diff --git a/.babelrc b/.babelrc
index 9ef4d1948..73a2076a8 100644
--- a/.babelrc
+++ b/.babelrc
@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "presets": [
-    [
-      "@babel/preset-env"
-    ]
-  ],
+  "presets": ["@babel/preset-env"],
   "plugins": [
     [
       "@babel/plugin-proposal-object-rest-spread",
@@ -12,4 +8,4 @@
       }
     ]
   ]
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/.circleci/config.yml b/.circleci/config.yml
index 69d99aa92..7b3aa4221 100644
--- a/.circleci/config.yml
+++ b/.circleci/config.yml
@@ -5,36 +5,35 @@ defaults: &defaults
 
 unix_box: &unix_box
   docker:
-    - image: circleci/node:16.13-browsers
+    - image: cimg/node:18.18-browsers
 
 unix_nightly_box: &unix_nightly_box
   docker:
     - image: cimg/node:lts-browsers
 
-win_box: &win_box
-  executor:
-    name: win/default
-    shell: bash.exe
-
 orbs:
-  win: circleci/windows@2.2.0
   puppeteer: threetreeslight/puppeteer@0.1.2
-  browser-tools: circleci/browser-tools@1.1.0
+  browser-tools: circleci/browser-tools@1.4.8
 
 set_npm_auth: &set_npm_auth
   run: npm config set "//registry.npmjs.org/:_authToken" $NPM_AUTH
 
 restore_dependency_cache_unix: &restore_dependency_cache_unix
   restore_cache:
+    name: Restore NPM Cache
     keys:
       - v9-cache-unix-{{ checksum "package-lock.json" }}
-      - v9-cache-unix-
 
-restore_dependency_cache_win: &restore_dependency_cache_win
+restore_build: &restore_build
   restore_cache:
+    name: Restore Axe.js Cache
     keys:
-      - v9-cache-win-{{ checksum "package-lock.json" }}
-      - v9-cache-win-
+      - v9-cache-build-<< pipeline.git.revision >>
+
+commands:
+  browser-tools-job:
+    steps:
+      - browser-tools/install-browser-tools
 
 jobs:
   # Fetch and cache dependencies.
@@ -43,26 +42,38 @@ jobs:
     <<: *unix_box
     steps:
       - checkout
-      - <<: *set_npm_auth
       - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
+      - run:
+          name: Skip Install If Cache Exists
+          command: |
+            if [ -d "node_modules" ]; then
+                echo "node_modules exist"
+                circleci step halt
+            else
+                echo "node_modules does not exist"
+            fi
+      - browser-tools-job
+      - <<: *set_npm_auth
       - run: npm ci
       - run: npx browser-driver-manager install chromedriver --verbose
       - save_cache:
           key: v9-cache-unix-{{ checksum "package-lock.json" }}
           paths:
             - node_modules
-  dependencies_win:
+
+  # Build and cache axe.js
+  build_unix:
     <<: *defaults
-    <<: *win_box
+    <<: *unix_box
     steps:
       - checkout
-      - <<: *set_npm_auth
-      - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_win
-      - run: npm ci
+      - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
+      - run: npm run build
       - save_cache:
-          key: v9-cache-win-{{ checksum "package-lock.json" }}
+          key: v9-cache-build-<< pipeline.git.revision >>
           paths:
-            - node_modules
+            - axe.js
+            - axe.min.js
 
   # Run ESLINT
   lint:
@@ -74,33 +85,28 @@ jobs:
       - run: npm run eslint
 
   # Run the test suite.
-  test_unix:
+  test_chrome:
     <<: *defaults
     <<: *unix_box
     steps:
       - checkout
+      - browser-tools-job
       - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - run: npm run build
-      - run: npm run test -- --browsers Chrome,Firefox
+      - run: npx browser-driver-manager install chromedriver --verbose
+      - <<: *restore_build
+      - run: npm run test -- --browsers Chrome
       - run: npm run test:integration:chrome
-      - run: npm run test:integration:firefox
 
-  # Run the test suite in IE in windows
-  test_win:
+  test_firefox:
     <<: *defaults
-    <<: *win_box
+    <<: *unix_box
     steps:
       - checkout
-      # npm i or restore cache
-      - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_win
-      - run: npm run build
-      - run: npm run test -- --browsers IE
-      # install selenium
-      - run: |
-          choco install selenium-ie-driver --version 3.141.5
-          export PATH=/c/tools/selenium:$PATH
-          echo $PATH
-      - run: npm run test:integration:ie
+      - browser-tools-job
+      - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
+      - <<: *restore_build
+      - run: npm run test -- --browsers Firefox
+      - run: npm run test:integration:firefox
 
   # Run examples under `doc/examples`
   test_examples:
@@ -108,8 +114,10 @@ jobs:
     <<: *unix_box
     steps:
       - checkout
+      - browser-tools-job
       - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - run: npm run build
+      - run: npx browser-driver-manager install chromedriver --verbose
+      - <<: *restore_build
       - run: npm run test:examples
 
   # Run ACT test cases
@@ -118,8 +126,10 @@ jobs:
     <<: *unix_box
     steps:
       - checkout
+      - browser-tools-job
       - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - run: npm run build
+      - run: npx browser-driver-manager install chromedriver --verbose
+      - <<: *restore_build
       - run: npm run test:act
 
   # Run ARIA practices test cases
@@ -128,8 +138,10 @@ jobs:
     <<: *unix_box
     steps:
       - checkout
+      - browser-tools-job
       - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - run: npm run build
+      - run: npx browser-driver-manager install chromedriver --verbose
+      - <<: *restore_build
       - run: npm run test:apg
 
   # Test locale files
@@ -138,8 +150,10 @@ jobs:
     <<: *unix_box
     steps:
       - checkout
+      - browser-tools-job
       - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - run: npm run build
+      - run: npx browser-driver-manager install chromedriver --verbose
+      - <<: *restore_build
       - run: npm run test:locales
 
   # Test virtual rules
@@ -148,8 +162,10 @@ jobs:
     <<: *unix_box
     steps:
       - checkout
+      - browser-tools-job
       - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - run: npm run build
+      - run: npx browser-driver-manager install chromedriver --verbose
+      - <<: *restore_build
       - run: npm run test:virtual-rules
 
   # Run the test suite for nightly builds.
@@ -159,7 +175,8 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - checkout
       - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - run: npm run build
+      - run: sudo apt-get update -y
+      - <<: *restore_build
       - run:
           name: Install Chrome and ChromeDriver Beta
           command: npx browser-driver-manager install chrome=beta chromedriver=beta --verbose
@@ -180,13 +197,13 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - checkout
       - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - browser-tools/install-browser-tools
+      - browser-tools-job
       # install ACT rules
       # install first as for some reason installing a single package
       # also re-installs all repo dependencies as well
-      - run: npm install act-rules/act-rules.github.io#master
+      - run: npm install w3c/wcag-act-rules#main
       - run: npx browser-driver-manager install chromedriver --verbose
-      - run: npm run build
+      - <<: *restore_build
       - run: npm run test:act
 
   # Run the test suite for nightly builds.
@@ -196,13 +213,13 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - checkout
       - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - browser-tools/install-browser-tools
+      - browser-tools-job
       # install ARIA practices
       # install first as for some reason installing a single package
       # also re-installs all repo dependencies as well
       - run: npm install w3c/aria-practices#main
       - run: npx browser-driver-manager install chromedriver --verbose
-      - run: npm run build
+      - <<: *restore_build
       - run: npm run test:apg
 
   # Test api docs can be built
@@ -224,15 +241,15 @@ jobs:
       - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
       - run: npm run test:rule-help-version
 
-  # Test node API
-  test_node:
+  # Test jsdom API
+  test_jsdom:
     <<: *defaults
     <<: *unix_box
     steps:
       - checkout
       - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - run: npm run build
-      - run: npm run test:node
+      - <<: *restore_build
+      - run: npm run test:jsdom
 
   # Release a "next" version
   next_release:
@@ -242,21 +259,31 @@ jobs:
       - checkout
       - <<: *set_npm_auth
       - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - run: npm run build
+      - <<: *restore_build
       - run: npm run next-release
       - run: .circleci/verify-release.sh
       - run: npm publish --tag=next
 
   # Release a "production" version
-  release:
+  verify_sri:
     <<: *defaults
     <<: *unix_box
     steps:
       - checkout
       - <<: *set_npm_auth
       - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
-      - run: npm run build
+      - <<: *restore_build
       - run: npm run sri-validate
+
+  # Release a "production" version
+  release:
+    <<: *defaults
+    <<: *unix_box
+    steps:
+      - checkout
+      - <<: *set_npm_auth
+      - <<: *restore_dependency_cache_unix
+      - <<: *restore_build
       - run: .circleci/verify-release.sh
       - run: npm publish
 
@@ -299,55 +326,68 @@ workflows:
     jobs:
       # install deps
       - dependencies_unix
-      - dependencies_win
+      - build_unix:
+          requires:
+            - dependencies_unix
       # Run linting
       - lint:
           requires:
             - dependencies_unix
       # Run tests on all commits, but after installing dependencies
-      - test_unix:
+      - test_chrome:
           requires:
-            - lint
-      # Run IE/ Windows test on all commits
-      - test_win:
+            - build_unix
+      - test_firefox:
           requires:
-            - dependencies_win
+            - build_unix
       - test_examples:
           requires:
-            - test_unix
+            - build_unix
       - test_act:
           requires:
-            - test_unix
+            - build_unix
       - test_aria_practices:
           requires:
-            - test_unix
+            - build_unix
       - test_locales:
           requires:
-            - test_unix
+            - build_unix
       - test_virtual_rules:
           requires:
-            - test_unix
+            - build_unix
       - build_api_docs:
           requires:
-            - test_unix
+            - build_unix
       - test_rule_help_version:
           requires:
-            - test_unix
-      - test_node:
+            - build_unix
+      - test_jsdom:
           requires:
-            - test_unix
+            - build_unix
+      # Verify the sri history is correct
+      - verify_sri:
+          requires:
+            - build_unix
+          filters:
+            branches:
+              only:
+                - /^release-.+/
+                - master
       # Hold for approval
-      - hold:
+      - hold_release:
           type: approval
           requires:
-            - test_unix
-            - test_win
+            - test_chrome
+            - test_firefox
             - test_examples
+            - test_act
+            - test_aria_practices
             - test_locales
             - test_virtual_rules
             - build_api_docs
             - test_rule_help_version
-            - test_node
+            - test_jsdom
+            - verify_sri
           filters:
             branches:
               only:
@@ -355,27 +395,23 @@ workflows:
       # Run a next release on "develop" commits, but only after the tests pass and dependencies are installed
       - next_release:
           requires:
-            - dependencies_unix
-            - test_unix
+            - test_chrome
+            - test_firefox
             - test_examples
+            - test_act
+            - test_aria_practices
             - test_locales
             - test_virtual_rules
             - build_api_docs
+            - test_rule_help_version
+            - test_jsdom
           filters:
             branches:
               only: develop
       # Run a production release on "master" commits, but only after the tests pass and dependencies are installed
       - release:
           requires:
-            - dependencies_unix
-            - test_unix
-            - test_examples
-            - test_locales
-            - test_virtual_rules
-            - build_api_docs
-            - test_rule_help_version
-            - test_node
-            - hold
+            - hold_release
           filters:
             branches:
               only: master
@@ -399,19 +435,22 @@ workflows:
     triggers:
       - schedule:
           # run at 00:00 UTC every day
-          cron: "0 0 * * *"
+          cron: '0 0 * * *'
           filters:
             branches:
               only:
                 - develop
     jobs:
       - dependencies_unix
-      - test_nightly_browsers:
+      - build_unix:
           requires:
             - dependencies_unix
+      - test_nightly_browsers:
+          requires:
+            - build_unix
       - test_nightly_act:
           requires:
-            - dependencies_unix
+            - build_unix
       - test_nightly_aria_practices:
           requires:
-            - dependencies_unix
\ No newline at end of file
+            - build_unix
diff --git a/.eslintrc.js b/.eslintrc.js
index e7d24a2e3..71a39bc1c 100644
--- a/.eslintrc.js
+++ b/.eslintrc.js
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ module.exports = {
   root: true,
   extends: ['prettier'],
   parserOptions: {
-    ecmaVersion: 2021
+    ecmaVersion: 2023
   },
   env: {
     node: true,
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ module.exports = {
     'dot-notation': 2,
     'no-new-func': 0,
     'no-new-wrappers': 0,
+    'no-shadow': 2,
     'no-restricted-syntax': [
       'error',
       {
@@ -71,15 +72,13 @@ module.exports = {
   overrides: [
     {
       files: ['lib/**/*.js'],
-      excludedFiles: [
-        'lib/core/reporters/**/*.js',
-        'lib/**/*-after.js'
-      ],
+      excludedFiles: ['lib/core/reporters/**/*.js', 'lib/**/*-after.js'],
       parserOptions: {
         sourceType: 'module'
       },
       env: {
-        browser: true,
+        // do not access global window properties without going through window
+        browser: false,
         es6: true
       },
       globals: {
@@ -94,14 +93,13 @@ module.exports = {
     },
     {
       // after functions and reporters will not be run inside the same context as axe.run so should not access browser globals that require context specific information (window.location, window.getComputedStyles, etc.)
-      files: [
-        'lib/**/*-after.js',
-        'lib/core/reporters/**/*.js'
-      ],
+      files: ['lib/**/*-after.js', 'lib/core/reporters/**/*.js'],
       parserOptions: {
         sourceType: 'module'
       },
-      env: {},
+      env: {
+        browser: false
+      },
       globals: {},
       rules: {
         'func-names': [2, 'as-needed'],
@@ -110,18 +108,32 @@ module.exports = {
       }
     },
     {
+      // polyfills are mostly copy-pasted from sources so we don't control their styling
       files: [
-        'test/aria-practices/**/*.js'
+        'lib/core/imports/polyfills.js',
+        'lib/core/utils/pollyfill-elements-from-point.js'
       ],
+      env: {
+        browser: false
+      },
+      rules: {
+        'func-names': 0,
+        'no-bitwise': 0,
+        curly: 0,
+        eqeqeq: 0
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      files: ['test/act-rules/**/*.js', 'test/aria-practices/**/*.js'],
       env: {
         mocha: true
       }
     },
     {
       files: ['test/**/*.js'],
-      excludedFiles: 'test/aria-practices/**/*.js',
+      excludedFiles: ['test/act-rules/**/*.js', 'test/aria-practices/**/*.js'],
       parserOptions: {
-        ecmaVersion: 5
+        ecmaVersion: 2021
       },
       env: {
         browser: true,
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e97de28ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+contact_links:
+  - name: Join the axe Slack Community
+    url: https://accessibility.deque.com/axe-community
+    about: Connect with other people passionate about digital accessibility and axe tools.
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e9c04d9bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/documentation.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+name: Improve our documentation
+description: Report issues in our documentation or things we could document better.
+labels: ['docs', 'ungroomed']
+body:
+  - type: markdown
+    attributes:
+      value: |
+        Documentation reports can be made for axe-core, [axe Extension](https://www.deque.com/axe/browser-extensions/), and [axe Linter](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=deque-systems.vscode-axe-linter). If you have a documentation report for one of our npm integrations (e.g. `@axe-core/webdriverjs`), please open an issue in https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core-npm.
+  - type: dropdown
+    id: product
+    attributes:
+      label: Product
+      description: Which product is the documentation report for?
+      options:
+        - axe-core
+        - axe Extension
+        - axe Linter
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    id: description
+    attributes:
+      label: Description
+    validations:
+      required: true
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature-request.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature-request.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..96ee73453
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature-request.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+name: Request a feature
+description: Request an enhancement, improvement, or new rule.
+labels: ['feat', 'ungroomed']
+body:
+  - type: markdown
+    attributes:
+      value: |
+        Feature requests can be made for axe-core, [axe Extension](https://www.deque.com/axe/browser-extensions/), and [axe Linter](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=deque-systems.vscode-axe-linter). If you have a feature request for one of our npm integrations (e.g. `@axe-core/webdriverjs`), please open an issue in https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core-npm.
+  - type: dropdown
+    id: product
+    attributes:
+      label: Product
+      description: Which product is the feature for?
+      options:
+        - axe-core
+        - axe Extension
+        - axe Linter
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    id: description
+    attributes:
+      label: Feature Description
+      description: What do you wish the product did? If the feature is about adding a new rule to axe-core, please follow our [rule template](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/blob/develop/doc/rule-proposal.md).
+    validations:
+      required: true
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/possible-bug.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/possible-bug.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9334a459d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/possible-bug.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+name: Report an issue
+description: Report a bug or an issue that you've encountered.
+labels: ['ungroomed']
+body:
+  - type: markdown
+    attributes:
+      value: |
+        Thanks for reporting an issue to one of our products. Please provide all necessary information to reproduce the issue. Without adequate details, your issue may be closed without investigation.
+
+        Issues can be reported for axe-core, [axe Extension](https://www.deque.com/axe/browser-extensions/), and [axe Linter](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=deque-systems.vscode-axe-linter). If you're having an issue with one of our npm integrations (e.g. `@axe-core/webdriverjs`), please open an issue in https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core-npm.
+  - type: dropdown
+    id: product
+    attributes:
+      label: Product
+      description: Which product did you encounter the issue?
+      options:
+        - axe-core
+        - axe Extension
+        - axe Linter
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: input
+    id: version
+    attributes:
+      label: Product Version
+      description: For axe-core use `axe.version`. For axe Extension go to the settings screen in the extension. For axe Linter look at the installed extension list for the version.
+  - type: checkboxes
+    id: latest-axe
+    attributes:
+      label: Latest Version
+      options:
+        - label: I have tested the issue with the latest version of the product
+          required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    id: description
+    attributes:
+      label: Issue Description
+      description: Please include a description of the issue and a page or code snippet where it can be reproduced.
+      value: |
+        #### Expectation
+        Describe what you expected the product to do.
+
+        #### Actual
+        Describe what the product actually does.
+
+        #### How to Reproduce
+        Provide a code sample or link to a webpage that reproduces the issue. Without this, your issue may be closed without investigation.
+
+        #### Additional context
+        Any thing else we should know about the issue?
+    validations:
+      required: true
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/question.yaml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/question.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cb606735e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/question.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+name: Ask a question
+description: General questions for us, the product, or why things are the way they are.
+labels: ['question', 'ungroomed']
+body:
+  - type: markdown
+    attributes:
+      value: |
+        Questions can be asked for axe-core, [axe Extension](https://www.deque.com/axe/browser-extensions/), and [axe Linter](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=deque-systems.vscode-axe-linter). If you have a question about one of our npm integrations (e.g. `@axe-core/webdriverjs`), please open an issue in https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core-npm.
+  - type: dropdown
+    id: product
+    attributes:
+      label: Product
+      description: Which product is the question for?
+      options:
+        - axe-core
+        - axe Extension
+        - axe Linter
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    id: question
+    attributes:
+      label: Question
+    validations:
+      required: true
diff --git a/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
index efd945e9e..b3d79d90b 100644
--- a/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
+++ b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 << Describe the changes >>
 
-Closes issue:
+Closes:
diff --git a/.github/axe-linter.yml b/.github/axe-linter.yml
index e836e00a7..5a8227c85 100644
--- a/.github/axe-linter.yml
+++ b/.github/axe-linter.yml
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 exclude:
   - CHANGELOG.md
-  - test/**/*
\ No newline at end of file
+  - test/**/*
diff --git a/.github/dependabot.yml b/.github/dependabot.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7ba1c567
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/dependabot.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+version: 2
+
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: 'github-actions'
+    directory: '/'
+    schedule:
+      interval: 'monthly'
+    open-pull-requests-limit: 10
+    commit-message:
+      prefix: 'chore'
+    groups:
+      # Any updates not caught by the group config will get individual PRs
+      gha-low-risk:
+        update-types:
+          - 'minor'
+          - 'patch'
+
+  - package-ecosystem: 'npm'
+    directory: '/'
+    schedule:
+      interval: 'monthly'
+    open-pull-requests-limit: 10
+    commit-message:
+      prefix: 'chore'
+    ignore:
+      # Prevent updates to ESM-only versions
+      - dependency-name: 'chalk'
+        versions: ['>=5.0.0']
+      - dependency-name: 'execa'
+        versions: ['>=6.0.0']
+      - dependency-name: 'inquirer'
+        versions: ['>=9.0.0']
+      - dependency-name: 'chai'
+        versions: ['>=5.0.0']
+      # Prevent Webpack error caused by v0.11+ of esbuild
+      # @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3771
+      - dependency-name: 'esbuild'
+        versions: ['>=0.11.0']
+    groups:
+      # Any updates not caught by the group config will get individual PRs
+      npm-low-risk:
+        update-types:
+          - 'minor'
+          - 'patch'
diff --git a/.github/review.yml b/.github/review.yml
index 774456748..380d58974 100644
--- a/.github/review.yml
+++ b/.github/review.yml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ pending_description: Pull request not yet approved for security and a correct PR
 pending_summary: >
   Awaiting security and PR title review. To approve this pull request, please click the "Approve" button above.
   You may **not** review your own Pull Request.
-  
+
 approved_description: Pull request has been reviewed and approved for security and a correct PR title
 approved_summary: Pull request has been approved for security and having an incorrect PR title by @${approver}.
 
diff --git a/.github/workflows/format.yml b/.github/workflows/format.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..74898ee2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/format.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+name: Formatter
+
+on: [pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  prettier:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          ref: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.ref }}
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: npm ci
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          node-version: 16
+          cache: 'npm'
+      # Workflows are not allowed to edit workflows. As result, we need to prevent Prettier from formatting them.
+      - name: Prevent workflows from being formatted
+        run: echo ".github" >> .prettierignore && cat .prettierignore
+      - run: npm run fmt
+      # Prevent the prettierignore change from being committed.
+      - run: git checkout .prettierignore
+      - uses: stefanzweifel/git-auto-commit-action@8756aa072ef5b4a080af5dc8fef36c5d586e521d # tag=v5
+        with:
+          commit_message: ':robot: Automated formatting fixes'
diff --git a/.github/workflows/label-extension-linter-issues.yml b/.github/workflows/label-extension-linter-issues.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fee190e94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/label-extension-linter-issues.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+name: Add extension and linting labels to associated opened issues
+
+on:
+  issues:
+    types: [opened]
+
+jobs:
+  label_extension_linting_issues:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      issues: write
+    steps:
+      - name: Label Extension Issues
+        uses: andymckay/labeler@e6c4322d0397f3240f0e7e30a33b5c5df2d39e90 # tag=1
+        if: contains(toJson(github.event.issue.body), '### Product\n\naxe Extension\n\n')
+        with:
+          add-labels: 'extension'
+          repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+      - name: Label Linting Issues
+        uses: andymckay/labeler@e6c4322d0397f3240f0e7e30a33b5c5df2d39e90 # tag=1
+        if: contains(toJson(github.event.issue.body), '### Product\n\naxe Linter\n\n')
+        with:
+          add-labels: 'linting'
+          repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ba0714f1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+name: Create release candidate
+
+on: [workflow_dispatch]
+
+jobs:
+  create_release:
+    name: Create release
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          node-version: 16
+          cache: 'npm'
+      - name: Run release script and open PR
+        run: |
+          git config user.name "API Team CI User"
+          git config user.email "aciattestteamci@deque.com"
+
+          Branch="release-$(date +%Y-%m-%d)"
+          echo "Branch: $Branch"
+          git checkout -b "$Branch"
+
+          npm ci
+          npm run release
+
+          git push origin "$Branch" --force
+
+          Version=$(jq -r .version ./package.json)
+          echo "Version: $Version"
+
+          # Get the additions to the changelog as the commit body and generate the PR url
+          ReleaseNotes=$(
+            git show \
+              --no-color \
+              --no-prefix \
+              --output-indicator-new=! CHANGELOG.md | egrep '^!' | awk -F'^[!]' '{print $2}' | sed -e 's/\n/$0A/g'
+          )
+
+          echo "$ReleaseNotes" >> /tmp/pr.txt
+          echo "" >> /tmp/pr.txt
+          echo "This PR was opened by a robot :robot: :tada:" >> /tmp/pr.txt
+          gh pr create --title "chore(release): v$Version" --body-file "/tmp/pr.txt" --base master
+        env:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.PAT }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/semantic-pr-title.yml b/.github/workflows/semantic-pr-title.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..181cd2398
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/semantic-pr-title.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+name: Semantic PR title
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    types:
+      - opened
+      - reopened
+      - edited
+      - synchronize
+
+jobs:
+  semantic-pr-title:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: dequelabs/semantic-pr-title@v1
diff --git a/.github/workflows/sync-master-develop.yml b/.github/workflows/sync-master-develop.yml
index de4528587..52116c2c9 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/sync-master-develop.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/sync-master-develop.yml
@@ -10,5 +10,5 @@ jobs:
       - uses: dequelabs/action-sync-branches@v1
         with:
           github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-          pr-title: "chore: merge master into develop"
+          pr-title: 'chore: merge master into develop'
           pr-reviewers: straker,WilcoFiers,stephenmathieson
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test.yml b/.github/workflows/test.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5c5e1cdb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+name: Tests
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - master
+      - develop
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 5
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          node-version: 20
+          cache: 'npm'
+      - run: npm ci
+      - run: npm run build
+      # v4 download seems to have some flakiness with the download of artifacts so pinning to v3 for now
+      # @see https://github.com/actions/download-artifact/issues/249
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: axe-core
+          path: axe.js
+          retention-days: 1
+
+  test_node:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        node: [6, 18, 20]
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 5
+    needs: build
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          node-version: ${{ matrix.node}}
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: axe-core
+      - run: npm run test:node
diff --git a/.github/workflows/update-generated-files.yaml b/.github/workflows/update-generated-files.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2277e82c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/update-generated-files.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+name: Update generated files
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - develop
+
+env:
+  BRANCH_NAME: sync-generated-files
+
+jobs:
+  update_genereated_files:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+
+      - name: Build
+        run: |
+          npm ci
+          npm run build
+
+      - name: Check for changes
+        id: changes
+        run: |
+          changes=$(git status --porcelain)
+          # see https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/509498
+          echo $changes | grep . && echo "Changes detected" || echo "No changes"
+          echo ::set-output name=changes::"$changes"
+
+      - name: Check branch exists
+        id: branchExists
+        if: steps.changes.outputs.changes
+        run: |
+          exists=$(git ls-remote --heads origin $BRANCH_NAME)
+          echo $exists | grep . && echo "Branch '$BRANCH_NAME' already exists on remote" || echo "Branch does not exists in remote"
+          echo ::set-output name=exists::"$exists"
+
+      - name: Create pull request
+        if: ${{ steps.changes.outputs.changes && !steps.branchExists.outputs.exists }}
+        run: |
+          git status
+          git config user.name github-actions
+          git config user.email github-actions@github.com
+          git add .
+          git checkout -b $BRANCH_NAME
+          git commit -m "chore: sync generated files"
+          git push origin $BRANCH_NAME
+          gh pr create --base develop --head $BRANCH_NAME --title "chore: sync generated files" --body ""
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+
+      - name: Update pull request
+        if: ${{ steps.changes.outputs.changes && steps.branchExists.outputs.exists }}
+        run: |
+          git reset HEAD --hard
+          git checkout $BRANCH_NAME
+          npm run build
+          git status
+          git config user.name github-actions
+          git config user.email github-actions@github.com
+          git add .
+          git commit -m "chore: sync generated files"
+          git push origin $BRANCH_NAME
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 213cab33c..f72967491 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ node_modules
 npm-shrinkwrap.json
 doc/examples/*/package-lock.json
 .DS_Store
-.vscode
 .idea
+.vscode
 
 # tmp - `dev` time generated assets
 tmp
diff --git a/.husky/pre-commit b/.husky/pre-commit
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..bce63161f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.husky/pre-commit
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+npx grunt configure
+npx lint-staged
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/.jsdoc.json b/.jsdoc.json
index 4d7c51274..df05309b3 100644
--- a/.jsdoc.json
+++ b/.jsdoc.json
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
     "destination": "./doc/api",
     "encoding": "utf8",
     "recurse": true,
-    "template": "./node_modules/minami"
+    "template": "./node_modules/clean-jsdoc-theme"
   },
   "plugins": ["plugins/markdown"]
 }
diff --git a/.prettierignore b/.prettierignore
index 5ae2c1f2b..2bd1eb115 100644
--- a/.prettierignore
+++ b/.prettierignore
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 node_modules/
-doc/api
\ No newline at end of file
+doc/api
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 41752fc77..3523aebf7 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -2,6 +2,320 @@
 
 All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file. See [standard-version](https://github.com/conventional-changelog/standard-version) for commit guidelines.
 
+## [4.9.0](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.8.4...v4.9.0) (2024-03-25)
+
+### Features
+
+- adding the wcag131 tag to the aria-hidden-body rule ([#4349](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4349)) ([dd4c3c3](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/dd4c3c34a42d2b96f5495890f5c5d5e8f6ca8d32)), closes [#4315](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4315)
+- **checks:** deprecate aria-busy check ([#4356](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4356)) ([be0b555](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/be0b5558acfbeb6bbb176ac7fd7d8fdfb973b30b)), closes [#4347](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4347) [#4340](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4340)
+- **color:** add color channel values and luminosity, saturation, clip functions ([#4366](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4366)) ([9e70199](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/9e7019990bbbf5182ab50c5c968143b81d216dcb)), closes [/github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/pull/4365/files#r1517706612](https://github.com/dequelabs//github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/pull/4365/files/issues/r1517706612)
+- **i18n:** add Greek Translations ([#3836](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3836)) ([3ea9a48](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/3ea9a48cf88d02271db8b19651bff0415237b856))
+- **i18n:** Add Italian translation ([#4344](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4344)) ([de1baa9](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/de1baa9a9f6495f695d25d61d14ed55983dded76))
+- **i18n:** Add Simplified Chinese translation ([#4379](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4379)) ([bda7c8d](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/bda7c8d8bf5936a56c66240e1ea0373a3b769809))
+- **i18n:** Add Taiwanese Mandarin translation ([#4299](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4299)) ([c5e11de](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/c5e11de06973392b113906c05e3a3004af4c38ae))
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- Add LICENSE-3RD-PARTY.txt file ([#4304](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4304)) ([daa0fe6](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/daa0fe677d4837c9c79bad8ee6c77aff11212339))
+- add Object.values polyfill for node <=6 ([#4274](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4274)) ([5eb867b](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/5eb867b04e174140122c62eb5c705a842a3489e1))
+- **aria-required-children:** avoid confusing aria-busy message in failures ([#4347](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4347)) ([591607d](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/591607dd829c11e2cca5beee12c75628d1a8235e)), closes [#fail13](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/fail13) [#4340](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4340)
+- avoid reading element-specific node properties of non-element node types ([#4317](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4317)) ([b853b18](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/b853b18a24dd2d1c9408705b821cc11146ae1186)), closes [#4316](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4316) [#4316](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4316)
+- **color-contrast:** handle text that is outside `overflow: hidden` ancestor ([#4357](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4357)) ([bdb7300](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/bdb7300c67d451d3b0169707924a0c6bc4defe40)), closes [#4253](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4253)
+- **color-contrast:** support color blend modes hue, saturation, color, luminosity ([#4365](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4365)) ([7ae4761](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/7ae476124d60eafd28d85abf48188cd85c99543a))
+- **d.ts:** RawNodesResult issues ([#4229](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4229)) ([d660518](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/d6605181ec942bcca46e3bfe889064b3781919ca))
+- **d.ts:** RunOptions.reporter can be any string ([#4218](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4218)) ([e53f5c5](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/e53f5c5184a0e5f75db65e7929a9da84d7ee6df6))
+- **i18n:** update Italian translations ([#4377](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4377)) ([4d65d4b](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/4d65d4bf40f4ee2697e079451dd84a0155e8fb51))
+- **listitem:** clarify roleNotValid message ([#4374](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4374)) ([0f8a9af](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/0f8a9af2a82d49e7d8ff3024da0e4c485ca46d38))
+- **scrollable-region-focusable:** missing wcag213 tag ([#4201](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4201)) ([0080a72](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/0080a7255eb7f246bb7b6f53974a95b65983b83a))
+- **target-size:** always pass 10x targets (avoid perf bottleneck) ([#4376](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4376)) ([be327c4](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/be327c422f67ac657218f711b3b799567ba3aa37))
+- **target-size:** do not crash for nodes with many overlapping widgets ([#4373](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4373)) ([1dbea83](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/1dbea83d4749f9f71f263883869b076b0d42021f)), closes [#4359](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4359) [#4359](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4359) [#4360](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4360)
+- **utils/get-selector:** ignore 'xmlns' attribute when generating a selector ([#4303](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4303)) ([938b411](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/938b411bb0609b54e5c46a8e5b50c9ea4de4bdee))
+
+### [4.8.4](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.8.3...v4.8.4) (2024-02-07)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- Add LICENSE-3RD-PARTY.txt file ([#4304](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4304)) ([139c553](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/139c5535c72e926f03bb37a9ba0b7fd6b97cba8c))
+- avoid reading element-specific node properties of non-element node types ([#4317](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4317)) ([a2a6935](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/a2a69355ea5aafce14367cf967153f7958a8878c)), closes [#4316](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4316) [#4316](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4316)
+- **d.ts:** RawNodesResult issues ([#4229](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4229)) ([f105266](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/f1052662b3b8b57d520fcbd23a3e9d4a5660a7e1))
+- **d.ts:** RunOptions.reporter can be any string ([#4218](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4218)) ([80de793](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/80de793362bbbffde85654e874942a26df0108a8))
+- **utils/get-selector:** ignore 'xmlns' attribute when generating a selector ([#4303](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4303)) ([8c68546](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/8c6854661f4613d0b7a6ba98bbfdc0c9ca61b4d1))
+
+### [4.8.3](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.8.2...v4.8.3) (2023-12-18)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- add Object.values polyfill for node <=6 ([#4274](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4274)) ([b39b0e6](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/b39b0e60b68f8c1e34dc056809a04f8ccf8f24c7))
+
+### [4.8.2](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.8.1...v4.8.2) (2023-09-18)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- polyfill Object.hasOwn for node 14 ([#4152](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4152)) ([c7b597b](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/c7b597b9ec9c74009f4ddac16d5311ee642ab352))
+
+### [4.8.1](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.8.0...v4.8.1) (2023-09-08)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **target-size:** show closest offset in message ([#4151](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4151)) ([a0882f6](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/a0882f64610279adce39b015c7e62bf955e04a22))
+
+## [4.8.0](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.7.2...v4.8.0) (2023-09-06)
+
+### Consistent Rule Impact
+
+This release changes it so that a rule never changes what impact it reports. To facilitate this while without changing the impact on certain issues, some rules have been split. The following changes were involved:
+
+- Deprecate impact on checks; use rules instead ([#4114](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4114)) ([2cc5547](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/2cc5547634ee783701675631ee3978129707e6f0))
+- add rule aria-deprecated-role ([#4074](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4074)) ([03f2771](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/03f2771ab43bd877b7919c29b4f5e737b5a69544))
+- add rule aria-conditional-attr ([#4094](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4094)) ([d417630](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/d417630e89a41603426c2bb545b49057f03ed8e5))
+- **aria-input/toggle-field-name:** set impact always to serious ([#4095](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4095)) ([e031d68](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/e031d68652229a80ba6ff7d02d29a50a846bfa5b))
+- **aria-prohibited-attr:** add rule aria-prohibited-attr ([#4088](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4088)) ([7b115d3](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/7b115d3a9e7256ae2c0a1d7d0f9ba791a06c8599))
+- **impact:** aria-roles / aria-valid-attr-value is always "critical" ([#4112](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4112)) ([5cc8041](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/5cc8041f74a6f015dcbca36ee7414767528277c2))
+- **impact:** scope-attr-valid is always "moderate" ([#4113](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4113)) ([131f552](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/131f5524e8c8022ace047ac6d69d779460c85fe6))
+
+### Other Features
+
+- deprecate & disable duplicate-id / duplicate-id-active ([#4071](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4071)) ([733c45e](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/733c45e6a40a9f8ff6e75f7db864edff0b404ca2))
+- **duplicate-id-aria:** set to review on fail and tag as wcag412 ([#4075](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4075)) ([9f1a3e3](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/9f1a3e3cbffbe09eaf90fa254c6421fd4264cf4a))
+- add EN.301.549 tags to rules ([#4063](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4063)) ([de3da89](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/de3da897e56179d94ef8a0dc1a667b5663c489d1))
+- **checks:** enable help-same-as-label, but remove from rules ([#4096](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4096)) ([034038a](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/034038a625b390ed25b30fccc96e3fc1f384dbc1))
+- **new-rule:** aria-braille-equivalent finds incorrect uses of aria-braille attributes ([#4107](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4107)) ([6260a2f](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/6260a2f25781b465960aec0b1e7781be5496c9bd))
+- **page-no-duplicate-banner/contentinfo:** deprecate options.nativeScopeFilter, take into ancestors with sectioning roles ([#4105](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4105)) ([c6e07be](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/c6e07bec43ef1935f2afb9429e9f12a937c38f14))
+
+### Type Fixes & Improvements
+
+Various improvements were made to the types. Potentially the most impactful of which is that the `target` and `ancestry` property now return as `UnlabelledFrameSelector` instead of as `string[]`, which is incorrect for selectors involving shadow DOM. This may create some issues during migration for any code that has been incorrectly assuming these two properties have the `string[]` type. For more details and other type changes, see the commit itself:
+
+- **d.ts:** improve axe.d.ts types ([#4081](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4081)) ([7c5f991](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/7c5f99143a1d97e294d21e14917f4963013fc6f8)), closes [#3966](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3966)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **access-name:** get name from header elements ([#4097](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4097)) ([fbe99bf](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/fbe99bf87a3ebd7d6bc4b4eca7a58bbff28a5b23))
+- add <search> element semantics ([#4115](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4115)) ([637bf6c](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/637bf6c58c3e62877511687d8a6046f8aee63f03))
+- **aria-allowed-attr:** pass aria-expanded on checkbox & switch ([#4110](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4110)) ([fcf76e0](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/fcf76e04d8534dfed75caf1f2c4a74ef4faa29ae)), closes [#3339](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3339)
+- **aria-allowed-role:** Add doc-glossary to allowed roles for aside element ([#4083](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4083)) ([6ca38f6](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/6ca38f65c28e9df0c429df1018b519394e22507e))
+- **aria-allowed-role:** add meter to allowed roles for named img ([#4055](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4055)) ([173f29d](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/173f29da9558a1fd0510609aacc9e4deebdf74b4)), closes [#4054](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4054)
+- **aria-required-childen:** test visibility of grandchildren ([#4091](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4091)) ([a202b69](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/a202b69b955b45fc10abe06059925013bede07eb))
+- **aria-text:** typo in rule description ([#4131](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4131)) ([85a0e9c](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/85a0e9c358ae78b4ceb2093dc9891d523eaf25b2))
+- **aria-valid-attr-value:** allow empty value on aria-braille\* & aria-valuetext ([#4109](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4109)) ([c4c3e65](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/c4c3e658408d89b5ccd747d5fad9031c5d3a0de0))
+- avoid memory issues by doing better cleanup ([#4059](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4059)) ([16c5cfa](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/16c5cfa66615537b2131a5a381fbed9a5336d853))
+- avoid problems from element IDs that exist on object prototype ([#4060](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4060)) ([8d135dd](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/8d135dd58ccd72393b981464f66a01e770d9cf95))
+- **color-contrast:** correctly handle flex and position ([#4086](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4086)) ([9d5f496](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/9d5f496c4ee7e95d113cdceab284fb6ca7be98e3))
+- **color-contrast:** get text stoke from offset shadows ([#4079](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4079)) ([13acffe](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/13acffe540f834f5321f9c5c124b565cec92ce06))
+- **color-contrast:** ignore format unicode characters ([#4102](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4102)) ([049522e](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/049522e3ef0676b198763e39e8c8a300c8eeb195))
+- **color-contrast:** ignore zero width characters ([#4103](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4103)) ([4deb0a0](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/4deb0a0876d574c3d7d586b27ae07d4f5be586db))
+- **color-contrast:** process non-rgb color functions ([#4092](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4092)) ([9634282](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/963428256d7a119c7b6188868eb9d4a4651a8949))
+- **commons/dom/createGrid:** only add the visible, non-overflow areas of an element to the grid ([#4101](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4101)) ([d77f47b](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/d77f47b8dd346e205b6cddb4f6ce544ef5f699e4))
+- ensure reporter errors can propagate ([#4111](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4111)) ([080cc1b](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/080cc1b5f5ed048ab435c312dec291d1b4eb4393))
+- ignore stylesheets fetching style tag in jsdom ([#4138](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4138)) ([d7c16a4](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/d7c16a481d5a5f68c1e970040e01f125b2025378))
+- **jsdom:** allow axe.setup() without a global window ([#4116](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4116)) ([33b0314](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/33b0314922762c0e562b613219b5cc96e3ce31f5))
+- **target-size:** correctly calculate bounding box ([#4125](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4125)) ([1494b4c](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/1494b4c2159fbae2a937cc7c3dc1d269915ef4d4))
+- **target-size:** update to match new spacing requirements ([#4117](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4117)) ([49eaa0e](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/49eaa0e1663724f70b2571cc7393e306bf0c7321))
+- Use correct copyright year ([#4098](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4098)) ([cab6a2b](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/cab6a2b2f012f5963d0f4294217578c790508fcc))
+- **utils/clone:** don't try to clone elements from different window context ([#4072](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4072)) ([55000d0](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/55000d066f018e4c3f2b9ec4eabf23eb1781dfbb))
+
+### [4.7.2](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.7.1...v4.7.2) (2023-05-25)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **aria-allowed-attr:** Add 'aria-required' to switch role ([#4029](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4029)) ([cb51be4](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/cb51be4e3ed69e8e8b3725cab5ad1a4671f64c0c)), closes [#4027](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4027)
+- **aria-allowed-attr:** allow aria-required on role=slider ([#4035](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4035)) ([bb2bf60](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/bb2bf606d75409722c645a3b2e3240cbce7e97ef))
+- **aria-required-children:** set related nodes for invalid children ([#4033](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4033)) ([377f72b](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/377f72b16a4db5272b6c056a070e977dc0589cf5))
+- **tags:** Add / correct several TTv5 tags ([#4031](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4031)) ([25859dd](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/25859dd737e271f69e3912d69ede2a127d78caa4))
+
+### [4.7.1](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.7.0...v4.7.1) (2023-05-15)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **aria-allowed-attr:** no inconsistent aria-checked on HTML checkboxes ([#3895](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3895)) ([704043e](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/704043e8a4b9359e871403c3b4fc294b9feee931))
+- **aria-allowed-attrs:** add aria-expanded to allowed attrs for menuitemcheckbox and menuitemradio ([#3994](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3994)) ([0f405c6](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/0f405c6da55570db2d536e2a4a5464865d73e821))
+- **aria-required-children:** trigger reviewEmpty with hidden children ([#4012](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4012)) ([a19b6cb](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/a19b6cb5252deb062f6170ab035d804742e7c1df))
+- **color-contrast:** support CSS 4 color spaces ([#4020](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4020)) ([65621c3](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/65621c339fd42798cb3ce66bac62865e62926e8c))
+- **link-in-text-block:** set links with pseudo-content for review ([#4005](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4005)) ([949f4f8](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/949f4f8dfccd018b88f929bd650dc8920ce4f6f0))
+
+## [4.7.0](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.6.3...v4.7.0) (2023-04-17)
+
+### Features
+
+- **aria-roledescription:** deprecate rule ([#3948](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3948)) ([1913a9e](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/1913a9eaf0e669927c57d56710053303cda193f8))
+- **aria-roles:** deprecate the ARIA directory role ([#3952](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3952)) ([893fdd0](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/893fdd0901f9218d9add39c16b2e6b77227fbdcd))
+- **d.ts:** setup/teardown, reporters & metadata definitions ([#3966](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3966)) ([78264ee](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/78264ee663d528bc3fbfc9ea7dbba180259f01af))
+- deprecate bower ([#3889](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3889)) ([651d811](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/651d811f0f1d1dfc5ab899568eaeb83931011f34))
+- deprecate color.filteredRectStack, color.getRectStack, and dom.visuallyContains ([#3859](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3859)) ([3be2bad](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/3be2bad2a896e72a92fe70810500fc1ef67b7027))
+- **dom.focusDisabled,dom.isVisibleForScreenreader:** support the inert attribute ([#3857](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3857)) ([273c971](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/273c97199bd596a288378427becba672b4482678))
+- **metadata:** add Trusted Tester tag ([#3986](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3986)) ([1f6a2a6](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/1f6a2a68ac10c770091741b328de7efb2ccc6687))
+- support the dialog element ([#3902](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3902)) ([d4522cd](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/d4522cdd7a90018336098f9b2119e353bd5a71ee))
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **aria-allowed-attrs:** allow aria-description and aria-braille\* attrs ([#3956](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3956)) ([2842395](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/2842395f9a8990f670e7025749ff8301b68a15ae))
+- **aria-input-field-name:** skip combobox popups ([#3886](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3886)) ([3dcdd42](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/3dcdd42d9ce52817d0931aa4fea1ec2b1fc9d650))
+- **aria-required-children:** allow separator in menu(bar) ([#3868](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3868)) ([ec9f507](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/ec9f50708a233acfa4f9b851618077d6637e6582))
+- **aria-required-children:** do not fail for children with aria-hidden ([#3949](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3949)) ([8714d6b](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/8714d6ba6debec93d095f5f12385d92c55b0d4b3))
+- **aria-required-children:** list elements that are not allowed ([#3951](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3951)) ([cce7586](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/cce75869be032006dc505a2af853886943973319))
+- **autocomplete-valid:** allow webauthn token ([#3866](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3866)) ([fd3010f](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/fd3010ff74eb677d4a84198bb1ca314d54393cb7))
+- **color-contrast:** correcly apply opacity to foreground color ([#3973](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3973)) ([d7db279](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/d7db279549c443c1e2f43a6b33ebee0968c64325))
+- **color-contrast:** correctly calculate contrast of flex/grid items with z-index ([#3884](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3884)) ([cef96be](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/cef96be6740657047031c2019908822f957e6c63))
+- **color-contrast:** correctly compute background color for elements with opacity ([#3944](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3944)) ([c051fe8](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/c051fe851fb5eaa75e6dc0205c4db5e75d80f3a4)), closes [#3932](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3932)
+- **color-contrast:** correctly compute color contrast of <slot> elements ([#3847](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3847)) ([4c3a00c](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/4c3a00c7bd6de68b2795be37113a59d804d0a313))
+- **color-contrast:** do not check contrast on elemets that are inerted ([#3894](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3894)) ([da19946](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/da19946db610c3ab8898431645274a8a76d61a33))
+- **color-contrast:** skip ligature icons ([#3867](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3867)) ([9486288](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/948628894e3119e7f6ad45a230fbee23ffe64ef2))
+- **create-grid:** correctly compute stack order for non-positioned stacking contexts ([#3930](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3930)) ([8db2c24](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/8db2c2492d55a903b7903ed71f8b792e58dc2e8c)), closes [#3932](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3932)
+- **css-orientation-lock:** support the css rotate property ([#3958](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3958)) ([c51f8bf](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/c51f8bfea87b57c269e509f88d64855368a25493))
+- **focus-order-semantics:** Add ARIA role article to list of valid roles for scrollable regions ([#3927](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3927)) ([f029271](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/f0292714b94a1483f4148f3ca7206897cfb21318))
+- **is-icon-ligature:** prevent canvas2d warning willReadFrequently ([#3931](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3931)) ([b3c52bb](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/b3c52bbb6eccda67dabcbf4183d7c201a227a0ac))
+- **link-in-text-block:** allow links with identical colors ([#3861](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3861)) ([5f90040](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/5f900402470f925686a0d8b41ac01731492bbd30))
+- **respondable:** work with CDP `Page.setDocumentContent` ([#3921](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3921)) ([66f23e5](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/66f23e59b6deddd3b95035545d622d761abe5825))
+- **scrollable-region-focusable:** change impact to serious ([#3959](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3959)) ([e3a5c21](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/e3a5c211fe007736d98a16d69995318c2c651f2d))
+- **scrollable-region-focusable:** skip native controls ([#3862](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3862)) ([b0bdefa](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/b0bdefa34b85363e742ff04e319c014fe95f31f7))
+
+### [4.6.3](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.6.2...v4.6.3) (2023-01-23)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **aria-required-children:** allow separator in menu(bar) ([#3868](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3868)) ([46c9499](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/46c9499ff46b2062098c33f2037ab31bff4fb656))
+- **autocomplete-valid:** allow webauthn token ([#3866](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3866)) ([a3d1b9d](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/a3d1b9dae840e1c6ad096895bbd3bbc19f6836f8))
+- **color-contrast:** correctly compute color contrast of <slot> elements ([#3847](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3847)) ([844cea1](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/844cea1238ccb30cc1c4d1510f2bb3d4cfbe1706))
+- **color-contrast:** skip ligature icons ([#3867](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3867)) ([7dfbd9a](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/7dfbd9a1b2c92a8aa289f42635ec93de9aa32d25))
+- **link-in-text-block:** allow links with identical colors ([#3861](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3861)) ([6761f36](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/6761f36bb7c9a2f05cea75ca88c8e0f199c032df))
+- **scrollable-region-focusable:** skip native controls ([#3862](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3862)) ([aaf44e9](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/aaf44e908337cbf81c97433f58ec05cd3b3eeded))
+
+### [4.6.2](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.6.1...v4.6.2) (2022-12-23)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **color-contrast:** fix color-contrast check when running in an extension ([#3838](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3838)) ([31a3e01](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/31a3e01e3df2ff4ab9ae4eebe93c644ce706a200))
+
+### [4.6.1](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.6.0...v4.6.1) (2022-12-14)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **d.ts:** add optional include to ContextObject ([#3830](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3830)) ([36ed242](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/36ed242ec152d6d9bd05889229c4d37ae25a80c0))
+
+## [4.6.0](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.5.2...v4.6.0) (2022-12-12)
+
+### Features
+
+- **aria-required-attr:** require aria-controls on combobox and aria-valuenow on focusable separator ([#3786](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3786)) ([5259e88](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/5259e8842e49d291d35aada0fefecfde3627299f))
+- **checks/label-content-name-mismatch:** deprecate occuranceThreshold option in favor of occurrenceThreshold to fix typo ([#3782](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3782)) ([5026d65](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/5026d65b5c93ca7ad1e52881fb5379a4a75ed9a1))
+- **commons:** deprecate flattenShadowColors in favor of flattenColors ([#3792](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3792)) ([af49daf](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/af49dafcde281443823c2d878ce4de23ee573212))
+- **context:** allow selecting shadow DOM nodes ([#3798](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3798)) ([9e1e31b](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/9e1e31b253398cc2a3e840c7cb9c5527f4e4ba66))
+- **list,listitem:** do not allow group as allowed parent or child ([#3784](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3784)) ([d1cbf6f](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/d1cbf6fe20a1920649566e521c0c6668efd0d470))
+- **required-attr:** require aria-checked for checkbox-like and radio-like roles ([#3785](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3785)) ([563e4e9](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/563e4e90facc9b955c1b2395b466cd65d72bf04e))
+- **utils:** new shadowSelectAll utility ([#3796](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3796)) ([5865462](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/586546261a9523077e1710cecf1751a5e6f172e6))
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **aria-allowed-role:** allow combobox on button, checkbox and combobox on input[type=button] ([#3354](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3354)) ([ac688c0](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/ac688c04b70d6bcdfa13ac4d7faf824d2bc4af01)), closes [#3353](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3353)
+- **aria-required-children:** allow menu as child of menu ([#3820](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3820)) ([a6569e5](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/a6569e5dcad2fd32160b78fba86c988e7cb3d323))
+- **color-contrast:** consider -webkit-text-stroke & -webkit-text-fill-color ([#3791](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3791)) ([228daf1](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/228daf153b3c6e45933a2ca8feac765f942663f4))
+- **color-contrast:** correctly calculate background color of text nodes with different size than their container ([#3703](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3703)) ([123b83c](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/123b83c00f0e770dd784ce72ab1fddddf4a4961e))
+- **get-role:** handle presentation role inheritance for vnodes with no parent ([#3801](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3801)) ([b971caf](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/b971caf3eea03170c0710c5b00272fe13f65e825))
+- **html-lang-valid:** only run rule when attribute has value ([#3663](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3663)) ([1a7eecb](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/1a7eecb72c3b1c772392b7c18feee75e0f51dbcb)), closes [#3624](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3624)
+- **metadata:** Map aria-required-children to ACT rule bc4a75 ([#3790](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3790)) ([a33a523](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/a33a523eb4dfdc62743d78aab124e74afc98a59e))
+
+### [4.5.2](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.5.1...v4.5.2) (2022-11-14)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **aria-required-children:** allow menu and menubar to be empty ([#3770](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3770)) ([d11aed8](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/d11aed8a04968674ff872cf832cea9252023490e))
+- **create-grid:** include elements scrolled out of view in the grid ([#3773](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3773)) ([a563263](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/a5632631c72f52a5cf38a955052f28b1a931f07c))
+- do not warn when using webpack ([#3777](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3777)) ([d6cef9a](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/d6cef9a83152256966b259881521c159b0cf21a8))
+- **link-in-text-block:** don't match style or script text ([#3775](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3775)) ([ab877f9](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/ab877f9d709205c2dadffc656f82dc631b66687b))
+- prevent undefined relatedNodes from halting axe ([#3778](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3778)) ([efefb18](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/efefb18f720590369a97c2937331f4e2e33ef6a5))
+
+### [4.5.1](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.5.0...v4.5.1) (2022-11-01)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- allow axe to run in certain configurations of jsdom ([#3755](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3755)) ([b74c5d4](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/b74c5d41c4041554c9dd1c00dfd6387cb069d1a5))
+- prevent crash on jsdom when preloading CSSOM ([#3754](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3754)) ([b1f0c6b](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/b1f0c6bba2debc6c6a106412da530975cd4ade24))
+
+## [4.5.0](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.4.3...v4.5.0) (2022-10-17)
+
+### Features
+
+#### Highlights
+
+- **new rule:** Add WCAG 2.2 target-size rule (off by default) ([#3616](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3616)) ([691f1b6](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/691f1b69775daa8d0a620c5a1b72f06f6edc72c3))
+- **new rule:** Add meta-refresh-no-exceptions (off by default, wcag2aaa) ([#3530](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3530)) ([27031a8](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/27031a827cf273c87449971a4c6aec467e56986d))
+- **identical-links-same-purpose:** Disable by default (wcag2aaa rule) ([#3615](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3615)) ([a2c2d2f](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/a2c2d2fba67270b16f2421984650cadc91c8f928))
+- **link-in-text-block:** Remove experimental and enable by default ([#3706](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3706)) ([37b6e7a](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/37b6e7a56f7fae15553ce103787546c8927a6492))
+- **i18n:** Add Norwegian Bokmål locale ([#3375](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3375)) ([2886d33](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/2886d330d9bd7193947b6f8d650492efdd7b04ec))
+- **i18n:** Add Hebrew translation ([#3438](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3438)) ([b4162ed](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/b4162ed181d47370284e2fbbd56d4ec9b4585d69))
+
+#### Tags and Metadata Updates
+
+Various changes of tags, for greater consistency with [ACT Rules](https://www.w3.org/WAI/standards-guidelines/act/rules/).
+
+- **area-alt:** Remove the wcag111 tag ([#3479](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3479)) ([1c3cc51](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/1c3cc510057398bdbe2735da87bebbc2781f8e69))
+- **aria-hidden-focus:** Remove the wcag131 tag ([#3477](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3477)) ([36ace76](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/36ace76cd3b3706b19e59dc5168a77a5462e78b6))
+- **empty-table-headers:** Rule is now best-practice and fails instead of incompletes ([#3427](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3427)) ([0a4397d](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/0a4397d0998a3e3035d002e5f724cce4faf0b541)), closes [#3404](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3404)
+- **frame-title:** Remove wcag241 tag ([#3519](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3519)) ([9c6b828](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/9c6b828658d0a566e7b41801979e49115732bc86))
+- **input-image-alt:** Add the wcag412 tag ([#3478](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3478)) ([34272c6](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/34272c6469ff84b5aafd6ae575c5064931a62d80))
+- **label,select-name:** Remove the sc131 tag ([#3476](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3476)) ([7caef89](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/7caef89cdd0eddce7550b590eda3fb0cdc9be3ac))
+- **meta-viewport:** Report as violation of wcag 1.4.4 ([#3704](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3704)) ([6f7e4a9](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/6f7e4a9c08d0a9c8a9f74832883be9052a63684d))
+- **metadata:** Update ACT tags & actIds ([#3498](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3498)) ([571722b](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/571722bde4c2e0b84d7abdeece91a03e7b6613c8))
+
+#### Deprecations
+
+- Deprecate Internet Explorer support ([#3644](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3644)) ([11f5163](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/11f51632491e265136c0284cd219225627a7415f))
+- Deprecate sri-history.json file ([#3646](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3646)) ([6f6a89e](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/6f6a89e13d56acdda5dbcc74d1f2d7ba2190f0a6))
+- Deprecate and replace dom.isVisible, utils.isHidden, and dom.isHiddenWithCss ([#3351](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3351)) ([1ae2ac0](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/1ae2ac045d1f709d1695fa76886e13604d415229))
+- Deprecate only-dlitems-evaluate & only-listitems-evaluate methods ([#3724](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3724)) ([322e9ed](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/322e9edff389d407021d94a7dadf9b80e1c935de))
+- Deprecate presentation-role-conflict-matchess ([#3638](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3638)) ([0f02a15](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/0f02a1530b91dd38cbc620e358e403f5250cba4c))
+- Deprecate is-visible-matches, use is-visible-on-screen-matches ([#3679](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3679)) ([738dd8f](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/738dd8f38f241c061773b44dba3194281749eb15))
+- Deprecate not-html-matches, use :not(html) instead ([#3540](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3540)) ([e0010d9](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/e0010d9f2c4f80b41dcd1e1821de269dd5a63dac))
+
+#### Others
+
+- **aria-roles:** Permit fallback roles ([#3683](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3683)) ([5665260](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/5665260320543665d9df2b8620940b553bf17a19))
+- **aria-required-children:** Allow aria-busy on children ([#3569](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3569)) ([3618f50](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/3618f5017b698bfa7ebd5d36e37978ed8d2e77f9))
+- **aria-required-children:** Fail for children which are not listed as required ([#3597](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3597)) ([b5ceabc](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/b5ceabc25e4a17e8f3c114acdb1c2fe0d2ba96f3))
+- **getRules:** Return actIds when set ([#3470](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3470)) ([a3d5cef](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/a3d5cef612013ffe0db5383a4047508654444d3c))
+- **is-in-tab-order:** Add isInTabOrder to commons ([#3619](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3619)) ([77afe90](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/77afe903484343500ebe5fe6126cf6e029607f64)), closes [#3500](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3500)
+- **list/definition-list:** Only allow required owned roles ([#3707](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3707)) ([a920d35](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/a920d35f8d8e6f3590a01d47f20a0e3321e45a6c))
+- **presentation-role-conflict:** Test img elements with empty alt ([#3717](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3717)) ([ea32fa7](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/ea32fa794bfc72e863997dfa85a60e23a53f0cda))
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **utils:** greatly improve the speed of querySelectorAll ([#3423](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3423)) ([1cae5ea](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/1cae5eae49abe01e6f84c8ee18b5b0c2ff700492))
+- **aria-hidden-focus:** Do not fail for focus trap bumper elements ([#3667](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3667)) ([46b6658](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/46b6658af6ee21735b59c4c00455c13dddbce761))
+- **aria-required-attr:** aria-valuenow is no longer required for spinbutton ([#3552](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3552)) ([a22cf56](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/a22cf564be1f3e73fc21bff59ba895d34755f889))
+- **aria-required-parent:** Allow nested group and presentational roles ([#3492](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3492)) ([4685270](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/4685270af0d1f737d38a0c06b59137c967679227))
+- **aria-valid-attr-value:** Report empty values as incomplete ([#3635](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3635)) ([fff39db](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/fff39dba1408d2a11b15485191b843b0661e0790))
+- **avoid-inline-spacing:** Add spacing threshold ([#3533](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3533)) ([92add05](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/92add056355cc4106caaaf523854f82afb06e191))
+- **checks/no-focusable-disable:** Don't count non-disableable elements as disabled ([#3393](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3393)) ([bb8b5ca](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/bb8b5ca760f45755ba628ac5873350b5dc4c47d1)), closes [#2466](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/2466) [#2934](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/2934) [#2934](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/2934) [#3315](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3315)
+- **checks/unsupportedrole:** Support unsupported dpub and fallback roles, add role to message ([#3395](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3395)) ([3c0f10f](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/3c0f10f979ae1e3377dd6ef0d2b445ea5ec90eb3)), closes [#2466](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/2466) [#2934](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/2934) [#2934](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/2934) [#3282](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3282)
+- **color-contrast-enhanced:** Avoid duplicates between color-contrast and color-contrast-enhanced ([#3714](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3714)) ([2811f77](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/2811f778e1d0293148375bb4028d5ba0379f1b21))
+- **color-contrast:** Correctly determine color contrast for element that exactly overlaps midpoint of node ([#3565](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3565)) ([90de9aa](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/90de9aa241d9dbbd39ccb2714194ae3a7c0cb2ce))
+- **frame-focusable-content:** don't fail for elements with negative tabindex ([#3493](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3493)) ([94e75ac](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/94e75ac80689145297fbc2dc8298b772412c7525))
+- **frame-title-unique:** Make frame-title-unique reviewOnly and WCAG412 ([#3610](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3610)) ([8401b8e](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/8401b8e8fbf691d8252e090b13864b826c5e8591)), closes [#3487](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3487)
+- **frame-title:** ignore frames with negative tabindex ([f61f825](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/f61f825843ec323fbe7ebb7096bf4c7341f10feb))
+- **frame-title:** return incomplete for presentational iframe with empty title ([#3594](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3594)) ([c2cfd84](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/c2cfd845bd1b0ff684b9cda4f7fb5f6f30fcfda7))
+- **is-hidden-for-everyone:** count elements inside closed details as hidden ([#3726](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3726)) ([e65e962](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/e65e9627cd709f6202dd2151ba39bac5a50a8fbb))
+- **is-hidden-for-everyone:** support content-visibility: hidden ([#3690](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3690)) ([95cf6e7](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/95cf6e7c3019358570b7dd7ea1206ce24a980b65))
+- **is-visible-on-screen:** ignore elements hidden by overflow:hidden ([#3676](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3676)) ([2935950](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/293595066cea9a5c18d2ed7bf4de69cbfffe1ed1))
+- **label:** avoid passing labels because of an input[value] ([#3688](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3688)) ([54a8116](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/54a8116546b056569d1551b8ea3c8b01fa7d8df5))
+- **link-in-text-block:** Update rule to match current guidance, revise tests ([#3575](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3575)) ([edb88ed](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/edb88edf48e91df87497b471e1b101842adf9e1f))
+- **meta-refresh:** Add WCAG's 20-hour exception ([#3525](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3525)) ([5beb6c3](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/5beb6c3c31936a8cb787709ef2bd11730916b5b2))
+- **no-autoplay-audio:** add reviewOnFail and update tests ([#3557](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3557)) ([60ec997](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/60ec99735b2872d7f992b379900acd25918e3f86))
+- **object-alt:** ignore unloaded objects ([#3680](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3680)) ([8e03e2c](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/8e03e2cabe628b036a48575ec84569e7e0e333ae))
+- **page-has-heading-one,landmark-one-main:** do not fail if modal is open ([#3501](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3501)) ([c6af316](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/c6af31600a804f1643d404e439391f3b810e8da5))
+- **td-headers-attr:** ignore hidden cells with headers attr ([#3684](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3684)) ([e0403f4](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/e0403f48ee86e883548cd1f40927a3b5edaeb974))
+- **td-headers-attr:** ignore table elements with their role changed ([#3687](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3687)) ([902d07c](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/902d07c8d2268dc4ab0a6573909bd348ede706b1))
+- **utils.matches:** fix attribute exists selector to match empty attributes ([#3669](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3669)) ([4b768ea](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/4b768ea2170291038be80b29f277206f21719dff))
+- **valid-lang:** ignore lang on elements with no text ([#3523](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3523)) ([fd85f39](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/fd85f3927ef85543887ff9c0bda67e46f8e9c316))
+- **valid-lang:** run on aria-hidden text ([#3634](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3634)) ([a0860bd](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/a0860bd7b5afaabf8f2aee2bd516b9015eb7b5cf))
+- **video-caption:** remove excludeHidden: false ([#3554](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3554)) ([a3e4bbe](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/a3e4bbec30fd7cf0f197fdf69d0886cd475b06c1))
+
+### [4.4.3](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.4.2...v4.4.3) (2022-07-13)
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- **axe.d.ts:** updates type definition for Rule to add reviewOnFail ([#3521](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3521)) ([afb2478](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/afb247844e697475f5bf81fd7b03ed30c2c65830))
+- Continue supporting Node >=4 ([#3538](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3538)) ([da7923b](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/commit/da7923bd5bcaa71f52f6b4e6b8eece1ea12c1c2a)), closes [#3537](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3537)
+
 ### [4.4.2](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/compare/v4.4.1...v4.4.2) (2022-05-12)
 
 ### Bug Fixes
diff --git a/Gruntfile.js b/Gruntfile.js
index 5b472d7d6..0a888fe1c 100644
--- a/Gruntfile.js
+++ b/Gruntfile.js
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+var execSync = require('child_process').execSync;
+
 /*eslint
 camelcase: ["error", {"properties": "never"}]
 */
-module.exports = function(grunt) {
+module.exports = function (grunt) {
   'use strict';
 
   grunt.loadNpmTasks('grunt-babel');
@@ -14,13 +16,13 @@ module.exports = function(grunt) {
 
   var langs;
   if (grunt.option('lang')) {
-    langs = (grunt.option('lang') || '').split(/[,;]/g).map(function(lang) {
+    langs = (grunt.option('lang') || '').split(/[,;]/g).map(function (lang) {
       lang = lang.trim();
       return lang !== 'en' ? '.' + lang : '';
     });
   } else if (grunt.option('all-lang')) {
     var localeFiles = require('fs').readdirSync('./locales');
-    langs = localeFiles.map(function(file) {
+    langs = localeFiles.map(function (file) {
       return '.' + file.replace('.json', '');
     });
     langs.unshift(''); // Add default
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ module.exports = function(grunt) {
   }
 
   // run tests only for affected files instead of all tests
-  grunt.event.on('watch', function(action, filepath) {
+  grunt.event.on('watch', function (action, filepath) {
     grunt.config.set('watch.file', filepath);
   });
 
@@ -80,7 +82,7 @@ module.exports = function(grunt) {
           process: true
         },
         coreFiles: ['tmp/core/index.js', 'tmp/core/**/*.js'],
-        files: langs.map(function(lang, i) {
+        files: langs.map(function (lang, i) {
           return {
             src: [
               'lib/intro.stub',
@@ -136,7 +138,7 @@ module.exports = function(grunt) {
         options: {
           tags: grunt.option('tags')
         },
-        files: langs.map(function(lang) {
+        files: langs.map(function (lang) {
           return {
             src: [''],
             dest: {
@@ -148,6 +150,13 @@ module.exports = function(grunt) {
       }
     },
     'add-locale': {
+      template: {
+        options: {
+          lang: 'xyz'
+        },
+        src: ['tmp/core/core.js'],
+        dest: './locales/_template.json'
+      },
       newLang: {
         options: {
           lang: grunt.option('lang')
@@ -177,7 +186,7 @@ module.exports = function(grunt) {
     },
     uglify: {
       beautify: {
-        files: langs.map(function(lang, i) {
+        files: langs.map(function (lang, i) {
           return {
             src: ['<%= concat.engine.files[' + i + '].dest %>'],
             dest: '<%= concat.engine.files[' + i + '].dest %>'
@@ -199,7 +208,7 @@ module.exports = function(grunt) {
         }
       },
       minify: {
-        files: langs.map(function(lang, i) {
+        files: langs.map(function (lang, i) {
           return {
             src: ['<%= concat.engine.files[' + i + '].dest %>'],
             dest: './axe' + lang + '.min.js'
@@ -224,7 +233,7 @@ module.exports = function(grunt) {
       axe: {
         options: { spawn: false },
         files: ['lib/**/*', 'Gruntfile.js'],
-        tasks: ['build', 'notify', 'test']
+        tasks: ['build', 'prettier', 'notify', 'test']
       },
       tests: {
         options: { spawn: false },
@@ -242,14 +251,23 @@ module.exports = function(grunt) {
     },
     bytesize: {
       all: {
-        src: langs.map(function(lang) {
+        src: langs.map(function (lang) {
           return ['./axe' + lang + '.js', './axe' + lang + '.min.js'];
         })
       }
     }
   });
 
-  grunt.registerTask('translate', ['validate', 'esbuild', 'add-locale']);
+  grunt.registerTask('prettier', '', function () {
+    const results = execSync('npm run postbuild');
+    grunt.log.writeln(results);
+  });
+
+  grunt.registerTask('translate', [
+    'validate',
+    'esbuild',
+    'add-locale:newLang'
+  ]);
   grunt.registerTask('build', [
     'clean:core',
     'validate',
@@ -260,6 +278,8 @@ module.exports = function(grunt) {
     'concat:engine',
     'uglify',
     'aria-supported',
+    'add-locale:template',
+    'prettier',
     'bytesize'
   ]);
   grunt.registerTask('default', ['build']);
diff --git a/LICENSE-3RD-PARTY.txt b/LICENSE-3RD-PARTY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..368c293be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE-3RD-PARTY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+                              MIT License
+  Applies to: 
+  - colorjs.io; Copyright (c) 2021 Lea Verou, Chris Lilley
+  - core-js-pure; Copyright (c) 2014-2023 Denis Pushkarev
+  - css-selector-parser; Copyright (c) 2013 Dulin Marat
+  - doT.js; Copyright (c) 2011 Laura Doktorova
+      Software includes portions from jQote2 Copyright (c) 2010 aefxx,
+      http://aefxx.com/ licensed under the MIT license.
+  - emoji-regex; Copyright (c) Mathias Bynens <https://mathiasbynens.be/>
+  - es6-iterator; Copyright (c) 2013-2017 Mariusz Nowak (www.medikoo.com)
+  - es6-promise;
+      Copyright (c) 2014 Yehuda Katz, Tom Dale, Stefan Penner and contributors
+  - event-emitter; Copyright (C) 2012-2015 Mariusz Nowak (www.medikoo.com)
+  - is-promise; Copyright (c) 2014 Forbes Lindesay
+  - lru-queue; Copyright (C) 2014 Mariusz Nowak (www.medikoo.com)
+  - typedarray;
+      Copyright (c) 2010, Linden Research, Inc.
+      Copyright (c) 2012, Joshua Bell
+  - weakmap-polyfill; Copyright (c) 2015-2021 polygonplanet
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+THE SOFTWARE.
+
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+                              ISC License
+  Applies to: 
+  - d; Copyright (c) 2013-2019, Mariusz Nowak, @medikoo, medikoo.com
+  - es5-ext; Copyright (c) 2011-2022, Mariusz Nowak, @medikoo, medikoo.com
+  - es6-symbol; Copyright (c) 2013-2019, Mariusz Nowak, @medikoo, medikoo.com
+  - es6-weak-map; Copyright (c) 2013-2018, Mariusz Nowak, @medikoo, medikoo.com
+  - ext; Copyright (c) 2011-2022, Mariusz Nowak, @medikoo, medikoo.com
+  - memoizee; Copyright (c) 2012-2018, Mariusz Nowak, @medikoo, medikoo.com
+  - next-tick; Copyright (c) 2012-2020, Mariusz Nowak, @medikoo, medikoo.com
+  - timers-ext; Copyright (c) 2013-2018, Mariusz Nowak, @medikoo, medikoo.com
+  - type; Copyright (c) 2019, Mariusz Nowak, @medikoo, medikoo.com
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
+purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH
+REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
+AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT,
+INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM
+LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE
+OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
+PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 0e4cd696d..f65c5bd43 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
 # a11y-engine-axe-core
-This is a fork of public Axe core repo: 
-https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core
 
+This is a fork of public Axe core repo:
+https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core
 
 ## Pull latest changes from public axe-core repo
 
 ```
 # cd into the repo
-cd a11y-engine-axe-core 
+cd a11y-engine-axe-core
 
 # Add public axe-core repo as remote public
 git remote add public git@github.com:dequelabs/axe-core.git
 
 # Creates a merge commit
-git pull public master 
+git pull public master
 
 # push the changes to internal private repo
 git push origin master
 ```
 
-Axe-core readme: https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/blob/v4.4.2/README.md
\ No newline at end of file
+Axe-core readme: https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/blob/v4.9.0/README.md
diff --git a/SECURITY.md b/SECURITY.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e3dbcfbe3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SECURITY.md
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+## Security
+
+Deque takes the security of our software products and services seriously, which includes all source code repositories managed through our GitHub organization [Dequelabs](https://github.com/dequelabs).
+
+If you believe you have found a security vulnerability in any Deque-owned repository that meets [Deque's definition of a security vulnerability](https://aka.ms/opensource/security/definition), please report it to us as described below.
+
+## Reporting Security Issues
+
+**Please do not report security vulnerabilities through public GitHub issues.**
+
+Instead, email them to Deque Security at [security@deque.com](mailto:security@deque.com).
+
+You should receive a response within 24 business hours. If for some reason you do not, please follow up via email to ensure we received your original message.
+
+Please include the requested information listed below (as much as you can provide) to help us better understand the nature and scope of the possible issue:
+
+- Type of issue (e.g. buffer overflow, SQL injection, cross-site scripting, etc.)
+- Full paths of source file(s) related to the manifestation of the issue
+- The location of the affected source code (tag/branch/commit or direct URL)
+- Any special configuration required to reproduce the issue (e.g. OS, browser, settings, options etc.)
+- Step-by-step instructions to reproduce the issue
+- Proof-of-concept or exploit code (if possible)
+- Impact of the issue, including how an attacker might exploit the issue
+
+This information will help us triage your report more quickly.
+
+We currently do not have a bug bounty program.
+
+## Preferred Languages
+
+We prefer all communications to be in English.
diff --git a/axe-linter.yml b/axe-linter.yml
index 5026b68fc..fbc59ba00 100644
--- a/axe-linter.yml
+++ b/axe-linter.yml
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
 # See: https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=deque-systems.vscode-axe-linter&ssr=false#overview
-exclude:
-  test/**/*
+exclude: test/**/*
diff --git a/axe.d.ts b/axe.d.ts
index 1723a3492..8ecd9de75 100644
--- a/axe.d.ts
+++ b/axe.d.ts
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 // Type definitions for axe-core
 // Project: https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core
-// Definitions by: Marcy Sutton <https://github.com/marcysutton>
 
 declare namespace axe {
   type ImpactValue = 'minor' | 'moderate' | 'serious' | 'critical' | null;
 
   type TagValue = string;
 
-  type ReporterVersion = 'v1' | 'v2' | 'raw' | 'raw-env' | 'no-passes';
+  type ReporterVersion = 'v1' | 'v2' | 'raw' | 'rawEnv' | 'no-passes';
 
   type RunOnlyType = 'rule' | 'rules' | 'tag' | 'tags';
 
@@ -45,23 +44,66 @@ declare namespace axe {
     | 'embedded'
     | 'interactive';
 
+  // Array of length 2 or greater
+  type MultiArray<T> = [T, T, ...T[]];
+
+  // Selectors within a frame
   type BaseSelector = string;
-  type CrossTreeSelector = BaseSelector | BaseSelector[];
-  type CrossFrameSelector = CrossTreeSelector[];
 
-  type ContextObject = {
-    include?: Node | BaseSelector | Array<Node | BaseSelector | BaseSelector[]>;
-    exclude?: Node | BaseSelector | Array<Node | BaseSelector | BaseSelector[]>;
-  };
+  type ShadowDomSelector = MultiArray<BaseSelector>;
+  type CrossTreeSelector = BaseSelector | ShadowDomSelector;
+  type LabelledShadowDomSelector = { fromShadowDom: ShadowDomSelector };
 
-  type SerialContextObject = {
-    include?: BaseSelector | Array<BaseSelector | BaseSelector[]>;
-    exclude?: BaseSelector | Array<BaseSelector | BaseSelector[]>;
-  };
+  // Cross-frame selectors
+  type FramesSelector = Array<CrossTreeSelector | LabelledShadowDomSelector>;
+  type UnlabelledFrameSelector = CrossTreeSelector[];
+  type LabelledFramesSelector = { fromFrames: MultiArray<FramesSelector[0]> };
+  /**
+   * @deprecated Use UnlabelledFrameSelector instead
+   */
+  type CrossFrameSelector = UnlabelledFrameSelector;
 
-  type RunCallback = (error: Error, results: AxeResults) => void;
+  // Context options
+  type Selector =
+    | Node
+    | BaseSelector
+    | LabelledShadowDomSelector
+    | LabelledFramesSelector;
+  type SelectorList = Array<Selector | FramesSelector> | NodeList;
+  type ContextObject =
+    | {
+        include: Selector | SelectorList;
+        exclude?: Selector | SelectorList;
+      }
+    | {
+        exclude: Selector | SelectorList;
+        include?: Selector | SelectorList;
+      };
+  type ElementContext = Selector | SelectorList | ContextObject;
+
+  type SerialSelector =
+    | BaseSelector
+    | LabelledShadowDomSelector
+    | LabelledFramesSelector;
+  type SerialFrameSelector = SerialSelector | FramesSelector;
+  type SerialSelectorList = Array<SerialFrameSelector>;
+
+  type SerialContextObject =
+    | {
+        include: SerialSelector | SerialSelectorList;
+        exclude?: SerialSelector | SerialSelectorList;
+      }
+    | {
+        exclude: SerialSelector | SerialSelectorList;
+        include?: SerialSelector | SerialSelectorList;
+      };
+
+  interface FrameContextObject {
+    include: UnlabelledFrameSelector[];
+    exclude: UnlabelledFrameSelector[];
+  }
 
-  type ElementContext = Node | NodeList | string | ContextObject;
+  type RunCallback<T = AxeResults> = (error: Error, results: T) => void;
 
   interface TestEngine {
     name: string;
@@ -89,7 +131,7 @@ declare namespace axe {
   interface RunOptions {
     runOnly?: RunOnly | TagValue[] | string[] | string;
     rules?: RuleObject;
-    reporter?: ReporterVersion;
+    reporter?: ReporterVersion | string;
     resultTypes?: resultGroups[];
     selectors?: boolean;
     ancestry?: boolean;
@@ -121,9 +163,9 @@ declare namespace axe {
   interface NodeResult {
     html: string;
     impact?: ImpactValue;
-    target: string[];
+    target: UnlabelledFrameSelector;
     xpath?: string[];
-    ancestry?: string[];
+    ancestry?: UnlabelledFrameSelector;
     any: CheckResult[];
     all: CheckResult[];
     none: CheckResult[];
@@ -138,8 +180,11 @@ declare namespace axe {
     relatedNodes?: RelatedNode[];
   }
   interface RelatedNode {
-    target: string[];
     html: string;
+    target: UnlabelledFrameSelector;
+    xpath?: string[];
+    ancestry?: UnlabelledFrameSelector;
+    element?: HTMLElement;
   }
   interface RuleLocale {
     [key: string]: {
@@ -147,12 +192,13 @@ declare namespace axe {
       help: string;
     };
   }
+  interface CheckMessages {
+    pass: string | { [key: string]: string };
+    fail: string | { [key: string]: string };
+    incomplete?: string | { [key: string]: string };
+  }
   interface CheckLocale {
-    [key: string]: {
-      pass: string | { [key: string]: string };
-      fail: string | { [key: string]: string };
-      incomplete: string | { [key: string]: string };
-    };
+    [key: string]: CheckMessages;
   }
   interface Locale {
     lang?: string;
@@ -194,7 +240,7 @@ declare namespace axe {
   }
   interface Spec {
     branding?: string | Branding;
-    reporter?: ReporterVersion;
+    reporter?: ReporterVersion | string | AxeReporter;
     checks?: Check[];
     rules?: Rule[];
     standards?: Standards;
@@ -213,13 +259,38 @@ declare namespace axe {
     brand?: string;
     application?: string;
   }
+  interface CheckHelper {
+    async: () => (result: boolean | undefined | Error) => void;
+    data: (data: unknown) => void;
+    relatedNodes: (nodes: Element[]) => void;
+  }
+  interface AfterResult {
+    id: string;
+    data?: unknown;
+    relatedNodes: SerialDqElement[];
+    result: boolean | undefined;
+    node: SerialDqElement;
+  }
   interface Check {
     id: string;
-    evaluate?: Function | string;
-    after?: Function | string;
+    evaluate?:
+      | string
+      | ((
+          this: CheckHelper,
+          node: Element,
+          options: unknown,
+          virtualNode: VirtualNode
+        ) => boolean | undefined | void);
+    after?:
+      | string
+      | ((results: AfterResult[], options: unknown) => AfterResult[]);
     options?: any;
     matches?: string;
     enabled?: boolean;
+    metadata?: {
+      impact?: ImpactValue;
+      messages?: CheckMessages;
+    };
   }
   interface Rule {
     id: string;
@@ -232,7 +303,10 @@ declare namespace axe {
     all?: string[];
     none?: string[];
     tags?: string[];
-    matches?: string;
+    matches?: string | ((node: Element, virtualNode: VirtualNode) => boolean);
+    reviewOnFail?: boolean;
+    actIds?: string[];
+    metadata?: Omit<RuleMetadata, 'ruleId' | 'tags' | 'actIds'>;
   }
   interface AxePlugin {
     id: string;
@@ -249,13 +323,22 @@ declare namespace axe {
     help: string;
     helpUrl: string;
     tags: string[];
+    actIds?: string[];
   }
   interface SerialDqElement {
     source: string;
     nodeIndexes: number[];
-    selector: CrossFrameSelector;
+    selector: UnlabelledFrameSelector;
     xpath: string[];
-    ancestry: CrossFrameSelector;
+    ancestry: UnlabelledFrameSelector;
+  }
+  interface DqElement extends SerialDqElement {
+    element: Element;
+    toJSON(): SerialDqElement;
+    mergeSpecs(
+      childSpec: SerialDqElement,
+      parentSpec: SerialDqElement
+    ): SerialDqElement;
   }
   interface PartialRuleResult {
     id: string;
@@ -272,15 +355,95 @@ declare namespace axe {
   type PartialResults = Array<PartialResult | null>;
   interface FrameContext {
     frameSelector: CrossTreeSelector;
-    frameContext: SerialContextObject;
+    frameContext: FrameContextObject;
+  }
+
+  interface RawCheckResult extends Omit<CheckResult, 'relatedNodes'> {
+    relatedNodes?: Array<SerialDqElement | DqElement>;
+  }
+
+  interface RawNodeResult<T extends 'passed' | 'failed' | 'incomplete'> {
+    node: SerialDqElement | DqElement;
+    any: RawCheckResult[];
+    all: RawCheckResult[];
+    none: RawCheckResult[];
+    impact: ImpactValue | null;
+    result: T;
+  }
+
+  interface RawResult extends Omit<Result, 'nodes'> {
+    inapplicable: Array<never>;
+    passes: RawNodeResult<'passed'>[];
+    incomplete: RawNodeResult<'incomplete'>[];
+    violations: RawNodeResult<'failed'>[];
+    pageLevel: boolean;
+    result: 'failed' | 'passed' | 'incomplete' | 'inapplicable';
+  }
+
+  type AxeReporter<T = unknown> = (
+    rawResults: RawResult[],
+    option: RunOptions,
+    resolve: (report: T) => void,
+    reject: (error: Error) => void
+  ) => void;
+
+  interface VirtualNode {
+    actualNode?: Node;
+    shadowId?: string;
+    children?: VirtualNode[];
+    parent?: VirtualNode;
+    attr(attr: string): string | null;
+    hasAttr(attr: string): boolean;
+    props: { [key: string]: unknown };
+    boundingClientRect: DOMRect;
   }
+
   interface Utils {
     getFrameContexts: (
       context?: ElementContext,
       options?: RunOptions
     ) => FrameContext[];
     shadowSelect: (selector: CrossTreeSelector) => Element | null;
+    shadowSelectAll: (selector: CrossTreeSelector) => Element[];
+    getStandards(): Required<Standards>;
+    DqElement: new (
+      elm: Element,
+      options?: { absolutePaths?: boolean }
+    ) => DqElement;
+    uuid: (
+      options?: { random?: Uint8Array | Array<number> },
+      buf?: Uint8Array | Array<number>,
+      offset?: number
+    ) => string | Uint8Array | Array<number>;
   }
+
+  interface Aria {
+    getRoleType: (role: string | Element | VirtualNode | null) => string | null;
+  }
+
+  interface Dom {
+    isFocusable: (node: Element | VirtualNode) => boolean;
+    isNativelyFocusable: (node: Element | VirtualNode) => boolean;
+  }
+
+  type AccessibleTextOptions = {
+    inControlContext?: boolean;
+    inLabelledByContext?: boolean;
+  };
+
+  interface Text {
+    accessibleText: (
+      element: Element,
+      options?: AccessibleTextOptions
+    ) => string;
+  }
+
+  interface Commons {
+    aria: Aria;
+    dom: Dom;
+    text: Text;
+  }
+
   interface EnvironmentData {
     testEngine: TestEngine;
     testRunner: TestRunner;
@@ -292,6 +455,7 @@ declare namespace axe {
   let version: string;
   let plugins: any;
   let utils: Utils;
+  let commons: Commons;
 
   /**
    * Source string to use as an injected script in Selenium
@@ -311,19 +475,27 @@ declare namespace axe {
    * @param   {RunCallback}    callback Optional The function to invoke when analysis is complete.
    * @returns {Promise<AxeResults>|void} If the callback was not defined, axe will return a Promise.
    */
-  function run(context?: ElementContext): Promise<AxeResults>;
-  function run(options: RunOptions): Promise<AxeResults>;
-  function run(callback: (error: Error, results: AxeResults) => void): void;
-  function run(context: ElementContext, callback: RunCallback): void;
-  function run(options: RunOptions, callback: RunCallback): void;
-  function run(
+  function run<T = AxeResults>(context?: ElementContext): Promise<T>;
+  function run<T = AxeResults>(options: RunOptions): Promise<T>;
+  function run<T = AxeResults>(
+    callback: (error: Error, results: T) => void
+  ): void;
+  function run<T = AxeResults>(
+    context: ElementContext,
+    callback: RunCallback<T>
+  ): void;
+  function run<T = AxeResults>(
+    options: RunOptions,
+    callback: RunCallback<T>
+  ): void;
+  function run<T = AxeResults>(
     context: ElementContext,
     options: RunOptions
-  ): Promise<AxeResults>;
-  function run(
+  ): Promise<T>;
+  function run<T = AxeResults>(
     context: ElementContext,
     options: RunOptions,
-    callback: RunCallback
+    callback: RunCallback<T>
   ): void;
 
   /**
@@ -382,6 +554,35 @@ declare namespace axe {
    */
   function frameMessenger(frameMessenger: FrameMessenger): void;
 
+  /**
+   * Setup axe-core so axe.common functions can work properly.
+   */
+  function setup(node?: Element | Document): VirtualNode;
+
+  /**
+   * Clean up axe-core tree and caches. `axe.run` will call this function at the end of the run so there's no need to call it yourself afterwards.
+   */
+  function teardown(): void;
+
+  /**
+   * Check if a reporter is registered
+   */
+  function hasReporter(reporterName: string): boolean;
+
+  /**
+   * Get a reporter based the name it is registered with
+   */
+  function getReporter<T>(reporterName: string): AxeReporter<T>;
+
+  /**
+   * Register a new reporter, optionally setting it as the default
+   */
+  function addReporter<T>(
+    reporterName: string,
+    reporter: AxeReporter<T>,
+    isDefault?: boolean
+  ): void;
+
   // axe.frameMessenger
   type FrameMessenger = {
     open: (topicHandler: TopicHandler) => Close | void;
diff --git a/bower.json b/bower.json
index 69710116d..bff620abe 100644
--- a/bower.json
+++ b/bower.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "axe-core",
-  "version": "4.4.2",
+  "version": "4.9.0",
+  "deprecated": true,
   "contributors": [
     {
       "name": "David Sturley",
diff --git a/build/build-manual.js b/build/build-manual.js
index 4d6817467..d86ee1d3c 100644
--- a/build/build-manual.js
+++ b/build/build-manual.js
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ module.exports = function build(grunt, options, commons, callback) {
 
   function parseObject(src) {
     var files = grunt.file.expand(src);
-    return files.map(function(file) {
+    return files.map(function (file) {
       var json = grunt.file.readJSON(file);
       var dirname = path.dirname(file);
-      Object.keys(templates).forEach(function(templateName) {
+      Object.keys(templates).forEach(function (templateName) {
         if (json[templateName] && json[templateName].endsWith('.js')) {
           json[templateName] = path.resolve(dirname, json[templateName]);
           if (options.getFiles) {
diff --git a/build/check-node-version.js b/build/check-node-version.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..53f7cce71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/build/check-node-version.js
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#! /usr/bin/env node
+
+const currentVersion = process.version.replace('v', '');
+
+const minimumVersionMajor = 18;
+const currentVersionMajor = parseInt(currentVersion.split('.')[0]);
+
+const usesMinimumVersion = currentVersionMajor >= minimumVersionMajor;
+
+if (usesMinimumVersion) {
+  process.exit();
+}
+
+console.error(
+  '' +
+    'Error: You are using Node.js version ' +
+    currentVersion +
+    ', but you need ' +
+    'Node.js version ' +
+    minimumVersionMajor +
+    ' or higher to build and/or test axe-core.' +
+    '\n\n' +
+    'Install Node.js version ' +
+    minimumVersionMajor +
+    ' or higher and try again.' +
+    '\n\n' +
+    'You can use nvm (https://github.com/creationix/nvm) to update your Node.js version ' +
+    ''
+);
+
+process.exit(1);
diff --git a/build/cherry-pick.js b/build/cherry-pick.js
index 4043a7863..2b3dc2afe 100644
--- a/build/cherry-pick.js
+++ b/build/cherry-pick.js
@@ -29,9 +29,7 @@ if (ignoreCommits) {
 }
 
 // don't run on master or develop branch
-const currentBranch = execSync('git branch --show-current')
-  .toString()
-  .trim();
+const currentBranch = execSync('git branch --show-current').toString().trim();
 if (['develop', 'master'].includes(currentBranch)) {
   console.error(
     `Please run the script on a release branch and not the ${currentBranch} branch`
@@ -47,7 +45,11 @@ let targetVersion = releaseType === 'patch' ? version : `${major}.${minor}.0`;
 
 // get all commits from a branch
 function getCommits(branch) {
-  const stdout = execSync(`git log ${branch || ''} --abbrev-commit`).toString();
+  // all commits are too large for execSync buffer size so we'll just get since the last 3 years
+  const date = new Date(new Date().setFullYear(new Date().getFullYear() - 3));
+  const stdout = execSync(
+    `git log ${branch || ''} --abbrev-commit --since=${date.getFullYear()}`
+  ).toString();
   const allCommits = stdout
     .split(/commit (?=[\w\d]{8}[\n\r])/)
     .filter(commit => !!commit);
@@ -60,20 +62,15 @@ function getCommits(branch) {
     const hash = commit.substring(0, 8);
     const msg = commit.substring(commit.indexOf('\n\n')).trim();
 
-    const {
-      type,
-      scope,
-      subject,
-      merge,
-      notes
-    } = conventionalCommitsParser.sync(msg, {
-      // parse merge commits
-      mergePattern: /^Merge pull request #(\d+) from (.*)$/,
-      mergeCorrespondence: ['id', 'source'],
-
-      // allow comma in scope
-      headerPattern: /^(\w*)(?:\(([\w\$\.\-\*, ]*)\))?\: (.*)$/
-    });
+    const { type, scope, subject, merge, notes } =
+      conventionalCommitsParser.sync(msg, {
+        // parse merge commits
+        mergePattern: /^Merge pull request #(\d+) from (.*)$/,
+        mergeCorrespondence: ['id', 'source'],
+
+        // allow comma in scope
+        headerPattern: /^(\w*)(?:\(([\w\$\.\-\*, ]*)\))?\: (.*)$/
+      });
 
     const isBreakingChange = notes.some(
       note => note.title === 'BREAKING CHANGE'
diff --git a/build/configure.js b/build/configure.js
index 1dfc2c7d6..ca3241fbd 100644
--- a/build/configure.js
+++ b/build/configure.js
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ var clone = require('clone');
 var doT = require('@deque/dot');
 var templates = require('./templates');
 var buildManual = require('./build-manual');
-var entities = new (require('html-entities').AllHtmlEntities)();
+var { encode } = require('html-entities');
 var packageJSON = require('../package.json');
 var doTRegex = /\{\{.+?\}\}/g;
 
@@ -34,17 +34,14 @@ function getLocale(grunt, options) {
 }
 
 function makeHeaderLink(title) {
-  return title
-    .replace(/ /g, '-')
-    .replace(/[\.&]/g, '')
-    .toLowerCase();
+  return title.replace(/ /g, '-').replace(/[\.&]/g, '').toLowerCase();
 }
 
 function buildRules(grunt, options, commons, callback) {
   var axeImpact = Object.freeze(['minor', 'moderate', 'serious', 'critical']); // TODO: require('../axe') does not work if grunt configure is moved after uglify, npm test breaks with undefined. Complicated grunt concurrency issue.
   var locale = getLocale(grunt, options);
   options.getFiles = false;
-  buildManual(grunt, options, commons, function(result) {
+  buildManual(grunt, options, commons, function (build) {
     var metadata = {
       rules: {},
       checks: {}
@@ -58,6 +55,12 @@ function buildRules(grunt, options, commons, callback) {
         title: 'WCAG 2.1 Level A & AA Rules',
         rules: []
       },
+      wcag22: {
+        title: 'WCAG 2.2 Level A & AA Rules',
+        intro:
+          'These rules are disabled by default, until WCAG 2.2 is more widely adopted and required.',
+        rules: []
+      },
       bestPractice: {
         title: 'Best Practices Rules',
         intro:
@@ -65,21 +68,21 @@ function buildRules(grunt, options, commons, callback) {
         rules: []
       },
       wcag2aaa: {
-        title: 'WCAG 2.0 and 2.1 level AAA rules',
+        title: 'WCAG 2.x level AAA rules',
         intro:
-          'Rules that check for conformance to WCAG AAA success criteria that can be fully automated.',
+          'Rules that check for conformance to WCAG AAA success criteria that can be fully automated. These are disabled by default in axe-core.',
         rules: []
       },
       experimental: {
         title: 'Experimental Rules',
         intro:
-          'Rules we are still testing and developing. They are not enabled by default in axe-core, but are enabled for the axe browser extensions.',
+          'Rules we are still testing and developing. They are disabled by default in axe-core, but are enabled for the axe browser extensions.',
         rules: []
       },
       deprecated: {
         title: 'Deprecated Rules',
         intro:
-          'Deprecated rules are not enabled by default and will be removed in the next major release.',
+          'Deprecated rules are disabled by default and will be removed in the next major release.',
         rules: []
       }
     };
@@ -93,13 +96,13 @@ function buildRules(grunt, options, commons, callback) {
       .join('\n');
 
     var tags = options.tags ? options.tags.split(/\s*,\s*/) : [];
-    var rules = result.rules;
-    var checks = result.checks;
+    var rules = build.rules;
+    var checks = build.checks;
 
     // Translate checks before parsing them so that translations
     // get applied to the metadata object
     if (locale && locale.checks) {
-      checks.forEach(function(check) {
+      checks.forEach(function (check) {
         if (locale.checks[check.id] && check.metadata) {
           check.metadata.messages = locale.checks[check.id];
         }
@@ -110,14 +113,14 @@ function buildRules(grunt, options, commons, callback) {
 
     function parseMetaData(source, propType) {
       var data = source.metadata;
-      var key = source.id || source.type;
-      if (key && locale && locale[propType] && propType !== 'checks') {
-        data = locale[propType][key] || data;
+      var id = source.id || source.type;
+      if (id && locale && locale[propType] && propType !== 'checks') {
+        data = locale[propType][id] || data;
       }
       var result = clone(data) || {};
 
       if (result.messages) {
-        Object.keys(result.messages).forEach(function(key) {
+        Object.keys(result.messages).forEach(function (key) {
           // only convert to templated function for strings
           // objects handled later in publish-metadata.js
           if (
@@ -139,7 +142,7 @@ function buildRules(grunt, options, commons, callback) {
 
     function createFailureSummaryObject(summaries) {
       var result = {};
-      summaries.forEach(function(summary) {
+      summaries.forEach(function (summary) {
         if (summary.type) {
           result[summary.type] = parseMetaData(summary, 'failureSummaries');
         }
@@ -148,8 +151,8 @@ function buildRules(grunt, options, commons, callback) {
     }
 
     function getIncompleteMsg(summaries) {
-      var summary = summaries.find(function(summary) {
-        return typeof summary.incompleteFallbackMessage === 'string';
+      var summary = summaries.find(function (element) {
+        return typeof element.incompleteFallbackMessage === 'string';
       });
       return summary ? summary.incompleteFallbackMessage : '';
     }
@@ -158,16 +161,17 @@ function buildRules(grunt, options, commons, callback) {
       return string
         .replace(
           /"(evaluate|after|gather|matches|source|commons)":\s*("[^"]+?.js")/g,
-          function(m, p1, p2) {
+          function (m, p1, p2) {
             return m.replace(p2, getSource(p2.replace(/^"|"$/g, ''), p1));
           }
         )
-        .replace(/"(function anonymous\([\s\S]+?\) {)([\s\S]+?)(})"/g, function(
-          m
-        ) {
-          return JSON.parse(m);
-        })
-        .replace(/"(\(function \(\) {)([\s\S]+?)(}\)\(\))"/g, function(m) {
+        .replace(
+          /"(function anonymous\([\s\S]+?\) {)([\s\S]+?)(})"/g,
+          function (m) {
+            return JSON.parse(m);
+          }
+        )
+        .replace(/"(\(function \(\) {)([\s\S]+?)(}\)\(\))"/g, function (m) {
           return JSON.parse(m);
         });
     }
@@ -180,8 +184,8 @@ function buildRules(grunt, options, commons, callback) {
       });
     }
 
-    function findCheck(checks, id) {
-      return checks.filter(function(check) {
+    function findCheck(checkCollection, id) {
+      return checkCollection.filter(function (check) {
         if (check.id === id) {
           return true;
         }
@@ -196,7 +200,7 @@ function buildRules(grunt, options, commons, callback) {
     }
 
     function parseChecks(collection) {
-      return collection.map(function(check) {
+      return collection.map(function (check) {
         var c = {};
         var id = typeof check === 'string' ? check : check.id;
         var definition = clone(findCheck(checks, id));
@@ -215,7 +219,7 @@ function buildRules(grunt, options, commons, callback) {
     }
 
     function traverseChecks(checkCollection, predicate, startValue) {
-      return checkCollection.reduce(function(out, check) {
+      return checkCollection.reduce(function (out, check) {
         var id = typeof check === 'string' ? check : check.id;
         var definition = clone(findCheck(checks, id));
         if (!definition) {
@@ -234,7 +238,7 @@ function buildRules(grunt, options, commons, callback) {
       }
 
       function getUniqueArr(arr) {
-        return arr.filter(function(value, index, self) {
+        return arr.filter(function (value, index, self) {
           return self.indexOf(value) === index;
         });
       }
@@ -266,7 +270,7 @@ function buildRules(grunt, options, commons, callback) {
         .concat(allUniqueImpactsForRuleTypeNone);
       var cumulativeScores = getUniqueArr(cumulativeImpacts).sort(); //order lowest to highest
 
-      return cumulativeScores.reduce(function(out, cV) {
+      return cumulativeScores.reduce(function (out, cV) {
         return out.length
           ? out + ', ' + capitalize(axeImpact[cV])
           : capitalize(axeImpact[cV]);
@@ -320,7 +324,7 @@ function buildRules(grunt, options, commons, callback) {
       return actLinks.join(', ');
     }
 
-    rules.map(function(rule) {
+    rules.map(function (rule) {
       var impact = parseImpactForRule(rule);
       var canFail = parseFailureForRule(rule);
       var canIncomplete = parseIncompleteForRule(rule);
@@ -332,19 +336,21 @@ function buildRules(grunt, options, commons, callback) {
         metadata.rules[rule.id] = parseMetaData(rule, 'rules'); // Translate rules
       }
 
-      var rules;
+      var result;
       if (rule.tags.includes('deprecated')) {
-        rules = descriptions.deprecated.rules;
+        result = descriptions.deprecated.rules;
       } else if (rule.tags.includes('experimental')) {
-        rules = descriptions.experimental.rules;
+        result = descriptions.experimental.rules;
       } else if (rule.tags.find(tag => tag.includes('aaa'))) {
-        rules = descriptions.wcag2aaa.rules;
+        result = descriptions.wcag2aaa.rules;
       } else if (rule.tags.includes('best-practice')) {
-        rules = descriptions.bestPractice.rules;
+        result = descriptions.bestPractice.rules;
       } else if (rule.tags.find(tag => tag.startsWith('wcag2a'))) {
-        rules = descriptions.wcag20.rules;
+        result = descriptions.wcag20.rules;
+      } else if (rule.tags.find(tag => tag.startsWith('wcag21a'))) {
+        result = descriptions.wcag21.rules;
       } else {
-        rules = descriptions.wcag21.rules;
+        result = descriptions.wcag22.rules;
       }
 
       var issueType = [];
@@ -357,16 +363,16 @@ function buildRules(grunt, options, commons, callback) {
 
       var actLinks = createActLinksForRule(rule);
 
-      rules.push([
+      result.push([
         `[${rule.id}](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/${axeVersion}/${rule.id}?application=RuleDescription)`,
-        entities.encode(rule.metadata.description),
+        encode(rule.metadata.description),
         impact,
         rule.tags.join(', '),
         issueType.join(', '),
         actLinks
       ]);
       if (tags.length) {
-        rule.enabled = !!rule.tags.filter(function(t) {
+        rule.enabled = !!rule.tags.filter(function (t) {
           return tags.indexOf(t) !== -1;
         }).length;
       }
@@ -387,7 +393,7 @@ ${
     ? descriptionTableHeader
     : '_There are no matching rules_'
 }${description.rules
-          .map(function(row) {
+          .map(function (row) {
             return '| ' + row.join(' | ') + ' |';
           })
           .join('\n')}`;
@@ -395,6 +401,8 @@ ${
       .join('\n\n');
 
     var descriptions = `
+<!--- This file is automatically generated using build/configure.js --->
+
 # Rule Descriptions
 
 ## Table of Contents
@@ -402,8 +410,8 @@ ${TOC}
 ${ruleTables}`;
 
     // Translate failureSummaries
-    metadata.failureSummaries = createFailureSummaryObject(result.misc);
-    metadata.incompleteFallbackMessage = getIncompleteMsg(result.misc);
+    metadata.failureSummaries = createFailureSummaryObject(build.misc);
+    metadata.incompleteFallbackMessage = getIncompleteMsg(build.misc);
 
     callback({
       auto: replaceFunctions(
diff --git a/build/rule-generator.js b/build/rule-generator.js
index 208a488f0..ee2c8eca7 100644
--- a/build/rule-generator.js
+++ b/build/rule-generator.js
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ async function run() {
     const result = await Promise.all(
       files.map(async meta => {
         const path = `${meta.dir}/${meta.name}`;
-        const content = meta.content;
+        const content = meta.content + '\n';
         await createFile(path, content);
         return path;
       })
diff --git a/build/rule-generator/get-answers.js b/build/rule-generator/get-answers.js
index 7aafa5f32..1850071a8 100644
--- a/build/rule-generator/get-answers.js
+++ b/build/rule-generator/get-answers.js
@@ -41,13 +41,11 @@ const getAnswers = async () => {
   }
 
   // answers if TEST files to be created
-  const {
-    getIsUnitTestAssets,
-    getIsIntegrationTestAssets
-  } = await inquirer.prompt([
-    questions.getIsUnitTestAssets,
-    questions.getIsIntegrationTestAssets
-  ]);
+  const { getIsUnitTestAssets, getIsIntegrationTestAssets } =
+    await inquirer.prompt([
+      questions.getIsUnitTestAssets,
+      questions.getIsIntegrationTestAssets
+    ]);
 
   return {
     ruleName: getRuleName.toLowerCase(),
diff --git a/build/rule-generator/get-files-metadata.js b/build/rule-generator/get-files-metadata.js
index cc396ad1f..50abce309 100644
--- a/build/rule-generator/get-files-metadata.js
+++ b/build/rule-generator/get-files-metadata.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 const directories = require('./directories');
+const outdent = require('outdent');
 
 /**
  * Helper to convert a given string to camel case (split by hyphens if any)
@@ -23,8 +24,9 @@ const getRuleSpecFileMeta = (ruleName, ruleHasMatches, ruleChecks) => {
     name: `${ruleName}.json`,
     content: JSON.stringify(
       {
-        id: `${ruleName}`,
-        selector: '',
+        id: ruleName,
+        impact: '',
+        selector: '*',
         ...(ruleHasMatches && {
           matches: `${ruleName}-matches`
         }),
@@ -70,15 +72,13 @@ const getRuleMatchesFileMeta = (
     const fnName = `${camelCase(ruleName)}Matches`;
     const ruleMatchesJs = {
       name: `${ruleName}-matches.js`,
-      content: `
-			// TODO: Filter node(s)	
-			
-			function ${fnName}(node, virtualNode) {
-				return node
-			}
+      content: outdent`
+        // TODO: Filter node(s)	
 
-			export default ${fnName}
-			`,
+        export default function ${fnName}(node, virtualNode) {
+          return true;
+        }
+      `,
       dir: directories.rules
     };
     files.push(ruleMatchesJs);
@@ -87,12 +87,18 @@ const getRuleMatchesFileMeta = (
   if (ruleHasUnitTestAssets) {
     const ruleMatchesTestJs = {
       name: `${ruleName}-matches.js`,
-      content: `
-			describe('${ruleName}-matches', function() {
-				'use strict';
-				// TODO: Write tests
-			})
-			`,
+      content: outdent`
+        describe('${ruleName}-matches', () => {
+          const rule = axe.utils.getRule('${ruleName}');
+          const { queryFixture } = axe.testUtils;
+        
+          // TODO: Replace with real tests
+          it('returns false for paragraphs', () => {
+            const vNode = queryFixture('<p id="target">Hello world</p>');
+            assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
+          });
+        });
+      `,
       dir: directories.testRuleMatches
     };
     files.push(ruleMatchesTestJs);
@@ -116,7 +122,6 @@ const getCheckSpecFileMeta = (name, dir) => {
         id: `${name}`,
         evaluate: `${name}-evaluate`,
         metadata: {
-          impact: '',
           messages: {
             pass: '',
             fail: '',
@@ -142,13 +147,12 @@ const getCheckJsFileMeta = (name, dir) => {
   const fnName = `${camelCase(name)}Evaluate`;
   return {
     name: `${name}-evaluate.js`,
-    content: `
-		// TODO: Logic for check
-		function ${fnName}(node, options, virtualNode) {
-			return true
-		}
-		export default ${fnName};
-		`,
+    content: outdent`
+      // TODO: Logic for check
+      export default function ${fnName}(node, options, virtualNode) {
+        return true
+      }
+    `,
     dir
   };
 };
@@ -163,12 +167,24 @@ const getCheckJsFileMeta = (name, dir) => {
 const getCheckTestJsFileMeta = (name, dir) => {
   return {
     name: `${name}.js`,
-    content: `
-		describe('${name} tests', function() {
-			'use strict';
-			// TODO: Write tests
-		})
-		`,
+    content: outdent`
+      describe('${name} tests', () => {
+        const { checkSetup, getCheckEvaluate } = axe.testUtils;
+        const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+        const checkEvaluate = getCheckEvaluate('${name}');
+
+        afterEach(() => {
+          checkContext.reset();
+        });
+
+        // TODO: Replace this with real tests for this check
+        it('returns false when img has no alt', () => {
+          const params = checkSetup('<img id="target" />');
+          assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+          assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { messageKey: 'missing-alt' });
+        });
+      });
+    `,
     dir
   };
 };
diff --git a/build/rule-generator/questions.js b/build/rule-generator/questions.js
index 4b0f15fc6..dc5e665d0 100644
--- a/build/rule-generator/questions.js
+++ b/build/rule-generator/questions.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 const fs = require('fs');
-const globby = require('globby');
+const { glob } = require('glob');
 const directories = require('./directories');
 
 /**
@@ -33,9 +33,7 @@ const validateGetRuleName = async input => {
     throw new Error(`RULE name conflicts with an existing rule's filename.`);
   }
   // 3) ensure no rule id overlaps
-  const ruleSpecs = await globby(directories.rules, {
-    expandDirectories: { extensions: ['json'] }
-  });
+  const ruleSpecs = await glob(`${directories.rules}/**/*.json`);
   const axeRulesIds = ruleSpecs.reduce((out, specPath) => {
     const spec = require(specPath);
     out.push(spec.id);
@@ -64,24 +62,16 @@ const validateGetCheckName = async input => {
     );
   }
   // 2) ensure no check filename overlaps
-  const checkSpecs = await globby(directories.checks, {
-    expandDirectories: { extensions: ['json'] }
-  });
+  const checkSpecs = await glob(`${directories.checks}/**/*.json`);
   // cannot use `fs.existsSync` here, as we do not know which category of checks to look under
   const axeChecksFileNames = checkSpecs.map(
-    f =>
-      f
-        .replace('.json', '')
-        .split('/')
-        .reverse()[0]
+    f => f.replace('.json', '').split('/').reverse()[0]
   );
   if (axeChecksFileNames.includes(checkName)) {
     throw new Error('CHECK name conflicts with an existing filename.');
   }
   // 3) ensure no check id overlaps
-  const ruleSpecs = await globby(directories.rules, {
-    expandDirectories: { extensions: ['json'] }
-  });
+  const ruleSpecs = await glob(`${directories.rules}/**/*.json`);
   const axe = require(directories.axePath);
   const axeChecksIds = ruleSpecs.reduce((out, specPath) => {
     const spec = require(specPath);
diff --git a/build/shared/create-file.js b/build/shared/create-file.js
index d5faccff3..ea459da27 100644
--- a/build/shared/create-file.js
+++ b/build/shared/create-file.js
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
-const fs = require('fs');
-const { promisify } = require('util');
-const { dirname: getDirName } = require('path');
-const makeDir = require('make-dir');
-const writeFile = promisify(fs.writeFile);
+const { promises: fs } = require('fs');
+const { dirname } = require('path');
 
 /**
  * Create file with given contents at specified location
@@ -12,6 +9,8 @@ const writeFile = promisify(fs.writeFile);
  * @returns {Promise}
  */
 const createFile = (path, content) =>
-  makeDir(getDirName(path)).then(() => writeFile(path, content));
+  fs
+    .mkdir(dirname(path), { recursive: true })
+    .then(() => fs.writeFile(path, content));
 
 module.exports = createFile;
diff --git a/build/sri-update.js b/build/sri-update.js
index dc9d9b73d..e6e3d7048 100644
--- a/build/sri-update.js
+++ b/build/sri-update.js
@@ -7,13 +7,14 @@
  *
  * When running `npm run release`, this script will execute and
  * update sri-history.json with the SRIs of axe{.*}.js.
+ * @deprecated
  */
 var path = require('path');
 var fs = require('fs');
 var sriToolbox = require('sri-toolbox');
 
 // Check if we should be validating or updating
-var validate = process.argv.some(function(arg) {
+var validate = process.argv.some(function (arg) {
   return arg === '--validate';
 });
 
@@ -27,11 +28,11 @@ if (typeof axeHistory[axeVersion] !== 'object') {
 var versionSRIs = axeHistory[axeVersion];
 
 // List all axe files (including minified and localized axe files)
-var axeFiles = fs.readdirSync(root).filter(function(file) {
+var axeFiles = fs.readdirSync(root).filter(function (file) {
   return file.match(/^axe(\.[a-z.-]+)?\.js$/);
 });
 
-axeFiles.forEach(function(axeFile) {
+axeFiles.forEach(function (axeFile) {
   var axeSource = fs.readFileSync(path.join(root, axeFile), 'utf-8');
   var axeIntegrity = sriToolbox.generate({ algorithms: ['sha256'] }, axeSource);
 
diff --git a/build/tasks/add-locale.js b/build/tasks/add-locale.js
index a91d287b2..35e15e75d 100644
--- a/build/tasks/add-locale.js
+++ b/build/tasks/add-locale.js
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
 var clone = require('clone');
 var buildManual = require('../build-manual');
 
-module.exports = function(grunt) {
+module.exports = function (grunt) {
   function mergeMessages(newMessages, oldMessages) {
-    Object.keys(newMessages).forEach(function(key) {
+    Object.keys(newMessages).forEach(function (key) {
       if (!oldMessages.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
         return;
       }
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ module.exports = function(grunt) {
   grunt.registerMultiTask(
     'add-locale',
     'Task for localizing messages in rules and checks',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var options = this.options({
         rules: ['lib/rules/**/*.json'],
         checks: ['lib/checks/**/*.json'],
@@ -41,27 +41,27 @@ module.exports = function(grunt) {
         lang: 'xxx'
       });
 
-      this.files.forEach(function(file) {
+      this.files.forEach(function (file) {
         var commons = file.src[0];
 
-        buildManual(grunt, options, commons, function(result) {
-          var out = {
+        buildManual(grunt, options, commons, function (result) {
+          var locale = {
             lang: options.lang,
-            rules: result.rules.reduce(function(out, rule) {
+            rules: result.rules.reduce(function (out, rule) {
               out[rule.id] = rule.metadata;
               return out;
             }, {}),
-            checks: result.checks.reduce(function(out, check) {
+            checks: result.checks.reduce(function (out, check) {
               if (check.metadata) {
                 out[check.id] = check.metadata.messages;
               }
               return out;
             }, {}),
-            failureSummaries: result.misc.reduce(function(out, misc) {
+            failureSummaries: result.misc.reduce(function (out, misc) {
               out[misc.type] = misc.metadata;
               return out;
             }, {}),
-            incompleteFallbackMessage: result.misc.reduce(function(out, misc) {
+            incompleteFallbackMessage: result.misc.reduce(function (out, misc) {
               return misc.incompleteFallbackMessage
                 ? misc.incompleteFallbackMessage
                 : out;
@@ -74,10 +74,10 @@ module.exports = function(grunt) {
             var oldMessages = grunt.file.readJSON(localeFile);
 
             // mergeMessages mutates out
-            mergeMessages(out, oldMessages);
+            mergeMessages(locale, oldMessages);
           }
 
-          grunt.file.write(file.dest, JSON.stringify(out, null, '  '));
+          grunt.file.write(file.dest, JSON.stringify(locale, null, '  '));
           console.log('created file at', file.dest);
         });
       });
diff --git a/build/tasks/aria-supported.js b/build/tasks/aria-supported.js
index cccf92ebb..257b52ed5 100644
--- a/build/tasks/aria-supported.js
+++ b/build/tasks/aria-supported.js
@@ -2,20 +2,20 @@
 'use strict';
 
 const { roles, aria: props } = require('aria-query');
-const mdTable = require('markdown-table');
 const format = require('../shared/format');
 
-module.exports = function(grunt) {
+module.exports = function (grunt) {
   grunt.registerMultiTask(
     'aria-supported',
     'Task for generating a diff of supported aria roles and properties.',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       /**
        * NOTE:
        * `axe` has to be dynamically required at this stage,
        * as `axe` does not exist until grunt task `build:uglify` is complete,
        * hence cannot be required at the top of the file.
        */
+      const done = this.async();
       const { langs } = this.options();
       const fileNameSuffix = langs && langs.length > 0 ? `${langs[0]}` : '';
       const axe = require(`../../axe${fileNameSuffix}`);
@@ -50,10 +50,16 @@ module.exports = function(grunt) {
         ariaAttrs,
         listType
       );
-      const attributesTableMarkdown = mdTable([
+      const formatMarkdownTableRow = columnValues =>
+        `| ${columnValues.join(' | ')} |`;
+      const attributesTableWithHeader = [
         headings.attributesMdTableHeader,
+        ['---', '---'],
         ...attributesTable
-      ]);
+      ];
+      const attributesTableMarkdown = attributesTableWithHeader
+        .map(formatMarkdownTableRow)
+        .join('\n');
 
       const footnotes = [...rolesFootnotes, ...attributesFootnotes].map(
         (footnote, index) => `[^${index + 1}]: ${footnote}`
@@ -64,10 +70,16 @@ module.exports = function(grunt) {
       const destFile = this.data.destFile;
       // Format the content so Prettier doesn't create a diff after running.
       // See https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/1310.
-      const formattedContent = format(content, destFile);
-
-      // write `aria supported` file contents
-      grunt.file.write(destFile, formattedContent);
+      format(content, destFile)
+        .then(formattedContent => {
+          // write `aria supported` file contents
+          grunt.file.write(destFile, formattedContent);
+          done();
+        })
+        .catch(err => {
+          console.error(err.message);
+          done(false);
+        });
 
       /**
        * Get list of aria attributes, from `aria-query`
diff --git a/build/tasks/configure.js b/build/tasks/configure.js
index c8f2f8db7..f4a3c6d26 100644
--- a/build/tasks/configure.js
+++ b/build/tasks/configure.js
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 /*eslint-env node */
 'use strict';
-var buildRules = require('../configure');
-var format = require('../shared/format');
+const buildRules = require('../configure');
+const format = require('../shared/format');
 
-module.exports = function(grunt) {
+module.exports = function (grunt) {
   grunt.registerMultiTask(
     'configure',
     'Task for configuring rules and checks',
-    function() {
-      var done = this.async();
-      var options = this.options({
+    function () {
+      const done = this.async();
+      const options = this.options({
         rules: ['lib/rules/**/*.json'],
         checks: ['lib/checks/**/*.json'],
         misc: ['lib/misc/**/*.json'],
@@ -17,23 +17,26 @@ module.exports = function(grunt) {
         tags: ''
       });
 
-      this.files.forEach(function(file) {
-        var match = file.dest.auto.match(/\.([a-z]{2,3})\.js/);
+      this.files.forEach(function (file) {
+        const match = file.dest.auto.match(/\.([a-z]{2,3})\.js/);
         if (match) {
           options.locale = match[1];
         }
 
-        buildRules(grunt, options, null, function(result) {
+        buildRules(grunt, options, null, function (result) {
           grunt.file.write(file.dest.auto, 'axe._load(' + result.auto + ');');
 
           // Format the content so Prettier doesn't create a diff after running.
           // See https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/1310.
-          const descriptionsContent = format(
-            result.descriptions,
-            file.dest.descriptions
-          );
-          grunt.file.write(file.dest.descriptions, descriptionsContent);
-          done();
+          format(result.descriptions, file.dest.descriptions)
+            .then(descriptionsContent => {
+              grunt.file.write(file.dest.descriptions, descriptionsContent);
+              done();
+            })
+            .catch(err => {
+              console.error(err.message);
+              done(false);
+            });
         });
       });
     }
diff --git a/build/tasks/esbuild.js b/build/tasks/esbuild.js
index 563979a63..30dbeb4ef 100644
--- a/build/tasks/esbuild.js
+++ b/build/tasks/esbuild.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 const { build } = require('esbuild');
 const path = require('path');
 
-module.exports = function(grunt) {
+module.exports = function (grunt) {
   grunt.registerMultiTask(
     'esbuild',
     'Task to run the esbuild javascript bundler',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       const done = this.async();
       const files = grunt.task.current.data.files;
 
@@ -26,7 +26,10 @@ module.exports = function(grunt) {
             bundle: true
           })
             .then(done)
-            .catch(done);
+            .catch(e => {
+              grunt.fail.fatal(e);
+              done();
+            });
         });
       });
     }
diff --git a/build/tasks/langs.js b/build/tasks/langs.js
index 3e88e5c02..4e512b304 100644
--- a/build/tasks/langs.js
+++ b/build/tasks/langs.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*eslint-env node */
 'use strict';
 var http = require('http');
-module.exports = function(grunt) {
+module.exports = function (grunt) {
   function getLine(data, start) {
     var len = data.length;
     var index = start;
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ module.exports = function(grunt) {
   grunt.registerMultiTask(
     'langs',
     'Task for generating commons language codes from IANA registry',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var done = this.async();
       var ianaLangsURL =
         'http://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry';
@@ -66,24 +66,24 @@ module.exports = function(grunt) {
       }
       var check = this.data.check;
       var langs = [];
-      new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
+      new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
         var data = '';
         http
-          .get(ianaLangsURL, function(res) {
+          .get(ianaLangsURL, function (res) {
             res
-              .on('data', function(chunk) {
+              .on('data', function (chunk) {
                 data += chunk;
               })
-              .on('end', function() {
+              .on('end', function () {
                 resolve(data);
               });
           })
-          .on('error', function(e) {
+          .on('error', function (e) {
             grunt.log.error('Got error: ' + e.message);
             reject(false);
           });
       })
-        .then(function(data) {
+        .then(function (data) {
           var entry = getEntry(data, 0);
           var pos = entry.used;
           while (true) {
@@ -100,10 +100,10 @@ module.exports = function(grunt) {
           }
           generateOutput(langs, check);
         })
-        .then(function() {
+        .then(function () {
           done();
         })
-        .catch(function(result) {
+        .catch(function (result) {
           done(result);
         });
     }
diff --git a/build/tasks/metadata-function-map.js b/build/tasks/metadata-function-map.js
index e387bbe23..e2e9d6054 100644
--- a/build/tasks/metadata-function-map.js
+++ b/build/tasks/metadata-function-map.js
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ function toTitleCase(str) {
   });
 }
 
-module.exports = function(grunt) {
+module.exports = function (grunt) {
   grunt.registerMultiTask(
     'metadata-function-map',
     'Task to generate the metadata-function-map file',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       const files = grunt.task.current.data.files;
 
       files.forEach(file => {
diff --git a/build/tasks/notify.js b/build/tasks/notify.js
index 00c233662..5034667eb 100644
--- a/build/tasks/notify.js
+++ b/build/tasks/notify.js
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@ const { notify } = require('node-notifier');
 /*eslint-env node */
 ('use strict');
 
-module.exports = function(grunt) {
+module.exports = function (grunt) {
   grunt.registerMultiTask(
     'notify',
     'This task sends an OS notification when a task has completed',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       notify(this.data);
     }
   );
diff --git a/build/tasks/test.js b/build/tasks/test.js
index acf92b994..c1f51a7b4 100644
--- a/build/tasks/test.js
+++ b/build/tasks/test.js
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ const chalk = require('chalk');
 /*eslint-env node */
 ('use strict');
 
-module.exports = function(grunt) {
+module.exports = function (grunt) {
   grunt.registerMultiTask(
     'test',
     'This task runs unit tests based on which file was changed',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       const testFile = this.data.testFile;
       console.log(`${chalk.green('>>')} File "${testFile}"`);
 
diff --git a/build/tasks/update-help.js b/build/tasks/update-help.js
index 6a81f76a2..417a94048 100644
--- a/build/tasks/update-help.js
+++ b/build/tasks/update-help.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 /*eslint-env node */
 'use strict';
 
-module.exports = function(grunt) {
+module.exports = function (grunt) {
   grunt.registerMultiTask(
     'update-help',
     'Task for updating Deque University helpUrls based on rule JSON files',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var options = this.options({
         version: '1.0.0'
       });
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ module.exports = function(grunt) {
       v.pop();
       var baseUrl =
         'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/' + v.join('.') + '/';
-      this.files.forEach(function(f) {
-        f.src.forEach(function(filepath) {
+      this.files.forEach(function (f) {
+        f.src.forEach(function (filepath) {
           var config = grunt.file.readJSON(filepath);
           config.metadata.helpUrl = baseUrl + config.id;
           grunt.file.write(filepath, JSON.stringify(config, null, '  '));
diff --git a/build/tasks/validate.js b/build/tasks/validate.js
index 542799a40..74b6d526c 100644
--- a/build/tasks/validate.js
+++ b/build/tasks/validate.js
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ function fileExists(v, o) {
 
 function hasUniqueId() {
   var seen = {};
-  return function(v, o) {
+  return function (v, o) {
     if (!seen[v]) {
       seen[v] = o;
       return true;
@@ -112,8 +112,8 @@ function createSchemas() {
               conform: 'Must have at least two valid messages'
             }
           },
+          // @deprecated: Use impact on rules instead
           impact: {
-            required: true,
             type: 'string',
             enum: ['minor', 'moderate', 'serious', 'critical']
           }
@@ -134,6 +134,7 @@ function createSchemas() {
         type: 'string'
       },
       impact: {
+        required: true,
         type: 'string',
         enum: ['minor', 'moderate', 'serious', 'critical']
       },
@@ -150,7 +151,7 @@ function createSchemas() {
         type: 'array',
         items: {
           type: ['string', 'object'],
-          conform: function(v) {
+          conform: function (v) {
             if (typeof v === 'string') {
               return true;
             }
@@ -166,7 +167,7 @@ function createSchemas() {
         type: 'array',
         items: {
           type: ['string', 'object'],
-          conform: function(v) {
+          conform: function (v) {
             if (typeof v === 'string') {
               return true;
             }
@@ -182,7 +183,7 @@ function createSchemas() {
         type: 'array',
         items: {
           type: ['string', 'object'],
-          conform: function(v) {
+          conform: function (v) {
             if (typeof v === 'string') {
               return true;
             }
@@ -198,12 +199,6 @@ function createSchemas() {
         type: 'array',
         items: {
           type: 'string'
-        },
-        conform: function hasCategoryTag(tags) {
-          return tags.some(tag => tag.includes('cat.'));
-        },
-        messages: {
-          conform: 'must include a category tag'
         }
       },
       actIds: {
@@ -243,13 +238,13 @@ function createSchemas() {
 
 function validateFiles(grunt, files, schema, type) {
   var valid = true;
-  files.forEach(function(f) {
-    f.src.forEach(function(pathArg) {
+  files.forEach(function (f) {
+    f.src.forEach(function (pathArg) {
       var file = grunt.file.readJSON(pathArg);
       file._path = pathArg;
       var result = revalidator(file, schema);
       if (!result.valid) {
-        result.errors.forEach(function(err) {
+        result.errors.forEach(function (err) {
           grunt.log.error(pathArg, err.property + ' ' + err.message);
         });
         valid = false;
@@ -269,11 +264,11 @@ function validateFiles(grunt, files, schema, type) {
   return valid;
 }
 
-module.exports = function(grunt) {
+module.exports = function (grunt) {
   grunt.registerMultiTask(
     'validate',
     'Task for validating API schema for checks and rules',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       const { type } = this.options();
       const schemas = createSchemas();
       const schema = schemas[type];
@@ -307,5 +302,175 @@ function validateRule({ tags, metadata }) {
   if (help.toLowerCase().includes(prohibitedWord)) {
     issues.push(`metadata.help can not contain the word '${prohibitedWord}'.`);
   }
+
+  issues.push(...findTagIssues(tags));
+  return issues;
+}
+
+const miscTags = [
+  'ACT',
+  'experimental',
+  'review-item',
+  'deprecated',
+  'a11y-engine',
+  'a11y-engine-experimental'
+];
+
+const categories = [
+  'aria',
+  'color',
+  'forms',
+  'keyboard',
+  'language',
+  'name-role-value',
+  'parsing',
+  'semantics',
+  'sensory-and-visual-cues',
+  'structure',
+  'tables',
+  'text-alternatives',
+  'time-and-media'
+];
+
+const standardsTags = [
+  {
+    // Has to be first, as others rely on the WCAG level getting picked up first
+    name: 'WCAG',
+    standardRegex: /^wcag2(1|2)?a{1,3}(-obsolete)?$/,
+    criterionRegex: /^wcag\d{3,4}$/
+  },
+  {
+    name: 'Section 508',
+    standardRegex: /^section508$/,
+    criterionRegex: /^section508\.\d{1,2}\.[a-z]$/,
+    wcagLevelRegex: /^wcag2aa?$/
+  },
+  {
+    name: 'Trusted Tester',
+    standardRegex: /^TTv5$/,
+    criterionRegex: /^TT\d{1,3}\.[a-z]$/,
+    wcagLevelRegex: /^wcag2aa?$/
+  },
+  {
+    name: 'EN 301 549',
+    standardRegex: /^EN-301-549$/,
+    criterionRegex: /^EN-9\.[1-4]\.[1-9]\.\d{1,2}$/,
+    wcagLevelRegex: /^wcag21?aa?$/
+  }
+];
+
+function findTagIssues(tags) {
+  const issues = [];
+  const catTags = tags.filter(tag => tag.startsWith('cat.'));
+  const bestPracticeTags = tags.filter(tag => tag === 'best-practice');
+
+  // Category
+  if (catTags.length !== 1) {
+    issues.push(`Must have exactly one cat. tag, got ${catTags.length}`);
+  }
+  if (catTags.length && !categories.includes(catTags[0].slice(4))) {
+    issues.push(`Invalid category tag: ${catTags[0]}`);
+  }
+  if (!startsWith(tags, catTags)) {
+    issues.push(`Tag ${catTags[0]} must be before ${tags[0]}`);
+  }
+  tags = removeTags(tags, catTags);
+
+  // Best practice
+  if (bestPracticeTags.length > 1) {
+    issues.push(
+      `Only one best-practice tag is allowed, got ${bestPracticeTags.length}`
+    );
+  }
+  if (!startsWith(tags, bestPracticeTags)) {
+    issues.push(`Tag ${bestPracticeTags[0]} must be before ${tags[0]}`);
+  }
+  tags = removeTags(tags, bestPracticeTags);
+
+  const standards = {};
+  // WCAG, Section 508, Trusted Tester, EN 301 549
+  for (const {
+    name,
+    standardRegex,
+    criterionRegex,
+    wcagLevelRegex
+  } of standardsTags) {
+    const standardTags = tags.filter(tag => tag.match(standardRegex));
+    const criterionTags = tags.filter(tag => tag.match(criterionRegex));
+    if (!standardTags.length && !criterionTags.length) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    standards[name] = {
+      name,
+      standardTag: standardTags[0] ?? null,
+      criterionTags
+    };
+    if (bestPracticeTags.length !== 0) {
+      issues.push(`${name} tags cannot be used along side best-practice tag`);
+    }
+    if (standardTags.length === 0) {
+      issues.push(`Expected one ${name} tag, got 0`);
+    } else if (standardTags.length > 1) {
+      issues.push(`Expected one ${name} tag, got: ${standardTags.join(', ')}`);
+    }
+    if (criterionTags.length === 0) {
+      issues.push(`Expected at least one ${name} criterion tag, got 0`);
+    }
+
+    if (wcagLevelRegex) {
+      const wcagLevel = standards.WCAG.standardTag;
+      if (!wcagLevel.match(wcagLevelRegex)) {
+        issues.push(`${name} rules not allowed on ${wcagLevel}`);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Must have the same criteria listed
+    if (name === 'EN 301 549') {
+      const wcagCriteria = standards.WCAG.criterionTags.map(tag =>
+        tag.slice(4)
+      );
+      const enCriteria = criterionTags.map(tag =>
+        tag.slice(5).replaceAll('.', '')
+      );
+      if (
+        wcagCriteria.length !== enCriteria.length ||
+        !startsWith(wcagCriteria, enCriteria)
+      ) {
+        issues.push(
+          `Expect WCAG and EN criteria numbers to match: ${wcagCriteria.join(
+            ', '
+          )} vs ${enCriteria.join(', ')}}`
+        );
+      }
+    }
+    tags = removeTags(tags, [...standardTags, ...criterionTags]);
+  }
+
+  // Other tags
+  const usedMiscTags = miscTags.filter(tag => tags.includes(tag));
+  const unknownTags = removeTags(tags, usedMiscTags);
+  if (unknownTags.length) {
+    issues.push(`Invalid tags: ${unknownTags.join(', ')}`);
+  }
+
+  // At this point only misc tags are left:
+  tags = removeTags(tags, unknownTags);
+  if (!startsWith(tags, usedMiscTags)) {
+    issues.push(
+      `Tags [${tags.join(', ')}] should be sorted like [${usedMiscTags.join(
+        ', '
+      )}]`
+    );
+  }
+
   return issues;
 }
+
+function startsWith(arr1, arr2) {
+  return arr2.every((item, i) => item === arr1[i]);
+}
+
+function removeTags(tags, tagsToRemove) {
+  return tags.filter(tag => !tagsToRemove.includes(tag));
+}
diff --git a/code-of-conduct.md b/code-of-conduct.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..466f82a12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/code-of-conduct.md
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+## Introduction
+
+Deque is committed to providing a safe, inclusive, and welcoming virtual environment for contributors.
+
+We created this policy not because we anticipate bad behavior, but because we believe that articulating our values and obligations to one another reinforces a level of respect among contributors and because having a code of conduct provides us with clear avenues to correct our virtual culture should it ever stray from that course.
+
+## Code of Conduct Policy
+
+We expect all contributors to Deque open-source projects to uphold the principles of this Code of Conduct. We do not tolerate disruptive or disrespectful behavior, messages, images, or interactions by any participant, in any form.
+
+We will not tolerate harassment or discrimination based on age, ancestry, color, gender identity or expression, national origin, physical or mental disability, religion, sexual orientation, or any other characteristic.
+
+## Enforcement and Reporting
+
+Contributors asked to stop any harassing behavior are expected to comply immediately; regardless, Deque reserves the right to remove or block anyone from any repository at the discretion of Deque employees.
+
+If you have any concerns, please contact a code-owner or other Deque employee via direct message on the [axe Community Slack](https://accessibility.deque.com/axe-community) with details about the nature of the concern.
diff --git a/doc/API.md b/doc/API.md
index a6dc0dd2f..ea1f04a44 100644
--- a/doc/API.md
+++ b/doc/API.md
@@ -74,23 +74,28 @@ For a full listing of API offered by axe, clone the repository and run `npm run
 
 Each rule in axe-core has a number of tags. These provide metadata about the rule. Each rule has one tag that indicates which WCAG version / level it belongs to, or if it doesn't it have the `best-practice` tag. If the rule is required by WCAG, there is a tag that references the success criterion number. For example, the `wcag111` tag means a rule is required for WCAG 2 success criterion 1.1.1.
 
