "fsspec+memory://example.parquet")
>>> pq.read_table("fsspec+memory://example.parquet")
pyarrow.Table
a: int64
----
a: [[0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]]

Are these changes tested?

Yes.

Are there any user-facing changes?

No.

• GitHub Issue: [Python] Automatically support fsspec filesystem URIs #44900