-The `experimental`, `ACT` and `section508` tags are only added to some rules. Each rule with a `section508` tag also has a tag to indicate what requirement in old Section 508 the rule is required by. For example `section508.22.a`.
-
-| Tag Name         | Accessibility Standard / Purpose                     |
-| ---------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- |
-| `wcag2a`         | WCAG 2.0 Level A                                     |
-| `wcag2aa`        | WCAG 2.0 Level AA                                    |
-| `wcag2aaa`       | WCAG 2.0 Level AAA                                   |
-| `wcag21a`        | WCAG 2.1 Level A                                     |
-| `wcag21aa`       | WCAG 2.1 Level AA                                    |
-| `wcag21aaa`      | WCAG 2.1 Level AAA                                   |
-| `best-practice`  | Common accessibility best practices                  |
-| `wcag***`        | WCAG success criterion e.g. wcag111 maps to SC 1.1.1 |
-| `ACT`            | W3C approved Accessibility Conformance Testing rules |
-| `section508`     | Old Section 508 rules                                |
-| `section508.*.*` | Requirement in old Section 508                       |
-| `experimental`   | Cutting-edge rules, disabled by default              |
-| `cat.*`          | Category mappings used by Deque (see below)          |
+The `experimental`, `ACT`, `TT`, and `section508` tags are only added to some rules. Each rule with a `section508` tag also has a tag to indicate what requirement in old Section 508 the rule is required by. For example `section508.22.a`.
+
+| Tag Name          | Accessibility Standard / Purpose                                                                                              |
+| ----------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `wcag2a`          | WCAG 2.0 Level A                                                                                                              |
+| `wcag2aa`         | WCAG 2.0 Level AA                                                                                                             |
+| `wcag2aaa`        | WCAG 2.0 Level AAA                                                                                                            |
+| `wcag21a`         | WCAG 2.1 Level A                                                                                                              |
+| `wcag21aa`        | WCAG 2.1 Level AA                                                                                                             |
+| `wcag22aa`        | WCAG 2.2 Level AA                                                                                                             |
+| `best-practice`   | Common accessibility best practices                                                                                           |
+| `wcag2a-obsolete` | WCAG 2.0 Level A, no longer required for conformance                                                                          |
+| `wcag***`         | WCAG success criterion e.g. wcag111 maps to SC 1.1.1                                                                          |
+| `ACT`             | W3C approved Accessibility Conformance Testing rules                                                                          |
+| `section508`      | Old Section 508 rules                                                                                                         |
+| `section508.*.*`  | Requirement in old Section 508                                                                                                |
+| `TTv5`            | Trusted Tester v5 rules                                                                                                       |
+| `TT*.*`           | Test ID in Trusted Tester                                                                                                     |
+| `EN-301-549`      | Rule required under [EN 301 549](https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301500_301599/301549/03.02.01_60/en_301549v030201p.pdf) |
+| `EN-9.*`          | Section in EN 301 549 listing the requirement                                                                                 |
+| `experimental`    | Cutting-edge rules, disabled by default                                                                                       |
+| `cat.*`           | Category mappings used by Deque (see below)                                                                                   |
 
 All rules have a `cat.*` tag, which indicates what type of content it is part of. The following `cat.*` tags exist in axe-core:
 
@@ -153,7 +158,8 @@ In this example, we pass in the WCAG 2 A and AA tags into `axe.getRules` to retr
       "wcag412",
       "section508",
       "section508.22.a"
-    ]
+    ],
+    actIds: ['c487ae']
   },
   {
     description: "Ensures ARIA attributes are allowed for an element's role",
@@ -222,7 +228,7 @@ axe.configure({
     - The rules attribute is an Array of rule objects
     - each rule object can contain the following attributes
       - `id` - string(required). This uniquely identifies the rule. If the rule already exists, it will be overridden with any of the attributes supplied. The attributes below that are marked required, are only required for new rules.
-      - `impact` - string(optional). Override the impact defined by checks
+      - `impact` - string(required). Sets the impact of that rule's results
       - `reviewOnFail` - boolean(option, default `false`). Override the result of a rule to return "Needs Review" rather than "Violation" if the rule fails.
       - `selector` - string(optional, default `*`). A [CSS selector](./developer-guide.md#supported-css-selectors) used to identify the elements that are passed into the rule for evaluation.
       - `excludeHidden` - boolean(optional, default `true`). This indicates whether elements that are hidden from all users are to be passed into the rule for evaluation.
@@ -320,57 +326,28 @@ By default, `axe.run` will test the entire document. The context object is an op
    - Example: To limit analysis to the `<div id="content">` element: `document.getElementById("content")`
 1. A NodeList such as returned by `document.querySelectorAll`.
 1. A [CSS selector](./developer-guide.md#supported-css-selectors) that selects the portion(s) of the document that must be analyzed.
-1. An include-exclude object (see below)
-
-###### Include-Exclude Object
-
-The include exclude object is a JSON object with two attributes: include and exclude. Either include or exclude is required. If only `exclude` is specified; include will default to the entire `document`.
+1. An object with `exclude` and/or `include` properties
+1. An object with a `fromFrames` property
+1. An object with a `fromShadowDom` property
 
-- A node, or
-- An array of Nodes or an array of arrays of [CSS selectors](./developer-guide.md#supported-css-selectors)
-  - If the nested array contains a single string, that string is the CSS selector
-  - If the nested array contains multiple strings
-    - The last string is the final CSS selector
-    - All other's are the nested structure of iframes inside the document
-
-In most cases, the component arrays will contain only one CSS selector. Multiple CSS selectors are only required if you want to include or exclude regions of a page that are inside iframes (or iframes within iframes within iframes). In this case, the first n-1 selectors are selectors that select the iframe(s) and the nth selector, selects the region(s) within the iframe.
+Read [context.md](context.md) for details about the context object.
 
 ###### Context Parameter Examples
 
-1. Include the first item in the `$fixture` NodeList but exclude its first child
+1. Test the `#navBar` and all other `nav` elements and its content.
 
 ```js
-axe.run(
-  {
-    include: $fixture[0],
-    exclude: $fixture[0].firstChild
-  },
-  (err, results) => {
-    // ...
-  }
-);
-```
-
-2. Include the element with the ID of `fix` but exclude any `div`s within it
-
-```js
-axe.run(
-  {
-    include: [['#fix']],
-    exclude: [['#fix div']]
-  },
-  (err, results) => {
-    // ...
-  }
-);
+axe.run([`#navBar`, `nav`], (err, results) => {
+  // ...
+});
 ```
 
-3. Include the whole document except any structures whose parent contains the class `exclude1` or `exclude2`
+2. Test everything except `.ad-banner` elements.
 
 ```js
 axe.run(
   {
-    exclude: [['.exclude1'], ['.exclude2']]
+    exclude: '.ad-banner'
   },
   (err, results) => {
     // ...
@@ -378,12 +355,12 @@ axe.run(
 );
 ```
 
-4. Include the element with the ID of `fix`, within the iframe with id `frame`
+3. Test the `form` element inside the `#payment` iframe.
 
 ```js
 axe.run(
   {
-    include: [['#frame', '#fix']]
+    fromFrames: ['iframe#payment', 'form']
   },
   (err, results) => {
     // ...
@@ -391,12 +368,14 @@ axe.run(
 );
 ```
 
-5. Include the element with the ID of `fix`, within the iframe with id `frame2`, within the iframe with id `frame1`
+4. Exclude all `.commentBody` elements in each `.commentsShadowHost` shadow DOM tree.
 
 ```js
 axe.run(
   {
-    include: [['#frame1', '#frame2', '#fix']]
+    exclude: {
+      fromShadowDom: ['.commentsShadowHost', '.commentBody']
+    }
   },
   (err, results) => {
     // ...
@@ -404,22 +383,7 @@ axe.run(
 );
 ```
 
-6. Include the following:
-
-- The element with the ID of `fix`, within the iframe with id `frame2`, within the iframe with id `frame1`
-- The element with id `header`
-- All links
-
-```js
-axe.run(
-  {
-    include: [['#header'], ['a'], ['#frame1', '#frame2', '#fix']]
-  },
-  (err, results) => {
-    // ...
-  }
-);
-```
+More details on how to use the context object are described in [context.md](context.md).
 
 ##### Options Parameter
 
@@ -657,6 +621,8 @@ The `assets` attribute expects an array of preload(able) constraints to be fetch
 
 The `timeout` attribute in the object configuration is `optional` and has a fallback default value (10000ms). The `timeout` is essential for any network dependent assets that are preloaded, where-in if a given request takes longer than the specified/ default value, the operation is aborted.
 
+Preloading is not applicable to all rules. Even if the `preload` option is enabled, preloading steps may be skipped if no enabled rules require preloading.
+
 ##### Callback Parameter
 
 The callback parameter is a function that will be called when the asynchronous `axe.run` function completes. The callback function is passed two parameters. The first parameter will be an error thrown inside of axe if axe.run could not complete. If axe completed correctly the first parameter will be null, and the second parameter will be the results object.
@@ -704,7 +670,7 @@ The results of axe are grouped according to their outcome into the following arr
 - `passes`: These results indicate what elements passed the rules
 - `violations`: These results indicate what elements failed the rules
 - `inapplicable`: These results indicate which rules did not run because no matching content was found on the page. For example, with no video, those rules won't run.
-- `incomplete`: These results were aborted and require further testing. This can happen either because of technical restrictions to what the rule can test, or because a javascript error occurred.
+- `incomplete`: Also known as "needs review," these results were aborted and require further testing. This can happen either because of technical restrictions to what the rule can test, or because a javascript error occurred.
 
 Each object returned in these arrays have the following properties:
 
@@ -734,7 +700,7 @@ Each object returned in these arrays have the following properties:
 In this example, we will pass the selector for the entire document, pass no options, which means all enabled rules will be run, and have a simple callback function that logs the entire results object to the console log:
 
 ```js
-axe.run(document, function(err, results) {
+axe.run(document, function (err, results) {
   if (err) throw err;
   console.log(results);
 });
@@ -798,7 +764,7 @@ axe.run(
       'p-as-heading': { enabled: true }
     }
   },
-  function(err, results) {
+  function (err, results) {
     if (err) throw err;
     console.log(results);
   }
diff --git a/doc/accessibility-supported.md b/doc/accessibility-supported.md
index d183f5ced..4e334f6c5 100644
--- a/doc/accessibility-supported.md
+++ b/doc/accessibility-supported.md
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ We currently test the following AT combinations for support
 
 1. VoiceOver and Safari on OS X
 1. VoiceOver and Safari on iOS
-1. JAWS and IE11 on Windows
+1. JAWS and IE11 on Windows (DEPRECATED)
 1. JAWS and Chrome on Windows
 1. NVDA and Firefox on Windows
 1. Talkback and Chrome on Android
diff --git a/doc/aria-supported.md b/doc/aria-supported.md
index 9dd046201..17f127f3e 100644
--- a/doc/aria-supported.md
+++ b/doc/aria-supported.md
@@ -8,6 +8,5 @@ For a detailed description about how accessibility support is decided, see [How
 
 ## Attributes
 
-| aria-attribute   | axe-core support |
-| ---------------- | ---------------- |
-| aria-describedat | No               |
+| aria-attribute | axe-core support |
+| -------------- | ---------------- |
diff --git a/doc/check-options.md b/doc/check-options.md
index d6204d859..0ca3b5381 100644
--- a/doc/check-options.md
+++ b/doc/check-options.md
@@ -25,12 +25,18 @@
   - [css-orientation-lock](#css-orientation-lock)
   - [meta-viewport-large](#meta-viewport-large)
   - [meta-viewport](#meta-viewport)
+  - [meta-refresh](#meta-refresh)
   - [header-present](#header-present)
   - [landmark](#landmark)
   - [p-as-heading](#p-as-heading)
   - [avoid-inline-spacing](#avoid-inline-spacing)
   - [scope-value](#scope-value)
+  - [target-offset](#target-offset)
+  - [target-size](#target-size)
   - [region](#region)
+  - [inline-style-property](#inline-style-property)
+  - [invalid-children](#invalid-children)
+  - [link-in-text-block](#link-in-text-block)
 
 ## How Checks Work
 
@@ -201,6 +207,10 @@ All checks allow these global options:
 
 ### aria-allowed-attr
 
+Previously supported properties `validTreeRowAttrs` is no longer available. `invalidTableRowAttrs` from [aria-conditional-attr](#aria-conditional-attr) instead.
+
+### aria-conditional-attr
+
 <table>
   <thead>
     <tr>
@@ -212,7 +222,7 @@ All checks allow these global options:
   <tbody>
     <tr>
       <td>
-        <code>validTreeRowAttrs</code>
+        <code>invalidTableRowAttrs</code>
       </td>
       <td align="left">
         <pre lang=js><code>[
@@ -238,6 +248,7 @@ All checks allow these global options:
 | `boldTextPt`                                                | `14`    | The minimum CSS `font-size` pt value that designates bold text as being large                                                                                                                |
 | `largeTextPt`                                               | `18`    | The minimum CSS `font-size` pt value that designates text as being large                                                                                                                     |
 | `shadowOutlineEmMax`                                        | `0.1`   | The maximum `blur-radius` value (in ems) of the CSS `text-shadow` property. `blur-radius` values greater than this value will be treated as a background color rather than an outline color. |
+| `textStrokeEmMin`                                           | `0.03`  | The minimum EM width of `-webkit-text-stroke` before axe uses the text stroke color over the actual text color.                                                                              |
 | `pseudoSizeThreshold`                                       | `0.25`  | Minimum area of the pseudo element, relative to the text element, below which it will be ignored for colot contrast.                                                                         |
 | `contrastRatio`                                             | N/A     | Contrast ratio options                                                                                                                                                                       |
 | &nbsp;&nbsp;`contrastRatio.normal`                          | N/A     | Contrast ratio requirements for normal text (non-bold text or text smaller than `largeTextPt`)                                                                                               |
@@ -336,10 +347,10 @@ th</code></pre>
 
 ### label-content-name-mismatch
 
-| Option               | Default | Description                                                                                                                                                               |
-| -------------------- | :------ | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
-| `pixelThreshold`     | `0.1`   | Percent of difference in pixel data or pixel width required to determine if a font is a ligature font. Ligature fonts are ignored when comparing the label to the content |
-| `occuranceThreshold` | `3`     | Number of times the font is encountered before auto-assigning the font as a ligature or not                                                                               |
+| Option                | Default | Description                                                                                                                                                               |
+| --------------------- | :------ | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
+| `pixelThreshold`      | `0.1`   | Percent of difference in pixel data or pixel width required to determine if a font is a ligature font. Ligature fonts are ignored when comparing the label to the content |
+| `occurrenceThreshold` | `3`     | Number of times the font is encountered before auto-assigning the font as a ligature or not                                                                               |
 
 ### has-lang
 
@@ -385,6 +396,13 @@ th</code></pre>
 | -------------- | :------ | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
 | `scaleMinimum` | `2`     | The `scale-maximum` CSS value the check applies to. Values above this number will be ignored |
 
+### meta-refresh
+
+| Option     | Default | Description                                                                         |
+| ---------- | :------ | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `minDelay` | `0`     | Passes if the redirect is equal or less than this. Can be set to `false` to disable |
+| `maxDelay` | `7200`  | Passes if the redirect is greater than this. Can be set to `false` to disable       |
+
 ### header-present
 
 <table>
@@ -478,8 +496,59 @@ h6:not([role]),
 | -------- | :-------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------- |
 | `values` | <pre lang=js>['row', 'col', 'rowgroup', 'colgroup']</pre> | List of valid scope values |
 
+### target-offset
+
+| Option      | Default | Description                                                                                                |
+| ----------- | :------ | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `minOffset` | `24`    | Minimum space required from the farthest edge of the target, to the closest edge of the neighboring target |
+
+### target-size
+
+| Option    | Default | Description                                                                                              |
+| --------- | :------ | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `minSize` | `24`    | Minimum width and height a component should have, that is not obscured by some other interactive element |
+
 ### region
 
 | Option          | Default                                        | Description                                                                 |
 | --------------- | :--------------------------------------------- | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
 | `regionMatcher` | <pre lang=css>dialog, [role=dialog], svg</pre> | A matcher object or CSS selector to allow elements to be treated as regions |
+
+### inline-style-property-evaluate
+
+This evaluate method is used in the following checks. Default vary between checks
+
+- important-letter-spacing
+- important-word-spacing
+- important-line-height
+
+| Option           | Description                                                                   |
+| ---------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `cssProperty`    | Which property to check the value of, for example letter-spacing or font-size |
+| `absoluteValues` | Whether or not to calculate value in pixels (true) or in em (false)           |
+| `noImportant`    | While false, the check returns `true` except if !important is used            |
+| `multiLineOnly`  | If true,                                                                      |
+| `minValue`       | Returns `false` when the value is less than `minValue`                        |
+| `maxValue`       | Returns `false` when the value is more than `maxValue`                        |
+| `normalValue`    | The value to use when `normal` is set, defaults to `0`                        |
+
+If `minValue` and `maxValue` are both undefined, the check returns `false` if the property is used with !important. If done along with `noImportant: true`, the check returns false if the property is set at all in the style attribute.
+
+### invalid-children
+
+This evaluation method is used in the `list` and `definition-list` rule to determine whether its child nodes are allowed.
+
+| Option           | Description                                                                         |
+| ---------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `validNodeNames` | Nodes without role allowed as children                                              |
+| `validRoles`     | Roles allowed on child elements                                                     |
+| `divGroups`      | Whether the child nodes can be grouped in a div without any role (false by default) |
+
+### link-in-text-block
+
+This evaluation method is used in the `link-in-text-block` rule and tests that either the foreground color or the background color has sufficient contrast between the link text and the surrounding text.
+
+| Option                  | Default | Description                                                                 |
+| ----------------------- | :------ | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `requiredContrastRatio` | `3`     | Minimum contrast needed to pass the check between text or background colors |
+| `allowSameColor`        | `true`  | Whether links with colors identical to its surroundings should pass         |
diff --git a/doc/code-submission-guidelines.md b/doc/code-submission-guidelines.md
index 61c669fec..937a2e680 100644
--- a/doc/code-submission-guidelines.md
+++ b/doc/code-submission-guidelines.md
@@ -4,11 +4,170 @@ We've enacted standards for commits and pull requests to effectively manage the
 time. We expect all code contributed to follow these standards. If your code doesn't follow them, we
 will kindly ask you to resubmit it in the correct format.
 
+- [Code Guidelines](#code-guidelines)
 - [Git Commits](#git-commits)
 - [Submitting a pull request](#submitting-a-pull-request)
 - [Merging a pull request](#merging-a-pull-request)
 - [Squashing Commits](#squashing-everything-into-one-commit)
 
+## Code Guidelines
+
+### Default Export at Top
+
+When coding using [JavaScipt modules](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Guide/Modules), the `default export` should be at the top of the file right after any import statements and module level variables. This ensures that when you open the file the main code path is the first thing you read.
+
+If you encounter any code that we maintain that does not put the `default export` at the top, you should update the file to do so.
+
+### Return Early / Happy Path Coding
+
+[Return Early Coding](https://medium.com/swlh/return-early-pattern-3d18a41bba8) (also called "[Happy Path Coding](https://medium.com/@matryer/line-of-sight-in-code-186dd7cdea88)") is a coding pattern where you try to keep the main execution flow of the function aligned to a single column edge. Doing so allows someone to quickly scan down the column to see the expected flow or happy path of the function.
+
+In return early coding, the idea is to keep the main execution flow to the left column and use if statements to primarily handle errors or edge cases. This typically means that the function will include many `return` statements instead of the concept of a single return.
+
+In return early coding, we also try to declare variables at the moment they are needed rather than listing them all at the top of the function.
+
+<details>
+  <summary>Example of nested execution flow</summary>
+
+```js
+import path from 'path';
+import { promises as fs } from 'fs';
+
+export default async function validateAxeReport(filePath = '') {
+  let valid;
+  let file;
+  let results;
+
+  if (filePath.trim()) {
+    try {
+      if (!path.isAbsolute(filePath)) {
+        filePath = path.relative(process.cwd(), filePath);
+      }
+      file = await fs.readFile(filePath, 'utf8');
+    } catch (err) {
+      throw new Error(`Unable to read file "${filePath}"`);
+    }
+
+    try {
+      results = JSON.parse(file);
+    } catch (err) {
+      throw new TypeError(`File "${filePath}" is not a valid JSON file`);
+    }
+
+    if (results?.testRunner?.name !== 'axe') {
+      throw new TypeError(`File "${filePath}" is not a valid axe results file`);
+    }
+
+    valid = validateReportStructure(results);
+  } else {
+    throw new SyntaxError('No file path provided');
+  }
+
+  return valid;
+}
+```
+
+</details>
+
+<details>
+  <summary>Example of return early coding</summary>
+
+```js
+import path from 'path';
+import { promises as fs } from 'fs';
+
+export default async function validateAxeReport(filePath = '') {
+  if (!filePath.trim()) {
+    throw new SyntaxError('No file path provided');
+  }
+
+  if (!path.isAbsolute(filePath)) {
+    filePath = path.relative(process.cwd(), filePath);
+  }
+
+  let file;
+  try {
+    file = await fs.readFile(filePath, 'utf8');
+  } catch (err) {
+    throw new Error(`Unable to read file "${filePath}"`);
+  }
+
+  let results;
+  try {
+    results = JSON.parse(file);
+  } catch (err) {
+    throw new TypeError(`File "${filePath}" is not a valid JSON file`);
+  }
+
+  if (results?.testRunner?.name !== 'axe') {
+    throw new TypeError(`File "${filePath}" is not a valid axe results file`);
+  }
+
+  return validateReportStructure(results);
+}
+```
+
+</details>
+
+### Docblock Comments
+
+We use [Docblock comments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docblock) in our code. Docblock comments are a way to describe what a function does, its signature, and describe its inputs.
+
+<details>
+  <summary>Example of Docblock comment</summary>
+
+```ts
+/**
+ * Calculate the distance between two points.
+ * @param {number[]} pointA The first point represented by the array [x,y]
+ * @param {number[]} pointB The second point represented by the array [x,y]
+ * @return {number}
+ */
+function distance(pointA, pointB) {
+  return Math.hypot(pointA[0] - pointB[0], pointA[1] - pointB[1]);
+}
+```
+
+</details>
+
+### Tests
+
+All code changes should include tests to validate that the code works as expected. Both unit tests and integration tests (where applicable) should be included in all `fix` and `feat` pull requests. `chore` pull requests do not typically need tests.
+
+#### Integrations Test
+
+All changes that affect a rule should include an integration test. Most rules integration tests can be found in `test/integration/rules`. When updating tests in this directory, you'll need to write the new HTML code to be tested and give the element that should trigger the rule a unique `id`. Then you'll need to update the companion JSON file to add the id to either the `violations` or `passes` array.
+
+For example, if we were updating the `aria-roles` rule to fail when using the `command` role, the changes would look as follows:
+
+`test/integration/rules/aria-roles/aria-roles.html`
+
+```diff
++<div role="command" id="fail-command">fail</div>
+```
+
+`test/integration/rules/aria-roles/aria-roles.json`
+
+```diff
+{
+  "description": "aria-roles tests",
+  "rule": "aria-roles",
+  "violations": [
+     ["#fail1"],
+-    ["#fail2"]
++    ["#fail2"],
++    ["#fail-command"]
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+Notice that the id added to the `violations` array is inside an array. This is because the `violations` and `passes` arrays are axe-core selectors, which follow the format:
+
+- a single string - the string is the CSS selector
+- multiple strings
+  - The last string is the final CSS selector
+  - All other's are the nested structure of iframes inside the document
+
 ## Git Commits
 
 We follow Angular's code contribution style with precise rules for formatting git commit messages.
diff --git a/doc/context.md b/doc/context.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bfe7f3c2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/context.md
@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+# Axe Testing Context
+
+Axe-core's `context` argument is a powerful tool for controlling precisely which elements are tested and which are ignored. The context lets you do many things, including:
+
+1. [Test specific elements](#test-specific-elements)
+1. [Test DOM nodes](#test-dom-nodes)
+1. [Exclude elements from test](#exclude-elements-from-test)
+1. [Select from prior tests](#select-from-prior-tests)
+1. [Limit frame testing](#limit-frame-testing)
+1. [Limit shadow DOM testing](#limit-shadow-dom-testing)
+1. [Combine shadow DOM and frame context](#combine-shadow-dom-and-frame-context)
+1. [Implicit frame and shadow DOM selection](#implicit-frame-and-shadow-dom-selection)
+
+## Test Specific Elements
+
+When passed a CSS selector or array of CSS selectors, axe will test only the elements that match those selectors, along with any content inside those elements:
+
+```js
+// Test every <nav> and <main> element, and everything inside them:
+await axe.run('nav, main');
+// Test every <nav> element, every element with the sideBar class,
+// and the element with the #header ID, along with all their content:
+await axe.run(['nav', '.sideBar', '#header']);
+```
+
+**Tip**: Sometimes pages are worked on by multiple teams. If you mark your team's sections up with a unique class, axe can use that class to only test the sections your team works on.
+
+Axe-core is commonly used through browser driver APIs such as Selenium, Puppeteer, and Playwright. Most of these APIs do not pass a context object in directly. Instead, the following is achieved through the `.include()` method. Visit the docs of your API for more information. For most cases, this will look like the following:
+
+```js
+const axe = new AxeBuilder({ page });
+// Test every <nav> and <main> element, and everything inside them:
+axe.include('nav, main');
+```
+
+## Test DOM Nodes
+
+Axe can accept native DOM elements for testing. These must be attached to the DOM tree first. Testing DOM elements is useful in test environments such as Karma and Jest. The following example shows axe testing DOM elements:
+
+```js
+// Test a single DOM node
+const img = document.createElement('img');
+document.body.appendChild(img);
+await axe.run(img);
+
+// Test a Node list:
+const nodes = document.querySelector('main, header');
+await axe.run(nodes);
+
+// Test an array of nodes:
+const navbar = document.getElementById('navbar');
+const cookiePopup = document.getElementById('cookie-popup');
+await axe.run([navbar, cookiePopup]);
+```
+
+### Component Frameworks
+
+Because axe requires a DOM to test, components such as those created for React, Vue and Angular must be rendered before they are tested. The following example shows how to render the `<MyApp>` React component before testing it with axe:
+
+```jsx
+const appRoot = document.getElementById('app');
+ReactDOM.createRoot(appRoot).render(MyApp);
+await axe.run(appRoot);
+```
+
+**Important**: Component testing libraries like [Enzyme](https://enzymejs.github.io/enzyme/) include both a `render` and `shallow` method. Because axe requires a complete render, attached to the DOM tree, it is unable to test components built with `shallow` methods.
+
+## Exclude Elements from Test
+
+There are often areas of a page that as a developer you have no control over. You can tell axe to skip such elements in the test by using an object with the `exclude` property. The `exclude` property accepts all the same properties used before, including CSS selectors and DOM nodes:
+
+```js
+// Test everything except the ad banners:
+await axe.run({ exclude: '.ad-banner' });
+
+// Test everything except these DOM nodes:
+const youtubeVids = document.querySelector('iframe[src^="youtube.com"]');
+await axe.run({ exclude: youtubeVids });
+```
+
+When using an axe API such as axe-core/playwright, you must use the AxeBuilder's `.exclude` method to exclude elements from the test. See the docs of your API for details:
+
+```js
+const axe = new AxeBuilder({ page });
+// Test everything except the ad banner and YouTube frames:
+axe.exclude('.ad-banner, iframe[src^="youtube.com"]');
+```
+
+### The `include` Property
+
+When axe is passed a CSS selector or an array of DOM nodes, this is treated as an implicit `include`. All examples from [Test specific elements](#test-specific-elements) and [Test DOM nodes](#test-dom-nodes) use this implicit `include`. All of these could be rewritten using an object with the `include` property. The following examples function identically:
+
+```js
+await axe.run('main'); // is the same as:
+await axe.run({ include: 'main' });
+```
+
+When axe isn't passed an `include` (explicit or not), it uses `document` instead:
+
+```js
+await axe.run({ exclude: '.ad-banner' }); // is the same as:
+await axe.run({
+  include: document,
+  exclude: '.ad-banner'
+});
+```
+
+### Combine `exclude` with `include`
+
+To test specific sections of the page while skipping parts within that section, you can pass an object with `include` and `exclude` properties. `include` tells axe what elements to test, and `exclude` tells axe to skip certain included sections. The following shows how to test the `main` and `footer` elements in a page, except for any `.ad-banner` element:
+
+```js
+await axe.run({
+  include: ['main', 'footer'],
+  exclude: '.ad-banner'
+});
+```
+
+**Note**: When an element is both included and excluded, the selector that matches the nearest ancestor takes priority. I.e. if a node's grandparent is included, but the parent is excluded, then the node is excluded. If the node's grandparent is excluded, but its parent is included, the node is included.
+
+## Select From Prior Tests
+
+It is possible to `include` or `exclude` nodes from prior tests. This lets you either skip those issues, or repeat a test while you are working on a solution. This can be done using the `target` property from an axe result:
+
+```js
+// Grab the target property from all color-contrast violations:
+const violation = priorResult.violations.find(
+  ({ id }) => id === 'color-contrast'
+);
+const targets = violation.nodes.map(issue => issue.target);
+// Run axe, only testing the prior color-contrast violations
+await axe.run(targets);
+
+// Or, to exclude those nodes from the test:
+await axe.run({ exclude: targets });
+```
+
+**Important**: It is not possible to pass a single `target` property to axe. This must be wrapped in an array. This is because axe-core's `target` property is itself an array. See [Implicit Frame And Shadow DOM Selection](#implicit-frame-and-shadow-dom-selection) for details.
+
+## Limit Frame Testing
+
+Including or excluding specific sections within a frame can be done with a `fromFrames` selector object. This property takes an array of selectors: the first to select the frame element(s) and the last to select the element(s) to include or exclude. The following shows how to test all `form` elements a `#paymentFrame` frame or iframe:
+
+```js
+// Test each <form> inside each #paymentFrame frame or iframe:
+axe.run({ fromFrames: ['#paymentFrame', 'form'] });
+```
+
+To select elements in nested frames, axe will need a selector for each level of nesting. Because axe tests frames recursively, this can be any number of levels deep. The following shows how to test the `form`, inside an `#inner`, inside an `#outer` iframe:
+
+```js
+// Test <form> inside, #inner, inside #outer:
+axe.run({ fromFrames: ['iframe#outer', 'iframe#inner', 'form'] });
+```
+
+The `fromFrames` object can be used as part of an `exclude` or `include` property. It can be by itself or as part of an array along with other selectors. The following example shows how to exclude all `.ad-banner` elements on the top window, as well as any that are part of the first level of iframes:
+
+```js
+// Skip any .ad-banner, as well as any .ad-banner inside iframes:
+axe.run({
+  exclude: [
+    '.ad-banner',
+    {
+      fromFrames: ['iframe', '.ad-banner']
+    }
+  ]
+});
+```
+
+The `fromFrames` selector object can be used on both the `include` and `exclude` property. The following shows how to test the `form` inside the `#payment` iframe, except for the `.ad-banner` in that `form`:
+
+```js
+axe.run({
+  include: {
+    fromFrames: ['iframe#payment', 'form']
+  },
+  exclude: {
+    fromFrames: ['iframe#payment', 'form > .ad-banner']
+  }
+});
+```
+
+**Note**: The `fromFrames` property cannot be used on the same object as `include` and `exclude`.
+
+## Limit Shadow DOM Testing
+
+Including or excluding specific sections of a [shadow DOM](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Web_Components/Using_shadow_DOM) tree can be done with a `fromShadowDom` selector object. This works similar to the [`fromFrames` selector](#limit-frame-testing). The `fromShadowDom` property takes an array of strings: the first to select the shadow DOM host element(s) and the last to select the element(s) to include or exclude. The following example shows how to test the `#search` form inside the shadow DOM tree attached to the `.app-header` element:
+
+```js
+// Test each search form inside each <app-header> shadow DOM tree.
+axe.run({ fromShadowDom: ['.app-header', 'form#search'] });
+```
+
+To select elements in nested shadow DOM trees, axe will need a selector for each level of nesting. The following shows how to test the `#search` element inside the `.header` element's Shadow DOM tree, inside the `app-root` custom element's shadow DOM tree:
+
+```js
+// Test #search, inside each .header, inside each <app-root>
+axe.run({ fromShadowDom: ['app-root', '.header', '#search'] });
+```
+
+The `fromShadowDom` selector object can also be used as part of an `exclude` or `include` property. It can be by itself, or part of an array along with other selectors. The following example shows how to exclude all `.comment` elements inside the `<blog-comments>` custom element, as well as excluding the `footer` element:
+
+```js
+// Skip footer, as well as any .comment element inside the shadow DOM tree of <blog-comments>
+axe.run({
+  exclude: [
+    'footer',
+    {
+      fromShadowDom: ['blog-comments', '.comment']
+    }
+  ]
+});
+```
+
+The `fromShadowDom` selector object can be used on both the `include` and `exclude` property. The following shows how to test the `<app-footer>` custom component, inside the shadow DOM of the `#root` element, but to exclude any `.ad-banner` inside the `<app-footer>`'s shadow DOM tree:
+
+```js
+axe.run({
+  include: {
+    fromShadowDom: ['#root', 'app-footer']
+  },
+  exclude: {
+    fromShadowDom: ['#root', 'app-footer', '.ad-banner']
+  }
+});
+```
+
+**Note**: The `fromShadowDom` property cannot be used on the same object as `include` and `exclude`.
+
+### Slotted Elements
+
+Axe uses the flattened DOM tree to determine whether an element is included or excluded. Because of this when a shadow DOM node is selected, all descendants inserted through the [`<slot />` element](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/Slot) are also selected.
+
+## Combine Shadow DOM and Frame Context
+
+To select frames inside shadow DOM trees or shadow DOM trees inside frames, it is possible to use [`fromShadowDom`](#limit-shadow-dom-testing) as a selector in the [`fromFrames`](#limit-frame-testing) selector object. The following example shows how to test the `main` element, inside each `iframe` that is part of the shadow DOM tree of `#appRoot`:
+
+```js
+await axe.run({
+  fromFrames: [
+    {
+      fromShadowDom: ['#appRoot', 'iframe']
+    },
+    'main'
+  ]
+});
+```
+
+These selectors can also be used on `include` or `exclude`. The following shows how to exclude the `footer`, as well as any `.commentBody` elements in the `#userComments` shadow DOM tree, inside the `#blog-comments` iframe:
+
+```js
+await axe.run({
+  exclude: [
+    'footer',
+    {
+      fromFrames: [
+        'iframe#blog-comments',
+        {
+          fromShadowDom: ['#userComments', '.commentBody']
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  ]
+});
+```
+
+**Note**: Even though the iframe is inside the shadow DOM tree, the `fromShadowDom` selector object must be part of the `fromFrames` selector. Doing the reverse does not work and will cause an error.
+
+## Implicit Frame and Shadow DOM Selection
+
+In earlier versions of axe, using nested arrays was the only way to include or exclude elements inside iframes. These are still supported in axe and is how axe works internally. This nested array syntax is used in the `target` property. For example, the following is a possible selector for a `.commentBody` element, in the shadow DOM tree of `#userComments`, inside the `#blog-comments` iframe:
+
+```js
+result = await axe.run();
+result.violations[0].nodes[0].target; // ['#blog-comments', ['#userComments', '.commentBody']]
+```
+
+To pass a `target` property into axe, it must be wrapped in another array. This creates three nested arrays: the outer array to allow multiple selectors, the middle array to select into frames, and the inner array, which is optional, to select elements inside shadow DOM trees.
+
+While this syntax continues to be supported, it is recommended to avoid it and to use the [fromFrames](#limit-frame-testing) and [fromShadowDom](#limit-shadow-dom-testing) object selectors instead since these are clearer and don't need to be wrapped in otherwise empty arrays.
diff --git a/doc/developer-guide.md b/doc/developer-guide.md
index e076d8627..07abffb21 100644
--- a/doc/developer-guide.md
+++ b/doc/developer-guide.md
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ Axe 3.0 supports open Shadow DOM: see our virtual DOM APIs and test utilities fo
 1. [Getting Started](#getting-started)
    1. [Environment Pre-requisites](#environment-pre-requisites)
    1. [Building axe.js](#building-axejs)
+   1. [Watching for Changes](#watching-for-changes)
    1. [Running Tests](#running-tests)
    1. [API Reference](#api-reference)
    1. [Supported CSS Selectors](#supported-css-selectors)
@@ -30,25 +31,63 @@ Axe 3.0 supports open Shadow DOM: see our virtual DOM APIs and test utilities fo
 
 ### Environment Pre-requisites
 
-1. You must have NodeJS installed.
+1. You must have NodeJS version 12 or higher installed.
 1. Install npm development dependencies. In the root folder of your axe-core repository, run `npm install`
 
 ### Building axe.js
 
 To build axe.js, simply run `npm run build` in the root folder of the axe-core repository. axe.js and axe.min.js are placed into the root folder.
 
+## Watching for Changes
+
+You can watch for changes and automatically build axe and run relevant tests using `npm run develop`. Once run, any changes to files inside the [lib directory](../lib) will rebuild axe. After axe is built, it will try to run the relevant tests for the files changed. If you change a file inside the [test directory](../test) it will run the tests for the file changed.
+
+Changes to files in the [full integration test directory](../test/integration/full) will not run the tests. This is because these tests require the browser to navigate to the page directly, which is something Mocha / Karma does not support.
+
+**Note:** We are still working on knowing which tests are relevant to the changed file so this may not correctly run tests every time. In these cases you should run the tests manually. If you encounter a test that does not run when a relevant file is changed, please [open an issue](https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues).
+
 ### Running Tests
 
-To run all tests from the command line you can run `npm test`, which will run all unit and integration tests using headless chrome and Selenium Webdriver.
+To run all tests from the command line you can run `npm test`, which will run all unit and integration tests using headless Chrome. Having axe built and up-to-date is required in order to run tests. If you update files inside the [lib directory](../lib) you will need to rebuild axe before running tests.
+
+You can scope which set of tests to run through various npm scripts:
+
+- `npm run test:unit:core` - Run only [core tests](../test/core/)
+- `npm run test:unit:commons` - Run only [commons tests](../test/commons/)
+- `npm run test:unit:checks` - Run only [check tests](../test/checks/)
+- `npm run test:unit:rule-matches` - Run only [rule matches](../test/rule-matches/)
+- `npm run test:unit:integration` - Run only [rule integration tests](../test/integration/rules/)
+- `npm run test:unit:virtual-rules` - Run only [virtual rule tests](../test/integration/virtual-rules)
+- `npm run test:unit:api` - Run only [api tests](../test/integration/api)
+
+There are also a set of tests that are not considered unit tests that you can run through various npm scripts:
+
+- `npm run test:act` - Run the [act tests](../test/act-mapping)
+- `npm run test:apg` - Run the [aria-practices tests](../test/aria-practices)
+- `npm run test:examples` - Run the [example tests](../doc/examples)
+- `npm run test:locales` - Run the [local tests](../test/test-locales.js)
+- `npm run test:node` - Run the [node tests](../test/node)
+- `npm run test:tsc` - Run the [typescript tests](../typeings/axe-core)
+
+Additionally, you can [watch for changes](#watching-for-changes) to files and automatically run the relevant tests.
+
+If you need to debug a test in a non-headless browser, you can run `npm run test:debug` which will run the Karma tests in non-headless Chrome. You can also navigate to the newly opened page using any supported browser.
+
+You can scope which set of tests to debug by passing the `testDirs` argument. Supported values are:
+
+- `core`
+- `commons`
+- `checks`
+- `rule-matches`
+- `integration`
+- `virtual-rules`
+- `api`
+
+Example:
 
-You can also load tests in any supported browser, which is helpful for debugging. Tests require a local server to run, you must first start a local server to serve files. You can use Grunt to start one by running `npm start`. Once your local server is running you can load the following pages in any browser to run tests:
+- `npm run test:debug -- testDirs=core`
 
-1. [Core Tests](../test/core/)
-2. [Commons Tests](../test/commons/)
-3. [Check Tests](../test/checks/)
-4. [Rule Matches](../test/rule-matches/)
-5. [Integration Tests](../test/integration/rules/)
-6. There are additional tests located in [test/integration/full/](../test/integration/full/) for tests that need to be run against their own document.
+Lastly, you can run the [full integration tests](../test/integration/full) by starting a local server by running `npm start`. Once started, you can open any supported browser and navigate to any test in the full integration tests directory.
 
 ### API Reference
 
@@ -76,12 +115,12 @@ After execution, a Check will return `true`, `false`, or `undefined` depending o
 Rules are defined by JSON files in the [lib/rules directory](../lib/rules). The JSON object is used to seed the [Rule object](../lib/core/base/rule.js#L30). A valid Rule JSON consists of the following:
 
 - `id` - `String` A unique name of the Rule.
+- `impact` - `String` (one of `minor`, `moderate`, `serious`, or `critical`). Sets the impact of the results of this rule
 - `selector` - **optional** `String` which is a [CSS selector](#supported-css-selectors) that specifies the elements of the page on which the Rule runs. axe-core will look inside of the light DOM and _open_ [Shadow DOM](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Web_Components/Shadow_DOM) trees for elements matching the provided selector. If omitted, the rule will run against every node.
 - `excludeHidden` - **optional** `Boolean` Whether the rule should exclude hidden elements. Defaults to `true`.
 - `enabled` - **optional** `Boolean` Whether the rule is enabled by default. Defaults to `true`.
 - `pageLevel` - **optional** `Boolean` Whether the rule is page level. Page level rules will only run if given an entire `document` as context.
 - `matches` - **optional** `String` The ID of the filtering function that will exclude elements that match the `selector` property. See the [`metadata-function-map`](../lib/core/base/metadata-function-map.js) file for all defined IDs.
-- `impact` - **optional** `String` (one of `minor`, `moderate`, `serious`, or `critical`). Override the impact defined by checks.
 - `tags` - **optional** `Array` Strings of the accessibility guidelines of which the Rule applies.
 - `metadata` - `Object` Consisting of:
   - `description` - `String` Text string that describes what the rule does.
@@ -116,7 +155,7 @@ Similar to Rules, Checks are defined by JSON files in the [lib/checks directory]
 - `after` - **optional** `String` The ID of the function that gets called for checks that operate on a page-level basis, to process the results from the iframes.
 - `options` - **optional** `Object` Any information the Check needs that you might need to customize and/or is locale specific. Options can be overridden at runtime (with the options parameter) or config-time. For example, the [valid-lang](../lib/checks/language/valid-lang.json) Check defines what ISO 639-1 language codes it should accept as valid. Options do not need to follow any specific format or type; it is up to the author of a Check to determine the most appropriate format.
 - `metadata` - `Object` Consisting of:
-  - `impact` - `String` (one of `minor`, `moderate`, `serious`, or `critical`)
+  - `impact` - **Deprecated** `String` (one of `minor`, `moderate`, `serious`, or `critical`)
   - `messages` - `Object` These messages are displayed when the Check passes or fails
     - `pass` - `String` [doT.js](http://olado.github.io/doT/) template string displayed when the Check passes
     - `fail` - `String` [doT.js](http://olado.github.io/doT/) template string displayed when the Check fails
@@ -148,7 +187,7 @@ The after function must return an `Array` of CheckResults, due to this, it is a
 
 ```js
 var uniqueIds = [];
-return results.filter(function(r) {
+return results.filter(function (r) {
   if (uniqueIds.indexOf(r.data) === -1) {
     uniqueIds.push(r.data);
     return true;
@@ -370,17 +409,17 @@ Create a check context for mocking and resetting data and relatedNodes in tests.
 #### Synopsis
 
 ```js
-describe('region', function() {
+describe('region', function () {
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
   var checkContext = new axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true when all content is inside the region', function() {
+  it('should return true when all content is inside the region', function () {
     assert.isTrue(checks.region.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     assert.equal(checkContext._relatedNodes.length, 0);
   });
@@ -412,7 +451,7 @@ Provides an API for determining Shadow DOM v0 and v1 support in tests. For examp
 ```js
 (axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
   'should test Shadow tree content',
-  function() {
+  function () {
     // The rest of the shadow DOM test
   }
 );
@@ -437,7 +476,7 @@ it(
   'should return true if there is only one ' +
     type +
     ' element with the same name',
-  function() {
+  function () {
     axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup(
       '<input type="' +
         type +
@@ -468,7 +507,7 @@ Create check arguments.
 #### Synopsis
 
 ```js
-it('should return true when all content is inside the region', function() {
+it('should return true when all content is inside the region', function () {
   var checkArgs = checkSetup(
     '<div id="target"><div role="main"><a href="a.html#mainheader">Click Here</a><div><h1 id="mainheader" tabindex="0">Introduction</h1></div></div></div>'
   );
diff --git a/doc/examples/chrome-debugging-protocol/axe-cdp.js b/doc/examples/chrome-debugging-protocol/axe-cdp.js
index bf5607346..5ecae05a7 100644
--- a/doc/examples/chrome-debugging-protocol/axe-cdp.js
+++ b/doc/examples/chrome-debugging-protocol/axe-cdp.js
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ const example = async url => {
           // its value (`results.result.value` is undefined). By
           // `JSON.stringify()`ing it, we can `JSON.parse()` it later on
           // and return a valid results set.
-          .then(results => JSON.stringify(results))
+          .then(res => JSON.stringify(res))
           .then(resolve)
           .catch(reject);
       });
diff --git a/doc/examples/chrome-debugging-protocol/package.json b/doc/examples/chrome-debugging-protocol/package.json
index 145bf9244..c3ea3536f 100644
--- a/doc/examples/chrome-debugging-protocol/package.json
+++ b/doc/examples/chrome-debugging-protocol/package.json
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
   "scripts": {
     "test": "echo 'No test specified.'"
   },
-  "dependencies": {
-    "axe-core": "^3.3.1",
-    "chrome-remote-interface": "^0.27.1"
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "axe-core": "^4.6.2",
+    "chrome-remote-interface": "^0.31.3"
   }
 }
diff --git a/doc/examples/html-handlebars.md b/doc/examples/html-handlebars.md
index 8b20ee238..eff2ef61b 100644
--- a/doc/examples/html-handlebars.md
+++ b/doc/examples/html-handlebars.md
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ function helperItemIterator(items, template) {
   }
   return out;
 }
-Handlebars.registerHelper('violations', function(items) {
+Handlebars.registerHelper('violations', function (items) {
   return helperItemIterator(items, compiledRowTemplate);
 });
-Handlebars.registerHelper('related', function(items) {
+Handlebars.registerHelper('related', function (items) {
   return helperItemIterator(items, compiledRelatedNodeTemplate);
 });
-Handlebars.registerHelper('reasons', function(items) {
+Handlebars.registerHelper('reasons', function (items) {
   return helperItemIterator(items, compiledFailureTemplate);
 });
 
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ compiledReasonsTemplate = Handlebars.compile(reasonsTemplate.innerHTML);
 function messageFromRelatedNodes(relatedNodes) {
   var retVal = '';
   if (relatedNodes.length) {
-    var list = relatedNodes.map(function(node) {
+    var list = relatedNodes.map(function (node) {
       return {
         targetArrayString: JSON.stringify(node.target),
         targetString: node.target.join(' ')
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ function messageFromRelatedNodes(relatedNodes) {
 }
 
 function messagesFromArray(nodes) {
-  var list = nodes.map(function(failure) {
+  var list = nodes.map(function (failure) {
     return {
       message: failure.message.replace(/</gi, '&lt;').replace(/>/gi, '&gt;'),
       relatedNodesMessage: messageFromRelatedNodes(failure.relatedNodes)
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ function summary(node) {
  */
 
 if (results.violations.length) {
-  var violations = results.violations.map(function(rule, i) {
+  var violations = results.violations.map(function (rule, i) {
     return {
       impact: rule.impact,
       help: rule.help.replace(/</gi, '&lt;').replace(/>/gi, '&gt;'),
@@ -107,58 +107,42 @@ reasonHtml = summary(node);
 ## The Handlebars Templates
 
 ```handlebars
-<script id="rowTemplate" type="text/x-handlebars-template">
-<tr>
-  <th scope="row" class="help">
-    <a href="javascript:;" class="rule" data-index="{{index}}">
-      {{{help}}}
-    </a>
-  </th>
-  <td scope="row">
-    <a target="_blank" href="{{helpUrl}}">?</a>
-  </td>
+<script id='rowTemplate' type='text/x-handlebars-template'>
+  <tr> <th scope="row" class="help"> <a href="javascript:;" class="rule"
+  data-index="{{index}}">
+  {{{help}}}
+  </a> </th> <td scope="row"> <a target="_blank" href="{{helpUrl}}">?</a> </td>
   <td class="count">
-    {{count}}
-  </td>
-  <td class="impact">
-    {{impact}}
-  </td>
-</tr>
+  {{count}}
+  </td> <td class="impact">
+  {{impact}}
+  </td> </tr>
 </script>
-<script id="tableTemplate" type="text/x-handlebars-template">
-<table>
-  <tr>
-  <th scope="col">Description</th>
-  <th scope="col">Info</th>
-  <th scope="col">Count</th>
-  <th scope="col">Impact</th>
-  </tr>
+<script id='tableTemplate' type='text/x-handlebars-template'>
+  <table> <tr> <th scope="col">Description</th> <th scope="col">Info</th> <th
+  scope="col">Count</th> <th scope="col">Impact</th> </tr>
   {{#violations violationList}}{{/violations}}
-</table>
+  </table>
 </script>
-<script id="relatedListTemplate" type="text/x-handlebars-template">
-<ul>Related Nodes:
+<script id='relatedListTemplate' type='text/x-handlebars-template'>
+  <ul>Related Nodes:
   {{#related relatedNodeList}}{{/related}}
-</ul>
+  </ul>
 </script>
-<script id="relatedNodeTemplate" type="text/x-handlebars-template">
-<li>
-  <a href="javascript:;" class="related-node" data-element="{{targetArrayString}}">
-    {{targetString}}
-  </a>
-</li>
+<script id='relatedNodeTemplate' type='text/x-handlebars-template'>
+  <li> <a href="javascript:;" class="related-node" data-element="{{targetArrayString}}">
+  {{targetString}}
+  </a> </li>
 </script>
-<script id="reasonsTemplate" type="text/x-handlebars-template">
-<p class="summary">
-  <ul class="failure-message">
-    {{#reasons reasonsList}}{{/reasons}}
-  </ul>
-</p>
+<script id='reasonsTemplate' type='text/x-handlebars-template'>
+  <p class="summary"> <ul class="failure-message">
+  {{#reasons reasonsList}}{{/reasons}}
+  </ul> </p>
 </script>
-<script id="failureTemplate" type="text/x-handlebars-template">
-<li>
+<script id='failureTemplate' type='text/x-handlebars-template'>
+  <li>
   {{message}}
   {{{relatedNodesMessage}}}
-</li>
+  </li>
 </script>
 ```
diff --git a/doc/examples/jasmine/karma.conf.js b/doc/examples/jasmine/karma.conf.js
index 01b9be3c5..b07fc5c91 100644
--- a/doc/examples/jasmine/karma.conf.js
+++ b/doc/examples/jasmine/karma.conf.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-module.exports = function(config) {
+module.exports = function (config) {
   config.set({
     basePath: '',
 
diff --git a/doc/examples/jasmine/package.json b/doc/examples/jasmine/package.json
index 36246bc71..d086c088b 100644
--- a/doc/examples/jasmine/package.json
+++ b/doc/examples/jasmine/package.json
@@ -8,14 +8,13 @@
     "organization": "Deque Systems, Inc.",
     "url": "http://deque.com/"
   },
-  "dependencies": {},
   "scripts": {
     "test": "karma start karma.conf.js"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
-    "axe-core": "^3.3.1",
-    "karma": "^4.2.0",
-    "karma-chrome-launcher": "^3.0.0",
-    "karma-jasmine": "^2.0.1"
+    "axe-core": "^4.6.2",
+    "karma": "^6.4.1",
+    "karma-chrome-launcher": "^3.1.1",
+    "karma-jasmine": "^5.1.0"
   }
 }
diff --git a/doc/examples/jasmine/spec/a11y.js b/doc/examples/jasmine/spec/a11y.js
index b00cd9422..1c32b9fc4 100644
--- a/doc/examples/jasmine/spec/a11y.js
+++ b/doc/examples/jasmine/spec/a11y.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* global describe, it, expect, axe, document */
 
-describe('axe', function() {
+describe('axe', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   document
@@ -16,18 +16,18 @@ describe('axe', function() {
         '</div>'
     );
 
-  it('should report that good HTML is good', function(done) {
+  it('should report that good HTML is good', function (done) {
     var n = document.getElementById('working');
-    axe.run(n, function(err, result) {
+    axe.run(n, function (err, result) {
       expect(err).toBe(null);
       expect(result.violations.length).toBe(0);
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  it('should report that bad HTML is bad', function(done) {
+  it('should report that bad HTML is bad', function (done) {
     var n = document.getElementById('broken');
-    axe.run(n, function(err, result) {
+    axe.run(n, function (err, result) {
       expect(err).toBe(null);
       expect(result.violations.length).toBe(1);
       done();
diff --git a/doc/examples/jest_react/.babelrc b/doc/examples/jest_react/.babelrc
index 18151f1f8..2250a3985 100644
--- a/doc/examples/jest_react/.babelrc
+++ b/doc/examples/jest_react/.babelrc
@@ -1,3 +1,13 @@
 {
-  "presets": ["@babel/preset-env", "@babel/preset-react"]
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+  "presets": [
+    [
+      "@babel/preset-env",
+      {
+        "targets": {
+          "node": "current"
+        }
+      }
+    ],
+    "@babel/preset-react"
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/doc/examples/jest_react/jest.setup.js b/doc/examples/jest_react/jest.setup.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c07c08250
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/examples/jest_react/jest.setup.js
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+const Enzyme = require('enzyme');
+const Adapter = require('@wojtekmaj/enzyme-adapter-react-17');
+
+Enzyme.configure({ adapter: new Adapter() });
diff --git a/doc/examples/jest_react/link.test.js b/doc/examples/jest_react/link.test.js
index 9156d1a15..d9bd25271 100644
--- a/doc/examples/jest_react/link.test.js
+++ b/doc/examples/jest_react/link.test.js
@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
 import React from 'react';
+import { mount, render } from 'enzyme';
 import axe from 'axe-core';
-import { mountToDoc } from './test-helpers';
 
 import Link from './link';
 
 test('Link has no axe violations', done => {
-  const linkComponent = mountToDoc(
-    <Link page="http://www.axe-core.org">axe website</Link>
+  const fixture = document.createElement('div');
+  document.body.appendChild(fixture);
+
+  const linkComponent = mount(
+    <Link page="http://www.axe-core.org">axe website</Link>,
+    { attachTo: fixture }
   );
-  const linkNode = linkComponent.getDOMNode();
 
   const config = {
     rules: {
@@ -16,7 +19,7 @@ test('Link has no axe violations', done => {
       'link-in-text-block': { enabled: false }
     }
   };
-  axe.run(linkNode, config, (err, { violations }) => {
+  axe.run(fixture, config, (err, { violations }) => {
     expect(err).toBe(null);
     expect(violations).toHaveLength(0);
     done();
diff --git a/doc/examples/jest_react/package.json b/doc/examples/jest_react/package.json
index 78186e1c7..0a67634b9 100644
--- a/doc/examples/jest_react/package.json
+++ b/doc/examples/jest_react/package.json
@@ -8,21 +8,24 @@
     "organization": "Deque Systems, Inc.",
     "url": "http://deque.com/"
   },
-  "dependencies": {},
   "scripts": {
     "test": "jest"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
-    "@babel/preset-env": "^7.5.5",
-    "@babel/preset-react": "^7.0.0",
-    "axe-core": "^3.3.1",
-    "babel-jest": "^24.8.0",
-    "enzyme": "^3.10.0",
-    "enzyme-adapter-react-16": "^1.14.0",
-    "jest": "^24.8.0",
-    "jest-cli": "^24.8.0",
-    "react": "^16.4.0",
-    "react-dom": "^16.4.0",
-    "react-test-renderer": "^16.2.0"
+    "@babel/preset-env": "^7.20.2",
+    "@babel/preset-react": "^7.18.6",
+    "@wojtekmaj/enzyme-adapter-react-17": "^0.8.0",
+    "axe-core": "^4.6.2",
+    "enzyme": "^3.11.0",
+    "jest": "^29.3.1",
+    "jest-environment-jsdom": "^29.3.1",
+    "react": "^17.0.2",
+    "react-dom": "^17.0.2"
+  },
+  "jest": {
+    "testEnvironment": "jsdom",
+    "setupFilesAfterEnv": [
+      "<rootDir>/jest.setup.js"
+    ]
   }
 }
diff --git a/doc/examples/jsdom/package.json b/doc/examples/jsdom/package.json
index 12c13bd16..d74cfeafa 100644
--- a/doc/examples/jsdom/package.json
+++ b/doc/examples/jsdom/package.json
@@ -3,13 +3,12 @@
   "description": "Axe JSDOM Example",
   "version": "0.0.1",
   "private": true,
-  "dependencies": {},
   "scripts": {
     "test": "mocha"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
-    "axe-core": "^3.3.1",
-    "jsdom": "^15.1.1",
-    "mocha": "^6.2.0"
+    "axe-core": "^4.6.2",
+    "jsdom": "^21.0.0",
+    "mocha": "^10.2.0"
   }
 }
diff --git a/doc/examples/jsdom/test/a11y.js b/doc/examples/jsdom/test/a11y.js
index 8fa945d89..0bc935c2e 100644
--- a/doc/examples/jsdom/test/a11y.js
+++ b/doc/examples/jsdom/test/a11y.js
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 /* global describe, it */
+const axe = require('axe-core');
 const jsdom = require('jsdom');
 const { JSDOM } = jsdom;
 const assert = require('assert');
 
 describe('axe', () => {
-  const { window } = new JSDOM(`<!DOCTYPE html>
+  const { document } = new JSDOM(`<!DOCTYPE html>
   <html lang="en">
     <head>
       <title>JSDOM Example</title>
@@ -18,30 +19,30 @@ describe('axe', () => {
         <p>Not a label</p><input type="text" id="no-label">
       </div>
     </body>
-  </html>`);
-
-  const axe = require('axe-core');
+  </html>`).window;
   const config = {
     rules: {
       'color-contrast': { enabled: false }
     }
   };
 
-  it('should report that good HTML is good', function(done) {
-    var n = window.document.getElementById('working');
-    axe.run(n, config, function(err, result) {
-      assert.equal(err, null, 'Error is not null');
-      assert.equal(result.violations.length, 0, 'Violations is not empty');
-      done();
-    });
+  it('reports that good HTML is good', async () => {
+    const node = document.getElementById('working');
+    const result = await axe.run(node, config);
+    assert.equal(result.violations.length, 0, 'Violations is not empty');
+  });
+
+  it('reports that bad HTML is bad', async () => {
+    const node = document.getElementById('broken');
+    const results = await axe.run(node, config);
+    assert.equal(results.violations.length, 1, 'Violations.length is not 1');
   });
 
-  it('should report that bad HTML is bad', function(done) {
-    var n = window.document.getElementById('broken');
-    axe.run(n, config, function(err, result) {
-      assert.equal(err, null, 'Error is not null');
-      assert.equal(result.violations.length, 1, 'Violations.length is not 1');
-      done();
-    });
+  it('allows commons after axe.setup() is called', () => {
+    axe.setup(document);
+    const input = document.querySelector('input');
+    const role = axe.commons.aria.getRole(input);
+    assert.equal(role, 'textbox');
+    axe.teardown();
   });
 });
diff --git a/doc/examples/mocha/karma.conf.js b/doc/examples/mocha/karma.conf.js
index 6ff71908e..a37605775 100644
--- a/doc/examples/mocha/karma.conf.js
+++ b/doc/examples/mocha/karma.conf.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-module.exports = function(config) {
+module.exports = function (config) {
   config.set({
     basePath: '',
 
diff --git a/doc/examples/mocha/package.json b/doc/examples/mocha/package.json
index a85fb1865..870909591 100644
--- a/doc/examples/mocha/package.json
+++ b/doc/examples/mocha/package.json
@@ -8,15 +8,15 @@
     "organization": "Deque Systems, Inc.",
     "url": "http://deque.com/"
   },
-  "dependencies": {},
   "scripts": {
     "test": "karma start karma.conf.js"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
-    "axe-core": "^3.3.1",
-    "karma": "^4.2.0",
+    "axe-core": "^4.6.2",
+    "chai": "^4.3.7",
+    "karma": "^6.4.1",
     "karma-chai": "^0.1.0",
-    "karma-chrome-launcher": "^3.0.0",
-    "karma-mocha": "^1.3.0"
+    "karma-chrome-launcher": "^3.1.1",
+    "karma-mocha": "^2.0.1"
   }
 }
diff --git a/doc/examples/mocha/test/a11y.js b/doc/examples/mocha/test/a11y.js
index 9ba51e377..d3d1e1f16 100644
--- a/doc/examples/mocha/test/a11y.js
+++ b/doc/examples/mocha/test/a11y.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* global describe, it, expect, axe, document, expect */
 
-describe('axe', function() {
+describe('axe', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   document
@@ -16,18 +16,18 @@ describe('axe', function() {
         '</div>'
     );
 
-  it('should report that good HTML is good', function(done) {
+  it('should report that good HTML is good', function (done) {
     var n = document.getElementById('working');
-    axe.run(n, function(err, result) {
+    axe.run(n, function (err, result) {
       expect(err).to.be.null;
       expect(result.violations.length).to.equal(0);
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  it('should report that bad HTML is bad', function(done) {
+  it('should report that bad HTML is bad', function (done) {
     var n = document.getElementById('broken');
-    axe.run(n, function(err, result) {
+    axe.run(n, function (err, result) {
       expect(err).to.be.null;
       expect(result.violations.length).to.equal(1);
       done();
diff --git a/doc/examples/puppeteer/axe-puppeteer.js b/doc/examples/puppeteer/axe-puppeteer.js
index 2b54d826a..64f657b33 100644
--- a/doc/examples/puppeteer/axe-puppeteer.js
+++ b/doc/examples/puppeteer/axe-puppeteer.js
@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ const isValidURL = input => {
   return u.protocol && u.host;
 };
 
-// node axe-puppeteer.js <url>
-const url = process.argv[2];
-assert(isValidURL(url), 'Invalid URL');
+(async () => {
+  // node axe-puppeteer.js <url>
+  const url = process.argv[2];
+  assert(isValidURL(url), 'Invalid URL');
 
-const main = async url => {
   let browser;
   let results;
   try {
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ const main = async url => {
 
     // Get the results from `axe.run()`.
     results = await handle.jsonValue();
+    console.log(results);
+
     // Destroy the handle & return axe results.
     await handle.dispose();
   } catch (err) {
@@ -42,19 +44,9 @@ const main = async url => {
       await browser.close();
     }
 
-    // Re-throw
-    throw err;
+    console.error('Error running axe-core:', err.message);
+    process.exit(1);
   }
 
   await browser.close();
-  return results;
-};
-
-main(url)
-  .then(results => {
-    console.log(results);
-  })
-  .catch(err => {
-    console.error('Error running axe-core:', err.message);
-    process.exit(1);
-  });
+})();
diff --git a/doc/examples/puppeteer/package.json b/doc/examples/puppeteer/package.json
index 28f43a6e9..eb4f1c446 100644
--- a/doc/examples/puppeteer/package.json
+++ b/doc/examples/puppeteer/package.json
@@ -4,10 +4,12 @@
   "private": true,
   "main": "axe-puppeteer.js",
   "scripts": {
-    "test": "node axe-puppeteer.js https://deque.com"
+    "test": "npm run test:url && npm run test:set-content",
+    "test:url": "node axe-puppeteer.js https://deque.com",
+    "test:set-content": "node set-content.js"
   },
-  "dependencies": {
-    "axe-core": "^3.3.1",
-    "puppeteer": "^1.19.0"
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "axe-core": "^4.6.2",
+    "puppeteer": "^19.8.2"
   }
 }
diff --git a/doc/examples/puppeteer/set-content.js b/doc/examples/puppeteer/set-content.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..60e85f8ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/examples/puppeteer/set-content.js
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+const assert = require('assert');
+const puppeteer = require('puppeteer');
+const axe = require('axe-core');
+
+(async () => {
+  const browser = await puppeteer.launch();
+  const page = await browser.newPage();
+
+  await page.setContent(`
+    <html lang="en">
+    <head>
+      <title>Test Page</title>
+    </head>
+    <body>
+      <main>
+        <h1>Hello World</h1>
+        <button id="empty-button"></button>
+        <iframe title="iframe" srcdoc="<button id='iframe-empty-button'></button>"></iframe>
+      </main>
+    </body>
+    </html>
+  `);
+
+  await page.evaluate(axe.source);
+  const frames = page.frames();
+  for (let i = 0; i < frames.length; i++) {
+    await frames[i].evaluate(axe.source);
+  }
+
+  const results = await page.evaluate(`window.axe.run()`);
+  assert(results.violations.length);
+
+  await browser.close();
+})();
diff --git a/doc/examples/qunit/Gruntfile.js b/doc/examples/qunit/Gruntfile.js
index 9cd829263..bc50188c6 100644
--- a/doc/examples/qunit/Gruntfile.js
+++ b/doc/examples/qunit/Gruntfile.js
@@ -1,11 +1,22 @@
-module.exports = function(grunt) {
+module.exports = function (grunt) {
   'use strict';
 
   grunt.loadNpmTasks('grunt-contrib-qunit');
 
   grunt.initConfig({
     qunit: {
-      all: ['test/**/*.html']
+      all: ['test/**/*.html'],
+      options: {
+        puppeteer: {
+          ignoreDefaultArgs: true,
+          args: [
+            '--headless',
+            '--disable-web-security',
+            '--allow-file-access-from-files'
+          ]
+        },
+        timeout: 10000
+      }
     }
   });
 };
diff --git a/doc/examples/qunit/package.json b/doc/examples/qunit/package.json
index 8c46c48cc..68c36555d 100644
--- a/doc/examples/qunit/package.json
+++ b/doc/examples/qunit/package.json
@@ -8,14 +8,14 @@
     "organization": "Deque Systems, Inc.",
     "url": "http://deque.com/"
   },
-  "dependencies": {},
   "scripts": {
     "test": "grunt qunit"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
-    "axe-core": "^3.3.1",
-    "grunt": "~1.0.2",
-    "grunt-contrib-qunit": "~3.1.0",
-    "qunitjs": "~2.4.1"
+    "axe-core": "^4.6.2",
+    "grunt": "^1.5.3",
+    "grunt-contrib-qunit": "^5.1.1",
+    "puppeteer": "^19.5.0",
+    "qunitjs": "^2.0.1"
   }
 }
diff --git a/doc/examples/qunit/test/a11y.js b/doc/examples/qunit/test/a11y.js
index 62b4f6c4b..8260a8309 100644
--- a/doc/examples/qunit/test/a11y.js
+++ b/doc/examples/qunit/test/a11y.js
@@ -2,24 +2,24 @@
 
 QUnit.module('axe');
 
-QUnit.test('should report that good HTML is good', function(assert) {
+QUnit.test('should report that good HTML is good', function (assert) {
   var n = document.getElementById('working');
   assert.expect(2);
 
   var done = assert.async();
-  axe.run(n, function(err, result) {
+  axe.run(n, function (err, result) {
     assert.equal(err, null);
     assert.equal(result.violations.length, 0);
     done();
   });
 });
 
-QUnit.test('should report that bad HTML is bad', function(assert) {
+QUnit.test('should report that bad HTML is bad', function (assert) {
   var n = document.getElementById('broken');
   assert.expect(2);
 
   var done = assert.async();
-  axe.run(n, function(err, result) {
+  axe.run(n, function (err, result) {
     assert.equal(err, null);
     assert.equal(result.violations.length, 1);
     done();
diff --git a/doc/examples/qunit/test/test.html b/doc/examples/qunit/test/test.html
index 22e013e77..e7a3acbb5 100644
--- a/doc/examples/qunit/test/test.html
+++ b/doc/examples/qunit/test/test.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html>
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf-8" />
diff --git a/doc/plugins.md b/doc/plugins.md
index 9ce4e58d0..a440d2d3f 100644
--- a/doc/plugins.md
+++ b/doc/plugins.md
@@ -23,14 +23,14 @@ In order to create such a plugin, we need to implement the "run" function for th
 ```js
 axe.registerPlugin({
   id: 'doStuff',
-  run: function(id, action, options, callback) {
+  run: function (id, action, options, callback) {
     var frames;
     var q = axe.utils.queue();
     var that = this;
     frames = axe.utils.toArray(document.querySelectorAll('iframe, frame'));
 
-    frames.forEach(function(frame) {
-      q.defer(function(done) {
+    frames.forEach(function (frame) {
+      q.defer(function (done) {
         axe.utils.sendCommandToFrame(
           frame,
           {
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ axe.registerPlugin({
             parameter: id,
             action: action
           },
-          function() {
+          function () {
             done();
           }
         );
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ axe.registerPlugin({
     });
 
     if (!options.context.length) {
-      q.defer(function(done) {
+      q.defer(function (done) {
         that._registry[id][action].call(
           that._registry[id],
           document,
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ axe.registerPlugin({
   commands: [
     {
       id: 'run-doStuff',
-      callback: function(data, callback) {
+      callback: function (data, callback) {
         return axe.plugins.doStuff.run(
           data.parameter,
           data.action,
@@ -100,16 +100,16 @@ Lets implement a basic plugin instance to see how this works. This instance will
 var highlight = {
   id: 'highlight',
   highlighter: new Highlighter(),
-  run: function(contextNode, options, done) {
+  run: function (contextNode, options, done) {
     var that = this;
     Array.prototype.slice
       .call(contextNode.querySelectorAll(options.selector))
-      .forEach(function(node) {
+      .forEach(function (node) {
         that.highlighter.highlight(node, options);
       });
     done();
   },
-  cleanup: function(done) {
+  cleanup: function (done) {
     this.highlighter.clear();
     done();
   }
diff --git a/doc/projects.md b/doc/projects.md
index 44b7a77a4..5dcd80066 100644
--- a/doc/projects.md
+++ b/doc/projects.md
@@ -50,9 +50,12 @@ Add your project/integration to this file and submit a pull request.
 1. [axe-TestCafe](https://github.com/helen-dikareva/axe-testcafe)
 1. [Web Audit University of Nebraska-Lincoln](https://webaudit.unl.edu/)
 1. [Vorlon.js Remote Debugger](https://github.com/MicrosoftDX/Vorlonjs)
-1. [Terra's Webdriver.io Accessibility Service](https://github.com/cerner/terra-toolkit/blob/master/docs/AxeService.md)
+1. [Terra Toolkit](https://github.com/cerner/terra-toolkit)
 1. [axe-sarif-converter](https://github.com/microsoft/axe-sarif-converter)
 1. [Selenium.Axe for .NET](https://github.com/TroyWalshProf/SeleniumAxeDotnet)
 1. [vue-axe](https://github.com/vue-a11y/vue-axe-next)
 1. [a11y-sitechecker](https://github.com/forsti0506/a11y-sitechecker)
 1. [Parcel](https://parcel.io)
+1. [mitm-play](https://github.com/mitmplay/mitm-play)
+1. [Sitebulb](https://sitebulb.com/hints/accessibility/)
+1. [Webatool](https://github.com/balajihambeere/webatool)
diff --git a/doc/release-and-support.md b/doc/release-and-support.md
index a21b37aa8..1a076540e 100644
--- a/doc/release-and-support.md
+++ b/doc/release-and-support.md
@@ -2,14 +2,16 @@
 
 ## Release Cadence
 
-Axe-core is used in lots of [projects and environments](./projects.md). Not all of these are able to upgrade at a rapid pace. Because of this, updates in axe-core are limited in the following ways. For details on what types of changes can come in these releases see [backward compatibility](./backwards-compatibility-doc.md).
+Axe-core is used in many [projects and environments](./projects.md). Not all of these are able to upgrade at a rapid pace. Because of this, updates in axe-core are limited in the following ways. For details on what types of changes can come in these releases see [backward compatibility](./backwards-compatibility-doc.md).
 
-- **Major releases**: Axe-core strives to have a major release every 18 to 24 months. These may include breaking changes, and provide opportunities for Deque to remove previously deprecated features. As an absolute minimum, there will be a 12 month period between major releases of axe-core, except if this is necessary for security.
+- **Major releases**: Major axe-core releases likely include breaking changes, and provide opportunities for Deque to remove previously deprecated features. As an absolute minimum, there will be a 12 month period between major releases of axe-core, except if this is necessary for security.
 
-- **Minor Releases**; Axe-core strives to publish three minor releases every year. There will be at least 6 weeks between each minor release, except if this is necessary for security.
+- **Minor Releases**; Axe-core strives to publish three to five minor releases every year. There will be at least 3 weeks between each minor release, except if this is necessary for security.
 
 - **Patch Releases**: There are no restrictions on the number of patches released for axe-core.
 
+For all major and minor releases a milestone will be created at least three weeks ahead of the release. The axe-core team strives to complete all issues in that milestone, although on occasion issues lower in the milestone may be dropped, and high priority issues may be added. Axe-core will observe a code freeze one week before releasing a major or minor version. Only documentation, metadata, and localizations may be modified during code freeze.
+
 ## Security Updates
 
 Once a new major or minor version is released, the prior versions will no longer be updated, except if this is necessary for security. Security updates will be provided for major and minor versions **up to 18 months** old. For example, if version 4.0.0 was released 17 months ago, and a security issue is discovered a new patch will be released on the 4.0 line. However if 3.5.0 was released 20 months ago, even if 3.5.2 was released 17 months ago, a security patch for the 3.5 line may **not** be provided.
@@ -20,6 +22,6 @@ The axe-core team considered security its very highest priority. While security
 
 In order to ensure the best quality from axe-core, we encourage everyone to regularly upgrade their version of axe-core, to try to stay as close to the latest release as possible. Depending on how axe-core is used, upgrading to a new minor or major version may result in new issues getting reported. To handle this, we recommend that you plan time to upgrade your version of axe-core at least twice a year.
 
-Additionally, we recommend that you always use the latest patch version of whatever minor version you are on. For example if you are using axe-core 3.5.5, and 3.5.6 it is best to upgrade immediately. Patch releases of axe-core should should not find new issues, although they occasionally resolve issues in the case of false positives.
+Additionally, we recommend that you always use the latest patch version of whatever minor version you are on. For example if you are using axe-core 3.5.5, and 3.5.6 is released it is best to upgrade immediately. Patch releases of axe-core should not find new issues, although they occasionally resolve issues in the case of false positives.
 
 Ensuring you always use the latest available patch version of axe-core on any minor line guarantees you always the most secure version of axe-core. This minor line must have been released within the last 18 months. See [security updates](#security-updates).
diff --git a/doc/rule-descriptions.md b/doc/rule-descriptions.md
index 489cea0a4..75787363d 100644
--- a/doc/rule-descriptions.md
+++ b/doc/rule-descriptions.md
@@ -1,144 +1,161 @@
+<!--- This file is automatically generated using build/configure.js --->
+
 # Rule Descriptions
 
 ## Table of Contents
 
 - [WCAG 2.0 Level A & AA Rules](#wcag-20-level-a--aa-rules)
 - [WCAG 2.1 Level A & AA Rules](#wcag-21-level-a--aa-rules)
+- [WCAG 2.2 Level A & AA Rules](#wcag-22-level-a--aa-rules)
 - [Best Practices Rules](#best-practices-rules)
-- [WCAG 2.0 and 2.1 level AAA rules](#wcag-20-and-21-level-aaa-rules)
+- [WCAG 2.x level AAA rules](#wcag-2x-level-aaa-rules)
 - [Experimental Rules](#experimental-rules)
 - [Deprecated Rules](#deprecated-rules)
 
 ## WCAG 2.0 Level A & AA Rules
 
-| Rule ID                                                                                                                          | Description                                                                                                                                           | Impact                   | Tags                                                                                       | Issue Type                 | ACT Rules                                                                                              |
-| :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :----------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| [area-alt](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/area-alt?application=RuleDescription)                                       | Ensures &lt;area&gt; elements of image maps have alternate text                                                                                       | Critical                 | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag111, wcag244, wcag412, section508, section508.22.a, ACT | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [c487ae](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/c487ae)                                                     |
-| [aria-allowed-attr](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/aria-allowed-attr?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensures ARIA attributes are allowed for an element&apos;s role                                                                                        | Serious, Critical        | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412                                                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [5c01ea](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/5c01ea)                                                     |
-| [aria-command-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/aria-command-name?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensures every ARIA button, link and menuitem has an accessible name                                                                                   | Serious                  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412                                                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [97a4e1](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/97a4e1)                                                     |
-| [aria-hidden-body](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/aria-hidden-body?application=RuleDescription)                       | Ensures aria-hidden=&apos;true&apos; is not present on the document body.                                                                             | Critical                 | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412                                                                  | failure                    |                                                                                                        |
-| [aria-hidden-focus](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/aria-hidden-focus?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensures aria-hidden elements are not focusable nor contain focusable elements                                                                         | Serious                  | cat.name-role-value, wcag2a, wcag412, wcag131                                              | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [6cfa84](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/6cfa84)                                                     |
-| [aria-input-field-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/aria-input-field-name?application=RuleDescription)             | Ensures every ARIA input field has an accessible name                                                                                                 | Moderate, Serious        | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, ACT                                                             | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [e086e5](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/e086e5)                                                     |
-| [aria-meter-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/aria-meter-name?application=RuleDescription)                         | Ensures every ARIA meter node has an accessible name                                                                                                  | Serious                  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag111                                                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                                                        |
-| [aria-progressbar-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/aria-progressbar-name?application=RuleDescription)             | Ensures every ARIA progressbar node has an accessible name                                                                                            | Serious                  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag111                                                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                                                        |
-| [aria-required-attr](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/aria-required-attr?application=RuleDescription)                   | Ensures elements with ARIA roles have all required ARIA attributes                                                                                    | Critical                 | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412                                                                  | failure                    |                                                                                                        |
-| [aria-required-children](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/aria-required-children?application=RuleDescription)           | Ensures elements with an ARIA role that require child roles contain them                                                                              | Critical                 | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag131                                                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [ff89c9](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/ff89c9)                                                     |
-| [aria-required-parent](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/aria-required-parent?application=RuleDescription)               | Ensures elements with an ARIA role that require parent roles are contained by them                                                                    | Critical                 | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag131                                                                  | failure                    | [bc4a75](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/bc4a75), [ff89c9](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/ff89c9) |
-| [aria-roledescription](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/aria-roledescription?application=RuleDescription)               | Ensure aria-roledescription is only used on elements with an implicit or explicit role                                                                | Serious                  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412                                                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                                                        |
-| [aria-roles](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/aria-roles?application=RuleDescription)                                   | Ensures all elements with a role attribute use a valid value                                                                                          | Minor, Serious, Critical | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412                                                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                                                        |
-| [aria-toggle-field-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/aria-toggle-field-name?application=RuleDescription)           | Ensures every ARIA toggle field has an accessible name                                                                                                | Moderate, Serious        | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, ACT                                                             | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                                                        |
-| [aria-tooltip-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/aria-tooltip-name?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensures every ARIA tooltip node has an accessible name                                                                                                | Serious                  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412                                                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                                                        |
-| [aria-valid-attr-value](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/aria-valid-attr-value?application=RuleDescription)             | Ensures all ARIA attributes have valid values                                                                                                         | Serious, Critical        | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412                                                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [5c01ea](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/5c01ea), [c487ae](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/c487ae) |
-| [aria-valid-attr](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/aria-valid-attr?application=RuleDescription)                         | Ensures attributes that begin with aria- are valid ARIA attributes                                                                                    | Critical                 | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412                                                                  | failure                    |                                                                                                        |
-| [audio-caption](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/audio-caption?application=RuleDescription)                             | Ensures &lt;audio&gt; elements have captions                                                                                                          | Critical                 | cat.time-and-media, wcag2a, wcag121, section508, section508.22.a                           | needs&nbsp;review          | [c3232f](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/c3232f), [e7aa44](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/e7aa44) |
-| [blink](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/blink?application=RuleDescription)                                             | Ensures &lt;blink&gt; elements are not used                                                                                                           | Serious                  | cat.time-and-media, wcag2a, wcag222, section508, section508.22.j                           | failure                    |                                                                                                        |
-| [button-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/button-name?application=RuleDescription)                                 | Ensures buttons have discernible text                                                                                                                 | Critical                 | cat.name-role-value, wcag2a, wcag412, section508, section508.22.a, ACT                     | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [97a4e1](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/97a4e1), [m6b1q3](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/m6b1q3) |
-| [bypass](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/bypass?application=RuleDescription)                                           | Ensures each page has at least one mechanism for a user to bypass navigation and jump straight to the content                                         | Serious                  | cat.keyboard, wcag2a, wcag241, section508, section508.22.o                                 | needs&nbsp;review          |                                                                                                        |
-| [color-contrast](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/color-contrast?application=RuleDescription)                           | Ensures the contrast between foreground and background colors meets WCAG 2 AA contrast ratio thresholds                                               | Serious                  | cat.color, wcag2aa, wcag143                                                                | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                                                        |
-| [definition-list](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/definition-list?application=RuleDescription)                         | Ensures &lt;dl&gt; elements are structured correctly                                                                                                  | Serious                  | cat.structure, wcag2a, wcag131                                                             | failure                    |                                                                                                        |
-| [dlitem](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/dlitem?application=RuleDescription)                                           | Ensures &lt;dt&gt; and &lt;dd&gt; elements are contained by a &lt;dl&gt;                                                                              | Serious                  | cat.structure, wcag2a, wcag131                                                             | failure                    |                                                                                                        |
-| [document-title](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/document-title?application=RuleDescription)                           | Ensures each HTML document contains a non-empty &lt;title&gt; element                                                                                 | Serious                  | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag242, ACT                                                | failure                    | [2779a5](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/2779a5)                                                     |
-| [duplicate-id-active](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/duplicate-id-active?application=RuleDescription)                 | Ensures every id attribute value of active elements is unique                                                                                         | Serious                  | cat.parsing, wcag2a, wcag411                                                               | failure                    |                                                                                                        |
-| [duplicate-id-aria](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/duplicate-id-aria?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensures every id attribute value used in ARIA and in labels is unique                                                                                 | Critical                 | cat.parsing, wcag2a, wcag411                                                               | failure                    | [3ea0c8](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/3ea0c8)                                                     |
-| [duplicate-id](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/duplicate-id?application=RuleDescription)                               | Ensures every id attribute value is unique                                                                                                            | Minor                    | cat.parsing, wcag2a, wcag411                                                               | failure                    |                                                                                                        |
-| [form-field-multiple-labels](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/form-field-multiple-labels?application=RuleDescription)   | Ensures form field does not have multiple label elements                                                                                              | Moderate                 | cat.forms, wcag2a, wcag332                                                                 | needs&nbsp;review          |                                                                                                        |
-| [frame-focusable-content](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/frame-focusable-content?application=RuleDescription)         | Ensures &lt;frame&gt; and &lt;iframe&gt; elements with focusable content do not have tabindex=-1                                                      | Serious                  | cat.keyboard, wcag2a, wcag211                                                              | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                                                        |
-| [frame-title](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/frame-title?application=RuleDescription)                                 | Ensures &lt;iframe&gt; and &lt;frame&gt; elements have an accessible name                                                                             | Serious                  | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag241, wcag412, section508, section508.22.i               | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                                                        |
-| [html-has-lang](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/html-has-lang?application=RuleDescription)                             | Ensures every HTML document has a lang attribute                                                                                                      | Serious                  | cat.language, wcag2a, wcag311, ACT                                                         | failure                    | [b5c3f8](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/b5c3f8)                                                     |
-| [html-lang-valid](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/html-lang-valid?application=RuleDescription)                         | Ensures the lang attribute of the &lt;html&gt; element has a valid value                                                                              | Serious                  | cat.language, wcag2a, wcag311, ACT                                                         | failure                    | [bf051a](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/bf051a)                                                     |
-| [html-xml-lang-mismatch](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/html-xml-lang-mismatch?application=RuleDescription)           | Ensure that HTML elements with both valid lang and xml:lang attributes agree on the base language of the page                                         | Moderate                 | cat.language, wcag2a, wcag311, ACT                                                         | failure                    | [5b7ae0](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/5b7ae0)                                                     |
-| [image-alt](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/image-alt?application=RuleDescription)                                     | Ensures &lt;img&gt; elements have alternate text or a role of none or presentation                                                                    | Critical                 | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag111, section508, section508.22.a, ACT                   | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [23a2a8](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/23a2a8)                                                     |
-| [input-button-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/input-button-name?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensures input buttons have discernible text                                                                                                           | Critical                 | cat.name-role-value, wcag2a, wcag412, section508, section508.22.a                          | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                                                        |
-| [input-image-alt](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/input-image-alt?application=RuleDescription)                         | Ensures &lt;input type=&quot;image&quot;&gt; elements have alternate text                                                                             | Critical                 | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag111, section508, section508.22.a, ACT                   | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [59796f](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/59796f)                                                     |
-| [label](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/label?application=RuleDescription)                                             | Ensures every form element has a label                                                                                                                | Minor, Critical          | cat.forms, wcag2a, wcag412, wcag131, section508, section508.22.n, ACT                      | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [e086e5](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/e086e5), [307n5z](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/307n5z) |
-| [link-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/link-name?application=RuleDescription)                                     | Ensures links have discernible text                                                                                                                   | Serious                  | cat.name-role-value, wcag2a, wcag412, wcag244, section508, section508.22.a, ACT            | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [c487ae](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/c487ae)                                                     |
-| [list](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/list?application=RuleDescription)                                               | Ensures that lists are structured correctly                                                                                                           | Serious                  | cat.structure, wcag2a, wcag131                                                             | failure                    |                                                                                                        |
-| [listitem](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/listitem?application=RuleDescription)                                       | Ensures &lt;li&gt; elements are used semantically                                                                                                     | Serious                  | cat.structure, wcag2a, wcag131                                                             | failure                    |                                                                                                        |
-| [marquee](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/marquee?application=RuleDescription)                                         | Ensures &lt;marquee&gt; elements are not used                                                                                                         | Serious                  | cat.parsing, wcag2a, wcag222                                                               | failure                    |                                                                                                        |
-| [meta-refresh](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/meta-refresh?application=RuleDescription)                               | Ensures &lt;meta http-equiv=&quot;refresh&quot;&gt; is not used                                                                                       | Critical                 | cat.time-and-media, wcag2a, wcag221, wcag224, wcag325                                      | failure                    |                                                                                                        |
-| [nested-interactive](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/nested-interactive?application=RuleDescription)                   | Ensures interactive controls are not nested as they are not always announced by screen readers or can cause focus problems for assistive technologies | Serious                  | cat.keyboard, wcag2a, wcag412                                                              | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [307n5z](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/307n5z)                                                     |
-| [object-alt](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/object-alt?application=RuleDescription)                                   | Ensures &lt;object&gt; elements have alternate text                                                                                                   | Serious                  | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag111, section508, section508.22.a                        | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [8fc3b6](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/8fc3b6)                                                     |
-| [role-img-alt](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/role-img-alt?application=RuleDescription)                               | Ensures [role=&apos;img&apos;] elements have alternate text                                                                                           | Serious                  | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag111, section508, section508.22.a, ACT                   | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [23a2a8](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/23a2a8)                                                     |
-| [scrollable-region-focusable](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/scrollable-region-focusable?application=RuleDescription) | Ensure elements that have scrollable content are accessible by keyboard                                                                               | Moderate                 | cat.keyboard, wcag2a, wcag211                                                              | failure                    | [0ssw9k](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/0ssw9k)                                                     |
-| [select-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/select-name?application=RuleDescription)                                 | Ensures select element has an accessible name                                                                                                         | Minor, Critical          | cat.forms, wcag2a, wcag412, wcag131, section508, section508.22.n, ACT                      | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [e086e5](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/e086e5)                                                     |
-| [server-side-image-map](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/server-side-image-map?application=RuleDescription)             | Ensures that server-side image maps are not used                                                                                                      | Minor                    | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag211, section508, section508.22.f                        | needs&nbsp;review          |                                                                                                        |
-| [svg-img-alt](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/svg-img-alt?application=RuleDescription)                                 | Ensures &lt;svg&gt; elements with an img, graphics-document or graphics-symbol role have an accessible text                                           | Serious                  | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag111, section508, section508.22.a, ACT                   | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [7d6734](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/7d6734)                                                     |
-| [td-headers-attr](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/td-headers-attr?application=RuleDescription)                         | Ensure that each cell in a table that uses the headers attribute refers only to other cells in that table                                             | Serious                  | cat.tables, wcag2a, wcag131, section508, section508.22.g                                   | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [a25f45](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/a25f45)                                                     |
-| [th-has-data-cells](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/th-has-data-cells?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensure that &lt;th&gt; elements and elements with role=columnheader/rowheader have data cells they describe                                           | Serious                  | cat.tables, wcag2a, wcag131, section508, section508.22.g                                   | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [d0f69e](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/d0f69e)                                                     |
-| [valid-lang](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/valid-lang?application=RuleDescription)                                   | Ensures lang attributes have valid values                                                                                                             | Serious                  | cat.language, wcag2aa, wcag312                                                             | failure                    |                                                                                                        |
-| [video-caption](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/video-caption?application=RuleDescription)                             | Ensures &lt;video&gt; elements have captions                                                                                                          | Critical                 | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag122, section508, section508.22.a                        | needs&nbsp;review          | [eac66b](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/eac66b)                                                     |
+| Rule ID                                                                                                                          | Description                                                                                                                                           | Impact   | Tags                                                                                                                               | Issue Type                 | ACT Rules                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
+| :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| [area-alt](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/area-alt?application=RuleDescription)                                       | Ensures &lt;area&gt; elements of image maps have alternate text                                                                                       | Critical | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag244, wcag412, section508, section508.22.a, TTv5, TT6.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.4.4, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [c487ae](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/c487ae)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [aria-allowed-attr](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-allowed-attr?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensures an element&apos;s role supports its ARIA attributes                                                                                           | Critical | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [5c01ea](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/5c01ea)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [aria-braille-equivalent](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-braille-equivalent?application=RuleDescription)         | Ensure aria-braillelabel and aria-brailleroledescription have a non-braille equivalent                                                                | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                                                  | needs&nbsp;review          |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [aria-command-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-command-name?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensures every ARIA button, link and menuitem has an accessible name                                                                                   | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, TTv5, TT6.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT                                                                | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [97a4e1](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/97a4e1)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [aria-conditional-attr](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-conditional-attr?application=RuleDescription)             | Ensures ARIA attributes are used as described in the specification of the element&apos;s role                                                         | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                                                  | failure                    | [5c01ea](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/5c01ea)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [aria-deprecated-role](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-deprecated-role?application=RuleDescription)               | Ensures elements do not use deprecated roles                                                                                                          | Minor    | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                                                  | failure                    | [674b10](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/674b10)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [aria-hidden-body](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-hidden-body?application=RuleDescription)                       | Ensures aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; is not present on the document body.                                                                             | Critical | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag131, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1, EN-9.4.1.2                                                             | failure                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [aria-hidden-focus](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-hidden-focus?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensures aria-hidden elements are not focusable nor contain focusable elements                                                                         | Serious  | cat.name-role-value, wcag2a, wcag412, TTv5, TT6.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                          | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [6cfa84](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/6cfa84)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [aria-input-field-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-input-field-name?application=RuleDescription)             | Ensures every ARIA input field has an accessible name                                                                                                 | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, TTv5, TT5.c, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT                                                                | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [e086e5](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/e086e5)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [aria-meter-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-meter-name?application=RuleDescription)                         | Ensures every ARIA meter node has an accessible name                                                                                                  | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag111, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.1.1                                                                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [aria-progressbar-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-progressbar-name?application=RuleDescription)             | Ensures every ARIA progressbar node has an accessible name                                                                                            | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag111, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.1.1                                                                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [aria-prohibited-attr](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-prohibited-attr?application=RuleDescription)               | Ensures ARIA attributes are not prohibited for an element&apos;s role                                                                                 | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [5c01ea](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/5c01ea)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [aria-required-attr](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-required-attr?application=RuleDescription)                   | Ensures elements with ARIA roles have all required ARIA attributes                                                                                    | Critical | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                                                  | failure                    | [4e8ab6](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/4e8ab6)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [aria-required-children](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-required-children?application=RuleDescription)           | Ensures elements with an ARIA role that require child roles contain them                                                                              | Critical | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag131, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1                                                                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [bc4a75](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/bc4a75), [ff89c9](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/ff89c9)                                                                                                                                                             |
+| [aria-required-parent](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-required-parent?application=RuleDescription)               | Ensures elements with an ARIA role that require parent roles are contained by them                                                                    | Critical | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag131, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1                                                                                  | failure                    | [ff89c9](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/ff89c9)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [aria-roles](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-roles?application=RuleDescription)                                   | Ensures all elements with a role attribute use a valid value                                                                                          | Critical | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                                                  | failure                    | [674b10](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/674b10)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [aria-toggle-field-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-toggle-field-name?application=RuleDescription)           | Ensures every ARIA toggle field has an accessible name                                                                                                | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, TTv5, TT5.c, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT                                                                | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [e086e5](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/e086e5)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [aria-tooltip-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-tooltip-name?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensures every ARIA tooltip node has an accessible name                                                                                                | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [aria-valid-attr-value](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-valid-attr-value?application=RuleDescription)             | Ensures all ARIA attributes have valid values                                                                                                         | Critical | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [6a7281](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/6a7281)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [aria-valid-attr](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-valid-attr?application=RuleDescription)                         | Ensures attributes that begin with aria- are valid ARIA attributes                                                                                    | Critical | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                                                  | failure                    | [5f99a7](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/5f99a7)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [blink](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/blink?application=RuleDescription)                                             | Ensures &lt;blink&gt; elements are not used                                                                                                           | Serious  | cat.time-and-media, wcag2a, wcag222, section508, section508.22.j, TTv5, TT2.b, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.2.2                              | failure                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [button-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/button-name?application=RuleDescription)                                 | Ensures buttons have discernible text                                                                                                                 | Critical | cat.name-role-value, wcag2a, wcag412, section508, section508.22.a, TTv5, TT6.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT                        | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [97a4e1](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/97a4e1), [m6b1q3](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/m6b1q3)                                                                                                                                                             |
+| [bypass](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/bypass?application=RuleDescription)                                           | Ensures each page has at least one mechanism for a user to bypass navigation and jump straight to the content                                         | Serious  | cat.keyboard, wcag2a, wcag241, section508, section508.22.o, TTv5, TT9.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.4.1                                    | needs&nbsp;review          | [cf77f2](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/cf77f2), [047fe0](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/047fe0), [b40fd1](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/b40fd1), [3e12e1](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/3e12e1), [ye5d6e](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/ye5d6e) |
+| [color-contrast](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/color-contrast?application=RuleDescription)                           | Ensures the contrast between foreground and background colors meets WCAG 2 AA minimum contrast ratio thresholds                                       | Serious  | cat.color, wcag2aa, wcag143, TTv5, TT13.c, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.4.3, ACT                                                             | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [afw4f7](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/afw4f7), [09o5cg](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/09o5cg)                                                                                                                                                             |
+| [definition-list](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/definition-list?application=RuleDescription)                         | Ensures &lt;dl&gt; elements are structured correctly                                                                                                  | Serious  | cat.structure, wcag2a, wcag131, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1                                                                             | failure                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [dlitem](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/dlitem?application=RuleDescription)                                           | Ensures &lt;dt&gt; and &lt;dd&gt; elements are contained by a &lt;dl&gt;                                                                              | Serious  | cat.structure, wcag2a, wcag131, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1                                                                             | failure                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [document-title](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/document-title?application=RuleDescription)                           | Ensures each HTML document contains a non-empty &lt;title&gt; element                                                                                 | Serious  | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag242, TTv5, TT12.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.4.2, ACT                                                  | failure                    | [2779a5](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/2779a5)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [duplicate-id-aria](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/duplicate-id-aria?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensures every id attribute value used in ARIA and in labels is unique                                                                                 | Critical | cat.parsing, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                                               | needs&nbsp;review          | [3ea0c8](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/3ea0c8)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [form-field-multiple-labels](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/form-field-multiple-labels?application=RuleDescription)   | Ensures form field does not have multiple label elements                                                                                              | Moderate | cat.forms, wcag2a, wcag332, TTv5, TT5.c, EN-301-549, EN-9.3.3.2                                                                    | needs&nbsp;review          |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [frame-focusable-content](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/frame-focusable-content?application=RuleDescription)         | Ensures &lt;frame&gt; and &lt;iframe&gt; elements with focusable content do not have tabindex=-1                                                      | Serious  | cat.keyboard, wcag2a, wcag211, TTv5, TT4.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.1.1                                                                 | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [akn7bn](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/akn7bn)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [frame-title-unique](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/frame-title-unique?application=RuleDescription)                   | Ensures &lt;iframe&gt; and &lt;frame&gt; elements contain a unique title attribute                                                                    | Serious  | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag412, TTv5, TT12.d, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                       | needs&nbsp;review          | [4b1c6c](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/4b1c6c)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [frame-title](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/frame-title?application=RuleDescription)                                 | Ensures &lt;iframe&gt; and &lt;frame&gt; elements have an accessible name                                                                             | Serious  | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag412, section508, section508.22.i, TTv5, TT12.d, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                          | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [cae760](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/cae760)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [html-has-lang](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/html-has-lang?application=RuleDescription)                             | Ensures every HTML document has a lang attribute                                                                                                      | Serious  | cat.language, wcag2a, wcag311, TTv5, TT11.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.3.1.1, ACT                                                           | failure                    | [b5c3f8](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/b5c3f8)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [html-lang-valid](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/html-lang-valid?application=RuleDescription)                         | Ensures the lang attribute of the &lt;html&gt; element has a valid value                                                                              | Serious  | cat.language, wcag2a, wcag311, TTv5, TT11.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.3.1.1, ACT                                                           | failure                    | [bf051a](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/bf051a)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [html-xml-lang-mismatch](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/html-xml-lang-mismatch?application=RuleDescription)           | Ensure that HTML elements with both valid lang and xml:lang attributes agree on the base language of the page                                         | Moderate | cat.language, wcag2a, wcag311, EN-301-549, EN-9.3.1.1, ACT                                                                         | failure                    | [5b7ae0](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/5b7ae0)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [image-alt](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/image-alt?application=RuleDescription)                                     | Ensures &lt;img&gt; elements have alternate text or a role of none or presentation                                                                    | Critical | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag111, section508, section508.22.a, TTv5, TT7.a, TT7.b, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.1.1, ACT               | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [23a2a8](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/23a2a8)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [input-button-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/input-button-name?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensures input buttons have discernible text                                                                                                           | Critical | cat.name-role-value, wcag2a, wcag412, section508, section508.22.a, TTv5, TT5.c, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT                        | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [97a4e1](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/97a4e1)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [input-image-alt](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/input-image-alt?application=RuleDescription)                         | Ensures &lt;input type=&quot;image&quot;&gt; elements have alternate text                                                                             | Critical | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag111, wcag412, section508, section508.22.a, TTv5, TT7.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.1.1, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [59796f](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/59796f)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [label](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/label?application=RuleDescription)                                             | Ensures every form element has a label                                                                                                                | Critical | cat.forms, wcag2a, wcag412, section508, section508.22.n, TTv5, TT5.c, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [e086e5](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/e086e5)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [link-in-text-block](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/link-in-text-block?application=RuleDescription)                   | Ensure links are distinguished from surrounding text in a way that does not rely on color                                                             | Serious  | cat.color, wcag2a, wcag141, TTv5, TT13.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.4.1                                                                   | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [link-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/link-name?application=RuleDescription)                                     | Ensures links have discernible text                                                                                                                   | Serious  | cat.name-role-value, wcag2a, wcag244, wcag412, section508, section508.22.a, TTv5, TT6.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.4.4, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT   | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [c487ae](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/c487ae)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [list](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/list?application=RuleDescription)                                               | Ensures that lists are structured correctly                                                                                                           | Serious  | cat.structure, wcag2a, wcag131, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1                                                                             | failure                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [listitem](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/listitem?application=RuleDescription)                                       | Ensures &lt;li&gt; elements are used semantically                                                                                                     | Serious  | cat.structure, wcag2a, wcag131, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1                                                                             | failure                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [marquee](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/marquee?application=RuleDescription)                                         | Ensures &lt;marquee&gt; elements are not used                                                                                                         | Serious  | cat.parsing, wcag2a, wcag222, TTv5, TT2.b, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.2.2                                                                  | failure                    |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [meta-refresh](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/meta-refresh?application=RuleDescription)                               | Ensures &lt;meta http-equiv=&quot;refresh&quot;&gt; is not used for delayed refresh                                                                   | Critical | cat.time-and-media, wcag2a, wcag221, TTv5, TT8.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.2.1                                                           | failure                    | [bc659a](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/bc659a), [bisz58](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/bisz58)                                                                                                                                                             |
+| [meta-viewport](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/meta-viewport?application=RuleDescription)                             | Ensures &lt;meta name=&quot;viewport&quot;&gt; does not disable text scaling and zooming                                                              | Critical | cat.sensory-and-visual-cues, wcag2aa, wcag144, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.4.4, ACT                                                         | failure                    | [b4f0c3](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/b4f0c3)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [nested-interactive](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/nested-interactive?application=RuleDescription)                   | Ensures interactive controls are not nested as they are not always announced by screen readers or can cause focus problems for assistive technologies | Serious  | cat.keyboard, wcag2a, wcag412, TTv5, TT6.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2                                                                 | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [307n5z](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/307n5z)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [no-autoplay-audio](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/no-autoplay-audio?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensures &lt;video&gt; or &lt;audio&gt; elements do not autoplay audio for more than 3 seconds without a control mechanism to stop or mute the audio   | Moderate | cat.time-and-media, wcag2a, wcag142, TTv5, TT2.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.4.2, ACT                                                      | needs&nbsp;review          | [80f0bf](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/80f0bf)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [object-alt](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/object-alt?application=RuleDescription)                                   | Ensures &lt;object&gt; elements have alternate text                                                                                                   | Serious  | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag111, section508, section508.22.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.1.1                                        | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [8fc3b6](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/8fc3b6)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [role-img-alt](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/role-img-alt?application=RuleDescription)                               | Ensures [role=&quot;img&quot;] elements have alternate text                                                                                           | Serious  | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag111, section508, section508.22.a, TTv5, TT7.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.1.1, ACT                      | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [23a2a8](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/23a2a8)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [scrollable-region-focusable](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/scrollable-region-focusable?application=RuleDescription) | Ensure elements that have scrollable content are accessible by keyboard                                                                               | Serious  | cat.keyboard, wcag2a, wcag211, wcag213, TTv5, TT4.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.1.1, EN-9.2.1.3                                            | failure                    | [0ssw9k](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/0ssw9k)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [select-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/select-name?application=RuleDescription)                                 | Ensures select element has an accessible name                                                                                                         | Critical | cat.forms, wcag2a, wcag412, section508, section508.22.n, TTv5, TT5.c, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, ACT                                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [e086e5](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/e086e5)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [server-side-image-map](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/server-side-image-map?application=RuleDescription)             | Ensures that server-side image maps are not used                                                                                                      | Minor    | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag211, section508, section508.22.f, TTv5, TT4.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.1.1                           | needs&nbsp;review          |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+| [svg-img-alt](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/svg-img-alt?application=RuleDescription)                                 | Ensures &lt;svg&gt; elements with an img, graphics-document or graphics-symbol role have an accessible text                                           | Serious  | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag111, section508, section508.22.a, TTv5, TT7.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.1.1, ACT                      | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [7d6734](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/7d6734)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [td-headers-attr](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/td-headers-attr?application=RuleDescription)                         | Ensure that each cell in a table that uses the headers attribute refers only to other cells in that table                                             | Serious  | cat.tables, wcag2a, wcag131, section508, section508.22.g, TTv5, TT14.b, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1                                     | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [a25f45](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/a25f45)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [th-has-data-cells](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/th-has-data-cells?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensure that &lt;th&gt; elements and elements with role=columnheader/rowheader have data cells they describe                                           | Serious  | cat.tables, wcag2a, wcag131, section508, section508.22.g, TTv5, TT14.b, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1                                     | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [d0f69e](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/d0f69e)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [valid-lang](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/valid-lang?application=RuleDescription)                                   | Ensures lang attributes have valid values                                                                                                             | Serious  | cat.language, wcag2aa, wcag312, TTv5, TT11.b, EN-301-549, EN-9.3.1.2, ACT                                                          | failure                    | [de46e4](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/de46e4)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+| [video-caption](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/video-caption?application=RuleDescription)                             | Ensures &lt;video&gt; elements have captions                                                                                                          | Critical | cat.text-alternatives, wcag2a, wcag122, section508, section508.22.a, TTv5, TT17.a, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.2.2                          | needs&nbsp;review          | [eac66b](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/eac66b)                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
 
 ## WCAG 2.1 Level A & AA Rules
 
-| Rule ID                                                                                                            | Description                                                                                   | Impact  | Tags                              | Issue Type        | ACT Rules                                          |
-| :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------ | :-------------------------------- | :---------------- | :------------------------------------------------- |
-| [autocomplete-valid](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/autocomplete-valid?application=RuleDescription)     | Ensure the autocomplete attribute is correct and suitable for the form field                  | Serious | cat.forms, wcag21aa, wcag135      | failure           | [73f2c2](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/73f2c2) |
-| [avoid-inline-spacing](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/avoid-inline-spacing?application=RuleDescription) | Ensure that text spacing set through style attributes can be adjusted with custom stylesheets | Serious | cat.structure, wcag21aa, wcag1412 | failure           |                                                    |
-| [empty-table-header](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/empty-table-header?application=RuleDescription)     | Ensures table headers have discernible text                                                   | Minor   | wcag131, cat.aria                 | needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
+| Rule ID                                                                                                            | Description                                                                                   | Impact  | Tags                                                            | Issue Type | ACT Rules                                                                                                                                                  |
+| :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------ | :-------------------------------------------------------------- | :--------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| [autocomplete-valid](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/autocomplete-valid?application=RuleDescription)     | Ensure the autocomplete attribute is correct and suitable for the form field                  | Serious | cat.forms, wcag21aa, wcag135, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.5, ACT       | failure    | [73f2c2](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/73f2c2)                                                                                                         |
+| [avoid-inline-spacing](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/avoid-inline-spacing?application=RuleDescription) | Ensure that text spacing set through style attributes can be adjusted with custom stylesheets | Serious | cat.structure, wcag21aa, wcag1412, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.4.12, ACT | failure    | [24afc2](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/24afc2), [9e45ec](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/9e45ec), [78fd32](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/78fd32) |
+
+## WCAG 2.2 Level A & AA Rules
+
+These rules are disabled by default, until WCAG 2.2 is more widely adopted and required.
+
+| Rule ID                                                                                          | Description                                        | Impact  | Tags                                           | Issue Type                 | ACT Rules |
+| :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------- | :------ | :--------------------------------------------- | :------------------------- | :-------- |
+| [target-size](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/target-size?application=RuleDescription) | Ensure touch target have sufficient size and space | Serious | cat.sensory-and-visual-cues, wcag22aa, wcag258 | failure, needs&nbsp;review |           |
 
 ## Best Practices Rules
 
 Rules that do not necessarily conform to WCAG success criterion but are industry accepted practices that improve the user experience.
 
-| Rule ID                                                                                                                                          | Description                                                                                                                                    | Impact             | Tags                                            | Issue Type                 | ACT Rules                                          |
-| :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :----------------- | :---------------------------------------------- | :------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------- |
-| [accesskeys](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/accesskeys?application=RuleDescription)                                                   | Ensures every accesskey attribute value is unique                                                                                              | Serious            | cat.keyboard, best-practice                     | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [aria-allowed-role](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/aria-allowed-role?application=RuleDescription)                                     | Ensures role attribute has an appropriate value for the element                                                                                | Minor              | cat.aria, best-practice                         | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
-| [aria-dialog-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/aria-dialog-name?application=RuleDescription)                                       | Ensures every ARIA dialog and alertdialog node has an accessible name                                                                          | Serious            | cat.aria, best-practice                         | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
-| [aria-text](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/aria-text?application=RuleDescription)                                                     | Ensures &quot;role=text&quot; is used on elements with no focusable descendants                                                                | Serious            | cat.aria, best-practice                         | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
-| [aria-treeitem-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/aria-treeitem-name?application=RuleDescription)                                   | Ensures every ARIA treeitem node has an accessible name                                                                                        | Serious            | cat.aria, best-practice                         | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
-| [empty-heading](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/empty-heading?application=RuleDescription)                                             | Ensures headings have discernible text                                                                                                         | Minor              | cat.name-role-value, best-practice              | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
-| [frame-tested](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/frame-tested?application=RuleDescription)                                               | Ensures &lt;iframe&gt; and &lt;frame&gt; elements contain the axe-core script                                                                  | Critical           | cat.structure, review-item, best-practice       | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
-| [frame-title-unique](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/frame-title-unique?application=RuleDescription)                                   | Ensures &lt;iframe&gt; and &lt;frame&gt; elements contain a unique title attribute                                                             | Serious            | cat.text-alternatives, best-practice            | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [heading-order](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/heading-order?application=RuleDescription)                                             | Ensures the order of headings is semantically correct                                                                                          | Moderate           | cat.semantics, best-practice                    | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
-| [image-redundant-alt](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/image-redundant-alt?application=RuleDescription)                                 | Ensure image alternative is not repeated as text                                                                                               | Minor              | cat.text-alternatives, best-practice            | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [label-title-only](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/label-title-only?application=RuleDescription)                                       | Ensures that every form element has a visible label and is not solely labeled using hidden labels, or the title or aria-describedby attributes | Serious            | cat.forms, best-practice                        | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [landmark-banner-is-top-level](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/landmark-banner-is-top-level?application=RuleDescription)               | Ensures the banner landmark is at top level                                                                                                    | Moderate           | cat.semantics, best-practice                    | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [landmark-complementary-is-top-level](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/landmark-complementary-is-top-level?application=RuleDescription) | Ensures the complementary landmark or aside is at top level                                                                                    | Moderate           | cat.semantics, best-practice                    | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level?application=RuleDescription)     | Ensures the contentinfo landmark is at top level                                                                                               | Moderate           | cat.semantics, best-practice                    | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [landmark-main-is-top-level](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/landmark-main-is-top-level?application=RuleDescription)                   | Ensures the main landmark is at top level                                                                                                      | Moderate           | cat.semantics, best-practice                    | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [landmark-no-duplicate-banner](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/landmark-no-duplicate-banner?application=RuleDescription)               | Ensures the document has at most one banner landmark                                                                                           | Moderate           | cat.semantics, best-practice                    | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo?application=RuleDescription)     | Ensures the document has at most one contentinfo landmark                                                                                      | Moderate           | cat.semantics, best-practice                    | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [landmark-no-duplicate-main](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/landmark-no-duplicate-main?application=RuleDescription)                   | Ensures the document has at most one main landmark                                                                                             | Moderate           | cat.semantics, best-practice                    | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [landmark-one-main](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/landmark-one-main?application=RuleDescription)                                     | Ensures the document has a main landmark                                                                                                       | Moderate           | cat.semantics, best-practice                    | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [landmark-unique](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/landmark-unique?application=RuleDescription)                                         | Landmarks should have a unique role or role/label/title (i.e. accessible name) combination                                                     | Moderate           | cat.semantics, best-practice                    | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [meta-viewport-large](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/meta-viewport-large?application=RuleDescription)                                 | Ensures &lt;meta name=&quot;viewport&quot;&gt; can scale a significant amount                                                                  | Minor              | cat.sensory-and-visual-cues, best-practice      | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [meta-viewport](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/meta-viewport?application=RuleDescription)                                             | Ensures &lt;meta name=&quot;viewport&quot;&gt; does not disable text scaling and zooming                                                       | Critical           | cat.sensory-and-visual-cues, best-practice, ACT | failure                    | [b4f0c3](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/b4f0c3) |
-| [page-has-heading-one](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/page-has-heading-one?application=RuleDescription)                               | Ensure that the page, or at least one of its frames contains a level-one heading                                                               | Moderate           | cat.semantics, best-practice                    | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [presentation-role-conflict](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/presentation-role-conflict?application=RuleDescription)                   | Flags elements whose role is none or presentation and which cause the role conflict resolution to trigger.                                     | Minor              | cat.aria, best-practice                         | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [region](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/region?application=RuleDescription)                                                           | Ensures all page content is contained by landmarks                                                                                             | Moderate           | cat.keyboard, best-practice                     | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [scope-attr-valid](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/scope-attr-valid?application=RuleDescription)                                       | Ensures the scope attribute is used correctly on tables                                                                                        | Moderate, Critical | cat.tables, best-practice                       | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [skip-link](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/skip-link?application=RuleDescription)                                                     | Ensure all skip links have a focusable target                                                                                                  | Moderate           | cat.keyboard, best-practice                     | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
-| [tabindex](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/tabindex?application=RuleDescription)                                                       | Ensures tabindex attribute values are not greater than 0                                                                                       | Serious            | cat.keyboard, best-practice                     | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [table-duplicate-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/table-duplicate-name?application=RuleDescription)                               | Ensure the &lt;caption&gt; element does not contain the same text as the summary attribute                                                     | Minor              | cat.tables, best-practice                       | failure                    |                                                    |
-
-## WCAG 2.0 and 2.1 level AAA rules
-
-Rules that check for conformance to WCAG AAA success criteria that can be fully automated.
-
-| Rule ID                                                                                                                            | Description                                                                                              | Impact  | Tags                             | Issue Type                 | ACT Rules                                                                                              |
-| :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------ | :------------------------------- | :------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| [color-contrast-enhanced](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/color-contrast-enhanced?application=RuleDescription)           | Ensures the contrast between foreground and background colors meets WCAG 2 AAA contrast ratio thresholds | Serious | cat.color, wcag2aaa, wcag146     | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                                                        |
-| [identical-links-same-purpose](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/identical-links-same-purpose?application=RuleDescription) | Ensure that links with the same accessible name serve a similar purpose                                  | Minor   | cat.semantics, wcag2aaa, wcag249 | needs&nbsp;review          | [b20e66](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/b20e66), [fd3a94](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/fd3a94) |
+| Rule ID                                                                                                                                          | Description                                                                                                                                    | Impact   | Tags                                       | Issue Type                 | ACT Rules                                          |
+| :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------- | :----------------------------------------- | :------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------- |
+| [accesskeys](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/accesskeys?application=RuleDescription)                                                   | Ensures every accesskey attribute value is unique                                                                                              | Serious  | cat.keyboard, best-practice                | failure                    |                                                    |
+| [aria-allowed-role](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-allowed-role?application=RuleDescription)                                     | Ensures role attribute has an appropriate value for the element                                                                                | Minor    | cat.aria, best-practice                    | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
+| [aria-dialog-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-dialog-name?application=RuleDescription)                                       | Ensures every ARIA dialog and alertdialog node has an accessible name                                                                          | Serious  | cat.aria, best-practice                    | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
+| [aria-text](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-text?application=RuleDescription)                                                     | Ensures role=&quot;text&quot; is used on elements with no focusable descendants                                                                | Serious  | cat.aria, best-practice                    | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
+| [aria-treeitem-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-treeitem-name?application=RuleDescription)                                   | Ensures every ARIA treeitem node has an accessible name                                                                                        | Serious  | cat.aria, best-practice                    | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
+| [empty-heading](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/empty-heading?application=RuleDescription)                                             | Ensures headings have discernible text                                                                                                         | Minor    | cat.name-role-value, best-practice         | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [ffd0e9](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/ffd0e9) |
+| [empty-table-header](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/empty-table-header?application=RuleDescription)                                   | Ensures table headers have discernible text                                                                                                    | Minor    | cat.name-role-value, best-practice         | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
+| [frame-tested](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/frame-tested?application=RuleDescription)                                               | Ensures &lt;iframe&gt; and &lt;frame&gt; elements contain the axe-core script                                                                  | Critical | cat.structure, best-practice, review-item  | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
+| [heading-order](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/heading-order?application=RuleDescription)                                             | Ensures the order of headings is semantically correct                                                                                          | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice               | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
+| [image-redundant-alt](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/image-redundant-alt?application=RuleDescription)                                 | Ensure image alternative is not repeated as text                                                                                               | Minor    | cat.text-alternatives, best-practice       | failure                    |                                                    |
+| [label-title-only](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/label-title-only?application=RuleDescription)                                       | Ensures that every form element has a visible label and is not solely labeled using hidden labels, or the title or aria-describedby attributes | Serious  | cat.forms, best-practice                   | failure                    |                                                    |
+| [landmark-banner-is-top-level](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/landmark-banner-is-top-level?application=RuleDescription)               | Ensures the banner landmark is at top level                                                                                                    | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice               | failure                    |                                                    |
+| [landmark-complementary-is-top-level](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/landmark-complementary-is-top-level?application=RuleDescription) | Ensures the complementary landmark or aside is at top level                                                                                    | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice               | failure                    |                                                    |
+| [landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level?application=RuleDescription)     | Ensures the contentinfo landmark is at top level                                                                                               | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice               | failure                    |                                                    |
+| [landmark-main-is-top-level](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/landmark-main-is-top-level?application=RuleDescription)                   | Ensures the main landmark is at top level                                                                                                      | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice               | failure                    |                                                    |
+| [landmark-no-duplicate-banner](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/landmark-no-duplicate-banner?application=RuleDescription)               | Ensures the document has at most one banner landmark                                                                                           | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice               | failure                    |                                                    |
+| [landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo?application=RuleDescription)     | Ensures the document has at most one contentinfo landmark                                                                                      | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice               | failure                    |                                                    |
+| [landmark-no-duplicate-main](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/landmark-no-duplicate-main?application=RuleDescription)                   | Ensures the document has at most one main landmark                                                                                             | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice               | failure                    |                                                    |
+| [landmark-one-main](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/landmark-one-main?application=RuleDescription)                                     | Ensures the document has a main landmark                                                                                                       | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice               | failure                    |                                                    |
+| [landmark-unique](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/landmark-unique?application=RuleDescription)                                         | Landmarks should have a unique role or role/label/title (i.e. accessible name) combination                                                     | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice               | failure                    |                                                    |
+| [meta-viewport-large](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/meta-viewport-large?application=RuleDescription)                                 | Ensures &lt;meta name=&quot;viewport&quot;&gt; can scale a significant amount                                                                  | Minor    | cat.sensory-and-visual-cues, best-practice | failure                    |                                                    |
+| [page-has-heading-one](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/page-has-heading-one?application=RuleDescription)                               | Ensure that the page, or at least one of its frames contains a level-one heading                                                               | Moderate | cat.semantics, best-practice               | failure                    |                                                    |
+| [presentation-role-conflict](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/presentation-role-conflict?application=RuleDescription)                   | Elements marked as presentational should not have global ARIA or tabindex to ensure all screen readers ignore them                             | Minor    | cat.aria, best-practice, ACT               | failure                    | [46ca7f](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/46ca7f) |
+| [region](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/region?application=RuleDescription)                                                           | Ensures all page content is contained by landmarks                                                                                             | Moderate | cat.keyboard, best-practice                | failure                    |                                                    |
+| [scope-attr-valid](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/scope-attr-valid?application=RuleDescription)                                       | Ensures the scope attribute is used correctly on tables                                                                                        | Moderate | cat.tables, best-practice                  | failure                    |                                                    |
+| [skip-link](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/skip-link?application=RuleDescription)                                                     | Ensure all skip links have a focusable target                                                                                                  | Moderate | cat.keyboard, best-practice                | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
+| [tabindex](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/tabindex?application=RuleDescription)                                                       | Ensures tabindex attribute values are not greater than 0                                                                                       | Serious  | cat.keyboard, best-practice                | failure                    |                                                    |
+| [table-duplicate-name](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/table-duplicate-name?application=RuleDescription)                               | Ensure the &lt;caption&gt; element does not contain the same text as the summary attribute                                                     | Minor    | cat.tables, best-practice                  | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
+
+## WCAG 2.x level AAA rules
+
+Rules that check for conformance to WCAG AAA success criteria that can be fully automated. These are disabled by default in axe-core.
+
+| Rule ID                                                                                                                            | Description                                                                                                       | Impact  | Tags                                           | Issue Type                 | ACT Rules                                          |
+| :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------ | :--------------------------------------------- | :------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------- |
+| [color-contrast-enhanced](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/color-contrast-enhanced?application=RuleDescription)           | Ensures the contrast between foreground and background colors meets WCAG 2 AAA enhanced contrast ratio thresholds | Serious | cat.color, wcag2aaa, wcag146, ACT              | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [09o5cg](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/09o5cg) |
+| [identical-links-same-purpose](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/identical-links-same-purpose?application=RuleDescription) | Ensure that links with the same accessible name serve a similar purpose                                           | Minor   | cat.semantics, wcag2aaa, wcag249               | needs&nbsp;review          | [b20e66](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/b20e66) |
+| [meta-refresh-no-exceptions](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/meta-refresh-no-exceptions?application=RuleDescription)     | Ensures &lt;meta http-equiv=&quot;refresh&quot;&gt; is not used for delayed refresh                               | Minor   | cat.time-and-media, wcag2aaa, wcag224, wcag325 | failure                    | [bisz58](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/bisz58) |
 
 ## Experimental Rules
 
-Rules we are still testing and developing. They are not enabled by default in axe-core, but are enabled for the axe browser extensions.
+Rules we are still testing and developing. They are disabled by default in axe-core, but are enabled for the axe browser extensions.
 
-| Rule ID                                                                                                                          | Description                                                                                                                                         | Impact   | Tags                                                                   | Issue Type                 | ACT Rules                                          |
-| :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------- |
-| [css-orientation-lock](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/css-orientation-lock?application=RuleDescription)               | Ensures content is not locked to any specific display orientation, and the content is operable in all display orientations                          | Serious  | cat.structure, wcag134, wcag21aa, experimental                         | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [b33eff](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/b33eff) |
-| [focus-order-semantics](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/focus-order-semantics?application=RuleDescription)             | Ensures elements in the focus order have a role appropriate for interactive content                                                                 | Minor    | cat.keyboard, best-practice, experimental                              | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [hidden-content](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/hidden-content?application=RuleDescription)                           | Informs users about hidden content.                                                                                                                 | Minor    | cat.structure, experimental, review-item, best-practice                | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
-| [label-content-name-mismatch](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/label-content-name-mismatch?application=RuleDescription) | Ensures that elements labelled through their content must have their visible text as part of their accessible name                                  | Serious  | cat.semantics, wcag21a, wcag253, experimental                          | failure                    | [2ee8b8](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/2ee8b8) |
-| [link-in-text-block](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/link-in-text-block?application=RuleDescription)                   | Ensure links are distinguished from surrounding text in a way that does not rely on color                                                           | Serious  | cat.color, experimental, wcag2a, wcag141                               | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
-| [no-autoplay-audio](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/no-autoplay-audio?application=RuleDescription)                     | Ensures &lt;video&gt; or &lt;audio&gt; elements do not autoplay audio for more than 3 seconds without a control mechanism to stop or mute the audio | Moderate | cat.time-and-media, wcag2a, wcag142, experimental                      | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [80f0bf](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/80f0bf) |
-| [p-as-heading](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/p-as-heading?application=RuleDescription)                               | Ensure bold, italic text and font-size is not used to style &lt;p&gt; elements as a heading                                                         | Serious  | cat.semantics, wcag2a, wcag131, experimental                           | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
-| [table-fake-caption](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/table-fake-caption?application=RuleDescription)                   | Ensure that tables with a caption use the &lt;caption&gt; element.                                                                                  | Serious  | cat.tables, experimental, wcag2a, wcag131, section508, section508.22.g | failure                    |                                                    |
-| [td-has-header](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.4/td-has-header?application=RuleDescription)                             | Ensure that each non-empty data cell in a &lt;table&gt; larger than 3 by 3 has one or more table headers                                            | Critical | cat.tables, experimental, wcag2a, wcag131, section508, section508.22.g | failure                    |                                                    |
+| Rule ID                                                                                                                          | Description                                                                                                                | Impact   | Tags                                                                                                         | Issue Type                 | ACT Rules                                          |
+| :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------- |
+| [css-orientation-lock](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/css-orientation-lock?application=RuleDescription)               | Ensures content is not locked to any specific display orientation, and the content is operable in all display orientations | Serious  | cat.structure, wcag134, wcag21aa, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.4, experimental                                       | failure, needs&nbsp;review | [b33eff](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/b33eff) |
+| [focus-order-semantics](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/focus-order-semantics?application=RuleDescription)             | Ensures elements in the focus order have a role appropriate for interactive content                                        | Minor    | cat.keyboard, best-practice, experimental                                                                    | failure                    |                                                    |
+| [hidden-content](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/hidden-content?application=RuleDescription)                           | Informs users about hidden content.                                                                                        | Minor    | cat.structure, best-practice, experimental, review-item                                                      | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
+| [label-content-name-mismatch](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/label-content-name-mismatch?application=RuleDescription) | Ensures that elements labelled through their content must have their visible text as part of their accessible name         | Serious  | cat.semantics, wcag21a, wcag253, EN-301-549, EN-9.2.5.3, experimental                                        | failure                    | [2ee8b8](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/2ee8b8) |
+| [p-as-heading](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/p-as-heading?application=RuleDescription)                               | Ensure bold, italic text and font-size is not used to style &lt;p&gt; elements as a heading                                | Serious  | cat.semantics, wcag2a, wcag131, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1, experimental                                         | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                    |
+| [table-fake-caption](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/table-fake-caption?application=RuleDescription)                   | Ensure that tables with a caption use the &lt;caption&gt; element.                                                         | Serious  | cat.tables, experimental, wcag2a, wcag131, section508, section508.22.g, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1               | failure                    |                                                    |
+| [td-has-header](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/td-has-header?application=RuleDescription)                             | Ensure that each non-empty data cell in a &lt;table&gt; larger than 3 by 3 has one or more table headers                   | Critical | cat.tables, experimental, wcag2a, wcag131, section508, section508.22.g, TTv5, TT14.b, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.3.1 | failure                    |                                                    |
 
 ## Deprecated Rules
 
-Deprecated rules are not enabled by default and will be removed in the next major release.
+Deprecated rules are disabled by default and will be removed in the next major release.
 
-_There are no matching rules_
+| Rule ID                                                                                                            | Description                                                                            | Impact   | Tags                                                                                                 | Issue Type                 | ACT Rules                                                                                              |
+| :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :------------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| [aria-roledescription](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/aria-roledescription?application=RuleDescription) | Ensure aria-roledescription is only used on elements with an implicit or explicit role | Serious  | cat.aria, wcag2a, wcag412, EN-301-549, EN-9.4.1.2, deprecated                                        | failure, needs&nbsp;review |                                                                                                        |
+| [audio-caption](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/audio-caption?application=RuleDescription)               | Ensures &lt;audio&gt; elements have captions                                           | Critical | cat.time-and-media, wcag2a, wcag121, EN-301-549, EN-9.1.2.1, section508, section508.22.a, deprecated | needs&nbsp;review          | [2eb176](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/2eb176), [afb423](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/afb423) |
+| [duplicate-id-active](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/duplicate-id-active?application=RuleDescription)   | Ensures every id attribute value of active elements is unique                          | Serious  | cat.parsing, wcag2a-obsolete, wcag411, deprecated                                                    | failure                    | [3ea0c8](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/3ea0c8)                                                     |
+| [duplicate-id](https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.9/duplicate-id?application=RuleDescription)                 | Ensures every id attribute value is unique                                             | Minor    | cat.parsing, wcag2a-obsolete, wcag411, deprecated                                                    | failure                    | [3ea0c8](https://act-rules.github.io/rules/3ea0c8)                                                     |
diff --git a/doc/run-partial.md b/doc/run-partial.md
index ae7114d8e..a2570d2a9 100644
--- a/doc/run-partial.md
+++ b/doc/run-partial.md
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ const axeResults = await axe.finishRun(partialResults, options);
 
 **note**: The code in this page uses native DOM methods. This will only work on frames with the same origin. Scripts do not have access to `contentWindow` of cross-origin frames. Use of `runPartial` and `finishRun` in browser drivers like Selenium and Puppeteer works in the same way.
 
+**note**: Because `axe.runPartial()` is designed to be serialized, it will not return element references even if the `elementRef` option is set.
+
 ## axe.runPartial(context, options): Promise<PartialResult>
 
 When using `axe.runPartial()` it is important to keep in mind that the `context` may be different for different frames. For example, `context` can be done in such a way that in frame A, `main` is excluded, and in frame B `footer` is. The `axe.utils.getFrameContexts` method will provide a list of frames that must be tested, and what context to test it with.
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-allowed-attr-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/aria-allowed-attr-evaluate.js
index c72f7bb70..a1049ef38 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/aria-allowed-attr-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-allowed-attr-evaluate.js
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-import { uniqueArray, closest, isHtmlElement } from '../../core/utils';
+import { uniqueArray, isHtmlElement } from '../../core/utils';
 import { getRole, allowedAttr, validateAttr } from '../../commons/aria';
 import { isFocusable } from '../../commons/dom';
-import cache from '../../core/base/cache';
 
 /**
  * Check if each ARIA attribute on an element is allowed for its semantic role.
@@ -27,71 +26,34 @@ import cache from '../../core/base/cache';
  * @memberof checks
  * @return {Boolean} True if each aria attribute is allowed. False otherwise.
  */
-function ariaAllowedAttrEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
+export default function ariaAllowedAttrEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
   const invalid = [];
   const role = getRole(virtualNode);
-  const attrs = virtualNode.attrNames;
   let allowed = allowedAttr(role);
+
   // @deprecated: allowed attr options to pass more attrs.
   // configure the standards spec instead
   if (Array.isArray(options[role])) {
     allowed = uniqueArray(options[role].concat(allowed));
   }
 
-  let tableMap = cache.get('aria-allowed-attr-table');
-  if (!tableMap) {
-    tableMap = new WeakMap();
-    cache.set('aria-allowed-attr-table', tableMap);
-  }
-
-  function validateRowAttrs() {
-    // check if the parent exists otherwise a TypeError will occur (virtual-nodes specifically)
-    if (virtualNode.parent && role === 'row') {
-      const table = closest(
-        virtualNode,
-        'table, [role="treegrid"], [role="table"], [role="grid"]'
-      );
-
-      let tableRole = tableMap.get(table);
-      if (table && !tableRole) {
-        tableRole = getRole(table);
-        tableMap.set(table, tableRole);
-      }
-      if (['table', 'grid'].includes(tableRole) && role === 'row') {
-        return true;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  // Allows options to be mapped to object e.g. {'aria-level' : validateRowAttrs}
-  const ariaAttr = Array.isArray(options.validTreeRowAttrs)
-    ? options.validTreeRowAttrs
-    : [];
-  const preChecks = {};
-  ariaAttr.forEach(attr => {
-    preChecks[attr] = validateRowAttrs;
-  });
-  if (allowed) {
-    for (let i = 0; i < attrs.length; i++) {
-      const attrName = attrs[i];
-      if (validateAttr(attrName) && preChecks[attrName]?.()) {
-        invalid.push(attrName + '="' + virtualNode.attr(attrName) + '"');
-      } else if (validateAttr(attrName) && !allowed.includes(attrName)) {
-        invalid.push(attrName + '="' + virtualNode.attr(attrName) + '"');
-      }
+  // Unknown ARIA attributes are tested in aria-valid-attr
+  for (const attrName of virtualNode.attrNames) {
+    if (validateAttr(attrName) && !allowed.includes(attrName)) {
+      invalid.push(attrName);
     }
   }
 
-  if (invalid.length) {
-    this.data(invalid);
+  if (!invalid.length) {
+    return true;
+  }
 
-    if (!isHtmlElement(virtualNode) && !role && !isFocusable(virtualNode)) {
-      return undefined;
-    }
+  this.data(
+    invalid.map(attrName => attrName + '="' + virtualNode.attr(attrName) + '"')
+  );
 
-    return false;
+  if (!role && !isHtmlElement(virtualNode) && !isFocusable(virtualNode)) {
+    return undefined;
   }
-
-  return true;
+  return false;
 }
-
-export default ariaAllowedAttrEvaluate;
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-allowed-role-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/aria-allowed-role-evaluate.js
index 5ca99e9fc..3e9a4c27f 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/aria-allowed-role-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-allowed-role-evaluate.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { isVisible } from '../../commons/dom';
+import { isVisibleToScreenReaders } from '../../commons/dom';
 import { getElementUnallowedRoles } from '../../commons/aria';
 
 /**
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ function ariaAllowedRoleEvaluate(node, options = {}, virtualNode) {
   const unallowedRoles = getElementUnallowedRoles(virtualNode, allowImplicit);
   if (unallowedRoles.length) {
     this.data(unallowedRoles);
-    if (!isVisible(virtualNode, true)) {
+    if (!isVisibleToScreenReaders(virtualNode)) {
       // flag hidden elements for review
       return undefined;
     }
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-busy-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/aria-busy-evaluate.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b399e66ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-busy-evaluate.js
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+/**
+ * Checks if element has aria-busy tag set to "true"
+ *
+ * @memberof checks
+ * @return {Boolean} True if node has "aria-busy" attribute. False otherwise
+ */
+export default function ariaBusyEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
+  return virtualNode.attr('aria-busy') === 'true';
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-busy.json b/lib/checks/aria/aria-busy.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da2162130
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-busy.json
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "id": "aria-busy",
+  "evaluate": "aria-busy-evaluate",
+  "deprecated": true,
+  "metadata": {
+    "impact": "serious",
+    "messages": {
+      "pass": "Element has an aria-busy attribute",
+      "fail": "Element uses aria-busy=\"true\" while showing a loader"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-conditional-attr-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/aria-conditional-attr-evaluate.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..92fca6752
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-conditional-attr-evaluate.js
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import getRole from '../../commons/aria/get-role';
+import ariaConditionalCheckboxAttr from './aria-conditional-checkbox-attr-evaluate';
+import ariaConditionalRowAttr from './aria-conditional-row-attr-evaluate';
+
+const conditionalRoleMap = {
+  row: ariaConditionalRowAttr,
+  checkbox: ariaConditionalCheckboxAttr
+};
+
+export default function ariaConditionalAttrEvaluate(
+  node,
+  options,
+  virtualNode
+) {
+  const role = getRole(virtualNode);
+  if (!conditionalRoleMap[role]) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  return conditionalRoleMap[role].call(this, node, options, virtualNode);
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-conditional-attr.json b/lib/checks/aria/aria-conditional-attr.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c55829016
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-conditional-attr.json
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+{
+  "id": "aria-conditional-attr",
+  "evaluate": "aria-conditional-attr-evaluate",
+  "options": {
+    "invalidTableRowAttrs": [
+      "aria-posinset",
+      "aria-setsize",
+      "aria-expanded",
+      "aria-level"
+    ]
+  },
+  "metadata": {
+    "impact": "serious",
+    "messages": {
+      "pass": "ARIA attribute is allowed",
+      "fail": {
+        "checkbox": "Remove aria-checked, or set it to \"${data.checkState}\" to match the real checkbox state",
+        "rowSingular": "This attribute is supported with treegrid rows, but not ${data.ownerRole}: ${data.invalidAttrs}",
+        "rowPlural": "These attributes are supported with treegrid rows, but not ${data.ownerRole}: ${data.invalidAttrs}"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-conditional-checkbox-attr-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/aria-conditional-checkbox-attr-evaluate.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..66c44dcca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-conditional-checkbox-attr-evaluate.js
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+export default function ariaConditionalCheckboxAttr(
+  node,
+  options,
+  virtualNode
+) {
+  const { nodeName, type } = virtualNode.props;
+  const ariaChecked = normalizeAriaChecked(virtualNode.attr('aria-checked'));
+  if (nodeName !== 'input' || type !== 'checkbox' || !ariaChecked) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  const checkState = getCheckState(virtualNode);
+  if (ariaChecked === checkState) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  this.data({
+    messageKey: 'checkbox',
+    checkState
+  });
+  return false;
+}
+
+function getCheckState(vNode) {
+  if (vNode.props.indeterminate) {
+    return 'mixed';
+  }
+  return vNode.props.checked ? 'true' : 'false';
+}
+
+function normalizeAriaChecked(ariaCheckedVal) {
+  if (!ariaCheckedVal) {
+    return '';
+  }
+  ariaCheckedVal = ariaCheckedVal.toLowerCase();
+  if (['mixed', 'true'].includes(ariaCheckedVal)) {
+    return ariaCheckedVal;
+  }
+  return 'false';
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-conditional-row-attr-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/aria-conditional-row-attr-evaluate.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3ece49dec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-conditional-row-attr-evaluate.js
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+import getRole from '../../commons/aria/get-role';
+import { closest } from '../../core/utils';
+
+export default function ariaConditionalRowAttr(
+  node,
+  { invalidTableRowAttrs } = {},
+  virtualNode
+) {
+  const invalidAttrs =
+    invalidTableRowAttrs?.filter?.(invalidAttr => {
+      return virtualNode.hasAttr(invalidAttr);
+    }) ?? [];
+  if (invalidAttrs.length === 0) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  const owner = getRowOwner(virtualNode);
+  const ownerRole = owner && getRole(owner);
+  if (!ownerRole || ownerRole === 'treegrid') {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  const messageKey = `row${invalidAttrs.length > 1 ? 'Plural' : 'Singular'}`;
+  this.data({ messageKey, invalidAttrs, ownerRole });
+  return false;
+}
+
+function getRowOwner(virtualNode) {
+  // check if the parent exists otherwise a TypeError will occur (virtual-nodes specifically)
+  if (!virtualNode.parent) {
+    return;
+  }
+  const rowOwnerQuery =
+    'table:not([role]), [role~="treegrid"], [role~="table"], [role~="grid"]';
+  return closest(virtualNode, rowOwnerQuery);
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-errormessage-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/aria-errormessage-evaluate.js
index bacb1c9c7..b7b971d4e 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/aria-errormessage-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-errormessage-evaluate.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import standards from '../../standards';
 import { idrefs } from '../../commons/dom';
 import { tokenList } from '../../core/utils';
-import { isVisible } from '../../commons/dom';
+import { isVisibleToScreenReaders } from '../../commons/dom';
 /**
  * Check if `aria-errormessage` references an element that also uses a technique to announce the message (aria-live, aria-describedby, etc.).
  *
@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ import { isVisible } from '../../commons/dom';
  * @memberof checks
  * @return {Mixed} True if aria-errormessage references an existing element that uses a supported technique. Undefined if it does not reference an existing element. False otherwise.
  */
-function ariaErrormessageEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
+export default function ariaErrormessageEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
   options = Array.isArray(options) ? options : [];
 
-  const attr = virtualNode.attr('aria-errormessage');
+  const errorMessageAttr = virtualNode.attr('aria-errormessage');
   const hasAttr = virtualNode.hasAttr('aria-errormessage');
   const invaid = virtualNode.attr('aria-invalid');
   const hasInvallid = virtualNode.hasAttr('aria-invalid');
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ function ariaErrormessageEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
     }
 
     if (idref) {
-      if (!isVisible(idref, true)) {
+      if (!isVisibleToScreenReaders(idref)) {
         this.data({
           messageKey: 'hidden',
           values: tokenList(attr)
@@ -74,12 +74,10 @@ function ariaErrormessageEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
   }
 
   // limit results to elements that actually have this attribute
-  if (options.indexOf(attr) === -1 && hasAttr) {
-    this.data(tokenList(attr));
-    return validateAttrValue.call(this, attr);
+  if (options.indexOf(errorMessageAttr) === -1 && hasAttr) {
+    this.data(tokenList(errorMessageAttr));
+    return validateAttrValue.call(this, errorMessageAttr);
   }
 
   return true;
 }
-
-export default ariaErrormessageEvaluate;
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-prohibited-attr-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/aria-prohibited-attr-evaluate.js
index c4e708576..e6e2f9da7 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/aria-prohibited-attr-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-prohibited-attr-evaluate.js
@@ -26,12 +26,20 @@ import standards from '../../standards';
  * @memberof checks
  * @return {Boolean} True if the element uses any prohibited ARIA attributes. False otherwise.
  */
-export default function ariaProhibitedAttrEvaluate(node, options = {}, virtualNode) {
+export default function ariaProhibitedAttrEvaluate(
+  node,
+  options = {},
+  virtualNode
+) {
   const elementsAllowedAriaLabel = options?.elementsAllowedAriaLabel || [];
   const { nodeName } = virtualNode.props;
   const role = getRole(virtualNode, { chromium: true });
 
-  const prohibitedList = listProhibitedAttrs(role, nodeName, elementsAllowedAriaLabel);
+  const prohibitedList = listProhibitedAttrs(
+    role,
+    nodeName,
+    elementsAllowedAriaLabel
+  );
   const prohibited = prohibitedList.filter(attrName => {
     if (!virtualNode.attrNames.includes(attrName)) {
       return false;
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-attr-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-attr-evaluate.js
index f8285efd9..f10642c4c 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-attr-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-attr-evaluate.js
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
-import { requiredAttr, getExplicitRole } from '../../commons/aria';
+import {
+  requiredAttr as getRequiredAttrs,
+  getExplicitRole
+} from '../../commons/aria';
 import { getElementSpec } from '../../commons/standards';
 import { uniqueArray } from '../../core/utils';
+import { isFocusable } from '../../commons/dom';
 
 /**
  * Check that the element has all required attributes for its explicit role.
@@ -26,53 +30,52 @@ import { uniqueArray } from '../../core/utils';
  * @memberof checks
  * @return {Boolean} True if all required attributes are present. False otherwise.
  */
-function ariaRequiredAttrEvaluate(node, options = {}, virtualNode) {
-  const missing = [];
-  const attrs = virtualNode.attrNames;
+export default function ariaRequiredAttrEvaluate(
+  node,
+  options = {},
+  virtualNode
+) {
   const role = getExplicitRole(virtualNode);
-  if (attrs.length) {
-    let required = requiredAttr(role);
-    const elmSpec = getElementSpec(virtualNode);
-
-    // @deprecated: required attr options to pass more attrs.
-    // configure the standards spec instead
-    if (Array.isArray(options[role])) {
-      required = uniqueArray(options[role], required);
-    }
-    if (role && required) {
-      for (let i = 0, l = required.length; i < l; i++) {
-        const attr = required[i];
-        if (
-          !virtualNode.attr(attr) &&
-          !(
-            elmSpec.implicitAttrs &&
-            typeof elmSpec.implicitAttrs[attr] !== 'undefined'
-          )
-        ) {
-          missing.push(attr);
-        }
-      }
-    }
+  const attrs = virtualNode.attrNames;
+  // @deprecated: required attr options to pass more attrs.
+  // configure the standards spec instead
+  let requiredAttrs = getRequiredAttrs(role);
+  if (Array.isArray(options[role])) {
+    requiredAttrs = uniqueArray(options[role], requiredAttrs);
   }
-
-  // aria 1.2 combobox requires aria-controls, but aria-owns is acceptable instead in earlier versions of the guidelines. also either is only required if the element has aria-expanded=true
-  // https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/2505#issuecomment-788703942
-  // https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/2505#issuecomment-881947373
-  const comboboxMissingControls =
-    role === 'combobox' && missing.includes('aria-controls');
+  // Nothing to test
+  if (!role || !attrs.length || !requiredAttrs.length) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  // Some required props are conditional:
   if (
-    comboboxMissingControls &&
-    (virtualNode.hasAttr('aria-owns') ||
-      virtualNode.attr('aria-expanded') !== 'true')
+    isStaticSeparator(virtualNode, role) ||
+    isClosedCombobox(virtualNode, role)
   ) {
-    missing.splice(missing.indexOf('aria-controls', 1));
+    return true;
   }
 
-  if (missing.length) {
-    this.data(missing);
+  const elmSpec = getElementSpec(virtualNode);
+  const missingAttrs = requiredAttrs.filter(
+    requiredAttr =>
+      !virtualNode.attr(requiredAttr) && !hasImplicitAttr(elmSpec, requiredAttr)
+  );
+
+  if (missingAttrs.length) {
+    this.data(missingAttrs);
     return false;
   }
   return true;
 }
 
-export default ariaRequiredAttrEvaluate;
+function isStaticSeparator(vNode, role) {
+  return role === 'separator' && !isFocusable(vNode);
+}
+
+function hasImplicitAttr(elmSpec, attr) {
+  return elmSpec.implicitAttrs?.[attr] !== undefined;
+}
+
+function isClosedCombobox(vNode, role) {
+  return role === 'combobox' && vNode.attr('aria-expanded') === 'false';
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-children-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-children-evaluate.js
index e4d2c845c..1e7512d96 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-children-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-children-evaluate.js
@@ -4,30 +4,104 @@ import {
   getExplicitRole,
   getOwnedVirtual
 } from '../../commons/aria';
-import { hasContentVirtual, idrefs } from '../../commons/dom';
+import { getGlobalAriaAttrs } from '../../commons/standards';
+import {
+  hasContentVirtual,
+  isFocusable,
+  isVisibleToScreenReaders
+} from '../../commons/dom';
+
+/**
+ * Check that an element owns all required children for its explicit role.
+ *
+ * Required roles are taken from the `ariaRoles` standards object from the roles `requiredOwned` property.
+ *
+ * @memberof checks
+ * @param {Boolean} options.reviewEmpty List of ARIA roles that should be flagged as "Needs Review" rather than a violation if the element has no owned children.
+ * @data {String[]} List of all missing owned roles.
+ * @returns {Mixed} True if the element owns all required roles. Undefined if `options.reviewEmpty=true` and the element has no owned children. False otherwise.
+ */
+export default function ariaRequiredChildrenEvaluate(
+  node,
+  options,
+  virtualNode
+) {
+  const reviewEmpty =
+    options && Array.isArray(options.reviewEmpty) ? options.reviewEmpty : [];
+  const explicitRole = getExplicitRole(virtualNode, { dpub: true });
+  const required = requiredOwned(explicitRole);
+  if (required === null) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  const ownedRoles = getOwnedRoles(virtualNode, required);
+  const unallowed = ownedRoles.filter(
+    ({ role, vNode }) => vNode.props.nodeType === 1 && !required.includes(role)
+  );
+
+  if (unallowed.length) {
+    this.relatedNodes(unallowed.map(({ vNode }) => vNode));
+    this.data({
+      messageKey: 'unallowed',
+      values: unallowed
+        .map(({ vNode, attr }) => getUnallowedSelector(vNode, attr))
+        .filter((selector, index, array) => array.indexOf(selector) === index)
+        .join(', ')
+    });
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (hasRequiredChildren(required, ownedRoles)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  if (virtualNode.attr('aria-busy') === 'true') {
+    this.data({ messageKey: 'aria-busy' });
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  this.data(required);
+
+  // Only review empty nodes when a node is both empty and does not have an aria-owns relationship
+  if (reviewEmpty.includes(explicitRole) && !ownedRoles.some(isContent)) {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
+  return false;
+}
 
 /**
  * Get all owned roles of an element
  */
 function getOwnedRoles(virtualNode, required) {
+  let vNode;
   const ownedRoles = [];
-  const ownedElements = getOwnedVirtual(virtualNode);
-  for (let i = 0; i < ownedElements.length; i++) {
-    const ownedElement = ownedElements[i];
-    const role = getRole(ownedElement, { noPresentational: true });
+  const ownedVirtual = getOwnedVirtual(virtualNode);
+  while ((vNode = ownedVirtual.shift())) {
+    if (vNode.props.nodeType === 3) {
+      ownedRoles.push({ vNode, role: null });
+    }
+    if (vNode.props.nodeType !== 1 || !isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode)) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    const role = getRole(vNode, { noPresentational: true });
+    const globalAriaAttr = getGlobalAriaAttr(vNode);
+    const hasGlobalAriaOrFocusable = !!globalAriaAttr || isFocusable(vNode);
 
     // if owned node has no role or is presentational, or if role
     // allows group or rowgroup, we keep parsing the descendant tree.
     // this means intermediate roles between a required parent and
     // child will fail the check
     if (
-      !role ||
+      (!role && !hasGlobalAriaOrFocusable) ||
       (['group', 'rowgroup'].includes(role) &&
         required.some(requiredRole => requiredRole === role))
     ) {
-      ownedElements.push(...ownedElement.children);
-    } else if (role) {
-      ownedRoles.push(role);
+      ownedVirtual.push(...vNode.children);
+    } else if (role || hasGlobalAriaOrFocusable) {
+      const attr = globalAriaAttr || 'tabindex';
+      ownedRoles.push({ role, attr, vNode });
     }
   }
 
@@ -35,68 +109,52 @@ function getOwnedRoles(virtualNode, required) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Get missing children roles
+ * See if any required roles are in the ownedRoles array
  */
-function missingRequiredChildren(virtualNode, role, required, ownedRoles) {
-  for (let i = 0; i < ownedRoles.length; i++) {
-    var ownedRole = ownedRoles[i];
-
-    if (required.includes(ownedRole)) {
-      required = required.filter(requiredRole => requiredRole !== ownedRole);
-      return null;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (required.length) {
-    return required;
-  }
+function hasRequiredChildren(required, ownedRoles) {
+  return ownedRoles.some(({ role }) => role && required.includes(role));
+}
 
-  return null;
+/**
+ * Get the first global ARIA attribute the element has.
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode
+ * @return {String|null}
+ */
+function getGlobalAriaAttr(vNode) {
+  return getGlobalAriaAttrs().find(attr => vNode.hasAttr(attr));
 }
 
 /**
- * Check that an element owns all required children for its explicit role.
- *
- * Required roles are taken from the `ariaRoles` standards object from the roles `requiredOwned` property.
- *
- * @memberof checks
- * @param {Boolean} options.reviewEmpty List of ARIA roles that should be flagged as "Needs Review" rather than a violation if the element has no owned children.
- * @data {String[]} List of all missing owned roles.
- * @returns {Mixed} True if the element owns all required roles. Undefined if `options.reviewEmpty=true` and the element has no owned children. False otherwise.
+ * Return a simple selector for an unallowed element.
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode
+ * @param {String} [attr] - Optional attribute which made the element unallowed
+ * @return {String}
  */
-function ariaRequiredChildrenEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
-  const reviewEmpty =
-    options && Array.isArray(options.reviewEmpty) ? options.reviewEmpty : [];
-  const role = getExplicitRole(virtualNode, { dpub: true });
-  const required = requiredOwned(role);
-  if (required === null) {
-    return true;
+function getUnallowedSelector(vNode, attr) {
+  const { nodeName, nodeType } = vNode.props;
+  if (nodeType === 3) {
+    return `#text`;
   }
 
-  const ownedRoles = getOwnedRoles(virtualNode, required);
-  const missing = missingRequiredChildren(
-    virtualNode,
-    role,
-    required,
-    ownedRoles
-  );
-  if (!missing) {
-    return true;
+  const role = getExplicitRole(vNode, { dpub: true });
+  if (role) {
+    return `[role=${role}]`;
   }
-
-  this.data(missing);
-
-  // Only review empty nodes when a node is both empty and does not have an aria-owns relationship
-  if (
-    reviewEmpty.includes(role) &&
-    !hasContentVirtual(virtualNode, false, true) &&
-    !ownedRoles.length &&
-    (!virtualNode.hasAttr('aria-owns') || !idrefs(node, 'aria-owns').length)
-  ) {
-    return undefined;
+  if (attr) {
+    return nodeName + `[${attr}]`;
   }
-
-  return false;
+  return nodeName;
 }
 
-export default ariaRequiredChildrenEvaluate;
+/**
+ * Check if the node has content, or is itself content
+ * @Object {Object} OwnedRole
+ * @property {VirtualNode} vNode
+ * @returns {Boolean}
+ */
+function isContent({ vNode }) {
+  if (vNode.props.nodeType === 3) {
+    return vNode.props.nodeValue.trim().length > 0;
+  }
+  return hasContentVirtual(vNode, false, true);
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-children.json b/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-children.json
index 6191d6361..16c67dbd5 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-children.json
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-children.json
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
       "grid",
       "list",
       "listbox",
+      "menu",
+      "menubar",
       "table",
       "tablist",
       "tree",
@@ -18,10 +20,14 @@
   "metadata": {
     "impact": "critical",
     "messages": {
-      "pass": "Required ARIA children are present",
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Required ARIA children are present",
+        "aria-busy": "Element has an aria-busy attribute, so it is allowed to omit required children"
+      },
       "fail": {
         "singular": "Required ARIA child role not present: ${data.values}",
-        "plural": "Required ARIA children role not present: ${data.values}"
+        "plural": "Required ARIA children role not present: ${data.values}",
+        "unallowed": "Element has children which are not allowed: ${data.values}"
       },
       "incomplete": {
         "singular": "Expecting ARIA child role to be added: ${data.values}",
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-parent-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-parent-evaluate.js
index d29e0789a..c985cedc2 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-parent-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-required-parent-evaluate.js
@@ -18,31 +18,30 @@ function getMissingContext(
     return null;
   }
 
+  const allowsGroup = reqContext.includes('group');
   let vNode = includeElement ? virtualNode : virtualNode.parent;
+
   while (vNode) {
-    const parentRole = getRole(vNode);
+    const role = getRole(vNode, { noPresentational: true });
 
-    // if parent node has role=group and role=group is an allowed
-    // context, check next parent
-    if (reqContext.includes('group') && parentRole === 'group') {
+    // if parent node has no role or is presentational, or if role
+    // allows group, we keep parsing the parent tree.
+    // this means intermediate roles between a required parent and
+    // child will fail the check
+    if (!role) {
+      vNode = vNode.parent;
+    } else if (role === 'group' && allowsGroup) {
       // Allow the own role; i.e. tree > treeitem > group > treeitem
       if (ownGroupRoles.includes(explicitRole)) {
         reqContext.push(explicitRole);
       }
       reqContext = reqContext.filter(r => r !== 'group');
       vNode = vNode.parent;
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    // if parent node has a role that is not the required role and not
-    // presentational we will fail the check
-    if (reqContext.includes(parentRole)) {
+    } else if (reqContext.includes(role)) {
       return null;
-    } else if (parentRole && !['presentation', 'none'].includes(parentRole)) {
+    } else {
       return reqContext;
     }
-
-    vNode = vNode.parent;
   }
 
   return reqContext;
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-roledescription-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/aria-roledescription-evaluate.js
index e3c1740f6..9bc977733 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/aria-roledescription-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-roledescription-evaluate.js
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ import { getRole } from '../../commons/aria';
  * @param {String[]} options.supportedRoles List of ARIA roles that support the `aria-roledescription` attribute
  * @return {Mixed} True if the semantic role supports `aria-roledescription`. Undefined if the semantic role is `presentation` or `none`. False otherwise.
  */
-function ariaRoledescriptionEvaluate(node, options = {}) {
-  const role = getRole(node);
+function ariaRoledescriptionEvaluate(node, options = {}, virtualNode) {
+  const role = getRole(virtualNode);
   const supportedRoles = options.supportedRoles || [];
 
   if (supportedRoles.includes(role)) {
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-valid-attr-value-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/aria-valid-attr-value-evaluate.js
index 0b6007ff4..36e824afc 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/aria-valid-attr-value-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-valid-attr-value-evaluate.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { validateAttrValue } from '../../commons/aria';
+import standards from '../../standards';
 
 /**
  * Check that each ARIA attribute on an element has a valid value.
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ import { validateAttrValue } from '../../commons/aria';
  * @memberof checks
  * @return {Mixed} True if all ARIA attributes have a valid value. Undefined for invalid `aria-current` or `aria-describedby` values. False otherwise.
  */
-function ariaValidAttrValueEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
+export default function ariaValidAttrValueEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
   options = Array.isArray(options.value) ? options.value : [];
 
   let needsReview = '';
@@ -106,30 +107,35 @@ function ariaValidAttrValueEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
     } catch (e) {
       needsReview = `${attrName}="${attrValue}"`;
       messageKey = 'idrefs';
+      return;
     }
 
     if (
       (preChecks[attrName] ? preChecks[attrName](validValue) : true) &&
       !validValue
     ) {
-      invalid.push(`${attrName}="${attrValue}"`);
+      if (attrValue === '' && !isStringType(attrName)) {
+        needsReview = attrName;
+        messageKey = 'empty';
+      } else {
+        invalid.push(`${attrName}="${attrValue}"`);
+      }
     }
   });
 
-  if (needsReview) {
-    this.data({
-      messageKey,
-      needsReview
-    });
-    return undefined;
-  }
-
   if (invalid.length) {
     this.data(invalid);
     return false;
   }
 
+  if (needsReview) {
+    this.data({ messageKey, needsReview });
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
   return true;
 }
 
-export default ariaValidAttrValueEvaluate;
+function isStringType(attrName) {
+  return standards.ariaAttrs[attrName]?.type === 'string';
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/aria-valid-attr-value.json b/lib/checks/aria/aria-valid-attr-value.json
index 12658c414..d533ad667 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/aria-valid-attr-value.json
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/aria-valid-attr-value.json
@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@
         "noId": "ARIA attribute element ID does not exist on the page: ${data.needsReview}",
         "noIdShadow": "ARIA attribute element ID does not exist on the page or is a descendant of a different shadow DOM tree: ${data.needsReview}",
         "ariaCurrent": "ARIA attribute value is invalid and will be treated as \"aria-current=true\": ${data.needsReview}",
-        "idrefs": "Unable to determine if ARIA attribute element ID exists on the page: ${data.needsReview}"
+        "idrefs": "Unable to determine if ARIA attribute element ID exists on the page: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "empty": "ARIA attribute value is ignored while empty: ${data.needsReview}"
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/braille-label-equivalent-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/braille-label-equivalent-evaluate.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ce301f684
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/braille-label-equivalent-evaluate.js
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import { sanitize, accessibleTextVirtual } from '../../commons/text';
+
+/**
+ * Check that if aria-braillelabel is not empty, the element has an accessible text
+ * @memberof checks
+ * @return {Boolean}
+ */
+export default function brailleLabelEquivalentEvaluate(
+  node,
+  options,
+  virtualNode
+) {
+  const brailleLabel = virtualNode.attr('aria-braillelabel') ?? '';
+  if (!brailleLabel.trim()) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  try {
+    return sanitize(accessibleTextVirtual(virtualNode)) !== '';
+  } catch {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/braille-label-equivalent.json b/lib/checks/aria/braille-label-equivalent.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a4d4dd0c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/braille-label-equivalent.json
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "id": "braille-label-equivalent",
+  "evaluate": "braille-label-equivalent-evaluate",
+  "metadata": {
+    "impact": "serious",
+    "messages": {
+      "pass": "aria-braillelabel is used on an element with accessible text",
+      "fail": "aria-braillelabel is used on an element with no accessible text",
+      "incomplete": "Unable to compute accessible text"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/braille-roledescription-equivalent-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/braille-roledescription-equivalent-evaluate.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e03af7fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/braille-roledescription-equivalent-evaluate.js
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import { sanitize } from '../../commons/text';
+
+/**
+ * Check that if aria-brailleroledescription is not empty,
+ * the element has a non-empty aria-roledescription
+ * @memberof checks
+ * @return {Boolean}
+ */
+export default function brailleRoleDescriptionEquivalentEvaluate(
+  node,
+  options,
+  virtualNode
+) {
+  const brailleRoleDesc = virtualNode.attr('aria-brailleroledescription') ?? '';
+  if (sanitize(brailleRoleDesc) === '') {
+    return true;
+  }
+  const roleDesc = virtualNode.attr('aria-roledescription');
+  if (typeof roleDesc !== 'string') {
+    this.data({ messageKey: 'noRoleDescription' });
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (sanitize(roleDesc) === '') {
+    this.data({ messageKey: 'emptyRoleDescription' });
+    return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/braille-roledescription-equivalent.json b/lib/checks/aria/braille-roledescription-equivalent.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4005868c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/braille-roledescription-equivalent.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "id": "braille-roledescription-equivalent",
+  "evaluate": "braille-roledescription-equivalent-evaluate",
+  "metadata": {
+    "impact": "serious",
+    "messages": {
+      "pass": "aria-brailleroledescription is used on an element with aria-roledescription",
+      "fail": {
+        "noRoleDescription": "aria-brailleroledescription is used on an element with no aria-roledescription",
+        "emptyRoleDescription": "aria-brailleroledescription is used on an element with an empty aria-roledescription"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/fallbackrole-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/fallbackrole-evaluate.js
index 1aec63d78..3adf30307 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/fallbackrole-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/fallbackrole-evaluate.js
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ import { tokenList } from '../../core/utils';
 import { getImplicitRole } from '../../commons/aria';
 
 /**
+ * NOTE: This check is no longer used, but it was not deprecated
+ * so it can be used in custom rulesets.
  * @return {Boolean} True if the element has no implicit role and uses both none and presentation as explicit roles
  */
 function nonePresentationOnElementWithNoImplicitRole(
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/no-implicit-explicit-label.json b/lib/checks/aria/no-implicit-explicit-label.json
index b269bb642..d5ed5a0b2 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/no-implicit-explicit-label.json
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/no-implicit-explicit-label.json
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   "id": "no-implicit-explicit-label",
   "evaluate": "no-implicit-explicit-label-evaluate",
   "metadata": {
-    "impact": "moderate",
+    "impact": "serious",
     "messages": {
       "pass": "There is no mismatch between a <label> and accessible name",
       "incomplete": "Check that the <label> does not need be part of the ARIA ${data} field's name"
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/unsupportedrole-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/unsupportedrole-evaluate.js
index 947d8f5c8..d8f407faa 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/unsupportedrole-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/unsupportedrole-evaluate.js
@@ -9,7 +9,12 @@ import { isUnsupportedRole, getRole } from '../../commons/aria';
  * @return {Boolean} True if the elements semantic role is unsupported. False otherwise.
  */
 function unsupportedroleEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
-  return isUnsupportedRole(getRole(virtualNode));
+  const role = getRole(virtualNode, { dpub: true, fallback: true });
+  const isUnsupported = isUnsupportedRole(role);
+  if (isUnsupported) {
+    this.data(role);
+  }
+  return isUnsupported;
 }
 
 export default unsupportedroleEvaluate;
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/unsupportedrole.json b/lib/checks/aria/unsupportedrole.json
index a75e9da0d..685ec6e2e 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/unsupportedrole.json
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/unsupportedrole.json
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
     "impact": "critical",
     "messages": {
       "pass": "ARIA role is supported",
-      "fail": "The role used is not widely supported in screen readers and assistive technologies: ${data.values}"
+      "fail": "The role used is not widely supported in screen readers and assistive technologies: ${data}"
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/lib/checks/aria/valid-scrollable-semantics-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/aria/valid-scrollable-semantics-evaluate.js
index 1eb53b6d7..7c3615dbc 100644
--- a/lib/checks/aria/valid-scrollable-semantics-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/aria/valid-scrollable-semantics-evaluate.js
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ const VALID_TAG_NAMES_FOR_SCROLLABLE_REGIONS = {
  */
 const VALID_ROLES_FOR_SCROLLABLE_REGIONS = {
   application: true,
+  article: true,
   banner: false,
   complementary: true,
   contentinfo: true,
diff --git a/lib/checks/color/color-contrast-enhanced.json b/lib/checks/color/color-contrast-enhanced.json
index d2de46c47..b09a32690 100644
--- a/lib/checks/color/color-contrast-enhanced.json
+++ b/lib/checks/color/color-contrast-enhanced.json
@@ -10,14 +10,17 @@
     "largeTextPt": 18,
     "contrastRatio": {
       "normal": {
-        "expected": 7
+        "expected": 7,
+        "minThreshold": 4.5
       },
       "large": {
-        "expected": 4.5
+        "expected": 4.5,
+        "minThreshold": 3
       }
     },
     "pseudoSizeThreshold": 0.25,
-    "shadowOutlineEmMax": 0.1
+    "shadowOutlineEmMax": 0.1,
+    "textStrokeEmMin": 0.03
   },
   "metadata": {
     "impact": "serious",
diff --git a/lib/checks/color/color-contrast-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/color/color-contrast-evaluate.js
index e10b0bc6b..8916bd097 100644
--- a/lib/checks/color/color-contrast-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/color/color-contrast-evaluate.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { isVisible } from '../../commons/dom';
+import { isVisibleOnScreen } from '../../commons/dom';
 import {
   visibleVirtual,
   hasUnicode,
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ export default function colorContrastEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
     pseudoSizeThreshold
   } = options;
 
-  if (!isVisible(node, false)) {
+  if (!isVisibleOnScreen(node)) {
     this.data({ messageKey: 'hidden' });
     return true;
   }
@@ -71,14 +71,19 @@ export default function colorContrastEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
     return undefined;
   }
 
-  const bgNodes = [];
-  const bgColor = getBackgroundColor(node, bgNodes, shadowOutlineEmMax);
-  const fgColor = getForegroundColor(node, false, bgColor);
   // Thin shadows only. Thicker shadows are included in the background instead
   const shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(node, {
     minRatio: 0.001,
     maxRatio: shadowOutlineEmMax
   });
+  if (shadowColors === null) {
+    this.data({ messageKey: 'complexTextShadows' });
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
+  const bgNodes = [];
+  const bgColor = getBackgroundColor(node, bgNodes, shadowOutlineEmMax);
+  const fgColor = getForegroundColor(node, false, bgColor, options);
 
   let contrast = null;
   let contrastContributor = null;
@@ -102,8 +107,10 @@ export default function colorContrastEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
 
   // ratio is outside range
   if (
-    (typeof minThreshold === 'number' && contrast < minThreshold) ||
-    (typeof maxThreshold === 'number' && contrast > maxThreshold)
+    (typeof minThreshold === 'number' &&
+      (typeof contrast !== 'number' || contrast < minThreshold)) ||
+    (typeof maxThreshold === 'number' &&
+      (typeof contrast !== 'number' || contrast > maxThreshold))
   ) {
     this.data({ contrastRatio: contrast });
     return true;
@@ -180,38 +187,37 @@ function findPseudoElement(
   } while ((vNode = vNode.parent));
 }
 
-const getPseudoElementArea = memoize(function getPseudoElementArea(
-  node,
-  pseudo
-) {
-  const style = window.getComputedStyle(node, pseudo);
-  const matchPseudoStyle = (prop, value) =>
-    style.getPropertyValue(prop) === value;
-  if (
-    matchPseudoStyle('content', 'none') ||
-    matchPseudoStyle('display', 'none') ||
-    matchPseudoStyle('visibility', 'hidden') ||
-    matchPseudoStyle('position', 'absolute') === false
-  ) {
-    return 0; // The pseudo element isn't visible
-  }
+const getPseudoElementArea = memoize(
+  function getPseudoElementArea(node, pseudo) {
+    const style = window.getComputedStyle(node, pseudo);
+    const matchPseudoStyle = (prop, value) =>
+      style.getPropertyValue(prop) === value;
+    if (
+      matchPseudoStyle('content', 'none') ||
+      matchPseudoStyle('display', 'none') ||
+      matchPseudoStyle('visibility', 'hidden') ||
+      matchPseudoStyle('position', 'absolute') === false
+    ) {
+      return 0; // The pseudo element isn't visible
+    }
 
-  if (
-    getOwnBackgroundColor(style).alpha === 0 &&
-    matchPseudoStyle('background-image', 'none')
-  ) {
-    return 0; // There is no background
-  }
+    if (
+      getOwnBackgroundColor(style).alpha === 0 &&
+      matchPseudoStyle('background-image', 'none')
+    ) {
+      return 0; // There is no background
+    }
 
-  // Find the size of the pseudo element;
-  const pseudoWidth = parseUnit(style.getPropertyValue('width'));
-  const pseudoHeight = parseUnit(style.getPropertyValue('height'));
-  if (pseudoWidth.unit !== 'px' || pseudoHeight.unit !== 'px') {
-    // IE doesn't normalize to px. Infinity gets everything to undefined
-    return pseudoWidth.value === 0 || pseudoHeight.value === 0 ? 0 : Infinity;
+    // Find the size of the pseudo element;
+    const pseudoWidth = parseUnit(style.getPropertyValue('width'));
+    const pseudoHeight = parseUnit(style.getPropertyValue('height'));
+    if (pseudoWidth.unit !== 'px' || pseudoHeight.unit !== 'px') {
+      // IE doesn't normalize to px. Infinity gets everything to undefined
+      return pseudoWidth.value === 0 || pseudoHeight.value === 0 ? 0 : Infinity;
+    }
+    return pseudoWidth.value * pseudoHeight.value;
   }
-  return pseudoWidth.value * pseudoHeight.value;
-});
+);
 
 function textIsEmojis(visibleText) {
   const options = { nonBmp: true };
diff --git a/lib/checks/color/color-contrast.json b/lib/checks/color/color-contrast.json
index 89ba8ff95..135eeae4e 100644
--- a/lib/checks/color/color-contrast.json
+++ b/lib/checks/color/color-contrast.json
@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@
       }
     },
     "pseudoSizeThreshold": 0.25,
-    "shadowOutlineEmMax": 0.2
+    "shadowOutlineEmMax": 0.2,
+    "textStrokeEmMin": 0.03
   },
   "metadata": {
     "impact": "serious",
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@
         "bgGradient": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background gradient",
         "imgNode": "Element's background color could not be determined because element contains an image node",
         "bgOverlap": "Element's background color could not be determined because it is overlapped by another element",
+        "complexTextShadows": "Element's contrast could not be determined because it uses complex text shadows",
         "fgAlpha": "Element's foreground color could not be determined because of alpha transparency",
         "elmPartiallyObscured": "Element's background color could not be determined because it's partially obscured by another element",
         "elmPartiallyObscuring": "Element's background color could not be determined because it partially overlaps other elements",
diff --git a/lib/checks/color/link-in-text-block-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/color/link-in-text-block-evaluate.js
index 4af8495c1..be872cd71 100644
--- a/lib/checks/color/link-in-text-block-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/color/link-in-text-block-evaluate.js
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 import { getComposedParent } from '../../commons/dom';
 import {
-  elementIsDistinct,
   getForegroundColor,
   getBackgroundColor,
   incompleteData
 } from '../../commons/color';
-
-import a11y_engine_commons  from '../../commons/a11y-engine-index';
+import a11yEngineCommons from '../../commons/a11y-engine-index';
 
 function getContrast(color1, color2) {
   var c1lum = color1.getRelativeLuminance();
@@ -27,34 +25,109 @@ function isBlock(elm) {
   return blockLike.indexOf(display) !== -1 || display.substr(0, 6) === 'table-';
 }
 
-function linkInTextBlockEvaluate(node) {
+function linkInTextBlockEvaluate(node, options) {
+  const { requiredContrastRatio, allowSameColor } = options;
+  var evaluateOptions =
+    arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] ? arguments[1] : {};
 
-  var options = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] ? arguments[1] : {};
   if (isBlock(node)) {
     return false;
   }
 
   var parentBlock = getComposedParent(node);
-  while (parentBlock.nodeType === 1 && !isBlock(parentBlock)) {
+  while (parentBlock && parentBlock.nodeType === 1 && !isBlock(parentBlock)) {
     parentBlock = getComposedParent(parentBlock);
   }
 
+  if (!parentBlock) {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
   this.relatedNodes([parentBlock]);
 
-  if(options.a11yRule) {
-    if(node.getAttribute('type') === 'button' || node.tagName.toLowerCase() === 'button' || node.getAttribute('role') === 'button') {
+  if (evaluateOptions.a11yRule) {
+    if (
+      node.getAttribute('type') === 'button' ||
+      node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'button' ||
+      node.getAttribute('role') === 'button'
+    ) {
       return true;
     }
-    return a11y_engine_commons.distinguishableLinkEvaluate(node, parentBlock);
+    return a11yEngineCommons.distinguishableLinkEvaluate(node, parentBlock);
+  }
+
+  // Capture colors
+  var nodeColor = getForegroundColor(node);
+  var parentColor = getForegroundColor(parentBlock);
+  var nodeBackgroundColor = getBackgroundColor(node);
+  var parentBackgroundColor = getBackgroundColor(parentBlock);
+
+  // Compute contrasts, giving preference to foreground color and doing as little work as possible
+  var textContrast =
+    nodeColor && parentColor ? getContrast(nodeColor, parentColor) : undefined;
+  if (textContrast) {
+    textContrast = Math.floor(textContrast * 100) / 100;
+  }
+
+  if (textContrast && textContrast >= requiredContrastRatio) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  var backgroundContrast =
+    nodeBackgroundColor && parentBackgroundColor
+      ? getContrast(nodeBackgroundColor, parentBackgroundColor)
+      : undefined;
+
+  if (backgroundContrast) {
+    backgroundContrast = Math.floor(backgroundContrast * 100) / 100;
   }
 
-  // TODO: Check the :visited state of the link
-  if (elementIsDistinct(node, parentBlock)) {
+  if (backgroundContrast && backgroundContrast >= requiredContrastRatio) {
     return true;
-  } else {
-    // TODO: We should check the focus / hover style too
-    return checkContrast(node, parentBlock);
   }
+
+  // Report incomplete instead of failure if we're not sure
+  if (!backgroundContrast) {
+    var reason = incompleteData.get('bgColor') ?? 'bgContrast';
+    this.data({
+      messageKey: reason
+    });
+    incompleteData.clear();
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
+  if (!textContrast) {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
+  if (allowSameColor && textContrast === 1 && backgroundContrast === 1) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // Report bgContrast only if the background changes but text color stays the same
+  if (textContrast === 1 && backgroundContrast > 1) {
+    this.data({
+      messageKey: 'bgContrast',
+      contrastRatio: backgroundContrast,
+      requiredContrastRatio,
+      nodeBackgroundColor: nodeBackgroundColor
+        ? nodeBackgroundColor.toHexString()
+        : undefined,
+      parentBackgroundColor: parentBackgroundColor
+        ? parentBackgroundColor.toHexString()
+        : undefined
+    });
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  this.data({
+    messageKey: 'fgContrast',
+    contrastRatio: textContrast,
+    requiredContrastRatio,
+    nodeColor: nodeColor ? nodeColor.toHexString() : undefined,
+    parentColor: parentColor ? parentColor.toHexString() : undefined
+  });
+  return false;
 }
 
 function getColorContrast(node, parentBlock) {
@@ -70,47 +143,5 @@ function getColorContrast(node, parentBlock) {
   return getContrast(nodeColor, parentColor);
 }
 
-function checkContrast(node, parentBlock) {
-    var contrast = getColorContrast(node, parentBlock);
-    if (contrast !== undefined) {
-      if (contrast === 1) {
-        return true;
-      } else if (contrast >= 3.0) {
-        incompleteData.set('fgColor', 'bgContrast');
-        this.data({
-          messageKey: incompleteData.get('fgColor')
-        });
-        incompleteData.clear();
-        // User needs to check whether there is a hover and a focus style
-        return undefined;
-      }
-    } else {
-      return undefined;
-    }
-
-    // Check if contrast of background is sufficient
-    nodeColor = getBackgroundColor(node);
-    parentColor = getBackgroundColor(parentBlock);
-
-    if (
-      !nodeColor ||
-      !parentColor ||
-      getContrast(nodeColor, parentColor) >= 3.0
-    ) {
-      let reason;
-      if (!nodeColor || !parentColor) {
-        reason = incompleteData.get('bgColor');
-      } else {
-        reason = 'bgContrast';
-      }
-      incompleteData.set('fgColor', reason);
-      this.data({
-        messageKey: incompleteData.get('fgColor')
-      });
-      incompleteData.clear();
-      return undefined;
-    }
-}
-
 export default linkInTextBlockEvaluate;
-export { getColorContrast, getContrast }
+export { getContrast, getColorContrast };
diff --git a/lib/checks/color/link-in-text-block-style-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/color/link-in-text-block-style-evaluate.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e07929ea4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/checks/color/link-in-text-block-style-evaluate.js
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+import { getComposedParent } from '../../commons/dom';
+import { elementIsDistinct } from '../../commons/color';
+
+const blockLike = [
+  'block',
+  'list-item',
+  'table',
+  'flex',
+  'grid',
+  'inline-block'
+];
+
+export default function linkInTextBlockStyleEvaluate(node) {
+  if (isBlock(node)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  var parentBlock = getComposedParent(node);
+  while (parentBlock && parentBlock.nodeType === 1 && !isBlock(parentBlock)) {
+    parentBlock = getComposedParent(parentBlock);
+  }
+
+  if (!parentBlock) {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
+  this.relatedNodes([parentBlock]);
+
+  if (elementIsDistinct(node, parentBlock)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (hasPseudoContent(node)) {
+    this.data({ messageKey: 'pseudoContent' });
+    return undefined;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+function isBlock(elm) {
+  var display = window.getComputedStyle(elm).getPropertyValue('display');
+  return blockLike.indexOf(display) !== -1 || display.substr(0, 6) === 'table-';
+}
+
+function hasPseudoContent(node) {
+  for (const pseudo of ['before', 'after']) {
+    const style = window.getComputedStyle(node, `:${pseudo}`);
+    const content = style.getPropertyValue('content');
+    if (content !== 'none') {
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/color/link-in-text-block-style.json b/lib/checks/color/link-in-text-block-style.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb909baf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/checks/color/link-in-text-block-style.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "id": "link-in-text-block-style",
+  "evaluate": "link-in-text-block-style-evaluate",
+  "metadata": {
+    "impact": "serious",
+    "messages": {
+      "pass": "Links can be distinguished from surrounding text by visual styling",
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Check if the link needs styling to distinguish it from nearby text",
+        "pseudoContent": "Check if the link's pseudo style is sufficient to distinguish it from the surrounding text"
+      },
+      "fail": "The link has no styling (such as underline) to distinguish it from the surrounding text"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/color/link-in-text-block.json b/lib/checks/color/link-in-text-block.json
index 1a06f62f5..368ee5e49 100644
--- a/lib/checks/color/link-in-text-block.json
+++ b/lib/checks/color/link-in-text-block.json
@@ -2,16 +2,21 @@
   "id": "link-in-text-block",
   "evaluate": "link-in-text-block-evaluate",
   "options": {
+    "requiredContrastRatio": 3,
+    "allowSameColor": true,
     "a11yRule": false
   },
   "metadata": {
     "impact": "serious",
     "messages": {
       "pass": "Links can be distinguished from surrounding text in some way other than by color",
-      "fail": "Links need to be distinguished from surrounding text in some way other than by color",
+      "fail": {
+        "fgContrast": "The link has insufficient color contrast of ${data.contrastRatio}:1 with the surrounding text. (Minimum contrast is ${data.requiredContrastRatio}:1, link text: ${data.nodeColor}, surrounding text: ${data.parentColor})",
+        "bgContrast": "The link background has insufficient color contrast of ${data.contrastRatio} (Minimum contrast is ${data.requiredContrastRatio}:1, link background color: ${data.nodeBackgroundColor}, surrounding background color: ${data.parentBackgroundColor})"
+      },
       "incomplete": {
-        "default": "Unable to determine contrast ratio",
-        "bgContrast": "Element's contrast ratio could not be determined. Check for a distinct hover/focus style",
+        "default": "Element's foreground contrast ratio could not be determined",
+        "bgContrast": "Element's background contrast ratio could not be determined",
         "bgImage": "Element's contrast ratio could not be determined due to a background image",
         "bgGradient": "Element's contrast ratio could not be determined due to a background gradient",
         "imgNode": "Element's contrast ratio could not be determined because element contains an image node",
diff --git a/lib/checks/forms/autocomplete-a11y-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/forms/autocomplete-a11y-evaluate.js
index 12e515f43..cd548120b 100644
--- a/lib/checks/forms/autocomplete-a11y-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/forms/autocomplete-a11y-evaluate.js
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 import { isValidAutocomplete } from '../../commons/text';
 
 function checkIsElementValidAutocomplete(node, options, virtualNode) {
-  const autocomplete = virtualNode
-    .attr('autocomplete')
-    ?.toLowerCase()
-    .trim();
+  const autocomplete = virtualNode.attr('autocomplete')?.toLowerCase().trim();
   // if element has autocomplete attribute as off then it is not a violation
   if (autocomplete === 'off' || autocomplete === 'chrome-off') {
     return true;
@@ -46,14 +43,10 @@ function autocompleteA11yEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
     //if it exists inside the form and autocomplete for form is off
     if (
       closestForm &&
-      (closestForm
-        .getAttribute('autocomplete')
-        ?.toLowerCase()
-        .trim() === 'off' ||
-        closestForm
-          .getAttribute('autocomplete')
-          ?.toLowerCase()
-          .trim() === 'chrome-off')
+      (closestForm.getAttribute('autocomplete')?.toLowerCase().trim() ===
+        'off' ||
+        closestForm.getAttribute('autocomplete')?.toLowerCase().trim() ===
+          'chrome-off')
     ) {
       // if autocomplete attribute is not present for element then its a pass in this scenario
       // otherwise check all posibilities with the method
diff --git a/lib/checks/generic/has-descendant-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/generic/has-descendant-evaluate.js
index fe02d2c90..cc9a0a35c 100644
--- a/lib/checks/generic/has-descendant-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/generic/has-descendant-evaluate.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { querySelectorAllFilter } from '../../core/utils';
-import { isVisible } from '../../commons/dom';
+import { isVisibleToScreenReaders, isModalOpen } from '../../commons/dom';
 
 function hasDescendant(node, options, virtualNode) {
   if (!options || !options.selector || typeof options.selector !== 'string') {
@@ -8,10 +8,14 @@ function hasDescendant(node, options, virtualNode) {
     );
   }
 
+  if (options.passForModal && isModalOpen()) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
   const matchingElms = querySelectorAllFilter(
     virtualNode,
     options.selector,
-    vNode => isVisible(vNode.actualNode, true)
+    vNode => isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode)
   );
   this.relatedNodes(matchingElms.map(vNode => vNode.actualNode));
   return matchingElms.length > 0;
diff --git a/lib/checks/generic/has-text-content-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/generic/has-text-content-evaluate.js
index 0d1ba74fb..a3d28d5a7 100644
--- a/lib/checks/generic/has-text-content-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/generic/has-text-content-evaluate.js
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 import { sanitize, subtreeText } from '../../commons/text';
 
-function hasTextContentEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
+export default function hasTextContentEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
   try {
     return sanitize(subtreeText(virtualNode)) !== '';
   } catch (e) {
     return undefined;
   }
 }
-
-export default hasTextContentEvaluate;
diff --git a/lib/checks/generic/page-no-duplicate-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/generic/page-no-duplicate-evaluate.js
index 5d87ec027..1ce713003 100644
--- a/lib/checks/generic/page-no-duplicate-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/generic/page-no-duplicate-evaluate.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import cache from '../../core/base/cache';
 import { querySelectorAllFilter } from '../../core/utils';
-import { isVisible, findUpVirtual } from '../../commons/dom';
+import { isVisibleToScreenReaders, findUpVirtual } from '../../commons/dom';
+import { getRole } from '../../commons/aria';
 
 function pageNoDuplicateEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
   if (!options || !options.selector || typeof options.selector !== 'string') {
@@ -18,9 +19,10 @@ function pageNoDuplicateEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
   cache.set(key, true);
 
   let elms = querySelectorAllFilter(axe._tree[0], options.selector, elm =>
-    isVisible(elm.actualNode, true)
+    isVisibleToScreenReaders(elm)
   );
 
+  // @deprecated options.nativeScopeFilter
   // Filter elements that, within certain contexts, don't map their role.
   // e.g. a <footer> inside a <main> is not a banner, but in the <body> context it is
   if (typeof options.nativeScopeFilter === 'string') {
@@ -32,6 +34,10 @@ function pageNoDuplicateEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
     });
   }
 
+  if (typeof options.role === 'string') {
+    elms = elms.filter(elm => getRole(elm) === options.role);
+  }
+
   this.relatedNodes(
     elms.filter(elm => elm !== virtualNode).map(elm => elm.actualNode)
   );
diff --git a/lib/checks/keyboard/accesskeys-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/keyboard/accesskeys-evaluate.js
index 36dcef1b9..ca1407a1f 100644
--- a/lib/checks/keyboard/accesskeys-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/keyboard/accesskeys-evaluate.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-import { isVisible } from '../../commons/dom';
+import { isHiddenForEveryone } from '../../commons/dom';
 
-function accesskeysEvaluate(node) {
-  if (isVisible(node, false)) {
-    this.data(node.getAttribute('accesskey'));
+function accesskeysEvaluate(node, options, vNode) {
+  if (!isHiddenForEveryone(vNode)) {
+    this.data(vNode.attr('accesskey'));
     this.relatedNodes([node]);
   }
   return true;
diff --git a/lib/checks/keyboard/focusable-content.json b/lib/checks/keyboard/focusable-content.json
index 9a91fff84..11db612fb 100644
--- a/lib/checks/keyboard/focusable-content.json
+++ b/lib/checks/keyboard/focusable-content.json
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   "id": "focusable-content",
   "evaluate": "focusable-content-evaluate",
   "metadata": {
-    "impact": "moderate",
+    "impact": "serious",
     "messages": {
       "pass": "Element contains focusable elements",
       "fail": "Element should have focusable content"
diff --git a/lib/checks/keyboard/focusable-disabled-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/keyboard/focusable-disabled-evaluate.js
index 5ac5955f1..d58807158 100644
--- a/lib/checks/keyboard/focusable-disabled-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/keyboard/focusable-disabled-evaluate.js
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ import { isModalOpen } from '../../commons/dom';
 
 function focusableDisabledEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
   const elementsThatCanBeDisabled = [
-    'BUTTON',
-    'FIELDSET',
-    'INPUT',
-    'SELECT',
-    'TEXTAREA'
+    'button',
+    'fieldset',
+    'input',
+    'select',
+    'textarea'
   ];
 
   const tabbableElements = virtualNode.tabbableElements;
@@ -15,21 +15,28 @@ function focusableDisabledEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
     return true;
   }
 
-  const relatedNodes = tabbableElements.reduce((out, { actualNode: el }) => {
-    const nodeName = el.nodeName.toUpperCase();
-    // populate nodes that can be disabled
-    if (elementsThatCanBeDisabled.includes(nodeName)) {
-      out.push(el);
-    }
-    return out;
-  }, []);
+  const relatedNodes = tabbableElements.filter(vNode => {
+    return elementsThatCanBeDisabled.includes(vNode.props.nodeName);
+  });
 
-  this.relatedNodes(relatedNodes);
+  this.relatedNodes(relatedNodes.map(vNode => vNode.actualNode));
 
   if (relatedNodes.length === 0 || isModalOpen()) {
     return true;
   }
-  return relatedNodes.every(related => related.onfocus) ? undefined : false
+
+  return relatedNodes.every(vNode => {
+    const pointerEvents = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('pointer-events');
+    const width = parseInt(vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('width'));
+    const height = parseInt(vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('height'));
+
+    return (
+      vNode.actualNode.onfocus ||
+      ((width === 0 || height === 0) && pointerEvents === 'none')
+    );
+  })
+    ? undefined
+    : false;
 }
 
 export default focusableDisabledEvaluate;
diff --git a/lib/checks/keyboard/focusable-element-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/keyboard/focusable-element-evaluate.js
index 53784aa1e..fa7c88b09 100644
--- a/lib/checks/keyboard/focusable-element-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/keyboard/focusable-element-evaluate.js
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { isInTabOrder } from '../../commons/dom';
 import { closest } from '../../core/utils';
 
 function focusableElementEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
@@ -14,11 +15,7 @@ function focusableElementEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
     return true;
   }
 
-  const isFocusable = virtualNode.isFocusable;
-  let tabIndex = parseInt(virtualNode.attr('tabindex'), 10);
-  tabIndex = !isNaN(tabIndex) ? tabIndex : null;
-
-  return tabIndex ? isFocusable && tabIndex >= 0 : isFocusable;
+  return isInTabOrder(virtualNode);
 
   // contenteditable is focusable when it is an empty string (whitespace
   // is not considered empty) or "true". if the value is "false"
diff --git a/lib/checks/keyboard/focusable-element.json b/lib/checks/keyboard/focusable-element.json
index 9045e78f9..da108b768 100644
--- a/lib/checks/keyboard/focusable-element.json
+++ b/lib/checks/keyboard/focusable-element.json
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   "id": "focusable-element",
   "evaluate": "focusable-element-evaluate",
   "metadata": {
-    "impact": "moderate",
+    "impact": "serious",
     "messages": {
       "pass": "Element is focusable",
       "fail": "Element should be focusable"
diff --git a/lib/checks/keyboard/focusable-not-tabbable-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/keyboard/focusable-not-tabbable-evaluate.js
index 8607d29bf..b5a5d2965 100644
--- a/lib/checks/keyboard/focusable-not-tabbable-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/keyboard/focusable-not-tabbable-evaluate.js
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ import { isModalOpen } from '../../commons/dom';
 
 function focusableNotTabbableEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
   const elementsThatCanBeDisabled = [
-    'BUTTON',
-    'FIELDSET',
-    'INPUT',
-    'SELECT',
-    'TEXTAREA'
+    'button',
+    'fieldset',
+    'input',
+    'select',
+    'textarea'
   ];
 
   const tabbableElements = virtualNode.tabbableElements;
@@ -15,21 +15,28 @@ function focusableNotTabbableEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
     return true;
   }
 
-  const relatedNodes = tabbableElements.reduce((out, { actualNode: el }) => {
-    const nodeName = el.nodeName.toUpperCase();
-    // populate nodes that cannot be disabled
-    if (!elementsThatCanBeDisabled.includes(nodeName)) {
-      out.push(el);
-    }
-    return out;
-  }, []);
+  const relatedNodes = tabbableElements.filter(vNode => {
+    return !elementsThatCanBeDisabled.includes(vNode.props.nodeName);
+  });
 
-  this.relatedNodes(relatedNodes);
+  this.relatedNodes(relatedNodes.map(vNode => vNode.actualNode));
 
   if (relatedNodes.length === 0 || isModalOpen()) {
     return true;
   }
-  return relatedNodes.every(related => related.onfocus) ? undefined : false
+
+  return relatedNodes.every(vNode => {
+    const pointerEvents = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('pointer-events');
+    const width = parseInt(vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('width'));
+    const height = parseInt(vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('height'));
+
+    return (
+      vNode.actualNode.onfocus ||
+      ((width === 0 || height === 0) && pointerEvents === 'none')
+    );
+  })
+    ? undefined
+    : false;
 }
 
 export default focusableNotTabbableEvaluate;
diff --git a/lib/checks/keyboard/focusable-not-tabbable.json b/lib/checks/keyboard/focusable-not-tabbable.json
index eb75b1891..1a5ddc985 100644
--- a/lib/checks/keyboard/focusable-not-tabbable.json
+++ b/lib/checks/keyboard/focusable-not-tabbable.json
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
     "messages": {
       "pass": "No focusable elements contained within element",
       "incomplete": "Check if the focusable elements immediately move the focus indicator",
-      "fail": "Focusable content should have tabindex='-1' or be removed from the DOM"
+      "fail": "Focusable content should have tabindex=\"-1\" or be removed from the DOM"
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/lib/checks/keyboard/frame-focusable-content-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/keyboard/frame-focusable-content-evaluate.js
index 062416777..0b48657c4 100644
--- a/lib/checks/keyboard/frame-focusable-content-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/keyboard/frame-focusable-content-evaluate.js
@@ -1,7 +1,25 @@
-import isFocusable from '../../commons/dom/is-focusable';
+import { isInTabOrder } from '../../commons/dom';
+
+export default function frameFocusableContentEvaluate(
+  node,
+  options,
+  virtualNode
+) {
+  if (!virtualNode.children) {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return !virtualNode.children.some(child => {
+      return focusableDescendants(child);
+    });
+  } catch (e) {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+}
 
 function focusableDescendants(vNode) {
-  if (isFocusable(vNode)) {
+  if (isInTabOrder(vNode)) {
     return true;
   }
 
@@ -17,19 +35,3 @@ function focusableDescendants(vNode) {
     return focusableDescendants(child);
   });
 }
-
-function frameFocusableContentEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
-  if (!virtualNode.children) {
-    return undefined;
-  }
-
-  try {
-    return !virtualNode.children.some(child => {
-      return focusableDescendants(child);
-    });
-  } catch (e) {
-    return undefined;
-  }
-}
-
-export default frameFocusableContentEvaluate;
diff --git a/lib/checks/keyboard/no-focusable-content-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/keyboard/no-focusable-content-evaluate.js
index f72bad79d..cb0b38cf9 100644
--- a/lib/checks/keyboard/no-focusable-content-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/keyboard/no-focusable-content-evaluate.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import isFocusable from '../../commons/dom/is-focusable';
-import { getRole, getRoleType } from '../../commons/aria';
+import { getRoleType } from '../../commons/aria';
 
 export default function noFocusableContentEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
   if (!virtualNode.children) {
@@ -41,8 +41,7 @@ function getFocusableDescendants(vNode) {
 
   const retVal = [];
   vNode.children.forEach(child => {
-    const role = getRole(child);
-    if (getRoleType(role) === 'widget' && isFocusable(child)) {
+    if (getRoleType(child) === 'widget' && isFocusable(child)) {
       retVal.push(child);
     } else {
       retVal.push(...getFocusableDescendants(child));
diff --git a/lib/checks/keyboard/no-focusable-content.json b/lib/checks/keyboard/no-focusable-content.json
index 9608c7438..b23469c1a 100644
--- a/lib/checks/keyboard/no-focusable-content.json
+++ b/lib/checks/keyboard/no-focusable-content.json
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
       "pass": "Element does not have focusable descendants",
       "fail": {
         "default": "Element has focusable descendants",
-        "notHidden": "Using a negative tabindex on an element inside an interactive control does not prevent assistive technologies from focusing the element (even with 'aria-hidden=true')"
+        "notHidden": "Using a negative tabindex on an element inside an interactive control does not prevent assistive technologies from focusing the element (even with aria-hidden=\"true\")"
       },
       "incomplete": "Could not determine if element has descendants"
     }
diff --git a/lib/checks/keyboard/page-has-heading-one.json b/lib/checks/keyboard/page-has-heading-one.json
index 0fde9f9b1..37caec058 100644
--- a/lib/checks/keyboard/page-has-heading-one.json
+++ b/lib/checks/keyboard/page-has-heading-one.json
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
   "evaluate": "has-descendant-evaluate",
   "after": "has-descendant-after",
   "options": {
-    "selector": "h1:not([role], [aria-level]), :is(h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6):not([role])[aria-level=1], [role=heading][aria-level=1]"
+    "selector": "h1:not([role], [aria-level]), :is(h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6):not([role])[aria-level=1], [role=heading][aria-level=1]",
+    "passForModal": true
   },
   "metadata": {
     "impact": "moderate",
diff --git a/lib/checks/keyboard/page-has-main.json b/lib/checks/keyboard/page-has-main.json
index 9d813f47d..317f934f5 100644
--- a/lib/checks/keyboard/page-has-main.json
+++ b/lib/checks/keyboard/page-has-main.json
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
   "evaluate": "has-descendant-evaluate",
   "after": "has-descendant-after",
   "options": {
-    "selector": "main:not([role]), [role='main']"
+    "selector": "main:not([role]), [role='main']",
+    "passForModal": true
   },
   "metadata": {
     "impact": "moderate",
diff --git a/lib/checks/keyboard/page-no-duplicate-banner.json b/lib/checks/keyboard/page-no-duplicate-banner.json
index e0c8121aa..f6646097e 100644
--- a/lib/checks/keyboard/page-no-duplicate-banner.json
+++ b/lib/checks/keyboard/page-no-duplicate-banner.json
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
   "after": "page-no-duplicate-after",
   "options": {
     "selector": "header:not([role]), [role=banner]",
-    "nativeScopeFilter": "article, aside, main, nav, section"
+    "role": "banner"
   },
   "metadata": {
     "impact": "moderate",
diff --git a/lib/checks/keyboard/page-no-duplicate-contentinfo.json b/lib/checks/keyboard/page-no-duplicate-contentinfo.json
index d62619d52..20ef0008d 100644
--- a/lib/checks/keyboard/page-no-duplicate-contentinfo.json
+++ b/lib/checks/keyboard/page-no-duplicate-contentinfo.json
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
   "after": "page-no-duplicate-after",
   "options": {
     "selector": "footer:not([role]), [role=contentinfo]",
-    "nativeScopeFilter": "article, aside, main, nav, section"
+    "role": "contentinfo"
   },
   "metadata": {
     "impact": "moderate",
diff --git a/lib/checks/label/explicit-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/label/explicit-evaluate.js
index e118360e4..585371989 100644
--- a/lib/checks/label/explicit-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/label/explicit-evaluate.js
@@ -1,34 +1,43 @@
-import { getRootNode, isVisible } from '../../commons/dom';
-import { accessibleText } from '../../commons/text';
+import { getRootNode, isVisibleOnScreen } from '../../commons/dom';
+import { accessibleText, sanitize } from '../../commons/text';
 import { escapeSelector } from '../../core/utils';
 
 function explicitEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
-  if (virtualNode.attr('id')) {
-    if (!virtualNode.actualNode) {
-      return undefined;
-    }
+  if (!virtualNode.attr('id')) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (!virtualNode.actualNode) {
+    return undefined;
+  }
 
-    const root = getRootNode(virtualNode.actualNode);
-    const id = escapeSelector(virtualNode.attr('id'));
-    const labels = Array.from(root.querySelectorAll(`label[for="${id}"]`));
+  const root = getRootNode(virtualNode.actualNode);
+  const id = escapeSelector(virtualNode.attr('id'));
+  const labels = Array.from(root.querySelectorAll(`label[for="${id}"]`));
+  this.relatedNodes(labels);
 
-    if (labels.length) {
-      try {
-        return labels.some(label => {
-          // defer to hidden-explicit-label check for better messaging
-          if (!isVisible(label)) {
-            return true;
-          } else {
-            return !!accessibleText(label);
-          }
-        });
-      } catch (e) {
-        return undefined;
-      }
-    }
+  if (!labels.length) {
+    return false;
   }
 
-  return false;
+  try {
+    return labels.some(label => {
+      // defer to hidden-explicit-label check for better messaging
+      if (!isVisibleOnScreen(label)) {
+        return true;
+      } else {
+        const explicitLabel = sanitize(
+          accessibleText(label, {
+            inControlContext: true,
+            startNode: virtualNode
+          })
+        );
+        this.data({ explicitLabel });
+        return !!explicitLabel;
+      }
+    });
+  } catch (e) {
+    return undefined;
+  }
 }
 
 export default explicitEvaluate;
diff --git a/lib/checks/label/help-same-as-label.json b/lib/checks/label/help-same-as-label.json
index 318c13767..f9e1eafec 100644
--- a/lib/checks/label/help-same-as-label.json
+++ b/lib/checks/label/help-same-as-label.json
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "help-same-as-label",
   "evaluate": "help-same-as-label-evaluate",
-  "enabled": false,
   "metadata": {
     "impact": "minor",
     "messages": {
diff --git a/lib/checks/label/hidden-explicit-label-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/label/hidden-explicit-label-evaluate.js
index 06c2678ac..eafcc1409 100644
--- a/lib/checks/label/hidden-explicit-label-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/label/hidden-explicit-label-evaluate.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { getRootNode, isVisible } from '../../commons/dom';
+import { getRootNode, isVisibleToScreenReaders } from '../../commons/dom';
 import { accessibleTextVirtual } from '../../commons/text';
 import { escapeSelector } from '../../core/utils';
 
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ function hiddenExplicitLabelEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
     const id = escapeSelector(node.getAttribute('id'));
     const label = root.querySelector(`label[for="${id}"]`);
 
-    if (label && !isVisible(label, true)) {
+    if (label && !isVisibleToScreenReaders(label)) {
       let name;
       try {
         name = accessibleTextVirtual(virtualNode).trim();
diff --git a/lib/checks/label/implicit-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/label/implicit-evaluate.js
index a3d0687b2..4d43d9f5e 100644
--- a/lib/checks/label/implicit-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/label/implicit-evaluate.js
@@ -1,11 +1,21 @@
 import { closest } from '../../core/utils';
-import { accessibleTextVirtual } from '../../commons/text';
+import { accessibleTextVirtual, sanitize } from '../../commons/text';
 
 function implicitEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
   try {
     const label = closest(virtualNode, 'label');
     if (label) {
-      return !!accessibleTextVirtual(label, { inControlContext: true });
+      const implicitLabel = sanitize(
+        accessibleTextVirtual(label, {
+          inControlContext: true,
+          startNode: virtualNode
+        })
+      );
+      if (label.actualNode) {
+        this.relatedNodes([label.actualNode]);
+      }
+      this.data({ implicitLabel });
+      return !!implicitLabel;
     }
     return false;
   } catch (e) {
diff --git a/lib/checks/label/label-content-name-mismatch-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/label/label-content-name-mismatch-evaluate.js
index 5e77ce086..5686c6093 100644
--- a/lib/checks/label/label-content-name-mismatch-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/label/label-content-name-mismatch-evaluate.js
@@ -38,7 +38,9 @@ function curateString(str) {
 }
 
 function labelContentNameMismatchEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
-  const { pixelThreshold, occuranceThreshold } = options || {};
+  const pixelThreshold = options?.pixelThreshold;
+  const occurrenceThreshold =
+    options?.occurrenceThreshold ?? options?.occuranceThreshold;
 
   const accText = accessibleText(node).toLowerCase();
   if (isHumanInterpretable(accText) < 1) {
@@ -50,7 +52,7 @@ function labelContentNameMismatchEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
       subtreeDescendant: true,
       ignoreIconLigature: true,
       pixelThreshold,
-      occuranceThreshold
+      occurrenceThreshold
     })
   ).toLowerCase();
   if (!visibleText) {
diff --git a/lib/checks/label/label-content-name-mismatch.json b/lib/checks/label/label-content-name-mismatch.json
index 34f6950ce..872ca0a6c 100644
--- a/lib/checks/label/label-content-name-mismatch.json
+++ b/lib/checks/label/label-content-name-mismatch.json
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
   "evaluate": "label-content-name-mismatch-evaluate",
   "options": {
     "pixelThreshold": 0.1,
-    "occuranceThreshold": 3
+    "occurrenceThreshold": 3
   },
   "metadata": {
     "impact": "serious",
diff --git a/lib/checks/label/multiple-label-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/label/multiple-label-evaluate.js
index baae68963..0a3de55db 100644
--- a/lib/checks/label/multiple-label-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/label/multiple-label-evaluate.js
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-import { getRootNode, isVisible, idrefs } from '../../commons/dom';
+import {
+  getRootNode,
+  isHiddenForEveryone,
+  isVisibleToScreenReaders,
+  idrefs
+} from '../../commons/dom';
 import { escapeSelector } from '../../core/utils';
 
 function multipleLabelEvaluate(node) {
@@ -10,7 +15,7 @@ function multipleLabelEvaluate(node) {
 
   if (labels.length) {
     // filter out CSS hidden labels because they're fine
-    labels = labels.filter(label => isVisible(label));
+    labels = labels.filter(label => !isHiddenForEveryone(label));
   }
 
   while (parent) {
@@ -27,7 +32,9 @@ function multipleLabelEvaluate(node) {
 
   // more than 1 CSS visible label
   if (labels.length > 1) {
-    const ATVisibleLabels = labels.filter(label => isVisible(label, true));
+    const ATVisibleLabels = labels.filter(label =>
+      isVisibleToScreenReaders(label)
+    );
     // more than 1 AT visible label will fail IOS/Safari/VO even with aria-labelledby
     if (ATVisibleLabels.length > 1) {
       return undefined;
diff --git a/lib/checks/language/valid-lang-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/language/valid-lang-evaluate.js
index 6a2460b44..e8822d9fd 100644
--- a/lib/checks/language/valid-lang-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/language/valid-lang-evaluate.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { isValidLang, getBaseLang } from '../../core/utils';
 import { sanitize } from '../../commons/text';
+import { hasLangText } from '../../commons/dom';
 
 function validLangEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
   const invalid = [];
@@ -25,12 +26,18 @@ function validLangEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
     }
   });
 
-  if (invalid.length) {
-    this.data(invalid);
-    return true;
+  if (!invalid.length) {
+    return false;
   }
-
-  return false;
+  if (
+    // Except for `html`, ignore elements with no text
+    virtualNode.props.nodeName !== 'html' &&
+    !hasLangText(virtualNode)
+  ) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  this.data(invalid);
+  return true;
 }
 
 export default validLangEvaluate;
diff --git a/lib/checks/lists/invalid-children-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/lists/invalid-children-evaluate.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..684e2eb65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/checks/lists/invalid-children-evaluate.js
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+import { isVisibleToScreenReaders } from '../../commons/dom';
+import { getExplicitRole } from '../../commons/aria';
+
+export default function invalidChildrenEvaluate(
+  node,
+  options = {},
+  virtualNode
+) {
+  const relatedNodes = [];
+  const issues = [];
+  if (!virtualNode.children) {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
+  const vChildren = mapWithNested(virtualNode.children);
+  while (vChildren.length) {
+    const { vChild, nested } = vChildren.shift();
+    if (options.divGroups && !nested && isDivGroup(vChild)) {
+      if (!vChild.children) {
+        return undefined;
+      }
+      const vGrandChildren = mapWithNested(vChild.children, true);
+      vChildren.push(...vGrandChildren);
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    const issue = getInvalidSelector(vChild, nested, options);
+    if (!issue) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (!issues.includes(issue)) {
+      issues.push(issue);
+    }
+    if (vChild?.actualNode?.nodeType === 1) {
+      relatedNodes.push(vChild.actualNode);
+    }
+  }
+  if (issues.length === 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  this.data({ values: issues.join(', ') });
+  this.relatedNodes(relatedNodes);
+  return true;
+}
+
+function getInvalidSelector(
+  vChild,
+  nested,
+  { validRoles = [], validNodeNames = [] }
+) {
+  const { nodeName, nodeType, nodeValue } = vChild.props;
+  const selector = nested ? 'div > ' : '';
+  if (nodeType === 3 && nodeValue.trim() !== '') {
+    return selector + `#text`;
+  }
+  if (nodeType !== 1 || !isVisibleToScreenReaders(vChild)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const role = getExplicitRole(vChild);
+  if (role) {
+    return validRoles.includes(role) ? false : selector + `[role=${role}]`;
+  } else {
+    return validNodeNames.includes(nodeName) ? false : selector + nodeName;
+  }
+}
+
+function isDivGroup(vNode) {
+  return vNode.props.nodeName === 'div' && getExplicitRole(vNode) === null;
+}
+
+function mapWithNested(vNodes, nested = false) {
+  return vNodes.map(vChild => ({ vChild, nested }));
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/lists/listitem-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/lists/listitem-evaluate.js
index b09c5414b..dde5dcb4f 100644
--- a/lib/checks/lists/listitem-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/lists/listitem-evaluate.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { isValidRole, getExplicitRole } from '../../commons/aria';
 
 export default function listitemEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
-  const { parent } = virtualNode; 
+  const { parent } = virtualNode;
   if (!parent) {
     // Can only happen with detached DOM nodes and roots:
     return undefined;
diff --git a/lib/checks/lists/listitem.json b/lib/checks/lists/listitem.json
index 8efdba6f1..c8f278524 100644
--- a/lib/checks/lists/listitem.json
+++ b/lib/checks/lists/listitem.json
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
       "pass": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element",
       "fail": {
         "default": "List item does not have a <ul>, <ol> parent element",
-        "roleNotValid": "List item does not have a <ul>, <ol> parent element without a role, or a role=\"list\""
+        "roleNotValid": "List item parent element has a role that is not role=\"list\""
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/lib/checks/lists/only-dlitems-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/lists/only-dlitems-evaluate.js
index 98663e3f7..c3e40fda3 100644
--- a/lib/checks/lists/only-dlitems-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/lists/only-dlitems-evaluate.js
@@ -1,29 +1,32 @@
-import { isVisible } from '../../commons/dom';
+import { isVisibleToScreenReaders } from '../../commons/dom';
 import { getRole, getExplicitRole } from '../../commons/aria';
 
-function onlyDlitemsEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
+/**
+ * @deprecated
+ */
+export default function onlyDlitemsEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
   const ALLOWED_ROLES = ['definition', 'term', 'list'];
   const base = {
     badNodes: [],
     hasNonEmptyTextNode: false
   };
 
-  const content = virtualNode.children.reduce((content, child) => {
+  const content = virtualNode.children.reduce((vNodes, child) => {
     const { actualNode } = child;
     if (
       actualNode.nodeName.toUpperCase() === 'DIV' &&
       getRole(actualNode) === null
     ) {
-      return content.concat(child.children);
+      return vNodes.concat(child.children);
     }
-    return content.concat(child);
+    return vNodes.concat(child);
   }, []);
 
   const result = content.reduce((out, childNode) => {
     const { actualNode } = childNode;
     const tagName = actualNode.nodeName.toUpperCase();
 
-    if (actualNode.nodeType === 1 && isVisible(actualNode, true, false)) {
+    if (actualNode.nodeType === 1 && isVisibleToScreenReaders(actualNode)) {
       const explicitRole = getExplicitRole(actualNode);
 
       if ((tagName !== 'DT' && tagName !== 'DD') || explicitRole) {
@@ -47,5 +50,3 @@ function onlyDlitemsEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
 
   return !!result.badNodes.length || result.hasNonEmptyTextNode;
 }
-
-export default onlyDlitemsEvaluate;
diff --git a/lib/checks/lists/only-dlitems.json b/lib/checks/lists/only-dlitems.json
index 580af8b16..91ddf26b1 100644
--- a/lib/checks/lists/only-dlitems.json
+++ b/lib/checks/lists/only-dlitems.json
@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
 {
   "id": "only-dlitems",
-  "evaluate": "only-dlitems-evaluate",
+  "evaluate": "invalid-children-evaluate",
+  "options": {
+    "validRoles": ["definition", "term", "listitem"],
+    "validNodeNames": ["dt", "dd"],
+    "divGroups": true
+  },
   "metadata": {
     "impact": "serious",
     "messages": {
-      "pass": "List element only has direct children that are allowed inside <dt> or <dd> elements",
-      "fail": "List element has direct children that are not allowed inside <dt> or <dd> elements"
+      "pass": "dl element only has direct children that are allowed inside; <dt>, <dd>, or <div> elements",
+      "fail": "dl element has direct children that are not allowed: ${data.values}"
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/lib/checks/lists/only-listitems-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/lists/only-listitems-evaluate.js
index 6b0d926a5..93ab74adf 100644
--- a/lib/checks/lists/only-listitems-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/lists/only-listitems-evaluate.js
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
-import { isVisible } from '../../commons/dom';
+import { isVisibleToScreenReaders } from '../../commons/dom';
 import { getRole } from '../../commons/aria';
 
+/**
+ * @deprecated
+ */
 function onlyListitemsEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
   let hasNonEmptyTextNode = false;
   let atLeastOneListitem = false;
@@ -17,7 +20,7 @@ function onlyListitemsEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
       return;
     }
 
-    if (actualNode.nodeType !== 1 || !isVisible(actualNode, true, false)) {
+    if (actualNode.nodeType !== 1 || !isVisibleToScreenReaders(actualNode)) {
       return;
     }
 
diff --git a/lib/checks/lists/only-listitems.json b/lib/checks/lists/only-listitems.json
index 26426048b..946eeadca 100644
--- a/lib/checks/lists/only-listitems.json
+++ b/lib/checks/lists/only-listitems.json
@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
 {
   "id": "only-listitems",
-  "evaluate": "only-listitems-evaluate",
+  "evaluate": "invalid-children-evaluate",
+  "options": {
+    "validRoles": ["listitem"],
+    "validNodeNames": ["li"]
+  },
   "metadata": {
     "impact": "serious",
     "messages": {
       "pass": "List element only has direct children that are allowed inside <li> elements",
-      "fail": {
-        "default": "List element has direct children that are not allowed inside <li> elements",
-        "roleNotValid": "List element has direct children with a role that is not allowed: ${data.roles}"
-      }
+      "fail": "List element has direct children that are not allowed: ${data.values}"
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/lib/checks/mobile/css-orientation-lock-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/mobile/css-orientation-lock-evaluate.js
index 74b49f158..798235cac 100644
--- a/lib/checks/mobile/css-orientation-lock-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/mobile/css-orientation-lock-evaluate.js
@@ -103,22 +103,15 @@ function cssOrientationLockEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode, context) {
 
     const transformStyle =
       style.transform || style.webkitTransform || style.msTransform || false;
-    if (!transformStyle) {
+    if (!transformStyle && !style.rotate) {
       return false;
     }
 
-    /**
-     * get last match/occurence of a transformation function that can affect rotation along Z axis
-     */
-    const matches = transformStyle.match(
-      /(rotate|rotateZ|rotate3d|matrix|matrix3d)\(([^)]+)\)(?!.*(rotate|rotateZ|rotate3d|matrix|matrix3d))/
-    );
-    if (!matches) {
-      return false;
-    }
+    const transformDegrees = getTransformDegrees(transformStyle);
+    const rotateDegrees = getRotationInDegrees('rotate', style.rotate);
 
-    const [, transformFn, transformFnValue] = matches;
-    let degrees = getRotationInDegrees(transformFn, transformFnValue);
+    // `transform: rotate` and `rotate` are additive
+    let degrees = transformDegrees + rotateDegrees;
     if (!degrees) {
       return false;
     }
@@ -134,6 +127,30 @@ function cssOrientationLockEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode, context) {
     return Math.abs(degrees - 90) % 90 <= degreeThreshold;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Get the degree value of a transform.
+   * @property {Object} cssRule.style style
+   * @return {Number}
+   */
+  function getTransformDegrees(transformStyle) {
+    if (!transformStyle) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * get last match/occurrence of a transformation function that can affect rotation along Z axis
+     */
+    const matches = transformStyle.match(
+      /(rotate|rotateZ|rotate3d|matrix|matrix3d)\(([^)]+)\)(?!.*(rotate|rotateZ|rotate3d|matrix|matrix3d))/
+    );
+    if (!matches) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+    const [, transformFn, transformFnValue] = matches;
+    return getRotationInDegrees(transformFn, transformFnValue);
+  }
+
   /**
    * Interpolate rotation along the z axis from a given value to a transform function
    * @param {String} transformFunction CSS transformation function
@@ -158,7 +175,7 @@ function cssOrientationLockEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode, context) {
       case 'matrix3d':
         return getAngleInDegreesFromMatrixTransform(transformFnValue);
       default:
-        return;
+        return 0;
     }
   }
 
@@ -170,7 +187,7 @@ function cssOrientationLockEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode, context) {
   function getAngleInDegrees(angleWithUnit) {
     const [unit] = angleWithUnit.match(/(deg|grad|rad|turn)/) || [];
     if (!unit) {
-      return;
+      return 0;
     }
 
     const angle = parseFloat(angleWithUnit.replace(unit, ``));
diff --git a/lib/checks/mobile/target-offset-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/mobile/target-offset-evaluate.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8e45fc816
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/checks/mobile/target-offset-evaluate.js
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+import { findNearbyElms, isFocusable, isInTabOrder } from '../../commons/dom';
+import { getRoleType } from '../../commons/aria';
+import { getOffset, rectHasMinimumSize } from '../../commons/math';
+
+const roundingMargin = 0.05;
+
+export default function targetOffsetEvaluate(node, options, vNode) {
+  const minOffset = options?.minOffset || 24;
+  // Bail early to avoid hitting very expensive calculations.
+  // Targets are so large they are unlikely to fail.
+  if (rectHasMinimumSize(minOffset * 10, vNode.boundingClientRect)) {
+    this.data({ messageKey: 'large', minOffset });
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  const closeNeighbors = [];
+  let closestOffset = minOffset;
+  for (const vNeighbor of findNearbyElms(vNode, minOffset)) {
+    if (getRoleType(vNeighbor) !== 'widget' || !isFocusable(vNeighbor)) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    // the offset code works off radius but we want our messaging to reflect diameter
+    const offset =
+      roundToSingleDecimal(getOffset(vNode, vNeighbor, minOffset / 2)) * 2;
+    if (offset + roundingMargin >= minOffset) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    closestOffset = Math.min(closestOffset, offset);
+    closeNeighbors.push(vNeighbor);
+  }
+
+  if (closeNeighbors.length === 0) {
+    this.data({ closestOffset, minOffset });
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  this.relatedNodes(closeNeighbors.map(({ actualNode }) => actualNode));
+
+  if (!closeNeighbors.some(isInTabOrder)) {
+    this.data({
+      messageKey: 'nonTabbableNeighbor',
+      closestOffset,
+      minOffset
+    });
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
+  this.data({ closestOffset, minOffset });
+  return isInTabOrder(vNode) ? false : undefined;
+}
+
+function roundToSingleDecimal(num) {
+  return Math.round(num * 10) / 10;
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/mobile/target-offset.json b/lib/checks/mobile/target-offset.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c06ee11d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/checks/mobile/target-offset.json
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+{
+  "id": "target-offset",
+  "evaluate": "target-offset-evaluate",
+  "options": {
+    "minOffset": 24
+  },
+  "metadata": {
+    "impact": "serious",
+    "messages": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Target has sufficient space from its closest neighbors. Safe clickable space has a diameter of ${data.closestOffset}px which is at least ${data.minOffset}px.",
+        "large": "Target far exceeds the minimum size of ${data.minOffset}px."
+      },
+      "fail": "Target has insufficient space to its closest neighbors. Safe clickable space has a diameter of ${data.closestOffset}px instead of at least ${data.minOffset}px.",
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Element with negative tabindex has insufficient space to its closest neighbors. Safe clickable space has a diameter of ${data.closestOffset}px instead of at least ${data.minOffset}px. Is this a target?",
+        "nonTabbableNeighbor": "Target has insufficient space to its closest neighbors. Safe clickable space has a diameter of ${data.closestOffset}px instead of at least ${data.minOffset}px. Is the neighbor a target?"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/mobile/target-size-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/mobile/target-size-evaluate.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6ee45bc9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/checks/mobile/target-size-evaluate.js
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+import { findNearbyElms, isFocusable, isInTabOrder } from '../../commons/dom';
+import { getRoleType } from '../../commons/aria';
+import {
+  splitRects,
+  rectHasMinimumSize,
+  hasVisualOverlap
+} from '../../commons/math';
+
+/**
+ * Determine if an element has a minimum size, taking into account
+ * any elements that may obscure it.
+ */
+export default function targetSizeEvaluate(node, options, vNode) {
+  const minSize = options?.minSize || 24;
+  const nodeRect = vNode.boundingClientRect;
+  // Bail early to avoid hitting very expensive calculations.
+  // Targets are so large they are unlikely to fail.
+  if (rectHasMinimumSize(minSize * 10, nodeRect)) {
+    this.data({ messageKey: 'large', minSize });
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  const hasMinimumSize = rectHasMinimumSize.bind(null, minSize);
+  const nearbyElms = findNearbyElms(vNode);
+  const overflowingContent = filterOverflowingContent(vNode, nearbyElms);
+  const { fullyObscuringElms, partialObscuringElms } = filterByElmsOverlap(
+    vNode,
+    nearbyElms
+  );
+
+  // Target has overflowing content;
+  //   and is either not fully obscured (so may not pass),
+  //   or has insufficient space (and so may not fail)
+  if (
+    overflowingContent.length &&
+    (fullyObscuringElms.length || !hasMinimumSize(nodeRect))
+  ) {
+    this.data({ minSize, messageKey: 'contentOverflow' });
+    this.relatedNodes(mapActualNodes(overflowingContent));
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
+  // Target is fully obscured and no overflowing content (which may not be obscured)
+  if (fullyObscuringElms.length) {
+    this.relatedNodes(mapActualNodes(fullyObscuringElms));
+    this.data({ messageKey: 'obscured' });
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // Check cannot fail if the target is not in the tab order
+  const negativeOutcome = isInTabOrder(vNode) ? false : undefined;
+
+  // Target is too small, and has no overflowing content that increases the size
+  if (!hasMinimumSize(nodeRect)) {
+    this.data({ minSize, ...toDecimalSize(nodeRect) });
+    return negativeOutcome;
+  }
+
+  // Figure out the largest space on the target, not obscured by other widgets
+  const obscuredWidgets = filterFocusableWidgets(partialObscuringElms);
+
+  // Target not obscured and has sufficient space
+  if (!obscuredWidgets.length) {
+    this.data({ minSize, ...toDecimalSize(nodeRect) });
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  const largestInnerRect = getLargestUnobscuredArea(vNode, obscuredWidgets);
+  if (!largestInnerRect) {
+    this.data({ minSize, messageKey: 'tooManyRects' });
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
+  // Target is obscured, and insufficient space is left
+  if (!hasMinimumSize(largestInnerRect)) {
+    if (overflowingContent.length) {
+      this.data({ minSize, messageKey: 'contentOverflow' });
+      this.relatedNodes(mapActualNodes(overflowingContent));
+      return undefined;
+    }
+
+    const allTabbable = obscuredWidgets.every(isInTabOrder);
+    const messageKey = `partiallyObscured${allTabbable ? '' : 'NonTabbable'}`;
+
+    this.data({ messageKey, minSize, ...toDecimalSize(largestInnerRect) });
+    this.relatedNodes(mapActualNodes(obscuredWidgets));
+    return allTabbable ? negativeOutcome : undefined;
+  }
+
+  // Target has sufficient space
+  this.data({ minSize, ...toDecimalSize(largestInnerRect || nodeRect) });
+  this.relatedNodes(mapActualNodes(obscuredWidgets));
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Filter nearby elements based on if they are overflowing content of vNode
+// Except if the overflowing content is a descendant in the tab order
+function filterOverflowingContent(vNode, nearbyElms) {
+  return nearbyElms.filter(
+    nearbyElm =>
+      !isEnclosedRect(nearbyElm, vNode) &&
+      isDescendantNotInTabOrder(vNode, nearbyElm)
+  );
+}
+
+// Return fully and partially obscuring nodes from nearby nodes
+function filterByElmsOverlap(vNode, nearbyElms) {
+  const fullyObscuringElms = [];
+  const partialObscuringElms = [];
+  for (const vNeighbor of nearbyElms) {
+    // Determine if the element is obscured
+    if (
+      !isDescendantNotInTabOrder(vNode, vNeighbor) &&
+      hasVisualOverlap(vNode, vNeighbor) &&
+      getCssPointerEvents(vNeighbor) !== 'none'
+    ) {
+      // Group by fully or partially obscured
+      if (isEnclosedRect(vNode, vNeighbor)) {
+        fullyObscuringElms.push(vNeighbor);
+      } else {
+        partialObscuringElms.push(vNeighbor);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return { fullyObscuringElms, partialObscuringElms };
+}
+
+// Find areas of the target that are not obscured
+function getLargestUnobscuredArea(vNode, obscuredNodes) {
+  const nodeRect = vNode.boundingClientRect;
+  const obscuringRects = obscuredNodes.map(
+    ({ boundingClientRect: rect }) => rect
+  );
+  const unobscuredRects = splitRects(nodeRect, obscuringRects);
+  if (unobscuredRects.length === 0) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  // Of the unobscured inner rects, work out the largest
+  return getLargestRect(unobscuredRects);
+}
+
+// Find the largest rectangle in the array, prioritize ones that meet a minimum size
+function getLargestRect(rects, minSize) {
+  return rects.reduce((rectA, rectB) => {
+    const rectAisMinimum = rectHasMinimumSize(minSize, rectA);
+    const rectBisMinimum = rectHasMinimumSize(minSize, rectB);
+    // Prioritize rects that pass the minimum
+    if (rectAisMinimum !== rectBisMinimum) {
+      return rectAisMinimum ? rectA : rectB;
+    }
+    const areaA = rectA.width * rectA.height;
+    const areaB = rectB.width * rectB.height;
+    return areaA > areaB ? rectA : rectB;
+  });
+}
+
+// Filter only focusable widgets
+function filterFocusableWidgets(vNodes) {
+  return vNodes.filter(
+    vNode => getRoleType(vNode) === 'widget' && isFocusable(vNode)
+  );
+}
+
+function isEnclosedRect(vNodeA, vNodeB) {
+  const rectA = vNodeA.boundingClientRect;
+  const rectB = vNodeB.boundingClientRect;
+  return (
+    rectA.top >= rectB.top &&
+    rectA.left >= rectB.left &&
+    rectA.bottom <= rectB.bottom &&
+    rectA.right <= rectB.right
+  );
+}
+
+function getCssPointerEvents(vNode) {
+  return vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('pointer-events');
+}
+
+function toDecimalSize(rect) {
+  return {
+    width: Math.round(rect.width * 10) / 10,
+    height: Math.round(rect.height * 10) / 10
+  };
+}
+
+function isDescendantNotInTabOrder(vAncestor, vNode) {
+  return (
+    vAncestor.actualNode.contains(vNode.actualNode) && !isInTabOrder(vNode)
+  );
+}
+
+function mapActualNodes(vNodes) {
+  return vNodes.map(({ actualNode }) => actualNode);
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/mobile/target-size.json b/lib/checks/mobile/target-size.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..302e4f985
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/checks/mobile/target-size.json
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+{
+  "id": "target-size",
+  "evaluate": "target-size-evaluate",
+  "options": {
+    "minSize": 24
+  },
+  "metadata": {
+    "impact": "serious",
+    "messages": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Control has sufficient size (${data.width}px by ${data.height}px, should be at least ${data.minSize}px by ${data.minSize}px)",
+        "obscured": "Control is ignored because it is fully obscured and thus not clickable",
+        "large": "Target far exceeds the minimum size of ${data.minSize}px."
+      },
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "Target has insufficient size (${data.width}px by ${data.height}px, should be at least ${data.minSize}px by ${data.minSize}px)",
+        "partiallyObscured": "Target has insufficient size because it is partially obscured (smallest space is ${data.width}px by ${data.height}px, should be at least ${data.minSize}px by ${data.minSize}px)"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Element with negative tabindex has insufficient size (${data.width}px by ${data.height}px, should be at least ${data.minSize}px by ${data.minSize}px). Is this a target?",
+        "contentOverflow": "Element size could not be accurately determined due to overflow content",
+        "partiallyObscured": "Element with negative tabindex has insufficient size because it is partially obscured (smallest space is ${data.width}px by ${data.height}px, should be at least ${data.minSize}px by ${data.minSize}px). Is this a target?",
+        "partiallyObscuredNonTabbable": "Target has insufficient size because it is partially obscured by a neighbor with negative tabindex (smallest space is ${data.width}px by ${data.height}px, should be at least ${data.minSize}px by ${data.minSize}px). Is the neighbor a target?",
+        "tooManyRects": "Could not get the target size because there are too many overlapping elements"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/navigation/heading-order-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/navigation/heading-order-evaluate.js
index 4585e92ad..863cf053a 100644
--- a/lib/checks/navigation/heading-order-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/navigation/heading-order-evaluate.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import cache from '../../core/base/cache';
 import { querySelectorAllFilter, getAncestry } from '../../core/utils';
-import { isVisible } from '../../commons/dom';
+import { isVisibleToScreenReaders } from '../../commons/dom';
 import { getRole } from '../../commons/aria';
 
 function getLevel(vNode) {
@@ -54,8 +54,10 @@ function headingOrderEvaluate() {
   // @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/728
   const selector = 'h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, [role=heading], iframe, frame';
   // TODO: es-modules_tree
-  const vNodes = querySelectorAllFilter(axe._tree[0], selector, vNode =>
-    isVisible(vNode.actualNode, true)
+  const vNodes = querySelectorAllFilter(
+    axe._tree[0],
+    selector,
+    isVisibleToScreenReaders
   );
 
   headingOrder = vNodes.map(vNode => {
diff --git a/lib/checks/navigation/internal-link-present-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/navigation/internal-link-present-evaluate.js
index d235bfbe2..89fedb46f 100644
--- a/lib/checks/navigation/internal-link-present-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/navigation/internal-link-present-evaluate.js
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-import { querySelectorAll } from '../../core/utils';
-
-function internalLinkPresentEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
-  const links = querySelectorAll(virtualNode, 'a[href]');
-  return links.some(vLink => {
-    return /^#[^/!]/.test(vLink.attr('href'));
-  });
-}
-
-export default internalLinkPresentEvaluate;
+import { querySelectorAll } from '../../core/utils';
+
+function internalLinkPresentEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
+  const links = querySelectorAll(virtualNode, 'a[href]');
+  return links.some(vLink => {
+    return /^#[^/!]/.test(vLink.attr('href'));
+  });
+}
+
+export default internalLinkPresentEvaluate;
diff --git a/lib/checks/navigation/meta-refresh-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/navigation/meta-refresh-evaluate.js
index cfa57e2fa..65777a6a4 100644
--- a/lib/checks/navigation/meta-refresh-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/navigation/meta-refresh-evaluate.js
@@ -1,8 +1,21 @@
-function metaRefreshEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
-  var content = virtualNode.attr('content') || '',
-    parsedParams = content.split(/[;,]/);
+const separatorRegex = /[;,\s]/;
+const validRedirectNumRegex = /^[0-9.]+$/;
 
-  return content === '' || parsedParams[0] === '0';
-}
+export default function metaRefreshEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
+  const { minDelay, maxDelay } = options || {};
+  const content = (virtualNode.attr('content') || '').trim();
+  const [redirectStr] = content.split(separatorRegex);
+  if (!redirectStr.match(validRedirectNumRegex)) {
+    return true;
+  }
 
-export default metaRefreshEvaluate;
+  const redirectDelay = parseFloat(redirectStr);
+  this.data({ redirectDelay });
+  if (typeof minDelay === 'number' && redirectDelay <= options.minDelay) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (typeof maxDelay === 'number' && redirectDelay > options.maxDelay) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/navigation/meta-refresh-no-exceptions.json b/lib/checks/navigation/meta-refresh-no-exceptions.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2b2f24ad4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/checks/navigation/meta-refresh-no-exceptions.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "id": "meta-refresh-no-exceptions",
+  "evaluate": "meta-refresh-evaluate",
+  "options": {
+    "minDelay": 72000,
+    "maxDelay": false
+  },
+  "metadata": {
+    "impact": "minor",
+    "messages": {
+      "pass": "<meta> tag does not immediately refresh the page",
+      "fail": "<meta> tag forces timed refresh of page"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/navigation/meta-refresh.json b/lib/checks/navigation/meta-refresh.json
index 59fc48c99..a37cb89a7 100644
--- a/lib/checks/navigation/meta-refresh.json
+++ b/lib/checks/navigation/meta-refresh.json
@@ -1,11 +1,15 @@
 {
   "id": "meta-refresh",
   "evaluate": "meta-refresh-evaluate",
+  "options": {
+    "minDelay": 0,
+    "maxDelay": 72000
+  },
   "metadata": {
     "impact": "critical",
     "messages": {
       "pass": "<meta> tag does not immediately refresh the page",
-      "fail": "<meta> tag forces timed refresh of page"
+      "fail": "<meta> tag forces timed refresh of page (less than 20 hours)"
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/lib/checks/navigation/region-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/navigation/region-evaluate.js
index 48b86e92f..0e14b8a16 100644
--- a/lib/checks/navigation/region-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/navigation/region-evaluate.js
@@ -4,34 +4,40 @@ import * as standards from '../../commons/standards';
 import matches from '../../commons/matches';
 import cache from '../../core/base/cache';
 
-const landmarkRoles = standards.getAriaRolesByType('landmark');
 const implicitAriaLiveRoles = ['alert', 'log', 'status'];
 
-// Check if the current element is a landmark
-function isRegion(virtualNode, options) {
-  const node = virtualNode.actualNode;
-  const role = getRole(virtualNode);
-  const ariaLive = (node.getAttribute('aria-live') || '').toLowerCase().trim();
+export default function regionEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
+  this.data({
+    isIframe: ['iframe', 'frame'].includes(virtualNode.props.nodeName)
+  });
 
-  // Ignore content inside of aria-live
-  if (
-    ['assertive', 'polite'].includes(ariaLive) ||
-    implicitAriaLiveRoles.includes(role)
-  ) {
-    return true;
-  }
+  const regionlessNodes = cache.get('regionlessNodes', () =>
+    getRegionlessNodes(options)
+  );
 
-  // Check if the node matches a landmark role
-  if (landmarkRoles.includes(role)) {
-    return true;
-  }
+  return !regionlessNodes.includes(virtualNode);
+}
 
-  // Check if node matches an option
-  if (options.regionMatcher && matches(virtualNode, options.regionMatcher)) {
-    return true;
-  }
+function getRegionlessNodes(options) {
+  const regionlessNodes = findRegionlessElms(axe._tree[0], options)
+    // Find first parent marked as having region descendant (or body) and
+    // return the node right before it as the "outer" element
+    .map(vNode => {
+      while (
+        vNode.parent &&
+        !vNode.parent._hasRegionDescendant &&
+        vNode.parent.actualNode !== document.body
+      ) {
+        vNode = vNode.parent;
+      }
 
-  return false;
+      return vNode;
+    })
+    // Remove duplicate containers
+    .filter((vNode, index, array) => {
+      return array.indexOf(vNode) === index;
+    });
+  return regionlessNodes;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -46,7 +52,7 @@ function findRegionlessElms(virtualNode, options) {
     ['iframe', 'frame'].includes(virtualNode.props.nodeName) ||
     (dom.isSkipLink(virtualNode.actualNode) &&
       dom.getElementByReference(virtualNode.actualNode, 'href')) ||
-    !dom.isVisible(node, true)
+    !dom.isVisibleToScreenReaders(node)
   ) {
     // Mark each parent node as having region descendant
     let vNode = virtualNode;
@@ -80,39 +86,30 @@ function findRegionlessElms(virtualNode, options) {
   }
 }
 
-function regionEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
-  let regionlessNodes = cache.get('regionlessNodes');
-
-  this.data({
-    isIframe: ['iframe', 'frame'].includes(virtualNode.props.nodeName)
-  });
+// Check if the current element is a landmark
+function isRegion(virtualNode, options) {
+  const node = virtualNode.actualNode;
+  const role = getRole(virtualNode);
+  const ariaLive = (node.getAttribute('aria-live') || '').toLowerCase().trim();
+  const landmarkRoles = standards.getAriaRolesByType('landmark');
 
-  if (regionlessNodes) {
-    return !regionlessNodes.includes(virtualNode);
+  // Ignore content inside of aria-live
+  if (
+    ['assertive', 'polite'].includes(ariaLive) ||
+    implicitAriaLiveRoles.includes(role)
+  ) {
+    return true;
   }
 
-  const tree = axe._tree;
-  regionlessNodes = findRegionlessElms(tree[0], options)
-    // Find first parent marked as having region descendant (or body) and
-    // return the node right before it as the "outer" element
-    .map(vNode => {
-      while (
-        vNode.parent &&
-        !vNode.parent._hasRegionDescendant &&
-        vNode.parent.actualNode !== document.body
-      ) {
-        vNode = vNode.parent;
-      }
+  // Check if the node matches a landmark role
+  if (landmarkRoles.includes(role)) {
+    return true;
+  }
 
-      return vNode;
-    })
-    // Remove duplicate containers
-    .filter((vNode, index, array) => {
-      return array.indexOf(vNode) === index;
-    });
-  cache.set('regionlessNodes', regionlessNodes);
+  // Check if node matches an option
+  if (options.regionMatcher && matches(virtualNode, options.regionMatcher)) {
+    return true;
+  }
 
-  return !regionlessNodes.includes(virtualNode);
+  return false;
 }
-
-export default regionEvaluate;
diff --git a/lib/checks/navigation/skip-link-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/navigation/skip-link-evaluate.js
index 292b4e365..e4a7fce2a 100644
--- a/lib/checks/navigation/skip-link-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/navigation/skip-link-evaluate.js
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
-import { getElementByReference, isVisible } from '../../commons/dom';
+import {
+  getElementByReference,
+  isVisibleToScreenReaders
+} from '../../commons/dom';
 
 function skipLinkEvaluate(node) {
   const target = getElementByReference(node, 'href');
   if (target) {
-    return isVisible(target, true) || undefined;
+    return isVisibleToScreenReaders(target) || undefined;
   }
   return false;
 }
diff --git a/lib/checks/shared/important-letter-spacing.json b/lib/checks/shared/important-letter-spacing.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..85c8d4253
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/checks/shared/important-letter-spacing.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "id": "important-letter-spacing",
+  "evaluate": "inline-style-property-evaluate",
+  "options": {
+    "cssProperty": "letter-spacing",
+    "minValue": 0.12
+  },
+  "metadata": {
+    "impact": "serious",
+    "messages": {
+      "pass": "Letter-spacing in the style attribute is not set to !important, or meets the minimum",
+      "fail": "letter-spacing in the style attribute must not use !important, or be at ${data.minValue}em (current ${data.value}em)"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/shared/important-line-height.json b/lib/checks/shared/important-line-height.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..95c50b568
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/checks/shared/important-line-height.json
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+{
+  "id": "important-line-height",
+  "evaluate": "inline-style-property-evaluate",
+  "options": {
+    "multiLineOnly": true,
+    "cssProperty": "line-height",
+    "minValue": 1.5,
+    "normalValue": 1
+  },
+  "metadata": {
+    "impact": "serious",
+    "messages": {
+      "pass": "line-height in the style attribute is not set to !important, or meets the minimum",
+      "fail": "line-height in the style attribute must not use !important, or be at ${data.minValue}em (current ${data.value}em)"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/shared/important-word-spacing.json b/lib/checks/shared/important-word-spacing.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..218733f4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/checks/shared/important-word-spacing.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "id": "important-word-spacing",
+  "evaluate": "inline-style-property-evaluate",
+  "options": {
+    "cssProperty": "word-spacing",
+    "minValue": 0.16
+  },
+  "metadata": {
+    "impact": "serious",
+    "messages": {
+      "pass": "word-spacing in the style attribute is not set to !important, or meets the minimum",
+      "fail": "word-spacing in the style attribute must not use !important, or be at ${data.minValue}em (current ${data.value}em)"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/shared/inline-style-property-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/shared/inline-style-property-evaluate.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..725fa867f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/checks/shared/inline-style-property-evaluate.js
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+import { isMultiline } from '../../commons/dom';
+
+/**
+ * Check if a CSS property, !important or not is within an allowed range
+ */
+export default function inlineStyleProperty(node, options) {
+  const {
+    cssProperty,
+    absoluteValues,
+    minValue,
+    maxValue,
+    normalValue = 0,
+    noImportant,
+    multiLineOnly
+  } = options;
+  if (
+    (!noImportant &&
+      node.style.getPropertyPriority(cssProperty) !== `important`) ||
+    (multiLineOnly && !isMultiline(node))
+  ) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  const data = {};
+  if (typeof minValue === 'number') {
+    data.minValue = minValue;
+  }
+  if (typeof maxValue === 'number') {
+    data.maxValue = maxValue;
+  }
+
+  // These do not set the actual value to important, instead they
+  // say that it is important to use the inherited / root value.
+  // The actual value can still be modified
+  const declaredPropValue = node.style.getPropertyValue(cssProperty);
+  if (
+    ['inherit', 'unset', 'revert', 'revert-layer'].includes(declaredPropValue)
+  ) {
+    this.data({ value: declaredPropValue, ...data });
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  const value = getNumberValue(node, {
+    absoluteValues,
+    cssProperty,
+    normalValue
+  });
+  this.data({ value, ...data });
+  if (typeof value !== 'number') {
+    return undefined; // Renderer did something it shouldn't
+  }
+
+  if (
+    (typeof minValue !== 'number' || value >= minValue) &&
+    (typeof maxValue !== 'number' || value <= maxValue)
+  ) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+function getNumberValue(domNode, { cssProperty, absoluteValues, normalValue }) {
+  const computedStyle = window.getComputedStyle(domNode);
+  const cssPropValue = computedStyle.getPropertyValue(cssProperty);
+  if (cssPropValue === 'normal') {
+    return normalValue;
+  }
+  const parsedValue = parseFloat(cssPropValue);
+  if (absoluteValues) {
+    return parsedValue;
+  }
+
+  const fontSize = parseFloat(computedStyle.getPropertyValue('font-size'));
+  // Make the value relative to the font-size
+  const value = Math.round((parsedValue / fontSize) * 100) / 100;
+  if (isNaN(value)) {
+    return cssPropValue; // Something went wrong, return the string instead
+  }
+  return value;
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/shared/is-on-screen-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/shared/is-on-screen-evaluate.js
index e28951143..157a48da1 100644
--- a/lib/checks/shared/is-on-screen-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/shared/is-on-screen-evaluate.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-import { isVisible, isOffscreen } from '../../commons/dom';
+import { isVisibleOnScreen } from '../../commons/dom';
 
 function isOnScreenEvaluate(node) {
   // From a visual perspective
-  return isVisible(node, false) && !isOffscreen(node);
+  return isVisibleOnScreen(node);
 }
 
 export default isOnScreenEvaluate;
diff --git a/lib/checks/shared/presentational-role-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/shared/presentational-role-evaluate.js
index 253ea9a87..750320dba 100644
--- a/lib/checks/shared/presentational-role-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/shared/presentational-role-evaluate.js
@@ -2,10 +2,26 @@ import { getExplicitRole, getRole } from '../../commons/aria';
 import { getGlobalAriaAttrs } from '../../commons/standards';
 import { isFocusable } from '../../commons/dom';
 
-function presentationalRoleEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
-  const role = getRole(virtualNode);
+export default function presentationalRoleEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
   const explicitRole = getExplicitRole(virtualNode);
 
+  // in JAWS, an iframe or frame with an accessible name and a presentational role gets announced
+  // as "group" rather than being ignored. aria-label is handled by role-conflict resolution and
+  // aria-labelledby only triggers the group role when it's valid (exists and has content)
+  if (
+    ['presentation', 'none'].includes(explicitRole) &&
+    ['iframe', 'frame'].includes(virtualNode.props.nodeName) &&
+    virtualNode.hasAttr('title')
+  ) {
+    this.data({
+      messageKey: 'iframe',
+      nodeName: virtualNode.props.nodeName
+    });
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const role = getRole(virtualNode);
+
   if (['presentation', 'none'].includes(role)) {
     this.data({ role });
     return true;
@@ -38,5 +54,3 @@ function presentationalRoleEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
   });
   return false;
 }
-
-export default presentationalRoleEvaluate;
diff --git a/lib/checks/shared/presentational-role.json b/lib/checks/shared/presentational-role.json
index a453bbd21..7b8dfb3b0 100644
--- a/lib/checks/shared/presentational-role.json
+++ b/lib/checks/shared/presentational-role.json
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@
         "default": "Element's default semantics were not overridden with role=\"none\" or role=\"presentation\"",
         "globalAria": "Element's role is not presentational because it has a global ARIA attribute",
         "focusable": "Element's role is not presentational because it is focusable",
-        "both": "Element's role is not presentational because it has a global ARIA attribute and is focusable"
+        "both": "Element's role is not presentational because it has a global ARIA attribute and is focusable",
+        "iframe": "Using the \"title\" attribute on an ${data.nodeName} element with a presentational role behaves inconsistently between screen readers"
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/lib/checks/shared/svg-non-empty-title-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/shared/svg-non-empty-title-evaluate.js
index d537e3737..b614de247 100644
--- a/lib/checks/shared/svg-non-empty-title-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/shared/svg-non-empty-title-evaluate.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import visibleVirtual from '../../commons/text/visible-virtual';
+import { subtreeText } from '../../commons/text';
 
 function svgNonEmptyTitleEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
   if (!virtualNode.children) {
@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@ function svgNonEmptyTitleEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
   }
 
   try {
-    if (visibleVirtual(titleNode) === '') {
+    const titleText = subtreeText(titleNode, { includeHidden: true }).trim();
+    if (titleText === '') {
       this.data({
         messageKey: 'emptyTitle'
       });
diff --git a/lib/checks/tables/same-caption-summary-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/tables/same-caption-summary-evaluate.js
index 649372925..6aafd3f08 100644
--- a/lib/checks/tables/same-caption-summary-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/tables/same-caption-summary-evaluate.js
@@ -1,12 +1,23 @@
-import { accessibleText } from '../../commons/text';
-
-function sameCaptionSummaryEvaluate(node) {
-  // passing node.caption to accessibleText instead of using
-  // the logic in accessibleTextVirtual on virtualNode
-  return (
-    !!(node.summary && node.caption) &&
-    node.summary.toLowerCase() === accessibleText(node.caption).toLowerCase()
-  );
-}
+import { sanitize, subtreeText } from '../../commons/text';
 
 export default sameCaptionSummaryEvaluate;
+
+function sameCaptionSummaryEvaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
+  if (virtualNode.children === undefined) {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
+  var summary = virtualNode.attr('summary');
+  var captionNode = virtualNode.children.find(isCaptionNode);
+  var caption = captionNode ? sanitize(subtreeText(captionNode)) : false;
+
+  if (!caption || !summary) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return sanitize(summary).toLowerCase() === sanitize(caption).toLowerCase();
+}
+
+function isCaptionNode(virtualNode) {
+  return virtualNode.props.nodeName === 'caption';
+}
diff --git a/lib/checks/tables/same-caption-summary.json b/lib/checks/tables/same-caption-summary.json
index e7bd484fa..04b8bee95 100644
--- a/lib/checks/tables/same-caption-summary.json
+++ b/lib/checks/tables/same-caption-summary.json
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@
     "impact": "minor",
     "messages": {
       "pass": "Content of summary attribute and <caption> are not duplicated",
-      "fail": "Content of summary attribute and <caption> element are identical"
+      "fail": "Content of summary attribute and <caption> element are identical",
+      "incomplete": "Unable to determine if <table> element has a caption"
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/lib/checks/tables/td-headers-attr-evaluate.js b/lib/checks/tables/td-headers-attr-evaluate.js
index e78133079..4275eb47c 100644
--- a/lib/checks/tables/td-headers-attr-evaluate.js
+++ b/lib/checks/tables/td-headers-attr-evaluate.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { tokenList } from '../../core/utils';
+import { isVisibleToScreenReaders } from '../../commons/dom';
 
-function tdHeadersAttrEvaluate(node) {
+export default function tdHeadersAttrEvaluate(node) {
   const cells = [];
   const reviewCells = [];
   const badCells = [];
@@ -13,18 +14,15 @@ function tdHeadersAttrEvaluate(node) {
     }
   }
 
-  const ids = cells.reduce((ids, cell) => {
-    if (cell.getAttribute('id')) {
-      ids.push(cell.getAttribute('id'));
-    }
-    return ids;
-  }, []);
+  const ids = cells
+    .filter(cell => cell.getAttribute('id'))
+    .map(cell => cell.getAttribute('id'));
 
   cells.forEach(cell => {
     let isSelf = false;
     let notOfTable = false;
 
-    if (!cell.hasAttribute('headers')) {
+    if (!cell.hasAttribute('headers') || !isVisibleToScreenReaders(cell)) {
       return;
     }
 
@@ -63,5 +61,3 @@ function tdHeadersAttrEvaluate(node) {
 
   return true;
 }
-
-export default tdHeadersAttrEvaluate;
diff --git a/lib/commons/a11y-engine-index.js b/lib/commons/a11y-engine-index.js
index 342c2a589..edc7f9b07 100644
--- a/lib/commons/a11y-engine-index.js
+++ b/lib/commons/a11y-engine-index.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { distinguishableLinkEvaluate } from '../../../a11y-engine-core/lib/commons/distinguishable-link';
 
-let a11y_engine_commons = {};
-a11y_engine_commons.distinguishableLinkEvaluate = distinguishableLinkEvaluate;
+const a11yEngineCommons = {};
+a11yEngineCommons.distinguishableLinkEvaluate = distinguishableLinkEvaluate;
 
-export default a11y_engine_commons;
+export default a11yEngineCommons;
diff --git a/lib/commons/a11yCommons/index.js b/lib/commons/a11yCommons/index.js
index 84a16adb5..9fbcf09f0 100644
--- a/lib/commons/a11yCommons/index.js
+++ b/lib/commons/a11yCommons/index.js
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-export { getColorContrast } from "../../checks/color/link-in-text-block-evaluate";
-export { getContrast } from "../../checks/color/link-in-text-block-evaluate";
+export { getColorContrast } from '../../checks/color/link-in-text-block-evaluate';
+export { getContrast } from '../../checks/color/link-in-text-block-evaluate';
diff --git a/lib/commons/aria/arialabel-text.js b/lib/commons/aria/arialabel-text.js
index b11ec5640..39e18c85a 100644
--- a/lib/commons/aria/arialabel-text.js
+++ b/lib/commons/aria/arialabel-text.js
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-import AbstractVirtualNode from '../../core/base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node';
-import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
+import { nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
 
 /**
  * Get the text value of aria-label, if any
@@ -8,14 +7,11 @@ import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
  * @param {VirtualNode|Element} element
  * @return {string} ARIA label
  */
-function arialabelText(vNode) {
-  if (!(vNode instanceof AbstractVirtualNode)) {
-    if (vNode.nodeType !== 1) {
-      return '';
-    }
-    vNode = getNodeFromTree(vNode);
+export default function arialabelText(element) {
+  const { vNode } = nodeLookup(element);
+  if (vNode?.props.nodeType !== 1) {
+    return '';
   }
+
   return vNode.attr('aria-label') || '';
 }
-
-export default arialabelText;
diff --git a/lib/commons/aria/arialabelledby-text.js b/lib/commons/aria/arialabelledby-text.js
index f1a7fa874..fad18a0b2 100644
--- a/lib/commons/aria/arialabelledby-text.js
+++ b/lib/commons/aria/arialabelledby-text.js
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 import idrefs from '../dom/idrefs';
 import accessibleText from '../text/accessible-text';
-import AbstractVirtualNode from '../../core/base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node';
-import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
+import { nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
 
 /**
  * Get the accessible name based on aria-labelledby
  *
  * @deprecated Do not use Element directly. Pass VirtualNode instead
- * @param {VirtualNode} element
+ * @param {VirtualNode|Element} element
  * @param {Object} context
  * @property {Bool} inLabelledByContext Whether or not the lookup is part of aria-labelledby reference
  * @property {Bool} inControlContext Whether or not the lookup is part of a native label reference
@@ -15,12 +14,10 @@ import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
  * @property {Bool} debug Enable logging for formControlValue
  * @return {string} Concatenated text value for referenced elements
  */
-function arialabelledbyText(vNode, context = {}) {
-  if (!(vNode instanceof AbstractVirtualNode)) {
-    if (vNode.nodeType !== 1) {
-      return '';
-    }
-    vNode = getNodeFromTree(vNode);
+function arialabelledbyText(element, context = {}) {
+  const { vNode } = nodeLookup(element);
+  if (vNode?.props.nodeType !== 1) {
+    return '';
   }
 
   /**
diff --git a/lib/commons/aria/get-accessible-refs.js b/lib/commons/aria/get-accessible-refs.js
index 534f60ca1..9ad5627f0 100644
--- a/lib/commons/aria/get-accessible-refs.js
+++ b/lib/commons/aria/get-accessible-refs.js
@@ -13,22 +13,26 @@ function cacheIdRefs(node, idRefs, refAttrs) {
   if (node.hasAttribute) {
     if (node.nodeName.toUpperCase() === 'LABEL' && node.hasAttribute('for')) {
       const id = node.getAttribute('for');
-      idRefs[id] = idRefs[id] || [];
-      idRefs[id].push(node);
+      if (!idRefs.has(id)) {
+        idRefs.set(id, [node]);
+      } else {
+        idRefs.get(id).push(node);
+      }
     }
 
     for (let i = 0; i < refAttrs.length; ++i) {
       const attr = refAttrs[i];
       const attrValue = sanitize(node.getAttribute(attr) || '');
-
       if (!attrValue) {
         continue;
       }
 
-      const tokens = tokenList(attrValue);
-      for (let k = 0; k < tokens.length; ++k) {
-        idRefs[tokens[k]] = idRefs[tokens[k]] || [];
-        idRefs[tokens[k]].push(node);
+      for (const token of tokenList(attrValue)) {
+        if (!idRefs.has(token)) {
+          idRefs.set(token, [node]);
+        } else {
+          idRefs.get(token).push(node);
+        }
       }
     }
   }
@@ -50,26 +54,21 @@ function getAccessibleRefs(node) {
   let root = getRootNode(node);
   root = root.documentElement || root; // account for shadow roots
 
-  let idRefsByRoot = cache.get('idRefsByRoot');
-  if (!idRefsByRoot) {
-    idRefsByRoot = new WeakMap();
-    cache.set('idRefsByRoot', idRefsByRoot);
-  }
+  const idRefsByRoot = cache.get('idRefsByRoot', () => new Map());
 
   let idRefs = idRefsByRoot.get(root);
   if (!idRefs) {
-    idRefs = {};
+    idRefs = new Map();
     idRefsByRoot.set(root, idRefs);
 
     const refAttrs = Object.keys(standards.ariaAttrs).filter(attr => {
       const { type } = standards.ariaAttrs[attr];
       return idRefsRegex.test(type);
     });
-
     cacheIdRefs(root, idRefs, refAttrs);
   }
 
-  return idRefs[node.id] || [];
+  return idRefs.get(node.id) ?? [];
 }
 
 export default getAccessibleRefs;
diff --git a/lib/commons/aria/get-element-unallowed-roles.js b/lib/commons/aria/get-element-unallowed-roles.js
index cbf7ede0f..92544d47d 100644
--- a/lib/commons/aria/get-element-unallowed-roles.js
+++ b/lib/commons/aria/get-element-unallowed-roles.js
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@ import isValidRole from './is-valid-role';
 import getImplicitRole from './implicit-role';
 import getRoleType from './get-role-type';
 import isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement from './is-aria-role-allowed-on-element';
-import { tokenList, isHtmlElement, getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
-import AbstractVirtuaNode from '../../core/base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node';
+import { tokenList, isHtmlElement, nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
 
 // dpub roles which are subclassing roles that are implicit on some native
 // HTML elements (img, link, etc.)
@@ -54,8 +53,7 @@ function getRoleSegments(vNode) {
  * @return {Array<String>} retruns an array of roles that are not allowed on the given node
  */
 function getElementUnallowedRoles(node, allowImplicit = true) {
-  const vNode =
-    node instanceof AbstractVirtuaNode ? node : getNodeFromTree(node);
+  const { vNode } = nodeLookup(node);
   // by pass custom elements
   if (!isHtmlElement(vNode)) {
     return [];
diff --git a/lib/commons/aria/get-role-type.js b/lib/commons/aria/get-role-type.js
index 84ca396ca..0dc628661 100644
--- a/lib/commons/aria/get-role-type.js
+++ b/lib/commons/aria/get-role-type.js
@@ -1,21 +1,23 @@
 import standards from '../../standards';
+import AbstractVirtualNode from '../../core/base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node';
 
 /**
  * Get the "type" of role; either widget, composite, abstract, landmark or `null`
  * @method getRoleType
  * @memberof axe.commons.aria
  * @instance
- * @param {String} role The role to check
+ * @param {String|Null|Node|Element} role The role to check, or element to check the role of
  * @return {Mixed} String if a matching role and its type are found, otherwise `null`
  */
 function getRoleType(role) {
-  const roleDef = standards.ariaRoles[role];
-
-  if (!roleDef) {
-    return null;
+  if (
+    role instanceof AbstractVirtualNode ||
+    (window?.Node && role instanceof window.Node)
+  ) {
+    role = axe.commons.aria.getRole(role);
   }
-
-  return roleDef.type;
+  const roleDef = standards.ariaRoles[role];
+  return roleDef?.type || null;
 }
 
 export default getRoleType;
diff --git a/lib/commons/aria/get-role.js b/lib/commons/aria/get-role.js
index 7f6d6556a..13176cea6 100644
--- a/lib/commons/aria/get-role.js
+++ b/lib/commons/aria/get-role.js
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@ import getExplicitRole from './get-explicit-role';
 import getImplicitRole from './implicit-role';
 import getGlobalAriaAttrs from '../standards/get-global-aria-attrs';
 import isFocusable from '../dom/is-focusable';
-import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
-import AbstractVirtuaNode from '../../core/base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node';
+import { nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
 
 // when an element inherits the presentational role from a parent
 // is not defined in the spec, but through testing it seems to be
@@ -54,6 +53,10 @@ function getInheritedRole(vNode, explicitRoleOptions) {
   // if we can't look at the parent then we can't know if the node
   // inherits the presentational role or not
   if (!vNode.parent) {
+    if (!vNode.actualNode) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
     throw new ReferenceError(
       'Cannot determine role presentational inheritance of a required parent outside the current scope.'
     );
@@ -121,8 +124,7 @@ function hasConflictResolution(vNode) {
  * @deprecated noImplicit option is deprecated. Use aria.getExplicitRole instead.
  */
 function resolveRole(node, { noImplicit, ...roleOptions } = {}) {
-  const vNode =
-    node instanceof AbstractVirtuaNode ? node : getNodeFromTree(node);
+  const { vNode } = nodeLookup(node);
   if (vNode.props.nodeType !== 1) {
     return null;
   }
diff --git a/lib/commons/aria/index.js b/lib/commons/aria/index.js
index d9f7bd480..9eb5bb3a8 100644
--- a/lib/commons/aria/index.js
+++ b/lib/commons/aria/index.js
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ export { default as implicitNodes } from './implicit-nodes';
 export { default as implicitRole } from './implicit-role';
 export { default as isAccessibleRef } from './is-accessible-ref';
 export { default as isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement } from './is-aria-role-allowed-on-element';
+export { default as isComboboxPopup } from './is-combobox-popup';
 export { default as isUnsupportedRole } from './is-unsupported-role';
 export { default as isValidRole } from './is-valid-role';
 export { default as labelVirtual } from './label-virtual';
diff --git a/lib/commons/aria/is-combobox-popup.js b/lib/commons/aria/is-combobox-popup.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bef80f83b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/aria/is-combobox-popup.js
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+import getRole from './get-role';
+import ariaAttrs from '../../standards/aria-attrs';
+import { getRootNode } from '../../core/utils';
+
+/**
+ * Whether an element is the popup for a combobox
+ * @method isComboboxPopup
+ * @memberof axe.commons.aria
+ * @instance
+ * @param {VirtualNode} virtualNode
+ * @param {Object} options
+ * @property {String[]} popupRoles Overrides which roles can be popup. Defaults to aria-haspopup values
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+export default function isComboboxPopup(virtualNode, { popupRoles } = {}) {
+  const role = getRole(virtualNode);
+  popupRoles ??= ariaAttrs['aria-haspopup'].values;
+  if (!popupRoles.includes(role)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // in ARIA 1.1 the container has role=combobox
+  const vParent = nearestParentWithRole(virtualNode);
+  if (isCombobox(vParent)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  const { id } = virtualNode.props;
+  if (!id) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (!virtualNode.actualNode) {
+    throw new Error('Unable to determine combobox popup without an actualNode');
+  }
+  const root = getRootNode(virtualNode.actualNode);
+  const ownedCombobox = root.querySelectorAll(
+    // aria-owns was from ARIA 1.0, aria-controls was from ARIA 1.2
+    `[aria-owns~="${id}"][role~="combobox"]:not(select),
+     [aria-controls~="${id}"][role~="combobox"]:not(select)`
+  );
+
+  return Array.from(ownedCombobox).some(isCombobox);
+}
+
+const isCombobox = node => node && getRole(node) === 'combobox';
+
+function nearestParentWithRole(vNode) {
+  while ((vNode = vNode.parent)) {
+    if (getRole(vNode, { noPresentational: true }) !== null) {
+      return vNode;
+    }
+  }
+  return null;
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/color/color.js b/lib/commons/color/color.js
index 5dcb6b94e..5201628d3 100644
--- a/lib/commons/color/color.js
+++ b/lib/commons/color/color.js
@@ -1,68 +1,6 @@
-import standards from '../../standards';
+import { Colorjs } from '../../core/imports';
 
-/**
- * Convert a CSS color value into a number
- */
-function convertColorVal(colorFunc, value, index) {
-  if (/%$/.test(value)) {
-    //<percentage>
-    if (index === 3) {
-      // alpha
-      return parseFloat(value) / 100;
-    }
-    return (parseFloat(value) * 255) / 100;
-  }
-  if (colorFunc[index] === 'h') {
-    // hue
-    if (/turn$/.test(value)) {
-      return parseFloat(value) * 360;
-    }
-    if (/rad$/.test(value)) {
-      return parseFloat(value) * 57.3;
-    }
-  }
-  return parseFloat(value);
-}
-
-/**
- * Convert HSL to RGB
- */
-function hslToRgb([hue, saturation, lightness, alpha]) {
-  // Must be fractions of 1
-  saturation /= 255;
-  lightness /= 255;
-
-  const high = (1 - Math.abs(2 * lightness - 1)) * saturation;
-  const low = high * (1 - Math.abs(((hue / 60) % 2) - 1));
-  const base = lightness - high / 2;
-
-  let colors;
-  if (hue < 60) {
-    // red - yellow
-    colors = [high, low, 0];
-  } else if (hue < 120) {
-    // yellow - green
-    colors = [low, high, 0];
-  } else if (hue < 180) {
-    // green - cyan
-    colors = [0, high, low];
-  } else if (hue < 240) {
-    // cyan - blue
-    colors = [0, low, high];
-  } else if (hue < 300) {
-    // blue - purple
-    colors = [low, 0, high];
-  } else {
-    // purple - red
-    colors = [high, 0, low];
-  }
-
-  return colors
-    .map(color => {
-      return Math.round((color + base) * 255);
-    })
-    .concat(alpha);
-}
+const hexRegex = /^#[0-9a-f]{3,8}$/i;
 
 /**
  * @class Color
@@ -72,18 +10,93 @@ function hslToRgb([hue, saturation, lightness, alpha]) {
  * @param {number} blue
  * @param {number} alpha
  */
-function Color(red, green, blue, alpha) {
-  /** @type {number} */
-  this.red = red;
+export default class Color {
+  // color channel values typically in the range of 0-1 (can go below or above)
+  #r;
+  #g;
+  #b;
+  // color component values resolved to the sRGB color space (0-255)
+  #red;
+  #green;
+  #blue;
+
+  constructor(red, green, blue, alpha = 1) {
+    if (red instanceof Color) {
+      // preserve out of gamut values
+      const { r, g, b } = red;
+      this.r = r;
+      this.g = g;
+      this.b = b;
+      this.alpha = red.alpha;
+      return;
+    }
 
-  /** @type {number} */
-  this.green = green;
+    /** @type {number} */
+    this.red = red;
 
-  /** @type {number} */
-  this.blue = blue;
+    /** @type {number} */
+    this.green = green;
 
-  /** @type {number} */
-  this.alpha = alpha;
+    /** @type {number} */
+    this.blue = blue;
+
+    /** @type {number} */
+    this.alpha = alpha;
+  }
+
+  get r() {
+    return this.#r;
+  }
+
+  set r(value) {
+    this.#r = value;
+    this.#red = Math.round(clamp(value, 0, 1) * 255);
+  }
+
+  get g() {
+    return this.#g;
+  }
+
+  set g(value) {
+    this.#g = value;
+    this.#green = Math.round(clamp(value, 0, 1) * 255);
+  }
+
+  get b() {
+    return this.#b;
+  }
+
+  set b(value) {
+    this.#b = value;
+    this.#blue = Math.round(clamp(value, 0, 1) * 255);
+  }
+
+  get red() {
+    return this.#red;
+  }
+
+  set red(value) {
+    this.#r = value / 255;
+    this.#red = clamp(value, 0, 255);
+  }
+
+  get green() {
+    return this.#green;
+  }
+
+  set green(value) {
+    this.#g = value / 255;
+    this.#green = clamp(value, 0, 255);
+  }
+
+  get blue() {
+    return this.#blue;
+  }
+
+  set blue(value) {
+    this.#b = value / 255;
+    this.#blue = clamp(value, 0, 255);
+  }
 
   /**
    * Provide the hex string value for the color
@@ -92,20 +105,22 @@ function Color(red, green, blue, alpha) {
    * @instance
    * @return {string}
    */
-  this.toHexString = function toHexString() {
-    var redString = Math.round(this.red).toString(16);
-    var greenString = Math.round(this.green).toString(16);
-    var blueString = Math.round(this.blue).toString(16);
+  toHexString() {
+    const redString = Math.round(this.red).toString(16);
+    const greenString = Math.round(this.green).toString(16);
+    const blueString = Math.round(this.blue).toString(16);
     return (
       '#' +
       (this.red > 15.5 ? redString : '0' + redString) +
       (this.green > 15.5 ? greenString : '0' + greenString) +
       (this.blue > 15.5 ? blueString : '0' + blueString)
     );
-  };
+  }
 
-  const hexRegex = /^#[0-9a-f]{3,8}$/i;
-  const colorFnRegex = /^((?:rgb|hsl)a?)\s*\(([^\)]*)\)/i;
+  toJSON() {
+    const { red, green, blue, alpha } = this;
+    return { red, green, blue, alpha };
+  }
 
   /**
    * Parse any valid color string and assign its values to "this"
@@ -113,28 +128,21 @@ function Color(red, green, blue, alpha) {
    * @memberof axe.commons.color.Color
    * @instance
    */
-  this.parseString = function parseString(colorString) {
-    // IE occasionally returns named colors instead of RGB(A) values
-    if (standards.cssColors[colorString] || colorString === 'transparent') {
-      const [red, green, blue] = standards.cssColors[colorString] || [0, 0, 0];
-      this.red = red;
-      this.green = green;
-      this.blue = blue;
-      this.alpha = colorString === 'transparent' ? 0 : 1;
-      return;
-    }
-
-    if (colorString.match(colorFnRegex)) {
-      this.parseColorFnString(colorString);
-      return;
+  parseString(colorString) {
+    try {
+      // srgb values are between 0 and 1
+      const color = new Colorjs(colorString).to('srgb');
+      this.r = color.r;
+      this.g = color.g;
+      this.b = color.b;
+      // color.alpha is a Number object so convert it to a number
+      this.alpha = +color.alpha;
+    } catch (err) {
+      throw new Error(`Unable to parse color "${colorString}"`);
     }
 
-    if (colorString.match(hexRegex)) {
-      this.parseHexString(colorString);
-      return;
-    }
-    throw new Error(`Unable to parse color "${colorString}"`);
-  };
+    return this;
+  }
 
   /**
    * Set the color value based on a CSS RGB/RGBA string
@@ -144,17 +152,9 @@ function Color(red, green, blue, alpha) {
    * @instance
    * @param  {string}  rgb  The string value
    */
-  this.parseRgbString = function parseRgbString(colorString) {
-    // IE can pass transparent as value instead of rgba
-    if (colorString === 'transparent') {
-      this.red = 0;
-      this.green = 0;
-      this.blue = 0;
-      this.alpha = 0;
-      return;
-    }
-    this.parseColorFnString(colorString);
-  };
+  parseRgbString(colorString) {
+    this.parseString(colorString);
+  }
 
   /**
    * Set the color value based on a CSS RGB/RGBA string
@@ -164,29 +164,13 @@ function Color(red, green, blue, alpha) {
    * @instance
    * @param  {string}  rgb  The string value
    */
-  this.parseHexString = function parseHexString(colorString) {
+  parseHexString(colorString) {
     if (!colorString.match(hexRegex) || [6, 8].includes(colorString.length)) {
       return;
     }
-    colorString = colorString.replace('#', '');
-    if (colorString.length < 6) {
-      const [r, g, b, a] = colorString;
-      colorString = r + r + g + g + b + b;
-      if (a) {
-        colorString += a + a;
-      }
-    }
 
-    var aRgbHex = colorString.match(/.{1,2}/g);
-    this.red = parseInt(aRgbHex[0], 16);
-    this.green = parseInt(aRgbHex[1], 16);
-    this.blue = parseInt(aRgbHex[2], 16);
-    if (aRgbHex[3]) {
-      this.alpha = parseInt(aRgbHex[3], 16) / 255;
-    } else {
-      this.alpha = 1;
-    }
-  };
+    this.parseString(colorString);
+  }
 
   /**
    * Set the color value based on a CSS RGB/RGBA string
@@ -196,32 +180,9 @@ function Color(red, green, blue, alpha) {
    * @instance
    * @param  {string}  rgb  The string value
    */
-  this.parseColorFnString = function parseColorFnString(colorString) {
-    const [, colorFunc, colorValStr] = colorString.match(colorFnRegex) || [];
-    if (!colorFunc || !colorValStr) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    // Get array of color number strings from the string:
-    const colorVals = colorValStr
-      .split(/\s*[,\/\s]\s*/)
-      .map(str => str.replace(',', '').trim())
-      .filter(str => str !== '');
-
-    // Convert to numbers
-    let colorNums = colorVals.map((val, index) => {
-      return convertColorVal(colorFunc, val, index);
-    });
-
-    if (colorFunc.substr(0, 3) === 'hsl') {
-      colorNums = hslToRgb(colorNums);
-    }
-
-    this.red = colorNums[0];
-    this.green = colorNums[1];
-    this.blue = colorNums[2];
-    this.alpha = typeof colorNums[3] === 'number' ? colorNums[3] : 1;
-  };
+  parseColorFnString(colorString) {
+    this.parseString(colorString);
+  }
 
   /**
    * Get the relative luminance value
@@ -231,20 +192,139 @@ function Color(red, green, blue, alpha) {
    * @instance
    * @return {number} The luminance value, ranges from 0 to 1
    */
-  this.getRelativeLuminance = function getRelativeLuminance() {
-    var rSRGB = this.red / 255;
-    var gSRGB = this.green / 255;
-    var bSRGB = this.blue / 255;
+  getRelativeLuminance() {
+    const { r: rSRGB, g: gSRGB, b: bSRGB } = this;
 
-    var r =
+    const r =
       rSRGB <= 0.03928 ? rSRGB / 12.92 : Math.pow((rSRGB + 0.055) / 1.055, 2.4);
-    var g =
+    const g =
       gSRGB <= 0.03928 ? gSRGB / 12.92 : Math.pow((gSRGB + 0.055) / 1.055, 2.4);
-    var b =
+    const b =
       bSRGB <= 0.03928 ? bSRGB / 12.92 : Math.pow((bSRGB + 0.055) / 1.055, 2.4);
 
     return 0.2126 * r + 0.7152 * g + 0.0722 * b;
-  };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add a value to the color channels
+   * @private
+   * @param  {number}  value  The value to add
+   * @return {Color} A new color instance
+   */
+  #add(value) {
+    const C = new Color(this);
+    C.r += value;
+    C.g += value;
+    C.b += value;
+    return C;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the luminosity of a color
+   * using algorithm from https://www.w3.org/TR/compositing-1/#blendingnonseparable
+   * @method getLuminosity
+   * @memberof axe.commons.color.Color
+   * @instance
+   * @return {number} The luminosity of the color
+   */
+  getLuminosity() {
+    return 0.3 * this.r + 0.59 * this.g + 0.11 * this.b;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the luminosity of a color
+   * using algorithm from https://www.w3.org/TR/compositing-1/#blendingnonseparable
+   * @method setLuminosity
+   * @memberof axe.commons.color.Color
+   * @instance
+   * @param  {number}  L  The luminosity
+   * @return {Color} A new color instance
+   */
+  setLuminosity(L) {
+    const d = L - this.getLuminosity();
+    return this.#add(d).clip();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the saturation of a color
+   * using algorithm from https://www.w3.org/TR/compositing-1/#blendingnonseparable
+   * @method getSaturation
+   * @memberof axe.commons.color.Color
+   * @instance
+   * @return {number} The saturation of the color
+   */
+  getSaturation() {
+    return Math.max(this.r, this.g, this.b) - Math.min(this.r, this.g, this.b);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the saturation of a color
+   * using algorithm from https://www.w3.org/TR/compositing-1/#blendingnonseparable
+   * @method setSaturation
+   * @memberof axe.commons.color.Color
+   * @instance
+   * @param  {number}  s  The saturation
+   * @return {Color} A new color instance
+   */
+  setSaturation(s) {
+    const C = new Color(this);
+    const colorEntires = [
+      { name: 'r', value: C.r },
+      { name: 'g', value: C.g },
+      { name: 'b', value: C.b }
+    ];
+
+    // find the min, mid, and max values of the color components
+    const [Cmin, Cmid, Cmax] = colorEntires.sort((a, b) => {
+      return a.value - b.value;
+    });
+
+    if (Cmax.value > Cmin.value) {
+      Cmid.value = ((Cmid.value - Cmin.value) * s) / (Cmax.value - Cmin.value);
+      Cmax.value = s;
+    } else {
+      Cmid.value = Cmax.value = 0;
+    }
+
+    Cmin.value = 0;
+
+    C[Cmax.name] = Cmax.value;
+    C[Cmin.name] = Cmin.value;
+    C[Cmid.name] = Cmid.value;
+    return C;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Clip the color between RGB 0-1 accounting for the luminosity of the color. Color must be normalized before calling.
+   * using algorithm from https://www.w3.org/TR/compositing-1/#blendingnonseparable
+   * @method clip
+   * @memberof axe.commons.color.Color
+   * @instance
+   * @return {Color} A new color instance clipped between 0-1
+   */
+  clip() {
+    const C = new Color(this);
+    const L = C.getLuminosity();
+    const n = Math.min(C.r, C.g, C.b);
+    const x = Math.max(C.r, C.g, C.b);
+
+    if (n < 0) {
+      C.r = L + ((C.r - L) * L) / (L - n);
+      C.g = L + ((C.g - L) * L) / (L - n);
+      C.b = L + ((C.b - L) * L) / (L - n);
+    }
+
+    if (x > 1) {
+      C.r = L + ((C.r - L) * (1 - L)) / (x - L);
+      C.g = L + ((C.g - L) * (1 - L)) / (x - L);
+      C.b = L + ((C.b - L) * (1 - L)) / (x - L);
+    }
+
+    return C;
+  }
 }
 
-export default Color;
+// clamp a value between two numbers (inclusive)
+function clamp(value, min, max) {
+  return Math.min(Math.max(min, value), max);
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/color/filtered-rect-stack.js b/lib/commons/color/filtered-rect-stack.js
index bca9f3b43..f07cc0579 100644
--- a/lib/commons/color/filtered-rect-stack.js
+++ b/lib/commons/color/filtered-rect-stack.js
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import incompleteData from './incomplete-data';
 
 /**
  * Get filtered stack of block and inline elements, excluding line breaks
+ * @deprecated use color.getBackgroundStack instead
  * @method filteredRectStack
  * @memberof axe.commons.color
  * @param {Element} elm
diff --git a/lib/commons/color/flatten-colors.js b/lib/commons/color/flatten-colors.js
index a87de6656..e70ceafd3 100644
--- a/lib/commons/color/flatten-colors.js
+++ b/lib/commons/color/flatten-colors.js
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 import Color from './color';
 
-// clamp a value between two numbers (inclusive)
-function clamp(value, min, max) {
-  return Math.min(Math.max(min, value), max);
-}
+// @see https://www.w3.org/TR/compositing-1/#blendingnonseparable
+const nonSeparableBlendModes = ['hue', 'saturation', 'color', 'luminosity'];
 
 // how to combine background and foreground colors together when using
 // the CSS property `mix-blend-mode`. Defaults to `normal`
@@ -61,64 +59,82 @@ const blendFunctions = {
   exclusion(Cb, Cs) {
     // @see https://www.w3.org/TR/compositing-1/#blendingexclusion
     return Cb + Cs - 2 * Cb * Cs;
+  },
+
+  // non-separate color function take the entire color object
+  // and not individual color components (red, green, blue)
+  hue(Cb, Cs) {
+    // @see https://www.w3.org/TR/compositing-1/#blendinghue
+    return Cs.setSaturation(Cb.getSaturation()).setLuminosity(
+      Cb.getLuminosity()
+    );
+  },
+  saturation(Cb, Cs) {
+    // @see https://www.w3.org/TR/compositing-1/#blendingsaturation
+    return Cb.setSaturation(Cs.getSaturation()).setLuminosity(
+      Cb.getLuminosity()
+    );
+  },
+  color(Cb, Cs) {
+    // @see https://www.w3.org/TR/compositing-1/#blendingcolor
+    return Cs.setLuminosity(Cb.getLuminosity());
+  },
+  luminosity(Cb, Cs) {
+    // @see https://www.w3.org/TR/compositing-1/#blendingluminosity
+    return Cb.setLuminosity(Cs.getLuminosity());
   }
 };
 
-// Simple Alpha Compositing written as non-premultiplied.
-// formula: Rrgb × Ra = Srgb × Sa + Drgb × Da × (1 − Sa)
-// Cs: the source color
-// αs: the source alpha
-// Cb: the backdrop color
-// αb: the backdrop alpha
-// @see https://www.w3.org/TR/compositing-1/#simplealphacompositing
-// @see https://www.w3.org/TR/compositing-1/#blending
-// @see https://ciechanow.ski/alpha-compositing/
-function simpleAlphaCompositing(Cs, αs, Cb, αb, blendMode) {
-  return (
-    αs * (1 - αb) * Cs +
-    // Note: Cs and Cb values need to be between 0 and 1 inclusive for the blend function
-    // @see https://www.w3.org/TR/compositing-1/#simplealphacompositing
-    αs * αb * blendFunctions[blendMode](Cb / 255, Cs / 255) * 255 +
-    (1 - αs) * αb * Cb
-  );
-}
-
 /**
  * Combine the two given color according to alpha blending.
  * @method flattenColors
  * @memberof axe.commons.color.Color
  * @instance
- * @param {Color} fgColor Foreground color
- * @param {Color} bgColor Background color
+ * @param {Color} sourceColor Foreground color
+ * @param {Color} backdrop Background color
  * @return {Color} Blended color
  */
-function flattenColors(fgColor, bgColor, blendMode = 'normal') {
+export default function flattenColors(
+  sourceColor,
+  backdrop,
+  blendMode = 'normal'
+) {
+  const blendingResult = blend(backdrop, sourceColor, blendMode);
+
   // foreground is the "source" color and background is the "backdrop" color
   const r = simpleAlphaCompositing(
-    fgColor.red,
-    fgColor.alpha,
-    bgColor.red,
-    bgColor.alpha,
-    blendMode
+    sourceColor.red,
+    sourceColor.alpha,
+    backdrop.red,
+    backdrop.alpha,
+    // we don't want to round the blended value
+    blendingResult.r * 255
   );
   const g = simpleAlphaCompositing(
-    fgColor.green,
-    fgColor.alpha,
-    bgColor.green,
-    bgColor.alpha,
-    blendMode
+    sourceColor.green,
+    sourceColor.alpha,
+    backdrop.green,
+    backdrop.alpha,
+    blendingResult.g * 255
   );
   const b = simpleAlphaCompositing(
-    fgColor.blue,
-    fgColor.alpha,
-    bgColor.blue,
-    bgColor.alpha,
-    blendMode
+    sourceColor.blue,
+    sourceColor.alpha,
+    backdrop.blue,
+    backdrop.alpha,
+    blendingResult.b * 255
   );
 
   // formula: αo = αs + αb x (1 - αs)
   // clamp alpha between 0 and 1
-  const αo = clamp(fgColor.alpha + bgColor.alpha * (1 - fgColor.alpha), 0, 1);
+  const αo = clamp(
+    sourceColor.alpha + backdrop.alpha * (1 - sourceColor.alpha),
+    0,
+    1
+  );
+  if (αo === 0) {
+    return new Color(r, g, b, αo);
+  }
 
   // simple alpha compositing gives premultiplied values, but our Color
   // constructor takes unpremultiplied values. So we need to divide the
@@ -136,4 +152,32 @@ function flattenColors(fgColor, bgColor, blendMode = 'normal') {
   return new Color(Cr, Cg, Cb, αo);
 }
 
-export default flattenColors;
+// Simple Alpha Compositing written as non-premultiplied.
+// formula: Rrgb × Ra = Srgb × Sa + Drgb × Da × (1 − Sa)
+// Cs: the source color
+// αs: the source alpha
+// Cb: the backdrop color
+// αb: the backdrop alpha
+// @see https://www.w3.org/TR/compositing-1/#simplealphacompositing
+// @see https://www.w3.org/TR/compositing-1/#blending
+// @see https://ciechanow.ski/alpha-compositing/
+function simpleAlphaCompositing(Cs, αs, Cb, αb, blendingResult) {
+  return αs * (1 - αb) * Cs + αs * αb * blendingResult + (1 - αs) * αb * Cb;
+}
+
+// clamp a value between two numbers (inclusive)
+function clamp(value, min, max) {
+  return Math.min(Math.max(min, value), max);
+}
+
+function blend(Cb, Cs, blendMode) {
+  if (nonSeparableBlendModes.includes(blendMode)) {
+    return blendFunctions[blendMode](Cb, Cs);
+  }
+
+  const C = new Color();
+  ['r', 'g', 'b'].forEach(channel => {
+    C[channel] = blendFunctions[blendMode](Cb[channel], Cs[channel]);
+  });
+  return C;
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/color/flatten-shadow-colors.js b/lib/commons/color/flatten-shadow-colors.js
index 404aae41a..448462367 100644
--- a/lib/commons/color/flatten-shadow-colors.js
+++ b/lib/commons/color/flatten-shadow-colors.js
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import Color from './color';
 
 /**
  * Combine the two given shadow colors according to alpha blending.
+ * @deprecated Use axe.commons.color.flattenColors instead
  * @method flattenColors
  * @memberof axe.commons.color.Color
  * @instance
@@ -9,7 +10,7 @@ import Color from './color';
  * @param {Color} bgColor Background color
  * @return {Color} Blended color
  */
-function flattenColors(fgColor, bgColor) {
+export default function flattenShadowColors(fgColor, bgColor) {
   var alpha = fgColor.alpha;
   var r = (1 - alpha) * bgColor.red + alpha * fgColor.red;
   var g = (1 - alpha) * bgColor.green + alpha * fgColor.green;
@@ -18,5 +19,3 @@ function flattenColors(fgColor, bgColor) {
 
   return new Color(r, g, b, a);
 }
-
-export default flattenColors;
diff --git a/lib/commons/color/get-background-color.js b/lib/commons/color/get-background-color.js
index 499511b77..69eb1352a 100644
--- a/lib/commons/color/get-background-color.js
+++ b/lib/commons/color/get-background-color.js
@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@ import Color from './color';
 import flattenColors from './flatten-colors';
 import flattenShadowColors from './flatten-shadow-colors';
 import getTextShadowColors from './get-text-shadow-colors';
-import visuallyContains from '../dom/visually-contains';
+import getVisibleChildTextRects from '../dom/get-visible-child-text-rects';
+import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
+import { getStackingContext, stackingContextToColor } from './stacking-context';
 
 /**
  * Returns background color for element
@@ -25,52 +27,82 @@ export default function getBackgroundColor(
   bgElms = [],
   shadowOutlineEmMax = 0.1
 ) {
-  let bgColors = getTextShadowColors(elm, { minRatio: shadowOutlineEmMax });
-  if (bgColors.length) {
-    bgColors = [{ color: bgColors.reduce(flattenShadowColors) }];
+  const vNode = getNodeFromTree(elm);
+  const bgColorCache = vNode._cache.getBackgroundColor;
+
+  if (bgColorCache) {
+    bgElms.push(...bgColorCache.bgElms);
+    incompleteData.set('bgColor', bgColorCache.incompleteData);
+    return bgColorCache.bgColor;
   }
 
+  const bgColor = _getBackgroundColor(elm, bgElms, shadowOutlineEmMax);
+
+  vNode._cache.getBackgroundColor = {
+    bgColor,
+    bgElms,
+    incompleteData: incompleteData.get('bgColor')
+  };
+
+  return bgColor;
+}
+
+function _getBackgroundColor(elm, bgElms, shadowOutlineEmMax) {
   const elmStack = getBackgroundStack(elm);
+  if (!elmStack) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const textRects = getVisibleChildTextRects(elm);
+  let bgColors =
+    getTextShadowColors(elm, {
+      minRatio: shadowOutlineEmMax,
+      ignoreEdgeCount: true
+    }) ?? []; // Empty object shouldn't be necessary. Just being safe.
+  if (bgColors.length) {
+    bgColors = [{ color: bgColors.reduce(flattenShadowColors) }];
+  }
 
   // Search the stack until we have an alpha === 1 background
-  (elmStack || []).some(bgElm => {
+  for (let i = 0; i < elmStack.length; i++) {
+    const bgElm = elmStack[i];
     const bgElmStyle = window.getComputedStyle(bgElm);
 
+    if (elementHasImage(bgElm, bgElmStyle)) {
+      bgElms.push(bgElm);
+
+      return null;
+    }
+
     // Get the background color
     const bgColor = getOwnBackgroundColor(bgElmStyle);
+    if (bgColor.alpha === 0) {
+      continue;
+    }
 
+    // abort if a node is partially obscured and obscuring element has a background
     if (
-      // abort if a node is partially obscured and obscuring element has a background
-      elmPartiallyObscured(elm, bgElm, bgColor) ||
-      // OR if the background elm is a graphic
-      elementHasImage(bgElm, bgElmStyle)
+      bgElmStyle.getPropertyValue('display') !== 'inline' &&
+      !fullyEncompasses(bgElm, textRects)
     ) {
-      bgColors = null;
       bgElms.push(bgElm);
+      incompleteData.set('bgColor', 'elmPartiallyObscured');
 
-      return true;
+      return null;
     }
 
-    if (bgColor.alpha !== 0) {
-      // store elements contributing to the br color.
-      bgElms.push(bgElm);
-      const blendMode = bgElmStyle.getPropertyValue('mix-blend-mode');
-      bgColors.unshift({
-        color: bgColor,
-        blendMode: normalizeBlendMode(blendMode)
-      });
+    // store elements contributing to the bg color.
+    bgElms.push(bgElm);
 
-      // Exit if the background is opaque
-      return bgColor.alpha === 1;
-    } else {
-      return false;
+    // Exit if the background is opaque
+    if (bgColor.alpha === 1) {
+      break;
     }
-  });
-
-  if (bgColors === null || elmStack === null) {
-    return null;
   }
 
+  const stackingContext = getStackingContext(elm, elmStack);
+  bgColors = stackingContext.map(stackingContextToColor).concat(bgColors);
+
   const pageBgs = getPageBackgroundColors(
     elm,
     elmStack.includes(document.body)
@@ -102,25 +134,42 @@ export default function getBackgroundColor(
 }
 
 /**
- * Determine if element is partially overlapped, triggering a Can't Tell result
+ * Checks whether a node fully encompasses a set of rects.
  * @private
- * @param {Element} elm
- * @param {Element} bgElm
- * @param {Object} bgColor
+ * @param {Element} node
+ * @param {NodeRect[]} rects
  * @return {Boolean}
  */
-function elmPartiallyObscured(elm, bgElm, bgColor) {
-  var obscured =
-    elm !== bgElm && !visuallyContains(elm, bgElm) && bgColor.alpha !== 0;
-  if (obscured) {
-    incompleteData.set('bgColor', 'elmPartiallyObscured');
+function fullyEncompasses(node, rects) {
+  rects = Array.isArray(rects) ? rects : [rects];
+
+  const nodeRect = node.getBoundingClientRect();
+  let { right, bottom } = nodeRect;
+  const style = window.getComputedStyle(node);
+  const overflow = style.getPropertyValue('overflow');
+
+  if (
+    ['scroll', 'auto'].includes(overflow) ||
+    node instanceof window.HTMLHtmlElement
+  ) {
+    right = nodeRect.left + node.scrollWidth;
+    bottom = nodeRect.top + node.scrollHeight;
   }
-  return obscured;
+
+  return rects.every(rect => {
+    return (
+      rect.top >= nodeRect.top &&
+      rect.bottom <= bottom &&
+      rect.left >= nodeRect.left &&
+      rect.right <= right
+    );
+  });
 }
 
 function normalizeBlendMode(blendmode) {
   return !!blendmode ? blendmode : undefined;
 }
+
 /**
  * Get the page background color.
  * @private
@@ -152,7 +201,8 @@ function getPageBackgroundColors(elm, stackContainsBody) {
     const htmlBgColor = getOwnBackgroundColor(htmlStyle);
     const bodyBgColor = getOwnBackgroundColor(bodyStyle);
     const bodyBgColorApplies =
-      bodyBgColor.alpha !== 0 && visuallyContains(elm, body);
+      bodyBgColor.alpha !== 0 &&
+      fullyEncompasses(body, elm.getBoundingClientRect());
     if (
       (bodyBgColor.alpha !== 0 && htmlBgColor.alpha === 0) ||
       (bodyBgColorApplies && bodyBgColor.alpha !== 1)
diff --git a/lib/commons/color/get-background-stack.js b/lib/commons/color/get-background-stack.js
index 10a54dccf..cf417fcea 100644
--- a/lib/commons/color/get-background-stack.js
+++ b/lib/commons/color/get-background-stack.js
@@ -1,52 +1,41 @@
-import filteredRectStack from './filtered-rect-stack';
+import getTextElementStack from '../dom/get-text-element-stack';
 import elementHasImage from './element-has-image';
 import getOwnBackgroundColor from './get-own-background-color';
 import incompleteData from './incomplete-data';
 import reduceToElementsBelowFloating from '../dom/reduce-to-elements-below-floating';
 
 /**
- * Determine if element B is an inline descendant of A
- * @private
+ * Get all elements rendered underneath the current element,
+ * In the order they are displayed (front to back)
+ *
+ * @method getBackgroundStack
+ * @memberof axe.commons.color
  * @param {Element} node
- * @param {Element} descendant
- * @return {Boolean}
+ * @return {Array}
  */
-function isInlineDescendant(node, descendant) {
-  const CONTAINED_BY = Node.DOCUMENT_POSITION_CONTAINED_BY;
-  // eslint-disable-next-line no-bitwise
-  if (!(node.compareDocumentPosition(descendant) & CONTAINED_BY)) {
-    return false;
-  }
-  const style = window.getComputedStyle(descendant);
-  const display = style.getPropertyValue('display');
-  if (!display.includes('inline')) {
-    return false;
-  }
-  // IE needs this; It doesn't set display:block when position is set
-  const position = style.getPropertyValue('position')
-  return position === 'static';
-}
+export default function getBackgroundStack(node) {
+  const stacks = getTextElementStack(node).map(stack => {
+    stack = reduceToElementsBelowFloating(stack, node);
+    stack = sortPageBackground(stack);
+    return stack;
+  });
 
-/**
- * Determine if the element obscures / overlaps with the text
- * @private
- * @param {Number} elmIndex
- * @param {Array} elmStack
- * @param {Element} originalElm
- * @return {Number|undefined}
- */
-function calculateObscuringElement(elmIndex, elmStack, originalElm) {
-  // Reverse order, so that we can safely splice
-  for (let i = elmIndex - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-    if (!isInlineDescendant(originalElm, elmStack[i])) {
-      return true;
+  for (let index = 0; index < stacks.length; index++) {
+    const stack = stacks[index];
+
+    if (stack[0] !== node) {
+      incompleteData.set('bgColor', 'bgOverlap');
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    // verify stacks are the same
+    if (index !== 0 && !shallowArraysEqual(stack, stacks[0])) {
+      incompleteData.set('bgColor', 'elmPartiallyObscuring');
+      return null;
     }
-    // Ignore inline descendants, for example:
-    // <p>text <img></p>; We don't care about the <img> element,
-    // since it does not overlap the text inside of <p>
-    elmStack.splice(i, 1);
   }
-  return false;
+
+  return stacks[0] || null;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -95,31 +84,24 @@ function sortPageBackground(elmStack) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Get all elements rendered underneath the current element,
- * In the order they are displayed (front to back)
- *
- * @method getBackgroundStack
- * @memberof axe.commons.color
- * @param {Element} elm
- * @return {Array}
+ * Check to see if two arrays are equal
+ * @see https://stackoverflow.com/a/16436975/2124254
  */
-function getBackgroundStack(elm) {
-  let elmStack = filteredRectStack(elm);
-
-  if (elmStack === null) {
-    return null;
+function shallowArraysEqual(a, b) {
+  if (a === b) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (a === null || b === null) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (a.length !== b.length) {
+    return false;
   }
-  elmStack = reduceToElementsBelowFloating(elmStack, elm);
-  elmStack = sortPageBackground(elmStack);
 
-  // Return all elements BELOW the current element, null if the element is undefined
-  const elmIndex = elmStack.indexOf(elm);
-  if (calculateObscuringElement(elmIndex, elmStack, elm)) {
-    // if the total of the elements above our element results in total obscuring, return null
-    incompleteData.set('bgColor', 'bgOverlap');
-    return null;
+  for (var i = 0; i < a.length; ++i) {
+    if (a[i] !== b[i]) {
+      return false;
+    }
   }
-  return elmIndex !== -1 ? elmStack : null;
+  return true;
 }
-
-export default getBackgroundStack;
diff --git a/lib/commons/color/get-foreground-color.js b/lib/commons/color/get-foreground-color.js
index d9b8139af..dca800421 100644
--- a/lib/commons/color/get-foreground-color.js
+++ b/lib/commons/color/get-foreground-color.js
@@ -2,34 +2,8 @@ import Color from './color';
 import getBackgroundColor from './get-background-color';
 import incompleteData from './incomplete-data';
 import flattenColors from './flatten-colors';
-import flattenShadowColors from './flatten-shadow-colors';
 import getTextShadowColors from './get-text-shadow-colors';
-import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
-
-function getOpacity(node) {
-  if (!node) {
-    return 1;
-  }
-
-  const vNode = getNodeFromTree(node);
-
-  if (vNode && vNode._opacity !== undefined && vNode._opacity !== null) {
-    return vNode._opacity;
-  }
-
-  const nodeStyle = window.getComputedStyle(node);
-  const opacity = nodeStyle.getPropertyValue('opacity');
-  const finalOpacity = opacity * getOpacity(node.parentElement);
-
-  // cache the results of the getOpacity check on the parent tree
-  // so we don't have to look at the parent tree again for all its
-  // descendants
-  if (vNode) {
-    vNode._opacity = finalOpacity;
-  }
-
-  return finalOpacity;
-}
+import { getStackingContext, stackingContextToColor } from './stacking-context';
 
 /**
  * Returns the flattened foreground color of an element, or null if it can't be determined because
@@ -40,37 +14,149 @@ function getOpacity(node) {
  * @param {Element} node
  * @param {Boolean} noScroll (default false)
  * @param {Color} bgColor
+ * @param {Object} Options
  * @return {Color|null}
  *
  * @deprecated noScroll parameter
  */
-function getForegroundColor(node, _, bgColor) {
+export default function getForegroundColor(node, _, bgColor, options = {}) {
   const nodeStyle = window.getComputedStyle(node);
 
-  const fgColor = new Color();
-  fgColor.parseString(nodeStyle.getPropertyValue('color'));
-  const opacity = getOpacity(node);
-  fgColor.alpha = fgColor.alpha * opacity;
-  if (fgColor.alpha === 1) {
-    return fgColor;
-  }
+  const colorStack = [
+    // Start with -webkit-text-stroke, it is rendered on top
+    () => getStrokeColor(nodeStyle, options),
+    // Next color / -webkit-text-fill-color
+    () => getTextColor(nodeStyle),
+    // If text is (semi-)transparent shadows are visible through it
+    () => getTextShadowColors(node, { minRatio: 0 })
+  ];
+  let fgColors = [];
+
+  for (const colorFn of colorStack) {
+    const color = colorFn();
+    if (!color) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    fgColors = fgColors.concat(color);
 
-  if (!bgColor) {
-    bgColor = getBackgroundColor(node, []);
+    if (color.alpha === 1) {
+      break;
+    }
   }
 
+  const fgColor = fgColors.reduce((source, backdrop) => {
+    return flattenColors(source, backdrop);
+  });
+
+  // Lastly blend the background
+  bgColor ??= getBackgroundColor(node, []);
   if (bgColor === null) {
     const reason = incompleteData.get('bgColor');
     incompleteData.set('fgColor', reason);
     return null;
   }
 
-  if (fgColor.alpha < 1) {
-    const textShadowColors = getTextShadowColors(node, { minRatio: 0 });
-    return [fgColor, ...textShadowColors, bgColor].reduce(flattenShadowColors);
+  const stackingContexts = getStackingContext(node);
+  const context = findNodeInContexts(stackingContexts, node);
+  return flattenColors(
+    calculateBlendedForegroundColor(fgColor, context, stackingContexts),
+    // default page background
+    new Color(255, 255, 255, 1)
+  );
+}
+
+function getTextColor(nodeStyle) {
+  return new Color().parseString(
+    nodeStyle.getPropertyValue('-webkit-text-fill-color') ||
+      nodeStyle.getPropertyValue('color')
+  );
+}
+
+function getStrokeColor(nodeStyle, { textStrokeEmMin = 0 }) {
+  const strokeWidth = parseFloat(
+    nodeStyle.getPropertyValue('-webkit-text-stroke-width')
+  );
+  if (strokeWidth === 0) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  const fontSize = nodeStyle.getPropertyValue('font-size');
+  const relativeStrokeWidth = strokeWidth / parseFloat(fontSize);
+  if (isNaN(relativeStrokeWidth) || relativeStrokeWidth < textStrokeEmMin) {
+    return null;
   }
 
-  return flattenColors(fgColor, bgColor);
+  const strokeColor = nodeStyle.getPropertyValue('-webkit-text-stroke-color');
+  return new Color().parseString(strokeColor);
 }
 
-export default getForegroundColor;
+/**
+ * Blend a foreground color into the background stacking context, taking into account opacity at each step.
+ * @param {Color} fgColor
+ * @param {Object} context - The nodes stacking context
+ * @param {Object[]} stackingContexts - Array of all stacking contexts
+ * @return {Color}
+ */
+function calculateBlendedForegroundColor(fgColor, context, stackingContexts) {
+  while (context) {
+    // find the nearest ancestor that has opacity < 1
+    if (context.opacity === 1 && context.ancestor) {
+      context = context.ancestor;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    fgColor.alpha *= context.opacity;
+
+    // when blending the foreground color to a background color with opacity,
+    // we ignore the background color of the node itself and instead blend
+    // with the stack behind it
+    let stack = context.ancestor?.descendants || stackingContexts;
+    if (context.opacity !== 1) {
+      stack = stack.slice(0, stack.indexOf(context));
+    }
+
+    const bgColors = stack.map(stackingContextToColor);
+
+    if (!bgColors.length) {
+      context = context.ancestor;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    const bgColor = bgColors.reduce(
+      (backdrop, source) => {
+        return flattenColors(
+          source.color,
+          backdrop.color instanceof Color ? backdrop.color : backdrop
+        );
+      },
+      {
+        color: new Color(0, 0, 0, 0),
+        blendMode: 'normal'
+      }
+    );
+
+    fgColor = flattenColors(fgColor, bgColor);
+    context = context.ancestor;
+  }
+
+  return fgColor;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Find the stacking context that belongs to the passed in node
+ * @param {Object} contexts - Array of stacking contexts
+ * @param {Element} node
+ * @returns {Object}
+ */
+function findNodeInContexts(contexts, node) {
+  for (const context of contexts) {
+    if (context.vNode?.actualNode === node) {
+      return context;
+    }
+
+    const found = findNodeInContexts(context.descendants, node);
+    if (found) {
+      return found;
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/color/get-rect-stack.js b/lib/commons/color/get-rect-stack.js
index c608f3446..0f2274228 100644
--- a/lib/commons/color/get-rect-stack.js
+++ b/lib/commons/color/get-rect-stack.js
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import getTextElementStack from '../dom/get-text-element-stack';
 
 /**
  * Get relevant stacks of block and inline elements, excluding line breaks
+ * @deprecated use color.getBackgroundStack instead
  * @method getRectStack
  * @memberof axe.commons.color
  * @param {Element} elm
diff --git a/lib/commons/color/get-stroke-colors-from-shadows.js b/lib/commons/color/get-stroke-colors-from-shadows.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c3f60142e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/color/get-stroke-colors-from-shadows.js
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+import Color from './color';
+
+/** Magic numbers **/
+// Alpha value to use when text shadows are offset between .5px and 1.5px
+const SHADOW_STROKE_ALPHA = 0.54;
+// Shadows offset by less than this are not visible enough no matter how much you stack them
+const VISIBLE_SHADOW_MIN_PX = 0.5;
+// Shadows offset by more than this have full opacity
+const OPAQUE_STROKE_OFFSET_MIN_PX = 1.5;
+
+const edges = ['top', 'right', 'bottom', 'left'];
+
+/**
+ * Work out which color(s) of an array of text shadows form a stroke around the text.
+ * @param {Array[]} testShadows Parsed test shadows (see color.parseTestShadow())
+ * @param {Object} options (optional)
+ * @property {Bool} ignoreEdgeCount Do not return null when if shadows cover 2 or 3 edges, ignore those instead
+ * @returns {Array|null} Array of colors or null if text-shadow was too complex to measure
+ */
+export default function getStrokeColorsFromShadows(
+  parsedShadows,
+  { ignoreEdgeCount = false } = {}
+) {
+  const shadowMap = getShadowColorsMap(parsedShadows);
+  const shadowsByColor = Object.entries(shadowMap).map(([colorStr, sides]) => {
+    const edgeCount = edges.filter(side => sides[side].length !== 0).length;
+    return { colorStr, sides, edgeCount };
+  });
+
+  // Bail immediately if any shadow group covers too much of the text to be ignored, but not enough to be tested
+  if (
+    !ignoreEdgeCount &&
+    shadowsByColor.some(({ edgeCount }) => edgeCount > 1 && edgeCount < 4)
+  ) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  return shadowsByColor
+    .map(shadowGroupToColor)
+    .filter(shadow => shadow !== null);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Create a map of colors to the sides they are on
+ */
+function getShadowColorsMap(parsedShadows) {
+  const colorMap = {};
+  for (const { colorStr, pixels } of parsedShadows) {
+    colorMap[colorStr] ??= { top: [], right: [], bottom: [], left: [] };
+    const borders = colorMap[colorStr];
+    const [offsetX, offsetY] = pixels;
+
+    if (offsetX > VISIBLE_SHADOW_MIN_PX) {
+      borders.right.push(offsetX);
+    } else if (-offsetX > VISIBLE_SHADOW_MIN_PX) {
+      borders.left.push(-offsetX);
+    }
+    if (offsetY > VISIBLE_SHADOW_MIN_PX) {
+      borders.bottom.push(offsetY);
+    } else if (-offsetY > VISIBLE_SHADOW_MIN_PX) {
+      borders.top.push(-offsetY);
+    }
+  }
+  return colorMap;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Using colorStr and thickness of sides, create a color object
+ */
+function shadowGroupToColor({ colorStr, sides, edgeCount }) {
+  if (edgeCount !== 4) {
+    return null; // ignore thin shadows and shadows on one side of the text
+  }
+  const strokeColor = new Color();
+  strokeColor.parseString(colorStr);
+
+  // Detect whether any sides' shadows are thin enough to be considered
+  // translucent, and if so, calculate an alpha value to apply on top of
+  // the parsed color.
+  let density = 0;
+  let isSolid = true;
+  edges.forEach(edge => {
+    // Decimal values are ignored. a .6px shadow is treated as 1px
+    // because it is not rendered evenly around the text.
+    // I.e. .6 ends up as 70% alpha on one side and 16% on the other.
+    density += sides[edge].length / 4;
+    isSolid &&= sides[edge].every(
+      offset => offset > OPAQUE_STROKE_OFFSET_MIN_PX
+    );
+  });
+
+  if (!isSolid) {
+    // As more shadows surround the text, the opacity increases
+    strokeColor.alpha = 1 - Math.pow(SHADOW_STROKE_ALPHA, density);
+  }
+  return strokeColor;
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/color/get-text-shadow-colors.js b/lib/commons/color/get-text-shadow-colors.js
index 756ad93d1..a089b8c88 100644
--- a/lib/commons/color/get-text-shadow-colors.js
+++ b/lib/commons/color/get-text-shadow-colors.js
@@ -1,18 +1,28 @@
 import Color from './color';
 import assert from '../../core/utils/assert';
+import getStrokeColorsFromShadows from './get-stroke-colors-from-shadows';
+import parseTextShadows from './parse-text-shadows';
 
 /**
- * Get text-shadow colors that can impact the color contrast of the text
+ * Get text-shadow colors that can impact the color contrast of the text, including from:
+ * - Shadows which are individually thick enough (minRatio <= thickness <= maxRatio) to distinguish as characters
+ * - Groups of "thin" shadows (thickness < minRatio) that collectively act as a pseudo-text-stroke (see #4064)
  * @param {Element} node  DOM Element
  * @param {Object} options (optional)
- * @property {Bool} minRatio Ignore shadows smaller than this, ratio shadow size divided by font size
+ * @property {Bool} minRatio Treat shadows smaller than this as "thin", ratio shadow size divided by font size
  * @property {Bool} maxRatio Ignore shadows equal or larger than this, ratio shadow size divided by font size
+ * @property {Bool} ignoreEdgeCount Do not return null when if shadows cover 2 or 3 edges, ignore those instead
+ * @returns {Array|null} Array of colors or null if text-shadow was too complex to measure
  */
-function getTextShadowColors(node, { minRatio, maxRatio } = {}) {
+export default function getTextShadowColors(
+  node,
+  { minRatio, maxRatio, ignoreEdgeCount } = {}
+) {
+  const shadowColors = [];
   const style = window.getComputedStyle(node);
   const textShadow = style.getPropertyValue('text-shadow');
   if (textShadow === 'none') {
-    return [];
+    return shadowColors;
   }
 
   const fontSizeStr = style.getPropertyValue('font-size');
@@ -22,80 +32,53 @@ function getTextShadowColors(node, { minRatio, maxRatio } = {}) {
     `Unable to determine font-size value ${fontSizeStr}`
   );
 
-  const shadowColors = [];
+  const thinShadows = [];
   const shadows = parseTextShadows(textShadow);
-  shadows.forEach(({ colorStr, pixels }) => {
+  for (const shadow of shadows) {
     // Defaults only necessary for IE
-    colorStr = colorStr || style.getPropertyValue('color');
-    const [offsetY, offsetX, blurRadius = 0] = pixels;
-    if (
-      (!minRatio || blurRadius >= fontSize * minRatio) &&
-      (!maxRatio || blurRadius < fontSize * maxRatio)
-    ) {
-      const color = textShadowColor({
-        colorStr,
-        offsetY,
-        offsetX,
-        blurRadius,
-        fontSize
+    const colorStr = shadow.colorStr || style.getPropertyValue('color');
+    const [offsetX, offsetY, blurRadius = 0] = shadow.pixels;
+    if (maxRatio && blurRadius >= fontSize * maxRatio) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (minRatio && blurRadius < fontSize * minRatio) {
+      thinShadows.push({ colorStr, pixels: shadow.pixels });
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (thinShadows.length > 0) {
+      // Inset any stroke colors before this shadow
+      const strokeColors = getStrokeColorsFromShadows(thinShadows, {
+        ignoreEdgeCount
       });
-      shadowColors.push(color);
+      if (strokeColors === null) {
+        return null; // Exit early if text-shadow is too complex
+      }
+      shadowColors.push(...strokeColors);
+      thinShadows.splice(0, thinShadows.length); // empty
     }
-  });
-  return shadowColors;
-}
 
-/**
- * Parse text-shadow property value. Required for IE, which can return the color
- * either at the start or the end, and either in rgb(a) or as a named color
- */
-function parseTextShadows(textShadow) {
-  let current = { pixels: [] };
-  let str = textShadow.trim();
-  const shadows = [current];
-  if (!str) {
-    return [];
+    const color = textShadowColor({
+      colorStr,
+      offsetX,
+      offsetY,
+      blurRadius,
+      fontSize
+    });
+    shadowColors.push(color);
   }
 
-  while (str) {
-    const colorMatch =
-      str.match(/^rgba?\([0-9,.\s]+\)/i) ||
-      str.match(/^[a-z]+/i) ||
-      str.match(/^#[0-9a-f]+/i);
-    const pixelMatch = str.match(/^([0-9.-]+)px/i) || str.match(/^(0)/);
-
-    if (colorMatch) {
-      assert(
-        !current.colorStr,
-        `Multiple colors identified in text-shadow: ${textShadow}`
-      );
-      str = str.replace(colorMatch[0], '').trim();
-      current.colorStr = colorMatch[0];
-    } else if (pixelMatch) {
-      assert(
-        current.pixels.length < 3,
-        `Too many pixel units in text-shadow: ${textShadow}`
-      );
-      str = str.replace(pixelMatch[0], '').trim();
-      const pixelUnit = parseFloat(
-        (pixelMatch[1][0] === '.' ? '0' : '') + pixelMatch[1]
-      );
-      current.pixels.push(pixelUnit);
-    } else if (str[0] === ',') {
-      // multiple text-shadows in a single string (e.g. `text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000, 3px 3px 5px blue;`
-      assert(
-        current.pixels.length >= 2,
-        `Missing pixel value in text-shadow: ${textShadow}`
-      );
-      current = { pixels: [] };
-      shadows.push(current);
-      str = str.substr(1).trim();
-    } else {
-      throw new Error(`Unable to process text-shadows: ${textShadow}`);
+  if (thinShadows.length > 0) {
+    // Append any remaining stroke colors
+    const strokeColors = getStrokeColorsFromShadows(thinShadows, {
+      ignoreEdgeCount
+    });
+    if (strokeColors === null) {
+      return null; // Exit early if text-shadow is too complex
     }
+    shadowColors.push(...strokeColors);
   }
 
-  return shadows;
+  return shadowColors;
 }
 
 function textShadowColor({ colorStr, offsetX, offsetY, blurRadius, fontSize }) {
@@ -121,5 +104,3 @@ function blurRadiusToAlpha(blurRadius, fontSize) {
   const relativeBlur = blurRadius / fontSize;
   return 0.185 / (relativeBlur + 0.4);
 }
-
-export default getTextShadowColors;
diff --git a/lib/commons/color/incomplete-data.js b/lib/commons/color/incomplete-data.js
index e9c6406f3..c9b7194f3 100644
--- a/lib/commons/color/incomplete-data.js
+++ b/lib/commons/color/incomplete-data.js
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
+import cache from '../../core/base/cache';
+
+const cacheKey = 'color.incompleteData';
+
 /**
  * API for handling incomplete color data
  * @namespace axe.commons.color.incompleteData
  * @inner
  */
-let data = {};
 const incompleteData = {
   /**
    * Store incomplete data by key with a string value
@@ -13,10 +16,11 @@ const incompleteData = {
    * @param {String} key Identifier for missing data point (fgColor, bgColor, etc.)
    * @param {String} reason Missing data reason to match message template
    */
-  set: function(key, reason) {
+  set: function (key, reason) {
     if (typeof key !== 'string') {
       throw new Error('Incomplete data: key must be a string');
     }
+    const data = cache.get(cacheKey, () => ({}));
     if (reason) {
       data[key] = reason;
     }
@@ -30,8 +34,9 @@ const incompleteData = {
    * @param {String} key 	Identifier for missing data point (fgColor, bgColor, etc.)
    * @return {String} String for reason we couldn't tell
    */
-  get: function(key) {
-    return data[key];
+  get: function (key) {
+    const data = cache.get(cacheKey);
+    return data?.[key];
   },
   /**
    * Clear incomplete data on demand
@@ -39,8 +44,8 @@ const incompleteData = {
    * @memberof axe.commons.color.incompleteData
    * @instance
    */
-  clear: function() {
-    data = {};
+  clear: function () {
+    cache.set(cacheKey, {});
   }
 };
 
diff --git a/lib/commons/color/index.js b/lib/commons/color/index.js
index 156cb3ede..edd341d5e 100644
--- a/lib/commons/color/index.js
+++ b/lib/commons/color/index.js
@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@ export { default as getContrast } from './get-contrast';
 export { default as getForegroundColor } from './get-foreground-color';
 export { default as getOwnBackgroundColor } from './get-own-background-color';
 export { default as getRectStack } from './get-rect-stack';
+export { default as getStrokeColorsFromShadows } from './get-stroke-colors-from-shadows';
+export { default as getTextShadowColors } from './get-text-shadow-colors';
 export { default as hasValidContrastRatio } from './has-valid-contrast-ratio';
 export { default as incompleteData } from './incomplete-data';
-export { default as getTextShadowColors } from './get-text-shadow-colors';
+export { default as parseTextShadows } from './parse-text-shadows';
+export { getStackingContext, stackingContextToColor } from './stacking-context';
diff --git a/lib/commons/color/parse-text-shadows.js b/lib/commons/color/parse-text-shadows.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..386c4b028
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/color/parse-text-shadows.js
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+import assert from '../../core/utils/assert';
+
+/**
+ * Parse text-shadow property value. Required for IE, which can return the color
+ * either at the start or the end, and either in rgb(a) or as a named color
+ * @param {String} textShadow
+ * @returns {Array} Array of objects with `pixels` and `colorStr` properties
+ */
+export default function parseTextShadows(textShadow) {
+  let current = { pixels: [] };
+  let str = textShadow.trim();
+  const shadows = [current];
+  if (!str) {
+    return [];
+  }
+
+  while (str) {
+    const colorMatch =
+      // match a color name or function (e.g. `oklch(39.2% 0.4 0 / 0.5)`) or a hex value
+      str.match(/^[a-z]+(\([^)]+\))?/i) || str.match(/^#[0-9a-f]+/i);
+    const pixelMatch = str.match(/^([0-9.-]+)px/i) || str.match(/^(0)/);
+
+    if (colorMatch) {
+      assert(
+        !current.colorStr,
+        `Multiple colors identified in text-shadow: ${textShadow}`
+      );
+      str = str.replace(colorMatch[0], '').trim();
+      current.colorStr = colorMatch[0];
+    } else if (pixelMatch) {
+      assert(
+        current.pixels.length < 3,
+        `Too many pixel units in text-shadow: ${textShadow}`
+      );
+      str = str.replace(pixelMatch[0], '').trim();
+      const pixelUnit = parseFloat(
+        (pixelMatch[1][0] === '.' ? '0' : '') + pixelMatch[1]
+      );
+      current.pixels.push(pixelUnit);
+    } else if (str[0] === ',') {
+      // multiple text-shadows in a single string (e.g. `text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000, 3px 3px 5px blue;`
+      assert(
+        current.pixels.length >= 2,
+        `Missing pixel value in text-shadow: ${textShadow}`
+      );
+      current = { pixels: [] };
+      shadows.push(current);
+      str = str.substr(1).trim();
+    } else {
+      throw new Error(`Unable to process text-shadows: ${str}`);
+    }
+  }
+
+  shadows.forEach(({ pixels }) => {
+    if (pixels.length === 2) {
+      pixels.push(0); // Append default blur
+    }
+  });
+
+  return shadows;
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/color/stacking-context.js b/lib/commons/color/stacking-context.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..db1934084
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/color/stacking-context.js
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
+import getBackgroundStack from './get-background-stack';
+import Color from './color';
+import flattenColors from './flatten-colors';
+
+/**
+ * Create a stacking context hierarchy tree for an element. This structure closely mimics the painting order of a page.
+ * @see https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS22/zindex.html#painting-order
+ *
+ * @example
+ * Given the following HTML structure:
+ *
+ * <div id="parent" style="background-color: red; opacity: 0.8">
+ *   <div id="target" style="background-color: rgba(0,255,0,0.5)">Text</div>
+ * <div>
+ *
+ * Produces the following stacking context tree. Since the #parent element creates a stacking context due to `opacity`, the #target element's stacking context belongs under the #parent's context.
+ *
+ * [
+ *   {
+ *     vNode: #parent,
+ *     opacity: 0.8,
+ *     blendMode: 'normal',
+ *     bgColor: Color(255,0,0,1),
+ *     descendants: [
+ *       {
+ *         vNode: #target,
+ *         opacity: 1,
+ *         blendMode: 'normal',
+ *         bgColor: Color(0,255,0,0.5),
+ *         descendants: []
+ *       }
+ *     ]
+ *   }
+ * ]
+ *
+ * The stacking context hierarchy tree does not mimic the HTML structure. That is, elements that are on the same context level are siblings in the stacking context tree even if they have a parent/child HTML relationship.
+ *
+ * For example, given the following HTML structure:
+ *
+ * <main>
+ *  <header style="position: relative; z-index: 1;">
+ *    <h1><span>Hello World</span></h1>
+ *  </header>
+ * </main>
+ * <p>Lorium ipsum <a href="#">dolores</a>...</p>
+ *
+ * Produces the following tree structure:
+ *
+ * body
+ * - main
+ * - header
+ *   - h1
+ *   - span
+ * - p
+ * - a
+ *
+ * @param {Node} elm
+ * @param {Node[]} [elmStack] - Optional element stack array to save on computing it again.
+ * @return {Object}
+ */
+export function getStackingContext(elm, elmStack) {
+  const virtualNode = getNodeFromTree(elm);
+  if (virtualNode._stackingContext) {
+    return virtualNode._stackingContext;
+  }
+
+  const stackingContext = [];
+  const contextMap = new Map();
+  elmStack = elmStack ?? getBackgroundStack(elm);
+
+  elmStack.forEach(bgElm => {
+    const bgVNode = getNodeFromTree(bgElm);
+    const bgColor = getOwnBackgroundColor(bgVNode);
+
+    /*
+      remove the ROOT_ORDER element to treat all root stacks and first-order
+      stacks at the same level (instead of nesting the first-order stack inside
+      the root stack)
+
+      e.g. an element that creates a non-positioned stacking context at the
+      root level should be a sibling to root level elements that do not create
+      a stacking context
+     */
+    const stackingOrder = bgVNode._stackingOrder.filter(({ vNode }) => !!vNode);
+
+    // create a stacking context for each node in the stacking order
+    stackingOrder.forEach(({ vNode }, index) => {
+      const ancestorVNode = stackingOrder[index - 1]?.vNode;
+      const context = addToStackingContext(contextMap, vNode, ancestorVNode);
+
+      if (index === 0 && !contextMap.get(vNode)) {
+        stackingContext.unshift(context);
+      }
+      contextMap.set(vNode, context);
+    });
+
+    // create a stacking context for the current node
+    const ancestorVNode = stackingOrder[stackingOrder.length - 1]?.vNode;
+    const context = addToStackingContext(contextMap, bgVNode, ancestorVNode);
+    if (!stackingOrder.length) {
+      stackingContext.unshift(context);
+    }
+
+    // only assign the color to the current node so we don't apply any
+    // background colors from ancestor nodes that are not part of the element
+    // stack
+    context.bgColor = bgColor;
+  });
+
+  virtualNode._stackingContext = stackingContext;
+  return stackingContext;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Transform a stacking context object into a Color.
+ * @param {Object} context
+ * @return {Object}
+ */
+export function stackingContextToColor(context) {
+  if (!context.descendants?.length) {
+    const color = context.bgColor;
+    color.alpha *= context.opacity;
+
+    return {
+      color,
+      blendMode: context.blendMode
+    };
+  }
+
+  const sourceColor = context.descendants.reduce(
+    reduceToColor,
+    // ensure an array with a single context is reduced to a color by passing
+    // in an empty stacking context
+    createStackingContext()
+  );
+  const color = flattenColors(
+    sourceColor,
+    context.bgColor,
+    context.descendants[0].blendMode
+  );
+  color.alpha *= context.opacity;
+
+  // carry forward the mix-blind-mode property so background color algorithm
+  // can use it to flatten multiple contexts together
+  return {
+    color,
+    blendMode: context.blendMode
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reduce two context objects into a Color by blending them together
+ * @param {Object} backdropContext
+ * @param {Object} sourceContext
+ * @return {Color}
+ */
+function reduceToColor(backdropContext, sourceContext) {
+  let backdrop;
+  if (backdropContext instanceof Color) {
+    backdrop = backdropContext;
+  } else {
+    backdrop = stackingContextToColor(backdropContext).color;
+  }
+
+  const sourceColor = stackingContextToColor(sourceContext).color;
+  return flattenColors(sourceColor, backdrop, sourceContext.blendMode);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Create a stacking context object for a virtual node.
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode
+ * @param {Object} ancestorContext
+ * @return {Object}
+ */
+function createStackingContext(vNode, ancestorContext) {
+  return {
+    vNode: vNode,
+    ancestor: ancestorContext,
+    opacity: parseFloat(vNode?.getComputedStylePropertyValue('opacity') ?? 1),
+    bgColor: new Color(0, 0, 0, 0),
+    blendMode: normalizeBlendMode(
+      vNode?.getComputedStylePropertyValue('mix-blend-mode')
+    ),
+    descendants: []
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Normalize a mix-blend-mode CSS value
+ * @param {String} blendmode
+ * @return {String|undefined}
+ */
+function normalizeBlendMode(blendmode) {
+  return !!blendmode ? blendmode : undefined;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Create a stacking context for a virtual node and add it as a descendant of an ancestor's context.
+ * @param {Map} contextMap
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode
+ * @param {VirtualNode} ancestorVNode
+ * @return {Object}
+ */
+function addToStackingContext(contextMap, vNode, ancestorVNode) {
+  const ancestorContext = contextMap.get(ancestorVNode);
+  const context =
+    contextMap.get(vNode) ?? createStackingContext(vNode, ancestorContext);
+  if (
+    ancestorContext &&
+    ancestorVNode !== vNode &&
+    !ancestorContext.descendants.includes(context)
+  ) {
+    ancestorContext.descendants.unshift(context);
+  }
+
+  return context;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Get the background color for a virtual node
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode
+ * @return {Color}
+ */
+function getOwnBackgroundColor(vNode) {
+  const bgColor = new Color();
+  bgColor.parseString(vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('background-color'));
+
+  return bgColor;
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/create-grid.js b/lib/commons/dom/create-grid.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..612e885bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/create-grid.js
@@ -0,0 +1,504 @@
+import isVisibleOnScreen from './is-visible-on-screen';
+import { getBoundingRect } from '../math/get-bounding-rect';
+import { isPointInRect } from '../math/is-point-in-rect';
+import VirtualNode from '../../core/base/virtual-node/virtual-node';
+import { getNodeFromTree, getScroll, isShadowRoot } from '../../core/utils';
+import constants from '../../core/constants';
+import cache from '../../core/base/cache';
+import assert from '../../core/utils/assert';
+import getOverflowHiddenAncestors from './get-overflow-hidden-ancestors';
+import { getIntersectionRect } from '../math';
+
+const ROOT_LEVEL = 0;
+const DEFAULT_LEVEL = 0.1;
+const FLOAT_LEVEL = 0.2;
+const POSITION_LEVEL = 0.3;
+let nodeIndex = 0;
+
+/**
+ * Setup the 2d grid and add every element to it, even elements not
+ * included in the flat tree
+ * @returns gridSize
+ */
+export default function createGrid(
+  root = document.body,
+  rootGrid,
+  parentVNode = null
+) {
+  // Prevent multiple calls per run
+  if (cache.get('gridCreated') && !parentVNode) {
+    return constants.gridSize;
+  }
+  cache.set('gridCreated', true);
+
+  // by not starting at the htmlElement we don't have to pass a custom
+  // filter function into the treeWalker to filter out head elements,
+  // which would be called for every node
+  if (!parentVNode) {
+    let vNode = getNodeFromTree(document.documentElement);
+    if (!vNode) {
+      vNode = new VirtualNode(document.documentElement);
+    }
+
+    nodeIndex = 0;
+    vNode._stackingOrder = [
+      createStackingContext(ROOT_LEVEL, nodeIndex++, null)
+    ];
+    rootGrid ??= new Grid();
+    addNodeToGrid(rootGrid, vNode);
+
+    if (getScroll(vNode.actualNode)) {
+      const subGrid = new Grid(vNode);
+      vNode._subGrid = subGrid;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // IE11 requires the first 3 parameters
+  // @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Document/createTreeWalker
+  const treeWalker = document.createTreeWalker(
+    root,
+    window.NodeFilter.SHOW_ELEMENT,
+    null,
+    false
+  );
+  let node = parentVNode ? treeWalker.nextNode() : treeWalker.currentNode;
+  while (node) {
+    let vNode = getNodeFromTree(node);
+
+    if (vNode && vNode.parent) {
+      parentVNode = vNode.parent;
+    }
+    // Elements with an assigned slot need to be a child of the slot element
+    else if (node.assignedSlot) {
+      parentVNode = getNodeFromTree(node.assignedSlot);
+    }
+    // An SVG in IE11 does not have a parentElement but instead has a
+    // parentNode. but parentNode could be a shadow root so we need to
+    // verify it's in the tree first
+    else if (node.parentElement) {
+      parentVNode = getNodeFromTree(node.parentElement);
+    } else if (node.parentNode && getNodeFromTree(node.parentNode)) {
+      parentVNode = getNodeFromTree(node.parentNode);
+    }
+
+    if (!vNode) {
+      vNode = new axe.VirtualNode(node, parentVNode);
+    }
+
+    vNode._stackingOrder = createStackingOrder(vNode, parentVNode, nodeIndex++);
+
+    const scrollRegionParent = findScrollRegionParent(vNode, parentVNode);
+    const grid = scrollRegionParent ? scrollRegionParent._subGrid : rootGrid;
+
+    if (getScroll(vNode.actualNode)) {
+      const subGrid = new Grid(vNode);
+      vNode._subGrid = subGrid;
+    }
+
+    // filter out any elements with 0 width or height
+    // (we don't do this before so we can calculate stacking context
+    // of parents with 0 width/height)
+    const rect = vNode.boundingClientRect;
+    if (rect.width !== 0 && rect.height !== 0 && isVisibleOnScreen(node)) {
+      addNodeToGrid(grid, vNode);
+    }
+
+    // add shadow root elements to the grid
+    if (isShadowRoot(node)) {
+      createGrid(node.shadowRoot, grid, vNode);
+    }
+
+    node = treeWalker.nextNode();
+  }
+  return constants.gridSize;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determine if node produces a stacking context.
+ * References:
+ * https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Positioning/Understanding_z_index/The_stacking_context
+ * https://github.com/gwwar/z-context/blob/master/devtools/index.js
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode
+ * @return {Boolean}
+ */
+function isStackingContext(vNode, parentVNode) {
+  const position = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('position');
+  const zIndex = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('z-index');
+
+  // the root element (HTML) is skipped since we always start with a
+  // stacking order of [0]
+
+  // position: fixed or sticky
+  if (position === 'fixed' || position === 'sticky') {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // positioned (absolutely or relatively) with a z-index value other than "auto",
+  if (zIndex !== 'auto' && position !== 'static') {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // elements with an opacity value less than 1.
+  if (vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('opacity') !== '1') {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // elements with a transform value other than "none"
+  const transform =
+    vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('-webkit-transform') ||
+    vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('-ms-transform') ||
+    vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('transform') ||
+    'none';
+
+  if (transform !== 'none') {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // elements with a mix-blend-mode value other than "normal"
+  const mixBlendMode = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('mix-blend-mode');
+  if (mixBlendMode && mixBlendMode !== 'normal') {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // elements with a filter value other than "none"
+  const filter = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('filter');
+  if (filter && filter !== 'none') {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // elements with a perspective value other than "none"
+  const perspective = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('perspective');
+  if (perspective && perspective !== 'none') {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // element with a clip-path value other than "none"
+  const clipPath = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('clip-path');
+  if (clipPath && clipPath !== 'none') {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // element with a mask value other than "none"
+  const mask =
+    vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('-webkit-mask') ||
+    vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('mask') ||
+    'none';
+  if (mask !== 'none') {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // element with a mask-image value other than "none"
+  const maskImage =
+    vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('-webkit-mask-image') ||
+    vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('mask-image') ||
+    'none';
+  if (maskImage !== 'none') {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // element with a mask-border value other than "none"
+  const maskBorder =
+    vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('-webkit-mask-border') ||
+    vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('mask-border') ||
+    'none';
+  if (maskBorder !== 'none') {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // elements with isolation set to "isolate"
+  if (vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('isolation') === 'isolate') {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // transform or opacity in will-change even if you don't specify values for these attributes directly
+  const willChange = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('will-change');
+  if (willChange === 'transform' || willChange === 'opacity') {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // elements with -webkit-overflow-scrolling set to "touch"
+  if (
+    vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('-webkit-overflow-scrolling') ===
+    'touch'
+  ) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // element with a contain value of "layout" or "paint" or a composite value
+  // that includes either of them (i.e. contain: strict, contain: content).
+  const contain = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('contain');
+  if (['layout', 'paint', 'strict', 'content'].includes(contain)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // a flex item or gird item with a z-index value other than "auto", that is the parent element display: flex|inline-flex|grid|inline-grid,
+  if (zIndex !== 'auto' && isFlexOrGridContainer(parentVNode)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determine if element is a flex or grid container.
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode
+ * @return {Boolean}
+ */
+function isFlexOrGridContainer(vNode) {
+  if (!vNode) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const display = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('display');
+  return ['flex', 'inline-flex', 'grid', 'inline-grid'].includes(display);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determine the stacking order of an element. The stacking order is an array of
+ * stacking contexts in ancestor order.
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode
+ * @param {VirtualNode} parentVNode
+ * @param {Number} treeOrder
+ * @return {Number[]}
+ */
+function createStackingOrder(vNode, parentVNode, treeOrder) {
+  const stackingOrder = parentVNode._stackingOrder.slice();
+
+  // if an element creates a stacking context, find the first
+  // true stack (not a "fake" stack created from positioned or
+  // floated elements without a z-index) and create a new stack at
+  // that point (step #5 and step #8)
+  // @see https://www.w3.org/Style/css2-updates/css2/zindex.html
+  if (isStackingContext(vNode, parentVNode)) {
+    const index = stackingOrder.findIndex(({ stackLevel }) =>
+      [ROOT_LEVEL, FLOAT_LEVEL, POSITION_LEVEL].includes(stackLevel)
+    );
+    if (index !== -1) {
+      stackingOrder.splice(index, stackingOrder.length - index);
+    }
+  }
+
+  const stackLevel = getStackLevel(vNode, parentVNode);
+  if (stackLevel !== null) {
+    stackingOrder.push(createStackingContext(stackLevel, treeOrder, vNode));
+  }
+  return stackingOrder;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Create a stacking context, keeping track of the stack level, tree order, and virtual
+ * node container.
+ * @see https://www.w3.org/Style/css2-updates/css2/zindex.html
+ * @see https://www.w3.org/Style/css2-updates/css2/visuren.html#layers
+ * @param {Number} stackLevel - The stack level of the stacking context
+ * @param {Number} treeOrder - The elements depth-first traversal order
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode - The virtual node that is the container for the stacking context
+ */
+function createStackingContext(stackLevel, treeOrder, vNode) {
+  return {
+    stackLevel,
+    treeOrder,
+    vNode
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Calculate the level of the stacking context.
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode - The virtual node container of the stacking context
+ * @param {VirtualNode} parentVNode - The parent virtual node of the vNode
+ * @return {Number|null}
+ */
+function getStackLevel(vNode, parentVNode) {
+  const zIndex = getRealZIndex(vNode, parentVNode);
+  if (!['auto', '0'].includes(zIndex)) {
+    return parseInt(zIndex);
+  }
+
+  // if a positioned element has z-index: auto or 0 (step #8), or if
+  // a non-positioned floating element (step #5), treat it as its
+  // own stacking context
+  // @see https://www.w3.org/Style/css2-updates/css2/zindex.html
+
+  // Put positioned elements above floated elements
+  if (vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('position') !== 'static') {
+    return POSITION_LEVEL;
+  }
+
+  // Put floated elements above z-index: 0
+  // (step #5 floating get sorted below step #8 positioned)
+  if (vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('float') !== 'none') {
+    return FLOAT_LEVEL;
+  }
+
+  if (isStackingContext(vNode, parentVNode)) {
+    return DEFAULT_LEVEL;
+  }
+
+  return null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Calculate the z-index value of a node taking into account when doesn't apply.
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode - The virtual node to get z-index of
+ * @param {VirtualNode} parentVNode - The parent virtual node of the vNode
+ * @return {Number|'auto'}
+ */
+function getRealZIndex(vNode, parentVNode) {
+  const position = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('position');
+  if (position === 'static' && !isFlexOrGridContainer(parentVNode)) {
+    // z-index is ignored on position:static, except if on a flex or grid
+    // @see https://www.w3.org/TR/css-flexbox-1/#painting
+    // @see https://www.w3.org/TR/css-grid-1/#z-order
+    return 'auto';
+  }
+  return vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('z-index');
+}
+
+/**
+ * Return the parent node that is a scroll region.
+ * @param {VirtualNode}
+ * @return {VirtualNode|null}
+ */
+function findScrollRegionParent(vNode, parentVNode) {
+  let scrollRegionParent = null;
+  const checkedNodes = [vNode];
+
+  while (parentVNode) {
+    if (getScroll(parentVNode.actualNode)) {
+      scrollRegionParent = parentVNode;
+      break;
+    }
+
+    if (parentVNode._scrollRegionParent) {
+      scrollRegionParent = parentVNode._scrollRegionParent;
+      break;
+    }
+
+    checkedNodes.push(parentVNode);
+    parentVNode = getNodeFromTree(
+      parentVNode.actualNode.parentElement || parentVNode.actualNode.parentNode
+    );
+  }
+
+  // cache result of parent scroll region so we don't have to look up the entire
+  // tree again for a child node
+  checkedNodes.forEach(
+    virtualNode => (virtualNode._scrollRegionParent = scrollRegionParent)
+  );
+  return scrollRegionParent;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Add a node to every cell of the grid it intersects with.
+ * @param {Grid}
+ * @param {VirtualNode}
+ */
+function addNodeToGrid(grid, vNode) {
+  const overflowHiddenNodes = getOverflowHiddenAncestors(vNode);
+
+  vNode.clientRects.forEach(clientRect => {
+    // ignore any rects that are outside the bounds of overflow hidden ancestors
+    const visibleRect = overflowHiddenNodes.reduce((rect, overflowNode) => {
+      return rect && getIntersectionRect(rect, overflowNode.boundingClientRect);
+    }, clientRect);
+
+    if (!visibleRect) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // save a reference to where this element is in the grid so we
+    // can find it even if it's in a subgrid
+    vNode._grid ??= grid;
+    const gridRect = grid.getGridPositionOfRect(visibleRect);
+    grid.loopGridPosition(gridRect, gridCell => {
+      if (!gridCell.includes(vNode)) {
+        gridCell.push(vNode);
+      }
+    });
+  });
+}
+
+class Grid {
+  constructor(container = null) {
+    this.container = container;
+    this.cells = [];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Convert x or y coordinate from rect, to a position in the grid
+   * @param {number}
+   * @returns {number}
+   */
+  toGridIndex(num) {
+    return Math.floor(num / constants.gridSize);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return an an array of nodes available at a particular grid coordinate
+   * @param {DOMPoint} gridPosition
+   * @returns {Array<AbstractVirtualNode>}
+   */
+  getCellFromPoint({ x, y }) {
+    assert(this.boundaries, 'Grid does not have cells added');
+    const rowIndex = this.toGridIndex(y);
+    const colIndex = this.toGridIndex(x);
+    assert(
+      isPointInRect({ y: rowIndex, x: colIndex }, this.boundaries),
+      'Element midpoint exceeds the grid bounds'
+    );
+    const row = this.cells[rowIndex - this.cells._negativeIndex] ?? [];
+    return row[colIndex - row._negativeIndex] ?? [];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Loop over all cells within the gridPosition rect
+   * @param {DOMRect} gridPosition
+   * @param {Function} callback
+   */
+  loopGridPosition(gridPosition, callback) {
+    const { left, right, top, bottom } = gridPosition;
+    if (this.boundaries) {
+      gridPosition = getBoundingRect(this.boundaries, gridPosition);
+    }
+    this.boundaries = gridPosition;
+
+    loopNegativeIndexMatrix(this.cells, top, bottom, (gridRow, row) => {
+      loopNegativeIndexMatrix(gridRow, left, right, (gridCell, col) => {
+        callback(gridCell, { row, col });
+      });
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Scale the rect to the position within the grid
+   * @param {DOMRect} clientOrBoundingRect
+   * @param {number} margin Offset outside the rect, default 0
+   * @returns {DOMRect} gridPosition
+   */
+  getGridPositionOfRect({ top, right, bottom, left }, margin = 0) {
+    top = this.toGridIndex(top - margin);
+    right = this.toGridIndex(right + margin - 1);
+    bottom = this.toGridIndex(bottom + margin - 1);
+    left = this.toGridIndex(left - margin);
+    return new window.DOMRect(left, top, right - left, bottom - top);
+  }
+}
+
+// handle negative row/col values
+function loopNegativeIndexMatrix(matrix, start, end, callback) {
+  matrix._negativeIndex ??= 0;
+  // Shift the array when start is negative
+  if (start < matrix._negativeIndex) {
+    for (let i = 0; i < matrix._negativeIndex - start; i++) {
+      matrix.splice(0, 0, []);
+    }
+    matrix._negativeIndex = start;
+  }
+
+  const startOffset = start - matrix._negativeIndex;
+  const endOffset = end - matrix._negativeIndex;
+  for (let index = startOffset; index <= endOffset; index++) {
+    matrix[index] ??= [];
+    callback(matrix[index], index + matrix._negativeIndex);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/find-nearby-elms.js b/lib/commons/dom/find-nearby-elms.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5af87fb52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/find-nearby-elms.js
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+import createGrid from './create-grid';
+import { memoize } from '../../core/utils';
+
+export default function findNearbyElms(vNode, margin = 0) {
+  createGrid(); // Ensure grid exists
+  if (!vNode._grid?.cells?.length) {
+    return []; // Elements not in the grid don't have ._grid
+  }
+  const rect = vNode.boundingClientRect;
+  const grid = vNode._grid;
+  const selfIsFixed = hasFixedPosition(vNode);
+  const gridPosition = grid.getGridPositionOfRect(rect, margin);
+
+  const neighbors = [];
+  grid.loopGridPosition(gridPosition, vNeighbors => {
+    for (const vNeighbor of vNeighbors) {
+      if (
+        vNeighbor &&
+        vNeighbor !== vNode &&
+        !neighbors.includes(vNeighbor) &&
+        selfIsFixed === hasFixedPosition(vNeighbor)
+      ) {
+        neighbors.push(vNeighbor);
+      }
+    }
+  });
+
+  return neighbors;
+}
+
+const hasFixedPosition = memoize(vNode => {
+  if (!vNode) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('position') === 'fixed') {
+    return true;
+  }
+  return hasFixedPosition(vNode.parent);
+});
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/focus-disabled.js b/lib/commons/dom/focus-disabled.js
index e1288f1be..f485a1334 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/focus-disabled.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/focus-disabled.js
@@ -1,6 +1,23 @@
-import AbstractVirtualNode from '../../core/base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node';
-import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
-import isHiddenWithCSS from './is-hidden-with-css';
+import { nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
+import isHiddenForEveryone from './is-hidden-for-everyone';
+import isInert from './is-inert';
+
+// Source: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Attributes/disabled
+const allowedDisabledNodeNames = [
+  'button',
+  'command',
+  'fieldset',
+  'keygen',
+  'optgroup',
+  'option',
+  'select',
+  'textarea',
+  'input'
+];
+
+function isDisabledAttrAllowed(nodeName) {
+  return allowedDisabledNodeNames.includes(nodeName);
+}
 
 /**
  * Determines if focusing has been disabled on an element.
@@ -8,9 +25,13 @@ import isHiddenWithCSS from './is-hidden-with-css';
  * @return {Boolean} Whether focusing has been disabled on an element.
  */
 function focusDisabled(el) {
-  const vNode = el instanceof AbstractVirtualNode ? el : getNodeFromTree(el);
+  const { vNode } = nodeLookup(el);
 
-  if (vNode.hasAttr('disabled')) {
+  if (
+    (isDisabledAttrAllowed(vNode.props.nodeName) &&
+      vNode.hasAttr('disabled')) ||
+    isInert(vNode)
+  ) {
     return true;
   }
 
@@ -58,7 +79,7 @@ function focusDisabled(el) {
     if (!vNode.actualNode) {
       return false;
     }
-    return isHiddenWithCSS(vNode.actualNode);
+    return isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
   }
 
   return false;
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/get-element-stack.js b/lib/commons/dom/get-element-stack.js
index 96bba028e..132a20f2b 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/get-element-stack.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/get-element-stack.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-import { createGrid, getRectStack } from './get-rect-stack';
+import { getRectStack } from './get-rect-stack';
 import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
-import cache from '../../core/base/cache';
+import createGrid from './create-grid';
 
 /**
  * Return all elements that are at the center bounding rect of the passed in node.
@@ -10,10 +10,7 @@ import cache from '../../core/base/cache';
  * @return {Node[]}
  */
 function getElementStack(node) {
-  if (!cache.get('gridCreated')) {
-    createGrid();
-    cache.set('gridCreated', true);
-  }
+  createGrid();
 
   const vNode = getNodeFromTree(node);
   const grid = vNode._grid;
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/get-modal-dialog.js b/lib/commons/dom/get-modal-dialog.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..df9a87f9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/get-modal-dialog.js
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+import memoize from '../../core/utils/memoize';
+import { querySelectorAllFilter } from '../../core/utils';
+import isVisibleOnScreen from './is-visible-on-screen';
+import createGrid from './create-grid';
+import getIntersectionRect from '../math/get-intersection-rect';
+
+/**
+ * Determine if a dialog element is opened as a modal. Currently there are no APIs to determine this so we'll use a bit of a hacky solution that has known issues.
+ * This can tell us that a dialog element is open but it cannot tell us which one is the top layer, nor which one is visually on top. Nested dialogs that are opened using both `.show` and`.showModal` can cause issues as well.
+ * @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3463
+ * @return {VirtualNode|Null} The modal dialog virtual node or null if none are found
+ */
+const getModalDialog = memoize(function getModalDialogMemoized() {
+  // this is here for tests so we don't have
+  // to set up the virtual tree when code
+  // isn't testing this bit
+  if (!axe._tree) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const dialogs = querySelectorAllFilter(
+    // TODO: es-module-_tree
+    axe._tree[0],
+    'dialog[open]',
+    vNode => {
+      const rect = vNode.boundingClientRect;
+      const stack = document.elementsFromPoint(rect.left + 1, rect.top + 1);
+      return stack.includes(vNode.actualNode) && isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
+    }
+  );
+
+  if (!dialogs.length) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  // for Chrome and Firefox, look to see if
+  // elementsFromPoint returns the dialog
+  // when checking outside its bounds
+  const modalDialog = dialogs.find(dialog => {
+    const rect = dialog.boundingClientRect;
+    const stack = document.elementsFromPoint(rect.left - 10, rect.top - 10);
+
+    return stack.includes(dialog.actualNode);
+  });
+
+  if (modalDialog) {
+    return modalDialog;
+  }
+
+  // fallback for Safari, look at the grid to
+  // find a node to check as elementsFromPoint
+  // does not return inert nodes
+  return (
+    dialogs.find(dialog => {
+      const { vNode, rect } = getNodeFromGrid(dialog) ?? {};
+      if (!vNode) {
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      const stack = document.elementsFromPoint(rect.left + 1, rect.top + 1);
+      return !stack.includes(vNode.actualNode);
+    }) ?? null
+  );
+});
+export default getModalDialog;
+
+/**
+ * Find the first non-html from the grid to use as a test for elementsFromPoint
+ * @return {Object}
+ */
+function getNodeFromGrid(dialog) {
+  createGrid();
+  // TODO: es-module-_tree
+  const grid = axe._tree[0]._grid;
+  const viewRect = new window.DOMRect(
+    0,
+    0,
+    window.innerWidth,
+    window.innerHeight
+  );
+
+  if (!grid) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  for (let row = 0; row < grid.cells.length; row++) {
+    const cols = grid.cells[row];
+    if (!cols) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    for (let col = 0; col < cols.length; col++) {
+      const cells = cols[col];
+      if (!cells) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      for (let i = 0; i < cells.length; i++) {
+        const vNode = cells[i];
+        const rect = vNode.boundingClientRect;
+        const intersection = getIntersectionRect(rect, viewRect);
+
+        if (
+          // html is always returned from
+          // elementsFromPoint
+          vNode.props.nodeName !== 'html' &&
+          vNode !== dialog &&
+          vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('pointer-events') !== 'none' &&
+          // ensure the element is visible in
+          // the current viewport for
+          // elementsFromPoint so we don't have
+          // to scroll
+          intersection
+        ) {
+          return { vNode, rect: intersection };
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/get-overflow-hidden-ancestors.js b/lib/commons/dom/get-overflow-hidden-ancestors.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01ab696e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/get-overflow-hidden-ancestors.js
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+import memoize from '../../core/utils/memoize';
+
+/**
+ * Get all ancestor nodes (including the passed in node) that have overflow:hidden
+ * @method getOverflowHiddenAncestors
+ * @memberof axe.commons.dom
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode
+ * @returns {VirtualNode[]}
+ */
+const getOverflowHiddenAncestors = memoize(
+  function getOverflowHiddenAncestorsMemoized(vNode) {
+    const ancestors = [];
+
+    if (!vNode) {
+      return ancestors;
+    }
+
+    const overflow = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('overflow');
+
+    if (overflow === 'hidden') {
+      ancestors.push(vNode);
+    }
+
+    return ancestors.concat(getOverflowHiddenAncestors(vNode.parent));
+  }
+);
+
+export default getOverflowHiddenAncestors;
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/get-rect-stack.js b/lib/commons/dom/get-rect-stack.js
index 5c0bc929a..4c51bf3b3 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/get-rect-stack.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/get-rect-stack.js
@@ -1,139 +1,29 @@
-import isVisible from './is-visible';
-import VirtualNode from '../../core/base/virtual-node/virtual-node';
-import { getNodeFromTree, getScroll, isShadowRoot } from '../../core/utils';
-
-// split the page cells to group elements by the position
-const gridSize = 200; // arbitrary size, increase to reduce memory use (less cells) but increase time (more nodes per grid to check collision)
-
-/**
- * Setup the 2d grid and add every element to it, even elements not
- * included in the flat tree
- */
-export function createGrid(
-  root = document.body,
-  rootGrid = {
-    container: null,
-    cells: []
-  },
-  parentVNode = null
-) {
-  // by not starting at the htmlElement we don't have to pass a custom
-  // filter function into the treeWalker to filter out head elements,
-  // which would be called for every node
-  if (!parentVNode) {
-    let vNode = getNodeFromTree(document.documentElement);
-    if (!vNode) {
-      vNode = new VirtualNode(document.documentElement);
-    }
-
-    vNode._stackingOrder = [0];
-    addNodeToGrid(rootGrid, vNode);
-
-    if (getScroll(vNode.actualNode)) {
-      const subGrid = {
-        container: vNode,
-        cells: []
-      };
-      vNode._subGrid = subGrid;
-    }
-  }
-
-  // IE11 requires the first 3 parameters
-  // @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Document/createTreeWalker
-  const treeWalker = document.createTreeWalker(
-    root,
-    window.NodeFilter.SHOW_ELEMENT,
-    null,
-    false
-  );
-  let node = parentVNode ? treeWalker.nextNode() : treeWalker.currentNode;
-  while (node) {
-    let vNode = getNodeFromTree(node);
-
-    // an svg in IE11 does not have a parentElement but instead has a
-    // parentNode. but parentNode could be a shadow root so we need to
-    // verify it's in the tree first
-    if (node.parentElement) {
-      parentVNode = getNodeFromTree(node.parentElement);
-    } else if (node.parentNode && getNodeFromTree(node.parentNode)) {
-      parentVNode = getNodeFromTree(node.parentNode);
-    }
-
-    if (!vNode) {
-      vNode = new axe.VirtualNode(node, parentVNode);
-    }
-
-    vNode._stackingOrder = getStackingOrder(vNode, parentVNode);
-
-    const scrollRegionParent = findScrollRegionParent(vNode, parentVNode);
-    const grid = scrollRegionParent ? scrollRegionParent._subGrid : rootGrid;
-
-    if (getScroll(vNode.actualNode)) {
-      const subGrid = {
-        container: vNode,
-        cells: []
-      };
-      vNode._subGrid = subGrid;
-    }
-
-    // filter out any elements with 0 width or height
-    // (we don't do this before so we can calculate stacking context
-    // of parents with 0 width/height)
-    const rect = vNode.boundingClientRect;
-    if (rect.width !== 0 && rect.height !== 0 && isVisible(node)) {
-      addNodeToGrid(grid, vNode);
-    }
-
-    // add shadow root elements to the grid
-    if (isShadowRoot(node)) {
-      createGrid(node.shadowRoot, grid, vNode);
-    }
-
-    node = treeWalker.nextNode();
-  }
-}
+import visuallySort from './visually-sort';
+import { getRectCenter } from '../math';
 
 export function getRectStack(grid, rect, recursed = false) {
-  // use center point of rect
-  const x = rect.left + rect.width / 2;
-  const y = rect.top + rect.height / 2;
-
-  // NOTE: there is a very rare edge case in Chrome vs Firefox that can
-  // return different results of `document.elementsFromPoint`. If the center
-  // point of the element is <1px outside of another elements bounding rect,
-  // Chrome appears to round the number up and return the element while Firefox
-  // keeps the number as is and won't return the element. In this case, we
-  // went with pixel perfect collision rather than rounding
-  const row = (y / gridSize) | 0;
-  const col = (x / gridSize) | 0;
-
-  // we're making an assumption that there cannot be an element in the
-  // grid which escapes the grid bounds. For example, if the grid is 4x4 there
-  // can't be an element whose midpoint is at column 5. If this happens this
-  // means there's an error in our grid logic that needs to be fixed
-  if (row > grid.cells.length || col > grid.numCols) {
-    throw new Error('Element midpoint exceeds the grid bounds');
-  }
-
-  // it is acceptable if a row has empty cells due to client rects not filling
-  // the entire bounding rect of an element
-  // @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3166
-  let stack =
-    grid.cells[row][col]?.filter(gridCellNode => {
-      return gridCellNode.clientRects.find(clientRect => {
-        const rectX = clientRect.left;
-        const rectY = clientRect.top;
-
-        // perform an AABB (axis-aligned bounding box) collision check for the
-        // point inside the rect
-        return (
-          x <= rectX + clientRect.width &&
-          x >= rectX &&
-          y <= rectY + clientRect.height &&
-          y >= rectY
-        );
-      });
-    }) ?? [];
+  const center = getRectCenter(rect);
+  const gridCell = grid.getCellFromPoint(center) || [];
+
+  const floorX = Math.floor(center.x);
+  const floorY = Math.floor(center.y);
+  let stack = gridCell.filter(gridCellNode => {
+    return gridCellNode.clientRects.some(clientRect => {
+      const rectX = clientRect.left;
+      const rectY = clientRect.top;
+
+      // perform an AABB (axis-aligned bounding box) collision check for the
+      // point inside the rect
+      // account for differences in how browsers handle floating point
+      // precision of bounding rects
+      return (
+        floorX < Math.floor(rectX + clientRect.width) &&
+        floorX >= Math.floor(rectX) &&
+        floorY < Math.floor(rectY + clientRect.height) &&
+        floorY >= Math.floor(rectY)
+      );
+    });
+  });
 
   const gridContainer = grid.container;
   if (gridContainer) {
@@ -156,396 +46,3 @@ export function getRectStack(grid, rect, recursed = false) {
 
   return stack;
 }
-
-/**
- * Determine if node produces a stacking context.
- * References:
- * https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Positioning/Understanding_z_index/The_stacking_context
- * https://github.com/gwwar/z-context/blob/master/devtools/index.js
- * @param {VirtualNode} vNode
- * @return {Boolean}
- */
-function isStackingContext(vNode, parentVNode) {
-  const position = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('position');
-  const zIndex = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('z-index');
-
-  // the root element (HTML) is skipped since we always start with a
-  // stacking order of [0]
-
-  // position: fixed or sticky
-  if (position === 'fixed' || position === 'sticky') {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  // positioned (absolutely or relatively) with a z-index value other than "auto",
-  if (zIndex !== 'auto' && position !== 'static') {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  // elements with an opacity value less than 1.
-  if (vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('opacity') !== '1') {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  // elements with a transform value other than "none"
-  const transform =
-    vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('-webkit-transform') ||
-    vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('-ms-transform') ||
-    vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('transform') ||
-    'none';
-
-  if (transform !== 'none') {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  // elements with a mix-blend-mode value other than "normal"
-  const mixBlendMode = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('mix-blend-mode');
-  if (mixBlendMode && mixBlendMode !== 'normal') {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  // elements with a filter value other than "none"
-  const filter = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('filter');
-  if (filter && filter !== 'none') {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  // elements with a perspective value other than "none"
-  const perspective = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('perspective');
-  if (perspective && perspective !== 'none') {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  // element with a clip-path value other than "none"
-  const clipPath = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('clip-path');
-  if (clipPath && clipPath !== 'none') {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  // element with a mask value other than "none"
-  const mask =
-    vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('-webkit-mask') ||
-    vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('mask') ||
-    'none';
-  if (mask !== 'none') {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  // element with a mask-image value other than "none"
-  const maskImage =
-    vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('-webkit-mask-image') ||
-    vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('mask-image') ||
-    'none';
-  if (maskImage !== 'none') {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  // element with a mask-border value other than "none"
-  const maskBorder =
-    vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('-webkit-mask-border') ||
-    vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('mask-border') ||
-    'none';
-  if (maskBorder !== 'none') {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  // elements with isolation set to "isolate"
-  if (vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('isolation') === 'isolate') {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  // transform or opacity in will-change even if you don't specify values for these attributes directly
-  const willChange = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('will-change');
-  if (willChange === 'transform' || willChange === 'opacity') {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  // elements with -webkit-overflow-scrolling set to "touch"
-  if (
-    vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('-webkit-overflow-scrolling') ===
-    'touch'
-  ) {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  // element with a contain value of "layout" or "paint" or a composite value
-  // that includes either of them (i.e. contain: strict, contain: content).
-  const contain = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('contain');
-  if (['layout', 'paint', 'strict', 'content'].includes(contain)) {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  // a flex item or gird item with a z-index value other than "auto", that is the parent element display: flex|inline-flex|grid|inline-grid,
-  if (zIndex !== 'auto' && parentVNode) {
-    const parentDsiplay = parentVNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('display');
-    if (
-      [
-        'flex',
-        'inline-flex',
-        'inline flex',
-        'grid',
-        'inline-grid',
-        'inline grid'
-      ].includes(parentDsiplay)
-    ) {
-      return true;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return false;
-}
-
-/**
- * Check if a node or one of it's parents is floated.
- * Floating position should be inherited from the parent tree
- * @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/2222
- */
-function isFloated(vNode) {
-  if (!vNode) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  if (vNode._isFloated !== undefined) {
-    return vNode._isFloated;
-  }
-
-  const floatStyle = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('float');
-
-  if (floatStyle !== 'none') {
-    vNode._isFloated = true;
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  const floated = isFloated(vNode.parent);
-  vNode._isFloated = floated;
-  return floated;
-}
-
-/**
- * Return the index order of how to position this element. return nodes in non-positioned, floating, positioned order
- * References:
- * https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Positioning/Understanding_z_index/Stacking_without_z-index
- * https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Positioning/Understanding_z_index/Stacking_and_float
- * https://www.w3.org/Style/css2-updates/css2/zindex.html
- * @param {VirtualNode} vNode
- * @return {Number}
- */
-function getPositionOrder(vNode) {
-  // 5. the in-flow, inline-level, non-positioned descendants, including inline tables and inline blocks.
-  if (vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('display').indexOf('inline') !== -1) {
-    return 2;
-  }
-
-  // 4. the non-positioned floats.
-  if (isFloated(vNode)) {
-    return 1;
-  }
-
-  // 3. the in-flow, non-inline-level, non-positioned descendants.
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/**
- * Visually sort nodes based on their stack order
- * References:
- * https://www.w3.org/Style/css2-updates/css2/zindex.html
- * @param {VirtualNode}
- * @param {VirtualNode}
- */
-function visuallySort(a, b) {
-  /*eslint no-bitwise: 0 */
-  const length = Math.max(a._stackingOrder.length, b._stackingOrder.length);
-
-  for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
-    if (typeof b._stackingOrder[i] === 'undefined') {
-      return -1;
-    } else if (typeof a._stackingOrder[i] === 'undefined') {
-      return 1;
-    }
-
-    // 7. the child stacking contexts with positive stack levels (least positive first).
-    if (b._stackingOrder[i] > a._stackingOrder[i]) {
-      return 1;
-    }
-
-    // 2. the child stacking contexts with negative stack levels (most negative first).
-    if (b._stackingOrder[i] < a._stackingOrder[i]) {
-      return -1;
-    }
-  }
-
-  // nodes are the same stacking order
-  let aNode = a.actualNode;
-  let bNode = b.actualNode;
-
-  // elements don't correctly calculate document position when comparing
-  // across shadow boundaries, so we need to compare the position of a
-  // shared host instead
-
-  // elements have different hosts
-  if (aNode.getRootNode && aNode.getRootNode() !== bNode.getRootNode()) {
-    // keep track of all parent hosts and find the one both nodes share
-    const boundaries = [];
-    while (aNode) {
-      boundaries.push({
-        root: aNode.getRootNode(),
-        node: aNode
-      });
-      aNode = aNode.getRootNode().host;
-    }
-
-    while (
-      bNode &&
-      !boundaries.find(boundary => boundary.root === bNode.getRootNode())
-    ) {
-      bNode = bNode.getRootNode().host;
-    }
-
-    // bNode is a node that shares a host with some part of the a parent
-    // shadow tree, find the aNode that shares the same host as bNode
-    aNode = boundaries.find(boundary => boundary.root === bNode.getRootNode())
-      .node;
-
-    // sort child of shadow to it's host node by finding which element is
-    // the child of the host and sorting it before the host
-    if (aNode === bNode) {
-      return a.actualNode.getRootNode() !== aNode.getRootNode() ? -1 : 1;
-    }
-  }
-
-  const {
-    DOCUMENT_POSITION_FOLLOWING,
-    DOCUMENT_POSITION_CONTAINS,
-    DOCUMENT_POSITION_CONTAINED_BY
-  } = window.Node;
-
-  const docPosition = aNode.compareDocumentPosition(bNode);
-  const DOMOrder = docPosition & DOCUMENT_POSITION_FOLLOWING ? 1 : -1;
-  const isDescendant =
-    docPosition & DOCUMENT_POSITION_CONTAINS ||
-    docPosition & DOCUMENT_POSITION_CONTAINED_BY;
-  const aPosition = getPositionOrder(a);
-  const bPosition = getPositionOrder(b);
-
-  // a child of a positioned element should also be on top of the parent
-  if (aPosition === bPosition || isDescendant) {
-    return DOMOrder;
-  }
-
-  return bPosition - aPosition;
-}
-
-/**
- * Determine the stacking order of an element. The stacking order is an array of
- * zIndex values for each stacking context parent.
- * @param {VirtualNode}
- * @return {Number[]}
- */
-function getStackingOrder(vNode, parentVNode) {
-  const stackingOrder = parentVNode._stackingOrder.slice();
-  const zIndex = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('z-index');
-  const positioned =
-    vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('position') !== 'static';
-  const floated = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('float') !== 'none';
-
-  if (positioned && !['auto', '0'].includes(zIndex)) {
-    // if a positioned element has a z-index > 0, find the first
-    // true stack (not a "fake" stack created from positioned or
-    // floated elements without a z-index) and create a new stack at
-    // that point (step #5 and step #8)
-    // @see https://www.w3.org/Style/css2-updates/css2/zindex.html
-    while (stackingOrder.find(value => value % 1 !== 0)) {
-      const index = stackingOrder.findIndex(value => value % 1 !== 0);
-      stackingOrder.splice(index, 1);
-    }
-    stackingOrder[stackingOrder.length - 1] = parseInt(zIndex);
-  }
-  if (isStackingContext(vNode, parentVNode)) {
-    stackingOrder.push(0);
-  }
-  // if a positioned element has z-index: auto or 0 (step #8), or if
-  // a non-positioned floating element (step #5), treat it as its
-  // own stacking context
-  // @see https://www.w3.org/Style/css2-updates/css2/zindex.html
-  else if (positioned) {
-    // Put positioned elements above floated elements
-    stackingOrder.push(0.5);
-  } else if (floated) {
-    // Put floated elements above z-index: 0
-    // (step #5 floating get sorted below step #8 positioned)
-    stackingOrder.push(0.25);
-  }
-
-  return stackingOrder;
-}
-
-/**
- * Return the parent node that is a scroll region.
- * @param {VirtualNode}
- * @return {VirtualNode|null}
- */
-function findScrollRegionParent(vNode, parentVNode) {
-  let scrollRegionParent = null;
-  const checkedNodes = [vNode];
-
-  while (parentVNode) {
-    if (getScroll(parentVNode.actualNode)) {
-      scrollRegionParent = parentVNode;
-      break;
-    }
-
-    if (parentVNode._scrollRegionParent) {
-      scrollRegionParent = parentVNode._scrollRegionParent;
-      break;
-    }
-
-    checkedNodes.push(parentVNode);
-    parentVNode = getNodeFromTree(
-      parentVNode.actualNode.parentElement || parentVNode.actualNode.parentNode
-    );
-  }
-
-  // cache result of parent scroll region so we don't have to look up the entire
-  // tree again for a child node
-  checkedNodes.forEach(
-    vNode => (vNode._scrollRegionParent = scrollRegionParent)
-  );
-  return scrollRegionParent;
-}
-
-/**
- * Add a node to every cell of the grid it intersects with.
- * @param {Grid}
- * @param {VirtualNode}
- */
-function addNodeToGrid(grid, vNode) {
-  // save a reference to where this element is in the grid so we
-  // can find it even if it's in a subgrid
-  vNode._grid = grid;
-
-  vNode.clientRects.forEach(rect => {
-    const x = rect.left;
-    const y = rect.top;
-
-    // "| 0" is a faster way to do Math.floor
-    // @see https://jsperf.com/math-floor-vs-math-round-vs-parseint/152
-    const startRow = (y / gridSize) | 0;
-    const startCol = (x / gridSize) | 0;
-    const endRow = ((y + rect.height) / gridSize) | 0;
-    const endCol = ((x + rect.width) / gridSize) | 0;
-
-    grid.numCols = Math.max(grid.numCols ?? 0, endCol);
-
-    for (let row = startRow; row <= endRow; row++) {
-      grid.cells[row] = grid.cells[row] || [];
-
-      for (let col = startCol; col <= endCol; col++) {
-        grid.cells[row][col] = grid.cells[row][col] || [];
-
-        if (!grid.cells[row][col].includes(vNode)) {
-          grid.cells[row][col].push(vNode);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  });
-}
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/get-target-rects.js b/lib/commons/dom/get-target-rects.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc5b2aabe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/get-target-rects.js
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import findNearbyElms from './find-nearby-elms';
+import isInTabOrder from './is-in-tab-order';
+import { splitRects, hasVisualOverlap } from '../math';
+import memoize from '../../core/utils/memoize';
+
+export default memoize(getTargetRects);
+
+/**
+ * Return all unobscured rects of a target.
+ * @see https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG22/#dfn-bounding-boxes
+ * @param {VitualNode} vNode
+ * @return {DOMRect[]}
+ */
+function getTargetRects(vNode) {
+  const nodeRect = vNode.boundingClientRect;
+  const overlappingVNodes = findNearbyElms(vNode).filter(vNeighbor => {
+    return (
+      hasVisualOverlap(vNode, vNeighbor) &&
+      vNeighbor.getComputedStylePropertyValue('pointer-events') !== 'none' &&
+      !isDescendantNotInTabOrder(vNode, vNeighbor)
+    );
+  });
+
+  if (!overlappingVNodes.length) {
+    return [nodeRect];
+  }
+
+  const obscuringRects = overlappingVNodes.map(
+    ({ boundingClientRect: rect }) => rect
+  );
+  return splitRects(nodeRect, obscuringRects);
+}
+
+function isDescendantNotInTabOrder(vAncestor, vNode) {
+  return (
+    vAncestor.actualNode.contains(vNode.actualNode) && !isInTabOrder(vNode)
+  );
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/get-target-size.js b/lib/commons/dom/get-target-size.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..926bbc0d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/get-target-size.js
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import getTargetRects from './get-target-rects';
+import { rectHasMinimumSize } from '../math';
+import memoize from '../../core/utils/memoize';
+
+export default memoize(getTargetSize);
+
+/**
+ * Compute the target size of an element.
+ * @see https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG22/#dfn-targets
+ */
+function getTargetSize(vNode, minSize) {
+  const rects = getTargetRects(vNode);
+  return getLargestRect(rects, minSize);
+}
+
+// Find the largest rectangle in the array, prioritize ones that meet a minimum size
+function getLargestRect(rects, minSize) {
+  return rects.reduce((rectA, rectB) => {
+    const rectAisMinimum = rectHasMinimumSize(minSize, rectA);
+    const rectBisMinimum = rectHasMinimumSize(minSize, rectB);
+    // Prioritize rects that pass the minimum
+    if (rectAisMinimum !== rectBisMinimum) {
+      return rectAisMinimum ? rectA : rectB;
+    }
+    const areaA = rectA.width * rectA.height;
+    const areaB = rectB.width * rectB.height;
+    return areaA > areaB ? rectA : rectB;
+  });
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/get-text-element-stack.js b/lib/commons/dom/get-text-element-stack.js
index ebfc9f1be..3eefa4956 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/get-text-element-stack.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/get-text-element-stack.js
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-import getElementStack from './get-element-stack';
-import { createGrid, getRectStack } from './get-rect-stack';
-import sanitize from '../text/sanitize';
-import cache from '../../core/base/cache';
+import { getRectStack } from './get-rect-stack';
+import createGrid from './create-grid';
 import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
+import getVisibleChildTextRects from './get-visible-child-text-rects';
 
 /**
  * Return all elements that are at the center of each text client rect of the passed in node.
@@ -12,10 +11,7 @@ import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
  * @return {Array<Node[]>}
  */
 function getTextElementStack(node) {
-  if (!cache.get('gridCreated')) {
-    createGrid();
-    cache.set('gridCreated', true);
-  }
+  createGrid();
 
   const vNode = getNodeFromTree(node);
   const grid = vNode._grid;
@@ -24,66 +20,8 @@ function getTextElementStack(node) {
     return [];
   }
 
-  // for code blocks that use syntax highlighting, you can get a ton of client
-  // rects (See https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/1985). they use
-  // a mixture of text nodes and other nodes (which will contain their own text
-  // nodes), but all we care about is checking the direct text nodes as the
-  // other nodes will have their own client rects checked. doing this speeds up
-  // color contrast significantly for large syntax highlighted code blocks
-  const nodeRect = vNode.boundingClientRect;
-  const clientRects = [];
-  Array.from(node.childNodes).forEach(elm => {
-    if (elm.nodeType === 3 && sanitize(elm.textContent) !== '') {
-      const range = document.createRange();
-      range.selectNodeContents(elm);
-      const rects = range.getClientRects();
-
-      // if any text rect is larger than the bounds of the parent,
-      // or goes outside of the bounds of the parent, we need to use
-      // the parent rect so we stay within the bounds of the element.
-      //
-      // since we use the midpoint of the element when determining
-      // the rect stack we will also use the midpoint of the text rect
-      // to determine out of bounds.
-      //
-      // @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/2178
-      // @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/2483
-      // @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/2681
-      const outsideRectBounds = Array.from(rects).some(rect => {
-        const horizontalMidpoint = rect.left + rect.width / 2;
-        const verticalMidpoint = rect.top + rect.height / 2;
-
-        return (
-          horizontalMidpoint < nodeRect.left ||
-          horizontalMidpoint > nodeRect.right ||
-          verticalMidpoint < nodeRect.top ||
-          verticalMidpoint > nodeRect.bottom
-        );
-      });
-      if (outsideRectBounds) {
-        return;
-      }
-
-      for (let i = 0; i < rects.length; i++) {
-        const rect = rects[i];
-
-        // filter out 0 width and height rects (newline characters)
-        // ie11 has newline characters return 0.00998, so we'll say if the
-        // line is < 1 it shouldn't be counted
-        if (rect.width >= 1 && rect.height >= 1) {
-          clientRects.push(rect);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  });
-
-  if (!clientRects.length) {
-    return [getElementStack(node)];
-  }
-
-  return clientRects.map(rect => {
-    return getRectStack(grid, rect);
-  });
+  const clientRects = getVisibleChildTextRects(node);
+  return clientRects.map(rect => getRectStack(grid, rect));
 }
 
 export default getTextElementStack;
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/get-visible-child-text-rects.js b/lib/commons/dom/get-visible-child-text-rects.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..02611798e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/get-visible-child-text-rects.js
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+import { getNodeFromTree, memoize } from '../../core/utils';
+import { sanitize } from '../text';
+import { getRectCenter, isPointInRect, getIntersectionRect } from '../math';
+import getOverflowHiddenAncestors from './get-overflow-hidden-ancestors';
+
+/**
+ * Get the visible text client rects of a node.
+ * @method getVisibleChildTextRects
+ * @memberof axe.commons.dom
+ * @instance
+ * @param {Element} node
+ */
+const getVisibleChildTextRects = memoize(
+  function getVisibleChildTextRectsMemoized(node) {
+    const vNode = getNodeFromTree(node);
+    const nodeRect = vNode.boundingClientRect;
+    const clientRects = [];
+    const overflowHiddenNodes = getOverflowHiddenAncestors(vNode);
+
+    node.childNodes.forEach(textNode => {
+      if (textNode.nodeType !== 3 || sanitize(textNode.nodeValue) === '') {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      const contentRects = getContentRects(textNode);
+      if (isOutsideNodeBounds(contentRects, nodeRect)) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      clientRects.push(...filterHiddenRects(contentRects, overflowHiddenNodes));
+    });
+
+    /**
+     * if all text rects are larger than the bounds of the node,
+     * or goes outside of the bounds of the node, we need to use
+     * the nodes bounding rect so we stay within the bounds of the
+     * element.
+     *
+     * @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/2178
+     * @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/2483
+     * @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/2681
+     *
+     * also need to resize the nodeRect to fit within the bounds of any overflow: hidden ancestors.
+     *
+     * @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4253
+     */
+    return clientRects.length
+      ? clientRects
+      : filterHiddenRects([nodeRect], overflowHiddenNodes);
+  }
+);
+export default getVisibleChildTextRects;
+
+function getContentRects(node) {
+  const range = document.createRange();
+  range.selectNodeContents(node);
+  return Array.from(range.getClientRects());
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check to see if the text rect size is outside the of the
+ * nodes bounding rect. Since we use the midpoint of the element
+ * when determining the rect stack we will also use the midpoint
+ * of the text rect to determine out of bounds
+ */
+function isOutsideNodeBounds(rects, nodeRect) {
+  return rects.some(rect => {
+    const centerPoint = getRectCenter(rect);
+    return !isPointInRect(centerPoint, nodeRect);
+  });
+}
+
+/**
+ * Filter out 0 width and height rects (newline characters) and
+ * any rects that are outside the bounds of overflow hidden
+ * ancestors
+ */
+function filterHiddenRects(contentRects, overflowHiddenNodes) {
+  const visibleRects = [];
+  contentRects.forEach(contentRect => {
+    // ie11 has newline characters return 0.00998, so we'll say if the
+    // line is < 1 it shouldn't be counted
+    if (contentRect.width < 1 || contentRect.height < 1) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // update the rect size to fit inside the bounds of all overflow
+    // hidden ancestors
+    const visibleRect = overflowHiddenNodes.reduce((rect, overflowNode) => {
+      return rect && getIntersectionRect(rect, overflowNode.boundingClientRect);
+    }, contentRect);
+
+    if (visibleRect) {
+      visibleRects.push(visibleRect);
+    }
+  });
+
+  return visibleRects;
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/has-content-virtual.js b/lib/commons/dom/has-content-virtual.js
index 8dfc7e74c..ae71c1f7d 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/has-content-virtual.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/has-content-virtual.js
@@ -2,25 +2,30 @@ import isVisualContent from './is-visual-content';
 import labelVirtual from '../aria/label-virtual';
 
 const hiddenTextElms = [
-  'HEAD',
-  'TITLE',
-  'TEMPLATE',
-  'SCRIPT',
-  'STYLE',
-  'IFRAME',
-  'OBJECT',
-  'VIDEO',
-  'AUDIO',
-  'NOSCRIPT'
+  'head',
+  'title',
+  'template',
+  'script',
+  'style',
+  'iframe',
+  'object',
+  'video',
+  'audio',
+  'noscript'
 ];
 
-function hasChildTextNodes(elm) {
-  if (!hiddenTextElms.includes(elm.actualNode.nodeName.toUpperCase())) {
-    return elm.children.some(
-      ({ actualNode }) =>
-        actualNode.nodeType === 3 && actualNode.nodeValue.trim()
-    );
+/**
+ * Test if the element has child nodes that are non-empty text nodes
+ * @param {VirtualNode} elm
+ * @returns boolean
+ */
+export function hasChildTextNodes(elm) {
+  if (hiddenTextElms.includes(elm.props.nodeName)) {
+    return false;
   }
+  return elm.children.some(({ props }) => {
+    return props.nodeType === 3 && props.nodeValue.trim();
+  });
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/has-lang-text.js b/lib/commons/dom/has-lang-text.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..11c37d020
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/has-lang-text.js
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+import { hasChildTextNodes } from './has-content-virtual';
+import isVisualContent from './is-visual-content';
+import isHiddenForEveryone from './is-hidden-for-everyone';
+
+/**
+ * Check that a node has text, or an accessible name which language is defined by the
+ * nearest ancestor's lang attribute.
+ * @param {VirtualNode} virtualNode
+ * @return boolean
+ */
+export default function hasLangText(virtualNode) {
+  if (
+    typeof virtualNode.children === 'undefined' ||
+    hasChildTextNodes(virtualNode)
+  ) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (virtualNode.props.nodeType === 1 && isVisualContent(virtualNode)) {
+    // See: https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3281
+    return !!axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(virtualNode);
+  }
+  return virtualNode.children.some(
+    child =>
+      !child.attr('lang') && // non-empty lang
+      hasLangText(child) && // has text
+      !isHiddenForEveryone(child) // Not hidden for anyone
+  );
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/index.js b/lib/commons/dom/index.js
index 5acd13c07..57ae0756c 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/index.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/index.js
@@ -6,30 +6,44 @@
 export { default as findElmsInContext } from './find-elms-in-context';
 export { default as findUpVirtual } from './find-up-virtual';
 export { default as findUp } from './find-up';
+export { default as findNearbyElms } from './find-nearby-elms';
+export { default as focusDisabled } from './focus-disabled';
 export { default as getComposedParent } from './get-composed-parent';
 export { default as getElementByReference } from './get-element-by-reference';
 export { default as getElementCoordinates } from './get-element-coordinates';
 export { default as getElementStack } from './get-element-stack';
+export { default as getModalDialog } from './get-modal-dialog';
+export { default as getOverflowHiddenAncestors } from './get-overflow-hidden-ancestors';
 export { default as getRootNode } from './get-root-node';
 export { default as getScrollOffset } from './get-scroll-offset';
 export { default as getTabbableElements } from './get-tabbable-elements';
+export { default as getTargetRects } from './get-target-rects';
+export { default as getTargetSize } from './get-target-size';
 export { default as getTextElementStack } from './get-text-element-stack';
 export { default as getViewportSize } from './get-viewport-size';
+export { default as getVisibleChildTextRects } from './get-visible-child-text-rects';
 export { default as hasContentVirtual } from './has-content-virtual';
 export { default as hasContent } from './has-content';
+export { default as hasLangText } from './has-lang-text';
 export { default as idrefs } from './idrefs';
 export { default as insertedIntoFocusOrder } from './inserted-into-focus-order';
 export { default as isCurrentPageLink } from './is-current-page-link';
 export { default as isFocusable } from './is-focusable';
 export { default as isHiddenWithCSS } from './is-hidden-with-css';
+export { default as isHiddenForEveryone } from './is-hidden-for-everyone';
 export { default as isHTML5 } from './is-html5';
+export { default as isInTabOrder } from './is-in-tab-order';
 export { default as isInTextBlock } from './is-in-text-block';
+export { default as isInert } from './is-inert';
 export { default as isModalOpen } from './is-modal-open';
+export { default as isMultiline } from './is-multiline';
 export { default as isNativelyFocusable } from './is-natively-focusable';
 export { default as isNode } from './is-node';
 export { default as isOffscreen } from './is-offscreen';
 export { default as isOpaque } from './is-opaque';
 export { default as isSkipLink } from './is-skip-link';
+export { default as isVisibleToScreenReaders } from './is-visible-to-screenreader';
+export { default as isVisibleOnScreen } from './is-visible-on-screen';
 export { default as isVisible } from './is-visible';
 export { default as isVisualContent } from './is-visual-content';
 export { default as reduceToElementsBelowFloating } from './reduce-to-elements-below-floating';
@@ -37,3 +51,5 @@ export { default as shadowElementsFromPoint } from './shadow-elements-from-point
 export { default as urlPropsFromAttribute } from './url-props-from-attribute';
 export { default as visuallyContains } from './visually-contains';
 export { default as visuallyOverlaps } from './visually-overlaps';
+export { default as visuallySort } from './visually-sort';
+export { default as createGrid } from './create-grid';
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/is-focusable.js b/lib/commons/dom/is-focusable.js
index d5900b4e2..27b6dd133 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/is-focusable.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/is-focusable.js
@@ -1,19 +1,17 @@
 import focusDisabled from './focus-disabled';
 import isNativelyFocusable from './is-natively-focusable';
-import AbstractVirtualNode from '../../core/base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node';
-import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
+import { nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
 
 /**
- * Determines if an element is focusable
+ * Determines if an element is keyboard or programmatically focusable.
  * @method isFocusable
  * @memberof axe.commons.dom
  * @instance
  * @param {HTMLElement} el The HTMLElement
  * @return {Boolean} The element's focusability status
  */
-
-function isFocusable(el) {
-  const vNode = el instanceof AbstractVirtualNode ? el : getNodeFromTree(el);
+export default function isFocusable(el) {
+  const { vNode } = nodeLookup(el);
 
   if (vNode.props.nodeType !== 1) {
     return false;
@@ -32,5 +30,3 @@ function isFocusable(el) {
 
   return false;
 }
-
-export default isFocusable;
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/is-hidden-for-everyone.js b/lib/commons/dom/is-hidden-for-everyone.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c2924363e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/is-hidden-for-everyone.js
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+import { nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
+import memoize from '../../core/utils/memoize';
+import {
+  nativelyHidden,
+  displayHidden,
+  visibilityHidden,
+  contentVisibiltyHidden,
+  detailsHidden
+} from './visibility-methods';
+
+const hiddenMethods = [
+  displayHidden,
+  visibilityHidden,
+  contentVisibiltyHidden,
+  detailsHidden
+];
+
+/**
+ * Determine if an element is hidden from screenreaders and visual users
+ * @method isHiddenForEveryone
+ * @memberof axe.commons.dom
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode The Virtual Node
+ * @param {Object} [options]
+ * @param {Boolean} [options.skipAncestors] If the ancestor tree should be not be used
+ * @param {Boolean} [options.isAncestor] If this function is being called on an ancestor for the target node
+ * @return {Boolean} The element's visibility state
+ */
+export default function isHiddenForEveryone(
+  vNode,
+  { skipAncestors, isAncestor = false } = {}
+) {
+  vNode = nodeLookup(vNode).vNode;
+
+  if (skipAncestors) {
+    return isHiddenSelf(vNode, isAncestor);
+  }
+
+  return isHiddenAncestors(vNode, isAncestor);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check the element for visibility state
+ */
+const isHiddenSelf = memoize(function isHiddenSelfMemoized(vNode, isAncestor) {
+  if (nativelyHidden(vNode)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  if (!vNode.actualNode) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (hiddenMethods.some(method => method(vNode, { isAncestor }))) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // detached node
+  if (!vNode.actualNode.isConnected) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  return false;
+});
+
+/**
+ * Check the element and ancestors for visibility state
+ */
+const isHiddenAncestors = memoize(
+  function isHiddenAncestorsMemoized(vNode, isAncestor) {
+    if (isHiddenSelf(vNode, isAncestor)) {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    if (!vNode.parent) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    return isHiddenAncestors(vNode.parent, true);
+  }
+);
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/is-hidden-with-css.js b/lib/commons/dom/is-hidden-with-css.js
index ba7cfe4fa..4ce796b65 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/is-hidden-with-css.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/is-hidden-with-css.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import getComposedParent from './get-composed-parent';
-import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
+import { nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
 
 /**
  * Determine whether an element is hidden based on css
@@ -9,16 +9,20 @@ import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
  * @param {HTMLElement} el The HTML Element
  * @param {Boolean} descendentVisibilityValue (Optional) immediate descendant visibility value used for recursive computation
  * @return {Boolean} the element's hidden status
+ * @deprecated use isHiddenForEveryone
  */
 function isHiddenWithCSS(el, descendentVisibilityValue) {
-  const vNode = getNodeFromTree(el);
+  const { vNode, domNode } = nodeLookup(el);
 
   if (!vNode) {
-    return _isHiddenWithCSS(el, descendentVisibilityValue);
+    return _isHiddenWithCSS(domNode, descendentVisibilityValue);
   }
 
   if (vNode._isHiddenWithCSS === void 0) {
-    vNode._isHiddenWithCSS = _isHiddenWithCSS(el, descendentVisibilityValue);
+    vNode._isHiddenWithCSS = _isHiddenWithCSS(
+      domNode,
+      descendentVisibilityValue
+    );
   }
 
   return vNode._isHiddenWithCSS;
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/is-in-tab-order.js b/lib/commons/dom/is-in-tab-order.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7291b06e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/is-in-tab-order.js
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import { nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
+import isFocusable from './is-focusable';
+
+/**
+ * Determines if an element is focusable and able to be tabbed to.
+ * @method isInTabOrder
+ * @memberof axe.commons.dom
+ * @instance
+ * @param {HTMLElement} el The HTMLElement
+ * @return {Boolean} The element's tabindex status
+ */
+export default function isInTabOrder(el) {
+  const { vNode } = nodeLookup(el);
+
+  if (vNode.props.nodeType !== 1) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const tabindex = parseInt(vNode.attr('tabindex', 10));
+  if (tabindex <= -1) {
+    return false; // Elements with tabindex=-1 are never in the tab order
+  }
+
+  return isFocusable(vNode);
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/is-in-text-block.js b/lib/commons/dom/is-in-text-block.js
index 0e1dc2202..fe390ce4d 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/is-in-text-block.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/is-in-text-block.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import getComposedParent from './get-composed-parent';
 import sanitize from '../text/sanitize';
 import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
+import getRoleType from '../aria/get-role-type';
 
 function walkDomNode(node, functor) {
   if (functor(node.actualNode) !== false) {
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ const blockLike = [
   'grid',
   'inline-block'
 ];
+
 function isBlock(elm) {
   var display = window.getComputedStyle(elm).getPropertyValue('display');
   return blockLike.includes(display) || display.substr(0, 6) === 'table-';
@@ -33,10 +35,15 @@ function getBlockParent(node) {
 
 /**
  * Determines if an element is within a text block
+ * With `noLengthCompare` true, will return if there is any non-space text outside
+ * widgets. When false, compares the length of non-widget text to widget text
+ *
  * @param  {Element} node [description]
+ * @param  {Object} options Optional
+ * @property {Bool} noLengthCompare
  * @return {Boolean}      [description]
  */
-function isInTextBlock(node) {
+function isInTextBlock(node, options) {
   if (isBlock(node)) {
     // Ignore if the link is a block
     return false;
@@ -45,7 +52,7 @@ function isInTextBlock(node) {
   // Find all the text part of the parent block not in a link, and all the text in a link
   const virtualParent = getBlockParent(node);
   let parentText = '';
-  let linkText = '';
+  let widgetText = '';
   let inBrBlock = 0;
 
   // We want to ignore hidden text, and if br / hr is used, only use the section of the parent
@@ -66,11 +73,14 @@ function isInTextBlock(node) {
     }
 
     var nodeName = (currNode.nodeName || '').toUpperCase();
+    if (currNode === node) {
+      inBrBlock = 1;
+    }
     // BR and HR elements break the line
     if (['BR', 'HR'].includes(nodeName)) {
       if (inBrBlock === 0) {
         parentText = '';
-        linkText = '';
+        widgetText = '';
       } else {
         inBrBlock = 2;
       }
@@ -84,24 +94,21 @@ function isInTextBlock(node) {
     ) {
       return false;
 
-      // Don't walk links, we're only interested in what's not in them.
-    } else if (
-      (nodeName === 'A' && currNode.href) ||
-      (currNode.getAttribute('role') || '').toLowerCase() === 'link'
-    ) {
-      if (currNode === node) {
-        inBrBlock = 1;
-      }
+      // Don't walk widgets, we're only interested in what's not in them.
+    } else if (getRoleType(currNode) === 'widget') {
       // Grab all the text from this element, but don't walk down it's children
-      linkText += currNode.textContent;
+      widgetText += currNode.textContent;
       return false;
     }
   });
 
   parentText = sanitize(parentText);
-  linkText = sanitize(linkText);
+  if (options?.noLengthCompare) {
+    return parentText.length !== 0;
+  }
 
-  return parentText.length > linkText.length;
+  widgetText = sanitize(widgetText);
+  return parentText.length > widgetText.length;
 }
 
 export default isInTextBlock;
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/is-inert.js b/lib/commons/dom/is-inert.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..df09b5c78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/is-inert.js
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+import memoize from '../../core/utils/memoize';
+import getModalDialog from './get-modal-dialog';
+import { contains } from '../../core/utils';
+
+/**
+ * Determines if an element is inside an inert subtree.
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode
+ * @param {Boolean} [options.skipAncestors] If the ancestor tree should not be used
+ * @return {Boolean} The element's inert state
+ */
+export default function isInert(vNode, { skipAncestors, isAncestor } = {}) {
+  if (skipAncestors) {
+    return isInertSelf(vNode, isAncestor);
+  }
+
+  return isInertAncestors(vNode, isAncestor);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check the element for inert
+ */
+const isInertSelf = memoize(function isInertSelfMemoized(vNode, isAncestor) {
+  if (vNode.hasAttr('inert')) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  if (!isAncestor && vNode.actualNode) {
+    // elements outside of an opened modal
+    // dialog are treated as inert by the
+    // browser
+    const modalDialog = getModalDialog();
+    if (modalDialog && !contains(modalDialog, vNode)) {
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return false;
+});
+
+/**
+ * Check the element and ancestors for inert
+ */
+const isInertAncestors = memoize(
+  function isInertAncestorsMemoized(vNode, isAncestor) {
+    if (isInertSelf(vNode, isAncestor)) {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    if (!vNode.parent) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    return isInertAncestors(vNode.parent, true);
+  }
+);
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/is-modal-open.js b/lib/commons/dom/is-modal-open.js
index 7c71b4d5e..c9feb673f 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/is-modal-open.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/is-modal-open.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import isVisible from './is-visible';
+import isVisibleOnScreen from './is-visible-on-screen';
 import getViewportSize from './get-viewport-size';
 import cache from '../../core/base/cache';
 import { querySelectorAllFilter } from '../../core/utils';
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ function isModalOpen(options) {
     // TODO: es-module-_tree
     axe._tree[0],
     'dialog, [role=dialog], [aria-modal=true]',
-    vNode => isVisible(vNode.actualNode)
+    isVisibleOnScreen
   );
 
   if (definiteModals.length) {
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/is-multiline.js b/lib/commons/dom/is-multiline.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..528fb7ffa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/is-multiline.js
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/**
+ * Returns true if content has client rects that have no vertical overlap.
+ * I.e. they are rendered on different "lines".
+ * @param {Element} domNode
+ * @param {number} margin (default: 2)
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+export default function isMultiline(domNode, margin = 2) {
+  const range = domNode.ownerDocument.createRange();
+  range.setStart(domNode, 0);
+  range.setEnd(domNode, domNode.childNodes.length);
+  let lastLineEnd = 0;
+  let lineCount = 0;
+  for (const rect of range.getClientRects()) {
+    if (rect.height <= margin) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (lastLineEnd > rect.top + margin) {
+      lastLineEnd = Math.max(lastLineEnd, rect.bottom);
+    } else if (lineCount === 0) {
+      lastLineEnd = rect.bottom;
+      lineCount++;
+    } else {
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/is-natively-focusable.js b/lib/commons/dom/is-natively-focusable.js
index 5b16f787e..906ba34ee 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/is-natively-focusable.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/is-natively-focusable.js
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-import AbstractVirtualNode from '../../core/base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node';
-import { getNodeFromTree, querySelectorAll } from '../../core/utils';
+import { nodeLookup, querySelectorAll } from '../../core/utils';
 import focusDisabled from './focus-disabled';
 
 /**
@@ -12,7 +11,7 @@ import focusDisabled from './focus-disabled';
  * if its tabindex were removed. Else, false.
  */
 function isNativelyFocusable(el) {
-  const vNode = el instanceof AbstractVirtualNode ? el : getNodeFromTree(el);
+  const { vNode } = nodeLookup(el);
 
   if (!vNode || focusDisabled(vNode)) {
     return false;
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/is-offscreen.js b/lib/commons/dom/is-offscreen.js
index ed25204f1..d0e3b75f7 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/is-offscreen.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/is-offscreen.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import getComposedParent from './get-composed-parent';
 import getElementCoordinates from './get-element-coordinates';
 import getViewportSize from './get-viewport-size';
+import { nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
 
 function noParentScrolled(element, offset) {
   element = getComposedParent(element);
@@ -22,21 +23,32 @@ function noParentScrolled(element, offset) {
  * @memberof axe.commons.dom
  * @instance
  * @param  {Element} element
- * @return {Boolean}
+ * @param {Object} [options]
+ * @param {Boolean} [options.isAncestor] If this function is being called on an ancestor of the target node
+ * @return {Boolean|undefined}
  */
-function isOffscreen(element) {
+function isOffscreen(element, { isAncestor } = {}) {
+  if (isAncestor) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const { domNode } = nodeLookup(element);
+  if (!domNode) {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
   let leftBoundary;
   const docElement = document.documentElement;
-  const styl = window.getComputedStyle(element);
+  const styl = window.getComputedStyle(domNode);
   const dir = window
     .getComputedStyle(document.body || docElement)
     .getPropertyValue('direction');
-  const coords = getElementCoordinates(element);
+  const coords = getElementCoordinates(domNode);
 
   // bottom edge beyond
   if (
     coords.bottom < 0 &&
-    (noParentScrolled(element, coords.bottom) || styl.position === 'absolute')
+    (noParentScrolled(domNode, coords.bottom) || styl.position === 'absolute')
   ) {
     return true;
   }
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/is-skip-link.js b/lib/commons/dom/is-skip-link.js
index 2ec3139e0..438447f3c 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/is-skip-link.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/is-skip-link.js
@@ -21,30 +21,8 @@ export default function isSkipLink(element) {
     return false;
   }
 
-  let firstPageLink;
-  if (typeof cache.get('firstPageLink') !== 'undefined') {
-    firstPageLink = cache.get('firstPageLink');
-  } else {
-    // jsdom can have window.location.origin set to null
-    if (!window.location.origin) {
-      firstPageLink = querySelectorAll(
-        // TODO: es-module-_tree
-        axe._tree,
-        'a:not([href^="#"]):not([href^="/#"]):not([href^="javascript:"])'
-      )[0];
-    } else {
-      firstPageLink = querySelectorAll(
-        axe._tree,
-        'a[href]:not([href^="javascript:"])'
-      ).find(link => !isCurrentPageLink(link.actualNode));
-    }
+  const firstPageLink = cache.get('firstPageLink', generateFirstPageLink);
 
-    // null will signify no first page link
-    cache.set('firstPageLink', firstPageLink || null);
-  }
-
-  // if there are no page links then all all links will need to be
-  // considered as skip links
   if (!firstPageLink) {
     return true;
   }
@@ -54,3 +32,22 @@ export default function isSkipLink(element) {
     element.DOCUMENT_POSITION_FOLLOWING
   );
 }
+
+function generateFirstPageLink() {
+  let firstPageLink;
+  if (!window.location.origin) {
+    firstPageLink = querySelectorAll(
+      // TODO: es-module-_tree
+      axe._tree,
+      'a:not([href^="#"]):not([href^="/#"]):not([href^="javascript:"])'
+    )[0];
+  } else {
+    firstPageLink = querySelectorAll(
+      axe._tree,
+      'a[href]:not([href^="javascript:"])'
+    ).find(link => !isCurrentPageLink(link.actualNode));
+  }
+
+  // null will signify no first page link
+  return firstPageLink || null;
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/is-visible-on-screen.js b/lib/commons/dom/is-visible-on-screen.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7795335c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/is-visible-on-screen.js
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+import { nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
+import memoize from '../../core/utils/memoize';
+import isHiddenForEveryone from './is-hidden-for-everyone';
+import {
+  opacityHidden,
+  scrollHidden,
+  overflowHidden,
+  clipHidden,
+  areaHidden
+} from './visibility-methods';
+import isOffscreen from './is-offscreen';
+
+const hiddenMethods = [
+  opacityHidden,
+  scrollHidden,
+  overflowHidden,
+  clipHidden,
+  isOffscreen
+];
+
+/**
+ * Determine if an element is visible on screen
+ * @method isVisibleOnScreen
+ * @memberof axe.commons.dom
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode The Virtual Node
+ * @return {Boolean} True if the element is visible on screen
+ */
+export default function isVisibleOnScreen(vNode) {
+  vNode = nodeLookup(vNode).vNode;
+  return isVisibleOnScreenVirtual(vNode);
+}
+
+const isVisibleOnScreenVirtual = memoize(
+  function isVisibleOnScreenMemoized(vNode, isAncestor) {
+    if (vNode.actualNode && vNode.props.nodeName === 'area') {
+      return !areaHidden(vNode, isVisibleOnScreenVirtual);
+    }
+
+    if (isHiddenForEveryone(vNode, { skipAncestors: true, isAncestor })) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if (
+      vNode.actualNode &&
+      hiddenMethods.some(method => method(vNode, { isAncestor }))
+    ) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if (!vNode.parent) {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    return isVisibleOnScreenVirtual(vNode.parent, true);
+  }
+);
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/is-visible-to-screenreader.js b/lib/commons/dom/is-visible-to-screenreader.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..689ff7f0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/is-visible-to-screenreader.js
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import { nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
+import memoize from '../../core/utils/memoize';
+import isHiddenForEveryone from './is-hidden-for-everyone';
+import { ariaHidden, areaHidden } from './visibility-methods';
+import isInert from './is-inert';
+
+/**
+ * Determine if an element is visible to a screen reader
+ * @method isVisibleToScreenReaders
+ * @memberof axe.commons.dom
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode The Virtual Node
+ * @return {Boolean} True if the element is visible to a screen reader
+ */
+export default function isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode) {
+  vNode = nodeLookup(vNode).vNode;
+  return isVisibleToScreenReadersVirtual(vNode);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check the element and ancestors
+ */
+const isVisibleToScreenReadersVirtual = memoize(
+  function isVisibleToScreenReadersMemoized(vNode, isAncestor) {
+    if (
+      ariaHidden(vNode) ||
+      isInert(vNode, { skipAncestors: true, isAncestor })
+    ) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if (vNode.actualNode && vNode.props.nodeName === 'area') {
+      return !areaHidden(vNode, isVisibleToScreenReadersVirtual);
+    }
+
+    if (isHiddenForEveryone(vNode, { skipAncestors: true, isAncestor })) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if (!vNode.parent) {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    return isVisibleToScreenReadersVirtual(vNode.parent, true);
+  }
+);
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/is-visible.js b/lib/commons/dom/is-visible.js
index 8cb847719..5fa324ef3 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/is-visible.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/is-visible.js
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ import {
 } from '../../core/utils';
 import AbstractVirtualNode from '../../core/base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node';
 
-const clipRegex = /rect\s*\(([0-9]+)px,?\s*([0-9]+)px,?\s*([0-9]+)px,?\s*([0-9]+)px\s*\)/;
+const clipRegex =
+  /rect\s*\(([0-9]+)px,?\s*([0-9]+)px,?\s*([0-9]+)px,?\s*([0-9]+)px\s*\)/;
 const clipPathRegex = /(\w+)\((\d+)/;
 
 /**
@@ -105,6 +106,7 @@ function isAreaVisible(el, screenReader, recursed) {
  * @param {Boolean} screenReader When provided, will evaluate visibility from the perspective of a screen reader
  * @param {Boolean} recursed
  * @return {Boolean} The element's visibilty status
+ * @deprecated use isVisibleOnScreen or isVisibleToScreenReaders if `screenReader: true` was passed
  */
 function isVisible(el, screenReader, recursed) {
   if (!el) {
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/is-visual-content.js b/lib/commons/dom/is-visual-content.js
index ef8b7c0aa..95732c529 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/is-visual-content.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/is-visual-content.js
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
+import { nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
+
 const visualRoles = [
   'checkbox',
   'img',
+  'meter',
+  'progressbar',
+  'scrollbar',
   'radio',
-  'range',
   'slider',
   'spinbutton',
   'textbox'
@@ -13,34 +17,34 @@ const visualRoles = [
  * @method isVisualContent
  * @memberof axe.commons.dom
  * @instance
- * @param  {Element} element The element to check
+ * @param  {Element|VirtualNode} element The element to check
  * @return {Boolean}
  */
-function isVisualContent(element) {
-  /*eslint indent: 0*/
-  const role = element.getAttribute('role');
+function isVisualContent(el) {
+  const { vNode } = nodeLookup(el);
+  const role = axe.commons.aria.getExplicitRole(vNode);
   if (role) {
     return visualRoles.indexOf(role) !== -1;
   }
 
-  switch (element.nodeName.toUpperCase()) {
-    case 'IMG':
-    case 'IFRAME':
-    case 'OBJECT':
-    case 'VIDEO':
-    case 'AUDIO':
-    case 'CANVAS':
-    case 'SVG':
-    case 'MATH':
-    case 'BUTTON':
-    case 'SELECT':
-    case 'TEXTAREA':
-    case 'KEYGEN':
-    case 'PROGRESS':
-    case 'METER':
+  switch (vNode.props.nodeName) {
+    case 'img':
+    case 'iframe':
+    case 'object':
+    case 'video':
+    case 'audio':
+    case 'canvas':
+    case 'svg':
+    case 'math':
+    case 'button':
+    case 'select':
+    case 'textarea':
+    case 'keygen':
+    case 'progress':
+    case 'meter':
       return true;
-    case 'INPUT':
-      return element.type !== 'hidden';
+    case 'input':
+      return vNode.props.type !== 'hidden';
     default:
       return false;
   }
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/visibility-methods.js b/lib/commons/dom/visibility-methods.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cf11a6477
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/visibility-methods.js
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+import {
+  getScroll,
+  closest,
+  getRootNode,
+  querySelectorAll,
+  escapeSelector
+} from '../../core/utils';
+import rectsOverlap from '../math/rects-overlap';
+import getOverflowHiddenAncestors from './get-overflow-hidden-ancestors';
+
+const clipRegex =
+  /rect\s*\(([0-9]+)px,?\s*([0-9]+)px,?\s*([0-9]+)px,?\s*([0-9]+)px\s*\)/;
+const clipPathRegex = /(\w+)\((\d+)/;
+
+/**
+ * Determine if an element is natively hidden
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode
+ * @return {Boolean}
+ */
+export function nativelyHidden(vNode) {
+  return ['style', 'script', 'noscript', 'template'].includes(
+    vNode.props.nodeName
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determine if an element is hidden using the display property
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode
+ * @return {Boolean}
+ */
+export function displayHidden(vNode) {
+  // Firefox's user-agent always sets `area` element
+  // to `display:none` so we can't rely on it to
+  // check for hidden
+  if (vNode.props.nodeName === 'area') {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('display') === 'none';
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determine if an element is hidden using the visibility property. Visibility is only applicable for the node itself (and not any ancestors)
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode
+ * @param {Object} [options]
+ * @param {Boolean} [options.isAncestor] If this function is being called on an ancestor for the target node
+ * @return {Boolean}
+ */
+export function visibilityHidden(vNode, { isAncestor } = {}) {
+  // because the parent can be hidden, and the child visible we
+  // have to ignore visibility on ancestors. we don't need to look
+  // at the parent either, because visibility inherits
+  return (
+    !isAncestor &&
+    ['hidden', 'collapse'].includes(
+      vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('visibility')
+    )
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determine if an element is hidden using the content-visibility property
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode
+ * @return {Boolean}
+ */
+export function contentVisibiltyHidden(vNode, { isAncestor } = {}) {
+  // content-visibility only applies to descendants
+  // and does not hide the node with the property
+  return (
+    !!isAncestor &&
+    vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('content-visibility') === 'hidden'
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determine if an element is hidden using the aria-hidden attribute
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode
+ * @return {Boolean}
+ */
+export function ariaHidden(vNode) {
+  return vNode.attr('aria-hidden') === 'true';
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determine if an element is hidden by making the opacity 0
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode
+ * @return {Boolean}
+ */
+export function opacityHidden(vNode) {
+  return vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('opacity') === '0';
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determine if an element is hidden by using scroll and dimensions
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode
+ * @return {Boolean}
+ */
+export function scrollHidden(vNode) {
+  const scroll = getScroll(vNode.actualNode);
+  const elHeight = parseInt(vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('height'));
+  const elWidth = parseInt(vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('width'));
+
+  return !!scroll && (elHeight === 0 || elWidth === 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determine if an element is hidden by using overflow: hidden.
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode
+ * @return {Boolean}
+ */
+export function overflowHidden(vNode, { isAncestor } = {}) {
+  // an ancestor that is hidden outside an overflow
+  // does not mean that a descendant is also hidden
+  // since the descendant can reposition itself to be
+  // in view of the overflow:hidden ancestor
+  if (isAncestor) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const rect = vNode.boundingClientRect;
+  const nodes = getOverflowHiddenAncestors(vNode);
+
+  if (!nodes.length) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return nodes.some(node => {
+    const nodeRect = node.boundingClientRect;
+
+    if (nodeRect.width < 2 || nodeRect.height < 2) {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    return !rectsOverlap(rect, nodeRect);
+  });
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determines if an element is hidden with a clip or clip-path technique
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode
+ * @return {Boolean}
+ */
+export function clipHidden(vNode) {
+  const matchesClip = vNode
+    .getComputedStylePropertyValue('clip')
+    .match(clipRegex);
+  const matchesClipPath = vNode
+    .getComputedStylePropertyValue('clip-path')
+    .match(clipPathRegex);
+  if (matchesClip && matchesClip.length === 5) {
+    const position = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('position');
+    // clip is only applied to absolutely positioned elements
+    if (['fixed', 'absolute'].includes(position)) {
+      return (
+        matchesClip[3] - matchesClip[1] <= 0 &&
+        matchesClip[2] - matchesClip[4] <= 0
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  if (matchesClipPath) {
+    const type = matchesClipPath[1];
+    const value = parseInt(matchesClipPath[2], 10);
+
+    switch (type) {
+      case 'inset':
+        return value >= 50;
+      case 'circle':
+        return value === 0;
+      default:
+    }
+  }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check `AREA` element is hidden
+ * - validate if it is a child of `map`
+ * - ensure `map` is referred by `img` using the `usemap` attribute
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode
+ * @param {Function} visibleFunction Function used to check if the image element is visible
+ * @retruns {Boolean}
+ */
+export function areaHidden(vNode, visibleFunction) {
+  /**
+   * Note:
+   * - Verified that `map` element cannot refer to `area` elements across different document trees
+   * - Verified that `map` element does not get affected by altering `display` property
+   */
+  const mapEl = closest(vNode, 'map');
+  if (!mapEl) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  const mapElName = mapEl.attr('name');
+  if (!mapElName) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * `map` element has to be in light DOM
+   */
+  const mapElRootNode = getRootNode(vNode.actualNode);
+  if (!mapElRootNode || mapElRootNode.nodeType !== 9) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  const refs = querySelectorAll(
+    // TODO: es-module-_tree
+    axe._tree,
+    `img[usemap="#${escapeSelector(mapElName)}"]`
+  );
+  if (!refs || !refs.length) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  return refs.some(ref => !visibleFunction(ref));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determine if element inside `details` is hidden
+ */
+export function detailsHidden(vNode) {
+  if (vNode.parent?.props.nodeName !== 'details') {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // first summary element is never hidden (subsequent ones are though)
+  if (vNode.props.nodeName === 'summary') {
+    const firstSummary = vNode.parent.children.find(
+      node => node.props.nodeName === 'summary'
+    );
+
+    if (firstSummary === vNode) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return !vNode.parent.hasAttr('open');
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/visually-contains.js b/lib/commons/dom/visually-contains.js
index c46f8b0fd..84df0fec1 100644
--- a/lib/commons/dom/visually-contains.js
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/visually-contains.js
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { getNodeFromTree, getScroll } from '../../core/utils';
 /**
  * Checks whether a parent element visually contains its child, either directly or via scrolling.
  * Assumes that |parent| is an ancestor of |node|.
+ * @deprecated
  * @method visuallyContains
  * @memberof axe.commons.dom
  * @instance
diff --git a/lib/commons/dom/visually-sort.js b/lib/commons/dom/visually-sort.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ee5a0c905
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/dom/visually-sort.js
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+import createGrid from './create-grid';
+
+/**
+ * Visually sort nodes based on their stack order
+ * References:
+ * https://www.w3.org/Style/css2-updates/css2/zindex.html
+ * https://www.w3.org/Style/css2-updates/css2/visuren.html#layers
+ * @param {VirtualNode}
+ * @param {VirtualNode}
+ */
+export default function visuallySort(a, b) {
+  /*eslint no-bitwise: 0 */
+  createGrid(); // Because we need ._stackingOrder
+  const length = Math.max(a._stackingOrder.length, b._stackingOrder.length);
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+    if (typeof b._stackingOrder[i] === 'undefined') {
+      return -1;
+    } else if (typeof a._stackingOrder[i] === 'undefined') {
+      return 1;
+    }
+
+    // 7. the child stacking contexts with positive stack levels (least positive first).
+    if (b._stackingOrder[i].stackLevel > a._stackingOrder[i].stackLevel) {
+      return 1;
+    }
+
+    // 2. the child stacking contexts with negative stack levels (most negative first).
+    if (b._stackingOrder[i].stackLevel < a._stackingOrder[i].stackLevel) {
+      return -1;
+    }
+
+    // stacks share the same stack level so compare document order
+    if (b._stackingOrder[i].treeOrder !== a._stackingOrder[i].treeOrder) {
+      return b._stackingOrder[i].treeOrder - a._stackingOrder[i].treeOrder;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // nodes are the same stacking order
+  let aNode = a.actualNode;
+  let bNode = b.actualNode;
+
+  // elements don't correctly calculate document position when comparing
+  // across shadow boundaries, so we need to compare the position of a
+  // shared host instead
+
+  // elements have different hosts
+  if (aNode.getRootNode && aNode.getRootNode() !== bNode.getRootNode()) {
+    // keep track of all parent hosts and find the one both nodes share
+    const boundaries = [];
+    while (aNode) {
+      boundaries.push({
+        root: aNode.getRootNode(),
+        node: aNode
+      });
+      aNode = aNode.getRootNode().host;
+    }
+
+    while (
+      bNode &&
+      !boundaries.find(boundary => boundary.root === bNode.getRootNode())
+    ) {
+      bNode = bNode.getRootNode().host;
+    }
+
+    // bNode is a node that shares a host with some part of the a parent
+    // shadow tree, find the aNode that shares the same host as bNode
+    aNode = boundaries.find(
+      boundary => boundary.root === bNode.getRootNode()
+    ).node;
+
+    // sort child of shadow to it's host node by finding which element is
+    // the child of the host and sorting it before the host
+    if (aNode === bNode) {
+      return a.actualNode.getRootNode() !== aNode.getRootNode() ? -1 : 1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  const {
+    DOCUMENT_POSITION_FOLLOWING,
+    DOCUMENT_POSITION_CONTAINS,
+    DOCUMENT_POSITION_CONTAINED_BY
+  } = window.Node;
+
+  const docPosition = aNode.compareDocumentPosition(bNode);
+  const DOMOrder = docPosition & DOCUMENT_POSITION_FOLLOWING ? 1 : -1;
+  const isDescendant =
+    docPosition & DOCUMENT_POSITION_CONTAINS ||
+    docPosition & DOCUMENT_POSITION_CONTAINED_BY;
+  const aPosition = getPositionOrder(a);
+  const bPosition = getPositionOrder(b);
+
+  // a child of a positioned element should also be on top of the parent
+  if (aPosition === bPosition || isDescendant) {
+    return DOMOrder;
+  }
+  return bPosition - aPosition;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Return the index order of how to position this element. return nodes in non-positioned, floating, positioned order
+ * References:
+ * https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Positioning/Understanding_z_index/Stacking_without_z-index
+ * https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Positioning/Understanding_z_index/Stacking_and_float
+ * https://www.w3.org/Style/css2-updates/css2/zindex.html
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode
+ * @return {Number}
+ */
+function getPositionOrder(vNode) {
+  // 5. the in-flow, inline-level, non-positioned descendants, including inline tables and inline blocks.
+  if (vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('display').indexOf('inline') !== -1) {
+    return 2;
+  }
+  // 4. the non-positioned floats.
+  if (isFloated(vNode)) {
+    return 1;
+  }
+  // 3. the in-flow, non-inline-level, non-positioned descendants.
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if a node or one of it's parents is floated.
+ * Floating position should be inherited from the parent tree
+ * @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/2222
+ */
+function isFloated(vNode) {
+  if (!vNode) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (vNode._isFloated !== undefined) {
+    return vNode._isFloated;
+  }
+
+  const floatStyle = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('float');
+
+  if (floatStyle !== 'none') {
+    vNode._isFloated = true;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  const floated = isFloated(vNode.parent);
+  vNode._isFloated = floated;
+  return floated;
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/index.js b/lib/commons/index.js
index 16547c4d6..2786c1825 100644
--- a/lib/commons/index.js
+++ b/lib/commons/index.js
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
  */
 import * as aria from './aria';
 import * as color from './color';
+import * as math from './math';
 import * as dom from './dom';
 import * as forms from './forms';
 import matches from './matches';
@@ -15,13 +16,14 @@ import * as standards from './standards';
 import * as table from './table';
 import * as text from './text';
 import * as utils from '../core/utils';
-import * as a11yCommons from './a11yCommons'
+import * as a11yCommons from './a11yCommons';
 
 var commons = {
   aria,
   color,
   dom,
   forms,
+  math,
   matches,
   standards,
   table,
@@ -29,4 +31,16 @@ var commons = {
   utils
 };
 
-export { aria, color, dom, forms, matches, standards, table, text, utils, a11yCommons };
+export {
+  aria,
+  color,
+  dom,
+  forms,
+  math,
+  matches,
+  standards,
+  table,
+  text,
+  utils,
+  a11yCommons
+};
diff --git a/lib/commons/matches/attributes.js b/lib/commons/matches/attributes.js
index d8c70417c..4aa0bf451 100644
--- a/lib/commons/matches/attributes.js
+++ b/lib/commons/matches/attributes.js
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import fromFunction from './from-function';
-import AbstractVirtualNode from '../../core/base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node';
-import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
+import { nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
 
 /**
  * Check if a virtual node matches some attribute(s)
@@ -23,9 +22,7 @@ import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
  * @returns {Boolean}
  */
 function attributes(vNode, matcher) {
-  if (!(vNode instanceof AbstractVirtualNode)) {
-    vNode = getNodeFromTree(vNode);
-  }
+  vNode = nodeLookup(vNode).vNode;
   return fromFunction(attrName => vNode.attr(attrName), matcher);
 }
 
diff --git a/lib/commons/matches/condition.js b/lib/commons/matches/condition.js
index 2086efd9b..88ad371c6 100644
--- a/lib/commons/matches/condition.js
+++ b/lib/commons/matches/condition.js
@@ -10,11 +10,9 @@
  * ```
  *
  * @param {any} argument
- * @param {Function|Null|undefined} condition
+ * @param {Function|Null|undefined} matcher
  * @returns {Boolean}
  */
-function condition(arg, condition) {
-  return !!condition(arg);
+export default function condition(arg, matcher) {
+  return !!matcher(arg);
 }
-
-export default condition;
diff --git a/lib/commons/matches/from-definition.js b/lib/commons/matches/from-definition.js
index 7afefcac1..d1175c0d1 100644
--- a/lib/commons/matches/from-definition.js
+++ b/lib/commons/matches/from-definition.js
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ import implicitRole from './implicit-role';
 import nodeName from './node-name';
 import properties from './properties';
 import semanticRole from './semantic-role';
-import AbstractVirtualNode from '../../core/base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node';
-import { getNodeFromTree, matches } from '../../core/utils';
+import { nodeLookup, matches } from '../../core/utils';
 
 const matchers = {
   hasAccessibleName,
@@ -44,9 +43,7 @@ const matchers = {
  * @returns {Boolean}
  */
 function fromDefinition(vNode, definition) {
-  if (!(vNode instanceof AbstractVirtualNode)) {
-    vNode = getNodeFromTree(vNode);
-  }
+  vNode = nodeLookup(vNode).vNode;
 
   if (Array.isArray(definition)) {
     return definition.some(definitionItem =>
diff --git a/lib/commons/matches/node-name.js b/lib/commons/matches/node-name.js
index c0e4bc384..860eaeefd 100644
--- a/lib/commons/matches/node-name.js
+++ b/lib/commons/matches/node-name.js
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import fromPrimative from './from-primative';
-import AbstractVirtualNode from '../../core/base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node';
-import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
+import { nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
 
 /**
  * Check if the nodeName of a virtual node matches some value.
@@ -20,9 +19,7 @@ import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
  * @returns {Boolean}
  */
 function nodeName(vNode, matcher) {
-  if (!(vNode instanceof AbstractVirtualNode)) {
-    vNode = getNodeFromTree(vNode);
-  }
+  vNode = nodeLookup(vNode).vNode;
   return fromPrimative(vNode.props.nodeName, matcher);
 }
 
diff --git a/lib/commons/matches/properties.js b/lib/commons/matches/properties.js
index a9eb78536..fd06fa28b 100644
--- a/lib/commons/matches/properties.js
+++ b/lib/commons/matches/properties.js
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import fromFunction from './from-function';
-import AbstractVirtualNode from '../../core/base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node';
-import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
+import { nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
 
 /**
  * Check if a virtual node matches some attribute(s)
@@ -23,9 +22,7 @@ import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
  * @returns {Boolean}
  */
 function properties(vNode, matcher) {
-  if (!(vNode instanceof AbstractVirtualNode)) {
-    vNode = getNodeFromTree(vNode);
-  }
+  vNode = nodeLookup(vNode).vNode;
   return fromFunction(propName => vNode.props[propName], matcher);
 }
 
diff --git a/lib/commons/math/get-bounding-rect.js b/lib/commons/math/get-bounding-rect.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d19dc7042
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/math/get-bounding-rect.js
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+/**
+ * Return a new rect that wraps around both rectA and rectB
+ * @method getBoundingRect
+ * @memberof axe.commons.math
+ * @param {DOMRect} rectA
+ * @param {DOMRect} rectB
+ * @returns {DOMRect}
+ */
+export function getBoundingRect(rectA, rectB) {
+  const top = Math.min(rectA.top, rectB.top);
+  const right = Math.max(rectA.right, rectB.right);
+  const bottom = Math.max(rectA.bottom, rectB.bottom);
+  const left = Math.min(rectA.left, rectB.left);
+  return new window.DOMRect(left, top, right - left, bottom - top);
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/math/get-intersection-rect.js b/lib/commons/math/get-intersection-rect.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d00bcd7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/math/get-intersection-rect.js
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+/**
+ * Get the intersection rectangle of two rectangles. Returns null if the rectangles do not intersect.
+ * @see https://math.stackexchange.com/a/2477358
+ * @method getIntersectionRect
+ * @memberof axe.commons.math
+ * @param {DOMRect} rect1
+ * @param {DOMRect} rect2
+ * @returns {DOMRect|Null}
+ */
+export default function getIntersectionRect(rect1, rect2) {
+  const leftX = Math.max(rect1.left, rect2.left);
+  const rightX = Math.min(rect1.right, rect2.right);
+  const topY = Math.max(rect1.top, rect2.top);
+  const bottomY = Math.min(rect1.bottom, rect2.bottom);
+
+  if (leftX >= rightX || topY >= bottomY) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  return new window.DOMRect(leftX, topY, rightX - leftX, bottomY - topY);
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/math/get-offset.js b/lib/commons/math/get-offset.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..664871fda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/math/get-offset.js
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+import { getTargetRects, getTargetSize } from '../dom';
+import { getBoundingRect } from './get-bounding-rect';
+import { isPointInRect } from './is-point-in-rect';
+import { getRectCenter } from './get-rect-center';
+import rectHasMinimumSize from './rect-has-minimum-size';
+
+/**
+ * Get the offset between target A and neighbor B. This assumes that the target is undersized and needs to check the spacing exception.
+ * @method getOffset
+ * @memberof axe.commons.math
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vTarget
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNeighbor
+ * @param {Number} radius
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+export default function getOffset(vTarget, vNeighbor, minRadiusNeighbour = 12) {
+  const targetRects = getTargetRects(vTarget);
+  const neighborRects = getTargetRects(vNeighbor);
+
+  if (!targetRects.length || !neighborRects.length) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  const targetBoundingBox = targetRects.reduce(getBoundingRect);
+  const targetCenter = getRectCenter(targetBoundingBox);
+
+  // calculate distance to the closest edge of each neighbor rect
+  let minDistance = Infinity;
+  for (const rect of neighborRects) {
+    if (isPointInRect(targetCenter, rect)) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+    const closestPoint = getClosestPoint(targetCenter, rect);
+    const distance = pointDistance(targetCenter, closestPoint);
+    minDistance = Math.min(minDistance, distance);
+  }
+
+  const neighborTargetSize = getTargetSize(vNeighbor);
+  if (rectHasMinimumSize(minRadiusNeighbour * 2, neighborTargetSize)) {
+    return minDistance;
+  }
+
+  const neighborBoundingBox = neighborRects.reduce(getBoundingRect);
+  const neighborCenter = getRectCenter(neighborBoundingBox);
+  // subtract the radius of the circle from the distance to center to get distance to edge of the neighbor circle
+  const centerDistance =
+    pointDistance(targetCenter, neighborCenter) - minRadiusNeighbour;
+
+  return Math.max(0, Math.min(minDistance, centerDistance));
+}
+
+function getClosestPoint(point, rect) {
+  let x;
+  let y;
+
+  if (point.x < rect.left) {
+    x = rect.left;
+  } else if (point.x > rect.right) {
+    x = rect.right;
+  } else {
+    x = point.x;
+  }
+
+  if (point.y < rect.top) {
+    y = rect.top;
+  } else if (point.y > rect.bottom) {
+    y = rect.bottom;
+  } else {
+    y = point.y;
+  }
+
+  return { x, y };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Distance between two points
+ * @param {Point} pointA
+ * @param {Point} pointB
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+function pointDistance(pointA, pointB) {
+  return Math.hypot(pointA.x - pointB.x, pointA.y - pointB.y);
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/math/get-rect-center.js b/lib/commons/math/get-rect-center.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..38133013f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/math/get-rect-center.js
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+/**
+ * Return the center point of a rect
+ * @method getRectCenter
+ * @memberof axe.commons.math
+ * @param {DOMRect}
+ * @returns {DOMPoint}
+ */
+export function getRectCenter({ left, top, width, height }) {
+  return new window.DOMPoint(left + width / 2, top + height / 2);
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/math/has-visual-overlap.js b/lib/commons/math/has-visual-overlap.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aab0bb1d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/math/has-visual-overlap.js
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import { visuallySort } from '../dom';
+
+/**
+ * Check if node A overlaps B
+ * @method getOffset
+ * @memberof axe.commons.math
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNodeA
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNodeB
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+export default function hasVisualOverlap(vNodeA, vNodeB) {
+  const rectA = vNodeA.boundingClientRect;
+  const rectB = vNodeB.boundingClientRect;
+  if (
+    rectA.left >= rectB.right ||
+    rectA.right <= rectB.left ||
+    rectA.top >= rectB.bottom ||
+    rectA.bottom <= rectB.top
+  ) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  return visuallySort(vNodeA, vNodeB) > 0;
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/math/index.js b/lib/commons/math/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..88ac3a9cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/math/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+export { getBoundingRect } from './get-bounding-rect';
+export { default as getIntersectionRect } from './get-intersection-rect';
+export { default as getOffset } from './get-offset';
+export { getRectCenter } from './get-rect-center';
+export { default as hasVisualOverlap } from './has-visual-overlap';
+export { isPointInRect } from './is-point-in-rect';
+export { default as rectHasMinimumSize } from './rect-has-minimum-size';
+export { default as rectsOverlap } from './rects-overlap';
+export { default as splitRects } from './split-rects';
diff --git a/lib/commons/math/is-point-in-rect.js b/lib/commons/math/is-point-in-rect.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3ba920545
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/math/is-point-in-rect.js
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+/**
+ * Check if the DOMPoint is within the DOMRect
+ * @method isPointInRect
+ * @memberof axe.commons.math
+ * @param {DOMPoint}
+ * @param {DOMRect}
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+export function isPointInRect({ x, y }, { top, right, bottom, left }) {
+  return y >= top && x <= right && y <= bottom && x >= left;
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/math/rect-has-minimum-size.js b/lib/commons/math/rect-has-minimum-size.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..014a888e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/math/rect-has-minimum-size.js
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+const roundingMargin = 0.05;
+
+export default function rectHasMinimumSize(minSize, { width, height }) {
+  return (
+    width + roundingMargin >= minSize && height + roundingMargin >= minSize
+  );
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/math/rects-overlap.js b/lib/commons/math/rects-overlap.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..afdeff1f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/math/rects-overlap.js
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+/**
+ * Determine if two rectangles touch.
+ * @method rectsOverlap
+ * @memberof axe.commons.math
+ * @param {DOMRect} rect1
+ * @param {DOMRect} rect2
+ * @returns {Boolean}
+ */
+export default function rectsOverlap(rect1, rect2) {
+  // perform an AABB (axis-aligned bounding box) check.
+  // account for differences in how browsers handle floating
+  // point precision of bounding rects
+  // @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Games/Techniques/2D_collision_detection
+
+  /* eslint-disable no-bitwise */
+  return (
+    (rect1.left | 0) < (rect2.right | 0) &&
+    (rect1.right | 0) > (rect2.left | 0) &&
+    (rect1.top | 0) < (rect2.bottom | 0) &&
+    (rect1.bottom | 0) > (rect2.top | 0)
+  );
+  /* eslint-enable no-bitwise */
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/math/split-rects.js b/lib/commons/math/split-rects.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ca4ef232a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/commons/math/split-rects.js
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+/**
+ * Given an outer rect, and a list of rects that overlap with it, find any rectangular
+ * space that does not overlap.
+ * @method getOffset
+ * @memberof axe.commons.math
+ * @param {DOMRect} outerRect
+ * @param {DOMRect[]} overlapRects
+ * @returns {DOMRect[]} Unique array of rects
+ */
+export default function splitRects(outerRect, overlapRects) {
+  let uniqueRects = [outerRect];
+  for (const overlapRect of overlapRects) {
+    uniqueRects = uniqueRects.reduce((rects, inputRect) => {
+      return rects.concat(splitRect(inputRect, overlapRect));
+    }, []);
+
+    // exit early if we get too many rects that it starts causing
+    // a performance bottleneck
+    // @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4359
+    if (uniqueRects.length > 4000) {
+      return [];
+    }
+  }
+  return uniqueRects;
+}
+
+// Cut the input rect along any intersecting edge of the clip rect.
+function splitRect(inputRect, clipRect) {
+  const { top, left, bottom, right } = inputRect;
+  const yAligned = top < clipRect.bottom && bottom > clipRect.top;
+  const xAligned = left < clipRect.right && right > clipRect.left;
+
+  const rects = [];
+  if (between(clipRect.top, top, bottom) && xAligned) {
+    rects.push({ top, left, bottom: clipRect.top, right });
+  }
+  if (between(clipRect.right, left, right) && yAligned) {
+    rects.push({ top, left: clipRect.right, bottom, right });
+  }
+  if (between(clipRect.bottom, top, bottom) && xAligned) {
+    rects.push({ top: clipRect.bottom, right, bottom, left });
+  }
+  if (between(clipRect.left, left, right) && yAligned) {
+    rects.push({ top, left, bottom, right: clipRect.left });
+  }
+  if (rects.length === 0) {
+    // Fully overlapping
+    if (isEnclosedRect(inputRect, clipRect)) {
+      return [];
+    }
+
+    rects.push(inputRect); // No intersection
+  }
+
+  return rects.map(computeRect); // add x / y / width / height
+}
+
+const between = (num, min, max) => num > min && num < max;
+
+function computeRect(baseRect) {
+  return new window.DOMRect(
+    baseRect.left,
+    baseRect.top,
+    baseRect.right - baseRect.left,
+    baseRect.bottom - baseRect.top
+  );
+}
+
+function isEnclosedRect(rectA, rectB) {
+  return (
+    rectA.top >= rectB.top &&
+    rectA.left >= rectB.left &&
+    rectA.bottom <= rectB.bottom &&
+    rectA.right <= rectB.right
+  );
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/standards/get-aria-roles-supporting-name-from-content.js b/lib/commons/standards/get-aria-roles-supporting-name-from-content.js
index 28c8f37a1..f5111240c 100644
--- a/lib/commons/standards/get-aria-roles-supporting-name-from-content.js
+++ b/lib/commons/standards/get-aria-roles-supporting-name-from-content.js
@@ -6,17 +6,11 @@ import standards from '../../standards';
  * @return {String[]} List of all roles with name from content
  */
 function getAriaRolesSupportingNameFromContent() {
-  if (cache.get('ariaRolesNameFromContent')) {
-    return cache.get('ariaRolesNameFromContent');
-  }
-
-  const contentRoles = Object.keys(standards.ariaRoles).filter(roleName => {
-    return standards.ariaRoles[roleName].nameFromContent;
-  });
-
-  cache.set('ariaRolesNameFromContent', contentRoles);
-
-  return contentRoles;
+  return cache.get('ariaRolesNameFromContent', () =>
+    Object.keys(standards.ariaRoles).filter(roleName => {
+      return standards.ariaRoles[roleName].nameFromContent;
+    })
+  );
 }
 
 export default getAriaRolesSupportingNameFromContent;
diff --git a/lib/commons/standards/get-global-aria-attrs.js b/lib/commons/standards/get-global-aria-attrs.js
index b792e082a..383cbad21 100644
--- a/lib/commons/standards/get-global-aria-attrs.js
+++ b/lib/commons/standards/get-global-aria-attrs.js
@@ -6,17 +6,11 @@ import standards from '../../standards';
  * @return {String[]} List of all global aria attributes
  */
 function getGlobalAriaAttrs() {
-  if (cache.get('globalAriaAttrs')) {
-    return cache.get('globalAriaAttrs');
-  }
-
-  const globalAttrs = Object.keys(standards.ariaAttrs).filter(attrName => {
-    return standards.ariaAttrs[attrName].global;
-  });
-
-  cache.set('globalAriaAttrs', globalAttrs);
-
-  return globalAttrs;
+  return cache.get('globalAriaAttrs', () =>
+    Object.keys(standards.ariaAttrs).filter(attrName => {
+      return standards.ariaAttrs[attrName].global;
+    })
+  );
 }
 
 export default getGlobalAriaAttrs;
diff --git a/lib/commons/standards/implicit-html-roles.js b/lib/commons/standards/implicit-html-roles.js
index 1e077e444..64455b1cb 100644
--- a/lib/commons/standards/implicit-html-roles.js
+++ b/lib/commons/standards/implicit-html-roles.js
@@ -10,13 +10,19 @@ import isRowHeader from '../table/is-row-header';
 import sanitize from '../text/sanitize';
 import isFocusable from '../dom/is-focusable';
 import { closest } from '../../core/utils';
+import cache from '../../core/base/cache';
 import getExplicitRole from '../aria/get-explicit-role';
 
-const sectioningElementSelector =
-  getElementsByContentType('sectioning')
-    .map(nodeName => `${nodeName}:not([role])`)
-    .join(', ') +
-  ' , main:not([role]), [role=article], [role=complementary], [role=main], [role=navigation], [role=region]';
+const getSectioningElementSelector = () => {
+  return cache.get('sectioningElementSelector', () => {
+    return (
+      getElementsByContentType('sectioning')
+        .map(nodeName => `${nodeName}:not([role])`)
+        .join(', ') +
+      ' , main:not([role]), [role=article], [role=complementary], [role=main], [role=navigation], [role=region]'
+    );
+  });
+};
 
 // sectioning elements only have an accessible name if the
 // aria-label, aria-labelledby, or title attribute has valid
@@ -64,7 +70,7 @@ const implicitHtmlRoles = {
   fieldset: 'group',
   figure: 'figure',
   footer: vNode => {
-    const sectioningElement = closest(vNode, sectioningElementSelector);
+    const sectioningElement = closest(vNode, getSectioningElementSelector());
 
     return !sectioningElement ? 'contentinfo' : null;
   },
@@ -78,7 +84,7 @@ const implicitHtmlRoles = {
   h5: 'heading',
   h6: 'heading',
   header: vNode => {
-    const sectioningElement = closest(vNode, sectioningElementSelector);
+    const sectioningElement = closest(vNode, getSectioningElementSelector());
 
     return !sectioningElement ? 'banner' : null;
   },
@@ -134,7 +140,7 @@ const implicitHtmlRoles = {
       case '':
         return !suggestionsSourceElement ? 'textbox' : 'combobox';
 
-      default: 
+      default:
         return 'textbox';
     }
   },
@@ -151,6 +157,7 @@ const implicitHtmlRoles = {
   option: 'option',
   output: 'status',
   progress: 'progressbar',
+  search: 'search',
   section: vNode => {
     return hasAccessibleName(vNode) ? 'region' : null;
   },
@@ -171,10 +178,10 @@ const implicitHtmlRoles = {
   textarea: 'textbox',
   tfoot: 'rowgroup',
   th: vNode => {
-    if (isColumnHeader(vNode.actualNode)) {
+    if (isColumnHeader(vNode)) {
       return 'columnheader';
     }
-    if (isRowHeader(vNode.actualNode)) {
+    if (isRowHeader(vNode)) {
       return 'rowheader';
     }
   },
diff --git a/lib/commons/table/get-scope.js b/lib/commons/table/get-scope.js
index cef6cd804..110eac5a2 100644
--- a/lib/commons/table/get-scope.js
+++ b/lib/commons/table/get-scope.js
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 import toGrid from './to-grid';
 import getCellPosition from './get-cell-position';
 import findUp from '../dom/find-up';
+import { nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
 
 /**
  * Determine if a `HTMLTableCellElement` is a column header, if so get the scope of the header
  * @method getScope
  * @memberof axe.commons.table
  * @instance
- * @param {HTMLTableCellElement} cell The table cell to test
+ * @param {HTMLTableCellElement|AbstractVirtualNode} cell The table cell to test
  * @return {Boolean|String} Returns `false` if not a column header, or the scope of the column header element
  */
-function getScope(cell) {
-  var scope = cell.getAttribute('scope');
-  var role = cell.getAttribute('role');
-
-  if (
-    cell instanceof window.Element === false ||
-    ['TD', 'TH'].indexOf(cell.nodeName.toUpperCase()) === -1
-  ) {
+export default function getScope(el) {
+  const { vNode, domNode: cell } = nodeLookup(el);
+
+  const scope = vNode.attr('scope');
+  const role = vNode.attr('role');
+
+  if (!['td', 'th'].includes(vNode.props.nodeName)) {
     throw new TypeError('Expected TD or TH element');
   }
 
@@ -27,32 +27,30 @@ function getScope(cell) {
     return 'row';
   } else if (scope === 'col' || scope === 'row') {
     return scope;
-  } else if (cell.nodeName.toUpperCase() !== 'TH') {
+  } else if (vNode.props.nodeName !== 'th') {
     return false;
+  } else if (!vNode.actualNode) {
+    return 'auto';
   }
-  var tableGrid = toGrid(findUp(cell, 'table'));
-  var pos = getCellPosition(cell, tableGrid);
+  const tableGrid = toGrid(findUp(cell, 'table'));
+  const pos = getCellPosition(cell, tableGrid);
 
   // The element is in a row with all th elements, that makes it a column header
-  var headerRow = tableGrid[pos.y].reduce((headerRow, cell) => {
-    return headerRow && cell.nodeName.toUpperCase() === 'TH';
-  }, true);
+  const headerRow = tableGrid[pos.y].every(
+    node => node.nodeName.toUpperCase() === 'TH'
+  );
 
   if (headerRow) {
     return 'col';
   }
 
   // The element is in a column with all th elements, that makes it a row header
-  var headerCol = tableGrid
+  const headerCol = tableGrid
     .map(col => col[pos.x])
-    .reduce((headerCol, cell) => {
-      return headerCol && cell && cell.nodeName.toUpperCase() === 'TH';
-    }, true);
+    .every(node => node && node.nodeName.toUpperCase() === 'TH');
 
   if (headerCol) {
     return 'row';
   }
   return 'auto';
 }
-
-export default getScope;
diff --git a/lib/commons/text/accessible-text-virtual.js b/lib/commons/text/accessible-text-virtual.js
index 09a00e4d7..c1ce96f69 100644
--- a/lib/commons/text/accessible-text-virtual.js
+++ b/lib/commons/text/accessible-text-virtual.js
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import formControlValue from './form-control-value';
 import subtreeText from './subtree-text';
 import titleText from './title-text';
 import sanitize from './sanitize';
-import isVisible from '../dom/is-visible';
+import isVisibleToScreenReaders from '../dom/is-visible-to-screenreader';
 import isIconLigature from '../text/is-icon-ligature';
 
 /**
@@ -18,8 +18,7 @@ import isIconLigature from '../text/is-icon-ligature';
  * @property {Bool} inLabelledByContext
  * @return {string}
  */
-function accessibleTextVirtual(virtualNode, context = {}) {
-  const { actualNode } = virtualNode;
+export default function accessibleTextVirtual(virtualNode, context = {}) {
   context = prepareContext(virtualNode, context);
 
   // Step 2A, check visibility
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ function accessibleTextVirtual(virtualNode, context = {}) {
   ];
 
   // Find the first step that returns a non-empty string
-  const accName = computationSteps.reduce((accName, step) => {
+  const accessibleName = computationSteps.reduce((accName, step) => {
     if (context.startNode === virtualNode) {
       accName = sanitize(accName);
     }
@@ -56,9 +55,9 @@ function accessibleTextVirtual(virtualNode, context = {}) {
   }, '');
 
   if (context.debug) {
-    axe.log(accName || '{empty-value}', actualNode, context);
+    axe.log(accessibleName || '{empty-value}', virtualNode.actualNode, context);
   }
-  return accName;
+  return accessibleName;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -74,27 +73,27 @@ function textNodeValue(virtualNode) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Check if the
+ * Check if the VirtualNode should be ignored because it is not visible or hidden should be included
  * @param {VirtualNode} element
  * @param {Object} context
  * @property {VirtualNode[]} processed
  * @return {Boolean}
  */
-function shouldIgnoreHidden({ actualNode }, context) {
-  if (!actualNode) {
+function shouldIgnoreHidden(virtualNode, context) {
+  if (!virtualNode) {
     return false;
   }
 
   if (
     // If the parent isn't ignored, the text node should not be either
-    actualNode.nodeType !== 1 ||
+    virtualNode.props.nodeType !== 1 ||
     // If the target of aria-labelledby is hidden, ignore all descendents
     context.includeHidden
   ) {
     return false;
   }
 
-  return !isVisible(actualNode, true);
+  return !isVisibleToScreenReaders(virtualNode);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -105,11 +104,13 @@ function shouldIgnoreHidden({ actualNode }, context) {
  * @return {Boolean}
  */
 function shouldIgnoreIconLigature(virtualNode, context) {
-  const { ignoreIconLigature, pixelThreshold, occuranceThreshold } = context;
+  const { ignoreIconLigature, pixelThreshold } = context;
+  const occurrenceThreshold =
+    context.occurrenceThreshold ?? context.occuranceThreshold;
   if (virtualNode.props.nodeType !== 3 || !ignoreIconLigature) {
     return false;
   }
-  return isIconLigature(virtualNode, pixelThreshold, occuranceThreshold);
+  return isIconLigature(virtualNode, pixelThreshold, occurrenceThreshold);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -119,15 +120,10 @@ function shouldIgnoreIconLigature(virtualNode, context) {
  * @return {Object} context object with defaults applied
  */
 function prepareContext(virtualNode, context) {
-  const { actualNode } = virtualNode;
   if (!context.startNode) {
     context = { startNode: virtualNode, ...context };
   }
 
-  if (!actualNode) {
-    return context;
-  }
-
   /**
    * When `aria-labelledby` directly references a `hidden` element
    * the element needs to be included in the accessible name.
@@ -138,12 +134,12 @@ function prepareContext(virtualNode, context) {
    * This is done by setting `includeHidden` for the `aria-labelledby` reference.
    */
   if (
-    actualNode.nodeType === 1 &&
+    virtualNode.props.nodeType === 1 &&
     context.inLabelledByContext &&
     context.includeHidden === undefined
   ) {
     context = {
-      includeHidden: !isVisible(actualNode, true),
+      includeHidden: !isVisibleToScreenReaders(virtualNode),
       ...context
     };
   }
@@ -169,5 +165,3 @@ accessibleTextVirtual.alreadyProcessed = function alreadyProcessed(
   context.processed.push(virtualnode);
   return false;
 };
-
-export default accessibleTextVirtual;
diff --git a/lib/commons/text/form-control-value.js b/lib/commons/text/form-control-value.js
index 2a4b67264..b4ef057cc 100644
--- a/lib/commons/text/form-control-value.js
+++ b/lib/commons/text/form-control-value.js
@@ -9,12 +9,11 @@ import isAriaListbox from '../forms/is-aria-listbox';
 import isAriaCombobox from '../forms/is-aria-combobox';
 import isAriaRange from '../forms/is-aria-range';
 import getOwnedVirtual from '../aria/get-owned-virtual';
-import isHiddenWithCSS from '../dom/is-hidden-with-css';
-import AbstractVirtualNode from '../../core/base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node';
-import { getNodeFromTree, querySelectorAll } from '../../core/utils';
+import isHiddenForEveryone from '../dom/is-hidden-for-everyone';
+import { nodeLookup, querySelectorAll } from '../../core/utils';
 import log from '../../core/log';
 
-const controlValueRoles = [
+export const controlValueRoles = [
   'textbox',
   'progressbar',
   'scrollbar',
@@ -82,9 +81,7 @@ function formControlValue(virtualNode, context = {}) {
  * @return {string} The calculated value
  */
 function nativeTextboxValue(node) {
-  const vNode =
-    node instanceof AbstractVirtualNode ? node : getNodeFromTree(node);
-
+  const { vNode } = nodeLookup(node);
   if (isNativeTextbox(vNode)) {
     return vNode.props.value || '';
   }
@@ -98,9 +95,7 @@ function nativeTextboxValue(node) {
  * @return {string} The calculated value
  */
 function nativeSelectValue(node) {
-  const vNode =
-    node instanceof AbstractVirtualNode ? node : getNodeFromTree(node);
-
+  const { vNode } = nodeLookup(node);
   if (!isNativeSelect(vNode)) {
     return '';
   }
@@ -123,17 +118,14 @@ function nativeSelectValue(node) {
  * @return {string} The calculated value
  */
 function ariaTextboxValue(node) {
-  const vNode =
-    node instanceof AbstractVirtualNode ? node : getNodeFromTree(node);
-
-  const { actualNode } = vNode;
+  const { vNode, domNode } = nodeLookup(node);
   if (!isAriaTextbox(vNode)) {
     return '';
   }
-  if (!actualNode || (actualNode && !isHiddenWithCSS(actualNode))) {
+  if (!domNode || (domNode && !isHiddenForEveryone(domNode))) {
     return visibleVirtual(vNode, true);
   } else {
-    return actualNode.textContent;
+    return domNode.textContent;
   }
 }
 
@@ -148,9 +140,7 @@ function ariaTextboxValue(node) {
  * @return {string} The calculated value
  */
 function ariaListboxValue(node, context) {
-  const vNode =
-    node instanceof AbstractVirtualNode ? node : getNodeFromTree(node);
-
+  const { vNode } = nodeLookup(node);
   if (!isAriaListbox(vNode)) {
     return '';
   }
@@ -180,9 +170,7 @@ function ariaListboxValue(node, context) {
  * @return {string} The calculated value
  */
 function ariaComboboxValue(node, context) {
-  const vNode =
-    node instanceof AbstractVirtualNode ? node : getNodeFromTree(node);
-
+  const { vNode } = nodeLookup(node);
   // For combobox, find the first owned listbox:
   if (!isAriaCombobox(vNode)) {
     return '';
@@ -201,9 +189,7 @@ function ariaComboboxValue(node, context) {
  * @return {string} The calculated value
  */
 function ariaRangeValue(node) {
-  const vNode =
-    node instanceof AbstractVirtualNode ? node : getNodeFromTree(node);
-
+  const { vNode } = nodeLookup(node);
   if (!isAriaRange(vNode) || !vNode.hasAttr('aria-valuenow')) {
     return '';
   }
diff --git a/lib/commons/text/has-unicode.js b/lib/commons/text/has-unicode.js
index 9d10ad683..a7ac37190 100644
--- a/lib/commons/text/has-unicode.js
+++ b/lib/commons/text/has-unicode.js
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 import {
   getUnicodeNonBmpRegExp,
   getSupplementaryPrivateUseRegExp,
-  getPunctuationRegExp
+  getPunctuationRegExp,
+  getCategoryFormatRegExp
 } from './unicode';
 import emojiRegexText from 'emoji-regex';
 
@@ -20,19 +21,22 @@ import emojiRegexText from 'emoji-regex';
  */
 function hasUnicode(str, options) {
   const { emoji, nonBmp, punctuations } = options;
+  let value = false;
+
   if (emoji) {
-    return emojiRegexText().test(str);
+    value ||= emojiRegexText().test(str);
   }
   if (nonBmp) {
-    return (
+    value ||=
       getUnicodeNonBmpRegExp().test(str) ||
-      getSupplementaryPrivateUseRegExp().test(str)
-    );
+      getSupplementaryPrivateUseRegExp().test(str) ||
+      getCategoryFormatRegExp().test(str);
   }
   if (punctuations) {
-    return getPunctuationRegExp().test(str);
+    value ||= getPunctuationRegExp().test(str);
   }
-  return false;
+
+  return value;
 }
 
 export default hasUnicode;
diff --git a/lib/commons/text/is-icon-ligature.js b/lib/commons/text/is-icon-ligature.js
index 411be8dcc..428117f0d 100644
--- a/lib/commons/text/is-icon-ligature.js
+++ b/lib/commons/text/is-icon-ligature.js
@@ -9,14 +9,14 @@ import cache from '../../core/base/cache';
  * @memberof axe.commons.text
  * @instance
  * @param {VirtualNode} textVNode The virtual text node
- * @param {Number} occuranceThreshold Number of times the font is encountered before auto-assigning the font as a ligature or not
+ * @param {Number} occurrenceThreshold Number of times the font is encountered before auto-assigning the font as a ligature or not
  * @param {Number} differenceThreshold Percent of differences in pixel data or pixel width needed to determine if a font is a ligature font
  * @return {Boolean}
  */
-function isIconLigature(
+export default function isIconLigature(
   textVNode,
   differenceThreshold = 0.15,
-  occuranceThreshold = 3
+  occurrenceThreshold = 3
 ) {
   /**
    * Determine if the visible text is a ligature by comparing the
@@ -84,38 +84,33 @@ function isIconLigature(
     return false;
   }
 
-  if (!cache.get('canvasContext')) {
-    cache.set(
-      'canvasContext',
-      document.createElement('canvas').getContext('2d')
-    );
-  }
-  const canvasContext = cache.get('canvasContext');
+  const canvasContext = cache.get('canvasContext', () =>
+    document
+      .createElement('canvas')
+      .getContext('2d', { willReadFrequently: true })
+  );
   const canvas = canvasContext.canvas;
 
   // keep track of each font encountered and the number of times it shows up
   // as a ligature.
-  if (!cache.get('fonts')) {
-    cache.set('fonts', {});
-  }
-  const fonts = cache.get('fonts');
-
+  const fonts = cache.get('fonts', () => ({}));
   const style = window.getComputedStyle(textVNode.parent.actualNode);
   const fontFamily = style.getPropertyValue('font-family');
 
   if (!fonts[fontFamily]) {
     fonts[fontFamily] = {
-      occurances: 0,
+      occurrences: 0,
       numLigatures: 0
     };
   }
   const font = fonts[fontFamily];
 
-  // improve the performance by only comparing the image data of a font
-  // a certain number of times
-  if (font.occurances >= occuranceThreshold) {
+  // improve the performance by only comparing the image data of a font a certain number of times
+  // NOTE: This MIGHT cause an issue if someone uses an icon font to render actual text.
+  //   We're leaving this as-is, unless someone reports a false positive over it.
+  if (font.occurrences >= occurrenceThreshold) {
     // if the font has always been a ligature assume it's a ligature font
-    if (font.numLigatures / font.occurances === 1) {
+    if (font.numLigatures / font.occurrences === 1) {
       return true;
     }
     // inversely, if it's never been a ligature assume it's not a ligature font
@@ -128,7 +123,7 @@ function isIconLigature(
     // other times. in these cases we would need to always check the text
     // to know if it's an icon or not
   }
-  font.occurances++;
+  font.occurrences++;
 
   // 30px was chosen to account for common ligatures in normal fonts
   // such as fi, ff, ffi. If a ligature would add a single column of
@@ -144,6 +139,14 @@ function isIconLigature(
   const firstChar = nodeValue.charAt(0);
   let width = canvasContext.measureText(firstChar).width;
 
+  // we already checked for typical zero-width unicode formatting characters further up,
+  // so we assume that any remaining zero-width characters are part of an icon ligature
+  // @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3918
+  if (width === 0) {
+    font.numLigatures++;
+    return true;
+  }
+
   // ensure font meets the 30px width requirement (30px font-size doesn't
   // necessarily mean its 30px wide when drawn)
   if (width < 30) {
@@ -192,8 +195,8 @@ function isIconLigature(
 
   // calculate the difference between the width of each character and the
   // combined with of all characters
-  const expectedWidth = nodeValue.split('').reduce((width, char) => {
-    return width + canvasContext.measureText(char).width;
+  const expectedWidth = nodeValue.split('').reduce((totalWidth, char) => {
+    return totalWidth + canvasContext.measureText(char).width;
   }, 0);
   const actualWidth = canvasContext.measureText(nodeValue).width;
 
@@ -210,5 +213,3 @@ function isIconLigature(
 
   return false;
 }
-
-export default isIconLigature;
diff --git a/lib/commons/text/is-valid-autocomplete.js b/lib/commons/text/is-valid-autocomplete.js
index cfd7015c4..8ca49035a 100644
--- a/lib/commons/text/is-valid-autocomplete.js
+++ b/lib/commons/text/is-valid-autocomplete.js
@@ -85,6 +85,14 @@ function isValidAutocomplete(
   qualifiedTerms = qualifiedTerms.concat(autocomplete.qualifiedTerms);
 
   const autocompleteTerms = autocompleteValue.split(/\s+/g);
+
+  if (autocompleteTerms[autocompleteTerms.length - 1] === 'webauthn') {
+    autocompleteTerms.pop();
+    if (autocompleteTerms.length === 0) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
   if (!looseTyped) {
     if (
       autocompleteTerms[0].length > 8 &&
diff --git a/lib/commons/text/native-text-alternative.js b/lib/commons/text/native-text-alternative.js
index ff2b12ad0..14beed82e 100644
--- a/lib/commons/text/native-text-alternative.js
+++ b/lib/commons/text/native-text-alternative.js
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import nativeTextMethods from './native-text-methods';
  * @property {Bool} debug Enable logging for formControlValue
  * @return {String} Accessible text
  */
-function nativeTextAlternative(virtualNode, context = {}) {
+export default function nativeTextAlternative(virtualNode, context = {}) {
   const { actualNode } = virtualNode;
   if (
     virtualNode.props.nodeType !== 1 ||
@@ -20,14 +20,14 @@ function nativeTextAlternative(virtualNode, context = {}) {
 
   const textMethods = findTextMethods(virtualNode);
   // Find the first step that returns a non-empty string
-  const accName = textMethods.reduce((accName, step) => {
+  const accessibleName = textMethods.reduce((accName, step) => {
     return accName || step(virtualNode, context);
   }, '');
 
   if (context.debug) {
-    axe.log(accName || '{empty-value}', actualNode, context);
+    axe.log(accessibleName || '{empty-value}', actualNode, context);
   }
-  return accName;
+  return accessibleName;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -42,5 +42,3 @@ function findTextMethods(virtualNode) {
 
   return methods.map(methodName => nativeTextMethods[methodName]);
 }
-
-export default nativeTextAlternative;
diff --git a/lib/commons/text/remove-unicode.js b/lib/commons/text/remove-unicode.js
index ddf10ae7e..4527cfc87 100644
--- a/lib/commons/text/remove-unicode.js
+++ b/lib/commons/text/remove-unicode.js
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 import {
   getUnicodeNonBmpRegExp,
   getSupplementaryPrivateUseRegExp,
-  getPunctuationRegExp
+  getPunctuationRegExp,
+  getCategoryFormatRegExp
 } from './unicode.js';
 import emojiRegexText from 'emoji-regex';
 
@@ -25,8 +26,10 @@ function removeUnicode(str, options) {
     str = str.replace(emojiRegexText(), '');
   }
   if (nonBmp) {
-    str = str.replace(getUnicodeNonBmpRegExp(), '');
-    str = str.replace(getSupplementaryPrivateUseRegExp(), '');
+    str = str
+      .replace(getUnicodeNonBmpRegExp(), '')
+      .replace(getSupplementaryPrivateUseRegExp(), '')
+      .replace(getCategoryFormatRegExp(), '');
   }
   if (punctuations) {
     str = str.replace(getPunctuationRegExp(), '');
diff --git a/lib/commons/text/subtree-text.js b/lib/commons/text/subtree-text.js
index a3d669f34..09fbe6a58 100644
--- a/lib/commons/text/subtree-text.js
+++ b/lib/commons/text/subtree-text.js
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 import accessibleTextVirtual from './accessible-text-virtual';
 import namedFromContents from '../aria/named-from-contents';
 import getOwnedVirtual from '../aria/get-owned-virtual';
+import getRole from '../aria/get-role';
 import getElementsByContentType from '../standards/get-elements-by-content-type';
 import getElementSpec from '../standards/get-element-spec';
+import { controlValueRoles } from './form-control-value';
 
 /**
  * Get the accessible text for an element that can get its name from content
@@ -16,20 +18,23 @@ function subtreeText(virtualNode, context = {}) {
   const { alreadyProcessed } = accessibleTextVirtual;
   context.startNode = context.startNode || virtualNode;
   const { strict, inControlContext, inLabelledByContext } = context;
+  const role = getRole(virtualNode);
   const { contentTypes } = getElementSpec(virtualNode, {
     noMatchAccessibleName: true
   });
   if (
     alreadyProcessed(virtualNode, context) ||
     virtualNode.props.nodeType !== 1 ||
-    contentTypes?.includes('embedded') // canvas, video, etc
+    contentTypes?.includes('embedded') || // canvas, video, etc
+    controlValueRoles.includes(role)
   ) {
     return '';
   }
 
   if (
-    !namedFromContents(virtualNode, { strict }) &&
-    !context.subtreeDescendant
+    !context.subtreeDescendant &&
+    !context.inLabelledByContext &&
+    !namedFromContents(virtualNode, { strict })
   ) {
     return '';
   }
@@ -40,6 +45,7 @@ function subtreeText(virtualNode, context = {}) {
    * chosen to ignore this, but only for direct content, not for labels / aria-labelledby.
    * That way in `a[href] > article > #text` the text is used for the accessible name,
    * See: https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/1461
+   * See: https://github.com/w3c/accname/issues/120
    */
   if (!strict) {
     const subtreeDescendant = !inControlContext && !inLabelledByContext;
diff --git a/lib/commons/text/title-text.js b/lib/commons/text/title-text.js
index d03e24745..30dc2da34 100644
--- a/lib/commons/text/title-text.js
+++ b/lib/commons/text/title-text.js
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import matches from '../matches/matches';
 import getRole from '../aria/get-role';
-import AbstractVirtualNode from '../../core/base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node';
-import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
+import { nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
 
 const alwaysTitleElements = ['iframe'];
 
@@ -11,8 +10,7 @@ const alwaysTitleElements = ['iframe'];
  * @return {String}
  */
 function titleText(node) {
-  const vNode =
-    node instanceof AbstractVirtualNode ? node : getNodeFromTree(node);
+  const { vNode } = nodeLookup(node);
 
   if (vNode.props.nodeType !== 1 || !node.hasAttr('title')) {
     return '';
diff --git a/lib/commons/text/unicode.js b/lib/commons/text/unicode.js
index 9a8fd1190..f76d354cb 100644
--- a/lib/commons/text/unicode.js
+++ b/lib/commons/text/unicode.js
@@ -83,3 +83,15 @@ export function getSupplementaryPrivateUseRegExp() {
   //      ┏━━━━━━┻━━━━━━┓┏━━━━━━┻━━━━━━┓
   return /[\uDB80-\uDBBF][\uDC00-\uDFFF]/g;
 }
+
+/**
+ * Get regular expression for unicode format category.
+ * When we drop IE11 we can instead use unicode character escape `/p{Cf}/gu`
+ * Reference:
+ * - https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/category/Cf
+ *
+ * @returns {RegExp}
+ */
+export function getCategoryFormatRegExp() {
+  return /[\xAD\u0600-\u0605\u061C\u06DD\u070F\u08E2\u180E\u200B-\u200F\u202A-\u202E\u2060-\u2064\u2066-\u206F\uFEFF\uFFF9-\uFFFB]|\uD804[\uDCBD\uDCCD]|\uD80D[\uDC30-\uDC38]|\uD82F[\uDCA0-\uDCA3]|\uD834[\uDD73-\uDD7A]|\uDB40[\uDC01\uDC20-\uDC7F]/g;
+}
diff --git a/lib/commons/text/unsupported.js b/lib/commons/text/unsupported.js
index 04d63f183..197b41600 100644
--- a/lib/commons/text/unsupported.js
+++ b/lib/commons/text/unsupported.js
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
-const unsupported = {
-  accessibleNameFromFieldValue: ['combobox', 'listbox', 'progressbar']
+export default {
+  // Element's who's value is not consistently picked up in the accessible name
+  // Supported in Chrome 114, Firefox 115, but not Safari 16.5:
+  // <input aria-labelledby="lbl">
+  // <div id="lbl" role="progressbar" aria-valuenow="23"></div>
+  accessibleNameFromFieldValue: ['progressbar']
 };
-
-export default unsupported;
diff --git a/lib/commons/text/visible-text-nodes.js b/lib/commons/text/visible-text-nodes.js
index b82b2b0d3..19a1067ab 100644
--- a/lib/commons/text/visible-text-nodes.js
+++ b/lib/commons/text/visible-text-nodes.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import isVisible from '../dom/is-visible';
+import isVisibleOnScreen from '../dom/is-visible-on-screen';
 
 /**
  * Returns an array of visible text virtual nodes
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import isVisible from '../dom/is-visible';
  * @deprecated
  */
 function visibleTextNodes(vNode) {
-  const parentVisible = isVisible(vNode.actualNode);
+  const parentVisible = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
   let nodes = [];
   vNode.children.forEach(child => {
     if (child.actualNode.nodeType === 3) {
diff --git a/lib/commons/text/visible-virtual.js b/lib/commons/text/visible-virtual.js
index 73a578b38..6e5453aae 100644
--- a/lib/commons/text/visible-virtual.js
+++ b/lib/commons/text/visible-virtual.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import sanitize from './sanitize';
-import isVisible from '../dom/is-visible';
-import AbstractVirtualNode from '../../core/base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node';
-import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
+import isVisibleOnScreen from '../dom/is-visible-on-screen';
+import isVisibleToScreenReaders from '../dom/is-visible-to-screenreader';
+import { nodeLookup } from '../../core/utils';
 
 /**
  * Returns the visible text of the virtual node
@@ -18,14 +18,15 @@ import { getNodeFromTree } from '../../core/utils';
  * @return {String}
  */
 function visibleVirtual(element, screenReader, noRecursing) {
-  const vNode =
-    element instanceof AbstractVirtualNode ? element : getNodeFromTree(element);
+  const { vNode } = nodeLookup(element);
+  const visibleMethod = screenReader
+    ? isVisibleToScreenReaders
+    : isVisibleOnScreen;
 
   // if the element does not have an actual node treat it as if
   // it is visible
   const visible =
-    !element.actualNode ||
-    (element.actualNode && isVisible(element.actualNode, screenReader));
+    !element.actualNode || (element.actualNode && visibleMethod(element));
 
   const result = vNode.children
     .map(child => {
diff --git a/lib/core/_exposed-for-testing.js b/lib/core/_exposed-for-testing.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7957e2dcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/core/_exposed-for-testing.js
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+/*
+  This file only exists to expose inner axe-core functionality for testing prior to being able to support ES6 imports in our tests.
+  TODO: remove `_thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse` once we can support imports in our tests
+*/
+import Audit from './base/audit';
+import CheckResult from './base/check-result';
+import Check from './base/check';
+import Context from './base/context';
+import metadataFunctionMap from './base/metadata-function-map';
+import RuleResult from './base/rule-result';
+import Rule from './base/rule';
+
+import { reporters } from './public/reporter';
+
+import failureSummary from './reporters/helpers/failure-summary';
+import incompleteFallbackMessage from './reporters/helpers/incomplete-fallback-msg';
+import processAggregate from './reporters/helpers/process-aggregate';
+
+import { setDefaultFrameMessenger } from './utils/frame-messenger';
+import {
+  cacheNodeSelectors,
+  getNodesMatchingExpression
+} from './utils/selector-cache';
+import { convertSelector } from './utils/matches';
+
+import {
+  nativelyHidden,
+  displayHidden,
+  visibilityHidden,
+  contentVisibiltyHidden,
+  ariaHidden,
+  opacityHidden,
+  scrollHidden,
+  overflowHidden,
+  clipHidden,
+  areaHidden,
+  detailsHidden
+} from '../commons/dom/visibility-methods';
+
+const _thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse = {
+  base: {
+    Audit,
+    CheckResult,
+    Check,
+    Context,
+    RuleResult,
+    Rule,
+    metadataFunctionMap
+  },
+  public: {
+    reporters
+  },
+  helpers: {
+    failureSummary,
+    incompleteFallbackMessage,
+    processAggregate
+  },
+  utils: {
+    setDefaultFrameMessenger,
+    cacheNodeSelectors,
+    getNodesMatchingExpression,
+    convertSelector
+  },
+  commons: {
+    dom: {
+      nativelyHidden,
+      displayHidden,
+      visibilityHidden,
+      contentVisibiltyHidden,
+      ariaHidden,
+      opacityHidden,
+      scrollHidden,
+      overflowHidden,
+      clipHidden,
+      areaHidden,
+      detailsHidden
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+export default _thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse;
diff --git a/lib/core/base/audit.js b/lib/core/base/audit.js
index a56eb51b4..47b57f66d 100644
--- a/lib/core/base/audit.js
+++ b/lib/core/base/audit.js
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import standards from '../../standards';
 import RuleResult from './rule-result';
 import {
   clone,
+  DqElement,
   queue,
   preload,
   findBy,
@@ -15,157 +16,10 @@ import constants from '../constants';
 
 const dotRegex = /\{\{.+?\}\}/g;
 
-function getDefaultOrigin() {
-  // @see https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/webappapis.html#dom-origin-dev
-  // window.origin does not exist in ie11
-  if (window.origin) {
-    return window.origin;
-  }
-  // window.location does not exist in node when we run the build
-  if (window.location && window.location.origin) {
-    return window.location.origin;
-  }
-}
-
-/*eslint no-unused-vars: 0*/
-function getDefaultConfiguration(audit) {
-  var config;
-  if (audit) {
-    config = clone(audit);
-    // Commons are configured into axe like everything else,
-    // however because things go funky if we have multiple commons objects
-    // we're not using the copy of that.
-    config.commons = audit.commons;
-  } else {
-    config = {};
-  }
-
-  config.reporter = config.reporter || null;
-  config.noHtml = config.noHtml || false;
-
-  if (!config.allowedOrigins) {
-    const defaultOrigin = getDefaultOrigin();
-    config.allowedOrigins = defaultOrigin ? [defaultOrigin] : [];
-  }
-
-  config.rules = config.rules || [];
-  config.checks = config.checks || [];
-  config.data = { checks: {}, rules: {}, ...config.data };
-  return config;
-}
-
-function unpackToObject(collection, audit, method) {
-  var i, l;
-  for (i = 0, l = collection.length; i < l; i++) {
-    audit[method](collection[i]);
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Merge two check locales (a, b), favoring `b`.
- *
- * Both locale `a` and the returned shape resemble:
- *
- *    {
- *      impact: string,
- *      messages: {
- *        pass: string | function,
- *        fail: string | function,
- *        incomplete: string | {
- *          [key: string]: string | function
- *        }
- *      }
- *    }
- *
- * Locale `b` follows the `axe.CheckLocale` shape and resembles:
- *
- *    {
- *      pass: string,
- *      fail: string,
- *      incomplete: string | { [key: string]: string }
- *    }
- */
-
-const mergeCheckLocale = (a, b) => {
-  let { pass, fail } = b;
-  // If the message(s) are Strings, they have not yet been run
-  // thru doT (which will return a Function).
-  if (typeof pass === 'string' && dotRegex.test(pass)) {
-    pass = doT.compile(pass);
-  }
-  if (typeof fail === 'string' && dotRegex.test(fail)) {
-    fail = doT.compile(fail);
-  }
-  return {
-    ...a,
-    messages: {
-      pass: pass || a.messages.pass,
-      fail: fail || a.messages.fail,
-      incomplete:
-        typeof a.messages.incomplete === 'object'
-          ? // TODO: for compleness-sake, we should be running
-            // incomplete messages thru doT as well. This was
-            // out-of-scope for runtime localization, but should
-            // eventually be addressed.
-            { ...a.messages.incomplete, ...b.incomplete }
-          : b.incomplete
-    }
-  };
-};
-
-/**
- * Merge two rule locales (a, b), favoring `b`.
- */
-
-const mergeRuleLocale = (a, b) => {
-  let { help, description } = b;
-  // If the message(s) are Strings, they have not yet been run
-  // thru doT (which will return a Function).
-  if (typeof help === 'string' && dotRegex.test(help)) {
-    help = doT.compile(help);
-  }
-  if (typeof description === 'string' && dotRegex.test(description)) {
-    description = doT.compile(description);
-  }
-  return {
-    ...a,
-    help: help || a.help,
-    description: description || a.description
-  };
-};
-
-/**
- * Merge two failure messages (a, b), favoring `b`.
- */
-
-const mergeFailureMessage = (a, b) => {
-  let { failureMessage } = b;
-  // If the message(s) are Strings, they have not yet been run
-  // thru doT (which will return a Function).
-  if (typeof failureMessage === 'string' && dotRegex.test(failureMessage)) {
-    failureMessage = doT.compile(failureMessage);
-  }
-  return {
-    ...a,
-    failureMessage: failureMessage || a.failureMessage
-  };
-};
-
-/**
- * Merge two incomplete fallback messages (a, b), favoring `b`.
- */
-
-const mergeFallbackMessage = (a, b) => {
-  if (typeof b === 'string' && dotRegex.test(b)) {
-    b = doT.compile(b);
-  }
-  return b || a;
-};
-
 /**
  * Constructor which holds configured rules and information about the document under test
  */
-class Audit {
+export default class Audit {
   constructor(audit) {
     // defaults
     this.lang = 'en';
@@ -417,6 +271,7 @@ class Audit {
    */
   run(context, options, resolve, reject) {
     this.normalizeOptions(options);
+    DqElement.setRunOptions(options);
 
     // TODO: es-modules_selectCache
     axe._selectCache = [];
@@ -434,11 +289,11 @@ class Audit {
     const preloaderQueue = queue();
     // defer preload if preload dependent rules exist
     if (runLaterRules.length) {
-      preloaderQueue.defer(resolve => {
+      preloaderQueue.defer(res => {
         // handle both success and fail of preload
         // and resolve, to allow to run all checks
         preload(options)
-          .then(assets => resolve(assets))
+          .then(assets => res(assets))
           .catch(err => {
             /**
              * Note:
@@ -446,7 +301,7 @@ class Audit {
              * -> instead we resolve as `undefined`
              */
             console.warn(`Couldn't load preload assets: `, err);
-            resolve(undefined);
+            res(undefined);
           });
       });
     }
@@ -667,6 +522,157 @@ class Audit {
   }
 }
 
+function getDefaultOrigin() {
+  // @see https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/webappapis.html#dom-origin-dev
+  // window.origin does not exist in ie11
+  // prevent origin default "null" string on CDP `Page.setDocumentContent` https://chromedevtools.github.io/devtools-protocol/tot/Page/#method-setDocumentContent
+  if (window.origin && window.origin !== 'null') {
+    return window.origin;
+  }
+  // window.location does not exist in node when we run the build
+  if (
+    window.location &&
+    window.location.origin &&
+    window.location.origin !== 'null'
+  ) {
+    return window.location.origin;
+  }
+}
+
+function getDefaultConfiguration(audit) {
+  let config;
+  if (audit) {
+    config = clone(audit);
+    // Commons are configured into axe like everything else,
+    // however because things go funky if we have multiple commons objects
+    // we're not using the copy of that.
+    config.commons = audit.commons;
+  } else {
+    config = {};
+  }
+
+  config.reporter = config.reporter || null;
+  config.noHtml = config.noHtml || false;
+
+  if (!config.allowedOrigins) {
+    const defaultOrigin = getDefaultOrigin();
+    config.allowedOrigins = defaultOrigin ? [defaultOrigin] : [];
+  }
+
+  config.rules = config.rules || [];
+  config.checks = config.checks || [];
+  config.data = { checks: {}, rules: {}, ...config.data };
+  return config;
+}
+
+function unpackToObject(collection, audit, method) {
+  let i, l;
+  for (i = 0, l = collection.length; i < l; i++) {
+    audit[method](collection[i]);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Merge two check locales (a, b), favoring `b`.
+ *
+ * Both locale `a` and the returned shape resemble:
+ *
+ *    {
+ *      impact: string,
+ *      messages: {
+ *        pass: string | function,
+ *        fail: string | function,
+ *        incomplete: string | {
+ *          [key: string]: string | function
+ *        }
+ *      }
+ *    }
+ *
+ * Locale `b` follows the `axe.CheckLocale` shape and resembles:
+ *
+ *    {
+ *      pass: string,
+ *      fail: string,
+ *      incomplete: string | { [key: string]: string }
+ *    }
+ */
+
+const mergeCheckLocale = (a, b) => {
+  let { pass, fail } = b;
+  // If the message(s) are Strings, they have not yet been run
+  // thru doT (which will return a Function).
+  if (typeof pass === 'string' && dotRegex.test(pass)) {
+    pass = doT.compile(pass);
+  }
+  if (typeof fail === 'string' && dotRegex.test(fail)) {
+    fail = doT.compile(fail);
+  }
+  return {
+    ...a,
+    messages: {
+      pass: pass || a.messages.pass,
+      fail: fail || a.messages.fail,
+      incomplete:
+        typeof a.messages.incomplete === 'object'
+          ? // TODO: for compleness-sake, we should be running
+            // incomplete messages thru doT as well. This was
+            // out-of-scope for runtime localization, but should
+            // eventually be addressed.
+            { ...a.messages.incomplete, ...b.incomplete }
+          : b.incomplete
+    }
+  };
+};
+
+/**
+ * Merge two rule locales (a, b), favoring `b`.
+ */
+
+const mergeRuleLocale = (a, b) => {
+  let { help, description } = b;
+  // If the message(s) are Strings, they have not yet been run
+  // thru doT (which will return a Function).
+  if (typeof help === 'string' && dotRegex.test(help)) {
+    help = doT.compile(help);
+  }
+  if (typeof description === 'string' && dotRegex.test(description)) {
+    description = doT.compile(description);
+  }
+  return {
+    ...a,
+    help: help || a.help,
+    description: description || a.description
+  };
+};
+
+/**
+ * Merge two failure messages (a, b), favoring `b`.
+ */
+
+const mergeFailureMessage = (a, b) => {
+  let { failureMessage } = b;
+  // If the message(s) are Strings, they have not yet been run
+  // thru doT (which will return a Function).
+  if (typeof failureMessage === 'string' && dotRegex.test(failureMessage)) {
+    failureMessage = doT.compile(failureMessage);
+  }
+  return {
+    ...a,
+    failureMessage: failureMessage || a.failureMessage
+  };
+};
+
+/**
+ * Merge two incomplete fallback messages (a, b), favoring `b`.
+ */
+
+const mergeFallbackMessage = (a, b) => {
+  if (typeof b === 'string' && dotRegex.test(b)) {
+    b = doT.compile(b);
+  }
+  return b || a;
+};
+
 /**
  * Splits a given array of rules to two, with rules that can be run immediately and one's that are dependent on preloadedAssets
  * @method getRulesToRun
@@ -772,5 +778,3 @@ function getHelpUrl({ brand, application, lang }, ruleId, version) {
     (lang && lang !== 'en' ? '&lang=' + encodeURIComponent(lang) : '')
   );
 }
-
-export default Audit;
diff --git a/lib/core/base/cache.js b/lib/core/base/cache.js
index 6dbfb6058..cfb2ba3f9 100644
--- a/lib/core/base/cache.js
+++ b/lib/core/base/cache.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import assert from '../utils/assert';
+
 let _cache = {};
 
 const cache = {
@@ -7,16 +9,33 @@ const cache = {
    * @param {*} value - Value to store.
    */
   set(key, value) {
+    validateKey(key);
+
     _cache[key] = value;
   },
 
   /**
    * Retrieve an item from the cache.
    * @param {String} key - Name of the key the value was stored as.
+   * @param {Function} [creator] - Default value to set if there is a cache miss. Functions are evaluated before caching. To override a value already saved, use `set()`.
    * @returns {*} The item stored
    */
-  get(key) {
-    return _cache[key];
+  get(key, creator) {
+    validateCreator(creator);
+
+    if (key in _cache) {
+      return _cache[key];
+    }
+
+    if (typeof creator === 'function') {
+      const value = creator();
+      assert(
+        value !== undefined,
+        'Cache creator function should not return undefined'
+      );
+      this.set(key, value);
+      return _cache[key];
+    }
   },
 
   /**
@@ -27,4 +46,29 @@ const cache = {
   }
 };
 
+/**
+ * Validates a cache key or throws an error.
+ * @param {String} key - The key to validate.
+ * @throws {Error} If the key is not a string.
+ */
+function validateKey(key) {
+  assert(
+    typeof key === 'string',
+    'key must be a string, ' + typeof key + ' given'
+  );
+  assert(key !== '', 'key must not be empty');
+}
+
+/**
+ * Validates a cache creator by throwing if it is not a function or undefined.
+ * @param {Function|undefined} creator - The creator function to validate.
+ * @throws {Error} If the creator is not a function or undefined.
+ */
+function validateCreator(creator) {
+  assert(
+    typeof creator === 'function' || typeof creator === 'undefined',
+    'creator must be a function or undefined, ' + typeof creator + ' given'
+  );
+}
+
 export default cache;
diff --git a/lib/core/base/check.js b/lib/core/base/check.js
index 593c9b521..961188bf0 100644
--- a/lib/core/base/check.js
+++ b/lib/core/base/check.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import metadataFunctionMap from './metadata-function-map';
 import CheckResult from './check-result';
-import { DqElement, checkHelper, deepMerge } from '../utils';
+import { nodeSerializer, checkHelper, deepMerge } from '../utils';
 
 export function createExecutionContext(spec) {
   /*eslint no-eval:0 */
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ Check.prototype.run = function run(node, options, context, resolve, reject) {
       // possible reference error.
       if (node && node.actualNode) {
         // Save a reference to the node we errored on for futher debugging.
-        e.errorNode = new DqElement(node).toJSON();
+        e.errorNode = nodeSerializer.toSpec(node);
       }
       reject(e);
       return;
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ Check.prototype.runSync = function runSync(node, options, context) {
     // possible reference error.
     if (node && node.actualNode) {
       // Save a reference to the node we errored on for futher debugging.
-      e.errorNode = new DqElement(node).toJSON();
+      e.errorNode = nodeSerializer.toSpec(node);
     }
     throw e;
   }
diff --git a/lib/core/base/context.js b/lib/core/base/context.js
index 0b366ce43..6375bc31f 100644
--- a/lib/core/base/context.js
+++ b/lib/core/base/context.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-import createFrameContext from './create-frame-context';
+import { createFrameContext } from './context/create-frame-context';
+import { normalizeContext } from './context/normalize-context';
+import { parseSelectorArray } from './context/parse-selector-array';
 import {
-  isHidden,
   findBy,
-  getNodeFromTree,
   getFlattenedTree,
   select,
   isNodeInContext,
@@ -10,205 +10,7 @@ import {
   respondable,
   clone
 } from '../utils';
-
-/**
- * Pushes a unique frame onto `frames` array, filtering any hidden iframes
- * @private
- * @param  {Object} Context      Parent context for the frame
- * @param  {HTMLElement} frame   The frame to push onto Context
- */
-function pushUniqueFrame(context, frame) {
-  if (isHidden(frame) || findBy(context.frames, 'node', frame)) {
-    return;
-  }
-  context.frames.push(createFrameContext(frame, context));
-}
-
-/**
- * Check if a normalized context tests the full page
- * @private
- */
-function isPageContext({ include }) {
-  return (
-    include.length === 1 && include[0].actualNode === document.documentElement
-  );
-}
-
-/**
- * Unshift selectors of matching iframes
- * @private
- * @param  {Context} context 	  The context object to operate on and assign to
- * @param  {String} type          The "type" of context, 'include' or 'exclude'
- * @param  {Array} selectorArray  Array of CSS selectors, each element represents a frame;
- * where the last element is the actual node
- */
-function pushUniqueFrameSelector(context, type, selectorArray) {
-  context.frames = context.frames || [];
-
-  const frameSelector = selectorArray.shift();
-  const frames = document.querySelectorAll(frameSelector);
-
-  Array.from(frames).forEach(frame => {
-    context.frames.forEach(contextFrame => {
-      if (contextFrame.node === frame) {
-        contextFrame[type].push(selectorArray);
-      }
-    });
-
-    if (!context.frames.find(result => result.node === frame)) {
-      const result = createFrameContext(frame, context);
-      if (selectorArray) {
-        result[type].push(selectorArray);
-      }
-
-      context.frames.push(result);
-    }
-  });
-}
-
-/**
- * Normalize the input of "context" so that many different methods of input are accepted
- * @private
- * @param  {Mixed} context  The configuration object passed to `Context`
- * @return {Object}         Normalized context spec to include both `include` and `exclude` arrays
- */
-function normalizeContext(context) {
-  // typeof NodeList.length in PhantomJS === function
-  if (
-    (context && typeof context === 'object') ||
-    context instanceof window.NodeList
-  ) {
-    if (context instanceof window.Node) {
-      return {
-        include: [context],
-        exclude: []
-      };
-    }
-
-    if (
-      context.hasOwnProperty('include') ||
-      context.hasOwnProperty('exclude')
-    ) {
-      return {
-        include:
-          context.include && +context.include.length
-            ? context.include
-            : [document],
-        exclude: context.exclude || []
-      };
-    }
-
-    if (context.length === +context.length) {
-      return {
-        include: context,
-        exclude: []
-      };
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (typeof context === 'string') {
-    return {
-      include: [context],
-      exclude: []
-    };
-  }
-
-  return {
-    include: [document],
-    exclude: []
-  };
-}
-
-/**
- * Finds frames in context, converts selectors to Element references and pushes unique frames
- * @private
- * @param  {Context} context The instance of Context to operate on
- * @param  {String} type     The "type" of thing to parse, "include" or "exclude"
- * @return {Array}           Parsed array of matching elements
- */
-function parseSelectorArray(context, type) {
-  var item,
-    result = [],
-    nodeList;
-  for (var i = 0, l = context[type].length; i < l; i++) {
-    item = context[type][i];
-    // selector
-    if (typeof item === 'string') {
-      nodeList = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll(item));
-      //eslint no-loop-func:0
-      result = result.concat(
-        nodeList.map(node => {
-          return getNodeFromTree(node);
-        })
-      );
-      break;
-    } else if (item && item.length && !(item instanceof window.Node)) {
-      if (item.length > 1) {
-        pushUniqueFrameSelector(context, type, item);
-      } else {
-        nodeList = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll(item[0]));
-        //eslint no-loop-func:0
-        result = result.concat(
-          nodeList.map(node => {
-            return getNodeFromTree(node);
-          })
-        );
-      }
-    } else if (item instanceof window.Node) {
-      if (item.documentElement instanceof window.Node) {
-        result.push(context.flatTree[0]);
-      } else {
-        result.push(getNodeFromTree(item));
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  // filter nulls
-  return result.filter(r => r);
-}
-
-/**
- * Check that the context, as well as each frame includes at least 1 element
- * @private
- * @param  {context} context
- * @return {Error}
- */
-function validateContext(context) {
-  if (context.include.length === 0) {
-    if (context.frames.length === 0) {
-      var env = respondable.isInFrame() ? 'frame' : 'page';
-      return new Error('No elements found for include in ' + env + ' Context');
-    }
-    context.frames.forEach((frame, i) => {
-      if (frame.include.length === 0) {
-        return new Error(
-          'No elements found for include in Context of frame ' + i
-        );
-      }
-    });
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * For a context-like object, find its shared root node
- */
-function getRootNode({ include, exclude }) {
-  const selectors = Array.from(include).concat(Array.from(exclude));
-  // Find the first Element.ownerDocument or Document
-  for (var i = 0; i < selectors.length; ++i) {
-    var item = selectors[i];
-
-    if (item instanceof window.Element) {
-      return item.ownerDocument.documentElement;
-    }
-
-    if (item instanceof window.Document) {
-      return item.documentElement;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return document.documentElement;
-}
+import { isVisibleToScreenReaders } from '../../commons/dom';
 
 /**
  * Holds context of includes, excludes and frames for analysis.
@@ -263,12 +65,68 @@ export default function Context(spec, flatTree) {
   }
 
   // Validate outside of a frame
-  var err = validateContext(this);
-  if (err instanceof Error) {
-    throw err;
-  }
+  validateContext(this);
+
   if (!Array.isArray(this.include)) {
     this.include = Array.from(this.include);
   }
   this.include.sort(nodeSorter); // ensure that the order of the include nodes is document order
 }
+
+/**
+ * Pushes a unique frame onto `frames` array, filtering any hidden iframes
+ * @private
+ * @param  {Object} Context      Parent context for the frame
+ * @param  {HTMLElement} frame   The frame to push onto Context
+ */
+function pushUniqueFrame(context, frame) {
+  if (
+    !isVisibleToScreenReaders(frame) ||
+    findBy(context.frames, 'node', frame)
+  ) {
+    return;
+  }
+  context.frames.push(createFrameContext(frame, context));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if a normalized context tests the full page
+ * @private
+ */
+function isPageContext({ include }) {
+  return (
+    include.length === 1 && include[0].actualNode === document.documentElement
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check that the context, as well as each frame includes at least 1 element
+ * @private
+ * @param  {context} context
+ * @return {Error}
+ */
+function validateContext(context) {
+  if (context.include.length === 0 && context.frames.length === 0) {
+    const env = respondable.isInFrame() ? 'frame' : 'page';
+    throw new Error('No elements found for include in ' + env + ' Context');
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * For a context-like object, find its shared root node
+ */
+function getRootNode({ include, exclude }) {
+  const selectors = Array.from(include).concat(Array.from(exclude));
+  // Find the first Element.ownerDocument or Document
+  for (let i = 0; i < selectors.length; i++) {
+    const item = selectors[i];
+    if (item instanceof window.Element) {
+      return item.ownerDocument.documentElement;
+    }
+
+    if (item instanceof window.Document) {
+      return item.documentElement;
+    }
+  }
+  return document.documentElement;
+}
diff --git a/lib/core/base/context/create-frame-context.js b/lib/core/base/context/create-frame-context.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cbe52eb3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/core/base/context/create-frame-context.js
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+export function createFrameContext(frame, { focusable, page }) {
+  return {
+    node: frame,
+    include: [],
+    exclude: [],
+    initiator: false,
+    focusable: focusable && frameFocusable(frame),
+    size: getBoundingSize(frame),
+    page
+  };
+}
+
+function frameFocusable(frame) {
+  var tabIndex = frame.getAttribute('tabindex');
+  if (!tabIndex) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  const int = parseInt(tabIndex, 10);
+  return isNaN(int) || int >= 0;
+}
+
+function getBoundingSize(domNode) {
+  let width = parseInt(domNode.getAttribute('width'), 10);
+  let height = parseInt(domNode.getAttribute('height'), 10);
+
+  if (isNaN(width) || isNaN(height)) {
+    const rect = domNode.getBoundingClientRect();
+    width = isNaN(width) ? rect.width : width;
+    height = isNaN(height) ? rect.height : height;
+  }
+  return { width, height };
+}
diff --git a/lib/core/base/context/normalize-context.js b/lib/core/base/context/normalize-context.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8187b3d64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/core/base/context/normalize-context.js
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+import { assert as utilsAssert } from '../../utils';
+
+/**
+ * Normalize the input of "context" so that many different methods of input are accepted
+ * @private
+ * @param  {Mixed} contextSpec The configuration object passed to `Context`
+ * @return {Object}            Normalized context spec to include both `include` and `exclude` arrays
+ */
+export function normalizeContext(contextSpec) {
+  if (isContextObject(contextSpec)) {
+    // Assert include / exclude isn't mixed with fromFrames / fromShadowDom
+    const msg =
+      ' must be used inside include or exclude. It should not be on the same object.';
+    assert(!objectHasOwn(contextSpec, 'fromFrames'), 'fromFrames' + msg);
+    assert(!objectHasOwn(contextSpec, 'fromShadowDom'), 'fromShadowDom' + msg);
+  } else if (isContextProp(contextSpec)) {
+    // Wrap in include
+    contextSpec = { include: contextSpec, exclude: [] };
+  } else {
+    // Spec is unknown
+    return { include: [document], exclude: [] };
+  }
+
+  const include = normalizeContextList(contextSpec.include);
+  if (include.length === 0) {
+    include.push(document); // Include defaults to [document] if empty
+  }
+  const exclude = normalizeContextList(contextSpec.exclude);
+  return { include, exclude };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determine if some value can be parsed as a context
+ * @private
+ * @param  {Mixed} contextSpec The configuration object passed to `Context`
+ * @return {boolea}
+ */
+export function isContextSpec(contextSpec) {
+  return isContextObject(contextSpec) || isContextProp(contextSpec);
+}
+
+function normalizeContextList(selectorList = []) {
+  const normalizedList = [];
+  if (!isArrayLike(selectorList)) {
+    selectorList = [selectorList];
+  }
+  // Use .length to handle jQuery-like objects
+  for (let i = 0; i < selectorList.length; i++) {
+    const normalizedSelector = normalizeContextSelector(selectorList[i]);
+    if (normalizedSelector) {
+      normalizedList.push(normalizedSelector);
+    }
+  }
+  return normalizedList;
+}
+
+function normalizeContextSelector(selector) {
+  if (selector instanceof window.Node) {
+    return selector; // Nodes must not be wrapped in an array
+  }
+  if (typeof selector === 'string') {
+    return [selector]; // Convert to frame selector
+  }
+
+  if (isLabelledFramesSelector(selector)) {
+    assertLabelledFrameSelector(selector);
+    selector = selector.fromFrames;
+  } else if (isLabelledShadowDomSelector(selector)) {
+    selector = [selector];
+  }
+  return normalizeFrameSelectors(selector);
+}
+
+function normalizeFrameSelectors(frameSelectors) {
+  if (!Array.isArray(frameSelectors)) {
+    return; // Invalid. Skip this selector
+  }
+  const normalizedSelectors = [];
+  for (let selector of frameSelectors) {
+    if (isLabelledShadowDomSelector(selector)) {
+      assertLabelledShadowDomSelector(selector);
+      selector = selector.fromShadowDom;
+    }
+    if (typeof selector !== 'string' && !isShadowSelector(selector)) {
+      return; // Invalid. Skip this selector
+    }
+    normalizedSelectors.push(selector);
+  }
+  return normalizedSelectors;
+}
+
+function isContextObject(contextSpec) {
+  return ['include', 'exclude'].some(
+    prop => objectHasOwn(contextSpec, prop) && isContextProp(contextSpec[prop])
+  );
+}
+
+function isContextProp(contextList) {
+  return (
+    typeof contextList === 'string' ||
+    contextList instanceof window.Node ||
+    isLabelledFramesSelector(contextList) ||
+    isLabelledShadowDomSelector(contextList) ||
+    isArrayLike(contextList)
+  );
+}
+
+function isLabelledFramesSelector(selector) {
+  return objectHasOwn(selector, 'fromFrames');
+}
+
+function isLabelledShadowDomSelector(selector) {
+  return objectHasOwn(selector, 'fromShadowDom');
+}
+
+function assertLabelledFrameSelector(selector) {
+  assert(
+    Array.isArray(selector.fromFrames),
+    'fromFrames property must be an array'
+  );
+  assert(
+    selector.fromFrames.every(
+      fromFrameSelector => !objectHasOwn(fromFrameSelector, 'fromFrames')
+    ),
+    'Invalid context; fromFrames selector must be appended, rather than nested'
+  );
+  assert(
+    !objectHasOwn(selector, 'fromShadowDom'),
+    'fromFrames and fromShadowDom cannot be used on the same object'
+  );
+}
+
+function assertLabelledShadowDomSelector(selector) {
+  assert(
+    Array.isArray(selector.fromShadowDom),
+    'fromShadowDom property must be an array'
+  );
+  assert(
+    selector.fromShadowDom.every(
+      fromShadowDomSelector =>
+        !objectHasOwn(fromShadowDomSelector, 'fromFrames')
+    ),
+    'shadow selector must be inside fromFrame instead'
+  );
+  assert(
+    selector.fromShadowDom.every(
+      fromShadowDomSelector =>
+        !objectHasOwn(fromShadowDomSelector, 'fromShadowDom')
+    ),
+    'fromShadowDom selector must be appended, rather than nested'
+  );
+}
+
+function isShadowSelector(selector) {
+  return (
+    Array.isArray(selector) && selector.every(str => typeof str === 'string')
+  );
+}
+
+function isArrayLike(arr) {
+  return (
+    arr &&
+    typeof arr === 'object' &&
+    typeof arr.length === 'number' &&
+    arr instanceof window.Node === false // Avoid DOM weirdness
+  );
+}
+
+// Wrapper to ensure the correct message
+function assert(bool, str) {
+  utilsAssert(
+    bool,
+    `Invalid context; ${str}\nSee: https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/blob/master/doc/context.md`
+  );
+}
+
+// Wrapper to prevent throwing for non-objects & null
+function objectHasOwn(obj, prop) {
+  if (!obj || typeof obj !== 'object') {
+    return false;
+  }
+  return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, prop);
+}
diff --git a/lib/core/base/context/parse-selector-array.js b/lib/core/base/context/parse-selector-array.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4435664f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/core/base/context/parse-selector-array.js
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+import { createFrameContext } from './create-frame-context';
+import { getNodeFromTree, shadowSelectAll } from '../../utils';
+
+/**
+ * Finds frames in context, converts selectors to Element references and pushes unique frames
+ * @private
+ * @param  {Context} context The instance of Context to operate on
+ * @param  {String} type     The "type" of thing to parse, "include" or "exclude"
+ * @return {Array}           Parsed array of matching elements
+ */
+export function parseSelectorArray(context, type) {
+  const result = [];
+  for (let i = 0, l = context[type].length; i < l; i++) {
+    const item = context[type][i];
+    // Handle nodes
+    if (item instanceof window.Node) {
+      if (item.documentElement instanceof window.Node) {
+        result.push(context.flatTree[0]);
+      } else {
+        result.push(getNodeFromTree(item));
+      }
+
+      // Handle Iframe selection
+    } else if (item && item.length) {
+      if (item.length > 1) {
+        pushUniqueFrameSelector(context, type, item);
+      } else {
+        const nodeList = shadowSelectAll(item[0]);
+        result.push(...nodeList.map(node => getNodeFromTree(node)));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // filter nulls
+  return result.filter(r => r);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Unshift selectors of matching iframes
+ * @private
+ * @param  {Context} context 	  The context object to operate on and assign to
+ * @param  {String} type          The "type" of context, 'include' or 'exclude'
+ * @param  {Array} selectorArray  Array of CSS selectors, each element represents a frame;
+ * where the last element is the actual node
+ */
+function pushUniqueFrameSelector(context, type, selectorArray) {
+  context.frames = context.frames || [];
+
+  const frameSelector = selectorArray.shift();
+  const frames = shadowSelectAll(frameSelector);
+  frames.forEach(frame => {
+    let frameContext = context.frames.find(result => result.node === frame);
+    if (!frameContext) {
+      frameContext = createFrameContext(frame, context);
+      context.frames.push(frameContext);
+    }
+    frameContext[type].push(selectorArray);
+  });
+}
diff --git a/lib/core/base/rule.js b/lib/core/base/rule.js
index 7f7b130f5..ea88d36a5 100644
--- a/lib/core/base/rule.js
+++ b/lib/core/base/rule.js
@@ -8,13 +8,12 @@ import {
   queue,
   DqElement,
   select,
-  isHidden,
   assert
 } from '../utils';
+import { isVisibleToScreenReaders } from '../../commons/dom';
 import constants from '../constants';
-import log from '../log';
 
-function Rule(spec, parentAudit) {
+export default function Rule(spec, parentAudit) {
   this._audit = parentAudit;
 
   /**
@@ -97,6 +96,12 @@ function Rule(spec, parentAudit) {
    */
   this.preload = spec.preload ? true : false;
 
+  /**
+   * IDs of ACT rules the axe-core rule maps to
+   * @type {Array|undefined}
+   */
+  this.actIds = spec.actIds;
+
   if (spec.matches) {
     /**
      * Optional function to test if rule should be run against a node, overrides Rule#matches
@@ -124,8 +129,8 @@ Rule.prototype.matches = function matches() {
 Rule.prototype.gather = function gather(context, options = {}) {
   const markStart = 'mark_gather_start_' + this.id;
   const markEnd = 'mark_gather_end_' + this.id;
-  const markHiddenStart = 'mark_isHidden_start_' + this.id;
-  const markHiddenEnd = 'mark_isHidden_end_' + this.id;
+  const markHiddenStart = 'mark_isVisibleToScreenReaders_start_' + this.id;
+  const markHiddenEnd = 'mark_isVisibleToScreenReaders_end_' + this.id;
 
   if (options.performanceTimer) {
     performanceTimer.mark(markStart);
@@ -138,18 +143,18 @@ Rule.prototype.gather = function gather(context, options = {}) {
     }
 
     elements = elements.filter(element => {
-      return !isHidden(element.actualNode);
+      return isVisibleToScreenReaders(element);
     });
 
     if (options.performanceTimer) {
       performanceTimer.mark(markHiddenEnd);
       performanceTimer.measure(
-        'rule_' + this.id + '#gather_axe.utils.isHidden',
+        'rule_' + this.id + '#gather_axe.utils.isVisibleToScreenReaders',
         markHiddenStart,
         markHiddenEnd,
         {
           rule: this.id,
-          type: "rule"
+          type: 'rule'
         }
       );
     }
@@ -157,10 +162,15 @@ Rule.prototype.gather = function gather(context, options = {}) {
 
   if (options.performanceTimer) {
     performanceTimer.mark(markEnd);
-    performanceTimer.measure('rule_' + this.id + '#gather', markStart, markEnd, {
-      rule: this.id,
-      type: "rule"
-    });
+    performanceTimer.measure(
+      'rule_' + this.id + '#gather',
+      markStart,
+      markEnd,
+      {
+        rule: this.id,
+        type: 'rule'
+      }
+    );
   }
 
   return elements;
@@ -259,7 +269,7 @@ Rule.prototype.run = function run(context, options = {}, resolve, reject) {
         .then(results => {
           const result = getResult(results);
           if (result) {
-            result.node = new DqElement(node, options);
+            result.node = new DqElement(node);
             ruleResult.nodes.push(result);
 
             // mark rule as incomplete rather than failure for rules with reviewOnFail
@@ -287,7 +297,7 @@ Rule.prototype.run = function run(context, options = {}, resolve, reject) {
 
   // Defer the rule's execution to prevent "unresponsive script" warnings.
   // See https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/pull/1172 for discussion and details.
-  q.defer(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
+  q.defer(res => setTimeout(res, 0));
 
   if (options.performanceTimer) {
     this._logRulePerformance();
@@ -328,7 +338,7 @@ Rule.prototype.runSync = function runSync(context, options = {}) {
 
     const result = getResult(results);
     if (result) {
-      result.node = node.actualNode ? new DqElement(node, options) : null;
+      result.node = node.actualNode ? new DqElement(node) : null;
       ruleResult.nodes.push(result);
 
       // mark rule as incomplete rather than failure for rules with reviewOnFail
@@ -374,8 +384,8 @@ Rule.prototype._trackPerformance = function _trackPerformance() {
  * @param {Rule} rule The rule to log
  * @param {Array} nodes Result of rule.gather
  */
-Rule.prototype._logGatherPerformance = function _logGatherPerformance(nodes) {
-//  log('gather (', nodes.length, '):', performanceTimer.timeElapsed() + 'ms');
+Rule.prototype._logGatherPerformance = function _logGatherPerformance() {
+  // log('gather (', nodes.length, '):', performanceTimer.timeElapsed() + 'ms');
   performanceTimer.mark(this._markChecksStart);
 };
 
@@ -393,13 +403,13 @@ Rule.prototype._logRulePerformance = function _logRulePerformance() {
     this._markChecksEnd,
     {
       rule: this.id,
-      type: "rule"
+      type: 'rule'
     }
   );
 
   performanceTimer.measure('rule_' + this.id, this._markStart, this._markEnd, {
     rule: this.id,
-    type: "rule"
+    type: 'rule'
   });
 };
 
@@ -415,7 +425,7 @@ function getResult(results) {
     let hasResults = false;
     const result = {};
     results.forEach(r => {
-      const res = r.results.filter(result => result);
+      const res = r.results.filter(_result => _result);
       result[r.type] = res;
       if (res.length) {
         hasResults = true;
@@ -461,7 +471,7 @@ Rule.prototype.gatherAndMatchNodes = function gatherAndMatchNodes(
       markMatchesEnd,
       {
         rule: this.id,
-        type: "rule"
+        type: 'rule'
       }
     );
   }
@@ -549,9 +559,25 @@ Rule.prototype.after = function after(result, options) {
   var ruleID = this.id;
   afterChecks.forEach(check => {
     var beforeResults = findCheckResults(result.nodes, check.id);
-    var option = getCheckOption(check, ruleID, options);
+    var checkOption = getCheckOption(check, ruleID, options);
+
+    var afterResults = check.after(beforeResults, checkOption.options);
+
+    if (this.reviewOnFail) {
+      afterResults.forEach(checkResult => {
+        const changeAnyAllResults =
+          (this.any.includes(checkResult.id) ||
+            this.all.includes(checkResult.id)) &&
+          checkResult.result === false;
+        const changeNoneResult =
+          this.none.includes(checkResult.id) && checkResult.result === true;
+
+        if (changeAnyAllResults || changeNoneResult) {
+          checkResult.result = undefined;
+        }
+      });
+    }
 
-    var afterResults = check.after(beforeResults, option);
     beforeResults.forEach(item => {
       // only add the node property for the check.after so we can
       // look at which iframe a check result came from, but we don't
@@ -613,6 +639,10 @@ Rule.prototype.configure = function configure(spec) {
     this.tags = spec.tags;
   }
 
+  if (spec.hasOwnProperty('actIds')) {
+    this.actIds = spec.actIds;
+  }
+
   if (spec.hasOwnProperty('matches')) {
     this.matches = createExecutionContext(spec.matches);
   }
@@ -625,5 +655,3 @@ Rule.prototype.configure = function configure(spec) {
     this.impact = spec.impact;
   }
 };
-
-export default Rule;
diff --git a/lib/core/base/virtual-node/virtual-node.js b/lib/core/base/virtual-node/virtual-node.js
index 4235b23c2..4a19c8b02 100644
--- a/lib/core/base/virtual-node/virtual-node.js
+++ b/lib/core/base/virtual-node/virtual-node.js
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import { isXHTML, validInputTypes } from '../../utils';
 import { isFocusable, getTabbableElements } from '../../../commons/dom';
 import cache from '../cache';
 
-let isXHTMLGlobal;
 let nodeIndex = 0;
 
 class VirtualNode extends AbstractVirtualNode {
@@ -27,11 +26,7 @@ class VirtualNode extends AbstractVirtualNode {
 
     this._isHidden = null; // will be populated by axe.utils.isHidden
     this._cache = {};
-
-    if (typeof isXHTMLGlobal === 'undefined') {
-      isXHTMLGlobal = isXHTML(node.ownerDocument);
-    }
-    this._isXHTML = isXHTMLGlobal;
+    this._isXHTML = isXHTML(node.ownerDocument);
 
     // we will normalize the type prop for inputs by looking strictly
     // at the attribute and not what the browser resolves the type
@@ -56,26 +51,25 @@ class VirtualNode extends AbstractVirtualNode {
   // add to the prototype so memory is shared across all virtual nodes
   get props() {
     if (!this._cache.hasOwnProperty('props')) {
-      const {
-        nodeType,
-        nodeName,
-        id,
-        multiple,
-        nodeValue,
-        value,
-        selected
-      } = this.actualNode;
+      const { nodeType, nodeName, id, nodeValue } = this.actualNode;
 
       this._cache.props = {
         nodeType,
         nodeName: this._isXHTML ? nodeName : nodeName.toLowerCase(),
         id,
         type: this._type,
-        multiple,
-        nodeValue,
-        value,
-        selected
+        nodeValue
       };
+
+      // We avoid reading these on node types where they won't be relevant
+      // to work around issues like #4316.
+      if (nodeType === 1) {
+        this._cache.props.multiple = this.actualNode.multiple;
+        this._cache.props.value = this.actualNode.value;
+        this._cache.props.selected = this.actualNode.selected;
+        this._cache.props.checked = this.actualNode.checked;
+        this._cache.props.indeterminate = this.actualNode.indeterminate;
+      }
     }
 
     return this._cache.props;
diff --git a/lib/core/constants.js b/lib/core/constants.js
index 657f51dca..3880c0a16 100644
--- a/lib/core/constants.js
+++ b/lib/core/constants.js
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ const definitions = [
 
 const constants = {
   helpUrlBase: 'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/',
+  gridSize: 200,
   results: [],
   resultGroups: [],
   resultGroupMap: {},
diff --git a/lib/core/core.js b/lib/core/core.js
index 7664e8b67..19dedc20f 100644
--- a/lib/core/core.js
+++ b/lib/core/core.js
@@ -6,14 +6,6 @@ import SerialVirtualNode from './base/virtual-node/serial-virtual-node';
 import VirtualNode from './base/virtual-node/virtual-node';
 import cache from './base/cache';
 
-import Audit from './base/audit';
-import CheckResult from './base/check-result';
-import Check from './base/check';
-import Context from './base/context';
-import metadataFunctionMap from './base/metadata-function-map';
-import RuleResult from './base/rule-result';
-import Rule from './base/rule';
-
 import * as imports from './imports';
 
 import cleanup from './public/cleanup';
@@ -22,12 +14,7 @@ import frameMessenger from './public/frame-messenger';
 import getRules from './public/get-rules';
 import load from './public/load';
 import registerPlugin from './public/plugins';
-import {
-  reporters,
-  hasReporter,
-  getReporter,
-  addReporter
-} from './public/reporter';
+import { hasReporter, getReporter, addReporter } from './public/reporter';
 import reset from './public/reset';
 import runRules from './public/run-rules';
 import runVirtualRule from './public/run-virtual-rule';
@@ -47,6 +34,9 @@ import v2Reporter from './reporters/v2';
 import * as commons from '../commons';
 import * as utils from './utils';
 
+import _thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse from './_exposed-for-testing.js';
+axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse = _thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse;
+
 axe.constants = constants;
 axe.log = log;
 
@@ -55,22 +45,6 @@ axe.SerialVirtualNode = SerialVirtualNode;
 axe.VirtualNode = VirtualNode;
 axe._cache = cache;
 
-// Setting up this private/temp namespace for the tests (which cannot yet `import/export` things).
-// TODO: remove `_thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse`
-axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse || {};
-axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base = {
-  Audit,
-  CheckResult,
-  Check,
-  Context,
-  RuleResult,
-  Rule,
-  metadataFunctionMap
-};
-axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.public = {
-  reporters
-};
-
 axe.imports = imports;
 
 axe.cleanup = cleanup;
diff --git a/lib/core/imports/index.js b/lib/core/imports/index.js
index 39387aa0e..80aa717d5 100644
--- a/lib/core/imports/index.js
+++ b/lib/core/imports/index.js
@@ -1,43 +1,20 @@
+import './polyfills';
+
+// some of these imports require polyfills to be loaded first
 import { CssSelectorParser } from 'css-selector-parser';
 import doT from '@deque/dot';
 import emojiRegexText from 'emoji-regex';
 import memoize from 'memoizee';
-
-import es6promise from 'es6-promise';
-import { Uint32Array } from 'typedarray';
-import 'weakmap-polyfill';
+import Color from 'colorjs.io';
 
 // prevent striping newline characters from strings (e.g. failure
 // summaries). value must be synced with build/configure.js
 doT.templateSettings.strip = false;
 
-if (!('Promise' in window)) {
-  es6promise.polyfill();
-}
-
-if (!('Uint32Array' in window)) {
-  window.Uint32Array = Uint32Array;
-}
-if (window.Uint32Array) {
-  // @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray/some
-  if (!('some' in window.Uint32Array.prototype)) {
-    Object.defineProperty(window.Uint32Array.prototype, 'some', {
-      value: Array.prototype.some
-    });
-  }
-
-  if (!('reduce' in window.Uint32Array.prototype)) {
-    // @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray/reduce
-    Object.defineProperty(window.Uint32Array.prototype, 'reduce', {
-      value: Array.prototype.reduce
-    });
-  }
-}
-
 /**
  * Namespace `axe.imports` which holds required external dependencies
  *
  * @namespace imports
  * @memberof axe
  */
-export { CssSelectorParser, doT, emojiRegexText, memoize };
+export { CssSelectorParser, doT, emojiRegexText, memoize, Color as Colorjs };
diff --git a/lib/core/imports/polyfills.js b/lib/core/imports/polyfills.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5725632e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/core/imports/polyfills.js
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+import es6promise from 'es6-promise';
+import { Uint32Array } from 'typedarray';
+import 'weakmap-polyfill';
+import hasOwn from 'core-js-pure/actual/object/has-own';
+import values from 'core-js-pure/actual/object/values';
+
+if (!('hasOwn' in Object)) {
+  Object.hasOwn = hasOwn;
+}
+
+if (!('values' in Object)) {
+  Object.values = values;
+}
+
+if (!('Promise' in window)) {
+  es6promise.polyfill();
+}
+
+if (!('Uint32Array' in window)) {
+  window.Uint32Array = Uint32Array;
+}
+if (window.Uint32Array) {
+  // @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray/some
+  if (!('some' in window.Uint32Array.prototype)) {
+    Object.defineProperty(window.Uint32Array.prototype, 'some', {
+      value: Array.prototype.some
+    });
+  }
+
+  if (!('reduce' in window.Uint32Array.prototype)) {
+    // @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray/reduce
+    Object.defineProperty(window.Uint32Array.prototype, 'reduce', {
+      value: Array.prototype.reduce
+    });
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ These polyfills came directly from the ES Specification itself
+ Contained within:
+  - Object.assign
+  - Array.prototype.find
+*/
+if (typeof Object.assign !== 'function') {
+  (function () {
+    Object.assign = function (target) {
+      if (target === undefined || target === null) {
+        throw new TypeError('Cannot convert undefined or null to object');
+      }
+
+      var output = Object(target);
+      for (var index = 1; index < arguments.length; index++) {
+        var source = arguments[index];
+        if (source !== undefined && source !== null) {
+          for (var nextKey in source) {
+            if (source.hasOwnProperty(nextKey)) {
+              output[nextKey] = source[nextKey];
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      return output;
+    };
+  })();
+}
+
+if (!Array.prototype.find) {
+  Object.defineProperty(Array.prototype, 'find', {
+    value: function (predicate) {
+      if (this === null) {
+        throw new TypeError('Array.prototype.find called on null or undefined');
+      }
+      if (typeof predicate !== 'function') {
+        throw new TypeError('predicate must be a function');
+      }
+      var list = Object(this);
+      var length = list.length >>> 0;
+      var thisArg = arguments[1];
+      var value;
+
+      for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+        value = list[i];
+        if (predicate.call(thisArg, value, i, list)) {
+          return value;
+        }
+      }
+      return undefined;
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+if (!Array.prototype.findIndex) {
+  Object.defineProperty(Array.prototype, 'findIndex', {
+    value: function (predicate, thisArg) {
+      if (this === null) {
+        throw new TypeError('Array.prototype.find called on null or undefined');
+      }
+      if (typeof predicate !== 'function') {
+        throw new TypeError('predicate must be a function');
+      }
+      var list = Object(this);
+      var length = list.length >>> 0;
+      var value;
+
+      for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+        value = list[i];
+        if (predicate.call(thisArg, value, i, list)) {
+          return i;
+        }
+      }
+      return -1;
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+if (!Array.prototype.includes) {
+  Object.defineProperty(Array.prototype, 'includes', {
+    value: function (searchElement) {
+      var O = Object(this);
+      var len = parseInt(O.length, 10) || 0;
+      if (len === 0) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      var n = parseInt(arguments[1], 10) || 0;
+      var k;
+      if (n >= 0) {
+        k = n;
+      } else {
+        k = len + n;
+        if (k < 0) {
+          k = 0;
+        }
+      }
+      var currentElement;
+      while (k < len) {
+        currentElement = O[k];
+        if (
+          searchElement === currentElement ||
+          (searchElement !== searchElement && currentElement !== currentElement)
+        ) {
+          // NaN !== NaN
+          return true;
+        }
+        k++;
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+// Production steps of ECMA-262, Edition 5, 15.4.4.17
+// Reference: http://es5.github.io/#x15.4.4.17
+if (!Array.prototype.some) {
+  Object.defineProperty(Array.prototype, 'some', {
+    value: function (fun) {
+      if (this == null) {
+        throw new TypeError('Array.prototype.some called on null or undefined');
+      }
+
+      if (typeof fun !== 'function') {
+        throw new TypeError();
+      }
+
+      var t = Object(this);
+      var len = t.length >>> 0;
+
+      var thisArg = arguments.length >= 2 ? arguments[1] : void 0;
+      for (var i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+        if (i in t && fun.call(thisArg, t[i], i, t)) {
+          return true;
+        }
+      }
+
+      return false;
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+if (!Array.from) {
+  Object.defineProperty(Array, 'from', {
+    value: (function () {
+      var toStr = Object.prototype.toString;
+      var isCallable = function (fn) {
+        return (
+          typeof fn === 'function' || toStr.call(fn) === '[object Function]'
+        );
+      };
+      var toInteger = function (value) {
+        var number = Number(value);
+        if (isNaN(number)) {
+          return 0;
+        }
+        if (number === 0 || !isFinite(number)) {
+          return number;
+        }
+        return (number > 0 ? 1 : -1) * Math.floor(Math.abs(number));
+      };
+      var maxSafeInteger = Math.pow(2, 53) - 1;
+      var toLength = function (value) {
+        var len = toInteger(value);
+        return Math.min(Math.max(len, 0), maxSafeInteger);
+      };
+
+      // The length property of the from method is 1.
+      return function from(arrayLike /*, mapFn, thisArg */) {
+        // 1. Let C be the this value.
+        var C = this;
+
+        // 2. Let items be ToObject(arrayLike).
+        var items = Object(arrayLike);
+
+        // 3. ReturnIfAbrupt(items).
+        if (arrayLike == null) {
+          throw new TypeError(
+            'Array.from requires an array-like object - not null or undefined'
+          );
+        }
+
+        // 4. If mapfn is undefined, then let mapping be false.
+        var mapFn = arguments.length > 1 ? arguments[1] : void undefined;
+        var T;
+        if (typeof mapFn !== 'undefined') {
+          // 5. else
+          // 5. a If IsCallable(mapfn) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
+          if (!isCallable(mapFn)) {
+            throw new TypeError(
+              'Array.from: when provided, the second argument must be a function'
+            );
+          }
+
+          // 5. b. If thisArg was supplied, let T be thisArg; else let T be undefined.
+          if (arguments.length > 2) {
+            T = arguments[2];
+          }
+        }
+
+        // 10. Let lenValue be Get(items, "length").
+        // 11. Let len be ToLength(lenValue).
+        var len = toLength(items.length);
+
+        // 13. If IsConstructor(C) is true, then
+        // 13. a. Let A be the result of calling the [[Construct]] internal method of C with an argument list containing the single item len.
+        // 14. a. Else, Let A be ArrayCreate(len).
+        var A = isCallable(C) ? Object(new C(len)) : new Array(len);
+
+        // 16. Let k be 0.
+        var k = 0;
+        // 17. Repeat, while k < len… (also steps a - h)
+        var kValue;
+        while (k < len) {
+          kValue = items[k];
+          if (mapFn) {
+            A[k] =
+              typeof T === 'undefined'
+                ? mapFn(kValue, k)
+                : mapFn.call(T, kValue, k);
+          } else {
+            A[k] = kValue;
+          }
+          k += 1;
+        }
+        // 18. Let putStatus be Put(A, "length", len, true).
+        A.length = len;
+        // 20. Return A.
+        return A;
+      };
+    })()
+  });
+}
+
+if (!String.prototype.includes) {
+  String.prototype.includes = function (search, start) {
+    if (typeof start !== 'number') {
+      start = 0;
+    }
+    if (start + search.length > this.length) {
+      return false;
+    } else {
+      return this.indexOf(search, start) !== -1;
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+// @see https://github.com/jonathantneal/array-flat-polyfill/blob/master/src/polyfill-flat.js
+if (!Array.prototype.flat) {
+  Object.defineProperty(Array.prototype, 'flat', {
+    configurable: true,
+    value: function flat() {
+      var depth = isNaN(arguments[0]) ? 1 : Number(arguments[0]);
+
+      return depth
+        ? Array.prototype.reduce.call(
+            this,
+            function (acc, cur) {
+              if (Array.isArray(cur)) {
+                acc.push.apply(acc, flat.call(cur, depth - 1));
+              } else {
+                acc.push(cur);
+              }
+
+              return acc;
+            },
+            []
+          )
+        : Array.prototype.slice.call(this);
+    },
+    writable: true
+  });
+}
+
+// linked from MDN docs on isConnected
+// @see https://gist.github.com/eligrey/f109a6d0bf4efe3461201c3d7b745e8f
+if (window.Node && !('isConnected' in window.Node.prototype)) {
+  Object.defineProperty(window.Node.prototype, 'isConnected', {
+    get() {
+      return (
+        !this.ownerDocument ||
+        !(
+          this.ownerDocument.compareDocumentPosition(this) &
+          this.DOCUMENT_POSITION_DISCONNECTED
+        )
+      );
+    }
+  });
+}
diff --git a/lib/core/public/finish-run.js b/lib/core/public/finish-run.js
index 63228d0bb..31e6417c2 100644
--- a/lib/core/public/finish-run.js
+++ b/lib/core/public/finish-run.js
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ import {
   mergeResults,
   publishMetaData,
   finalizeRuleResult,
-  DqElement,
+  nodeSerializer,
   clone
 } from '../utils';
 
 export default function finishRun(partialResults, options = {}) {
   options = clone(options);
-  const { environmentData } = partialResults.find(r => r.environmentData) || {}
+  const { environmentData } = partialResults.find(r => r.environmentData) || {};
 
   // normalize the runOnly option for the output of reporters toolOptions
   axe._audit.normalizeOptions(options);
@@ -47,13 +47,13 @@ function getMergedFrameSpecs({
   }
   // Include the selector/ancestry/... from the parent frames
   return childFrameSpecs.map(childFrameSpec => {
-    return DqElement.mergeSpecs(childFrameSpec, parentFrameSpec);
+    return nodeSerializer.mergeSpecs(childFrameSpec, parentFrameSpec);
   });
 }
 
 function createReport(results, options) {
-  return new Promise(resolve => {
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
     const reporter = getReporter(options.reporter);
-    reporter(results, options, resolve);
+    reporter(results, options, resolve, reject);
   });
 }
diff --git a/lib/core/public/get-rules.js b/lib/core/public/get-rules.js
index 5e3d83f45..d52216f77 100644
--- a/lib/core/public/get-rules.js
+++ b/lib/core/public/get-rules.js
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ function getRules(tags) {
       description: rd.description,
       help: rd.help,
       helpUrl: rd.helpUrl,
-      tags: matchingRule.tags
+      tags: matchingRule.tags,
+      actIds: matchingRule.actIds
     };
   });
 }
diff --git a/lib/core/public/load.js b/lib/core/public/load.js
index 02fce5e0c..124c849b1 100644
--- a/lib/core/public/load.js
+++ b/lib/core/public/load.js
@@ -2,6 +2,16 @@ import Audit from '../base/audit';
 import cleanup from './cleanup';
 import runRules from './run-rules';
 import respondable from '../utils/respondable';
+import nodeSerializer from '../utils/node-serializer';
+
+/**
+ * Sets up Rules, Messages and default options for Checks, must be invoked before attempting analysis
+ * @param  {Object} audit The "audit specification" object
+ * @private
+ */
+export default function load(audit) {
+  axe._audit = new Audit(audit);
+}
 
 function runCommand(data, keepalive, callback) {
   var resolve = callback;
@@ -23,10 +33,12 @@ function runCommand(data, keepalive, callback) {
       return runRules(
         context,
         options,
-        (results, cleanup) => {
+        (results, cleanupFn) => {
+          // Serialize all DqElements
+          results = nodeSerializer.mapRawResults(results);
           resolve(results);
           // Cleanup AFTER resolve so that selectors can be generated
-          cleanup();
+          cleanupFn();
         },
         reject
       );
@@ -52,14 +64,3 @@ if (window.top !== window) {
     });
   });
 }
-
-/**
- * Sets up Rules, Messages and default options for Checks, must be invoked before attempting analysis
- * @param  {Object} audit The "audit specification" object
- * @private
- */
-function load(audit) {
-  axe._audit = new Audit(audit);
-}
-
-export default load;
diff --git a/lib/core/public/run-partial.js b/lib/core/public/run-partial.js
index b39f832e6..50ab6465d 100644
--- a/lib/core/public/run-partial.js
+++ b/lib/core/public/run-partial.js
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 import Context from '../base/context';
 import teardown from './teardown';
-import { DqElement, getSelectorData, assert, getEnvironmentData } from '../utils';
+import {
+  nodeSerializer,
+  getSelectorData,
+  assert,
+  getEnvironmentData
+} from '../utils';
 import normalizeRunParams from './run/normalize-run-params';
 
 export default function runPartial(...args) {
@@ -17,42 +22,31 @@ export default function runPartial(...args) {
   axe._selectorData = getSelectorData(contextObj.flatTree);
   axe._running = true;
 
-  return new Promise((res, rej) => {
-    axe._audit.run(contextObj, options, res, rej);
-  })
-    .then(results => {
-      results = results.map(({ nodes, ...result }) => ({
-        nodes: nodes.map(serializeNode),
-        ...result
-      }));
-      const frames = contextObj.frames.map(({ node }) => {
-        return new DqElement(node, options).toJSON();
-      });
-      let environmentData;
-      if (contextObj.initiator) {
-        environmentData = getEnvironmentData();
-      }
-      axe._running = false;
-      teardown();
-      return { results, frames, environmentData };
-    })
-    // Avoid .finally() to deal with Mocha 9 + IE issues
-    .catch((err) => {
-      axe._running = false;
-      teardown();
-      return Promise.reject(err);
-    });
-}
+  // Even in the top frame, we don't support this with runPartial
+  options.elementRef = false;
 
-function serializeNode({ node, ...nodeResult }) {
-  nodeResult.node = node.toJSON();
-  for (const type of ['any', 'all', 'none']) {
-    nodeResult[type] = nodeResult[type].map(
-      ({ relatedNodes, ...checkResult }) => ({
-        ...checkResult,
-        relatedNodes: relatedNodes.map(node => node.toJSON())
+  return (
+    new Promise((res, rej) => {
+      axe._audit.run(contextObj, options, res, rej);
+    })
+      .then(results => {
+        results = nodeSerializer.mapRawResults(results);
+        const frames = contextObj.frames.map(({ node }) => {
+          return nodeSerializer.toSpec(node);
+        });
+        let environmentData;
+        if (contextObj.initiator) {
+          environmentData = getEnvironmentData();
+        }
+        axe._running = false;
+        teardown();
+        return { results, frames, environmentData };
       })
-    );
-  }
-  return nodeResult;
+      // Avoid .finally() to deal with Mocha 9 + IE issues
+      .catch(err => {
+        axe._running = false;
+        teardown();
+        return Promise.reject(err);
+      })
+  );
 }
diff --git a/lib/core/public/run-rules.js b/lib/core/public/run-rules.js
index 79bd5405c..5eb26d7c9 100644
--- a/lib/core/public/run-rules.js
+++ b/lib/core/public/run-rules.js
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ import log from '../log';
  * @param  {Function} resolve  Called when done running rules, receives ([results : Object], teardown : Function)
  * @param  {Function} reject   Called when execution failed, receives (err : Error)
  */
-function runRules(context, options, resolve, reject) {
+export default function runRules(context, options, resolve, reject) {
   try {
     context = new Context(context);
     axe._tree = context.flatTree;
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ function runRules(context, options, resolve, reject) {
 
       // Add wrapper object so that we may use the same "merge" function for results from inside and outside frames
       var results = mergeResults(
-        data.map(results => {
-          return { results };
+        data.map(res => {
+          return { results: res };
         })
       );
 
@@ -79,5 +79,3 @@ function runRules(context, options, resolve, reject) {
     reject(e);
   });
 }
-
-export default runRules;
diff --git a/lib/core/public/run-virtual-rule.js b/lib/core/public/run-virtual-rule.js
index d474dcb11..189720f19 100644
--- a/lib/core/public/run-virtual-rule.js
+++ b/lib/core/public/run-virtual-rule.js
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import {
  * @param {Object} options  (optional) Set of options passed into rules or checks
  * @return {Object} axe results for the rule run
  */
-function runVirtualRule(ruleId, vNode, options = {}) {
+export default function runVirtualRule(ruleId, vNode, options = {}) {
   // TODO: es-modules axe._audit
   // TODO: es-modules axe._selectorData
   options.reporter = options.reporter || axe._audit.reporter || 'v1';
@@ -37,10 +37,15 @@ function runVirtualRule(ruleId, vNode, options = {}) {
   // can avoid this call by forcing the rule to not exclude hidden
   // elements
   rule = Object.create(rule, { excludeHidden: { value: false } });
-
   const context = {
     initiator: true,
-    include: [vNode]
+    include: [vNode],
+    exclude: [],
+    frames: [],
+    page: false,
+    focusable: true,
+    size: {},
+    flatTree: []
   };
 
   const rawResults = rule.runSync(context, options);
@@ -60,5 +65,3 @@ function runVirtualRule(ruleId, vNode, options = {}) {
     toolOptions: options
   };
 }
-
-export default runVirtualRule;
diff --git a/lib/core/public/run.js b/lib/core/public/run.js
index 0f8584339..74983c7e8 100644
--- a/lib/core/public/run.js
+++ b/lib/core/public/run.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { getReporter } from './reporter';
-import normalizeRunArgs from './run/normalize-run-params';
-import { setupGlobals, resetGlobals } from './run/globals-setup';
+import normalizeRunParams from './run/normalize-run-params';
+import { setupGlobals } from './run/globals-setup';
 import { assert } from '../utils';
 
 const noop = () => {};
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ const noop = () => {};
  */
 export default function run(...args) {
   setupGlobals(args[0]);
-  const { context, options, callback = noop } = normalizeRunArgs(args);
+  const { context, options, callback = noop } = normalizeRunParams(args);
   const { thenable, resolve, reject } = getPromiseHandlers(callback);
   try {
     assert(axe._audit, 'No audit configured');
@@ -36,28 +36,34 @@ export default function run(...args) {
     axe.utils.performanceTimer.start();
   }
 
-  function handleRunRules(rawResults, cleanup) {
+  function handleRunRules(rawResults, teardown) {
     const respond = results => {
       axe._running = false;
-      cleanup();
+      teardown();
       try {
-        callback(null, results);
+        resolve(results);
       } catch (e) {
         axe.log(e);
       }
-      resolve(results);
     };
+    const wrappedReject = err => {
+      axe._running = false;
+      teardown();
+      try {
+        reject(err);
+      } catch (e) {
+        axe.log(e);
+      }
+    };
+
     if (options.performanceTimer) {
       axe.utils.performanceTimer.end();
     }
 
     try {
-      createReport(rawResults, options, respond);
+      createReport(rawResults, options, respond, wrappedReject);
     } catch (err) {
-      axe._running = false;
-      cleanup();
-      callback(err);
-      reject(err);
+      wrappedReject(err);
     }
   }
 
@@ -66,7 +72,6 @@ export default function run(...args) {
       axe.utils.performanceTimer.end();
     }
     axe._running = false;
-    resetGlobals();
     callback(err);
     reject(err);
   }
@@ -83,21 +88,21 @@ function getPromiseHandlers(callback) {
       resolve = _resolve;
     });
   } else {
-    resolve = reject = noop;
+    resolve = result => callback(null, result);
+    reject = err => callback(err);
   }
   return { thenable, reject, resolve };
 }
 
-function createReport(rawResults, options, respond) {
+function createReport(rawResults, options, respond, reject) {
   const reporter = getReporter(options.reporter);
-  const results = reporter(rawResults, options, respond);
+  const results = reporter(rawResults, options, respond, reject);
   if (results !== undefined) {
     respond(results);
   }
 }
 
 function handleError(err, callback) {
-  resetGlobals();
   if (typeof callback === 'function' && callback !== noop) {
     callback(err.message);
     return;
diff --git a/lib/core/public/run/globals-setup.js b/lib/core/public/run/globals-setup.js
index 3e8311484..3bd442d8e 100644
--- a/lib/core/public/run/globals-setup.js
+++ b/lib/core/public/run/globals-setup.js
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ export function setupGlobals(context) {
     cache.set('globalDocumentSet', true);
     document = context.ownerDocument;
   }
-  
+
   if (!hasWindow) {
     cache.set('globalWindowSet', true);
     window = document.defaultView;
diff --git a/lib/core/public/run/normalize-run-params.js b/lib/core/public/run/normalize-run-params.js
index 95b059a81..96c4b18f4 100644
--- a/lib/core/public/run/normalize-run-params.js
+++ b/lib/core/public/run/normalize-run-params.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { clone } from '../../utils';
+import { isContextSpec } from '../../base/context/normalize-context';
 
 /**
  * Normalize the optional params of axe.run()
@@ -11,7 +12,7 @@ export default function normalizeRunParams([context, options, callback]) {
   const typeErr = new TypeError('axe.run arguments are invalid');
 
   // Determine the context
-  if (!isContext(context)) {
+  if (!isContextSpec(context)) {
     if (callback !== undefined) {
       // Either context is invalid or there are too many params
       throw typeErr;
@@ -42,24 +43,3 @@ export default function normalizeRunParams([context, options, callback]) {
   options.reporter = options.reporter ?? axe._audit?.reporter ?? 'v1';
   return { context, options, callback };
 }
-
-export function isContext(potential) {
-  switch (true) {
-    case typeof potential === 'string':
-    case Array.isArray(potential):
-    case window.Node && potential instanceof window.Node:
-    case window.NodeList && potential instanceof window.NodeList:
-      return true;
-
-    case typeof potential !== 'object':
-      return false;
-
-    case potential.include !== undefined:
-    case potential.exclude !== undefined:
-    case typeof potential.length === 'number':
-      return true;
-
-    default:
-      return false;
-  }
-}
diff --git a/lib/core/public/setup.js b/lib/core/public/setup.js
index 3584a205e..bcb1258f5 100644
--- a/lib/core/public/setup.js
+++ b/lib/core/public/setup.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { getFlattenedTree, getSelectorData } from '../utils';
+import { setupGlobals } from './run/globals-setup';
 
 /**
  * Setup axe-core so axe.common functions can work properly.
@@ -10,7 +11,16 @@ function setup(node) {
       'Axe is already setup. Call `axe.teardown()` before calling `axe.setup` again.'
     );
   }
+  // Normalize document
+  if (
+    node &&
+    typeof node.documentElement === 'object' &&
+    typeof node.defaultView === 'object'
+  ) {
+    node = node.documentElement;
+  }
 
+  setupGlobals(node);
   axe._tree = getFlattenedTree(node);
   axe._selectorData = getSelectorData(axe._tree);
 
diff --git a/lib/core/reporters/helpers/incomplete-fallback-msg.js b/lib/core/reporters/helpers/incomplete-fallback-msg.js
index 53d1d9655..05e9c389a 100644
--- a/lib/core/reporters/helpers/incomplete-fallback-msg.js
+++ b/lib/core/reporters/helpers/incomplete-fallback-msg.js
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@
  * This mechanism allows the string to be localized.
  * @return {String}
  */
- export default function incompleteFallbackMessage() {
-  let { incompleteFallbackMessage } = axe._audit.data;
-  if (typeof incompleteFallbackMessage === 'function') {
-    incompleteFallbackMessage = incompleteFallbackMessage();
+export default function incompleteFallbackMessage() {
+  let { incompleteFallbackMessage: message } = axe._audit.data;
+  if (typeof message === 'function') {
+    message = message();
   }
-  if (typeof incompleteFallbackMessage !== 'string') {
+  if (typeof message !== 'string') {
     return '';
   }
-  return incompleteFallbackMessage;
+  return message;
 }
diff --git a/lib/core/reporters/helpers/index.js b/lib/core/reporters/helpers/index.js
index dbde573bc..233e34979 100644
--- a/lib/core/reporters/helpers/index.js
+++ b/lib/core/reporters/helpers/index.js
@@ -2,17 +2,4 @@ import failureSummary from './failure-summary';
 import incompleteFallbackMessage from './incomplete-fallback-msg';
 import processAggregate from './process-aggregate';
 
-// Setting up this private/temp namespace for the tests (which cannot yet `import/export` things).
-// TODO: remove `_thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse`
-axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse || {};
-axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.helpers = {
-  failureSummary,
-  incompleteFallbackMessage,
-  processAggregate
-};
-
-export {
-  failureSummary,
-  incompleteFallbackMessage,
-  processAggregate
-};
+export { failureSummary, incompleteFallbackMessage, processAggregate };
diff --git a/lib/core/reporters/helpers/process-aggregate.js b/lib/core/reporters/helpers/process-aggregate.js
index fee64b583..dfd143614 100644
--- a/lib/core/reporters/helpers/process-aggregate.js
+++ b/lib/core/reporters/helpers/process-aggregate.js
@@ -1,36 +1,7 @@
 import constants from '../../constants';
+import { nodeSerializer } from '../../utils';
 
-function normalizeRelatedNodes(node, options) {
-  ['any', 'all', 'none'].forEach(type => {
-    if (!Array.isArray(node[type])) {
-      return;
-    }
-    node[type]
-      .filter(checkRes => Array.isArray(checkRes.relatedNodes))
-      .forEach(checkRes => {
-        checkRes.relatedNodes = checkRes.relatedNodes.map(relatedNode => {
-          var res = {
-            html: relatedNode.source
-          };
-          if (options.elementRef && !relatedNode.fromFrame) {
-            res.element = relatedNode.element;
-          }
-          if (options.selectors !== false || relatedNode.fromFrame) {
-            res.target = relatedNode.selector;
-          }
-          if (options.ancestry) {
-            res.ancestry = relatedNode.ancestry;
-          }
-          if (options.xpath) {
-            res.xpath = relatedNode.xpath;
-          }
-          return res;
-        });
-      });
-  });
-}
-
-var resultKeys = constants.resultGroups;
+const resultKeys = constants.resultGroups;
 
 /**
  * Configures the processing of axe results.
@@ -55,8 +26,8 @@ var resultKeys = constants.resultGroups;
  * @return {Object}
  *
  */
-function processAggregate(results, options) {
-  var resultObject = axe.utils.aggregateResult(results);
+export default function processAggregate(results, options) {
+  const resultObject = axe.utils.aggregateResult(results);
 
   resultKeys.forEach(key => {
     if (options.resultTypes && !options.resultTypes.includes(key)) {
@@ -73,19 +44,8 @@ function processAggregate(results, options) {
       if (Array.isArray(ruleResult.nodes) && ruleResult.nodes.length > 0) {
         ruleResult.nodes = ruleResult.nodes.map(subResult => {
           if (typeof subResult.node === 'object') {
-            subResult.html = subResult.node.source;
-            if (options.elementRef && !subResult.node.fromFrame) {
-              subResult.element = subResult.node.element;
-            }
-            if (options.selectors !== false || subResult.node.fromFrame) {
-              subResult.target = subResult.node.selector;
-            }
-            if (options.ancestry) {
-              subResult.ancestry = subResult.node.ancestry;
-            }
-            if (options.xpath) {
-              subResult.xpath = subResult.node.xpath;
-            }
+            const serialElm = trimElementSpec(subResult.node, options);
+            Object.assign(subResult, serialElm);
           }
           delete subResult.result;
           delete subResult.node;
@@ -96,7 +56,7 @@ function processAggregate(results, options) {
         });
       }
 
-      resultKeys.forEach(key => delete ruleResult[key]);
+      resultKeys.forEach(resultKey => delete ruleResult[resultKey]);
       delete ruleResult.pageLevel;
       delete ruleResult.result;
 
@@ -107,4 +67,41 @@ function processAggregate(results, options) {
   return resultObject;
 }
 
-export default processAggregate;
+function normalizeRelatedNodes(node, options) {
+  ['any', 'all', 'none'].forEach(type => {
+    if (!Array.isArray(node[type])) {
+      return;
+    }
+    node[type]
+      .filter(checkRes => Array.isArray(checkRes.relatedNodes))
+      .forEach(checkRes => {
+        checkRes.relatedNodes = checkRes.relatedNodes.map(relatedNode => {
+          return trimElementSpec(relatedNode, options);
+        });
+      });
+  });
+}
+
+function trimElementSpec(elmSpec = {}, runOptions) {
+  // Pass options to limit which properties are calculated
+  elmSpec = nodeSerializer.dqElmToSpec(elmSpec, runOptions);
+  const serialElm = {};
+  if (axe._audit.noHtml) {
+    serialElm.html = null;
+  } else {
+    serialElm.html = elmSpec.source ?? 'Undefined';
+  }
+  if (runOptions.elementRef && !elmSpec.fromFrame) {
+    serialElm.element = elmSpec.element ?? null;
+  }
+  if (runOptions.selectors !== false || elmSpec.fromFrame) {
+    serialElm.target = elmSpec.selector ?? [':root'];
+  }
+  if (runOptions.ancestry) {
+    serialElm.ancestry = elmSpec.ancestry ?? [':root'];
+  }
+  if (runOptions.xpath) {
+    serialElm.xpath = elmSpec.xpath ?? ['/'];
+  }
+  return serialElm;
+}
diff --git a/lib/core/reporters/na.js b/lib/core/reporters/na.js
index edf76d0fc..b6fc5644b 100644
--- a/lib/core/reporters/na.js
+++ b/lib/core/reporters/na.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { processAggregate } from './helpers';
 import { getEnvironmentData } from '../utils';
 
+// @deprecated
 const naReporter = (results, options, callback) => {
   console.warn(
     '"na" reporter will be deprecated in axe v4.0. Use the "v2" reporter instead.'
diff --git a/lib/core/reporters/raw-env.js b/lib/core/reporters/raw-env.js
index cda4904b3..199effb5a 100644
--- a/lib/core/reporters/raw-env.js
+++ b/lib/core/reporters/raw-env.js
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ const rawEnvReporter = (results, options, callback) => {
     options = {};
   }
   const { environmentData, ...toolOptions } = options;
-  rawReporter(results, toolOptions, (raw) => {
+  rawReporter(results, toolOptions, raw => {
     const env = getEnvironmentData(environmentData);
     callback({ raw, env });
   });
diff --git a/lib/core/reporters/raw.js b/lib/core/reporters/raw.js
index b9b78fa04..eae5e5f38 100644
--- a/lib/core/reporters/raw.js
+++ b/lib/core/reporters/raw.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { nodeSerializer } from '../utils';
+
 const rawReporter = (results, options, callback) => {
   if (typeof options === 'function') {
     callback = options;
@@ -13,16 +15,9 @@ const rawReporter = (results, options, callback) => {
     const transformedResult = { ...result };
     const types = ['passes', 'violations', 'incomplete', 'inapplicable'];
     for (const type of types) {
-      // Some tests don't include all of the types, so we have to guard against that here.
-      // TODO: ensure tests always use "proper" results to avoid having these hacks in production code paths.
-      if (transformedResult[type] && Array.isArray(transformedResult[type])) {
-        transformedResult[type] = transformedResult[type].map(
-          ({ node, ...typeResult }) => {
-            node = typeof node?.toJSON === 'function' ? node.toJSON() : node;
-            return { node, ...typeResult };
-          }
-        );
-      }
+      transformedResult[type] = nodeSerializer.mapRawNodeResults(
+        transformedResult[type]
+      );
     }
 
     return transformedResult;
diff --git a/lib/core/reporters/v1.js b/lib/core/reporters/v1.js
index d83f6d3b7..10d939cc2 100644
--- a/lib/core/reporters/v1.js
+++ b/lib/core/reporters/v1.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 import { processAggregate, failureSummary } from './helpers';
-import { getEnvironmentData } from '../utils'
+import { getEnvironmentData } from '../utils';
 
 const v1Reporter = (results, options, callback) => {
   if (typeof options === 'function') {
     callback = options;
     options = {};
-  };
+  }
   const { environmentData, ...toolOptions } = options;
   const out = processAggregate(results, options);
 
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/aggregate-result.js b/lib/core/utils/aggregate-result.js
index a0e039a9f..d60122a06 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/aggregate-result.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/aggregate-result.js
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ import constants from '../constants';
 function copyToGroup(resultObject, subResult, group) {
   var resultCopy = Object.assign({}, subResult);
   resultCopy.nodes = (resultCopy[group] || []).concat();
-  constants.resultGroups.forEach(group => {
-    delete resultCopy[group];
+  constants.resultGroups.forEach(resultGroup => {
+    delete resultCopy[resultGroup];
   });
   resultObject[group].push(resultCopy);
 }
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/check-helper.js b/lib/core/utils/check-helper.js
index 68e39f6a4..fbedf3645 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/check-helper.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/check-helper.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import toArray from './to-array';
 import DqElement from './dq-element';
+import AbstractVirtualNode from '../base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node';
 
 /**
  * Helper to denote which checks are asyncronous and provide callbacks and pass data back to the CheckResult
@@ -28,17 +29,23 @@ function checkHelper(checkResult, options, resolve, reject) {
       if (!window.Node) {
         return;
       }
-
-      nodes = nodes instanceof window.Node ? [nodes] : toArray(nodes);
-
       if (
-        !nodes.every(node => node instanceof window.Node || node.actualNode)
+        nodes instanceof window.Node ||
+        nodes instanceof AbstractVirtualNode
       ) {
-        return;
+        nodes = [nodes];
+      } else {
+        nodes = toArray(nodes);
       }
-
-      checkResult.relatedNodes = nodes.map(element => {
-        return new DqElement(element, options);
+      checkResult.relatedNodes = [];
+      nodes.forEach(node => {
+        if (node instanceof AbstractVirtualNode) {
+          node = node.actualNode;
+        }
+        if (node instanceof window.Node) {
+          const dqElm = new DqElement(node);
+          checkResult.relatedNodes.push(dqElm);
+        }
       });
     }
   };
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/clone.js b/lib/core/utils/clone.js
index a880f192e..ee4802fc6 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/clone.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/clone.js
@@ -1,35 +1,47 @@
 /**
- * Deeply clones an object or array
+ * Deeply clones an object or array. DOM nodes or collections of DOM nodes are not deeply cloned and are instead returned as is.
  * @param  {Mixed} obj The object/array to clone
- * @return {Mixed}     A clone of the initial object or array
+ * @return {Mixed} A clone of the initial object or array
  */
-function clone(obj) {
-  /* eslint guard-for-in: 0*/
-  var index,
-    length,
-    out = obj;
-  // DOM nodes cannot be cloned.
+export default function clone(obj) {
+  return cloneRecused(obj, new Map());
+}
+
+// internal function to hide non-user facing parameters
+function cloneRecused(obj, seen) {
+  if (obj === null || typeof obj !== 'object') {
+    return obj;
+  }
+
+  // don't clone DOM nodes. since we can pass nodes from different window contexts
+  // we'll also use duck typing to determine what is a DOM node
   if (
-    (window?.Node && obj instanceof window.Node) || 
-    (window?.HTMLCollection && obj instanceof window.HTMLCollection)
+    (window?.Node && obj instanceof window.Node) ||
+    (window?.HTMLCollection && obj instanceof window.HTMLCollection) ||
+    ('nodeName' in obj && 'nodeType' in obj && 'ownerDocument' in obj)
   ) {
     return obj;
   }
 
-  if (obj !== null && typeof obj === 'object') {
-    if (Array.isArray(obj)) {
-      out = [];
-      for (index = 0, length = obj.length; index < length; index++) {
-        out[index] = clone(obj[index]);
-      }
-    } else {
-      out = {};
-      for (index in obj) {
-        out[index] = clone(obj[index]);
-      }
-    }
+  // handle circular references by caching the cloned object and returning it
+  if (seen.has(obj)) {
+    return seen.get(obj);
+  }
+
+  if (Array.isArray(obj)) {
+    const out = [];
+    seen.set(obj, out);
+    obj.forEach(value => {
+      out.push(cloneRecused(value, seen));
+    });
+    return out;
+  }
+
+  const out = {};
+  seen.set(obj, out);
+  // eslint-disable-next-line guard-for-in
+  for (const key in obj) {
+    out[key] = cloneRecused(obj[key], seen);
   }
   return out;
 }
-
-export default clone;
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/collect-results-from-frames.js b/lib/core/utils/collect-results-from-frames.js
index 6d37f57b4..be17f8ccf 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/collect-results-from-frames.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/collect-results-from-frames.js
@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@ export default function collectResultsFromFrames(
   resolve,
   reject
 ) {
+  // elementRefs can't be passed across frame boundaries
+  options = { ...options, elementRef: false };
+
   var q = queue();
   var frames = parentContent.frames;
 
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/contains.js b/lib/core/utils/contains.js
index 45d33e8d2..dfea001e1 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/contains.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/contains.js
@@ -7,31 +7,25 @@
  * @return {Boolean}           Whether `vNode` contains `otherVNode`
  */
 export default function contains(vNode, otherVNode) {
-  /*eslint no-bitwise: 0*/
-  if (vNode.shadowId || otherVNode.shadowId) {
-    do {
-      if (vNode.shadowId === otherVNode.shadowId) {
-        return true;
-      }
-      otherVNode = otherVNode.parent;
-    } while (otherVNode)
-    return false;
+  // Native light DOM method
+  if (
+    !vNode.shadowId &&
+    !otherVNode.shadowId &&
+    vNode.actualNode &&
+    typeof vNode.actualNode.contains === 'function'
+  ) {
+    return vNode.actualNode.contains(otherVNode.actualNode);
   }
 
-  if (!vNode.actualNode) {
-    // fallback for virtualNode only contexts
-    // @see https://github.com/Financial-Times/polyfill-service/pull/183/files
-    do {
-      if (otherVNode === vNode) {
-        return true;
-      }
-      otherVNode = otherVNode.parent
-    } while (otherVNode);
-  }
+  // Alternative method for shadow DOM / virtual tree tests
+  do {
+    if (vNode === otherVNode) {
+      return true;
+    } else if (otherVNode.nodeIndex < vNode.nodeIndex) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    otherVNode = otherVNode.parent;
+  } while (otherVNode);
 
-  if (typeof vNode.actualNode.contains !== 'function') {
-    const position = vNode.actualNode.compareDocumentPosition(otherVNode.actualNode);
-    return !!(position & 16);
-  }
-  return vNode.actualNode.contains(otherVNode.actualNode);
+  return false;
 }
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/dq-element.js b/lib/core/utils/dq-element.js
index 4e5d0ffc2..3cf790fe1 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/dq-element.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/dq-element.js
@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ import getAncestry from './get-ancestry';
 import getXpath from './get-xpath';
 import getNodeFromTree from './get-node-from-tree';
 import AbstractVirtualNode from '../base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node';
+import cache from '../base/cache';
+
+const CACHE_KEY = 'DqElm.RunOptions';
 
 function truncate(str, maxLength) {
   maxLength = maxLength || 300;
@@ -20,8 +23,8 @@ function getSource(element) {
     return '';
   }
   var source = element.outerHTML;
-  if (!source && typeof XMLSerializer === 'function') {
-    source = new XMLSerializer().serializeToString(element);
+  if (!source && typeof window.XMLSerializer === 'function') {
+    source = new window.XMLSerializer().serializeToString(element);
   }
   return truncate(source || '');
 }
@@ -30,9 +33,14 @@ function getSource(element) {
  * "Serialized" `HTMLElement`. It will calculate the CSS selector,
  * grab the source (outerHTML) and offer an array for storing frame paths
  * @param {HTMLElement} element The element to serialize
+ * @param {Object} options Propagated from axe.run/etc
  * @param {Object} spec Properties to use in place of the element when instantiated on Elements from other frames
  */
-function DqElement(elm, options = {}, spec = {}) {
+function DqElement(elm, options = null, spec = {}) {
+  if (!options) {
+    options = cache.get(CACHE_KEY) ?? {};
+  }
+
   this.spec = spec;
   if (elm instanceof AbstractVirtualNode) {
     this._virtualNode = elm;
@@ -48,6 +56,8 @@ function DqElement(elm, options = {}, spec = {}) {
    */
   this.fromFrame = this.spec.selector?.length > 1;
 
+  this._includeElementInJson = options.elementRef;
+
   if (options.absolutePaths) {
     this._options = { toRoot: true };
   }
@@ -106,14 +116,24 @@ DqElement.prototype = {
     return this._element;
   },
 
+  /**
+   * Converts to a "spec", a form suitable for use with JSON.stringify
+   * (*not* to pre-stringified JSON)
+   * @returns {Object}
+   */
   toJSON() {
-    return {
+    const spec = {
       selector: this.selector,
       source: this.source,
       xpath: this.xpath,
       ancestry: this.ancestry,
-      nodeIndexes: this.nodeIndexes
+      nodeIndexes: this.nodeIndexes,
+      fromFrame: this.fromFrame
     };
+    if (this._includeElementInJson) {
+      spec.element = this._element;
+    }
+    return spec;
   }
 };
 
@@ -122,14 +142,29 @@ DqElement.fromFrame = function fromFrame(node, options, frame) {
   return new DqElement(frame.element, options, spec);
 };
 
-DqElement.mergeSpecs = function mergeSpec(node, frame) {
+DqElement.mergeSpecs = function mergeSpecs(child, parentFrame) {
+  // Parameter order reversed for backcompat
   return {
-    ...node,
-    selector: [...frame.selector, ...node.selector],
-    ancestry: [...frame.ancestry, ...node.ancestry],
-    xpath: [...frame.xpath, ...node.xpath],
-    nodeIndexes: [...frame.nodeIndexes, ...node.nodeIndexes]
+    ...child,
+    selector: [...parentFrame.selector, ...child.selector],
+    ancestry: [...parentFrame.ancestry, ...child.ancestry],
+    xpath: [...parentFrame.xpath, ...child.xpath],
+    nodeIndexes: [...parentFrame.nodeIndexes, ...child.nodeIndexes],
+    fromFrame: true
   };
 };
 
+/**
+ * Set the default options to be used
+ * @param {Object} RunOptions Options passed to axe.run()
+ * @property {boolean} elementRef Add element when toJSON is called
+ * @property {boolean} absolutePaths Use absolute path fro selectors
+ */
+DqElement.setRunOptions = function setRunOptions({
+  elementRef,
+  absolutePaths
+}) {
+  cache.set(CACHE_KEY, { elementRef, absolutePaths });
+};
+
 export default DqElement;
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/filter-html-attrs.js b/lib/core/utils/filter-html-attrs.js
index adcb51f69..e017f7ffe 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/filter-html-attrs.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/filter-html-attrs.js
@@ -2,25 +2,6 @@ import cache from '../base/cache';
 import getNodeAttributes from './get-node-attributes';
 import matchesSelector from './element-matches';
 
-/**
- * Test if node and attribute match one of the filtered attributes.
- * @param {HTMLElement} node - node to match
- * @param {String} attrname - Name of the attribute to test
- * @param {Object} filterAttrs - Attributes to remove and the qualifier of when to remove them.
- */
-function attributeMatches(node, attrName, filterAttrs) {
-  if (typeof filterAttrs[attrName] === 'undefined') {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  // filterAttrs can only be a boolean or a CSS selector
-  if (filterAttrs[attrName] === true) {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  return matchesSelector(node, filterAttrs[attrName]);
-}
-
 /**
  * Filter attributes from an html element and all of its children.
  *
@@ -39,29 +20,21 @@ function attributeMatches(node, attrName, filterAttrs) {
  * @param {Object} filterAttrs - Attributes to remove and the qualifier of when to remove them
  * @returns {HTMLElement} Element with filtered attributes removed
  */
-function filterHtmlAttrs(element, filterAttrs) {
+export default function filterHtmlAttrs(element, filterAttrs) {
   if (!filterAttrs) {
     return element;
   }
 
   let node = element.cloneNode(false);
-  const outerHTML = node.outerHTML;
   const attributes = getNodeAttributes(node);
 
-  if (cache.get(outerHTML)) {
-    node = cache.get(outerHTML);
-  } else if (attributes) {
-    node = document.createElement(node.nodeName);
-    Array.from(attributes).forEach(attr => {
-      if (!attributeMatches(element, attr.name, filterAttrs)) {
-        // can't remove the value attribute from an input in IE11 so
-        // we'll have to reconstruct the node and set attribute
-        // manually
-        node.setAttribute(attr.name, attr.value);
-      }
-    });
-
-    cache.set(outerHTML, node);
+  if (node.nodeType === 1) {
+    const outerHTML = node.outerHTML;
+    node = cache.get(outerHTML, () =>
+      setNodeAttributes(node, attributes, element, filterAttrs)
+    );
+  } else {
+    node = setNodeAttributes(node, attributes, element, filterAttrs);
   }
 
   // be sure to append text nodes as well
@@ -72,4 +45,37 @@ function filterHtmlAttrs(element, filterAttrs) {
   return node;
 }
 
-export default filterHtmlAttrs;
+function setNodeAttributes(node, attributes, element, filterAttrs) {
+  if (!attributes) {
+    return node;
+  }
+  node = document.createElement(node.nodeName);
+  Array.from(attributes).forEach(attr => {
+    if (!attributeMatches(element, attr.name, filterAttrs)) {
+      // can't remove the value attribute from an input in IE11 so
+      // we'll have to reconstruct the node and set attribute
+      // manually
+      node.setAttribute(attr.name, attr.value);
+    }
+  });
+  return node;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Test if node and attribute match one of the filtered attributes.
+ * @param {HTMLElement} node - node to match
+ * @param {String} attrname - Name of the attribute to test
+ * @param {Object} filterAttrs - Attributes to remove and the qualifier of when to remove them.
+ */
+function attributeMatches(node, attrName, filterAttrs) {
+  if (typeof filterAttrs[attrName] === 'undefined') {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // filterAttrs can only be a boolean or a CSS selector
+  if (filterAttrs[attrName] === true) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  return matchesSelector(node, filterAttrs[attrName]);
+}
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/finalize-result.js b/lib/core/utils/finalize-result.js
index 53b97ebdb..94f3134e9 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/finalize-result.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/finalize-result.js
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ import aggregateNodeResults from './aggregate-node-results';
  * @param ruleResult {object}
  * @return {object}
  */
-function finalizeRuleResult(ruleResult) {
+export default function finalizeRuleResult(ruleResult) {
   // we don't use getRule so that this code does not throw but returns
   // the results
-  const rule = axe._audit.rules.find(rule => rule.id === ruleResult.id);
+  const rule = axe._audit.rules.find(({ id }) => id === ruleResult.id);
   if (rule && rule.impact) {
     ruleResult.nodes.forEach(node => {
       ['any', 'all', 'none'].forEach(checkType => {
@@ -24,5 +24,3 @@ function finalizeRuleResult(ruleResult) {
 
   return ruleResult;
 }
-
-export default finalizeRuleResult;
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/find-by.js b/lib/core/utils/find-by.js
index ee84ecdb3..252a0c190 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/find-by.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/find-by.js
@@ -9,7 +9,13 @@
  */
 function findBy(array, key, value) {
   if (Array.isArray(array)) {
-    return array.find(obj => typeof obj === 'object' && obj[key] === value);
+    return array.find(
+      obj =>
+        obj !== null &&
+        typeof obj === 'object' &&
+        Object.hasOwn(obj, key) &&
+        obj[key] === value
+    );
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/frame-messenger.js b/lib/core/utils/frame-messenger.js
index 776801614..ecb4796ac 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/frame-messenger.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/frame-messenger.js
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ export const frameMessenger = {
       return;
     }
 
-    const handler = function(messageEvent) {
+    const handler = function (messageEvent) {
       messageHandler(messageEvent, topicHandler);
     };
     window.addEventListener('message', handler, false);
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/frame-messenger/message-id.js b/lib/core/utils/frame-messenger/message-id.js
index 0766e1b36..d01533ca7 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/frame-messenger/message-id.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/frame-messenger/message-id.js
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { v4 as createUuid } from '../uuid';
 
+// No cache, so that this can persist across axe.run calls
 const messageIds = [];
 
 export function createMessageId() {
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/frame-messenger/post-message.js b/lib/core/utils/frame-messenger/post-message.js
index 5f90b76ca..a682bee5d 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/frame-messenger/post-message.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/frame-messenger/post-message.js
@@ -15,10 +15,6 @@ import { createMessageId } from './message-id';
  * @return {Boolean} true if the message was sent
  */
 export function postMessage(win, data, sendToParent, replyHandler) {
-  if (typeof replyHandler === 'function') {
-    storeReplyHandler(data.channelId, replyHandler, sendToParent);
-  }
-
   // Prevent messaging to an inappropriate window
   sendToParent ? assertIsParentWindow(win) : assertIsFrameWindow(win);
   if (data.message instanceof Error && !sendToParent) {
@@ -37,6 +33,9 @@ export function postMessage(win, data, sendToParent, replyHandler) {
     return false;
   }
 
+  if (typeof replyHandler === 'function') {
+    storeReplyHandler(data.channelId, replyHandler, sendToParent);
+  }
   // There is no way to know the origin of `win`, so we'll try them all.
   allowedOrigins.forEach(origin => {
     try {
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/get-base-lang.js b/lib/core/utils/get-base-lang.js
index c9c1e1fc5..df2a2e640 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/get-base-lang.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/get-base-lang.js
@@ -9,10 +9,7 @@ function getBaseLang(lang) {
   if (!lang) {
     return '';
   }
-  return lang
-    .trim()
-    .split('-')[0]
-    .toLowerCase();
+  return lang.trim().split('-')[0].toLowerCase();
 }
 
 export default getBaseLang;
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/get-environment-data.js b/lib/core/utils/get-environment-data.js
index fc99f5679..61c3da735 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/get-environment-data.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/get-environment-data.js
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ export default function getEnvironmentData(metadata = null, win = window) {
   if (metadata && typeof metadata === 'object') {
     return metadata;
   } else if (typeof win !== 'object') {
-    return {}
+    return {};
   }
 
   return {
@@ -25,23 +25,19 @@ export default function getEnvironmentData(metadata = null, win = window) {
 
 function getTestEnvironment(win) {
   if (!win.navigator || typeof win.navigator !== 'object') {
-    return {}
+    return {};
   }
   const { navigator, innerHeight, innerWidth } = win;
-  const { angle, type } = getOrientation(win) || {}
+  const { angle, type } = getOrientation(win) || {};
   return {
     userAgent: navigator.userAgent,
     windowWidth: innerWidth,
     windowHeight: innerHeight,
     orientationAngle: angle,
     orientationType: type
-  }
+  };
 }
 
 function getOrientation({ screen }) {
-  return (
-    screen.orientation ||
-    screen.msOrientation ||
-    screen.mozOrientation
-  );
+  return screen.orientation || screen.msOrientation || screen.mozOrientation;
 }
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/get-flattened-tree.js b/lib/core/utils/get-flattened-tree.js
index 6bddc10ab..2fb869e78 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/get-flattened-tree.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/get-flattened-tree.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import isShadowRoot from './is-shadow-root';
 import VirtualNode from '../base/virtual-node/virtual-node';
 import cache from '../base/cache';
+import { cacheNodeSelectors } from './selector-cache';
 
 /**
  * This implemnts the flatten-tree algorithm specified:
@@ -22,6 +23,36 @@ import cache from '../base/cache';
 
 let hasShadowRoot;
 
+/**
+ * Recursvely returns an array of the virtual DOM nodes at this level
+ * excluding comment nodes and the shadow DOM nodes <content> and <slot>
+ *
+ * @param {Node} [node=document.documentElement] optional node. NOTE: passing in anything other than body or the documentElement may result in incomplete results.
+ * @param {String} [shadowId] optional ID of the shadow DOM that is the closest shadow
+ *                           ancestor of the node
+ */
+export default function getFlattenedTree(
+  node = document.documentElement,
+  shadowId
+) {
+  hasShadowRoot = false;
+  const selectorMap = {};
+  cache.set('nodeMap', new WeakMap());
+  cache.set('selectorMap', selectorMap);
+
+  // specifically pass `null` to the parent to designate the top
+  // node of the tree. if parent === undefined then we know
+  // we are in a disconnected tree
+  const tree = flattenTree(node, shadowId, null);
+  tree[0]._selectorMap = selectorMap;
+
+  // allow rules and checks to know if there is a shadow root attached
+  // to the current tree
+  tree[0]._hasShadowRoot = hasShadowRoot;
+
+  return tree;
+}
+
 /**
  * find all the fallback content for a <slot> and return these as an array
  * this array will also include any #text nodes
@@ -40,6 +71,20 @@ function getSlotChildren(node) {
   return retVal;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Create a virtual node
+ * @param {Node} node the current node
+ * @param {VirtualNode} parent the parent VirtualNode
+ * @param {String} shadowId, optional ID of the shadow DOM that is the closest shadow ancestor of the node
+ * @return {VirtualNode}
+ */
+function createNode(node, parent, shadowId) {
+  const vNode = new VirtualNode(node, parent, shadowId);
+  cacheNodeSelectors(vNode, cache.get('selectorMap'));
+
+  return vNode;
+}
+
 /**
  * Recursvely returns an array of the virtual DOM nodes at this level
  * excluding comment nodes and the shadow DOM nodes <content> and <slot>
@@ -52,8 +97,8 @@ function getSlotChildren(node) {
 function flattenTree(node, shadowId, parent) {
   // using a closure here and therefore cannot easily refactor toreduce the statements
   var retVal, realArray, nodeName;
-  function reduceShadowDOM(res, child, parent) {
-    var replacements = flattenTree(child, shadowId, parent);
+  function reduceShadowDOM(res, child, parentVNode) {
+    const replacements = flattenTree(child, shadowId, parentVNode);
     if (replacements) {
       res = res.concat(replacements);
     }
@@ -71,12 +116,8 @@ function flattenTree(node, shadowId, parent) {
 
     // generate an ID for this shadow root and overwrite the current
     // closure shadowId with this value so that it cascades down the tree
-    retVal = new VirtualNode(node, parent, shadowId);
-    shadowId =
-      'a' +
-      Math.random()
-        .toString()
-        .substring(2);
+    retVal = createNode(node, parent, shadowId);
+    shadowId = 'a' + Math.random().toString().substring(2);
     realArray = Array.from(node.shadowRoot.childNodes);
     retVal.children = realArray.reduce((res, child) => {
       return reduceShadowDOM(res, child, retVal);
@@ -106,7 +147,7 @@ function flattenTree(node, shadowId, parent) {
       if (false && styl.display !== 'contents') {
         // intentionally commented out
         // has a box
-        retVal = new VirtualNode(node, parent, shadowId);
+        retVal = createNode(node, parent, shadowId);
         retVal.children = realArray.reduce((res, child) => {
           return reduceShadowDOM(res, child, retVal);
         }, []);
@@ -119,7 +160,7 @@ function flattenTree(node, shadowId, parent) {
       }
     } else {
       if (node.nodeType === 1) {
-        retVal = new VirtualNode(node, parent, shadowId);
+        retVal = createNode(node, parent, shadowId);
         realArray = Array.from(node.childNodes);
         retVal.children = realArray.reduce((res, child) => {
           return reduceShadowDOM(res, child, retVal);
@@ -128,35 +169,9 @@ function flattenTree(node, shadowId, parent) {
         return [retVal];
       } else if (node.nodeType === 3) {
         // text
-        return [new VirtualNode(node, parent)];
+        return [createNode(node, parent)];
       }
       return undefined;
     }
   }
 }
-
-/**
- * Recursvely returns an array of the virtual DOM nodes at this level
- * excluding comment nodes and the shadow DOM nodes <content> and <slot>
- *
- * @param {Node} [node=document.documentElement] optional node. NOTE: passing in anything other than body or the documentElement may result in incomplete results.
- * @param {String} [shadowId] optional ID of the shadow DOM that is the closest shadow
- *                           ancestor of the node
- */
-function getFlattenedTree(node = document.documentElement, shadowId) {
-  hasShadowRoot = false;
-  cache.set('nodeMap', new WeakMap());
-
-  // specifically pass `null` to the parent to designate the top
-  // node of the tree. if parent === undefined then we know
-  // we are in a disconnected tree
-  const tree = flattenTree(node, shadowId, null);
-
-  // allow rules and checks to know if there is a shadow root attached
-  // to the current tree
-  tree[0]._hasShadowRoot = hasShadowRoot;
-
-  return tree;
-}
-
-export default getFlattenedTree;
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/get-rule.js b/lib/core/utils/get-rule.js
index 21d18f88a..14b42d9f1 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/get-rule.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/get-rule.js
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
  * @param {String} ruelId the rule id
  * @return {Rule}
  */
-function getRule(ruleId) {
+export default function getRule(ruleId) {
   // TODO: es-modules_audit
-  var rule = axe._audit.rules.find(rule => rule.id === ruleId);
+  const rule = axe._audit.rules.find(({ id }) => id === ruleId);
 
   if (!rule) {
     throw new Error(`Cannot find rule by id: ${ruleId}`);
@@ -13,5 +13,3 @@ function getRule(ruleId) {
 
   return rule;
 }
-
-export default getRule;
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/get-scroll.js b/lib/core/utils/get-scroll.js
index 0771e71f3..7270104be 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/get-scroll.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/get-scroll.js
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
+import memoize from './memoize';
+
 /**
  * Get the scroll position of given element
  * @method getScroll
  * @memberof axe.utils
- * @param {Element} node
+ * @param {Element} elm
  * @param {buffer} (Optional) allowed negligence in overflow
  * @returns {Object | undefined}
  */
- export default function getScroll(elm, buffer = 0) {
+function getScroll(elm, buffer = 0) {
   const overflowX = elm.scrollWidth > elm.clientWidth + buffer;
   const overflowY = elm.scrollHeight > elm.clientHeight + buffer;
 
@@ -38,3 +40,5 @@ function isScrollable(style, prop) {
   const overflowProp = style.getPropertyValue(prop);
   return ['scroll', 'auto'].includes(overflowProp);
 }
+
+export default memoize(getScroll);
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/get-selector.js b/lib/core/utils/get-selector.js
index 02c192f8e..470946705 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/get-selector.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/get-selector.js
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import matchesSelector from './element-matches';
 import isXHTML from './is-xhtml';
 import getShadowSelector from './get-shadow-selector';
 
-let xhtml;
 const ignoredAttributes = [
   'class',
   'style',
@@ -23,7 +22,8 @@ const ignoredAttributes = [
   'aria-expanded',
   'aria-grabbed',
   'aria-pressed',
-  'aria-valuenow'
+  'aria-valuenow',
+  'xmlns'
 ];
 const MAXATTRIBUTELENGTH = 31;
 const attrCharsRegex = /([\\"])/g;
@@ -238,9 +238,7 @@ function getElmId(elm) {
  * @return {String|Array<String>}	Base CSS selector for the node
  */
 function getBaseSelector(elm) {
-  if (typeof xhtml === 'undefined') {
-    xhtml = isXHTML(document);
-  }
+  const xhtml = isXHTML(document);
   return escapeSelector(xhtml ? elm.localName : elm.nodeName.toLowerCase());
 }
 
@@ -324,8 +322,8 @@ function getThreeLeastCommonFeatures(elm, selectorData) {
         return a.species !== b.species && a.species === 'class'
           ? -1
           : a.species === b.species
-          ? 0
-          : 1;
+            ? 0
+            : 1;
       });
     }
   }
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/get-shadow-selector.js b/lib/core/utils/get-shadow-selector.js
index 22ecbd0c4..9a60f4f2a 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/get-shadow-selector.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/get-shadow-selector.js
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
  * @param {Object} optional options
  * @returns {String|Array<String>} Unique CSS selector for the node
  */
-function getShadowSelector(generateSelector, elm, options = {}) {
+export default function getShadowSelector(generateSelector, elm, options = {}) {
   if (!elm) {
     return '';
   }
@@ -25,7 +25,5 @@ function getShadowSelector(generateSelector, elm, options = {}) {
   }
 
   stack.unshift({ elm, doc });
-  return stack.map(({ elm, doc }) => generateSelector(elm, options, doc));
+  return stack.map(item => generateSelector(item.elm, options, item.doc));
 }
-
-export default getShadowSelector;
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/index.js b/lib/core/utils/index.js
index d1004457b..360c1d728 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/index.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/index.js
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-import { setDefaultFrameMessenger } from './frame-messenger';
-
 /**
  * Namespace for utility helper methods.
  * @namespace utils
@@ -58,12 +56,14 @@ export {
 export { default as matchAncestry } from './match-ancestry';
 export { default as memoize } from './memoize';
 export { default as mergeResults } from './merge-results';
+export { default as nodeSerializer } from './node-serializer';
 export { default as nodeSorter } from './node-sorter';
+export { default as nodeLookup } from './node-lookup';
 export { default as parseCrossOriginStylesheet } from './parse-crossorigin-stylesheet';
 export { default as parseSameOriginStylesheet } from './parse-sameorigin-stylesheet';
 export { default as parseStylesheet } from './parse-stylesheet';
 export { default as performanceTimer } from './performance-timer';
-export { pollyfillElementsFromPoint } from './pollyfills';
+export { pollyfillElementsFromPoint } from './pollyfill-elements-from-point';
 export { default as preloadCssom } from './preload-cssom';
 export { default as preloadMedia } from './preload-media';
 export { default as preload, shouldPreload, getPreloadConfig } from './preload';
@@ -79,16 +79,10 @@ export { default as select } from './select';
 export { default as sendCommandToFrame } from './send-command-to-frame';
 export { default as setScrollState } from './set-scroll-state';
 export { default as shadowSelect } from './shadow-select';
+export { default as shadowSelectAll } from './shadow-select-all';
 export { default as toArray } from './to-array';
 export { default as tokenList } from './token-list';
 export { default as uniqueArray } from './unique-array';
 export { default as uuid } from './uuid';
 export { default as validInputTypes } from './valid-input-type';
 export { default as isValidLang, validLangs } from './valid-langs';
-
-// Setting up this private/temp namespace for the tests (which cannot yet `import/export` things).
-// TODO: remove `_thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse`
-axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse || {};
-axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.utils = {
-  setDefaultFrameMessenger
-};
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/is-hidden.js b/lib/core/utils/is-hidden.js
index 94ce47f26..61f2bf1a1 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/is-hidden.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/is-hidden.js
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import getNodeFromTree from './get-node-from-tree';
  * @param {HTMLElement} el The HTMLElement
  * @param {Boolean} recursed
  * @return {Boolean} The element's visibilty status
+ * @deprecated use isVisibleToScreenreader
  */
 function isHidden(el, recursed) {
   const node = getNodeFromTree(el);
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/is-node-in-context.js b/lib/core/utils/is-node-in-context.js
index c7af4489b..cb8dbcb35 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/is-node-in-context.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/is-node-in-context.js
@@ -1,20 +1,5 @@
 import contains from './contains';
 
-/**
- * Get the deepest node in a given collection
- * @private
- * @param  {Array} collection Array of nodes to test
- * @return {Node}             The deepest node
- */
-function getDeepest(collection) {
-  return collection.sort((a, b) => {
-    if (contains(a, b)) {
-      return 1;
-    }
-    return -1;
-  })[0];
-}
-
 /**
  * Determines if a node is included or excluded in a given context
  * @private
@@ -22,25 +7,32 @@ function getDeepest(collection) {
  * @param  {Object}  context "Resolved" context object, @see resolveContext
  * @return {Boolean}         [description]
  */
-function isNodeInContext(node, context) {
-  const include =
-    context.include &&
-    getDeepest(
-      context.include.filter(candidate => {
-        return contains(candidate, node);
-      })
-    );
-  const exclude =
-    context.exclude &&
-    getDeepest(
-      context.exclude.filter(candidate => {
-        return contains(candidate, node);
-      })
-    );
-  if ((!exclude && include) || (exclude && contains(exclude, include))) {
+export default function isNodeInContext(node, { include = [], exclude = [] }) {
+  const filterInclude = include.filter(candidate => contains(candidate, node));
+  if (filterInclude.length === 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  const filterExcluded = exclude.filter(candidate => contains(candidate, node));
+  if (filterExcluded.length === 0) {
     return true;
   }
-  return false;
+  const deepestInclude = getDeepest(filterInclude);
+  const deepestExclude = getDeepest(filterExcluded);
+  return contains(deepestExclude, deepestInclude);
 }
 
-export default isNodeInContext;
+/**
+ * Get the deepest node in a given collection
+ * @private
+ * @param  {Array} collection Array of nodes to test
+ * @return {Node}             The deepest node
+ */
+function getDeepest(collection) {
+  let deepest;
+  for (const node of collection) {
+    if (!deepest || !contains(node, deepest)) {
+      deepest = node;
+    }
+  }
+  return deepest;
+}
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/is-xhtml.js b/lib/core/utils/is-xhtml.js
index 09851a215..3ed4c5177 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/is-xhtml.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/is-xhtml.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import memoize from './memoize';
+
 /**
  * Determines if a document node is XHTML
  * @method isXHTML
@@ -5,11 +7,11 @@
  * @param {Node} doc a document node
  * @return {Boolean}
  */
-function isXHTML(doc) {
-  if (!doc.createElement) {
+const isXHTML = memoize(doc => {
+  if (!doc?.createElement) {
     return false;
   }
   return doc.createElement('A').localName === 'A';
-}
+});
 
 export default isXHTML;
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/match-ancestry.js b/lib/core/utils/match-ancestry.js
index e9d7185e5..00b5f481c 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/match-ancestry.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/match-ancestry.js
@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
 /**
  * Check if two ancestries are identical
  */
-function matchAncestry(ancestryA, ancestryB) {
+export default function matchAncestry(ancestryA, ancestryB) {
   if (ancestryA.length !== ancestryB.length) {
     return false;
   }
-  return ancestryA.every((selectorA, index) => {
-    const selectorB = ancestryB[index];
+  return ancestryA.every((selectorA, ancestorIndex) => {
+    const selectorB = ancestryB[ancestorIndex];
     if (!Array.isArray(selectorA)) {
       return selectorA === selectorB;
     }
     if (selectorA.length !== selectorB.length) {
       return false;
     }
-    return selectorA.every((str, index) => selectorB[index] === str);
+    return selectorA.every(
+      (str, selectorIndex) => selectorB[selectorIndex] === str
+    );
   });
 }
-
-export default matchAncestry;
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/matches.js b/lib/core/utils/matches.js
index ee1461498..f49bace8f 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/matches.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/matches.js
@@ -1,5 +1,19 @@
 import cssParser from './css-parser';
 
+/**
+ * matches implementation that operates on a VirtualNode
+ *
+ * @method matches
+ * @memberof axe.utils
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode VirtualNode to match
+ * @param {String} selector CSS selector string
+ * @return {Boolean}
+ */
+export default function matches(vNode, selector) {
+  const expressions = convertSelector(selector);
+  return expressions.some(expression => matchesExpression(vNode, expression));
+}
+
 function matchesTag(vNode, exp) {
   return (
     vNode.props.nodeType === 1 &&
@@ -16,7 +30,7 @@ function matchesAttributes(vNode, exp) {
     !exp.attributes ||
     exp.attributes.every(att => {
       var nodeAtt = vNode.attr(att.key);
-      return nodeAtt !== null && (!att.value || att.test(nodeAtt));
+      return nodeAtt !== null && att.test(nodeAtt);
     })
   );
 }
@@ -108,9 +122,10 @@ function convertAttributes(atts) {
           return attributeValue !== value;
         };
         break;
+      // attribute existence
       default:
         test = value => {
-          return !!value;
+          return value !== null;
         };
     }
 
@@ -128,6 +143,7 @@ function convertAttributes(atts) {
     return {
       key: attributeKey,
       value: attributeValue,
+      type: typeof att.value === 'undefined' ? 'attrExist' : 'attrValue',
       test: test
     };
   });
@@ -224,13 +240,17 @@ export function convertSelector(selector) {
  * @returns {Boolean}
  */
 function optimizedMatchesExpression(vNode, expressions, index, matchAnyParent) {
+  if (!vNode) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
   const isArray = Array.isArray(expressions);
   const expression = isArray ? expressions[index] : expressions;
-  let matches = matchExpression(vNode, expression);
+  let machedExpression = matchExpression(vNode, expression);
 
-  while (!matches && matchAnyParent && vNode.parent) {
+  while (!machedExpression && matchAnyParent && vNode.parent) {
     vNode = vNode.parent;
-    matches = matchExpression(vNode, expression);
+    machedExpression = matchExpression(vNode, expression);
   }
 
   if (index > 0) {
@@ -241,8 +261,8 @@ function optimizedMatchesExpression(vNode, expressions, index, matchAnyParent) {
       );
     }
 
-    matches =
-      matches &&
+    machedExpression =
+      machedExpression &&
       optimizedMatchesExpression(
         vNode.parent,
         expressions,
@@ -251,7 +271,7 @@ function optimizedMatchesExpression(vNode, expressions, index, matchAnyParent) {
       );
   }
 
-  return matches;
+  return machedExpression;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -272,19 +292,3 @@ export function matchesExpression(vNode, expressions, matchAnyParent) {
     matchAnyParent
   );
 }
-
-/**
- * matches implementation that operates on a VirtualNode
- *
- * @method matches
- * @memberof axe.utils
- * @param {VirtualNode} vNode VirtualNode to match
- * @param {String} selector CSS selector string
- * @return {Boolean}
- */
-function matches(vNode, selector) {
-  const expressions = convertSelector(selector);
-  return expressions.some(expression => matchesExpression(vNode, expression));
-}
-
-export default matches;
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/memoize.js b/lib/core/utils/memoize.js
index 3ff50d11d..88ec2f472 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/memoize.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/memoize.js
@@ -1,5 +1,17 @@
 import memoize from 'memoizee';
 
+// FYI: memoize does not always play nice with esbuild
+// and sometimes is built out of order.
+// See: https://github.com/evanw/esbuild/issues/1433
+//
+// To get around this, you may need to import this
+// file directly in the file you want to memoize.
+//
+// For example:
+// import memoize from '../../core/utils/memoize';
+// vs
+// import memoize from '../../core/utils';
+
 /**
  * Memoize a function.
  * @method memoize
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/merge-results.js b/lib/core/utils/merge-results.js
index 8d1f2af6d..e5c9547ad 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/merge-results.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/merge-results.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import DqElement from './dq-element';
+import nodeSerializer from './node-serializer';
 import getAllChecks from './get-all-checks';
 import findBy from './find-by';
 
@@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ import findBy from './find-by';
  * Adds the owning frame's CSS selector onto each instance of DqElement
  * @private
  * @param	{Array} resultSet `nodes` array on a `RuleResult`
- * @param	{HTMLElement} frameElement	The frame element
- * @param	{String} frameSelector		 Unique CSS selector for the frame
+ * @param {Object} options Propagated from axe.run/etc
+ * @param	{Object} frameSpec The spec describing the owning frame (see nodeSerializer.toSpec)
  */
 function pushFrame(resultSet, options, frameSpec) {
   resultSet.forEach(res => {
-    res.node = DqElement.fromFrame(res.node, options, frameSpec);
+    res.node = nodeSerializer.mergeSpecs(res.node, frameSpec);
     const checks = getAllChecks(res);
 
     checks.forEach(check => {
       check.relatedNodes = check.relatedNodes.map(node =>
-        DqElement.fromFrame(node, options, frameSpec)
+        nodeSerializer.mergeSpecs(node, frameSpec)
       );
     });
   });
@@ -68,8 +68,10 @@ function normalizeResult(result) {
 /**
  * Merges one or more RuleResults (possibly from different frames) into one RuleResult
  * @private
- * @param	{Array} frameResults	Array of objects including the RuleResults as `results` and frame as `frame`
- * @return {Array}							The merged RuleResults; should only have one result per rule
+ * @param	{Array} frameResults Array of objects including the RuleResults as `results` and
+ * owning frame as either an Element `frameElement` or a spec `frameSpec` (see nodeSerializer.toSpec)
+ * @param {Object} options Propagated from axe.run/etc
+ * @return {Array} The merged RuleResults; should only have one result per rule
  */
 function mergeResults(frameResults, options) {
   const mergedResult = [];
@@ -79,7 +81,7 @@ function mergeResults(frameResults, options) {
       return;
     }
 
-    const frameSpec = getFrameSpec(frameResult, options);
+    const frameSpec = getFrameSpec(frameResult);
     results.forEach(ruleResult => {
       if (ruleResult.nodes && frameSpec) {
         pushFrame(ruleResult.nodes, options, frameSpec);
@@ -128,9 +130,9 @@ function nodeIndexSort(nodeIndexesA = [], nodeIndexesB = []) {
 
 export default mergeResults;
 
-function getFrameSpec(frameResult, options) {
+function getFrameSpec(frameResult) {
   if (frameResult.frameElement) {
-    return new DqElement(frameResult.frameElement, options);
+    return nodeSerializer.toSpec(frameResult.frameElement);
   } else if (frameResult.frameSpec) {
     return frameResult.frameSpec;
   }
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/node-lookup.js b/lib/core/utils/node-lookup.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..52573fdaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/core/utils/node-lookup.js
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import AbstractVirtualNode from '../base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node';
+import getNodeFromTree from './get-node-from-tree';
+
+/**
+ * Get the virtual node and actual node from a parameter that could be either.
+ *
+ * @param {VirtualNode|Element} node
+ * @return {Object} The Virtual Node and actual node
+ */
+export default function nodeLookup(node) {
+  if (node instanceof AbstractVirtualNode) {
+    return {
+      vNode: node,
+      domNode: node.actualNode
+    };
+  }
+
+  return {
+    vNode: getNodeFromTree(node),
+    domNode: node
+  };
+}
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/node-serializer.js b/lib/core/utils/node-serializer.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8a3c805f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/core/utils/node-serializer.js
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+import assert from './assert';
+import DqElement from './dq-element';
+
+let customSerializer = null;
+
+const nodeSerializer = {
+  /**
+   * @param {Object} newSerializer
+   * @property {Function} toSpec (Optional) Converts a DqElement to a "spec", a form
+   * suitable for JSON.stringify to consume. Output must include all properties
+   * that DqElement.toJSON() would have. Will always be invoked from the
+   * input element's original page context.
+   * @property {Function} mergeSpecs (Optional) Merges two specs (produced by toSpec) which
+   * represent element's parent frame and an element, respectively. Will
+   * *not* necessarily be invoked from *either* node's original page context.
+   * This operation must be associative, that is, these two expressions must
+   * produce the same result:
+   * - mergeSpecs(a, mergeSpecs(b, c))
+   * - mergeSpecs(mergeSpecs(a, b), c)
+   */
+  update(serializer) {
+    assert(typeof serializer === 'object', 'serializer must be an object');
+    customSerializer = serializer;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * Converts an Element or VirtualNode to something that can be serialized.
+   * @param {Element|VirtualNode} node
+   * @return {Object} A "spec", a form suitable for JSON.stringify to consume.
+   */
+  toSpec(node) {
+    return nodeSerializer.dqElmToSpec(new DqElement(node));
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * Converts an DqElement to a serializable object. Optionally provide runOptions
+   * to limit which properties are included.
+   * @param {DqElement|SpecObject} dqElm
+   * @param {Object} runOptions (Optional) Set of options passed into rules or checks
+   * @param {Boolean} runOptions.selectors (Optional) Include selector in output
+   * @param {Boolean} runOptions.ancestry (Optional) Include ancestry in output
+   * @param {Boolean} runOptions.xpath (Optional) Include xpath in output
+   * @return {SpecObject} A "spec", a form suitable for JSON.stringify to consume.
+   */
+  dqElmToSpec(dqElm, runOptions) {
+    if (dqElm instanceof DqElement === false) {
+      return dqElm;
+    }
+    // Optionally remove selector, ancestry, xpath
+    // to prevent unnecessary calculations
+    if (runOptions) {
+      dqElm = cloneLimitedDqElement(dqElm, runOptions);
+    }
+
+    if (typeof customSerializer?.toSpec === 'function') {
+      return customSerializer.toSpec(dqElm);
+    }
+    return dqElm.toJSON();
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * Merges two specs (produced by toSpec) which represent
+   * element's parent frame and an element,
+   * @param {Object} nodeSpec
+   * @param {Object} parentFrameSpec
+   * @returns {Object} The merged spec
+   */
+  mergeSpecs(nodeSpec, parentFrameSpec) {
+    if (typeof customSerializer?.mergeSpecs === 'function') {
+      return customSerializer.mergeSpecs(nodeSpec, parentFrameSpec);
+    }
+    return DqElement.mergeSpecs(nodeSpec, parentFrameSpec);
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * Convert DqElements in RawResults to serialized nodes
+   * @param {undefined|RawNodeResult[]} rawResults
+   * @returns {undefined|RawNodeResult[]}
+   */
+  mapRawResults(rawResults) {
+    return rawResults.map(rawResult => ({
+      ...rawResult,
+      nodes: nodeSerializer.mapRawNodeResults(rawResult.nodes)
+    }));
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * Convert DqElements in RawNodeResults to serialized nodes
+   * @param {undefined|RawNodeResult[]} rawResults
+   * @returns {undefined|RawNodeResult[]}
+   */
+  mapRawNodeResults(nodeResults) {
+    return nodeResults?.map(({ node, ...nodeResult }) => {
+      nodeResult.node = nodeSerializer.dqElmToSpec(node);
+
+      for (const type of ['any', 'all', 'none']) {
+        nodeResult[type] = nodeResult[type].map(
+          ({ relatedNodes, ...checkResult }) => {
+            checkResult.relatedNodes = relatedNodes.map(
+              nodeSerializer.dqElmToSpec
+            );
+            return checkResult;
+          }
+        );
+      }
+      return nodeResult;
+    });
+  }
+};
+
+export default nodeSerializer;
+
+/**
+ * Create a new DqElement with only the properties we actually want serialized
+ * This prevents nodeSerializer from generating selectors / xpath / ancestry
+ * when it's not needed. The rest is dummy data to prevent possible errors.
+ */
+function cloneLimitedDqElement(dqElm, runOptions) {
+  const fromFrame = dqElm.fromFrame;
+  const { ancestry: hasAncestry, xpath: hasXpath } = runOptions;
+  const hasSelectors = runOptions.selectors !== false || fromFrame;
+
+  dqElm = new DqElement(dqElm.element, runOptions, {
+    source: dqElm.source,
+    nodeIndexes: dqElm.nodeIndexes,
+    selector: hasSelectors ? dqElm.selector : [':root'],
+    ancestry: hasAncestry ? dqElm.ancestry : [':root'],
+    xpath: hasXpath ? dqElm.xpath : '/'
+  });
+
+  dqElm.fromFrame = fromFrame;
+  return dqElm;
+}
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/parse-crossorigin-stylesheet.js b/lib/core/utils/parse-crossorigin-stylesheet.js
index 1a504216b..3ec44fa52 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/parse-crossorigin-stylesheet.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/parse-crossorigin-stylesheet.js
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ function parseCrossOriginStylesheet(
   importedUrls.push(url);
 
   return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-    const request = new XMLHttpRequest();
+    const request = new window.XMLHttpRequest();
     request.open('GET', url);
 
     request.timeout = constants.preload.timeout;
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/performance-timer.js b/lib/core/utils/performance-timer.js
index c5a4192d9..5b26c8582 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/performance-timer.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/performance-timer.js
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ const performanceTimer = (() => {
       this.mark('mark_axe_end');
       this.measure('axe', 'mark_axe_start', 'mark_axe_end');
 
-     // this.logMeasures('axe');
+      // this.logMeasures('axe');
     },
     /**
      * @member {Function} auditStart Starts an audit for a page or frame
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ const performanceTimer = (() => {
       this.mark('mark_audit_end');
       this.measure('audit_start_to_end', 'mark_audit_start', 'mark_audit_end');
       // log audit/rule measures
-     // this.logMeasures();
+      // this.logMeasures();
     },
     /**
      * @member {Function} mark Shims creating a new named time stamp, called a mark
@@ -74,15 +74,14 @@ const performanceTimer = (() => {
      */
     measure(measureName, startMark, endMark, details = {}) {
       if (window.performance && window.performance.measure !== undefined) {
-        if(Object.keys(details).length > 0) {
+        if (Object.keys(details).length > 0) {
           const measureOpts = {
             detail: details,
             start: startMark,
             end: endMark
           };
           window.performance.measure(measureName, measureOpts);
-        }
-        else {
+        } else {
           window.performance.measure(measureName, startMark, endMark);
         }
       }
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/pollyfill-elements-from-point.js b/lib/core/utils/pollyfill-elements-from-point.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1783f1294
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/core/utils/pollyfill-elements-from-point.js
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+// Spelled incorrectly intentionally (backwards compatibility).
+export function pollyfillElementsFromPoint() {
+  if (document.elementsFromPoint) return document.elementsFromPoint;
+  if (document.msElementsFromPoint) return document.msElementsFromPoint;
+
+  var usePointer = (function () {
+    var element = document.createElement('x');
+    element.style.cssText = 'pointer-events:auto';
+    return element.style.pointerEvents === 'auto';
+  })();
+
+  var cssProp = usePointer ? 'pointer-events' : 'visibility';
+  var cssDisableVal = usePointer ? 'none' : 'hidden';
+
+  var style = document.createElement('style');
+  style.innerHTML = usePointer
+    ? '* { pointer-events: all }'
+    : '* { visibility: visible }';
+
+  return function (x, y) {
+    var current, i, d;
+    var elements = [];
+    var previousPointerEvents = [];
+
+    // startup
+    document.head.appendChild(style);
+
+    while (
+      (current = document.elementFromPoint(x, y)) &&
+      elements.indexOf(current) === -1
+    ) {
+      // push the element and its current style
+      elements.push(current);
+
+      previousPointerEvents.push({
+        value: current.style.getPropertyValue(cssProp),
+        priority: current.style.getPropertyPriority(cssProp)
+      });
+
+      // add "pointer-events: none", to get to the underlying element
+      current.style.setProperty(cssProp, cssDisableVal, 'important');
+    }
+
+    // Due to negative index, documentElement could actually not be the last,
+    // so we'll simply move it to the end
+    if (elements.indexOf(document.documentElement) < elements.length - 1) {
+      elements.splice(elements.indexOf(document.documentElement), 1);
+      elements.push(document.documentElement);
+    }
+
+    // restore the previous pointer-events values
+    for (
+      i = previousPointerEvents.length;
+      !!(d = previousPointerEvents[--i]);
+
+    ) {
+      elements[i].style.setProperty(
+        cssProp,
+        d.value ? d.value : '',
+        d.priority
+      );
+    }
+
+    // teardown;
+    document.head.removeChild(style);
+
+    return elements;
+  };
+}
+
+if (typeof window.addEventListener === 'function') {
+  document.elementsFromPoint = pollyfillElementsFromPoint();
+}
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/pollyfills.js b/lib/core/utils/pollyfills.js
index 2afe6d6cd..e6ce4358d 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/pollyfills.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/pollyfills.js
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 	- Array.prototype.find
 */
 if (typeof Object.assign !== 'function') {
-  (function() {
-    Object.assign = function(target) {
+  (function () {
+    Object.assign = function (target) {
       if (target === undefined || target === null) {
         throw new TypeError('Cannot convert undefined or null to object');
       }
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ if (typeof Object.assign !== 'function') {
 
 if (!Array.prototype.find) {
   Object.defineProperty(Array.prototype, 'find', {
-    value: function(predicate) {
+    value: function (predicate) {
       if (this === null) {
         throw new TypeError('Array.prototype.find called on null or undefined');
       }
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.find) {
 
 if (!Array.prototype.findIndex) {
   Object.defineProperty(Array.prototype, 'findIndex', {
-    value: function(predicate, thisArg) {
+    value: function (predicate, thisArg) {
       if (this === null) {
         throw new TypeError('Array.prototype.find called on null or undefined');
       }
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ export function pollyfillElementsFromPoint() {
   if (document.elementsFromPoint) return document.elementsFromPoint;
   if (document.msElementsFromPoint) return document.msElementsFromPoint;
 
-  var usePointer = (function() {
+  var usePointer = (function () {
     var element = document.createElement('x');
     element.style.cssText = 'pointer-events:auto';
     return element.style.pointerEvents === 'auto';
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ export function pollyfillElementsFromPoint() {
     ? '* { pointer-events: all }'
     : '* { visibility: visible }';
 
-  return function(x, y) {
+  return function (x, y) {
     var current, i, d;
     var elements = [];
     var previousPointerEvents = [];
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ if (typeof window.addEventListener === 'function') {
 
 if (!Array.prototype.includes) {
   Object.defineProperty(Array.prototype, 'includes', {
-    value: function(searchElement) {
+    value: function (searchElement) {
       var O = Object(this);
       var len = parseInt(O.length, 10) || 0;
       if (len === 0) {
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.includes) {
 // Reference: http://es5.github.io/#x15.4.4.17
 if (!Array.prototype.some) {
   Object.defineProperty(Array.prototype, 'some', {
-    value: function(fun) {
+    value: function (fun) {
       if (this == null) {
         throw new TypeError('Array.prototype.some called on null or undefined');
       }
@@ -216,14 +216,14 @@ if (!Array.prototype.some) {
 
 if (!Array.from) {
   Object.defineProperty(Array, 'from', {
-    value: (function() {
+    value: (function () {
       var toStr = Object.prototype.toString;
-      var isCallable = function(fn) {
+      var isCallable = function (fn) {
         return (
           typeof fn === 'function' || toStr.call(fn) === '[object Function]'
         );
       };
-      var toInteger = function(value) {
+      var toInteger = function (value) {
         var number = Number(value);
         if (isNaN(number)) {
           return 0;
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ if (!Array.from) {
         return (number > 0 ? 1 : -1) * Math.floor(Math.abs(number));
       };
       var maxSafeInteger = Math.pow(2, 53) - 1;
-      var toLength = function(value) {
+      var toLength = function (value) {
         var len = toInteger(value);
         return Math.min(Math.max(len, 0), maxSafeInteger);
       };
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ if (!Array.from) {
 }
 
 if (!String.prototype.includes) {
-  String.prototype.includes = function(search, start) {
+  String.prototype.includes = function (search, start) {
     if (typeof start !== 'number') {
       start = 0;
     }
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.flat) {
       return depth
         ? Array.prototype.reduce.call(
             this,
-            function(acc, cur) {
+            function (acc, cur) {
               if (Array.isArray(cur)) {
                 acc.push.apply(acc, flat.call(cur, depth - 1));
               } else {
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/preload-cssom.js b/lib/core/utils/preload-cssom.js
index 3d96666a6..3b86ddf03 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/preload-cssom.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/preload-cssom.js
@@ -34,10 +34,9 @@ function preloadCssom({ treeRoot = axe._tree[0] }) {
 
   const convertDataToStylesheet = getStyleSheetFactory(dynamicDoc);
 
-  return getCssomForAllRootNodes(
-    rootNodes,
-    convertDataToStylesheet
-  ).then(assets => flattenAssets(assets));
+  return getCssomForAllRootNodes(rootNodes, convertDataToStylesheet).then(
+    assets => flattenAssets(assets)
+  );
 }
 
 export default preloadCssom;
@@ -174,7 +173,11 @@ function getStylesheetsFromDocumentFragment(rootNode, convertDataToStylesheet) {
           isLink,
           root: rootNode
         });
-        out.push(stylesheet.sheet);
+        // prevent error in jsdom with style elements not having a `sheet` property
+        // @see https://github.com/jsdom/jsdom/issues/3179
+        if (stylesheet.sheet) {
+          out.push(stylesheet.sheet);
+        }
         return out;
       }, [])
   );
@@ -188,9 +191,13 @@ function getStylesheetsFromDocumentFragment(rootNode, convertDataToStylesheet) {
  * @returns {Array<Object>}
  */
 function getStylesheetsFromDocument(rootNode) {
-  return Array.from(rootNode.styleSheets).filter(sheet =>
-    filterMediaIsPrint(sheet.media.mediaText)
-  );
+  return Array.from(rootNode.styleSheets).filter(sheet => {
+    if (!sheet.media) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    return filterMediaIsPrint(sheet.media.mediaText);
+  });
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/preload.js b/lib/core/utils/preload.js
index 82da84ade..f7338dc41 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/preload.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/preload.js
@@ -3,14 +3,83 @@ import preloadMedia from './preload-media';
 import uniqueArray from './unique-array';
 import constants from '../constants';
 
+/**
+ * Returns a Promise with results of all requested preload(able) assets. eg: ['cssom'].
+ *
+ * @param {Object} options run configuration options (or defaults) passed via axe.run
+ * @return {Object} Promise
+ */
+export default function preload(options) {
+  const preloadFunctionsMap = {
+    cssom: preloadCssom,
+    media: preloadMedia
+  };
+
+  if (!shouldPreload(options)) {
+    return Promise.resolve();
+  }
+
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    const { assets, timeout } = getPreloadConfig(options);
+
+    /**
+     * Start `timeout` timer for preloading assets
+     * -> reject if allowed time expires.
+     */
+    const preloadTimeout = setTimeout(
+      () => reject(new Error(`Preload assets timed out.`)),
+      timeout
+    );
+
+    /**
+     * Fetch requested `assets`
+     */
+    Promise.all(
+      assets.map(asset =>
+        preloadFunctionsMap[asset](options).then(results => {
+          return {
+            [asset]: results
+          };
+        })
+      )
+    )
+      .then(results => {
+        /**
+         * Combine array of results into an object map
+         *
+         * From ->
+         *  [{cssom: [...], aom: [...]}]
+         * To ->
+         *  {
+         *    cssom: [...]
+         *    aom: [...]
+         *  }
+         */
+        const preloadAssets = results.reduce((out, result) => {
+          return {
+            ...out,
+            ...result
+          };
+        }, {});
+
+        clearTimeout(preloadTimeout);
+        resolve(preloadAssets);
+      })
+      .catch(err => {
+        clearTimeout(preloadTimeout);
+        reject(err);
+      });
+  });
+}
+
 /**
  * Validated the preload object
- * @param {Object | boolean} preload configuration object or boolean passed via the options parameter to axe.run
+ * @param {Object | boolean} preloadObj configuration object or boolean passed via the options parameter to axe.run
  * @return {boolean}
  * @private
  */
-function isValidPreloadObject(preload) {
-  return typeof preload === 'object' && Array.isArray(preload.assets);
+function isValidPreloadObject(preloadObj) {
+  return typeof preloadObj === 'object' && Array.isArray(preloadObj.assets);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -77,74 +146,3 @@ export function getPreloadConfig(options) {
   }
   return config;
 }
-
-/**
- * Returns a Promise with results of all requested preload(able) assets. eg: ['cssom'].
- *
- * @param {Object} options run configuration options (or defaults) passed via axe.run
- * @return {Object} Promise
- */
-function preload(options) {
-  const preloadFunctionsMap = {
-    cssom: preloadCssom,
-    media: preloadMedia
-  };
-
-  if (!shouldPreload(options)) {
-    return Promise.resolve();
-  }
-
-  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-    const { assets, timeout } = getPreloadConfig(options);
-
-    /**
-     * Start `timeout` timer for preloading assets
-     * -> reject if allowed time expires.
-     */
-    const preloadTimeout = setTimeout(
-      () => reject(new Error(`Preload assets timed out.`)),
-      timeout
-    );
-
-    /**
-     * Fetch requested `assets`
-     */
-    Promise.all(
-      assets.map(asset =>
-        preloadFunctionsMap[asset](options).then(results => {
-          return {
-            [asset]: results
-          };
-        })
-      )
-    )
-      .then(results => {
-        /**
-         * Combine array of results into an object map
-         *
-         * From ->
-         * 	[{cssom: [...], aom: [...]}]
-         * To ->
-         * 	{
-         * 		cssom: [...]
-         * 	 	aom: [...]
-         * 	}
-         */
-        const preloadAssets = results.reduce((out, result) => {
-          return {
-            ...out,
-            ...result
-          };
-        }, {});
-
-        clearTimeout(preloadTimeout);
-        resolve(preloadAssets);
-      })
-      .catch(err => {
-        clearTimeout(preloadTimeout);
-        reject(err);
-      });
-  });
-}
-
-export default preload;
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/publish-metadata.js b/lib/core/utils/publish-metadata.js
index ff3b66b3e..8354ceab0 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/publish-metadata.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/publish-metadata.js
@@ -4,6 +4,29 @@ import findBy from './find-by';
 import extendMetaData from './extend-meta-data';
 import incompleteFallbackMessage from '../reporters/helpers/incomplete-fallback-msg';
 
+/**
+ * Publish metadata from axe._audit.data
+ * @param  {RuleResult} result Result to publish to
+ * @private
+ */
+export default function publishMetaData(ruleResult) {
+  // TODO: es-modules_audit
+  const checksData = axe._audit.data.checks || {};
+  const rulesData = axe._audit.data.rules || {};
+  const rule = findBy(axe._audit.rules, 'id', ruleResult.id) || {};
+
+  ruleResult.tags = clone(rule.tags || []);
+
+  const shouldBeTrue = extender(checksData, true, rule);
+  const shouldBeFalse = extender(checksData, false, rule);
+  ruleResult.nodes.forEach(detail => {
+    detail.any.forEach(shouldBeTrue);
+    detail.all.forEach(shouldBeTrue);
+    detail.none.forEach(shouldBeFalse);
+  });
+  extendMetaData(ruleResult, clone(rulesData[ruleResult.id] || {}));
+}
+
 /**
  * Construct incomplete message from check.data
  * @param  {Object} checkData Check result with reason specified
@@ -12,10 +35,10 @@ import incompleteFallbackMessage from '../reporters/helpers/incomplete-fallback-
  * @private
  */
 function getIncompleteReason(checkData, messages) {
-  function getDefaultMsg(messages) {
-    if (messages.incomplete && messages.incomplete.default) {
+  function getDefaultMsg(message) {
+    if (message.incomplete && message.incomplete.default) {
       // fall back to the default message if no reason specified
-      return messages.incomplete.default;
+      return message.incomplete.default;
     } else {
       return incompleteFallbackMessage();
     }
@@ -82,28 +105,3 @@ function extender(checksData, shouldBeTrue, rule) {
     extendMetaData(check, data);
   };
 }
-
-/**
- * Publish metadata from axe._audit.data
- * @param  {RuleResult} result Result to publish to
- * @private
- */
-function publishMetaData(ruleResult) {
-  // TODO: es-modules_audit
-  const checksData = axe._audit.data.checks || {};
-  const rulesData = axe._audit.data.rules || {};
-  const rule = findBy(axe._audit.rules, 'id', ruleResult.id) || {};
-
-  ruleResult.tags = clone(rule.tags || []);
-
-  const shouldBeTrue = extender(checksData, true, rule);
-  const shouldBeFalse = extender(checksData, false, rule);
-  ruleResult.nodes.forEach(detail => {
-    detail.any.forEach(shouldBeTrue);
-    detail.all.forEach(shouldBeTrue);
-    detail.none.forEach(shouldBeFalse);
-  });
-  extendMetaData(ruleResult, clone(rulesData[ruleResult.id] || {}));
-}
-
-export default publishMetaData;
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/query-selector-all-filter.js b/lib/core/utils/query-selector-all-filter.js
index b4b59d71f..d1d92461b 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/query-selector-all-filter.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/query-selector-all-filter.js
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+import cache from '../base/cache';
 import { matchesExpression, convertSelector } from './matches';
+import { getNodesMatchingExpression } from './selector-cache';
 
 function createLocalVariables(
   vNodes,
@@ -18,17 +20,20 @@ function createLocalVariables(
   return retVal;
 }
 
-/**
- * Allocating new objects in createLocalVariables is quite expensive given
- * that matchExpressions is in the hot path.
- *
- * Keep track of previously allocated objects to avoid useless allocations
- * and garbage collection. This is intentionally shared between calls of
- * matchExpressions.
- */
-const recycledLocalVariables = [];
-
 function matchExpressions(domTree, expressions, filter) {
+  /**
+   * Allocating new objects in createLocalVariables is quite expensive given
+   * that matchExpressions is in the hot path.
+   *
+   * Keep track of previously allocated objects to avoid useless allocations
+   * and garbage collection. This is intentionally shared between calls of
+   * matchExpressions.
+   */
+  const recycledLocalVariables = cache.get(
+    'qsa.recycledLocalVariables',
+    () => []
+  );
+
   const stack = [];
   const vNodes = Array.isArray(domTree) ? domTree : [domTree];
   let currentLevel = createLocalVariables(
@@ -124,6 +129,17 @@ function matchExpressions(domTree, expressions, filter) {
 function querySelectorAllFilter(domTree, selector, filter) {
   domTree = Array.isArray(domTree) ? domTree : [domTree];
   const expressions = convertSelector(selector);
+
+  // see if the passed in node is the root node of the tree and can
+  // find nodes using the cache rather than looping through the
+  // the entire tree
+  const nodes = getNodesMatchingExpression(domTree, expressions, filter);
+  if (nodes) {
+    return nodes;
+  }
+
+  // if the selector cache is not set up or if not passed the
+  // top level node we default back to parsing the whole tree
   return matchExpressions(domTree, expressions, filter);
 }
 
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/queue.js b/lib/core/utils/queue.js
index b081d643e..5d5e82053 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/queue.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/queue.js
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ function queue() {
       return q;
     },
 
-    catch: function(fn) {
+    catch: function (fn) {
       funcGuard(fn);
       if (failed !== defaultFail) {
         throw new Error('queue `catch` already set');
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/select.js b/lib/core/utils/select.js
index 671ea31c2..3be91565f 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/select.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/select.js
@@ -2,55 +2,13 @@ import contains from './contains';
 import querySelectorAllFilter from './query-selector-all-filter';
 import isNodeInContext from './is-node-in-context';
 
-/**
- * Pushes unique nodes that are in context to an array
- * @private
- * @param  {Array} result  The array to push to
- * @param  {Array} nodes   The list of nodes to push
- * @param  {Object} context The "resolved" context object, @see resolveContext
- */
-function pushNode(result, nodes) {
-  let temp;
-
-  if (result.length === 0) {
-    return nodes;
-  }
-  if (result.length < nodes.length) {
-    // switch so the comparison is shortest
-    temp = result;
-    result = nodes;
-    nodes = temp;
-  }
-  for (let i = 0, l = nodes.length; i < l; i++) {
-    if (!result.includes(nodes[i])) {
-      result.push(nodes[i]);
-    }
-  }
-  return result;
-}
-
-/**
- * reduces the includes list to only the outermost includes
- * @private
- * @param {Array} the array of include nodes
- * @return {Array} the modified array of nodes
- */
-function getOuterIncludes(includes) {
-  return includes.reduce((res, el) => {
-    if (!res.length || !contains(res[res.length - 1], el)) {
-      res.push(el);
-    }
-    return res;
-  }, []);
-}
-
 /**
  * Selects elements which match `selector` that are included and excluded via the `Context` object
  * @param  {String} selector  CSS selector of the HTMLElements to select
  * @param  {Context} context  The "resolved" context object, @see Context
  * @return {Array}            Matching virtual DOM nodes sorted by DOM order
  */
-function select(selector, context) {
+export default function select(selector, context) {
   let result = [];
   let candidate;
   if (axe._selectCache) {
@@ -69,7 +27,7 @@ function select(selector, context) {
   for (let i = 0; i < outerIncludes.length; i++) {
     candidate = outerIncludes[i];
     const nodes = querySelectorAllFilter(candidate, selector, isInContext);
-    result = pushNode(result, nodes);
+    result = mergeArrayUniques(result, nodes);
   }
   if (axe._selectCache) {
     axe._selectCache.push({
@@ -80,7 +38,20 @@ function select(selector, context) {
   return result;
 }
 
-export default select;
+/**
+ * reduces the includes list to only the outermost includes
+ * @private
+ * @param {Array} the array of include nodes
+ * @return {Array} the modified array of nodes
+ */
+function getOuterIncludes(includes) {
+  return includes.reduce((res, el) => {
+    if (!res.length || !contains(res[res.length - 1], el)) {
+      res.push(el);
+    }
+    return res;
+  }, []);
+}
 
 /**
  * Return a filter method to test if a node is in context; or
@@ -97,3 +68,27 @@ function getContextFilter(context) {
   }
   return node => isNodeInContext(node, context);
 }
+
+/**
+ * Merge the unique items from Array 1 into 2, or from 2 into 1 (whichever is longest)
+ * @private
+ * @param  {Array} Arr1
+ * @param  {Array} Arr2
+ */
+function mergeArrayUniques(arr1, arr2) {
+  if (arr1.length === 0) {
+    return arr2;
+  }
+  if (arr1.length < arr2.length) {
+    // switch so the comparison is shortest
+    const temp = arr1;
+    arr1 = arr2;
+    arr2 = temp;
+  }
+  for (let i = 0, l = arr2.length; i < l; i++) {
+    if (!arr1.includes(arr2[i])) {
+      arr1.push(arr2[i]);
+    }
+  }
+  return arr1;
+}
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/selector-cache.js b/lib/core/utils/selector-cache.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1771c89c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/core/utils/selector-cache.js
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+import { matchesExpression } from './matches';
+import tokenList from './token-list';
+
+// since attribute names can't contain whitespace, this will be
+// a reserved list for ids so we can perform virtual id lookups
+const idsKey = ' [idsMap]';
+
+/**
+ * Get nodes from the selector cache that match the selector.
+ * @param {VirtualTree[]} domTree flattened tree collection to search
+ * @param {Object} expressions
+ * @param {Function} filter function (optional)
+ * @return {Mixed} Array of nodes that match the selector or undefined if the selector map is not setup
+ */
+export function getNodesMatchingExpression(domTree, expressions, filter) {
+  // check to see if the domTree is the root and has the selector
+  // map. if not we just return and let our QSA code do the finding
+  const selectorMap = domTree[0]._selectorMap;
+  if (!selectorMap) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const shadowId = domTree[0].shadowId;
+
+  // if the selector uses a global selector with a combinator
+  // (e.g. A *, A > *) it's actually faster to use our QSA code than
+  // getting all nodes and using matchesExpression
+  for (let i = 0; i < expressions.length; i++) {
+    if (
+      expressions[i].length > 1 &&
+      expressions[i].some(expression => isGlobalSelector(expression))
+    ) {
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // it turned out to be more performant to use a Set to generate a
+  // unique list of nodes rather than an array and array.includes
+  // (~3 seconds total on a benchmark site)
+  const nodeSet = new Set();
+
+  expressions.forEach(expression => {
+    const matchingNodes = findMatchingNodes(expression, selectorMap, shadowId);
+    matchingNodes?.nodes?.forEach(node => {
+      // for complex selectors we need to verify that the node
+      // actually matches the entire selector since we only have
+      // nodes that partially match the last part of the selector
+      if (
+        matchingNodes.isComplexSelector &&
+        !matchesExpression(node, expression)
+      ) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      nodeSet.add(node);
+    });
+  });
+
+  // Sets in ie11 do not work with Array.from without a polyfill
+  //(missing `.entries`), but do have forEach
+  let matchedNodes = [];
+  nodeSet.forEach(node => matchedNodes.push(node));
+
+  if (filter) {
+    matchedNodes = matchedNodes.filter(filter);
+  }
+
+  return matchedNodes.sort((a, b) => a.nodeIndex - b.nodeIndex);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Add nodes to the passed in Set that match just a part of the selector in order to speed up traversing the entire tree.
+ * @param {Object} expression Selector Expression
+ * @param {Object} selectorMap Selector map cache
+ * @param {String} shadowId ShadowID of the root node
+ */
+function findMatchingNodes(expression, selectorMap, shadowId) {
+  // use the last part of the expression to find nodes as it's more
+  // specific. e.g. for `body h1` use `h1` and not `body`
+  const exp = expression[expression.length - 1];
+  let nodes = null;
+
+  // a complex selector is one that will require using
+  // matchesExpression to determine if it matches. these include
+  // pseudo selectors (:not), combinators (A > B), and any
+  // attribute value ([class=foo]).
+  let isComplexSelector =
+    expression.length > 1 || !!exp.pseudos || !!exp.classes;
+
+  if (isGlobalSelector(exp)) {
+    nodes = selectorMap['*'];
+  } else {
+    if (exp.id) {
+      // a selector must match all parts, otherwise we can just exit early
+      if (
+        !selectorMap[idsKey] ||
+        !Object.hasOwn(selectorMap[idsKey], exp.id) ||
+        !selectorMap[idsKey][exp.id]?.length
+      ) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // when using id selector (#one) we only find nodes that
+      // match the shadowId of the root
+      nodes = selectorMap[idsKey][exp.id].filter(
+        node => node.shadowId === shadowId
+      );
+    }
+
+    if (exp.tag && exp.tag !== '*') {
+      if (!selectorMap[exp.tag]?.length) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      const cachedNodes = selectorMap[exp.tag];
+      nodes = nodes ? getSharedValues(cachedNodes, nodes) : cachedNodes;
+    }
+
+    if (exp.classes) {
+      if (!selectorMap['[class]']?.length) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      const cachedNodes = selectorMap['[class]'];
+      nodes = nodes ? getSharedValues(cachedNodes, nodes) : cachedNodes;
+    }
+
+    if (exp.attributes) {
+      for (let i = 0; i < exp.attributes.length; i++) {
+        const attr = exp.attributes[i];
+
+        // an attribute selector that looks for a specific value is
+        // a complex selector
+        if (attr.type === 'attrValue') {
+          isComplexSelector = true;
+        }
+
+        if (!selectorMap[`[${attr.key}]`]?.length) {
+          return;
+        }
+
+        const cachedNodes = selectorMap[`[${attr.key}]`];
+        nodes = nodes ? getSharedValues(cachedNodes, nodes) : cachedNodes;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return { nodes, isComplexSelector };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Non-tag selectors use `*` for the tag name so a global selector won't have any other properties of the expression. Pseudo selectors that use `*` (e.g. `*:not([class])`) will still be considered a global selector since we don't cache anything for pseudo selectors and will rely on filtering with matchesExpression.
+ * @param {Object} expression Selector Expression
+ * @returns {Boolean}
+ */
+function isGlobalSelector(expression) {
+  return (
+    expression.tag === '*' &&
+    !expression.attributes &&
+    !expression.id &&
+    !expression.classes
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Find all nodes in A that are also in B.
+ * @param {Mixed[]} a
+ * @param {Mixed[]} b
+ * @returns {Mixed[]}
+ */
+function getSharedValues(a, b) {
+  return a.filter(node => b.includes(node));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Save a selector and vNode to the selectorMap.
+ * @param {String} key
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode
+ * @param {Object} map
+ */
+function cacheSelector(key, vNode, map) {
+  if (!Object.hasOwn(map, key)) {
+    map[key] = [];
+  }
+  map[key].push(vNode);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Cache selector information about a VirtalNode.
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode
+ */
+export function cacheNodeSelectors(vNode, selectorMap) {
+  if (vNode.props.nodeType !== 1) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  cacheSelector(vNode.props.nodeName, vNode, selectorMap);
+  cacheSelector('*', vNode, selectorMap);
+
+  vNode.attrNames.forEach(attrName => {
+    // element ids are the only values we'll match
+    if (attrName === 'id') {
+      selectorMap[idsKey] = selectorMap[idsKey] || {};
+      tokenList(vNode.attr(attrName)).forEach(value => {
+        cacheSelector(value, vNode, selectorMap[idsKey]);
+      });
+    }
+
+    cacheSelector(`[${attrName}]`, vNode, selectorMap);
+  });
+}
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/shadow-select-all.js b/lib/core/utils/shadow-select-all.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2f311a40e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/core/utils/shadow-select-all.js
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/**
+ * Find elements to match a selector.
+ * Use an array of selectors to reach into shadow DOM trees
+ *
+ * @param {string|string[]} selector String or array of strings with a CSS selector
+ * @param {Document} doc Optional document node
+ * @returns {Node[]}
+ */
+export default function shadowSelectAll(selectors, doc = document) {
+  // Spread to avoid mutating the input
+  const selectorArr = Array.isArray(selectors) ? [...selectors] : [selectors];
+  if (selectors.length === 0) {
+    return [];
+  }
+  return selectAllRecursive(selectorArr, doc);
+}
+
+/* Find elements in shadow or light DOM trees, using an array of selectors */
+function selectAllRecursive([selectorStr, ...restSelector], doc) {
+  const elms = doc.querySelectorAll(selectorStr);
+  if (restSelector.length === 0) {
+    return Array.from(elms);
+  }
+  const selected = [];
+  for (const elm of elms) {
+    if (elm?.shadowRoot) {
+      selected.push(...selectAllRecursive(restSelector, elm.shadowRoot));
+    }
+  }
+  return selected;
+}
diff --git a/lib/core/utils/shadow-select.js b/lib/core/utils/shadow-select.js
index 73b6d50c8..c6a38bbdc 100644
--- a/lib/core/utils/shadow-select.js
+++ b/lib/core/utils/shadow-select.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /**
  * Find the first element to match a selector.
  * Use an array of selectors to reach into shadow DOM trees
- * 
+ *
  * @param {string|string[]} selector String or array of strings with a CSS selector
  * @param {Document} doc Optional document node
  * @returns {Element|Null}
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 export default function shadowSelect(selectors) {
   // Spread to avoid mutating the input
   const selectorArr = Array.isArray(selectors) ? [...selectors] : [selectors];
-  return selectRecursive(selectorArr, document)
+  return selectRecursive(selectorArr, document);
 }
 
 /* Find an element in shadow or light DOM trees, using an axe selector */
diff --git a/lib/intro.stub b/lib/intro.stub
index 6d76fb1e4..77aa61cf8 100644
--- a/lib/intro.stub
+++ b/lib/intro.stub
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*! axe v<%= pkg.version %>
- * Copyright (c) <%= grunt.template.today("yyyy") %> Deque Systems, Inc.
+ * Copyright (c) 2015 - <%= grunt.template.today("yyyy") %> Deque Systems, Inc.
  *
  * Your use of this Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
diff --git a/lib/rules/accesskeys.json b/lib/rules/accesskeys.json
index a2064bdfe..d5eb681cd 100644
--- a/lib/rules/accesskeys.json
+++ b/lib/rules/accesskeys.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "accesskeys",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "[accesskey]",
   "excludeHidden": false,
   "tags": ["cat.keyboard", "best-practice"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/area-alt.json b/lib/rules/area-alt.json
index dd77216bb..06218e354 100644
--- a/lib/rules/area-alt.json
+++ b/lib/rules/area-alt.json
@@ -1,15 +1,20 @@
 {
   "id": "area-alt",
+  "impact": "critical",
   "selector": "map area[href]",
   "excludeHidden": false,
   "tags": [
     "cat.text-alternatives",
     "wcag2a",
-    "wcag111",
     "wcag244",
     "wcag412",
     "section508",
     "section508.22.a",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT6.a",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.2.4.4",
+    "EN-9.4.1.2",
     "ACT"
   ],
   "actIds": ["c487ae"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-allowed-attr.json b/lib/rules/aria-allowed-attr.json
index 19f705bf8..b7073c38c 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-allowed-attr.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-allowed-attr.json
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 {
   "id": "aria-allowed-attr",
+  "impact": "critical",
   "matches": "aria-allowed-attr-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412"],
+  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.4.1.2"],
   "actIds": ["5c01ea"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures ARIA attributes are allowed for an element's role",
-    "help": "Elements must only use allowed ARIA attributes"
+    "description": "Ensures an element's role supports its ARIA attributes",
+    "help": "Elements must only use supported ARIA attributes"
   },
-  "all": [],
-  "any": ["aria-allowed-attr"],
-  "none": ["aria-unsupported-attr", "aria-prohibited-attr"]
+  "all": ["aria-allowed-attr"],
+  "any": [],
+  "none": ["aria-unsupported-attr"]
 }
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-allowed-role.json b/lib/rules/aria-allowed-role.json
index c4750796a..43035835c 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-allowed-role.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-allowed-role.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "aria-allowed-role",
+  "impact": "minor",
   "excludeHidden": false,
   "selector": "[role]",
   "matches": "aria-allowed-role-matches",
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-braille-equivalent.json b/lib/rules/aria-braille-equivalent.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a406e59fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-braille-equivalent.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "id": "aria-braille-equivalent",
+  "reviewOnFail": true,
+  "impact": "serious",
+  "selector": "[aria-brailleroledescription], [aria-braillelabel]",
+  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.4.1.2"],
+  "metadata": {
+    "description": "Ensure aria-braillelabel and aria-brailleroledescription have a non-braille equivalent",
+    "help": "aria-braille attributes must have a non-braille equivalent"
+  },
+  "all": ["braille-roledescription-equivalent", "braille-label-equivalent"],
+  "any": [],
+  "none": []
+}
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-command-name.json b/lib/rules/aria-command-name.json
index 65d068fb5..bd7803d14 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-command-name.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-command-name.json
@@ -1,8 +1,18 @@
 {
   "id": "aria-command-name",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "[role=\"link\"], [role=\"button\"], [role=\"menuitem\"]",
   "matches": "no-naming-method-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.aria",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag412",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT6.a",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.4.1.2",
+    "ACT"
+  ],
   "actIds": ["97a4e1"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures every ARIA button, link and menuitem has an accessible name",
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-conditional-attr.json b/lib/rules/aria-conditional-attr.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ac1f57ae4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-conditional-attr.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "id": "aria-conditional-attr",
+  "impact": "serious",
+  "matches": "aria-allowed-attr-matches",
+  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.4.1.2"],
+  "actIds": ["5c01ea"],
+  "metadata": {
+    "description": "Ensures ARIA attributes are used as described in the specification of the element's role",
+    "help": "ARIA attributes must be used as specified for the element's role"
+  },
+  "all": ["aria-conditional-attr"],
+  "any": [],
+  "none": []
+}
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-deprecated-role.json b/lib/rules/aria-deprecated-role.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3e181f366
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-deprecated-role.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "id": "aria-deprecated-role",
+  "impact": "minor",
+  "selector": "[role]",
+  "matches": "no-empty-role-matches",
+  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.4.1.2"],
+  "actIds": ["674b10"],
+  "metadata": {
+    "description": "Ensures elements do not use deprecated roles",
+    "help": "Deprecated ARIA roles must not be used"
+  },
+  "all": [],
+  "any": [],
+  "none": ["deprecatedrole"]
+}
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-dialog-name.json b/lib/rules/aria-dialog-name.json
index 810d15d82..fe30cd09d 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-dialog-name.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-dialog-name.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "aria-dialog-name",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "[role=\"dialog\"], [role=\"alertdialog\"]",
   "matches": "no-naming-method-matches",
   "tags": ["cat.aria", "best-practice"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-hidden-body.json b/lib/rules/aria-hidden-body.json
index f44a1922a..a1b74c2c3 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-hidden-body.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-hidden-body.json
@@ -1,12 +1,21 @@
 {
   "id": "aria-hidden-body",
+  "impact": "critical",
   "selector": "body",
   "excludeHidden": false,
   "matches": "is-initiator-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.aria",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag131",
+    "wcag412",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.1.3.1",
+    "EN-9.4.1.2"
+  ],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures aria-hidden='true' is not present on the document body.",
-    "help": "aria-hidden='true' must not be present on the document body"
+    "description": "Ensures aria-hidden=\"true\" is not present on the document body.",
+    "help": "aria-hidden=\"true\" must not be present on the document body"
   },
   "all": [],
   "any": ["aria-hidden-body"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-hidden-focus.json b/lib/rules/aria-hidden-focus.json
index 39b266ff7..b49c75ae8 100755
--- a/lib/rules/aria-hidden-focus.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-hidden-focus.json
@@ -1,9 +1,18 @@
 {
   "id": "aria-hidden-focus",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "[aria-hidden=\"true\"]",
   "matches": "aria-hidden-focus-matches",
   "excludeHidden": false,
-  "tags": ["cat.name-role-value", "wcag2a", "wcag412", "wcag131"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.name-role-value",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag412",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT6.a",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.4.1.2"
+  ],
   "actIds": ["6cfa84"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures aria-hidden elements are not focusable nor contain focusable elements",
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-input-field-name.json b/lib/rules/aria-input-field-name.json
index 4efe53b55..9aff44648 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-input-field-name.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-input-field-name.json
@@ -1,8 +1,18 @@
 {
   "id": "aria-input-field-name",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "[role=\"combobox\"], [role=\"listbox\"], [role=\"searchbox\"], [role=\"slider\"], [role=\"spinbutton\"], [role=\"textbox\"]",
   "matches": "no-naming-method-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412", "ACT"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.aria",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag412",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT5.c",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.4.1.2",
+    "ACT"
+  ],
   "actIds": ["e086e5"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures every ARIA input field has an accessible name",
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-meter-name.json b/lib/rules/aria-meter-name.json
index 5408e0d65..f62d5c975 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-meter-name.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-meter-name.json
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 {
   "id": "aria-meter-name",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "[role=\"meter\"]",
   "matches": "no-naming-method-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag111"],
+  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag111", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.1.1.1"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures every ARIA meter node has an accessible name",
     "help": "ARIA meter nodes must have an accessible name"
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-progressbar-name.json b/lib/rules/aria-progressbar-name.json
index 0cad72bad..10650ff1e 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-progressbar-name.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-progressbar-name.json
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 {
   "id": "aria-progressbar-name",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "[role=\"progressbar\"]",
   "matches": "no-naming-method-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag111"],
+  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag111", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.1.1.1"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures every ARIA progressbar node has an accessible name",
     "help": "ARIA progressbar nodes must have an accessible name"
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-prohibited-attr.json b/lib/rules/aria-prohibited-attr.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f97a04774
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-prohibited-attr.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "id": "aria-prohibited-attr",
+  "impact": "serious",
+  "matches": "aria-allowed-attr-matches",
+  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.4.1.2"],
+  "actIds": ["5c01ea"],
+  "metadata": {
+    "description": "Ensures ARIA attributes are not prohibited for an element's role",
+    "help": "Elements must only use permitted ARIA attributes"
+  },
+  "all": [],
+  "any": [],
+  "none": ["aria-prohibited-attr"]
+}
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-required-attr.json b/lib/rules/aria-required-attr.json
index 32e1fa9e3..cfe0323bc 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-required-attr.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-required-attr.json
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 {
   "id": "aria-required-attr",
+  "impact": "critical",
   "selector": "[role]",
-  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412"],
+  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.4.1.2"],
+  "actIds": ["4e8ab6"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures elements with ARIA roles have all required ARIA attributes",
     "help": "Required ARIA attributes must be provided"
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-required-children.json b/lib/rules/aria-required-children.json
index fba7b7632..e1b22fb12 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-required-children.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-required-children.json
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 {
   "id": "aria-required-children",
+  "impact": "critical",
   "selector": "[role]",
   "matches": "aria-required-children-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag131"],
-  "actIds": ["ff89c9"],
+  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag131", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.1.3.1"],
+  "actIds": ["bc4a75", "ff89c9"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures elements with an ARIA role that require child roles contain them",
     "help": "Certain ARIA roles must contain particular children"
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-required-parent.json b/lib/rules/aria-required-parent.json
index 54de251b4..370a0ed67 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-required-parent.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-required-parent.json
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 {
   "id": "aria-required-parent",
+  "impact": "critical",
   "selector": "[role]",
   "matches": "aria-required-parent-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag131"],
-  "actIds": ["bc4a75", "ff89c9"],
+  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag131", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.1.3.1"],
+  "actIds": ["ff89c9"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures elements with an ARIA role that require parent roles are contained by them",
     "help": "Certain ARIA roles must be contained by particular parents"
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-roledescription.json b/lib/rules/aria-roledescription.json
index 64a43b434..0fc3b6624 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-roledescription.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-roledescription.json
@@ -1,7 +1,16 @@
 {
   "id": "aria-roledescription",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "[aria-roledescription]",
-  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.aria",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag412",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.4.1.2",
+    "deprecated"
+  ],
+  "enabled": false,
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensure aria-roledescription is only used on elements with an implicit or explicit role",
     "help": "aria-roledescription must be on elements with a semantic role"
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-roles.json b/lib/rules/aria-roles.json
index ac3692864..3cc591cb3 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-roles.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-roles.json
@@ -1,19 +1,15 @@
 {
   "id": "aria-roles",
+  "impact": "critical",
   "selector": "[role]",
   "matches": "no-empty-role-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412"],
+  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.4.1.2"],
+  "actIds": ["674b10"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures all elements with a role attribute use a valid value",
     "help": "ARIA roles used must conform to valid values"
   },
   "all": [],
   "any": [],
-  "none": [
-    "fallbackrole",
-    "invalidrole",
-    "abstractrole",
-    "unsupportedrole",
-    "deprecatedrole"
-  ]
+  "none": ["invalidrole", "abstractrole", "unsupportedrole"]
 }
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-text.json b/lib/rules/aria-text.json
index aa284a586..30db55013 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-text.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-text.json
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 {
   "id": "aria-text",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "[role=text]",
   "tags": ["cat.aria", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures \"role=text\" is used on elements with no focusable descendants",
+    "description": "Ensures role=\"text\" is used on elements with no focusable descendants",
     "help": "\"role=text\" should have no focusable descendants"
   },
   "all": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-toggle-field-name.json b/lib/rules/aria-toggle-field-name.json
index 966ce517a..e673facfb 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-toggle-field-name.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-toggle-field-name.json
@@ -1,8 +1,19 @@
 {
   "id": "aria-toggle-field-name",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "[role=\"checkbox\"], [role=\"menuitemcheckbox\"], [role=\"menuitemradio\"], [role=\"radio\"], [role=\"switch\"], [role=\"option\"]",
   "matches": "no-naming-method-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412", "ACT"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.aria",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag412",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT5.c",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.4.1.2",
+    "ACT"
+  ],
+  "actIds": ["e086e5"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures every ARIA toggle field has an accessible name",
     "help": "ARIA toggle fields must have an accessible name"
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-tooltip-name.json b/lib/rules/aria-tooltip-name.json
index 3095ba3e2..c90b7ffde 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-tooltip-name.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-tooltip-name.json
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 {
   "id": "aria-tooltip-name",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "[role=\"tooltip\"]",
   "matches": "no-naming-method-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412"],
+  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.4.1.2"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures every ARIA tooltip node has an accessible name",
     "help": "ARIA tooltip nodes must have an accessible name"
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-treeitem-name.json b/lib/rules/aria-treeitem-name.json
index 4b8fa87d0..091cd7ee2 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-treeitem-name.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-treeitem-name.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "aria-treeitem-name",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "[role=\"treeitem\"]",
   "matches": "no-naming-method-matches",
   "tags": ["cat.aria", "best-practice"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-valid-attr-value.json b/lib/rules/aria-valid-attr-value.json
index 3675f9fac..924380388 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-valid-attr-value.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-valid-attr-value.json
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 {
   "id": "aria-valid-attr-value",
+  "impact": "critical",
   "matches": "aria-has-attr-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412"],
-  "actIds": ["5c01ea", "c487ae"],
+  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.4.1.2"],
+  "actIds": ["6a7281"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures all ARIA attributes have valid values",
     "help": "ARIA attributes must conform to valid values"
diff --git a/lib/rules/aria-valid-attr.json b/lib/rules/aria-valid-attr.json
index 24ef57f91..22476a16c 100644
--- a/lib/rules/aria-valid-attr.json
+++ b/lib/rules/aria-valid-attr.json
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 {
   "id": "aria-valid-attr",
+  "impact": "critical",
   "matches": "aria-has-attr-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412"],
+  "tags": ["cat.aria", "wcag2a", "wcag412", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.4.1.2"],
+  "actIds": ["5f99a7"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures attributes that begin with aria- are valid ARIA attributes",
     "help": "ARIA attributes must conform to valid names"
diff --git a/lib/rules/audio-caption.json b/lib/rules/audio-caption.json
index fac50b06a..3974aade1 100644
--- a/lib/rules/audio-caption.json
+++ b/lib/rules/audio-caption.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "audio-caption",
+  "impact": "critical",
   "selector": "audio",
   "enabled": false,
   "excludeHidden": false,
@@ -7,10 +8,13 @@
     "cat.time-and-media",
     "wcag2a",
     "wcag121",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.1.2.1",
     "section508",
-    "section508.22.a"
+    "section508.22.a",
+    "deprecated"
   ],
-  "actIds": ["c3232f", "e7aa44"],
+  "actIds": ["2eb176", "afb423"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures <audio> elements have captions",
     "help": "<audio> elements must have a captions track"
diff --git a/lib/rules/autocomplete-a11y-matches.js b/lib/rules/autocomplete-a11y-matches.js
index 3275bc870..41af29b40 100644
--- a/lib/rules/autocomplete-a11y-matches.js
+++ b/lib/rules/autocomplete-a11y-matches.js
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-import autocompleteMatches from "./autocomplete-matches";
+import autocompleteMatches from './autocomplete-matches';
 
-function autocompleteA11yMatches(node, virtualNode) { 
-    const a11yEngineFlag = true;
-    // the flag is used to tell autocomplete matcher that it is being called 
-    // by a11y-engine and thus bypass an if block
-    return autocompleteMatches(node, virtualNode, a11yEngineFlag);
- }
- 
- export default autocompleteA11yMatches;
\ No newline at end of file
+function autocompleteA11yMatches(node, virtualNode) {
+  const a11yEngineFlag = true;
+  // the flag is used to tell autocomplete matcher that it is being called
+  // by a11y-engine and thus bypass an if block
+  return autocompleteMatches(node, virtualNode, a11yEngineFlag);
+}
+
+export default autocompleteA11yMatches;
diff --git a/lib/rules/autocomplete-matches.js b/lib/rules/autocomplete-matches.js
index 0bef348f2..cff1d1b01 100644
--- a/lib/rules/autocomplete-matches.js
+++ b/lib/rules/autocomplete-matches.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { sanitize } from '../commons/text';
 import standards from '../standards';
-import { isVisible } from '../commons/dom';
+import { isVisibleToScreenReaders, isVisibleOnScreen } from '../commons/dom';
 
 function autocompleteMatches(node, virtualNode, flag = false) {
   const autocomplete = virtualNode.attr('autocomplete');
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ function autocompleteMatches(node, virtualNode, flag = false) {
   if (
     tabIndex === '-1' &&
     virtualNode.actualNode &&
-    !isVisible(virtualNode.actualNode, false) &&
-    !isVisible(virtualNode.actualNode, true)
+    !isVisibleOnScreen(virtualNode) &&
+    !isVisibleToScreenReaders(virtualNode)
   ) {
     return false;
   }
diff --git a/lib/rules/autocomplete-valid.json b/lib/rules/autocomplete-valid.json
index 84f40ec38..f1a1e0190 100644
--- a/lib/rules/autocomplete-valid.json
+++ b/lib/rules/autocomplete-valid.json
@@ -1,7 +1,15 @@
 {
   "id": "autocomplete-valid",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "matches": "autocomplete-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.forms", "wcag21aa", "wcag135"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.forms",
+    "wcag21aa",
+    "wcag135",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.1.3.5",
+    "ACT"
+  ],
   "actIds": ["73f2c2"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensure the autocomplete attribute is correct and suitable for the form field",
diff --git a/lib/rules/avoid-inline-spacing.json b/lib/rules/avoid-inline-spacing.json
index d5361e2f0..352f2a8d2 100644
--- a/lib/rules/avoid-inline-spacing.json
+++ b/lib/rules/avoid-inline-spacing.json
@@ -1,12 +1,26 @@
 {
   "id": "avoid-inline-spacing",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "[style]",
-  "tags": ["cat.structure", "wcag21aa", "wcag1412"],
+  "matches": "is-visible-on-screen-matches",
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.structure",
+    "wcag21aa",
+    "wcag1412",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.1.4.12",
+    "ACT"
+  ],
+  "actIds": ["24afc2", "9e45ec", "78fd32"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensure that text spacing set through style attributes can be adjusted with custom stylesheets",
     "help": "Inline text spacing must be adjustable with custom stylesheets"
   },
-  "all": ["avoid-inline-spacing"],
+  "all": [
+    "important-letter-spacing",
+    "important-word-spacing",
+    "important-line-height"
+  ],
   "any": [],
   "none": []
 }
diff --git a/lib/rules/blink.json b/lib/rules/blink.json
index ed21e49ef..de3b7b16b 100644
--- a/lib/rules/blink.json
+++ b/lib/rules/blink.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "blink",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "blink",
   "excludeHidden": false,
   "tags": [
@@ -7,7 +8,11 @@
     "wcag2a",
     "wcag222",
     "section508",
-    "section508.22.j"
+    "section508.22.j",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT2.b",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.2.2.2"
   ],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures <blink> elements are not used",
diff --git a/lib/rules/button-name.json b/lib/rules/button-name.json
index 1dbc340df..50ca03ba4 100644
--- a/lib/rules/button-name.json
+++ b/lib/rules/button-name.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "button-name",
+  "impact": "critical",
   "selector": "button",
   "matches": "no-explicit-name-required-matches",
   "tags": [
@@ -8,6 +9,10 @@
     "wcag412",
     "section508",
     "section508.22.a",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT6.a",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.4.1.2",
     "ACT"
   ],
   "actIds": ["97a4e1", "m6b1q3"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/bypass.json b/lib/rules/bypass.json
index 4967fe8bf..cc7752bf4 100644
--- a/lib/rules/bypass.json
+++ b/lib/rules/bypass.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "bypass",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "html",
   "pageLevel": true,
   "matches": "bypass-matches",
@@ -9,8 +10,13 @@
     "wcag2a",
     "wcag241",
     "section508",
-    "section508.22.o"
+    "section508.22.o",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT9.a",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.2.4.1"
   ],
+  "actIds": ["cf77f2", "047fe0", "b40fd1", "3e12e1", "ye5d6e"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures each page has at least one mechanism for a user to bypass navigation and jump straight to the content",
     "help": "Page must have means to bypass repeated blocks"
diff --git a/lib/rules/color-contrast-enhanced.json b/lib/rules/color-contrast-enhanced.json
index 21860fc86..60187a8c0 100644
--- a/lib/rules/color-contrast-enhanced.json
+++ b/lib/rules/color-contrast-enhanced.json
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
 {
   "id": "color-contrast-enhanced",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "matches": "color-contrast-matches",
   "excludeHidden": false,
-  "enabled": false, 
-  "tags": ["cat.color", "wcag2aaa", "wcag146"],
+  "enabled": false,
+  "tags": ["cat.color", "wcag2aaa", "wcag146", "ACT"],
+  "actIds": ["09o5cg"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures the contrast between foreground and background colors meets WCAG 2 AAA contrast ratio thresholds",
-    "help": "Elements must have sufficient color contrast"
+    "description": "Ensures the contrast between foreground and background colors meets WCAG 2 AAA enhanced contrast ratio thresholds",
+    "help": "Elements must meet enhanced color contrast ratio thresholds"
   },
   "all": [],
   "any": ["color-contrast-enhanced"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/color-contrast-matches.js b/lib/rules/color-contrast-matches.js
index c3fd79241..b76921bc3 100644
--- a/lib/rules/color-contrast-matches.js
+++ b/lib/rules/color-contrast-matches.js
@@ -1,7 +1,19 @@
 /* global document */
 import { getAccessibleRefs } from '../commons/aria';
-import { findUpVirtual, visuallyOverlaps, getRootNode } from '../commons/dom';
-import { visibleVirtual, removeUnicode, sanitize } from '../commons/text';
+import {
+  findUpVirtual,
+  visuallyOverlaps,
+  getRootNode,
+  isInert,
+  getOverflowHiddenAncestors
+} from '../commons/dom';
+import {
+  visibleVirtual,
+  removeUnicode,
+  sanitize,
+  isIconLigature
+} from '../commons/text';
+import { rectsOverlap } from '../commons/math';
 import { isDisabled } from '../commons/forms';
 import { getNodeFromTree, querySelectorAll, tokenList } from '../core/utils';
 
@@ -30,7 +42,7 @@ function colorContrastMatches(node, virtualNode) {
     return false;
   }
 
-  if (isDisabled(virtualNode)) {
+  if (isDisabled(virtualNode) || isInert(virtualNode)) {
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -121,13 +133,7 @@ function colorContrastMatches(node, virtualNode) {
     return false;
   }
 
-  const visibleText = visibleVirtual(virtualNode, false, true);
-  const removeUnicodeOptions = {
-    emoji: true,
-    nonBmp: false,
-    punctuations: true
-  };
-  if (!visibleText || !removeUnicode(visibleText, removeUnicodeOptions)) {
+  if (!hasRealTextChildren(virtualNode)) {
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -143,14 +149,41 @@ function colorContrastMatches(node, virtualNode) {
     }
   }
 
-  const rects = range.getClientRects();
-  for (let index = 0; index < rects.length; index++) {
+  const rects = Array.from(range.getClientRects());
+  const clippingAncestors = getOverflowHiddenAncestors(virtualNode);
+  return rects.some(rect => {
     //check to see if the rectangle impinges
-    if (visuallyOverlaps(rects[index], node)) {
-      return true;
+    const overlaps = visuallyOverlaps(rect, node);
+
+    if (!clippingAncestors.length) {
+      return overlaps;
     }
-  }
-  return false;
+
+    const withinOverflow = clippingAncestors.some(overflowNode => {
+      return rectsOverlap(rect, overflowNode.boundingClientRect);
+    });
+
+    return overlaps && withinOverflow;
+  });
 }
 
 export default colorContrastMatches;
+
+const removeUnicodeOptions = {
+  emoji: true,
+  nonBmp: false,
+  punctuations: true
+};
+
+function hasRealTextChildren(virtualNode) {
+  const visibleText = visibleVirtual(virtualNode, false, true);
+  if (
+    visibleText === '' ||
+    removeUnicode(visibleText, removeUnicodeOptions) === ''
+  ) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  return virtualNode.children.some(
+    vChild => vChild.props.nodeName === '#text' && !isIconLigature(vChild)
+  );
+}
diff --git a/lib/rules/color-contrast.json b/lib/rules/color-contrast.json
index d987a78f2..27ed7b19c 100644
--- a/lib/rules/color-contrast.json
+++ b/lib/rules/color-contrast.json
@@ -1,11 +1,22 @@
 {
   "id": "color-contrast",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "matches": "color-contrast-matches",
   "excludeHidden": false,
-  "tags": ["cat.color", "wcag2aa", "wcag143"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.color",
+    "wcag2aa",
+    "wcag143",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT13.c",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.1.4.3",
+    "ACT"
+  ],
+  "actIds": ["afw4f7", "09o5cg"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures the contrast between foreground and background colors meets WCAG 2 AA contrast ratio thresholds",
-    "help": "Elements must have sufficient color contrast"
+    "description": "Ensures the contrast between foreground and background colors meets WCAG 2 AA minimum contrast ratio thresholds",
+    "help": "Elements must meet minimum color contrast ratio thresholds"
   },
   "all": [],
   "any": ["color-contrast"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/css-orientation-lock.json b/lib/rules/css-orientation-lock.json
index c37fda6cd..ddbf7857d 100644
--- a/lib/rules/css-orientation-lock.json
+++ b/lib/rules/css-orientation-lock.json
@@ -1,7 +1,15 @@
 {
   "id": "css-orientation-lock",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "html",
-  "tags": ["cat.structure", "wcag134", "wcag21aa", "experimental"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.structure",
+    "wcag134",
+    "wcag21aa",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.1.3.4",
+    "experimental"
+  ],
   "actIds": ["b33eff"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures content is not locked to any specific display orientation, and the content is operable in all display orientations",
diff --git a/lib/rules/definition-list.json b/lib/rules/definition-list.json
index b6180a4a0..c88a1a48e 100644
--- a/lib/rules/definition-list.json
+++ b/lib/rules/definition-list.json
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 {
   "id": "definition-list",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "dl",
   "matches": "no-role-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.structure", "wcag2a", "wcag131"],
+  "tags": ["cat.structure", "wcag2a", "wcag131", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.1.3.1"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures <dl> elements are structured correctly",
     "help": "<dl> elements must only directly contain properly-ordered <dt> and <dd> groups, <script>, <template> or <div> elements"
diff --git a/lib/rules/dlitem.json b/lib/rules/dlitem.json
index 1d1de2152..8aca260d3 100644
--- a/lib/rules/dlitem.json
+++ b/lib/rules/dlitem.json
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 {
   "id": "dlitem",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "dd, dt",
   "matches": "no-role-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.structure", "wcag2a", "wcag131"],
+  "tags": ["cat.structure", "wcag2a", "wcag131", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.1.3.1"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures <dt> and <dd> elements are contained by a <dl>",
     "help": "<dt> and <dd> elements must be contained by a <dl>"
diff --git a/lib/rules/document-title.json b/lib/rules/document-title.json
index 1de86ae86..9ee06b599 100644
--- a/lib/rules/document-title.json
+++ b/lib/rules/document-title.json
@@ -1,8 +1,18 @@
 {
   "id": "document-title",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "html",
   "matches": "is-initiator-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.text-alternatives", "wcag2a", "wcag242", "ACT"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.text-alternatives",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag242",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT12.a",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.2.4.2",
+    "ACT"
+  ],
   "actIds": ["2779a5"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures each HTML document contains a non-empty <title> element",
diff --git a/lib/rules/duplicate-id-active.json b/lib/rules/duplicate-id-active.json
index c3d7e32e8..ef8a8687b 100644
--- a/lib/rules/duplicate-id-active.json
+++ b/lib/rules/duplicate-id-active.json
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 {
   "id": "duplicate-id-active",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "[id]",
   "matches": "duplicate-id-active-matches",
   "excludeHidden": false,
-  "tags": ["cat.parsing", "wcag2a", "wcag411"],
+  "tags": ["cat.parsing", "wcag2a-obsolete", "wcag411", "deprecated"],
+  "enabled": false,
+  "actIds": ["3ea0c8"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures every id attribute value of active elements is unique",
     "help": "IDs of active elements must be unique"
diff --git a/lib/rules/duplicate-id-aria.json b/lib/rules/duplicate-id-aria.json
index e2e9caf1f..8b42aae68 100644
--- a/lib/rules/duplicate-id-aria.json
+++ b/lib/rules/duplicate-id-aria.json
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 {
   "id": "duplicate-id-aria",
+  "impact": "critical",
   "selector": "[id]",
   "matches": "duplicate-id-aria-matches",
   "excludeHidden": false,
-  "tags": ["cat.parsing", "wcag2a", "wcag411"],
+  "tags": ["cat.parsing", "wcag2a", "wcag412", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.4.1.2"],
+  "reviewOnFail": true,
   "actIds": ["3ea0c8"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures every id attribute value used in ARIA and in labels is unique",
diff --git a/lib/rules/duplicate-id.json b/lib/rules/duplicate-id.json
index ab25288c5..2189f8e54 100644
--- a/lib/rules/duplicate-id.json
+++ b/lib/rules/duplicate-id.json
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 {
   "id": "duplicate-id",
+  "impact": "minor",
   "selector": "[id]",
   "matches": "duplicate-id-misc-matches",
   "excludeHidden": false,
-  "tags": ["cat.parsing", "wcag2a", "wcag411"],
+  "tags": ["cat.parsing", "wcag2a-obsolete", "wcag411", "deprecated"],
+  "enabled": false,
+  "actIds": ["3ea0c8"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures every id attribute value is unique",
     "help": "id attribute value must be unique"
diff --git a/lib/rules/empty-heading.json b/lib/rules/empty-heading.json
index 15baac46d..1b510a423 100644
--- a/lib/rules/empty-heading.json
+++ b/lib/rules/empty-heading.json
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 {
   "id": "empty-heading",
+  "impact": "minor",
   "selector": "h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, [role=\"heading\"]",
   "matches": "heading-matches",
   "tags": ["cat.name-role-value", "best-practice"],
-  "impact": "minor",
+  "actIds": ["ffd0e9"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures headings have discernible text",
     "help": "Headings should not be empty"
diff --git a/lib/rules/empty-table-header.json b/lib/rules/empty-table-header.json
index 9edb3cdc1..dd81a1882 100644
--- a/lib/rules/empty-table-header.json
+++ b/lib/rules/empty-table-header.json
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 {
   "id": "empty-table-header",
-  "selector": "th, [role=\"rowheader\"], [role=\"columnheader\"]",
-  "tags": ["wcag131", "cat.aria"],
-  "reviewOnFail": true,
+  "impact": "minor",
+  "selector": "th:not([role]), [role=\"rowheader\"], [role=\"columnheader\"]",
+  "tags": ["cat.name-role-value", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures table headers have discernible text",
-    "help": "Table header text must not be empty"
+    "help": "Table header text should not be empty"
   },
   "all": [],
   "any": ["has-visible-text"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/focus-order-semantics.json b/lib/rules/focus-order-semantics.json
index 02cd707e4..8c73c2b9f 100644
--- a/lib/rules/focus-order-semantics.json
+++ b/lib/rules/focus-order-semantics.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "focus-order-semantics",
+  "impact": "minor",
   "selector": "div, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, [role=heading], p, span",
   "matches": "inserted-into-focus-order-matches",
   "tags": ["cat.keyboard", "best-practice", "experimental"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/form-field-multiple-labels.json b/lib/rules/form-field-multiple-labels.json
index ea8cde33e..24a6d3882 100644
--- a/lib/rules/form-field-multiple-labels.json
+++ b/lib/rules/form-field-multiple-labels.json
@@ -1,8 +1,17 @@
 {
   "id": "form-field-multiple-labels",
+  "impact": "moderate",
   "selector": "input, select, textarea",
   "matches": "label-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.forms", "wcag2a", "wcag332"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.forms",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag332",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT5.c",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.3.3.2"
+  ],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures form field does not have multiple label elements",
     "help": "Form field must not have multiple label elements"
diff --git a/lib/rules/frame-focusable-content.json b/lib/rules/frame-focusable-content.json
index e89ab6205..b8f8b8538 100644
--- a/lib/rules/frame-focusable-content.json
+++ b/lib/rules/frame-focusable-content.json
@@ -1,8 +1,18 @@
 {
   "id": "frame-focusable-content",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "html",
   "matches": "frame-focusable-content-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.keyboard", "wcag2a", "wcag211"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.keyboard",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag211",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT4.a",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.2.1.1"
+  ],
+  "actIds": ["akn7bn"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures <frame> and <iframe> elements with focusable content do not have tabindex=-1",
     "help": "Frames with focusable content must not have tabindex=-1"
diff --git a/lib/rules/frame-tested.json b/lib/rules/frame-tested.json
index e718a1bc2..b8037ecda 100644
--- a/lib/rules/frame-tested.json
+++ b/lib/rules/frame-tested.json
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 {
   "id": "frame-tested",
+  "impact": "critical",
   "selector": "html, frame, iframe",
-  "tags": ["cat.structure", "review-item", "best-practice"],
+  "tags": ["cat.structure", "best-practice", "review-item"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures <iframe> and <frame> elements contain the axe-core script",
     "help": "Frames should be tested with axe-core"
diff --git a/lib/rules/frame-title-unique.json b/lib/rules/frame-title-unique.json
index 2dbdcb75b..5a7e32186 100644
--- a/lib/rules/frame-title-unique.json
+++ b/lib/rules/frame-title-unique.json
@@ -1,13 +1,24 @@
 {
   "id": "frame-title-unique",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "frame[title], iframe[title]",
   "matches": "frame-title-has-text-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.text-alternatives", "best-practice"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.text-alternatives",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag412",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT12.d",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.4.1.2"
+  ],
+  "actIds": ["4b1c6c"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures <iframe> and <frame> elements contain a unique title attribute",
-    "help": "Frames should have a unique title attribute"
+    "help": "Frames must have a unique title attribute"
   },
   "all": [],
   "any": [],
-  "none": ["unique-frame-title"]
+  "none": ["unique-frame-title"],
+  "reviewOnFail": true
 }
diff --git a/lib/rules/frame-title.json b/lib/rules/frame-title.json
index 9414f1d70..e6046a33a 100644
--- a/lib/rules/frame-title.json
+++ b/lib/rules/frame-title.json
@@ -1,14 +1,20 @@
 {
   "id": "frame-title",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "frame, iframe",
+  "matches": "no-negative-tabindex-matches",
   "tags": [
     "cat.text-alternatives",
     "wcag2a",
-    "wcag241",
     "wcag412",
     "section508",
-    "section508.22.i"
+    "section508.22.i",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT12.d",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.4.1.2"
   ],
+  "actIds": ["cae760"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures <iframe> and <frame> elements have an accessible name",
     "help": "Frames must have an accessible name"
diff --git a/lib/rules/heading-matches.js b/lib/rules/heading-matches.js
index fcfa3f670..7a5d51936 100644
--- a/lib/rules/heading-matches.js
+++ b/lib/rules/heading-matches.js
@@ -1,19 +1,5 @@
-function headingMatches(node) {
-  // Get all valid roles
-  let explicitRoles;
-  if (node.hasAttribute('role')) {
-    explicitRoles = node
-      .getAttribute('role')
-      .split(/\s+/i)
-      .filter(axe.commons.aria.isValidRole);
-  }
+import { getRole } from '../commons/aria';
 
-  // Check valid roles if there are any, otherwise fall back to the inherited role
-  if (explicitRoles && explicitRoles.length > 0) {
-    return explicitRoles.includes('heading');
-  } else {
-    return axe.commons.aria.implicitRole(node) === 'heading';
-  }
+export default function headingMatches(node, virtualNode) {
+  return getRole(virtualNode) === 'heading';
 }
-
-export default headingMatches;
diff --git a/lib/rules/heading-order.json b/lib/rules/heading-order.json
index 8ecf8ec5f..843a291ec 100644
--- a/lib/rules/heading-order.json
+++ b/lib/rules/heading-order.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "heading-order",
+  "impact": "moderate",
   "selector": "h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, [role=heading]",
   "matches": "heading-matches",
   "tags": ["cat.semantics", "best-practice"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/hidden-content.json b/lib/rules/hidden-content.json
index b4728a223..05323aca1 100644
--- a/lib/rules/hidden-content.json
+++ b/lib/rules/hidden-content.json
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 {
   "id": "hidden-content",
+  "impact": "minor",
   "selector": "*",
   "excludeHidden": false,
-  "tags": ["cat.structure", "experimental", "review-item", "best-practice"],
+  "tags": ["cat.structure", "best-practice", "experimental", "review-item"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Informs users about hidden content.",
     "help": "Hidden content on the page should be analyzed"
diff --git a/lib/rules/html-has-lang.json b/lib/rules/html-has-lang.json
index cc399a6a7..933d96e4e 100644
--- a/lib/rules/html-has-lang.json
+++ b/lib/rules/html-has-lang.json
@@ -1,8 +1,18 @@
 {
   "id": "html-has-lang",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "html",
   "matches": "is-initiator-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.language", "wcag2a", "wcag311", "ACT"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.language",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag311",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT11.a",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.3.1.1",
+    "ACT"
+  ],
   "actIds": ["b5c3f8"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures every HTML document has a lang attribute",
diff --git a/lib/rules/html-lang-valid.json b/lib/rules/html-lang-valid.json
index 19fd4c01c..34c65cbfa 100644
--- a/lib/rules/html-lang-valid.json
+++ b/lib/rules/html-lang-valid.json
@@ -1,7 +1,17 @@
 {
   "id": "html-lang-valid",
-  "selector": "html[lang], html[xml\\:lang]",
-  "tags": ["cat.language", "wcag2a", "wcag311", "ACT"],
+  "impact": "serious",
+  "selector": "html[lang]:not([lang=\"\"]), html[xml\\:lang]:not([xml\\:lang=\"\"])",
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.language",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag311",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT11.a",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.3.1.1",
+    "ACT"
+  ],
   "actIds": ["bf051a"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures the lang attribute of the <html> element has a valid value",
diff --git a/lib/rules/html-xml-lang-mismatch.json b/lib/rules/html-xml-lang-mismatch.json
index 43c4d6cdd..8a5ebc4f7 100644
--- a/lib/rules/html-xml-lang-mismatch.json
+++ b/lib/rules/html-xml-lang-mismatch.json
@@ -1,8 +1,16 @@
 {
   "id": "html-xml-lang-mismatch",
+  "impact": "moderate",
   "selector": "html[lang][xml\\:lang]",
   "matches": "xml-lang-mismatch-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.language", "wcag2a", "wcag311", "ACT"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.language",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag311",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.3.1.1",
+    "ACT"
+  ],
   "actIds": ["5b7ae0"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensure that HTML elements with both valid lang and xml:lang attributes agree on the base language of the page",
diff --git a/lib/rules/identical-links-same-purpose.json b/lib/rules/identical-links-same-purpose.json
index 6590de765..6f8b580e0 100644
--- a/lib/rules/identical-links-same-purpose.json
+++ b/lib/rules/identical-links-same-purpose.json
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 {
   "id": "identical-links-same-purpose",
+  "impact": "minor",
   "selector": "a[href], area[href], [role=\"link\"]",
   "excludeHidden": false,
+  "enabled": false,
   "matches": "identical-links-same-purpose-matches",
   "tags": ["cat.semantics", "wcag2aaa", "wcag249"],
-  "actIds": ["b20e66", "fd3a94"],
+  "actIds": ["b20e66"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensure that links with the same accessible name serve a similar purpose",
     "help": "Links with the same name must have a similar purpose"
diff --git a/lib/rules/image-alt.json b/lib/rules/image-alt.json
index 05eeb093f..1fe226227 100644
--- a/lib/rules/image-alt.json
+++ b/lib/rules/image-alt.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "image-alt",
+  "impact": "critical",
   "selector": "img",
   "matches": "no-explicit-name-required-matches",
   "tags": [
@@ -8,6 +9,11 @@
     "wcag111",
     "section508",
     "section508.22.a",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT7.a",
+    "TT7.b",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.1.1.1",
     "ACT"
   ],
   "actIds": ["23a2a8"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/img-redundant-alt.json b/lib/rules/img-redundant-alt.json
index 1e7192b08..a84660a51 100644
--- a/lib/rules/img-redundant-alt.json
+++ b/lib/rules/img-redundant-alt.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "image-redundant-alt",
+  "impact": "minor",
   "selector": "img",
   "tags": ["cat.text-alternatives", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
diff --git a/lib/rules/input-button-name.json b/lib/rules/input-button-name.json
index 8e2b5dc61..60d116bc8 100644
--- a/lib/rules/input-button-name.json
+++ b/lib/rules/input-button-name.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "input-button-name",
+  "impact": "critical",
   "selector": "input[type=\"button\"], input[type=\"submit\"], input[type=\"reset\"]",
   "matches": "no-explicit-name-required-matches",
   "tags": [
@@ -7,8 +8,14 @@
     "wcag2a",
     "wcag412",
     "section508",
-    "section508.22.a"
+    "section508.22.a",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT5.c",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.4.1.2",
+    "ACT"
   ],
+  "actIds": ["97a4e1"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures input buttons have discernible text",
     "help": "Input buttons must have discernible text"
diff --git a/lib/rules/input-image-alt.json b/lib/rules/input-image-alt.json
index 4f3013af3..4e6f4ebca 100644
--- a/lib/rules/input-image-alt.json
+++ b/lib/rules/input-image-alt.json
@@ -1,13 +1,20 @@
 {
   "id": "input-image-alt",
+  "impact": "critical",
   "selector": "input[type=\"image\"]",
   "matches": "no-explicit-name-required-matches",
   "tags": [
     "cat.text-alternatives",
     "wcag2a",
     "wcag111",
+    "wcag412",
     "section508",
     "section508.22.a",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT7.a",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.1.1.1",
+    "EN-9.4.1.2",
     "ACT"
   ],
   "actIds": ["59796f"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/is-visible-matches.js b/lib/rules/is-visible-matches.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6f7e16fac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rules/is-visible-matches.js
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import { isVisibleOnScreen } from '../commons/dom';
+
+// @deprecated use isVisibleOnScreenMatches
+export default function hasVisibleTextMatches(node) {
+  return isVisibleOnScreen(node);
+}
diff --git a/lib/rules/is-visible-on-screen-matches.js b/lib/rules/is-visible-on-screen-matches.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2b65ab43f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rules/is-visible-on-screen-matches.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+import { isVisibleOnScreen } from '../commons/dom';
+
+export default function isVisibleOnScreenMatches(node, virtualNode) {
+  return isVisibleOnScreen(virtualNode);
+}
diff --git a/lib/rules/label-content-name-mismatch.json b/lib/rules/label-content-name-mismatch.json
index bf754f59c..c14e30f1f 100644
--- a/lib/rules/label-content-name-mismatch.json
+++ b/lib/rules/label-content-name-mismatch.json
@@ -1,7 +1,15 @@
 {
   "id": "label-content-name-mismatch",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "matches": "label-content-name-mismatch-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.semantics", "wcag21a", "wcag253", "experimental"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.semantics",
+    "wcag21a",
+    "wcag253",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.2.5.3",
+    "experimental"
+  ],
   "actIds": ["2ee8b8"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures that elements labelled through their content must have their visible text as part of their accessible name",
diff --git a/lib/rules/label-title-only.json b/lib/rules/label-title-only.json
index 79813f218..8f6190b12 100644
--- a/lib/rules/label-title-only.json
+++ b/lib/rules/label-title-only.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "label-title-only",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "input, select, textarea",
   "matches": "label-matches",
   "tags": ["cat.forms", "best-practice"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/label.json b/lib/rules/label.json
index 9ee98638c..e781f2311 100644
--- a/lib/rules/label.json
+++ b/lib/rules/label.json
@@ -1,17 +1,21 @@
 {
   "id": "label",
+  "impact": "critical",
   "selector": "input, textarea",
   "matches": "label-matches",
   "tags": [
     "cat.forms",
     "wcag2a",
     "wcag412",
-    "wcag131",
     "section508",
     "section508.22.n",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT5.c",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.4.1.2",
     "ACT"
   ],
-  "actIds": ["e086e5", "307n5z"],
+  "actIds": ["e086e5"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures every form element has a label",
     "help": "Form elements must have labels"
@@ -26,5 +30,5 @@
     "non-empty-placeholder",
     "presentational-role"
   ],
-  "none": ["help-same-as-label", "hidden-explicit-label"]
+  "none": ["hidden-explicit-label"]
 }
diff --git a/lib/rules/landmark-banner-is-top-level.json b/lib/rules/landmark-banner-is-top-level.json
index 01408253e..8eeff69e2 100644
--- a/lib/rules/landmark-banner-is-top-level.json
+++ b/lib/rules/landmark-banner-is-top-level.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "landmark-banner-is-top-level",
+  "impact": "moderate",
   "selector": "header:not([role]), [role=banner]",
   "matches": "landmark-has-body-context-matches",
   "tags": ["cat.semantics", "best-practice"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/landmark-complementary-is-top-level.json b/lib/rules/landmark-complementary-is-top-level.json
index a9ab77887..950b5c9f6 100644
--- a/lib/rules/landmark-complementary-is-top-level.json
+++ b/lib/rules/landmark-complementary-is-top-level.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "landmark-complementary-is-top-level",
+  "impact": "moderate",
   "selector": "aside:not([role]), [role=complementary]",
   "tags": ["cat.semantics", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
diff --git a/lib/rules/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level.json b/lib/rules/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level.json
index 51b531927..489ef333c 100644
--- a/lib/rules/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level.json
+++ b/lib/rules/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level",
+  "impact": "moderate",
   "selector": "footer:not([role]), [role=contentinfo]",
   "matches": "landmark-has-body-context-matches",
   "tags": ["cat.semantics", "best-practice"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/landmark-main-is-top-level.json b/lib/rules/landmark-main-is-top-level.json
index 4ed904907..3b510ca34 100644
--- a/lib/rules/landmark-main-is-top-level.json
+++ b/lib/rules/landmark-main-is-top-level.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "landmark-main-is-top-level",
+  "impact": "moderate",
   "selector": "main:not([role]), [role=main]",
   "tags": ["cat.semantics", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
diff --git a/lib/rules/landmark-no-duplicate-banner.json b/lib/rules/landmark-no-duplicate-banner.json
index 9746ae193..ee26e4a1a 100644
--- a/lib/rules/landmark-no-duplicate-banner.json
+++ b/lib/rules/landmark-no-duplicate-banner.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "landmark-no-duplicate-banner",
+  "impact": "moderate",
   "selector": "header:not([role]), [role=banner]",
   "tags": ["cat.semantics", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
diff --git a/lib/rules/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo.json b/lib/rules/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo.json
index 9006a4797..ddf4e96cb 100644
--- a/lib/rules/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo.json
+++ b/lib/rules/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo",
+  "impact": "moderate",
   "selector": "footer:not([role]), [role=contentinfo]",
   "tags": ["cat.semantics", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
diff --git a/lib/rules/landmark-no-duplicate-main.json b/lib/rules/landmark-no-duplicate-main.json
index f09d5d432..3f4bbc870 100644
--- a/lib/rules/landmark-no-duplicate-main.json
+++ b/lib/rules/landmark-no-duplicate-main.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "landmark-no-duplicate-main",
+  "impact": "moderate",
   "selector": "main:not([role]), [role=main]",
   "tags": ["cat.semantics", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
diff --git a/lib/rules/landmark-one-main.json b/lib/rules/landmark-one-main.json
index 5e7330dc2..97a03588f 100644
--- a/lib/rules/landmark-one-main.json
+++ b/lib/rules/landmark-one-main.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "landmark-one-main",
+  "impact": "moderate",
   "selector": "html",
   "tags": ["cat.semantics", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
diff --git a/lib/rules/landmark-unique-matches.js b/lib/rules/landmark-unique-matches.js
index af5409c40..b1384e719 100644
--- a/lib/rules/landmark-unique-matches.js
+++ b/lib/rules/landmark-unique-matches.js
@@ -1,50 +1,48 @@
-import { findUpVirtual, isVisible } from '../commons/dom';
+import { isVisibleToScreenReaders } from '../commons/dom';
+import { closest } from '../core/utils';
 import { getRole } from '../commons/aria';
 import { getAriaRolesByType } from '../commons/standards';
 import { accessibleTextVirtual } from '../commons/text';
 
-function landmarkUniqueMatches(node, virtualNode) {
-  /*
-   * Since this is a best-practice rule, we are filtering elements as dictated by ARIA 1.1 Practices regardless of treatment by browser/AT combinations.
-   *
-   * Info: https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-practices-1.1/#aria_landmark
-   */
-  var excludedParentsForHeaderFooterLandmarks = [
-    'article',
-    'aside',
-    'main',
-    'nav',
-    'section'
-  ].join(',');
-  function isHeaderFooterLandmark(headerFooterElement) {
-    return !findUpVirtual(
-      headerFooterElement,
-      excludedParentsForHeaderFooterLandmarks
-    );
-  }
+/*
+ * Since this is a best-practice rule, we are filtering elements as dictated by ARIA 1.1 Practices regardless of treatment by browser/AT combinations.
+ *
+ * Info: https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-practices-1.1/#aria_landmark
+ */
+const excludedParentsForHeaderFooterLandmarks = [
+  'article',
+  'aside',
+  'main',
+  'nav',
+  'section'
+].join(',');
 
-  function isLandmarkVirtual(virtualNode) {
-    var { actualNode } = virtualNode;
-    var landmarkRoles = getAriaRolesByType('landmark');
-    var role = getRole(actualNode);
-    if (!role) {
-      return false;
-    }
+export default function landmarkUniqueMatches(node, virtualNode) {
+  return (
+    isLandmarkVirtual(virtualNode) && isVisibleToScreenReaders(virtualNode)
+  );
+}
 
-    var nodeName = actualNode.nodeName.toUpperCase();
-    if (nodeName === 'HEADER' || nodeName === 'FOOTER') {
-      return isHeaderFooterLandmark(virtualNode);
-    }
+function isLandmarkVirtual(vNode) {
+  const landmarkRoles = getAriaRolesByType('landmark');
+  const role = getRole(vNode);
+  if (!role) {
+    return false;
+  }
 
-    if (nodeName === 'SECTION' || nodeName === 'FORM') {
-      var accessibleText = accessibleTextVirtual(virtualNode);
-      return !!accessibleText;
-    }
+  const { nodeName } = vNode.props;
+  if (nodeName === 'header' || nodeName === 'footer') {
+    return isHeaderFooterLandmark(vNode);
+  }
 
-    return landmarkRoles.indexOf(role) >= 0 || role === 'region';
+  if (nodeName === 'section' || nodeName === 'form') {
+    const accessibleText = accessibleTextVirtual(vNode);
+    return !!accessibleText;
   }
 
-  return isLandmarkVirtual(virtualNode) && isVisible(node, true);
+  return landmarkRoles.indexOf(role) >= 0 || role === 'region';
 }
 
-export default landmarkUniqueMatches;
+function isHeaderFooterLandmark(headerFooterElement) {
+  return !closest(headerFooterElement, excludedParentsForHeaderFooterLandmarks);
+}
diff --git a/lib/rules/landmark-unique.json b/lib/rules/landmark-unique.json
index 88ada5150..dff8639ad 100644
--- a/lib/rules/landmark-unique.json
+++ b/lib/rules/landmark-unique.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "landmark-unique",
+  "impact": "moderate",
   "selector": "[role=banner], [role=complementary], [role=contentinfo], [role=main], [role=navigation], [role=region], [role=search], [role=form], form, footer, header, aside, main, nav, section",
   "tags": ["cat.semantics", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
diff --git a/lib/rules/link-in-text-block-matches.js b/lib/rules/link-in-text-block-matches.js
index 3ef3a5051..448740e25 100644
--- a/lib/rules/link-in-text-block-matches.js
+++ b/lib/rules/link-in-text-block-matches.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import { sanitize } from '../commons/text';
-import { isVisible, isInTextBlock } from '../commons/dom';
+import { isVisibleOnScreen, isInTextBlock } from '../commons/dom';
 
 function linkInTextBlockMatches(node) {
-  var text = sanitize(node.textContent);
+  var text = sanitize(node.innerText);
   var role = node.getAttribute('role');
 
   if (role && role !== 'link') {
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ function linkInTextBlockMatches(node) {
   if (!text) {
     return false;
   }
-  if (!isVisible(node, false)) {
+  if (!isVisibleOnScreen(node)) {
     return false;
   }
 
diff --git a/lib/rules/link-in-text-block.json b/lib/rules/link-in-text-block.json
index 1238cc856..efefb9343 100644
--- a/lib/rules/link-in-text-block.json
+++ b/lib/rules/link-in-text-block.json
@@ -1,18 +1,30 @@
 {
   "id": "link-in-text-block",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "a[href], [role=link]",
   "matches": "link-in-text-block-matches",
   "excludeHidden": false,
-  "tags": ["cat.color", "experimental", "wcag2a", "wcag141"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.color",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag141",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT13.a",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.1.4.1"
+  ],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensure links are distinguished from surrounding text in a way that does not rely on color",
     "help": "Links must be distinguishable without relying on color"
   },
-  "all": [{ 
-    "options": {
-      "a11yRule": false
-    }, "id": "link-in-text-block"
-  }],
-  "any": [],
+  "any": ["link-in-text-block", "link-in-text-block-style"],
+  "all": [
+    {
+      "options": {
+        "a11yRule": false
+      },
+      "id": "link-in-text-block"
+    }
+  ],
   "none": []
 }
diff --git a/lib/rules/link-name.json b/lib/rules/link-name.json
index 1f516dbfb..4a1c371cd 100644
--- a/lib/rules/link-name.json
+++ b/lib/rules/link-name.json
@@ -1,13 +1,19 @@
 {
   "id": "link-name",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "a[href]",
   "tags": [
     "cat.name-role-value",
     "wcag2a",
-    "wcag412",
     "wcag244",
+    "wcag412",
     "section508",
     "section508.22.a",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT6.a",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.2.4.4",
+    "EN-9.4.1.2",
     "ACT"
   ],
   "actIds": ["c487ae"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/list.json b/lib/rules/list.json
index 872c9530a..07e3205f0 100644
--- a/lib/rules/list.json
+++ b/lib/rules/list.json
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 {
   "id": "list",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "ul, ol",
   "matches": "no-role-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.structure", "wcag2a", "wcag131"],
+  "tags": ["cat.structure", "wcag2a", "wcag131", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.1.3.1"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures that lists are structured correctly",
     "help": "<ul> and <ol> must only directly contain <li>, <script> or <template> elements"
diff --git a/lib/rules/listitem.json b/lib/rules/listitem.json
index 8f186010b..a7f8600c2 100644
--- a/lib/rules/listitem.json
+++ b/lib/rules/listitem.json
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 {
   "id": "listitem",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "li",
   "matches": "no-role-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.structure", "wcag2a", "wcag131"],
+  "tags": ["cat.structure", "wcag2a", "wcag131", "EN-301-549", "EN-9.1.3.1"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures <li> elements are used semantically",
     "help": "<li> elements must be contained in a <ul> or <ol>"
diff --git a/lib/rules/marquee.json b/lib/rules/marquee.json
index 7acb5f11a..fe46a86aa 100644
--- a/lib/rules/marquee.json
+++ b/lib/rules/marquee.json
@@ -1,8 +1,17 @@
 {
   "id": "marquee",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "marquee",
   "excludeHidden": false,
-  "tags": ["cat.parsing", "wcag2a", "wcag222"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.parsing",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag222",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT2.b",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.2.2.2"
+  ],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures <marquee> elements are not used",
     "help": "<marquee> elements are deprecated and must not be used"
diff --git a/lib/rules/meta-refresh-no-exceptions.json b/lib/rules/meta-refresh-no-exceptions.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2837e0397
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rules/meta-refresh-no-exceptions.json
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{
+  "id": "meta-refresh-no-exceptions",
+  "impact": "minor",
+  "selector": "meta[http-equiv=\"refresh\"][content]",
+  "excludeHidden": false,
+  "enabled": false,
+  "tags": ["cat.time-and-media", "wcag2aaa", "wcag224", "wcag325"],
+  "actIds": ["bisz58"],
+  "metadata": {
+    "description": "Ensures <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> is not used for delayed refresh",
+    "help": "Delayed refresh must not be used"
+  },
+  "all": [],
+  "any": ["meta-refresh-no-exceptions"],
+  "none": []
+}
diff --git a/lib/rules/meta-refresh.json b/lib/rules/meta-refresh.json
index de2486762..ab27dca06 100644
--- a/lib/rules/meta-refresh.json
+++ b/lib/rules/meta-refresh.json
@@ -1,17 +1,21 @@
 {
   "id": "meta-refresh",
-  "selector": "meta[http-equiv=\"refresh\"]",
+  "impact": "critical",
+  "selector": "meta[http-equiv=\"refresh\"][content]",
   "excludeHidden": false,
   "tags": [
     "cat.time-and-media",
     "wcag2a",
     "wcag221",
-    "wcag224",
-    "wcag325"
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT8.a",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.2.2.1"
   ],
+  "actIds": ["bc659a", "bisz58"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> is not used",
-    "help": "Timed refresh must not exist"
+    "description": "Ensures <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> is not used for delayed refresh",
+    "help": "Delayed refresh under 20 hours must not be used"
   },
   "all": [],
   "any": ["meta-refresh"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/meta-viewport-large.json b/lib/rules/meta-viewport-large.json
index fe42730ef..ee7b8f866 100644
--- a/lib/rules/meta-viewport-large.json
+++ b/lib/rules/meta-viewport-large.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "meta-viewport-large",
+  "impact": "minor",
   "selector": "meta[name=\"viewport\"]",
   "matches": "is-initiator-matches",
   "excludeHidden": false,
diff --git a/lib/rules/meta-viewport.json b/lib/rules/meta-viewport.json
index 31618fcc1..083662fa2 100644
--- a/lib/rules/meta-viewport.json
+++ b/lib/rules/meta-viewport.json
@@ -1,13 +1,21 @@
 {
   "id": "meta-viewport",
+  "impact": "critical",
   "selector": "meta[name=\"viewport\"]",
   "matches": "is-initiator-matches",
   "excludeHidden": false,
-  "tags": ["cat.sensory-and-visual-cues", "best-practice", "ACT"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.sensory-and-visual-cues",
+    "wcag2aa",
+    "wcag144",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.1.4.4",
+    "ACT"
+  ],
   "actIds": ["b4f0c3"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures <meta name=\"viewport\"> does not disable text scaling and zooming",
-    "help": "Zooming and scaling should not be disabled"
+    "help": "Zooming and scaling must not be disabled"
   },
   "all": [],
   "any": ["meta-viewport"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/nested-interactive.json b/lib/rules/nested-interactive.json
index 857aea60f..89f8c588e 100644
--- a/lib/rules/nested-interactive.json
+++ b/lib/rules/nested-interactive.json
@@ -1,7 +1,16 @@
 {
   "id": "nested-interactive",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "matches": "nested-interactive-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.keyboard", "wcag2a", "wcag412"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.keyboard",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag412",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT6.a",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.4.1.2"
+  ],
   "actIds": ["307n5z"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures interactive controls are not nested as they are not always announced by screen readers or can cause focus problems for assistive technologies",
diff --git a/lib/rules/no-autoplay-audio.json b/lib/rules/no-autoplay-audio.json
index 2a1d64dc5..7f2f37b30 100644
--- a/lib/rules/no-autoplay-audio.json
+++ b/lib/rules/no-autoplay-audio.json
@@ -1,9 +1,20 @@
 {
   "id": "no-autoplay-audio",
+  "impact": "moderate",
   "excludeHidden": false,
   "selector": "audio[autoplay], video[autoplay]",
   "matches": "no-autoplay-audio-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.time-and-media", "wcag2a", "wcag142", "experimental"],
+  "reviewOnFail": true,
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.time-and-media",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag142",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT2.a",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.1.4.2",
+    "ACT"
+  ],
   "actIds": ["80f0bf"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures <video> or <audio> elements do not autoplay audio for more than 3 seconds without a control mechanism to stop or mute the audio",
diff --git a/lib/rules/no-naming-method-matches.js b/lib/rules/no-naming-method-matches.js
index 2986f8247..cd8c973f3 100644
--- a/lib/rules/no-naming-method-matches.js
+++ b/lib/rules/no-naming-method-matches.js
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-import { getExplicitRole } from '../commons/aria';
-import { querySelectorAll } from '../core/utils';
+import getExplicitRole from '../commons/aria/get-explicit-role';
+import isComboboxPopup from '../commons/aria/is-combobox-popup';
 import getElementSpec from '../commons/standards/get-element-spec';
+import querySelectorAll from '../core/utils/query-selector-all';
 
 /**
  * Filter out elements that have a naming method (i.e. img[alt], table > caption, etc.)
@@ -10,7 +11,6 @@ function noNamingMethodMatches(node, virtualNode) {
   if (namingMethods && namingMethods.length !== 0) {
     return false;
   }
-
   // Additionally, ignore combobox that get their name from a descendant input:
   if (
     getExplicitRole(virtualNode) === 'combobox' &&
@@ -18,6 +18,11 @@ function noNamingMethodMatches(node, virtualNode) {
   ) {
     return false;
   }
+  // Ignore listboxes that are referenced by a combobox
+  // Other roles don't require a name at all, or require one anyway
+  if (isComboboxPopup(virtualNode, { popupRoles: ['listbox'] })) {
+    return false;
+  }
   return true;
 }
 
diff --git a/lib/rules/no-negative-tabindex-matches.js b/lib/rules/no-negative-tabindex-matches.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1cc34736c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rules/no-negative-tabindex-matches.js
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+function noNegativeTabindexMatches(node, virtualNode) {
+  const tabindex = parseInt(virtualNode.attr('tabindex'), 10);
+  return isNaN(tabindex) || tabindex >= 0;
+}
+
+export default noNegativeTabindexMatches;
diff --git a/lib/rules/no-role-matches.js b/lib/rules/no-role-matches.js
index 968452ec0..d9ee28f99 100644
--- a/lib/rules/no-role-matches.js
+++ b/lib/rules/no-role-matches.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-function noRoleMatches(node) {
-  return !node.getAttribute('role');
+function noRoleMatches(node, vNode) {
+  return !vNode.attr('role');
 }
 
 export default noRoleMatches;
diff --git a/lib/rules/not-html-matches.js b/lib/rules/not-html-matches.js
index 98b20ff3a..d84e715ee 100644
--- a/lib/rules/not-html-matches.js
+++ b/lib/rules/not-html-matches.js
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+/**
+ * @deprecated; use :not(html) instead
+ */
 function notHtmlMatches(node, virtualNode) {
   return virtualNode.props.nodeName !== 'html';
 }
diff --git a/lib/rules/object-alt.json b/lib/rules/object-alt.json
index 53054cd36..687f16db6 100644
--- a/lib/rules/object-alt.json
+++ b/lib/rules/object-alt.json
@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
 {
   "id": "object-alt",
-  "selector": "object",
-  "matches": "no-explicit-name-required-matches",
+  "impact": "serious",
+  "selector": "object[data]",
+  "matches": "object-is-loaded-matches",
   "tags": [
     "cat.text-alternatives",
     "wcag2a",
     "wcag111",
     "section508",
-    "section508.22.a"
+    "section508.22.a",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.1.1.1"
   ],
   "actIds": ["8fc3b6"],
   "metadata": {
diff --git a/lib/rules/object-is-loaded-matches.js b/lib/rules/object-is-loaded-matches.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6b96fd2b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rules/object-is-loaded-matches.js
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import noExplicitNameRequired from './no-explicit-name-required-matches';
+
+export default (node, vNode) =>
+  [noExplicitNameRequired, objectHasLoaded].every(fn => fn(node, vNode));
+
+/**
+ * Test if an object loaded content; assume yes if we can't prove otherwise
+ *
+ * @param {Element} node
+ * @param {VirtualNode} vNode
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+function objectHasLoaded(node) {
+  if (!node?.ownerDocument?.createRange) {
+    return true; // Assume it did
+  }
+  // There's no ready
+  const range = node.ownerDocument.createRange();
+  range.setStart(node, 0);
+  range.setEnd(node, node.childNodes.length);
+  return range.getClientRects().length === 0;
+}
diff --git a/lib/rules/p-as-heading.json b/lib/rules/p-as-heading.json
index 0cc747a47..68e6e195b 100644
--- a/lib/rules/p-as-heading.json
+++ b/lib/rules/p-as-heading.json
@@ -1,8 +1,16 @@
 {
   "id": "p-as-heading",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "p",
   "matches": "p-as-heading-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.semantics", "wcag2a", "wcag131", "experimental"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.semantics",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag131",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.1.3.1",
+    "experimental"
+  ],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensure bold, italic text and font-size is not used to style <p> elements as a heading",
     "help": "Styled <p> elements must not be used as headings"
diff --git a/lib/rules/page-has-heading-one.json b/lib/rules/page-has-heading-one.json
index 42b183326..7cc81f75b 100644
--- a/lib/rules/page-has-heading-one.json
+++ b/lib/rules/page-has-heading-one.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "page-has-heading-one",
+  "impact": "moderate",
   "selector": "html",
   "tags": ["cat.semantics", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
diff --git a/lib/rules/presentation-role-conflict-matches.js b/lib/rules/presentation-role-conflict-matches.js
index d89c28b19..e278fdca4 100644
--- a/lib/rules/presentation-role-conflict-matches.js
+++ b/lib/rules/presentation-role-conflict-matches.js
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 import { getImplicitRole } from '../commons/aria';
 
+/**
+ * @deprecated Will be removed in axe-core 5.0.0
+ */
 function presentationRoleConflictMatches(node, virtualNode) {
   return getImplicitRole(virtualNode, { chromiumRoles: true }) !== null;
 }
diff --git a/lib/rules/presentation-role-conflict.json b/lib/rules/presentation-role-conflict.json
index 059d478a1..48af7c2ce 100644
--- a/lib/rules/presentation-role-conflict.json
+++ b/lib/rules/presentation-role-conflict.json
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 {
   "id": "presentation-role-conflict",
+  "impact": "minor",
+  "selector": "img[alt=''], [role=\"none\"], [role=\"presentation\"]",
   "matches": "has-implicit-chromium-role-matches",
-  "selector": "[role=\"none\"], [role=\"presentation\"]",
-  "tags": ["cat.aria", "best-practice"],
+  "tags": ["cat.aria", "best-practice", "ACT"],
+  "actIds": ["46ca7f"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Flags elements whose role is none or presentation and which cause the role conflict resolution to trigger.",
-    "help": "Elements of role none or presentation should be flagged"
+    "description": "Elements marked as presentational should not have global ARIA or tabindex to ensure all screen readers ignore them",
+    "help": "Ensure elements marked as presentational are consistently ignored"
   },
   "all": [],
   "any": [],
diff --git a/lib/rules/region.json b/lib/rules/region.json
index 6187df928..2ab0b837d 100644
--- a/lib/rules/region.json
+++ b/lib/rules/region.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "region",
+  "impact": "moderate",
   "selector": "body *",
   "tags": ["cat.keyboard", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
diff --git a/lib/rules/role-img-alt.json b/lib/rules/role-img-alt.json
index d7c87e5dd..8f3f8f9b8 100644
--- a/lib/rules/role-img-alt.json
+++ b/lib/rules/role-img-alt.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "role-img-alt",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "[role='img']:not(img, area, input, object)",
   "matches": "html-namespace-matches",
   "tags": [
@@ -8,12 +9,16 @@
     "wcag111",
     "section508",
     "section508.22.a",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT7.a",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.1.1.1",
     "ACT"
   ],
   "actIds": ["23a2a8"],
   "metadata": {
-    "description": "Ensures [role='img'] elements have alternate text",
-    "help": "[role='img'] elements must have an alternative text"
+    "description": "Ensures [role=\"img\"] elements have alternate text",
+    "help": "[role=\"img\"] elements must have an alternative text"
   },
   "all": [],
   "any": ["aria-label", "aria-labelledby", "non-empty-title"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/scope-attr-valid.json b/lib/rules/scope-attr-valid.json
index d846e4436..096a983e4 100644
--- a/lib/rules/scope-attr-valid.json
+++ b/lib/rules/scope-attr-valid.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "scope-attr-valid",
+  "impact": "moderate",
   "selector": "td[scope], th[scope]",
   "tags": ["cat.tables", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
diff --git a/lib/rules/scrollable-region-focusable-matches.js b/lib/rules/scrollable-region-focusable-matches.js
index 71acf09d2..34c4b08d7 100644
--- a/lib/rules/scrollable-region-focusable-matches.js
+++ b/lib/rules/scrollable-region-focusable-matches.js
@@ -1,75 +1,21 @@
-import { hasContentVirtual } from '../commons/dom';
-import { getExplicitRole } from '../commons/aria';
-import {
-  querySelectorAll,
-  getScroll,
-  closest,
-  getRootNode,
-  tokenList
-} from '../core/utils';
-import ariaAttrs from '../standards/aria-attrs';
-
-function scrollableRegionFocusableMatches(node, virtualNode) {
-  /**
-   * Note:
-   * `excludeHidden=true` for this rule, thus considering only elements in the accessibility tree.
-   */
-
-  /**
-   * if not scrollable -> `return`
-   */
-  if (!!getScroll(node, 13) === false) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * ignore scrollable regions owned by combobox. limit to roles
-   * ownable by combobox so we don't keep calling closest for every
-   * node (which would be slow)
-   * @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/1763
-   */
-  const role = getExplicitRole(virtualNode);
-  if (ariaAttrs['aria-haspopup'].values.includes(role)) {
-    // in ARIA 1.1 the container has role=combobox
-    if (closest(virtualNode, '[role~="combobox"]')) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    // in ARIA 1.0 and 1.2 the combobox owns (1.0) or controls (1.2)
-    // the listbox
-    const id = virtualNode.attr('id');
-    if (id) {
-      const doc = getRootNode(node);
-      const owned = Array.from(
-        doc.querySelectorAll(`[aria-owns~="${id}"], [aria-controls~="${id}"]`)
-      );
-      const comboboxOwned = owned.some(el => {
-        const roles = tokenList(el.getAttribute('role'));
-        return roles.includes('combobox');
-      });
-
-      if (comboboxOwned) {
-        return false;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * check if node has visible contents
-   */
-  const nodeAndDescendents = querySelectorAll(virtualNode, '*');
-  const hasVisibleChildren = nodeAndDescendents.some(elm =>
-    hasContentVirtual(
-      elm,
-      true, // noRecursion
-      true // ignoreAria
-    )
+import hasContentVirtual from '../commons/dom/has-content-virtual';
+import isComboboxPopup from '../commons/aria/is-combobox-popup';
+import { querySelectorAll, getScroll } from '../core/utils';
+
+export default function scrollableRegionFocusableMatches(node, virtualNode) {
+  return (
+    // The element scrolls
+    getScroll(node, 13) !== undefined &&
+    // It's not a combobox popup, which commonly has keyboard focus added
+    isComboboxPopup(virtualNode) === false &&
+    // And there's something actually worth scrolling to
+    isNoneEmptyElement(virtualNode)
   );
-  if (!hasVisibleChildren) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  return true;
 }
 
-export default scrollableRegionFocusableMatches;
+function isNoneEmptyElement(vNode) {
+  return querySelectorAll(vNode, '*').some(elm =>
+    // (elm, noRecursion, ignoreAria)
+    hasContentVirtual(elm, true, true)
+  );
+}
diff --git a/lib/rules/scrollable-region-focusable.json b/lib/rules/scrollable-region-focusable.json
index 5b8601298..88bb4ceaa 100644
--- a/lib/rules/scrollable-region-focusable.json
+++ b/lib/rules/scrollable-region-focusable.json
@@ -1,7 +1,19 @@
 {
   "id": "scrollable-region-focusable",
+  "impact": "serious",
+  "selector": "*:not(select,textarea)",
   "matches": "scrollable-region-focusable-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.keyboard", "wcag2a", "wcag211"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.keyboard",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag211",
+    "wcag213",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT4.a",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.2.1.1",
+    "EN-9.2.1.3"
+  ],
   "actIds": ["0ssw9k"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensure elements that have scrollable content are accessible by keyboard",
diff --git a/lib/rules/select-name.json b/lib/rules/select-name.json
index 3477f16db..3a77da8e3 100644
--- a/lib/rules/select-name.json
+++ b/lib/rules/select-name.json
@@ -1,13 +1,17 @@
 {
   "id": "select-name",
+  "impact": "critical",
   "selector": "select",
   "tags": [
     "cat.forms",
     "wcag2a",
     "wcag412",
-    "wcag131",
     "section508",
     "section508.22.n",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT5.c",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.4.1.2",
     "ACT"
   ],
   "actIds": ["e086e5"],
@@ -24,5 +28,5 @@
     "non-empty-title",
     "presentational-role"
   ],
-  "none": ["help-same-as-label", "hidden-explicit-label"]
+  "none": ["hidden-explicit-label"]
 }
diff --git a/lib/rules/server-side-image-map.json b/lib/rules/server-side-image-map.json
index 3506ae572..88456fb73 100644
--- a/lib/rules/server-side-image-map.json
+++ b/lib/rules/server-side-image-map.json
@@ -1,12 +1,17 @@
 {
   "id": "server-side-image-map",
+  "impact": "minor",
   "selector": "img[ismap]",
   "tags": [
     "cat.text-alternatives",
     "wcag2a",
     "wcag211",
     "section508",
-    "section508.22.f"
+    "section508.22.f",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT4.a",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.2.1.1"
   ],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures that server-side image maps are not used",
diff --git a/lib/rules/skip-link.json b/lib/rules/skip-link.json
index b2401ae1a..12686f08b 100644
--- a/lib/rules/skip-link.json
+++ b/lib/rules/skip-link.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "skip-link",
+  "impact": "moderate",
   "selector": "a[href^=\"#\"], a[href^=\"/#\"]",
   "matches": "skip-link-matches",
   "tags": ["cat.keyboard", "best-practice"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/svg-img-alt.json b/lib/rules/svg-img-alt.json
index a5a655137..fbbe9b4d0 100644
--- a/lib/rules/svg-img-alt.json
+++ b/lib/rules/svg-img-alt.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "svg-img-alt",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "[role=\"img\"], [role=\"graphics-symbol\"], svg[role=\"graphics-document\"]",
   "matches": "svg-namespace-matches",
   "tags": [
@@ -8,6 +9,10 @@
     "wcag111",
     "section508",
     "section508.22.a",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT7.a",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.1.1.1",
     "ACT"
   ],
   "actIds": ["7d6734"],
diff --git a/lib/rules/tabindex.json b/lib/rules/tabindex.json
index a1663c9c8..c479c863b 100644
--- a/lib/rules/tabindex.json
+++ b/lib/rules/tabindex.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "tabindex",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "[tabindex]",
   "tags": ["cat.keyboard", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
diff --git a/lib/rules/table-duplicate-name.json b/lib/rules/table-duplicate-name.json
index 3bb9a48c5..da3a076c0 100644
--- a/lib/rules/table-duplicate-name.json
+++ b/lib/rules/table-duplicate-name.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "table-duplicate-name",
+  "impact": "minor",
   "selector": "table",
   "tags": ["cat.tables", "best-practice"],
   "metadata": {
diff --git a/lib/rules/table-fake-caption.json b/lib/rules/table-fake-caption.json
index 646cc1937..4561ebc50 100644
--- a/lib/rules/table-fake-caption.json
+++ b/lib/rules/table-fake-caption.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "table-fake-caption",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "table",
   "matches": "data-table-matches",
   "tags": [
@@ -8,7 +9,9 @@
     "wcag2a",
     "wcag131",
     "section508",
-    "section508.22.g"
+    "section508.22.g",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.1.3.1"
   ],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensure that tables with a caption use the <caption> element.",
diff --git a/lib/rules/table-or-grid-role-matches.js b/lib/rules/table-or-grid-role-matches.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1443b0acd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rules/table-or-grid-role-matches.js
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import { getRole } from '../commons/aria';
+
+export default function tableOrGridRoleMatches(_, vNode) {
+  const role = getRole(vNode);
+  return ['treegrid', 'grid', 'table'].includes(role);
+}
diff --git a/lib/rules/target-size.json b/lib/rules/target-size.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7a03bd030
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rules/target-size.json
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+  "id": "target-size",
+  "impact": "serious",
+  "selector": "*",
+  "enabled": false,
+  "matches": "widget-not-inline-matches",
+  "tags": ["cat.sensory-and-visual-cues", "wcag22aa", "wcag258"],
+  "metadata": {
+    "description": "Ensure touch target have sufficient size and space",
+    "help": "All touch targets must be 24px large, or leave sufficient space"
+  },
+  "all": [],
+  "any": ["target-size", "target-offset"],
+  "none": []
+}
diff --git a/lib/rules/td-has-header.json b/lib/rules/td-has-header.json
index 41774d133..1e1880f27 100644
--- a/lib/rules/td-has-header.json
+++ b/lib/rules/td-has-header.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "id": "td-has-header",
+  "impact": "critical",
   "selector": "table",
   "matches": "data-table-large-matches",
   "tags": [
@@ -8,7 +9,11 @@
     "wcag2a",
     "wcag131",
     "section508",
-    "section508.22.g"
+    "section508.22.g",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT14.b",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.1.3.1"
   ],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensure that each non-empty data cell in a <table> larger than 3 by 3  has one or more table headers",
diff --git a/lib/rules/td-headers-attr.json b/lib/rules/td-headers-attr.json
index b3104d0f7..b729c6acd 100644
--- a/lib/rules/td-headers-attr.json
+++ b/lib/rules/td-headers-attr.json
@@ -1,7 +1,19 @@
 {
   "id": "td-headers-attr",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "table",
-  "tags": ["cat.tables", "wcag2a", "wcag131", "section508", "section508.22.g"],
+  "matches": "table-or-grid-role-matches",
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.tables",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag131",
+    "section508",
+    "section508.22.g",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT14.b",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.1.3.1"
+  ],
   "actIds": ["a25f45"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensure that each cell in a table that uses the headers attribute refers only to other cells in that table",
diff --git a/lib/rules/th-has-data-cells.json b/lib/rules/th-has-data-cells.json
index cfe14ce69..90bee0a2d 100644
--- a/lib/rules/th-has-data-cells.json
+++ b/lib/rules/th-has-data-cells.json
@@ -1,8 +1,19 @@
 {
   "id": "th-has-data-cells",
+  "impact": "serious",
   "selector": "table",
   "matches": "data-table-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.tables", "wcag2a", "wcag131", "section508", "section508.22.g"],
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.tables",
+    "wcag2a",
+    "wcag131",
+    "section508",
+    "section508.22.g",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT14.b",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.1.3.1"
+  ],
   "actIds": ["d0f69e"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensure that <th> elements and elements with role=columnheader/rowheader have data cells they describe",
diff --git a/lib/rules/valid-lang.json b/lib/rules/valid-lang.json
index 093f35af5..688fb8bd6 100644
--- a/lib/rules/valid-lang.json
+++ b/lib/rules/valid-lang.json
@@ -1,8 +1,18 @@
 {
   "id": "valid-lang",
-  "selector": "[lang], [xml\\:lang]",
-  "matches": "not-html-matches",
-  "tags": ["cat.language", "wcag2aa", "wcag312"],
+  "impact": "serious",
+  "selector": "[lang]:not(html), [xml\\:lang]:not(html)",
+  "tags": [
+    "cat.language",
+    "wcag2aa",
+    "wcag312",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT11.b",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.3.1.2",
+    "ACT"
+  ],
+  "actIds": ["de46e4"],
   "metadata": {
     "description": "Ensures lang attributes have valid values",
     "help": "lang attribute must have a valid value"
diff --git a/lib/rules/video-caption.json b/lib/rules/video-caption.json
index f66fbbb57..f2ff1b721 100644
--- a/lib/rules/video-caption.json
+++ b/lib/rules/video-caption.json
@@ -1,13 +1,17 @@
 {
   "id": "video-caption",
+  "impact": "critical",
   "selector": "video",
-  "excludeHidden": false,
   "tags": [
     "cat.text-alternatives",
     "wcag2a",
     "wcag122",
     "section508",
-    "section508.22.a"
+    "section508.22.a",
+    "TTv5",
+    "TT17.a",
+    "EN-301-549",
+    "EN-9.1.2.2"
   ],
   "actIds": ["eac66b"],
   "metadata": {
diff --git a/lib/rules/widget-not-inline-matches.js b/lib/rules/widget-not-inline-matches.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..61e5f2270
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rules/widget-not-inline-matches.js
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import { getRoleType } from '../commons/aria';
+import { isFocusable, isInTabOrder, isInTextBlock } from '../commons/dom';
+import svgNamespaceMatches from './svg-namespace-matches';
+import { memoize } from '../core/utils';
+
+export default function widgetNotInline(node, vNode) {
+  return matchesFns.every(fn => fn(node, vNode));
+}
+
+const matchesFns = [
+  (node, vNode) => isWidgetType(vNode),
+  (node, vNode) => isNotAreaElement(vNode),
+  (node, vNode) => !svgNamespaceMatches(node, vNode),
+  (node, vNode) => isFocusable(vNode),
+  // Skip nested widgets with tabindex=-1
+  (node, vNode) => isInTabOrder(vNode) || !hasWidgetAncestorInTabOrder(vNode),
+  node => !isInTextBlock(node, { noLengthCompare: true })
+];
+
+function isWidgetType(vNode) {
+  return getRoleType(vNode) === 'widget';
+}
+
+function isNotAreaElement(vNode) {
+  return vNode.props.nodeName !== 'area';
+}
+
+const hasWidgetAncestorInTabOrder = memoize(
+  function hasWidgetAncestorInTabOrderMemoized(vNode) {
+    if (!vNode?.parent) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    if (isWidgetType(vNode.parent) && isInTabOrder(vNode.parent)) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    return hasWidgetAncestorInTabOrderMemoized(vNode.parent);
+  }
+);
diff --git a/lib/standards/aria-attrs.js b/lib/standards/aria-attrs.js
index da8a912af..d52b34636 100644
--- a/lib/standards/aria-attrs.js
+++ b/lib/standards/aria-attrs.js
@@ -12,6 +12,16 @@ const ariaAttrs = {
     type: 'nmtoken',
     values: ['inline', 'list', 'both', 'none']
   },
+  'aria-braillelabel': {
+    type: 'string',
+    allowEmpty: true,
+    global: true
+  },
+  'aria-brailleroledescription': {
+    type: 'string',
+    allowEmpty: true,
+    global: true
+  },
   'aria-busy': {
     type: 'boolean',
     global: true
@@ -48,6 +58,11 @@ const ariaAttrs = {
     allowEmpty: true,
     global: true
   },
+  'aria-description': {
+    type: 'string',
+    allowEmpty: true,
+    global: true
+  },
   'aria-details': {
     type: 'idref',
     allowEmpty: true,
@@ -94,7 +109,6 @@ const ariaAttrs = {
   },
   'aria-invalid': {
     type: 'nmtoken',
-    allowEmpty: true,
     values: ['grammar', 'false', 'spelling', 'true'],
     global: true
   },
@@ -202,7 +216,8 @@ const ariaAttrs = {
     type: 'decimal'
   },
   'aria-valuetext': {
-    type: 'string'
+    type: 'string',
+    allowEmpty: true
   }
 };
 
diff --git a/lib/standards/aria-roles.js b/lib/standards/aria-roles.js
index f1291d37f..340fdb9b1 100644
--- a/lib/standards/aria-roles.js
+++ b/lib/standards/aria-roles.js
@@ -18,11 +18,13 @@
 const ariaRoles = {
   alert: {
     type: 'widget',
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['section']
   },
   alertdialog: {
     type: 'widget',
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded', 'aria-modal'],
     superclassRole: ['alert', 'dialog'],
     accessibleNameRequired: true
@@ -38,11 +40,13 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   },
   article: {
     type: 'structure',
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-posinset', 'aria-setsize', 'aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['document']
   },
   banner: {
     type: 'landmark',
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['landmark']
   },
@@ -67,6 +71,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   cell: {
     type: 'structure',
     requiredContext: ['row'],
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: [
       'aria-colindex',
       'aria-colspan',
@@ -79,13 +84,10 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   },
   checkbox: {
     type: 'widget',
-    // Note: since the checkbox role has an implicit
-    // aria-checked value it is not required to be added by
-    // the user
-    //
     // Note: aria-required is not in the 1.1 spec but is
     // consistently supported in ATs and was added in 1.2
-    allowedAttrs: ['aria-checked', 'aria-readonly', 'aria-required'],
+    requiredAttrs: ['aria-checked'],
+    allowedAttrs: ['aria-readonly', 'aria-expanded', 'aria-required'],
     superclassRole: ['input'],
     accessibleNameRequired: true,
     nameFromContent: true,
@@ -99,6 +101,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   columnheader: {
     type: 'structure',
     requiredContext: ['row'],
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: [
       'aria-sort',
       'aria-colindex',
@@ -116,7 +119,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
     nameFromContent: true
   },
   combobox: {
-    type: 'composite',
+    type: 'widget',
     requiredAttrs: ['aria-expanded', 'aria-controls'],
     allowedAttrs: [
       'aria-owns',
@@ -135,6 +138,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   },
   complementary: {
     type: 'landmark',
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['landmark']
   },
@@ -144,6 +148,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   },
   contentinfo: {
     type: 'landmark',
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['landmark']
   },
@@ -154,6 +159,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   },
   definition: {
     type: 'structure',
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['section']
   },
@@ -164,12 +170,15 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   },
   dialog: {
     type: 'widget',
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded', 'aria-modal'],
     superclassRole: ['window'],
     accessibleNameRequired: true
   },
   directory: {
     type: 'structure',
+    deprecated: true,
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['list'],
     // Note: spec difference
@@ -177,6 +186,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   },
   document: {
     type: 'structure',
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['structure']
   },
@@ -188,11 +198,13 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   feed: {
     type: 'structure',
     requiredOwned: ['article'],
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['list']
   },
   figure: {
     type: 'structure',
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['section'],
     // Note: spec difference
@@ -200,12 +212,14 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   },
   form: {
     type: 'landmark',
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['landmark']
   },
   grid: {
     type: 'composite',
     requiredOwned: ['rowgroup', 'row'],
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: [
       'aria-level',
       'aria-multiselectable',
@@ -237,12 +251,14 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   },
   group: {
     type: 'structure',
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-activedescendant', 'aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['section']
   },
   heading: {
     type: 'structure',
     requiredAttrs: ['aria-level'],
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['sectionhead'],
     // Note: spec difference
@@ -251,6 +267,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   },
   img: {
     type: 'structure',
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['section'],
     accessibleNameRequired: true,
@@ -278,12 +295,13 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   },
   list: {
     type: 'structure',
-    requiredOwned: ['group', 'listitem'],
+    requiredOwned: ['listitem'],
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['section']
   },
   listbox: {
-    type: 'composite',
+    type: 'widget',
     requiredOwned: ['group', 'option'],
     allowedAttrs: [
       'aria-multiselectable',
@@ -298,7 +316,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   },
   listitem: {
     type: 'structure',
-    requiredContext: ['list', 'group'],
+    requiredContext: ['list'],
     allowedAttrs: [
       'aria-level',
       'aria-posinset',
@@ -311,28 +329,41 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   },
   log: {
     type: 'widget',
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['section']
   },
   main: {
     type: 'landmark',
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['landmark']
   },
   marquee: {
     type: 'widget',
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['section']
   },
   math: {
     type: 'structure',
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['section'],
     childrenPresentational: true
   },
   menu: {
     type: 'composite',
-    requiredOwned: ['group', 'menuitemradio', 'menuitem', 'menuitemcheckbox'],
+    // Note: spec difference (menu & separator as required owned)
+    requiredOwned: [
+      'group',
+      'menuitemradio',
+      'menuitem',
+      'menuitemcheckbox',
+      'menu',
+      'separator'
+    ],
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: [
       'aria-activedescendant',
       'aria-expanded',
@@ -342,7 +373,16 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   },
   menubar: {
     type: 'composite',
-    requiredOwned: ['group', 'menuitemradio', 'menuitem', 'menuitemcheckbox'],
+    // Note: spec difference (menu & separator as required owned)
+    requiredOwned: [
+      'group',
+      'menuitemradio',
+      'menuitem',
+      'menuitemcheckbox',
+      'menu',
+      'separator'
+    ],
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: [
       'aria-activedescendant',
       'aria-expanded',
@@ -363,8 +403,9 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   menuitemcheckbox: {
     type: 'widget',
     requiredContext: ['menu', 'menubar', 'group'],
+    requiredAttrs: ['aria-checked'],
     allowedAttrs: [
-      'aria-checked',
+      'aria-expanded',
       'aria-posinset',
       'aria-readonly',
       'aria-setsize'
@@ -377,8 +418,9 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   menuitemradio: {
     type: 'widget',
     requiredContext: ['menu', 'menubar', 'group'],
+    requiredAttrs: ['aria-checked'],
     allowedAttrs: [
-      'aria-checked',
+      'aria-expanded',
       'aria-posinset',
       'aria-readonly',
       'aria-setsize'
@@ -390,8 +432,8 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   },
   meter: {
     type: 'structure',
-    allowedAttrs: ['aria-valuetext'],
-    requiredAttrs: ['aria-valuemax', 'aria-valuemin', 'aria-valuenow'],
+    requiredAttrs: ['aria-valuenow'],
+    allowedAttrs: ['aria-valuemax', 'aria-valuemin', 'aria-valuetext'],
     superclassRole: ['range'],
     accessibleNameRequired: true,
     childrenPresentational: true
@@ -403,6 +445,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   },
   navigation: {
     type: 'landmark',
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['landmark']
   },
@@ -413,6 +456,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   },
   note: {
     type: 'structure',
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['section']
   },
@@ -445,6 +489,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   },
   progressbar: {
     type: 'widget',
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: [
       'aria-expanded',
       'aria-valuemax',
@@ -458,18 +503,10 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   },
   radio: {
     type: 'widget',
-    // Note: since the radio role has an implicit
-    // aria-check value it is not required to be added by
-    // the user
-    //
     // Note: aria-required is not in the 1.1 or 1.2 specs but is
     // consistently supported in ATs on the individual radio element
-    allowedAttrs: [
-      'aria-checked',
-      'aria-posinset',
-      'aria-setsize',
-      'aria-required'
-    ],
+    requiredAttrs: ['aria-checked'],
+    allowedAttrs: ['aria-posinset', 'aria-setsize', 'aria-required'],
     superclassRole: ['input'],
     accessibleNameRequired: true,
     nameFromContent: true,
@@ -477,7 +514,8 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   },
   radiogroup: {
     type: 'composite',
-    requiredOwned: ['radio'],
+    // Note: spec difference (no required owned)
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: [
       'aria-readonly',
       'aria-required',
@@ -495,6 +533,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   },
   region: {
     type: 'landmark',
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['landmark'],
     // Note: spec difference
@@ -531,6 +570,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   rowheader: {
     type: 'structure',
     requiredContext: ['row'],
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: [
       'aria-sort',
       'aria-colindex',
@@ -569,6 +609,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   },
   search: {
     type: 'landmark',
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['landmark']
   },
@@ -603,14 +644,14 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   },
   separator: {
     type: 'structure',
+    requiredAttrs: ['aria-valuenow'],
     // Note: since the separator role has implicit
     // aria-orientation, aria-valuemax, aria-valuemin, and
-    // aria-valuenow values it is not required to be added by
+    // values it is not required to be added by
     // the user
     allowedAttrs: [
       'aria-valuemax',
       'aria-valuemin',
-      'aria-valuenow',
       'aria-orientation',
       'aria-valuetext'
     ],
@@ -623,11 +664,14 @@ const ariaRoles = {
     // Note: since the slider role has implicit
     // aria-orientation, aria-valuemax, aria-valuemin values it
     // is not required to be added by the user
+    // Note: aria-required is not in the 1.1 or 1.2 specs but is
+    // consistently supported in ATs
     allowedAttrs: [
       'aria-valuemax',
       'aria-valuemin',
       'aria-orientation',
       'aria-readonly',
+      'aria-required',
       'aria-valuetext'
     ],
     superclassRole: ['input', 'range'],
@@ -636,9 +680,8 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   },
   spinbutton: {
     type: 'widget',
-    requiredAttrs: ['aria-valuenow'],
     // Note: since the spinbutton role has implicit
-    // aria-orientation, aria-valuemax, aria-valuemin values it
+    // aria-valuenow, aria-valuemax, aria-valuemin values it
     // is not required to be added by the user
     allowedAttrs: [
       'aria-valuemax',
@@ -646,13 +689,15 @@ const ariaRoles = {
       'aria-readonly',
       'aria-required',
       'aria-activedescendant',
-      'aria-valuetext'
+      'aria-valuetext',
+      'aria-valuenow'
     ],
     superclassRole: ['composite', 'input', 'range'],
     accessibleNameRequired: true
   },
   status: {
     type: 'widget',
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['section']
   },
@@ -678,7 +723,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   switch: {
     type: 'widget',
     requiredAttrs: ['aria-checked'],
-    allowedAttrs: ['aria-readonly'],
+    allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded', 'aria-readonly', 'aria-required'],
     superclassRole: ['checkbox'],
     accessibleNameRequired: true,
     nameFromContent: true,
@@ -693,6 +738,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   tab: {
     type: 'widget',
     requiredContext: ['tablist'],
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: [
       'aria-posinset',
       'aria-selected',
@@ -706,6 +752,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   table: {
     type: 'structure',
     requiredOwned: ['rowgroup', 'row'],
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-colcount', 'aria-rowcount', 'aria-expanded'],
     // NOTE: although the spec says this is not named from contents,
     // the accessible text acceptance tests (#139 and #140) require
@@ -732,6 +779,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   },
   tabpanel: {
     type: 'widget',
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['section'],
     // Note: spec difference
@@ -739,6 +787,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   },
   term: {
     type: 'structure',
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['section'],
     // Note: spec difference
@@ -768,11 +817,13 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   },
   timer: {
     type: 'widget',
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['status']
   },
   toolbar: {
     type: 'structure',
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: [
       'aria-orientation',
       'aria-activedescendant',
@@ -783,6 +834,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   },
   tooltip: {
     type: 'structure',
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: ['aria-expanded'],
     superclassRole: ['section'],
     nameFromContent: true
@@ -790,6 +842,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   tree: {
     type: 'composite',
     requiredOwned: ['group', 'treeitem'],
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: [
       'aria-multiselectable',
       'aria-required',
@@ -804,6 +857,7 @@ const ariaRoles = {
   treegrid: {
     type: 'composite',
     requiredOwned: ['rowgroup', 'row'],
+    // Spec difference: Aria-expanded removed in 1.2
     allowedAttrs: [
       'aria-activedescendant',
       'aria-colcount',
diff --git a/lib/standards/html-elms.js b/lib/standards/html-elms.js
index 18305b215..ce773e111 100644
--- a/lib/standards/html-elms.js
+++ b/lib/standards/html-elms.js
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ const htmlElms = {
       'doc-dedication',
       'doc-example',
       'doc-footnote',
+      'doc-glossary',
       'doc-pullquote',
       'doc-tip'
     ]
@@ -138,6 +139,7 @@ const htmlElms = {
     contentTypes: ['interactive', 'phrasing', 'flow'],
     allowedRoles: [
       'checkbox',
+      'combobox',
       'link',
       'menuitem',
       'menuitemcheckbox',
@@ -181,6 +183,7 @@ const htmlElms = {
   datalist: {
     contentTypes: ['phrasing', 'flow'],
     allowedRoles: false,
+    noAriaAttrs: true,
     implicitAttrs: {
       // Note: even though the value of aria-multiselectable is based
       // on the attributes, we don't currently need to know the
@@ -356,6 +359,7 @@ const htmlElms = {
           'menuitem',
           'menuitemcheckbox',
           'menuitemradio',
+          'meter',
           'option',
           'progressbar',
           'radio',
@@ -395,6 +399,8 @@ const htmlElms = {
           }
         },
         allowedRoles: [
+          'checkbox',
+          'combobox',
           'link',
           'menuitem',
           'menuitemcheckbox',
@@ -743,6 +749,10 @@ const htmlElms = {
     allowedRoles: false,
     noAriaAttrs: true
   },
+  search: {
+    contentTypes: ['flow'],
+    allowedRoles: ['form', 'group', 'none', 'presentation', 'region', 'search']
+  },
   section: {
     contentTypes: ['sectioning', 'flow'],
     allowedRoles: [
diff --git a/locales/_template.json b/locales/_template.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a911c6014
--- /dev/null
+++ b/locales/_template.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1116 @@
+{
+  "lang": "xyz",
+  "rules": {
+    "accesskeys": {
+      "description": "Ensures every accesskey attribute value is unique",
+      "help": "accesskey attribute value should be unique"
+    },
+    "area-alt": {
+      "description": "Ensures <area> elements of image maps have alternate text",
+      "help": "Active <area> elements must have alternate text"
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-attr": {
+      "description": "Ensures an element's role supports its ARIA attributes",
+      "help": "Elements must only use supported ARIA attributes"
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-role": {
+      "description": "Ensures role attribute has an appropriate value for the element",
+      "help": "ARIA role should be appropriate for the element"
+    },
+    "aria-braille-equivalent": {
+      "description": "Ensure aria-braillelabel and aria-brailleroledescription have a non-braille equivalent",
+      "help": "aria-braille attributes must have a non-braille equivalent"
+    },
+    "aria-command-name": {
+      "description": "Ensures every ARIA button, link and menuitem has an accessible name",
+      "help": "ARIA commands must have an accessible name"
+    },
+    "aria-conditional-attr": {
+      "description": "Ensures ARIA attributes are used as described in the specification of the element's role",
+      "help": "ARIA attributes must be used as specified for the element's role"
+    },
+    "aria-deprecated-role": {
+      "description": "Ensures elements do not use deprecated roles",
+      "help": "Deprecated ARIA roles must not be used"
+    },
+    "aria-dialog-name": {
+      "description": "Ensures every ARIA dialog and alertdialog node has an accessible name",
+      "help": "ARIA dialog and alertdialog nodes should have an accessible name"
+    },
+    "aria-hidden-body": {
+      "description": "Ensures aria-hidden=\"true\" is not present on the document body.",
+      "help": "aria-hidden=\"true\" must not be present on the document body"
+    },
+    "aria-hidden-focus": {
+      "description": "Ensures aria-hidden elements are not focusable nor contain focusable elements",
+      "help": "ARIA hidden element must not be focusable or contain focusable elements"
+    },
+    "aria-input-field-name": {
+      "description": "Ensures every ARIA input field has an accessible name",
+      "help": "ARIA input fields must have an accessible name"
+    },
+    "aria-meter-name": {
+      "description": "Ensures every ARIA meter node has an accessible name",
+      "help": "ARIA meter nodes must have an accessible name"
+    },
+    "aria-progressbar-name": {
+      "description": "Ensures every ARIA progressbar node has an accessible name",
+      "help": "ARIA progressbar nodes must have an accessible name"
+    },
+    "aria-prohibited-attr": {
+      "description": "Ensures ARIA attributes are not prohibited for an element's role",
+      "help": "Elements must only use permitted ARIA attributes"
+    },
+    "aria-required-attr": {
+      "description": "Ensures elements with ARIA roles have all required ARIA attributes",
+      "help": "Required ARIA attributes must be provided"
+    },
+    "aria-required-children": {
+      "description": "Ensures elements with an ARIA role that require child roles contain them",
+      "help": "Certain ARIA roles must contain particular children"
+    },
+    "aria-required-parent": {
+      "description": "Ensures elements with an ARIA role that require parent roles are contained by them",
+      "help": "Certain ARIA roles must be contained by particular parents"
+    },
+    "aria-roledescription": {
+      "description": "Ensure aria-roledescription is only used on elements with an implicit or explicit role",
+      "help": "aria-roledescription must be on elements with a semantic role"
+    },
+    "aria-roles": {
+      "description": "Ensures all elements with a role attribute use a valid value",
+      "help": "ARIA roles used must conform to valid values"
+    },
+    "aria-text": {
+      "description": "Ensures role=\"text\" is used on elements with no focusable descendants",
+      "help": "\"role=text\" should have no focusable descendants"
+    },
+    "aria-toggle-field-name": {
+      "description": "Ensures every ARIA toggle field has an accessible name",
+      "help": "ARIA toggle fields must have an accessible name"
+    },
+    "aria-tooltip-name": {
+      "description": "Ensures every ARIA tooltip node has an accessible name",
+      "help": "ARIA tooltip nodes must have an accessible name"
+    },
+    "aria-treeitem-name": {
+      "description": "Ensures every ARIA treeitem node has an accessible name",
+      "help": "ARIA treeitem nodes should have an accessible name"
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr-value": {
+      "description": "Ensures all ARIA attributes have valid values",
+      "help": "ARIA attributes must conform to valid values"
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr": {
+      "description": "Ensures attributes that begin with aria- are valid ARIA attributes",
+      "help": "ARIA attributes must conform to valid names"
+    },
+    "audio-caption": {
+      "description": "Ensures <audio> elements have captions",
+      "help": "<audio> elements must have a captions track"
+    },
+    "autocomplete-valid": {
+      "description": "Ensure the autocomplete attribute is correct and suitable for the form field",
+      "help": "autocomplete attribute must be used correctly"
+    },
+    "avoid-inline-spacing": {
+      "description": "Ensure that text spacing set through style attributes can be adjusted with custom stylesheets",
+      "help": "Inline text spacing must be adjustable with custom stylesheets"
+    },
+    "blink": {
+      "description": "Ensures <blink> elements are not used",
+      "help": "<blink> elements are deprecated and must not be used"
+    },
+    "button-name": {
+      "description": "Ensures buttons have discernible text",
+      "help": "Buttons must have discernible text"
+    },
+    "bypass": {
+      "description": "Ensures each page has at least one mechanism for a user to bypass navigation and jump straight to the content",
+      "help": "Page must have means to bypass repeated blocks"
+    },
+    "color-contrast-enhanced": {
+      "description": "Ensures the contrast between foreground and background colors meets WCAG 2 AAA enhanced contrast ratio thresholds",
+      "help": "Elements must meet enhanced color contrast ratio thresholds"
+    },
+    "color-contrast": {
+      "description": "Ensures the contrast between foreground and background colors meets WCAG 2 AA minimum contrast ratio thresholds",
+      "help": "Elements must meet minimum color contrast ratio thresholds"
+    },
+    "css-orientation-lock": {
+      "description": "Ensures content is not locked to any specific display orientation, and the content is operable in all display orientations",
+      "help": "CSS Media queries must not lock display orientation"
+    },
+    "definition-list": {
+      "description": "Ensures <dl> elements are structured correctly",
+      "help": "<dl> elements must only directly contain properly-ordered <dt> and <dd> groups, <script>, <template> or <div> elements"
+    },
+    "dlitem": {
+      "description": "Ensures <dt> and <dd> elements are contained by a <dl>",
+      "help": "<dt> and <dd> elements must be contained by a <dl>"
+    },
+    "document-title": {
+      "description": "Ensures each HTML document contains a non-empty <title> element",
+      "help": "Documents must have <title> element to aid in navigation"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-active": {
+      "description": "Ensures every id attribute value of active elements is unique",
+      "help": "IDs of active elements must be unique"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-aria": {
+      "description": "Ensures every id attribute value used in ARIA and in labels is unique",
+      "help": "IDs used in ARIA and labels must be unique"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id": {
+      "description": "Ensures every id attribute value is unique",
+      "help": "id attribute value must be unique"
+    },
+    "empty-heading": {
+      "description": "Ensures headings have discernible text",
+      "help": "Headings should not be empty"
+    },
+    "empty-table-header": {
+      "description": "Ensures table headers have discernible text",
+      "help": "Table header text should not be empty"
+    },
+    "focus-order-semantics": {
+      "description": "Ensures elements in the focus order have a role appropriate for interactive content",
+      "help": "Elements in the focus order should have an appropriate role"
+    },
+    "form-field-multiple-labels": {
+      "description": "Ensures form field does not have multiple label elements",
+      "help": "Form field must not have multiple label elements"
+    },
+    "frame-focusable-content": {
+      "description": "Ensures <frame> and <iframe> elements with focusable content do not have tabindex=-1",
+      "help": "Frames with focusable content must not have tabindex=-1"
+    },
+    "frame-tested": {
+      "description": "Ensures <iframe> and <frame> elements contain the axe-core script",
+      "help": "Frames should be tested with axe-core"
+    },
+    "frame-title-unique": {
+      "description": "Ensures <iframe> and <frame> elements contain a unique title attribute",
+      "help": "Frames must have a unique title attribute"
+    },
+    "frame-title": {
+      "description": "Ensures <iframe> and <frame> elements have an accessible name",
+      "help": "Frames must have an accessible name"
+    },
+    "heading-order": {
+      "description": "Ensures the order of headings is semantically correct",
+      "help": "Heading levels should only increase by one"
+    },
+    "hidden-content": {
+      "description": "Informs users about hidden content.",
+      "help": "Hidden content on the page should be analyzed"
+    },
+    "html-has-lang": {
+      "description": "Ensures every HTML document has a lang attribute",
+      "help": "<html> element must have a lang attribute"
+    },
+    "html-lang-valid": {
+      "description": "Ensures the lang attribute of the <html> element has a valid value",
+      "help": "<html> element must have a valid value for the lang attribute"
+    },
+    "html-xml-lang-mismatch": {
+      "description": "Ensure that HTML elements with both valid lang and xml:lang attributes agree on the base language of the page",
+      "help": "HTML elements with lang and xml:lang must have the same base language"
+    },
+    "identical-links-same-purpose": {
+      "description": "Ensure that links with the same accessible name serve a similar purpose",
+      "help": "Links with the same name must have a similar purpose"
+    },
+    "image-alt": {
+      "description": "Ensures <img> elements have alternate text or a role of none or presentation",
+      "help": "Images must have alternate text"
+    },
+    "image-redundant-alt": {
+      "description": "Ensure image alternative is not repeated as text",
+      "help": "Alternative text of images should not be repeated as text"
+    },
+    "input-button-name": {
+      "description": "Ensures input buttons have discernible text",
+      "help": "Input buttons must have discernible text"
+    },
+    "input-image-alt": {
+      "description": "Ensures <input type=\"image\"> elements have alternate text",
+      "help": "Image buttons must have alternate text"
+    },
+    "label-content-name-mismatch": {
+      "description": "Ensures that elements labelled through their content must have their visible text as part of their accessible name",
+      "help": "Elements must have their visible text as part of their accessible name"
+    },
+    "label-title-only": {
+      "description": "Ensures that every form element has a visible label and is not solely labeled using hidden labels, or the title or aria-describedby attributes",
+      "help": "Form elements should have a visible label"
+    },
+    "label": {
+      "description": "Ensures every form element has a label",
+      "help": "Form elements must have labels"
+    },
+    "landmark-banner-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "Ensures the banner landmark is at top level",
+      "help": "Banner landmark should not be contained in another landmark"
+    },
+    "landmark-complementary-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "Ensures the complementary landmark or aside is at top level",
+      "help": "Aside should not be contained in another landmark"
+    },
+    "landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "Ensures the contentinfo landmark is at top level",
+      "help": "Contentinfo landmark should not be contained in another landmark"
+    },
+    "landmark-main-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "Ensures the main landmark is at top level",
+      "help": "Main landmark should not be contained in another landmark"
+    },
+    "landmark-no-duplicate-banner": {
+      "description": "Ensures the document has at most one banner landmark",
+      "help": "Document should not have more than one banner landmark"
+    },
+    "landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo": {
+      "description": "Ensures the document has at most one contentinfo landmark",
+      "help": "Document should not have more than one contentinfo landmark"
+    },
+    "landmark-no-duplicate-main": {
+      "description": "Ensures the document has at most one main landmark",
+      "help": "Document should not have more than one main landmark"
+    },
+    "landmark-one-main": {
+      "description": "Ensures the document has a main landmark",
+      "help": "Document should have one main landmark"
+    },
+    "landmark-unique": {
+      "help": "Ensures landmarks are unique",
+      "description": "Landmarks should have a unique role or role/label/title (i.e. accessible name) combination"
+    },
+    "link-in-text-block": {
+      "description": "Ensure links are distinguished from surrounding text in a way that does not rely on color",
+      "help": "Links must be distinguishable without relying on color"
+    },
+    "link-name": {
+      "description": "Ensures links have discernible text",
+      "help": "Links must have discernible text"
+    },
+    "list": {
+      "description": "Ensures that lists are structured correctly",
+      "help": "<ul> and <ol> must only directly contain <li>, <script> or <template> elements"
+    },
+    "listitem": {
+      "description": "Ensures <li> elements are used semantically",
+      "help": "<li> elements must be contained in a <ul> or <ol>"
+    },
+    "marquee": {
+      "description": "Ensures <marquee> elements are not used",
+      "help": "<marquee> elements are deprecated and must not be used"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh-no-exceptions": {
+      "description": "Ensures <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> is not used for delayed refresh",
+      "help": "Delayed refresh must not be used"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh": {
+      "description": "Ensures <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> is not used for delayed refresh",
+      "help": "Delayed refresh under 20 hours must not be used"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport-large": {
+      "description": "Ensures <meta name=\"viewport\"> can scale a significant amount",
+      "help": "Users should be able to zoom and scale the text up to 500%"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport": {
+      "description": "Ensures <meta name=\"viewport\"> does not disable text scaling and zooming",
+      "help": "Zooming and scaling must not be disabled"
+    },
+    "nested-interactive": {
+      "description": "Ensures interactive controls are not nested as they are not always announced by screen readers or can cause focus problems for assistive technologies",
+      "help": "Interactive controls must not be nested"
+    },
+    "no-autoplay-audio": {
+      "description": "Ensures <video> or <audio> elements do not autoplay audio for more than 3 seconds without a control mechanism to stop or mute the audio",
+      "help": "<video> or <audio> elements must not play automatically"
+    },
+    "object-alt": {
+      "description": "Ensures <object> elements have alternate text",
+      "help": "<object> elements must have alternate text"
+    },
+    "p-as-heading": {
+      "description": "Ensure bold, italic text and font-size is not used to style <p> elements as a heading",
+      "help": "Styled <p> elements must not be used as headings"
+    },
+    "page-has-heading-one": {
+      "description": "Ensure that the page, or at least one of its frames contains a level-one heading",
+      "help": "Page should contain a level-one heading"
+    },
+    "presentation-role-conflict": {
+      "description": "Elements marked as presentational should not have global ARIA or tabindex to ensure all screen readers ignore them",
+      "help": "Ensure elements marked as presentational are consistently ignored"
+    },
+    "region": {
+      "description": "Ensures all page content is contained by landmarks",
+      "help": "All page content should be contained by landmarks"
+    },
+    "role-img-alt": {
+      "description": "Ensures [role=\"img\"] elements have alternate text",
+      "help": "[role=\"img\"] elements must have an alternative text"
+    },
+    "scope-attr-valid": {
+      "description": "Ensures the scope attribute is used correctly on tables",
+      "help": "scope attribute should be used correctly"
+    },
+    "scrollable-region-focusable": {
+      "description": "Ensure elements that have scrollable content are accessible by keyboard",
+      "help": "Scrollable region must have keyboard access"
+    },
+    "select-name": {
+      "description": "Ensures select element has an accessible name",
+      "help": "Select element must have an accessible name"
+    },
+    "server-side-image-map": {
+      "description": "Ensures that server-side image maps are not used",
+      "help": "Server-side image maps must not be used"
+    },
+    "skip-link": {
+      "description": "Ensure all skip links have a focusable target",
+      "help": "The skip-link target should exist and be focusable"
+    },
+    "svg-img-alt": {
+      "description": "Ensures <svg> elements with an img, graphics-document or graphics-symbol role have an accessible text",
+      "help": "<svg> elements with an img role must have an alternative text"
+    },
+    "tabindex": {
+      "description": "Ensures tabindex attribute values are not greater than 0",
+      "help": "Elements should not have tabindex greater than zero"
+    },
+    "table-duplicate-name": {
+      "description": "Ensure the <caption> element does not contain the same text as the summary attribute",
+      "help": "tables should not have the same summary and caption"
+    },
+    "table-fake-caption": {
+      "description": "Ensure that tables with a caption use the <caption> element.",
+      "help": "Data or header cells must not be used to give caption to a data table."
+    },
+    "target-size": {
+      "description": "Ensure touch target have sufficient size and space",
+      "help": "All touch targets must be 24px large, or leave sufficient space"
+    },
+    "td-has-header": {
+      "description": "Ensure that each non-empty data cell in a <table> larger than 3 by 3  has one or more table headers",
+      "help": "Non-empty <td> elements in larger <table> must have an associated table header"
+    },
+    "td-headers-attr": {
+      "description": "Ensure that each cell in a table that uses the headers attribute refers only to other cells in that table",
+      "help": "Table cells that use the headers attribute must only refer to cells in the same table"
+    },
+    "th-has-data-cells": {
+      "description": "Ensure that <th> elements and elements with role=columnheader/rowheader have data cells they describe",
+      "help": "Table headers in a data table must refer to data cells"
+    },
+    "valid-lang": {
+      "description": "Ensures lang attributes have valid values",
+      "help": "lang attribute must have a valid value"
+    },
+    "video-caption": {
+      "description": "Ensures <video> elements have captions",
+      "help": "<video> elements must have captions"
+    }
+  },
+  "checks": {
+    "abstractrole": {
+      "pass": "Abstract roles are not used",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Abstract role cannot be directly used: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Abstract roles cannot be directly used: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-attr": {
+      "pass": "ARIA attributes are used correctly for the defined role",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "ARIA attribute is not allowed: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "ARIA attributes are not allowed: ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": "Check that there is no problem if the ARIA attribute is ignored on this element: ${data.values}"
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-role": {
+      "pass": "ARIA role is allowed for given element",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "ARIA role ${data.values} is not allowed for given element",
+        "plural": "ARIA roles ${data.values} are not allowed for given element"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "singular": "ARIA role ${data.values} must be removed when the element is made visible, as it is not allowed for the element",
+        "plural": "ARIA roles ${data.values} must be removed when the element is made visible, as they are not allowed for the element"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-busy": {
+      "pass": "Element has an aria-busy attribute",
+      "fail": "Element uses aria-busy=\"true\" while showing a loader"
+    },
+    "aria-conditional-attr": {
+      "pass": "ARIA attribute is allowed",
+      "fail": {
+        "checkbox": "Remove aria-checked, or set it to \"${data.checkState}\" to match the real checkbox state",
+        "rowSingular": "This attribute is supported with treegrid rows, but not ${data.ownerRole}: ${data.invalidAttrs}",
+        "rowPlural": "These attributes are supported with treegrid rows, but not ${data.ownerRole}: ${data.invalidAttrs}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-errormessage": {
+      "pass": "aria-errormessage exists and references elements visible to screen readers that use a supported aria-errormessage technique",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "aria-errormessage value `${data.values}` must use a technique to announce the message (e.g., aria-live, aria-describedby, role=alert, etc.)",
+        "plural": "aria-errormessage values `${data.values}` must use a technique to announce the message (e.g., aria-live, aria-describedby, role=alert, etc.)",
+        "hidden": "aria-errormessage value `${data.values}` cannot reference a hidden element"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "singular": "ensure aria-errormessage value `${data.values}` references an existing element",
+        "plural": "ensure aria-errormessage values `${data.values}` reference existing elements",
+        "idrefs": "unable to determine if aria-errormessage element exists on the page: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-hidden-body": {
+      "pass": "No aria-hidden attribute is present on document body",
+      "fail": "aria-hidden=true should not be present on the document body"
+    },
+    "aria-level": {
+      "pass": "aria-level values are valid",
+      "incomplete": "aria-level values greater than 6 are not supported in all screenreader and browser combinations"
+    },
+    "aria-prohibited-attr": {
+      "pass": "ARIA attribute is allowed",
+      "fail": {
+        "hasRolePlural": "${data.prohibited} attributes cannot be used with role \"${data.role}\".",
+        "hasRoleSingular": "${data.prohibited} attribute cannot be used with role \"${data.role}\".",
+        "noRolePlural": "${data.prohibited} attributes cannot be used on a ${data.nodeName} with no valid role attribute.",
+        "noRoleSingular": "${data.prohibited} attribute cannot be used on a ${data.nodeName} with no valid role attribute."
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "hasRoleSingular": "${data.prohibited} attribute is not well supported with role \"${data.role}\".",
+        "hasRolePlural": "${data.prohibited} attributes are not well supported with role \"${data.role}\".",
+        "noRoleSingular": "${data.prohibited} attribute is not well supported on a ${data.nodeName} with no valid role attribute.",
+        "noRolePlural": "${data.prohibited} attributes are not well supported on a ${data.nodeName} with no valid role attribute."
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-required-attr": {
+      "pass": "All required ARIA attributes are present",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Required ARIA attribute not present: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Required ARIA attributes not present: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-required-children": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Required ARIA children are present",
+        "aria-busy": "Element has an aria-busy attribute, so it is allowed to omit required children"
+      },
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Required ARIA child role not present: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Required ARIA children role not present: ${data.values}",
+        "unallowed": "Element has children which are not allowed: ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "singular": "Expecting ARIA child role to be added: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Expecting ARIA children role to be added: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-required-parent": {
+      "pass": "Required ARIA parent role present",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Required ARIA parent role not present: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Required ARIA parents role not present: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-roledescription": {
+      "pass": "aria-roledescription used on a supported semantic role",
+      "incomplete": "Check that the aria-roledescription is announced by supported screen readers",
+      "fail": "Give the element a role that supports aria-roledescription"
+    },
+    "aria-unsupported-attr": {
+      "pass": "ARIA attribute is supported",
+      "fail": "ARIA attribute is not widely supported in screen readers and assistive technologies: ${data.values}"
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr-value": {
+      "pass": "ARIA attribute values are valid",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Invalid ARIA attribute value: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Invalid ARIA attribute values: ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "noId": "ARIA attribute element ID does not exist on the page: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "noIdShadow": "ARIA attribute element ID does not exist on the page or is a descendant of a different shadow DOM tree: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "ariaCurrent": "ARIA attribute value is invalid and will be treated as \"aria-current=true\": ${data.needsReview}",
+        "idrefs": "Unable to determine if ARIA attribute element ID exists on the page: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "empty": "ARIA attribute value is ignored while empty: ${data.needsReview}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr": {
+      "pass": "ARIA attribute name is valid",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Invalid ARIA attribute name: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Invalid ARIA attribute names: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "braille-label-equivalent": {
+      "pass": "aria-braillelabel is used on an element with accessible text",
+      "fail": "aria-braillelabel is used on an element with no accessible text",
+      "incomplete": "Unable to compute accessible text"
+    },
+    "braille-roledescription-equivalent": {
+      "pass": "aria-brailleroledescription is used on an element with aria-roledescription",
+      "fail": {
+        "noRoleDescription": "aria-brailleroledescription is used on an element with no aria-roledescription",
+        "emptyRoleDescription": "aria-brailleroledescription is used on an element with an empty aria-roledescription"
+      }
+    },
+    "deprecatedrole": {
+      "pass": "ARIA role is not deprecated",
+      "fail": "The role used is deprecated: ${data}"
+    },
+    "fallbackrole": {
+      "pass": "Only one role value used",
+      "fail": "Use only one role value, since fallback roles are not supported in older browsers",
+      "incomplete": "Use only role 'presentation' or 'none' since they are synonymous."
+    },
+    "has-global-aria-attribute": {
+      "pass": {
+        "singular": "Element has global ARIA attribute: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Element has global ARIA attributes: ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "fail": "Element does not have global ARIA attribute"
+    },
+    "has-widget-role": {
+      "pass": "Element has a widget role.",
+      "fail": "Element does not have a widget role."
+    },
+    "invalidrole": {
+      "pass": "ARIA role is valid",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Role must be one of the valid ARIA roles: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Roles must be one of the valid ARIA roles: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "is-element-focusable": {
+      "pass": "Element is focusable.",
+      "fail": "Element is not focusable."
+    },
+    "no-implicit-explicit-label": {
+      "pass": "There is no mismatch between a <label> and accessible name",
+      "incomplete": "Check that the <label> does not need be part of the ARIA ${data} field's name"
+    },
+    "unsupportedrole": {
+      "pass": "ARIA role is supported",
+      "fail": "The role used is not widely supported in screen readers and assistive technologies: ${data}"
+    },
+    "valid-scrollable-semantics": {
+      "pass": "Element has valid semantics for an element in the focus order.",
+      "fail": "Element has invalid semantics for an element in the focus order."
+    },
+    "color-contrast-enhanced": {
+      "pass": "Element has sufficient color contrast of ${data.contrastRatio}",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "Element has insufficient color contrast of ${data.contrastRatio} (foreground color: ${data.fgColor}, background color: ${data.bgColor}, font size: ${data.fontSize}, font weight: ${data.fontWeight}). Expected contrast ratio of ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "fgOnShadowColor": "Element has insufficient color contrast of ${data.contrastRatio} between the foreground and shadow color (foreground color: ${data.fgColor}, text-shadow color: ${data.shadowColor}, font size: ${data.fontSize}, font weight: ${data.fontWeight}). Expected contrast ratio of ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "shadowOnBgColor": "Element has insufficient color contrast of ${data.contrastRatio} between the shadow color and background color (text-shadow color: ${data.shadowColor}, background color: ${data.bgColor}, font size: ${data.fontSize}, font weight: ${data.fontWeight}). Expected contrast ratio of ${data.expectedContrastRatio}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Unable to determine contrast ratio",
+        "bgImage": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image",
+        "bgGradient": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background gradient",
+        "imgNode": "Element's background color could not be determined because element contains an image node",
+        "bgOverlap": "Element's background color could not be determined because it is overlapped by another element",
+        "fgAlpha": "Element's foreground color could not be determined because of alpha transparency",
+        "elmPartiallyObscured": "Element's background color could not be determined because it's partially obscured by another element",
+        "elmPartiallyObscuring": "Element's background color could not be determined because it partially overlaps other elements",
+        "outsideViewport": "Element's background color could not be determined because it's outside the viewport",
+        "equalRatio": "Element has a 1:1 contrast ratio with the background",
+        "shortTextContent": "Element content is too short to determine if it is actual text content",
+        "nonBmp": "Element content contains only non-text characters",
+        "pseudoContent": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a pseudo element"
+      }
+    },
+    "color-contrast": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Element has sufficient color contrast of ${data.contrastRatio}",
+        "hidden": "Element is hidden"
+      },
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "Element has insufficient color contrast of ${data.contrastRatio} (foreground color: ${data.fgColor}, background color: ${data.bgColor}, font size: ${data.fontSize}, font weight: ${data.fontWeight}). Expected contrast ratio of ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "fgOnShadowColor": "Element has insufficient color contrast of ${data.contrastRatio} between the foreground and shadow color (foreground color: ${data.fgColor}, text-shadow color: ${data.shadowColor}, font size: ${data.fontSize}, font weight: ${data.fontWeight}). Expected contrast ratio of ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "shadowOnBgColor": "Element has insufficient color contrast of ${data.contrastRatio} between the shadow color and background color (text-shadow color: ${data.shadowColor}, background color: ${data.bgColor}, font size: ${data.fontSize}, font weight: ${data.fontWeight}). Expected contrast ratio of ${data.expectedContrastRatio}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Unable to determine contrast ratio",
+        "bgImage": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background image",
+        "bgGradient": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a background gradient",
+        "imgNode": "Element's background color could not be determined because element contains an image node",
+        "bgOverlap": "Element's background color could not be determined because it is overlapped by another element",
+        "complexTextShadows": "Element's contrast could not be determined because it uses complex text shadows",
+        "fgAlpha": "Element's foreground color could not be determined because of alpha transparency",
+        "elmPartiallyObscured": "Element's background color could not be determined because it's partially obscured by another element",
+        "elmPartiallyObscuring": "Element's background color could not be determined because it partially overlaps other elements",
+        "outsideViewport": "Element's background color could not be determined because it's outside the viewport",
+        "equalRatio": "Element has a 1:1 contrast ratio with the background",
+        "shortTextContent": "Element content is too short to determine if it is actual text content",
+        "nonBmp": "Element content contains only non-text characters",
+        "pseudoContent": "Element's background color could not be determined due to a pseudo element"
+      }
+    },
+    "link-in-text-block-style": {
+      "pass": "Links can be distinguished from surrounding text by visual styling",
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Check if the link needs styling to distinguish it from nearby text",
+        "pseudoContent": "Check if the link's pseudo style is sufficient to distinguish it from the surrounding text"
+      },
+      "fail": "The link has no styling (such as underline) to distinguish it from the surrounding text"
+    },
+    "link-in-text-block": {
+      "pass": "Links can be distinguished from surrounding text in some way other than by color",
+      "fail": {
+        "fgContrast": "The link has insufficient color contrast of ${data.contrastRatio}:1 with the surrounding text. (Minimum contrast is ${data.requiredContrastRatio}:1, link text: ${data.nodeColor}, surrounding text: ${data.parentColor})",
+        "bgContrast": "The link background has insufficient color contrast of ${data.contrastRatio} (Minimum contrast is ${data.requiredContrastRatio}:1, link background color: ${data.nodeBackgroundColor}, surrounding background color: ${data.parentBackgroundColor})"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Element's foreground contrast ratio could not be determined",
+        "bgContrast": "Element's background contrast ratio could not be determined",
+        "bgImage": "Element's contrast ratio could not be determined due to a background image",
+        "bgGradient": "Element's contrast ratio could not be determined due to a background gradient",
+        "imgNode": "Element's contrast ratio could not be determined because element contains an image node",
+        "bgOverlap": "Element's contrast ratio could not be determined because of element overlap"
+      }
+    },
+    "autocomplete-appropriate": {
+      "pass": "the autocomplete value is on an appropriate element",
+      "fail": "the autocomplete value is inappropriate for this type of input"
+    },
+    "autocomplete-valid": {
+      "pass": "the autocomplete attribute is correctly formatted",
+      "fail": "the autocomplete attribute is incorrectly formatted"
+    },
+    "accesskeys": {
+      "pass": "Accesskey attribute value is unique",
+      "fail": "Document has multiple elements with the same accesskey"
+    },
+    "focusable-content": {
+      "pass": "Element contains focusable elements",
+      "fail": "Element should have focusable content"
+    },
+    "focusable-disabled": {
+      "pass": "No focusable elements contained within element",
+      "incomplete": "Check if the focusable elements immediately move the focus indicator",
+      "fail": "Focusable content should be disabled or be removed from the DOM"
+    },
+    "focusable-element": {
+      "pass": "Element is focusable",
+      "fail": "Element should be focusable"
+    },
+    "focusable-modal-open": {
+      "pass": "No focusable elements while a modal is open",
+      "incomplete": "Check that focusable elements are not tabbable in the current state"
+    },
+    "focusable-no-name": {
+      "pass": "Element is not in tab order or has accessible text",
+      "fail": "Element is in tab order and does not have accessible text",
+      "incomplete": "Unable to determine if element has an accessible name"
+    },
+    "focusable-not-tabbable": {
+      "pass": "No focusable elements contained within element",
+      "incomplete": "Check if the focusable elements immediately move the focus indicator",
+      "fail": "Focusable content should have tabindex=\"-1\" or be removed from the DOM"
+    },
+    "frame-focusable-content": {
+      "pass": "Element does not have focusable descendants",
+      "fail": "Element has focusable descendants",
+      "incomplete": "Could not determine if element has descendants"
+    },
+    "landmark-is-top-level": {
+      "pass": "The ${data.role} landmark is at the top level.",
+      "fail": "The ${data.role} landmark is contained in another landmark."
+    },
+    "no-focusable-content": {
+      "pass": "Element does not have focusable descendants",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "Element has focusable descendants",
+        "notHidden": "Using a negative tabindex on an element inside an interactive control does not prevent assistive technologies from focusing the element (even with aria-hidden=\"true\")"
+      },
+      "incomplete": "Could not determine if element has descendants"
+    },
+    "page-has-heading-one": {
+      "pass": "Page has at least one level-one heading",
+      "fail": "Page must have a level-one heading"
+    },
+    "page-has-main": {
+      "pass": "Document has at least one main landmark",
+      "fail": "Document does not have a main landmark"
+    },
+    "page-no-duplicate-banner": {
+      "pass": "Document does not have more than one banner landmark",
+      "fail": "Document has more than one banner landmark"
+    },
+    "page-no-duplicate-contentinfo": {
+      "pass": "Document does not have more than one contentinfo landmark",
+      "fail": "Document has more than one contentinfo landmark"
+    },
+    "page-no-duplicate-main": {
+      "pass": "Document does not have more than one main landmark",
+      "fail": "Document has more than one main landmark"
+    },
+    "tabindex": {
+      "pass": "Element does not have a tabindex greater than 0",
+      "fail": "Element has a tabindex greater than 0"
+    },
+    "alt-space-value": {
+      "pass": "Element has a valid alt attribute value",
+      "fail": "Element has an alt attribute containing only a space character, which is not ignored by all screen readers"
+    },
+    "duplicate-img-label": {
+      "pass": "Element does not duplicate existing text in <img> alt text",
+      "fail": "Element contains <img> element with alt text that duplicates existing text"
+    },
+    "explicit-label": {
+      "pass": "Form element has an explicit <label>",
+      "fail": "Form element does not have an explicit <label>",
+      "incomplete": "Unable to determine if form element has an explicit <label>"
+    },
+    "help-same-as-label": {
+      "pass": "Help text (title or aria-describedby) does not duplicate label text",
+      "fail": "Help text (title or aria-describedby) text is the same as the label text"
+    },
+    "hidden-explicit-label": {
+      "pass": "Form element has a visible explicit <label>",
+      "fail": "Form element has explicit <label> that is hidden",
+      "incomplete": "Unable to determine if form element has explicit <label> that is hidden"
+    },
+    "implicit-label": {
+      "pass": "Form element has an implicit (wrapped) <label>",
+      "fail": "Form element does not have an implicit (wrapped) <label>",
+      "incomplete": "Unable to determine if form element has an implicit (wrapped} <label>"
+    },
+    "label-content-name-mismatch": {
+      "pass": "Element contains visible text as part of it's accessible name",
+      "fail": "Text inside the element is not included in the accessible name"
+    },
+    "multiple-label": {
+      "pass": "Form field does not have multiple label elements",
+      "incomplete": "Multiple label elements is not widely supported in assistive technologies. Ensure the first label contains all necessary information."
+    },
+    "title-only": {
+      "pass": "Form element does not solely use title attribute for its label",
+      "fail": "Only title used to generate label for form element"
+    },
+    "landmark-is-unique": {
+      "pass": "Landmarks must have a unique role or role/label/title (i.e. accessible name) combination",
+      "fail": "The landmark must have a unique aria-label, aria-labelledby, or title to make landmarks distinguishable"
+    },
+    "has-lang": {
+      "pass": "The <html> element has a lang attribute",
+      "fail": {
+        "noXHTML": "The xml:lang attribute is not valid on HTML pages, use the lang attribute.",
+        "noLang": "The <html> element does not have a lang attribute"
+      }
+    },
+    "valid-lang": {
+      "pass": "Value of lang attribute is included in the list of valid languages",
+      "fail": "Value of lang attribute not included in the list of valid languages"
+    },
+    "xml-lang-mismatch": {
+      "pass": "Lang and xml:lang attributes have the same base language",
+      "fail": "Lang and xml:lang attributes do not have the same base language"
+    },
+    "dlitem": {
+      "pass": "Description list item has a <dl> parent element",
+      "fail": "Description list item does not have a <dl> parent element"
+    },
+    "listitem": {
+      "pass": "List item has a <ul>, <ol> or role=\"list\" parent element",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "List item does not have a <ul>, <ol> parent element",
+        "roleNotValid": "List item parent element has a role that is not role=\"list\""
+      }
+    },
+    "only-dlitems": {
+      "pass": "dl element only has direct children that are allowed inside; <dt>, <dd>, or <div> elements",
+      "fail": "dl element has direct children that are not allowed: ${data.values}"
+    },
+    "only-listitems": {
+      "pass": "List element only has direct children that are allowed inside <li> elements",
+      "fail": "List element has direct children that are not allowed: ${data.values}"
+    },
+    "structured-dlitems": {
+      "pass": "When not empty, element has both <dt> and <dd> elements",
+      "fail": "When not empty, element does not have at least one <dt> element followed by at least one <dd> element"
+    },
+    "caption": {
+      "pass": "The multimedia element has a captions track",
+      "incomplete": "Check that captions is available for the element"
+    },
+    "frame-tested": {
+      "pass": "The iframe was tested with axe-core",
+      "fail": "The iframe could not be tested with axe-core",
+      "incomplete": "The iframe still has to be tested with axe-core"
+    },
+    "no-autoplay-audio": {
+      "pass": "<video> or <audio> does not output audio for more than allowed duration or has controls mechanism",
+      "fail": "<video> or <audio> outputs audio for more than allowed duration and does not have a controls mechanism",
+      "incomplete": "Check that the <video> or <audio> does not output audio for more than allowed duration or provides a controls mechanism"
+    },
+    "css-orientation-lock": {
+      "pass": "Display is operable, and orientation lock does not exist",
+      "fail": "CSS Orientation lock is applied, and makes display inoperable",
+      "incomplete": "CSS Orientation lock cannot be determined"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport-large": {
+      "pass": "<meta> tag does not prevent significant zooming on mobile devices",
+      "fail": "<meta> tag limits zooming on mobile devices"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport": {
+      "pass": "<meta> tag does not disable zooming on mobile devices",
+      "fail": "${data} on <meta> tag disables zooming on mobile devices"
+    },
+    "target-offset": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Target has sufficient space from its closest neighbors. Safe clickable space has a diameter of ${data.closestOffset}px which is at least ${data.minOffset}px.",
+        "large": "Target far exceeds the minimum size of ${data.minOffset}px."
+      },
+      "fail": "Target has insufficient space to its closest neighbors. Safe clickable space has a diameter of ${data.closestOffset}px instead of at least ${data.minOffset}px.",
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Element with negative tabindex has insufficient space to its closest neighbors. Safe clickable space has a diameter of ${data.closestOffset}px instead of at least ${data.minOffset}px. Is this a target?",
+        "nonTabbableNeighbor": "Target has insufficient space to its closest neighbors. Safe clickable space has a diameter of ${data.closestOffset}px instead of at least ${data.minOffset}px. Is the neighbor a target?"
+      }
+    },
+    "target-size": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Control has sufficient size (${data.width}px by ${data.height}px, should be at least ${data.minSize}px by ${data.minSize}px)",
+        "obscured": "Control is ignored because it is fully obscured and thus not clickable",
+        "large": "Target far exceeds the minimum size of ${data.minSize}px."
+      },
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "Target has insufficient size (${data.width}px by ${data.height}px, should be at least ${data.minSize}px by ${data.minSize}px)",
+        "partiallyObscured": "Target has insufficient size because it is partially obscured (smallest space is ${data.width}px by ${data.height}px, should be at least ${data.minSize}px by ${data.minSize}px)"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Element with negative tabindex has insufficient size (${data.width}px by ${data.height}px, should be at least ${data.minSize}px by ${data.minSize}px). Is this a target?",
+        "contentOverflow": "Element size could not be accurately determined due to overflow content",
+        "partiallyObscured": "Element with negative tabindex has insufficient size because it is partially obscured (smallest space is ${data.width}px by ${data.height}px, should be at least ${data.minSize}px by ${data.minSize}px). Is this a target?",
+        "partiallyObscuredNonTabbable": "Target has insufficient size because it is partially obscured by a neighbor with negative tabindex (smallest space is ${data.width}px by ${data.height}px, should be at least ${data.minSize}px by ${data.minSize}px). Is the neighbor a target?",
+        "tooManyRects": "Could not get the target size because there are too many overlapping elements"
+      }
+    },
+    "header-present": {
+      "pass": "Page has a heading",
+      "fail": "Page does not have a heading"
+    },
+    "heading-order": {
+      "pass": "Heading order valid",
+      "fail": "Heading order invalid",
+      "incomplete": "Unable to determine previous heading"
+    },
+    "identical-links-same-purpose": {
+      "pass": "There are no other links with the same name, that go to a different URL",
+      "incomplete": "Check that links have the same purpose, or are intentionally ambiguous."
+    },
+    "internal-link-present": {
+      "pass": "Valid skip link found",
+      "fail": "No valid skip link found"
+    },
+    "landmark": {
+      "pass": "Page has a landmark region",
+      "fail": "Page does not have a landmark region"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh-no-exceptions": {
+      "pass": "<meta> tag does not immediately refresh the page",
+      "fail": "<meta> tag forces timed refresh of page"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh": {
+      "pass": "<meta> tag does not immediately refresh the page",
+      "fail": "<meta> tag forces timed refresh of page (less than 20 hours)"
+    },
+    "p-as-heading": {
+      "pass": "<p> elements are not styled as headings",
+      "fail": "Heading elements should be used instead of styled <p> elements",
+      "incomplete": "Unable to determine if <p> elements are styled as headings"
+    },
+    "region": {
+      "pass": "All page content is contained by landmarks",
+      "fail": "Some page content is not contained by landmarks"
+    },
+    "skip-link": {
+      "pass": "Skip link target exists",
+      "incomplete": "Skip link target should become visible on activation",
+      "fail": "No skip link target"
+    },
+    "unique-frame-title": {
+      "pass": "Element's title attribute is unique",
+      "fail": "Element's title attribute is not unique"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-active": {
+      "pass": "Document has no active elements that share the same id attribute",
+      "fail": "Document has active elements with the same id attribute: ${data}"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-aria": {
+      "pass": "Document has no elements referenced with ARIA or labels that share the same id attribute",
+      "fail": "Document has multiple elements referenced with ARIA with the same id attribute: ${data}"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id": {
+      "pass": "Document has no static elements that share the same id attribute",
+      "fail": "Document has multiple static elements with the same id attribute: ${data}"
+    },
+    "aria-label": {
+      "pass": "aria-label attribute exists and is not empty",
+      "fail": "aria-label attribute does not exist or is empty"
+    },
+    "aria-labelledby": {
+      "pass": "aria-labelledby attribute exists and references elements that are visible to screen readers",
+      "fail": "aria-labelledby attribute does not exist, references elements that do not exist or references elements that are empty",
+      "incomplete": "ensure aria-labelledby references an existing element"
+    },
+    "avoid-inline-spacing": {
+      "pass": "No inline styles with '!important' that affect text spacing has been specified",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Remove '!important' from inline style ${data.values}, as overriding this is not supported by most browsers",
+        "plural": "Remove '!important' from inline styles ${data.values}, as overriding this is not supported by most browsers"
+      }
+    },
+    "button-has-visible-text": {
+      "pass": "Element has inner text that is visible to screen readers",
+      "fail": "Element does not have inner text that is visible to screen readers",
+      "incomplete": "Unable to determine if element has children"
+    },
+    "doc-has-title": {
+      "pass": "Document has a non-empty <title> element",
+      "fail": "Document does not have a non-empty <title> element"
+    },
+    "exists": {
+      "pass": "Element does not exist",
+      "incomplete": "Element exists"
+    },
+    "has-alt": {
+      "pass": "Element has an alt attribute",
+      "fail": "Element does not have an alt attribute"
+    },
+    "has-visible-text": {
+      "pass": "Element has text that is visible to screen readers",
+      "fail": "Element does not have text that is visible to screen readers",
+      "incomplete": "Unable to determine if element has children"
+    },
+    "important-letter-spacing": {
+      "pass": "Letter-spacing in the style attribute is not set to !important, or meets the minimum",
+      "fail": "letter-spacing in the style attribute must not use !important, or be at ${data.minValue}em (current ${data.value}em)"
+    },
+    "important-line-height": {
+      "pass": "line-height in the style attribute is not set to !important, or meets the minimum",
+      "fail": "line-height in the style attribute must not use !important, or be at ${data.minValue}em (current ${data.value}em)"
+    },
+    "important-word-spacing": {
+      "pass": "word-spacing in the style attribute is not set to !important, or meets the minimum",
+      "fail": "word-spacing in the style attribute must not use !important, or be at ${data.minValue}em (current ${data.value}em)"
+    },
+    "is-on-screen": {
+      "pass": "Element is not visible",
+      "fail": "Element is visible"
+    },
+    "non-empty-alt": {
+      "pass": "Element has a non-empty alt attribute",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "Element has no alt attribute",
+        "emptyAttr": "Element has an empty alt attribute"
+      }
+    },
+    "non-empty-if-present": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Element does not have a value attribute",
+        "has-label": "Element has a non-empty value attribute"
+      },
+      "fail": "Element has a value attribute and the value attribute is empty"
+    },
+    "non-empty-placeholder": {
+      "pass": "Element has a placeholder attribute",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "Element has no placeholder attribute",
+        "emptyAttr": "Element has an empty placeholder attribute"
+      }
+    },
+    "non-empty-title": {
+      "pass": "Element has a title attribute",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "Element has no title attribute",
+        "emptyAttr": "Element has an empty title attribute"
+      }
+    },
+    "non-empty-value": {
+      "pass": "Element has a non-empty value attribute",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "Element has no value attribute",
+        "emptyAttr": "Element has an empty value attribute"
+      }
+    },
+    "presentational-role": {
+      "pass": "Element's default semantics were overriden with role=\"${data.role}\"",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "Element's default semantics were not overridden with role=\"none\" or role=\"presentation\"",
+        "globalAria": "Element's role is not presentational because it has a global ARIA attribute",
+        "focusable": "Element's role is not presentational because it is focusable",
+        "both": "Element's role is not presentational because it has a global ARIA attribute and is focusable",
+        "iframe": "Using the \"title\" attribute on an ${data.nodeName} element with a presentational role behaves inconsistently between screen readers"
+      }
+    },
+    "role-none": {
+      "pass": "Element's default semantics were overriden with role=\"none\"",
+      "fail": "Element's default semantics were not overridden with role=\"none\""
+    },
+    "role-presentation": {
+      "pass": "Element's default semantics were overriden with role=\"presentation\"",
+      "fail": "Element's default semantics were not overridden with role=\"presentation\""
+    },
+    "svg-non-empty-title": {
+      "pass": "Element has a child that is a title",
+      "fail": {
+        "noTitle": "Element has no child that is a title",
+        "emptyTitle": "Element child title is empty"
+      },
+      "incomplete": "Unable to determine element has a child that is a title"
+    },
+    "caption-faked": {
+      "pass": "The first row of a table is not used as a caption",
+      "fail": "The first child of the table should be a caption instead of a table cell"
+    },
+    "html5-scope": {
+      "pass": "Scope attribute is only used on table header elements (<th>)",
+      "fail": "In HTML 5, scope attributes may only be used on table header elements (<th>)"
+    },
+    "same-caption-summary": {
+      "pass": "Content of summary attribute and <caption> are not duplicated",
+      "fail": "Content of summary attribute and <caption> element are identical",
+      "incomplete": "Unable to determine if <table> element has a caption"
+    },
+    "scope-value": {
+      "pass": "Scope attribute is used correctly",
+      "fail": "The value of the scope attribute may only be 'row' or 'col'"
+    },
+    "td-has-header": {
+      "pass": "All non-empty data cells have table headers",
+      "fail": "Some non-empty data cells do not have table headers"
+    },
+    "td-headers-attr": {
+      "pass": "The headers attribute is exclusively used to refer to other cells in the table",
+      "incomplete": "The headers attribute is empty",
+      "fail": "The headers attribute is not exclusively used to refer to other cells in the table"
+    },
+    "th-has-data-cells": {
+      "pass": "All table header cells refer to data cells",
+      "fail": "Not all table header cells refer to data cells",
+      "incomplete": "Table data cells are missing or empty"
+    },
+    "hidden-content": {
+      "pass": "All content on the page has been analyzed.",
+      "fail": "There were problems analyzing the content on this page.",
+      "incomplete": "There is hidden content on the page that was not analyzed. You will need to trigger the display of this content in order to analyze it."
+    }
+  },
+  "failureSummaries": {
+    "any": {
+      "failureMessage": "Fix any of the following:{{~it:value}}\n  {{=value.split('\\n').join('\\n  ')}}{{~}}"
+    },
+    "none": {
+      "failureMessage": "Fix all of the following:{{~it:value}}\n  {{=value.split('\\n').join('\\n  ')}}{{~}}"
+    }
+  },
+  "incompleteFallbackMessage": "axe couldn't tell the reason. Time to break out the element inspector!"
+}
diff --git a/locales/da.json b/locales/da.json
index 1b2e74e44..56c9a5ccd 100644
--- a/locales/da.json
+++ b/locales/da.json
@@ -385,7 +385,9 @@
       }
     },
     "aria-required-children": {
-      "pass": "Krævet ARIA-under-elementer er til stede",
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Krævet ARIA-under-elementer er til stede"
+      },
       "fail": {
         "singular": "Krævet ARIA-under-elementers rolle er ikke til stede: ${data.values}",
         "plural": "Krævet ARIA-under-elements rolle er ikke til stede: ${data.values}"
diff --git a/locales/de.json b/locales/de.json
index 45304a0a5..cab4da906 100644
--- a/locales/de.json
+++ b/locales/de.json
@@ -17,10 +17,22 @@
       "description": "Stellt sicher, dass der Wert des role-Attributes für dieses Element geeignet ist.",
       "help": "Der Wert des role-Attributes muss für dieses Element geeignet sein."
     },
+    "aria-braille-equivalent": {
+      "description": "Stellt sicher, dass aria-braillelabel und aria-brailleroledescription ein non-braille Äquivalent haben.",
+      "help": "aria-braille Attribute müssen ein non-braille Äquivalent haben."
+    },
     "aria-command-name": {
       "description": "Stellt sicher, dass jeder ARIA-button, -link und jedes -menuitem einen zugänglichen Namen (accessible name) hat.",
       "help": "ARIA Befehle müssen einen zugänglichen Namen (accessible name) besitzen."
     },
+    "aria-conditional-attr": {
+      "description": "Stellt sicher, dass ARIA-Attribute wie in der Spezifikation der Rolle des Elements beschrieben verwendet werden.",
+      "help": "ARIA-Attribute müssen entsprechend der Rolle des Elements verwendet werden."
+    },
+    "aria-deprecated-role": {
+      "description": "Stellt sicher, dass die Elemente keine veralteten Rollen verwenden.",
+      "help": "Veraltete ARIA-Rollen dürfen nicht verwendet werden."
+    },
     "aria-dialog-name": {
       "description": "Stellt sicher, dass jeder ARIA-dialog und -alertdialog Knoten einen zugänglichen Namen (accessible name) hat.",
       "help": "ARIA-dialog und -alertdialog Knoten müssen einen zugänglichen Namen (accessible name) besitzen."
@@ -45,6 +57,10 @@
       "description": "Stellt sicher, dass jeder ARIA-progressbar Knoten einen zugänglichen Namen (accessible name) besitzt.",
       "help": "ARIA-progressbar Knoten müssen einen zugänglichen Namen (accessible name) besitzen."
     },
+    "aria-prohibited-attr": {
+      "description": "Stellt sicher, dass ARIA-Attribute für die Rolle eines Elements nicht verboten sind.",
+      "help": "Elemente dürfen nur erlaubte ARIA-Attribute verwenden."
+    },
     "aria-required-attr": {
       "description": "Stellt sicher, dass Elemente mit ARIA-Rollen alle erforderlichen ARIA-Attribute besitzen.",
       "help": "Erforderliche ARIA-Attribute müssen bereitgestellt werden."
@@ -65,6 +81,10 @@
       "description": "Stellt sicher, dass alle Elemente mit einer ARIA-Rolle auch einen gültigen Wert verwenden.",
       "help": "Verwendete ARIA-Rollen müssen gültigen Werten entsprechen."
     },
+    "aria-text": {
+      "description": "Stellt sicher, dass role=\"text\" für Elemente verwendet wird, die keine fokussierbaren Nachkommen (descendants) haben.",
+      "help": "\"role=text\" sollte keine fokussierbaren Nachkommen (descendants) haben."
+    },
     "aria-toggle-field-name": {
       "description": "Stellt sicher, dass jedes ARIA-toggle-Feld ein zugänglichen Namen (accessible name) besitzt.",
       "help": "ARIA-toggle-Felder benötigen einen zugänglichen Namen (accessible name)."
@@ -109,14 +129,14 @@
       "description": "Stellt sicher, dass jede Seite mindestens ein Mittel bereitstellt, welches dem Nutzer erlaubt direkt zum Inhalt der Seite zu springen.",
       "help": "Wiederholende Blöcke müssen vom Nutzer mit Hilfe von der Seite bereitgestellten Mitteln übersprungen werden können."
     },
-    "color-contrast": {
-      "description": "Stellt sicher, dass der Kontrast zwischen Vorder- und Hintergrundfarbe den in der WCAG 2 als AA ausgewiesenen Kontrastgrenzwerten entspricht.",
-      "help": "Elemente müssen einen ausreichenden Farbkontrast haben."
-    },
     "color-contrast-enhanced": {
       "description": "Stellt sicher, dass der Kontrast zwischen Vorder- und Hintergrundfarbe den in der WCAG 2 als AAA ausgewiesenen Kontrastgrenzwerten entspricht.",
       "help": "Elemente müssen einen ausreichenden Farbkontrast haben."
     },
+    "color-contrast": {
+      "description": "Stellt sicher, dass der Kontrast zwischen Vorder- und Hintergrundfarbe den in der WCAG 2 als AA ausgewiesenen Kontrastgrenzwerten entspricht.",
+      "help": "Elemente müssen einen ausreichenden Farbkontrast haben."
+    },
     "css-orientation-lock": {
       "description": "Stellt sicher, dass der Inhalt nicht nur auf einer sondern auf allen spezifischen Bildschirmausrichtungen angezeigt werden kann.",
       "help": "CSS Media Queries dürfen nicht genutzt werden um die Bildschirmausrichtung zu sperren."
@@ -149,6 +169,10 @@
       "description": "Stellt sicher, dass Überschriften einen wahrnehmbaren Text beinhalten.",
       "help": "Überschriften dürfen nichtleer sein."
     },
+    "empty-table-header": {
+      "description": "Stellt sicher, dass Tabellenkopfzeilen einen wahrnehmbaren Text beinhalten.",
+      "help": "Tabellenkopfzeilen sollten nicht leer sein."
+    },
     "focus-order-semantics": {
       "description": "Stellt sicher, dass Elemente in der Fokusreihenfolge eine geeignete Rolle besitzen.",
       "help": "Elemente in der Fokusreihenfolge benötigen eine Rolle, die für interaktive Elemente geeignet ist."
@@ -157,6 +181,10 @@
       "description": "Stellt sicher, dass ein form-Feld nur ein label-Element besitzt.",
       "help": "form-Felder sollten nur ein label-Element besitzen."
     },
+    "frame-focusable-content": {
+      "description": "Stellt sicher, dass <frame>- und <iframe>-Elemente mit fokussierbarem Inhalt keinen tabindex=-1 haben.",
+      "help": "Frames mit fokussierbarem Inhalt dürfen keinen tabindex=-1 haben."
+    },
     "frame-tested": {
       "description": "Stellt sicher, dass <iframe> und <frame>-Elemente das axe-core Script beinhalten.",
       "help": "Frames müssen mit axe-core getestet werden."
@@ -202,8 +230,8 @@
       "help": "Der Alternativtext von Bildern sollte nicht als Text wiederholt werden."
     },
     "input-button-name": {
-      "description": "Stellt sicher, dass Eingabeschaltflächen sichtbaren Text beinhalten.",
-      "help": "Eingabeschaltflächen müssen sichtbaren Text beinhalten."
+      "description": "Stellt sicher, dass Eingabeschaltflächen wahrnehmbaren Text beinhalten.",
+      "help": "Eingabeschaltflächen müssen wahrnehmbaren Text beinhalten."
     },
     "input-image-alt": {
       "description": "Stellt sicher, dass <input type=\"image\">-Elemente einen Alternativtext besitzen.",
@@ -254,16 +282,16 @@
       "help": "Seite muss eine main landmark enthalten."
     },
     "landmark-unique": {
-      "description": "Stellt sicher, dass landmarks einzigartig sind.",
-      "help": "Landmarks müssen eine einzigartige role oder role/label/title Kombination (bzw. zugänglicher Name / accessible name) besitzen."
+      "help": "Stellt sicher, dass landmarks einzigartig sind.",
+      "description": "Landmarks müssen eine einzigartige role oder role/label/title Kombination (bzw. zugänglicher Name / accessible name) besitzen."
     },
     "link-in-text-block": {
       "description": "Stellt sicher, dass Links vom umgebenden Text nicht allein durch die Farbe unterschieden werden können.",
       "help": "Links müssen vom umgebenden Text auf eine Weise unterschieden werden können, die nicht allein auf Farbe beruht."
     },
     "link-name": {
-      "description": "Stellt sicher, dass Links wahrnehmbaren Text enthalten.",
-      "help": "Links müssen wahrnehmbaren Text enthalten."
+      "description": "Stellt sicher, dass Links wahrnehmbaren Text beinhalten.",
+      "help": "Links müssen wahrnehmbaren Text beinhalten."
     },
     "list": {
       "description": "Stellt sicher, dass Listen korrekt strukturiert sind.",
@@ -277,6 +305,10 @@
       "description": "Stellt sicher, dass <marquee>-Elemente nicht verwendet werden.",
       "help": "<marquee>-Elemente sind veraltet und dürfen nicht verwendet werden."
     },
+    "meta-refresh-no-exceptions": {
+      "description": "Stellt sicher, dass <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> nicht für die verzögerte Aktualisierung verwendet wird.",
+      "help": "Die verzögerte Aktualisierung darf nicht verwendet werden."
+    },
     "meta-refresh": {
       "description": "Stellt sicher, dass <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> nicht verwendet werden.",
       "help": "Eine zeitgesteuerte Aktualisierung (refresh) sollte nicht verwendet werden."
@@ -289,6 +321,10 @@
       "description": "Stellt sicher, dass <meta name=\"viewport\"> Textskalierung und -zoom nicht verhindert werden.",
       "help": "Zoomen und Skalieren darf nicht deaktiviert werden."
     },
+    "nested-interactive": {
+      "description": "Stellt sicher, dass interaktive Steuerelemente nicht verschachtelt (nested) sind, da sie nicht immer von Bildschirmlesegeräten angezeigt werden oder Probleme bei der Fokussierung von Hilfstechnologien verursachen können.",
+      "help": "Interaktive Steuerelemente dürfen nicht verschachtelt (nested) werden."
+    },
     "no-autoplay-audio": {
       "description": "Stellt sicher, dass <video> oder <audio> Elemente keine Töne automatisch abspielen für mehr als 3 Sekunden (autoplay) ohne eine Möglichkeit dies zu stoppen.",
       "help": "<video> oder <audio> Elemente geben keine Töne automatisch aus."
@@ -353,6 +389,10 @@
       "description": "Stellt sicher, dass Tabellen mit einer Beschriftung auch das <caption>-Element verwenden.",
       "help": "Daten- oder Kopfzellen sollten nicht verwendet werden, um einer Datentabelle eine Überschrift zu geben."
     },
+    "target-size": {
+      "description": "Stellt sicher, dass Berührungsobjekte (touch targets) ausreichend groß sind und genügend Platz bieteen.",
+      "help": "Alle Berührungsobjekte (touch targets) müssen 24 Pixel groß sein oder ausreichend Platz lassen."
+    },
     "td-has-header": {
       "description": "Stellt sicher, dass jede nichtleere Zelle einer Tabelle ein oder mehrere Tabellenköpfe haben.",
       "help": "In Tabellen, die größer als 3 mal 3 sind, müssen alle nichtleeren <td>-Elemente einen zugehörigen Tabellenkopf haben."
@@ -387,7 +427,8 @@
       "fail": {
         "singular": "Folgendes ARIA Attribut ist nicht erlaubt: ${data.values}",
         "plural": "Folgende ARIA Attribute sind nicht erlaubt: ${data.values}"
-      }
+      },
+      "incomplete": "Prüfe, dass es kein Problem gibt, wenn das ARIA-Attribut bei diesem Element ignoriert wird: ${data.values}"
     },
     "aria-allowed-role": {
       "pass": "ARIA Rolle ist für dieses Element erlaubt.",
@@ -400,21 +441,54 @@
         "plural": "ARIA Rollen ${data.values} müssen entfernt werden, wenn das Element sichtbar wird, da sie nicht für dieses Element erlaubt sind."
       }
     },
+    "aria-busy": {
+      "pass": "Element hat ein aria-busy-Attribut.",
+      "fail": "Element verwendet aria-busy=\"true\" bei der Anzeige eines Ladevorgangs (loader)."
+    },
+    "aria-conditional-attr": {
+      "pass": "ARIA-Attribut ist erlaubt.",
+      "fail": {
+        "checkbox": "Entferne aria-checked, oder setze es auf \"${data.checkState}\", damit es dem tatsächlichen Zustand des Kontrollkästchens entspricht.",
+        "rowSingular": "Dieses Attribut wird bei treegrid-Zeilen unterstützt, aber nicht bei ${data.ownerRole}: ${data.invalidAttrs}.",
+        "rowPlural": "Diese Attribute werden von treegrid-Zeilen unterstützt, aber nicht von ${data.ownerRole}: ${data.invalidAttrs}"
+      }
+    },
     "aria-errormessage": {
       "pass": "aria-errormessage Attribut existiert und referenziert Elemente, die sichtbar für Screen Reader sind, welche die entsprechende Technologie unterstützen.",
       "fail": {
         "singular": "aria-errormessage Wert `${data.values}` benötigt eine Möglichkeit um entsprechend vorgeschlagen zu werden (z.B. aria-live, aria-describedby, role=alert, usw.).",
-        "plural": "aria-errormessage Werte `${data.values}` benötigen eine Möglichkeit um entsprechend vorgeschlagen zu werden (z.B. aria-live, aria-describedby, role=alert, usw.)."
+        "plural": "aria-errormessage Werte `${data.values}` benötigen eine Möglichkeit um entsprechend vorgeschlagen zu werden (z.B. aria-live, aria-describedby, role=alert, usw.).",
+        "hidden": "aria-errormessage Wert `${data.values}` kann nicht auf ein verstecktes Element verweisen."
       },
       "incomplete": {
         "singular": "Stellt sicher, dass aria-errormessage Wert `${data.values}` zu einem existierendem Element verweist.",
-        "plural": "Stellt sicher, dass aria-errormessage Werte `${data.values}` zu existierenden Elementen verweisen."
+        "plural": "Stellt sicher, dass aria-errormessage Werte `${data.values}` zu existierenden Elementen verweisen.",
+        "idrefs": "Es konnte nicht festgestellt werden, ob das Element aria-errormessage auf der Seite existiert: ${data.values}"
       }
     },
     "aria-hidden-body": {
       "pass": "Kein aria-hidden Attribut ist im <body>-Element des Dokuments vorhanden.",
       "fail": "Das <body>-Element des Dokumentes darf nicht das Attribut aria-hidden=\"true\" besitzen."
     },
+    "aria-level": {
+      "pass": "aria-level Werte sind gültig.",
+      "incomplete": "Aria-Level Werte größer als 6 werden nicht von allen Screenreader- und Browser-Kombinationen unterstützt."
+    },
+    "aria-prohibited-attr": {
+      "pass": "ARIA-Attribut ist erlaubt",
+      "fail": {
+        "hasRolePlural": "${data.prohibited} Attribute können nicht mit der Rolle \"${data.role}\" verwendet werden.",
+        "hasRoleSingular": "${data.prohibited} Attribut kann nicht mit der Rolle \"${data.role}\" verwendet werden.",
+        "noRolePlural": "${data.prohibited} Attribute können nicht auf ${data.nodeName} ohne gültiges role Attribut verwendet werden.",
+        "noRoleSingular": "${data.prohibited} Attribut kann nicht auf ${data.nodeName} ohne gültiges role Attribut verwendet werden."
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "hasRoleSingular": "${data.prohibited} Attribut wird von der Rolle \"${data.role}\" nicht gut unterstützt.",
+        "hasRolePlural": "${data.prohibited} Attribute werden von der Rolle \"${data.role}\" nicht gut unterstützt.",
+        "noRoleSingular": "${data.prohibited} Attribut wird bei ${data.nodeName} ohne gültiges role Attribute nicht gut unterstützt.",
+        "noRolePlural": "${data.prohibited} Attribute werdeb bei ${data.nodeName} ohne gültiges role Attribute nicht gut unterstützt."
+      }
+    },
     "aria-required-attr": {
       "pass": "Alle benötigten ARIA-Attribute sind vorhanden.",
       "fail": {
@@ -423,10 +497,13 @@
       }
     },
     "aria-required-children": {
-      "pass": "Alle benötigten ARIA Kinder sind vorhanden.",
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Alle benötigten ARIA Kinder sind vorhanden."
+      },
       "fail": {
         "singular": "Benötigte ARIA Kindrolle nicht vorhanden: ${data.values}",
-        "plural": "Benötigte ARIA Kindrollen nicht vorhanden: ${data.values}"
+        "plural": "Benötigte ARIA Kindrollen nicht vorhanden: ${data.values}",
+        "unallowed": "Element hat Kinder, die nicht erlaubt sind: ${data.values}"
       },
       "incomplete": {
         "singular": "Entsprechende ARIA Kindrolle muss hinzugefügt werden: ${data.values}",
@@ -457,7 +534,10 @@
       },
       "incomplete": {
         "noId": "Verwendete ID im ARIA Attribut existiert nicht auf der Seite: ${data.needsReview}",
-        "ariaCurrent": "Folgendes ARIA Attributwert ist ungültig und wird wie \"aria-current=true\" gesehen: ${data.needsReview}"
+        "noIdShadow": "ARIA-Attribut Element-ID existiert nicht auf der Seite oder ist ein Nachkomme (descendant) eines anderen Schatten-DOM-tree: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "ariaCurrent": "Folgendes ARIA Attributwert ist ungültig und wird wie \"aria-current=true\" gesehen: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "idrefs": "Es konnte nicht festgestellt werden, ob das ARIA-Attribut element ID auf der Seite existiert: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "empty": "ARIA-Attributwert wird ignoriert, wenn leer: ${data.needsReview}"
       }
     },
     "aria-valid-attr": {
@@ -467,9 +547,26 @@
         "plural": "Ungültige ARIA Attribut Namen: ${data.values}"
       }
     },
+    "braille-label-equivalent": {
+      "pass": "aria-braillelabel wird für ein Element mit zugänglichem Text verwendet.",
+      "fail": "aria-braillelabel wird für ein Element ohne zugänglichen Text verwendet.",
+      "incomplete": "Zugänglicher Text kann nicht berechnet werden."
+    },
+    "braille-roledescription-equivalent": {
+      "pass": "aria-brailleroledescription wird für ein Element mit aria-roledescription verwendet.",
+      "fail": {
+        "noRoleDescription": "aria-brailleroledescription wird für ein Element ohne aria-roledescription verwendet.",
+        "emptyRoleDescription": "aria-brailleroledescription wird für ein Element mit einer leeren aria-roledescription verwendet."
+      }
+    },
+    "deprecatedrole": {
+      "pass": "ARIA Rolle ist nicht veraltet.",
+      "fail": "Die verwendete Rolle ist veraltet: ${data}"
+    },
     "fallbackrole": {
       "pass": "Nur ein Wert für role genutzt.",
-      "fail": "Es sollte nur ein Wert für role benutzt werden, da Fallback-Werte in älteren Browsern nicht unterstützt werden."
+      "fail": "Es sollte nur ein Wert für role benutzt werden, da Fallback-Werte in älteren Browsern nicht unterstützt werden.",
+      "incomplete": "Verwende nur die Rolle 'presentation' oder 'none', da sie synonym sind."
     },
     "has-global-aria-attribute": {
       "pass": {
@@ -505,9 +602,13 @@
       "pass": "Das Element hat eine gültige Semantik für ein Element in der Fokusreihenfolge.",
       "fail": "Das Element hat eine ungültige Semantik für ein Element in der Fokusreihenfolge."
     },
-    "color-contrast": {
+    "color-contrast-enhanced": {
       "pass": "Das Element hat einen ausreichenden Kontrast von ${data.contrastRatio}.",
-      "fail": "Das Element hat einen unzureichenden Kontrast von ${data.contrastRatio} (Vordergrundfarbe: ${data.fgColor}, Hintergrundfarbe: ${data.bgColor}, Schriftgröße: ${data.fontSize}, Schriftstärke: ${data.fontWeight}).",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "Das Element hat einen unzureichenden Kontrast von ${data.contrastRatio} (Vordergrundfarbe: ${data.fgColor}, Hintergrundfarbe: ${data.bgColor}, Schriftgröße: ${data.fontSize}, Schriftstärke: ${data.fontWeight}). Erwartetes Kontrastverhältnis von ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "fgOnShadowColor": "Das Element hat einen unzureichenden Kontrast von ${data.contrastRatio} zwischen der Vordergrund- und der Schattenfarbe (Vordergrundfarbe: ${data.fgColor}, Textschattenfarbe: ${data.shadowColor}, Schriftgröße: ${data.fontSize}, Schriftstärke: ${data.fontWeight}). Erwartetes Kontrastverhältnis von ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "shadowOnBgColor": "Das Element hat einen unzureichenden Kontrast von ${data.contrastRatio} zwischen der Schattenfarbe und der Hintergrundfarbe (Textschattenfarbe: ${data.shadowColor}, Hintergrundfarbe: ${data.bgColor}, Schriftgröße: ${data.fontSize}, Schriftstärke: ${data.fontWeight}). Erwartetes Kontrastverhältnis von ${data.expectedContrastRatio}"
+      },
       "incomplete": {
         "default": "Das Kontrastverhältnis konnte nicht ermittelt werden.",
         "bgImage": "Die Hintergrundfarbe des Elementes konnte aufgrund eines Hintergrundbildes nicht bestimmt werden.",
@@ -524,15 +625,23 @@
         "pseudoContent": "Die Hintergrundfarbe konnte aufgrund eines pseudo Elementes nicht bestimmt werden."
       }
     },
-    "color-contrast-enhanced": {
-      "pass": "Das Element hat einen ausreichenden Kontrast von ${data.contrastRatio}.",
-      "fail": "Das Element hat einen unzureichenden Kontrast von ${data.contrastRatio} (Vordergrundfarbe: ${data.fgColor}, Hintergrundfarbe: ${data.bgColor}, Schriftgröße: ${data.fontSize}, Schriftstärke: ${data.fontWeight}).",
+    "color-contrast": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Das Element hat einen ausreichenden Kontrast von ${data.contrastRatio}.",
+        "hidden": "Das Element ist verstec"
+      },
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "Das Element hat einen unzureichenden Kontrast von ${data.contrastRatio} (Vordergrundfarbe: ${data.fgColor}, Hintergrundfarbe: ${data.bgColor}, Schriftgröße: ${data.fontSize}, Schriftstärke: ${data.fontWeight}). Erwartetes Kontrastverhältnis von ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "fgOnShadowColor": "Das Element hat einen unzureichenden Kontrast von ${data.contrastRatio} zwischen der Vordergrund- und der Schattenfarbe (Vordergrundfarbe: ${data.fgColor}, Textschattenfarbe: ${data.shadowColor}, Schriftgröße: ${data.fontSize}, Schriftstärke: ${data.fontWeight}). Erwartetes Kontrastverhältnis von ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "shadowOnBgColor": "Das Element hat einen unzureichenden Kontrast von ${data.contrastRatio} zwischen der Schattenfarbe und der Hintergrundfarbe (Textschattenfarbe: ${data.shadowColor}, Hintergrundfarbe: ${data.bgColor}, Schriftgröße: ${data.fontSize}, Schriftstärke: ${data.fontWeight}). Erwartetes Kontrastverhältnis von ${data.expectedContrastRatio}"
+      },
       "incomplete": {
         "default": "Das Kontrastverhältnis konnte nicht ermittelt werden.",
         "bgImage": "Die Hintergrundfarbe des Elementes konnte aufgrund eines Hintergrundbildes nicht bestimmt werden.",
         "bgGradient": "Die Hintergrundfarbe des Elementes konnte aufgrund eines Hintergrundfarbverlaufes nicht bestimmt werden.",
         "imgNode": "Die Hintergrundfarbe des Elementes konnte nicht bestimmt werden, da das Element einen Image Node enthält.",
         "bgOverlap": "Die Hintergrundfarbe des Elementes konnte nicht bestimmt werden, da es von einem anderen Element überlagert wird.",
+        "complexTextShadows": "Der Kontrast des Elements konnte nicht bestimmt werden, da es komplexe Textschatten verwendet.",
         "fgAlpha": "Die Vordergrundfarbe des Elementes konnte aufgrund der Alpha-Transparenz nicht ermittelt werden.",
         "elmPartiallyObscured": "Die Hintergrundfarbe des Elements konnte nicht bestimmt werden, da es teilweise von anderen Elementen überdeckt wird.",
         "elmPartiallyObscuring": "Die Hintergrundfarbe des Elements konnte nicht bestimmt werden, da es teilweise andere Elemente überdeckt.",
@@ -543,9 +652,20 @@
         "pseudoContent": "Die Hintergrundfarbe konnte aufgrund eines pseudo Elementes nicht bestimmt werden."
       }
     },
+    "link-in-text-block-style": {
+      "pass": "Links können durch visuelle Gestaltung vom umgebenden Text unterschieden werden.",
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Prüfe, ob der Link ein Styling benötigt, um sich vom umgebenden Text zu unterscheiden.",
+        "pseudoContent": "Prüfe, ob der Pseudostil des Links ausreicht, um ihn vom umgebenden Text zu unterscheiden."
+      },
+      "fail": "Der Link hat kein Styling (z.B. Unterstreichung), um ihn vom umgebenden Text zu unterscheiden."
+    },
     "link-in-text-block": {
       "pass": "Links können vom umgebenenden Text auf unterschiedliche Art und Weise unterschieden werden.",
-      "fail": "Links können (abgesehen von einer farblichen Kennzeichnung) nicht vom umgebenden Text unterschieden werden.",
+      "fail": {
+        "fgContrast": "Der Link hat einen unzureichenden Kontrast von ${data.contrastRatio}:1 mit dem umgebenden Text (Mindestkontrast ist ${data.requiredContrastRatio}:1, Linktext: ${data.nodeColor}, umgebender Text: ${data.parentColor}).",
+        "bgContrast": "Der Link-Hintergrund hat einen unzureichenden Kontrast von ${data.contrastRatio} (Mindestkontrast ist ${data.requiredContrastRatio}:1, Link-Hintergrundfarbe: ${data.nodeBackgroundColor}, umgebende Hintergrundfarbe: ${data.parentBackgroundColor})."
+      },
       "incomplete": {
         "default": "Das Kontrastverhältnis konnte nicht ermittelt werden.",
         "bgContrast": "Das Kontrastverhältnis des Elements konnte nicht bestimmt werden. Suchen Sie nach einem bestimmten Hover/Fokus-Stil.",
@@ -573,6 +693,7 @@
     },
     "focusable-disabled": {
       "pass": "Das Element beeinhaltet keinen fokussierbaren Inhalt.",
+      "incomplete": "Prüfe, ob die fokussierbaren Elemente den Fokusindikator sofort bewegen.",
       "fail": "Fokussierbarer Inhalt sollte deaktiviert oder vom DOM entfernt werden."
     },
     "focusable-element": {
@@ -590,12 +711,26 @@
     },
     "focusable-not-tabbable": {
       "pass": "Keine fokussierbaren Elemente innerhalb des Elements.",
+      "incomplete": "Prüfe, ob die fokussierbaren Elemente den Fokusindikator sofort bewegen.",
       "fail": "Fokussierbare Elemente sollten mit tabindex='-1' versehen oder vom DOM entfernt werden."
     },
+    "frame-focusable-content": {
+      "pass": "Element hat keine fokussierbaren Nachkommen (descendants).",
+      "fail": "Element hat fokussierbare Nachkommen (descendants).",
+      "incomplete": "Es konnte nicht festgestellt werden, ob das Element Nachkommen (descendants) hat."
+    },
     "landmark-is-top-level": {
       "pass": "Die ${data.role} landmark befindet sich auf höchster Ebene.",
       "fail": "Die ${data.role} landmark befindet sich innerhalb einer anderen landmark."
     },
+    "no-focusable-content": {
+      "pass": "Element hat keine fokussierbaren Nachkommen (descendants).",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "Element hat fokussierbare Nachkommen (descendants).",
+        "notHidden": "Die Verwendung eines negativen Tabindex für ein Element innerhalb eines interaktiven Steuerelements verhindert nicht, dass assistive Technologien das Element fokussieren (selbst bei aria-hidden=\"true\")"
+      },
+      "incomplete": "Es konnte nicht festgestellt werden, ob das Element Nachkommen (descendants) hat."
+    },
     "page-has-heading-one": {
       "pass": "Die Seite besitzt mindestens eine Überschrift der ersten Ebene.",
       "fail": "Die Seite muss eine Überschrift erster Ebene besitzen."
@@ -695,10 +830,7 @@
     },
     "only-listitems": {
       "pass": "Das Aufzählungselement besitzt Kinder, welche innerhalb eines <li>-Elements erlaubt sind.",
-      "fail": {
-        "default": "Aufzählungselement besitzt Kinder, welche innerhalb eines <li>-Elements nicht erlaubt sind.",
-        "roleNotValid": "Aufzählungselement besitzt Kinder, welche folgende nicht erlaubte Rollen besitzen: ${data.roles}"
-      }
+      "fail": "Das Aufzählungselement besitzt Kinder, die nicht erlaubt sind: ${data.values}"
     },
     "structured-dlitems": {
       "pass": "Das Definitionslisten-Element enthält sowohl <dt> als auch <dd>-Elemente, falls es nichtleer sein sollte.",
@@ -731,13 +863,38 @@
       "pass": "Der <meta>-Tag blockiert das Zoomen auf mobilen Geräten nicht.",
       "fail": "Die viewport-Einstellungen im <meta>-Tag blockieren das Zoomen auf mobilen Geräten."
     },
+    "target-offset": {
+      "pass": "Das Ziel hat genügend Abstand zu seinen nächsten Nachbarn. Der sichere klickbare Bereich hat einen Durchmesser von ${data.closestOffset}px, der mindestens ${data.minOffset}px beträgt.",
+      "fail": "Das Ziel hat nicht genügend Abstand zu seinen nächsten Nachbarn. Der sichere klickbare Bereich hat einen Durchmesser von ${data.closestOffset}px statt mindestens ${data.minOffset}px.",
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Element mit negativem Tabindex hat nicht genügend Abstand zu seinen nächsten Nachbarn. Der sichere klickbare Bereich hat einen Durchmesser von ${data.closestOffset}px statt mindestens ${data.minOffset}px. Ist dies ein Ziel?",
+        "nonTabbableNeighbor": "Das Ziel hat nicht genügend Abstand zu seinen nächsten Nachbarn. Der sichere klickbare Bereich hat einen Durchmesser von ${data.closestOffset}px statt mindestens ${data.minOffset}px. Ist der Nachbar ein Ziel?"
+      }
+    },
+    "target-size": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Das Steuerelement hat eine ausreichende Größe (${data.width}px x ${data.height}px, sollte mindestens ${data.minSize}px x ${data.minSize}px sein).",
+        "obscured": "Das Steuerelement wird ignoriert, da es vollständig verdeckt ist und daher nicht angeklickt werden kann."
+      },
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "Das Ziel hat eine unzureichende Größe (${data.width}px x ${data.height}px, sollte mindestens ${data.minSize}px x ${data.minSize}px sein).",
+        "partiallyObscured": "Das Ziel hat eine unzureichende Größe, weil es teilweise verdeckt ist (der kleinste Platz ist ${data.width}px mal ${data.height}px, sollte mindestens ${data.minSize}px mal ${data.minSize}px sein)."
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Element mit negativem Tabindex hat unzureichende Größe (${data.width}px mal ${data.height}px, sollte mindestens ${data.minSize}px mal ${data.minSize}px sein). Ist dies ein Ziel?",
+        "contentOverflow": "Elementgröße konnte aufgrund von Überlaufinhalten nicht genau bestimmt werden",
+        "partiallyObscured": "Element mit negativem Tabindex hat unzureichende Größe, weil es teilweise verdeckt ist (kleinster Platz ist ${data.width}px mal ${data.height}px, sollte mindestens ${data.minSize}px mal ${data.minSize}px sein). Ist dies ein Ziel?",
+        "partiallyObscuredNonTabbable": "Das Ziel hat eine unzureichende Größe, weil es teilweise von einem Nachbarn mit negativem Tabindex verdeckt wird (der kleinste Platz ist ${data.width}px mal ${data.height}px, sollte mindestens ${data.minSize}px mal ${data.minSize}px sein). Ist der Nachbar ein Ziel?"
+      }
+    },
     "header-present": {
       "pass": "Die Seite besitzt eine Seitenüberschrift.",
       "fail": "Die Seite besitzt keine Seitenüberschrift."
     },
     "heading-order": {
       "pass": "Die Überschriftenstruktur ist gültig.",
-      "fail": "Die Überschriftenstruktur ist nicht valide."
+      "fail": "Die Überschriftenstruktur ist nicht valide.",
+      "incomplete": "Vorherige Überschrift kann nicht ermittelt werden."
     },
     "identical-links-same-purpose": {
       "pass": "Es befinden sich keine Links auf der Seite, welche mit demselben Namen auf dasselbe Ziel verweisen.",
@@ -751,13 +908,18 @@
       "pass": "Die Seite besitzt eine landmark region.",
       "fail": "Die Seite besitzt keine landmark region."
     },
+    "meta-refresh-no-exceptions": {
+      "pass": "<meta> Tag aktualisiert die Seite nicht sofort.",
+      "fail": "<meta> Tag erzwingt eine zeitgesteuerte Aktualisierung der Seite."
+    },
     "meta-refresh": {
       "pass": "Der <meta>-Tag erzwingt keine sofortige Aktualisierung der Seite.",
       "fail": "Der <meta>-Tag erzwingt eine zeitgesteuerte Aktualisierung der Seite."
     },
     "p-as-heading": {
       "pass": "<p>-Elemente werden nicht als Überschriftenelement zweckentfremdet.",
-      "fail": "Anstelle eines Überschriftenelementes wird lediglich ein durch Formatierungen hervorgehobenes <p>-Element verwendet."
+      "fail": "Anstelle eines Überschriftenelementes wird lediglich ein durch Formatierungen hervorgehobenes <p>-Element verwendet.",
+      "incomplete": "Es kann nicht festgestellt werden, ob <p>-Elemente als Überschriften gestylt sind."
     },
     "region": {
       "pass": "Jeglicher Inhalt der Seite befindet sich in einer landmark.",
@@ -822,6 +984,18 @@
       "fail": "Das Element besitzt keinen Text, der für Screenreader sichtbar ist.",
       "incomplete": "Es ist nicht möglich zu ermitteln, ob das Element Kinder besitzt."
     },
+    "important-letter-spacing": {
+      "pass": "letter-spacing im style-Attribut ist nicht auf !important gesetzt oder entspricht dem Minimum.",
+      "fail": "letter-spacing im style-Attribut darf nicht !important sein oder muss ${data.minValue}em (aktuell ${data.value}em) entsprechen."
+    },
+    "important-line-height": {
+      "pass": "line-height im style-Attribut ist nicht auf !important gesetzt oder entspricht dem Minimum.",
+      "fail": "line-height im style-Attribut darf nicht !important sein oder muss ${data.minValue}em (aktuell ${data.value}em) entsprechen."
+    },
+    "important-word-spacing": {
+      "pass": "word-spacing im style-Attribut ist nicht auf !important gesetzt oder entspricht dem Minimum.",
+      "fail": "word-spacing im style-Attribut darf nicht !important sein oder muss ${data.minValue}em (aktuell ${data.value}em) entsprechen."
+    },
     "is-on-screen": {
       "pass": "Das Element ist nicht sichtbar.",
       "fail": "Das Element ist sichtbar."
@@ -867,7 +1041,8 @@
         "default": "Die Standardsemantik des Elements wurden nicht mit der Rolle role=\"none\" oder role=\"presentation\" überschrieben.",
         "globalAria": "Die Rolle des Elements ist nicht präsentativ aufgrund des globalen ARIA Attributs.",
         "focusable": "Die Rolle des Elements ist nicht präsentativ aufgrund der Möglichkeit es zu fokussieren.",
-        "both": "Die Rolle des Elements ist nicht präsentativ aufgrund des zugewiesenen globalen ARIA Attributs und der Möglichkeit es zu fokussieren."
+        "both": "Die Rolle des Elements ist nicht präsentativ aufgrund des zugewiesenen globalen ARIA Attributs und der Möglichkeit es zu fokussieren.",
+        "iframe": "Die Verwendung des \"title\"-Attributs auf einem ${data.nodeName}-Element mit einer Präsentationsrolle verhält sich inkonsistent zwischen Screenreadern."
       }
     },
     "role-none": {
@@ -896,7 +1071,8 @@
     },
     "same-caption-summary": {
       "pass": "Die Inhalte des summary-Attributes und des <caption>-Elementes sind nicht identisch.",
-      "fail": "Die Inhalte des summary-Attributes und des <caption>-Elementes sind identisch."
+      "fail": "Die Inhalte des summary-Attributes und des <caption>-Elementes sind identisch.",
+      "incomplete": "Es kann nicht festgestellt werden, ob das <table>-Element eine Überschrift hat."
     },
     "scope-value": {
       "pass": "Das scope-Attribut wird korrekt verwendet.",
diff --git a/locales/el.json b/locales/el.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f8f805c42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/locales/el.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1069 @@
+{
+  "lang": "el",
+  "rules": {
+    "accesskeys": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι η τιμή κάθε χαρακτηριστικού accesskey είναι μοναδική",
+      "help": "η τιμή κάθε χαρακτηριστικού accesskey πρέπει να είναι μοναδική"
+    },
+    "area-alt": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα στοιχεία <area> των χαρτών εικόνας έχουν εναλλακτικό κείμενο",
+      "help": "Τα ενεργά στοιχεία <area> πρέπει να έχουν εναλλακτικό κείμενο"
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-attr": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι o ρόλος του στοιχείου υποστηρίζει τα χαρακτηριστικά ARIA",
+      "help": "Τα στοιχεία πρέπει να χρησιμοποιούν μόνο υποστηριζόμενα χαρακτηριστικά ARIA"
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-role": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι το χαρακτηριστικό role έχει την κατάλληλη τιμή για το στοιχείο",
+      "help": "Ο ρόλος ARIA θα πρέπει να είναι κατάλληλος για το στοιχείο"
+    },
+    "aria-command-name": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι κάθε button, link ή menuitem ARIA έχει ένα προσβάσιμο όνομα",
+      "help": "Οι εντολές ARIA πρέπει να έχουν ένα προσβάσιμο όνομα"
+    },
+    "aria-dialog-name": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι κάθε ARIA σε κόμβο διαλόγου ή διαλόγου ειδοποίησης έχει ένα προσβάσιμο όνομα",
+      "help": "Οι ARIA κόμβοι διαλόγου καί διαλόγου ειδοποίησης πρέπει να έχουν ένα προσβάσιμο όνομα"
+    },
+    "aria-hidden-body": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι το aria-hidden='true' δεν υπάρχει στο σώμα (body) του εγγράφου.",
+      "help": "Το aria-hidden='true' δεν πρέπει να υπάρχει στο σώμα (body) του εγγράφου."
+    },
+    "aria-hidden-focus": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα κρυφά στοιχεία aria δεν είναι εστιάσιμα ούτε περιέχουν στοιχεία που μπορούν να εστιαστούν",
+      "help": "Το κρυφό στοιχείο ARIA δεν πρέπει να έχει δυνατότητα εστίασης ή να περιέχει στοιχεία με δυνατότητα εστίασης"
+    },
+    "aria-input-field-name": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι κάθε πεδίο εισαγωγής ARIA έχει ένα προσβάσιμο όνομα",
+      "help": "Τα πεδία εισαγωγής ARIA πρέπει να έχουν προσβάσιμο όνομα"
+    },
+    "aria-meter-name": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι κάθε κόμβος μετρητή ARIA έχει ένα προσβάσιμο όνομα",
+      "help": "Οι κόμβοι μετρητών ARIA πρέπει να έχουν προσβάσιμο όνομα"
+    },
+    "aria-progressbar-name": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι κάθε κόμβος γραμμής προόδου ARIA έχει ένα προσβάσιμο όνομα",
+      "help": "Οι κόμβοι γραμμής προόδου ARIA πρέπει να έχουν ένα προσβάσιμο όνομα"
+    },
+    "aria-required-attr": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα στοιχεία με ρόλους ARIA έχουν όλα τα απαιτούμενα χαρακτηριστικά ARIA",
+      "help": "Πρέπει να παρέχονται τα απαιτούμενα χαρακτηριστικά ARIA"
+    },
+    "aria-required-children": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα στοιχεία με ρόλο ARIA που απαιτούν θυγατρικούς ρόλους περιέχουν τα στοιχεία",
+      "help": "Ορισμένοι ρόλοι ARIA πρέπει να περιέχουν συγκεκριμένα παιδιά"
+    },
+    "aria-required-parent": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα στοιχεία με ρόλο ARIA που απαιτούν γονικούς ρόλους περιέχονται σε αυτά",
+      "help": "Συγκεκριμένοι ρόλοι ARIA πρέπει να περιέχονται από συγκεκριμένους γονείς"
+    },
+    "aria-roledescription": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι το aria-roledescription χρησιμοποιείται μόνο σε στοιχεία με έμμεσο ή ρητό ρόλο",
+      "help": "Το aria-roledescription πρέπει να είναι σε στοιχεία με σημασιολογικό ρόλο"
+    },
+    "aria-roles": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι όλα τα στοιχεία με χαρακτηριστικό ρόλου χρησιμοποιούν μια έγκυρη τιμή",
+      "help": "Οι ρόλοι ARIA που χρησιμοποιούνται πρέπει να συμμορφώνονται με έγκυρες τιμές"
+    },
+    "aria-text": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι το \"role=text\" χρησιμοποιείται σε στοιχεία χωρίς δυνατότητα εστίασης",
+      "help": "Το \"role=text\" δεν πρέπει να έχει εστιάσιμους απογόνους"
+    },
+    "aria-toggle-field-name": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι κάθε πεδίο εναλλαγής ARIA έχει ένα προσβάσιμο όνομα",
+      "help": "Τα πεδία εναλλαγής ARIA πρέπει να έχουν προσβάσιμο όνομα"
+    },
+    "aria-tooltip-name": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι κάθε κόμβος tooltip ARIA έχει ένα προσβάσιμο όνομα",
+      "help": "Οι κόμβοι tooltip ARIA πρέπει να έχουν προσβάσιμο όνομα"
+    },
+    "aria-treeitem-name": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι κάθε κόμβος treeitem ARIA έχει ένα προσβάσιμο όνομα",
+      "help": "Οι κόμβοι treeitem ARIA θα πρέπει να έχουν ένα προσβάσιμο όνομα"
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr-value": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι όλα τα χαρακτηριστικά ARIA έχουν έγκυρες τιμές",
+      "help": "Τα χαρακτηριστικά ARIA πρέπει να είναι σύμφωνα με έγκυρες τιμές"
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα χαρακτηριστικά που ξεκινούν με aria- είναι έγκυρα χαρακτηριστικά ARIA",
+      "help": "Τα χαρακτηριστικά ARIA πρέπει να είναι σύμφωνα με έγκυρα ονόματα"
+    },
+    "audio-caption": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα στοιχεία <audio> έχουν υπότιτλους",
+      "help": "Τα στοιχεία <audio> πρέπει να έχουν λεζάντες"
+    },
+    "autocomplete-valid": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι το χαρακτηριστικό autocomplete είναι σωστό και κατάλληλο για το πεδίο φόρμας",
+      "help": "Το χαρακτηριστικό autocomplete πρέπει να χρησιμοποιείται σωστά"
+    },
+    "avoid-inline-spacing": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι η απόσταση κειμένου που έχει οριστεί μέσω χαρακτηριστικών στυλ μπορεί να προσαρμοστεί με προσαρμοσμένα φύλλα στυλ",
+      "help": "Το ενσωματωμένο διάστημα κειμένου πρέπει να είναι ρυθμιζόμενο με προσαρμοσμένα φύλλα στυλ"
+    },
+    "blink": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα στοιχεία <blink> δεν χρησιμοποιούνται",
+      "help": "Τα στοιχεία <blink> έχουν καταργηθεί και δεν πρέπει να χρησιμοποιούνται"
+    },
+    "button-name": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα κουμπιά έχουν ευδιάκριτο κείμενο",
+      "help": "Τα κουμπιά πρέπει να έχουν ευδιάκριτο κείμενο"
+    },
+    "bypass": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι κάθε σελίδα έχει τουλάχιστον έναν μηχανισμό για τον χρήστη να παρακάμπτει την πλοήγηση και να μεταβαίνει απευθείας στο περιεχόμενο",
+      "help": "Η σελίδα πρέπει να έχει τρόπο για την παράκαμψη επαναλαμβανόμενων μπλοκ"
+    },
+    "color-contrast-enhanced": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι η ενισχυμένη αντίθεση μεταξύ των χρωμάτων προσκηνίου και φόντου πληροί τα όρια αναλογίας αντίθεσης WCAG 2 AAA",
+      "help": "Τα στοιχεία πρέπει να έχουν επαρκώς ενισχυμένη χρωματική αντίθεση"
+    },
+    "color-contrast": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι η αντίθεση μεταξύ των χρωμάτων προσκηνίου και φόντου πληροί τα όρια αναλογίας αντίθεσης WCAG 2 AA",
+      "help": "Τα στοιχεία πρέπει να έχουν επαρκή χρωματική αντίθεση"
+    },
+    "css-orientation-lock": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι το περιεχόμενο δεν είναι κλειδωμένο σε κάποιον συγκεκριμένο προσανατολισμό οθόνης και ότι είναι λειτουργικό σε όλους τους προσανατολισμούς οθόνης",
+      "help": "Τα ερωτήματα πολυμέσων CSS δεν πρέπει να κλειδώνουν τον προσανατολισμό της οθόνης"
+    },
+    "definition-list": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα στοιχεία <dl> έχουν δομηθεί σωστά",
+      "help": "Τα στοιχεία <dl> πρέπει να περιέχουν μόνο σωστά διατεταγμένες ομάδες <dt> και <dd>, και <script>, <template> ή <div> στοιχεία"
+    },
+    "dlitem": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα στοιχεία <dt> και <dd> περιέχονται από ένα <dl>",
+      "help": "Τα στοιχεία <dt> και <dd> πρέπει να περιέχονται από ένα <dl>"
+    },
+    "document-title": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι κάθε έγγραφο HTML περιέχει ένα μη κενό στοιχείο <title>",
+      "help": "Τα έγγραφα πρέπει να διαθέτουν το στοιχείο <title> για να βοηθήσουν στην πλοήγηση"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-active": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι κάθε τιμή του χαρακτηριστικού id των ενεργών στοιχείων είναι μοναδική",
+      "help": "Τα ID των ενεργών στοιχείων πρέπει να είναι μοναδικά"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-aria": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι κάθε τιμή χαρακτηριστικού id που χρησιμοποιείται στο ARIA και στις ετικέτες είναι μοναδική",
+      "help": "Τα ID που χρησιμοποιούνται στο ARIA και οι ετικέτες πρέπει να είναι μοναδικά"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι κάθε τιμή χαρακτηριστικού id είναι μοναδική",
+      "help": "Η τιμή του χαρακτηριστικού id πρέπει να είναι μοναδική"
+    },
+    "empty-heading": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι οι επικεφαλίδες έχουν ευδιάκριτο κείμενο",
+      "help": "Οι επικεφαλίδες δεν πρέπει να είναι κενές"
+    },
+    "empty-table-header": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι οι κεφαλίδες του πίνακα έχουν ευδιάκριτο κείμενο",
+      "help": "Το κείμενο κεφαλίδας πίνακα δεν πρέπει να είναι κενό"
+    },
+    "focus-order-semantics": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα στοιχεία στη σειρά εστίασης έχουν ρόλο κατάλληλο για διαδραστικό περιεχόμενο",
+      "help": "Τα στοιχεία στη σειρά εστίασης πρέπει να έχουν τον κατάλληλο ρόλο"
+    },
+    "form-field-multiple-labels": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι το πεδίο της φόρμας δεν έχει πολλαπλά στοιχεία ετικέτας",
+      "help": "Το πεδίο φόρμας δεν πρέπει να έχει πολλαπλά στοιχεία ετικέτας"
+    },
+    "frame-focusable-content": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα στοιχεία <frame> και <iframe> με περιεχόμενο που μπορεί να εστιαστεί δεν έχουν tabindex=-1",
+      "help": "Τα στοιχεία <frame> και <iframe> με εστιάσιμο περιεχόμενο δεν πρέπει να έχουν tabindex=-1"
+    },
+    "frame-tested": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα στοιχεία <iframe> και <frame> περιέχουν τη δέσμη ενεργειών του axe-core",
+      "help": "Τα στοιχεία <iframe> και <frame πρέπει να ελέγχονται με το axe-core"
+    },
+    "frame-title-unique": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα στοιχεία <iframe> και <frame> περιέχουν ένα μοναδικό χαρακτηριστικό τίτλου",
+      "help": "Τα πλαίσια πρέπει να έχουν ένα μοναδικό χαρακτηριστικό τίτλου"
+    },
+    "frame-title": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα στοιχεία <iframe> και <frame> έχουν ένα προσβάσιμο όνομα",
+      "help": "Τα πλαίσια πρέπει να έχουν ένα προσβάσιμο όνομα"
+    },
+    "heading-order": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι η σειρά των επικεφαλίδων είναι σημασιολογικά σωστή",
+      "help": "Τα επίπεδα επικεφαλίδων θα πρέπει να αυξάνονται μόνο κατά ένα"
+    },
+    "hidden-content": {
+      "description": "Ενημερώνει τους χρήστες για κρυφό περιεχόμενο.",
+      "help": "Το κρυμμένο περιεχόμενο στη σελίδα πρέπει να αναλυθεί"
+    },
+    "html-has-lang": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι κάθε έγγραφο HTML έχει ένα χαρακτηριστικό lang",
+      "help": "Το στοιχείο <html> πρέπει να έχει χαρακτηριστικό lang"
+    },
+    "html-lang-valid": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι το χαρακτηριστικό lang του στοιχείου <html> έχει έγκυρη τιμή",
+      "help": "Το στοιχείο <html> πρέπει να έχει μια έγκυρη τιμή για το χαρακτηριστικό lang"
+    },
+    "html-xml-lang-mismatch": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα στοιχεία HTML με έγκυρα χαρακτηριστικά lang και xml:lang συμφωνούν στη βασική γλώσσα της σελίδας",
+      "help": "Τα στοιχεία HTML με lang και xml:lang πρέπει να έχουν την ίδια βασική γλώσσα"
+    },
+    "identical-links-same-purpose": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι οι σύνδεσμοι με το ίδιο προσβάσιμο όνομα εξυπηρετούν παρόμοιο σκοπό",
+      "help": "Οι σύνδεσμοι με το ίδιο όνομα πρέπει να έχουν παρόμοιο σκοπό"
+    },
+    "image-alt": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα στοιχεία <img> έχουν εναλλακτικό κείμενο ή κανένα ρόλο ή παρουσίαση",
+      "help": "Οι εικόνες πρέπει να έχουν εναλλακτικό κείμενο"
+    },
+    "image-redundant-alt": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι το εναλλακτικό κείμενο δεν επαναλαμβάνεται",
+      "help": "Το εναλλακτικό κείμενο εικόνων δεν πρέπει να επαναλαμβάνεται"
+    },
+    "input-button-name": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα κουμπιά εισαγωγής έχουν ευδιάκριτο κείμενο",
+      "help": "Τα κουμπιά εισαγωγής πρέπει να έχουν ευδιάκριτο κείμενο"
+    },
+    "input-image-alt": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα στοιχεία <input type=\"image\"> έχουν εναλλακτικό κείμενο",
+      "help": "Τα κουμπιά εικόνας πρέπει να έχουν εναλλακτικό κείμενο"
+    },
+    "label-content-name-mismatch": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα στοιχεία που επισημαίνονται μέσω του περιεχομένου τους πρέπει να έχουν το ορατό κείμενό τους ως μέρος του προσβάσιμου ονόματος τους",
+      "help": "Τα στοιχεία πρέπει να έχουν το ορατό κείμενό τους ως μέρος του προσβάσιμου ονόματός τους"
+    },
+    "label-title-only": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι κάθε στοιχείο φόρμας έχει ορατή ετικέτα και δεν επισημαίνεται αποκλειστικά με χρήση κρυφών ετικετών ή χαρακτηριστικών τίτλου ή άριας-describedby",
+      "help": "Τα στοιχεία φόρμας πρέπει να έχουν ορατή ετικέτα"
+    },
+    "label": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι κάθε στοιχείο φόρμας έχει μια ετικέτα",
+      "help": "Τα στοιχεία φόρμας πρέπει να έχουν ετικέτες"
+    },
+    "landmark-banner-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι το ορόσημο του banner βρίσκεται στο ανώτερο επίπεδο",
+      "help": "Το ορόσημο του banner δεν θα πρέπει να περιέχεται σε άλλο ορόσημο"
+    },
+    "landmark-complementary-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "Εξασφαλίζει ότι το συμπληρωματικό ορόσημο ή το aside είναι στο κορυφαίο επίπεδο",
+      "help": "Το aside δεν πρέπει να περιέχεται σε άλλο ορόσημο"
+    },
+    "landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι το ορόσημο του contentinfo βρίσκεται στο ανώτατο επίπεδο",
+      "help": "Το ορόσημο του contentinfo δεν πρέπει να περιέχεται σε άλλο ορόσημο"
+    },
+    "landmark-main-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι το ορόσημο main βρίσκεται σto κορυφαίο επίπεδο",
+      "help": "Το ορόσημο main δεν πρέπει να περιέχεται σε άλλο ορόσημο"
+    },
+    "landmark-no-duplicate-banner": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι το έγγραφο έχει το πολύ ένα ορόσημο banner",
+      "help": "Το έγγραφο δεν πρέπει να έχει περισσότερα από ένα ορόσημα banner"
+    },
+    "landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι το έγγραφο έχει το πολύ ένα ορόσημο contentinfo",
+      "help": "Το έγγραφο δεν πρέπει να έχει περισσότερα από ένα ορόσημα contentinfo"
+    },
+    "landmark-no-duplicate-main": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι το έγγραφο έχει το πολύ ένα ορόσημο main",
+      "help": "Το έγγραφο δεν πρέπει να έχει περισσότερα από ένα ορόσημα main"
+    },
+    "landmark-one-main": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι το έγγραφο έχει ένα ορόσημο main",
+      "help": "Το έγγραφο πρέπει να έχει ένα ορόσημο main"
+    },
+    "landmark-unique": {
+      "help": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα ορόσημα είναι μοναδικά",
+      "description": "Τα ορόσημα πρέπει να έχουν μοναδικό ρόλο ή συνδυασμό ρόλου/ετικέτας/τίτλου (δηλαδή προσβάσιμο όνομα)."
+    },
+    "link-in-text-block": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι οι σύνδεσμοι διακρίνονται από το περιβάλλον κείμενο με τρόπο που δεν βασίζεται στο χρώμα",
+      "help": "Οι σύνδεσμοι πρέπει να είναι διακριτοί χωρίς να βασίζονται στο χρώμα"
+    },
+    "link-name": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι οι σύνδεσμοι έχουν ευδιάκριτο κείμενο",
+      "help": "Οι σύνδεσμοι πρέπει να έχουν ευδιάκριτο κείμενο"
+    },
+    "list": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι οι λίστες είναι σωστά δομημένες",
+      "help": "Τα <ul> και <ol> πρέπει να περιέχουν μόνο στοιχεία <li>, <script> ή <template>"
+    },
+    "listitem": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα στοιχεία <li> χρησιμοποιούνται σημασιολογικά",
+      "help": "Τα στοιχεία <li> πρέπει να περιέχονται σε <ul> ή <ol>"
+    },
+    "marquee": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα στοιχεία <marquee> δεν χρησιμοποιούνται",
+      "help": "Τα στοιχεία <marquee> έχουν καταργηθεί και δεν πρέπει να χρησιμοποιούνται"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh-no-exceptions": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι το <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> δεν χρησιμοποιείται για καθυστερημένη ανανέωση",
+      "help": "Δεν πρέπει να χρησιμοποιείται καθυστερημένη ανανέωση"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι το <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> δεν χρησιμοποιείται για καθυστερημένη ανανέωση",
+      "help": "Δεν πρέπει να χρησιμοποιείται καθυστερημένη ανανέωση κάτω των 20 ωρών"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport-large": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι το <meta name=\"viewport\"> μπορεί να κλιμακώσει σημαντικά",
+      "help": "Οι χρήστες θα πρέπει να μπορούν να μεγεθύνουν και να κλιμακώσουν το κείμενο έως και 500%"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι το <meta name=\"viewport\"> δεν απενεργοποιεί την κλιμάκωση και τη μεγέθυνση κειμένου",
+      "help": "Το ζουμ και η κλιμάκωση δεν πρέπει να απενεργοποιούνται"
+    },
+    "nested-interactive": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα διαδραστικά στοιχεία ελέγχου δεν είναι ένθετα, καθώς δεν ανακοινώνονται πάντα από τα προγράμματα ανάγνωσης οθόνης ή μπορεί να προκαλέσουν προβλήματα εστίασης για τις υποστηρικτικές τεχνολογίες",
+      "help": "Τα διαδραστικά στοιχεία ελέγχου δεν πρέπει να είναι ένθετα"
+    },
+    "no-autoplay-audio": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα στοιχεία <video> ή <audio> δεν αναπαράγουν αυτόματα ήχο για περισσότερα από 3 δευτερόλεπτα χωρίς μηχανισμό ελέγχου για διακοπή ή σίγαση του ήχου",
+      "help": "Τα στοιχεία <video> ή <audio> δεν πρέπει να αναπαράγονται αυτόματα"
+    },
+    "object-alt": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα στοιχεία <object> έχουν εναλλακτικό κείμενο",
+      "help": "Τα στοιχεία <object> πρέπει να έχουν εναλλακτικό κείμενο"
+    },
+    "p-as-heading": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα bold, italic και το font-size δε χρησιμοποιούνται για το στυλ των στοιχείων <p> ως επικεφαλίδα",
+      "help": "Τα στοιχεία <p> με στυλ δεν πρέπει να χρησιμοποιούνται ως επικεφαλίδες"
+    },
+    "page-has-heading-one": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι η σελίδα ή τουλάχιστον ένα από τα frame της περιέχει μια επικεφαλίδα επιπέδου 1",
+      "help": "Η σελίδα πρέπει να περιέχει μια επικεφαλίδα επιπέδου 1"
+    },
+    "presentation-role-conflict": {
+      "description": "Τα στοιχεία που έχουν επισημανθεί ως παρουσίασης δε θα πρέπει να έχουν καθολικό ARIA ή tabindex για να διασφαλίζεται ότι όλα τα προγράμματα ανάγνωσης οθόνης τα αγνοούν",
+      "help": "Βεβαιωθείτε ότι τα στοιχεία που επισημαίνονται ως παρουσίασης οπωσδήποτε αγνοούνται"
+    },
+    "region": {
+      "description": "Εξασφαλίζει ότι όλο το περιεχόμενο της σελίδας περιλαμβάνεται από ορόσημα",
+      "help": "Όλο το περιεχόμενο της σελίδας πρέπει να περιλαμβάνεται από ορόσημα"
+    },
+    "role-img-alt": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα στοιχεία [role='img'] έχουν εναλλακτικό κείμενο",
+      "help": "Τα στοιχεία [role='img'] πρέπει να έχουν εναλλακτικό κείμενο"
+    },
+    "scope-attr-valid": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι το χαρακτηριστικό scope χρησιμοποιείται σωστά στους πίνακες",
+      "help": "Το χαρακτηριστικό scope θα πρέπει να χρησιμοποιείται σωστά"
+    },
+    "scrollable-region-focusable": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα στοιχεία που έχουν περιεχόμενο με δυνατότητα κύλισης είναι προσβάσιμα από το πληκτρολόγιο",
+      "help": "Η περιοχή με δυνατότητα κύλισης πρέπει να είναι προσβάσιμη από το πληκτρολόγιο"
+    },
+    "select-name": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι το στοιχείο select έχει ένα προσβάσιμο όνομα",
+      "help": "Το στοιχείο select πρέπει να έχει προσβάσιμο όνομα"
+    },
+    "server-side-image-map": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι δεν χρησιμοποιούνται χάρτες εικόνων από την πλευρά του διακομιστή",
+      "help": "Δεν πρέπει να χρησιμοποιούνται χάρτες εικόνων από την πλευρά του διακομιστή"
+    },
+    "skip-link": {
+      "description": "Βεβαιωθείτε ότι όλοι οι σύνδεσμοι παράλειψης έχουν έναν στόχο που μπορεί να εστιαστεί",
+      "help": "Ο στόχος παράβλεψης συνδέσμου θα πρέπει να υπάρχει και να μπορεί να εστιαστεί"
+    },
+    "svg-img-alt": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα στοιχεία <svg> με ρόλο img, graphics-document ή graphics-symbol έχουν προσβάσιμο κείμενο",
+      "help": "Τα στοιχεία <svg> με ρόλο img πρέπει να έχουν εναλλακτικό κείμενο"
+    },
+    "tabindex": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι οι τιμές των χαρακτηριστικών tabindex δεν είναι μεγαλύτερες από 0",
+      "help": "Τα στοιχεία δεν πρέπει να έχουν tabindex μεγαλύτερο από μηδέν"
+    },
+    "table-duplicate-name": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι το στοιχείο <caption> δεν περιέχει το ίδιο κείμενο με το χαρακτηριστικό summary",
+      "help": "Οι πίνακες δεν πρέπει να έχουν την ίδια περίληψη και λεζάντα"
+    },
+    "table-fake-caption": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι οι πίνακες με λεζάντα χρησιμοποιούν το στοιχείο <caption>",
+      "help": "Δεδομένα ή κελιά κεφαλίδας δεν πρέπει να χρησιμοποιούνται για να δίνεται υπότιτλος σε έναν πίνακα δεδομένων"
+    },
+    "target-size": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι ο στόχος αφής έχει επαρκές μέγεθος και χώρο",
+      "help": "Όλοι οι στόχοι αφής πρέπει να έχουν μέγεθος 24 px ή να αφήνουν αρκετό χώρο"
+    },
+    "td-has-header": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι κάθε μη κενό κελί δεδομένων σε ένα <table> μεγαλύτερο από 3 επί 3 έχει μία ή περισσότερες κεφαλίδες πίνακα",
+      "help": "Τα μη κενά στοιχεία <td> σε μεγαλύτερο <table> πρέπει να έχουν συσχετισμένη κεφαλίδα πίνακα"
+    },
+    "td-headers-attr": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι κάθε κελί σε έναν πίνακα που χρησιμοποιεί το χαρακτηριστικό headers αναφέρεται μόνο σε άλλα κελιά σε αυτόν τον πίνακα",
+      "help": "Τα κελιά πίνακα που χρησιμοποιούν το χαρακτηριστικό headers πρέπει να αναφέρονται μόνο σε κελιά του ίδιου πίνακα"
+    },
+    "th-has-data-cells": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα στοιχεία <th> και τα στοιχεία με role=columnheader/rowheader έχουν κελιά δεδομένων που περιγράφουν",
+      "help": "Οι κεφαλίδες πίνακα σε έναν πίνακα δεδομένων πρέπει να παραπέμπουν σε κελιά δεδομένων"
+    },
+    "valid-lang": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα χαρακτηριστικά lang έχουν έγκυρες τιμές",
+      "help": "Το χαρακτηριστικό lang πρέπει να έχει έγκυρη τιμή"
+    },
+    "video-caption": {
+      "description": "Διασφαλίζει ότι τα στοιχεία <video> έχουν υπότιτλους",
+      "help": "Τα στοιχεία <video> πρέπει να έχουν υπότιτλους"
+    }
+  },
+  "checks": {
+    "abstractrole": {
+      "pass": "Δεν χρησιμοποιούνται αφηρημένοι ρόλοι",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Ο αφηρημένος ρόλος δεν μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί απευθείας: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Οι αφηρημένοι ρόλοι δεν μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν απευθείας: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-attr": {
+      "pass": "Τα χαρακτηριστικά ARIA χρησιμοποιούνται σωστά για τον καθορισμένο ρόλο",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Το χαρακτηριστικό ARIA δεν επιτρέπεται: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Τα χαρακτηριστικά ARIA δεν επιτρέπονται: ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": "Βεβαιωθείτε ότι δεν υπάρχει πρόβλημα αν το χαρακτηριστικό ARIA αγνοηθεί σε αυτό το στοιχείο: ${data.values}"
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-role": {
+      "pass": "Ο ρόλος ARIA επιτρέπεται για το συγκεκριμένο στοιχείο",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Ο ρόλος ARIA ${data.values} δεν επιτρέπεται για το συγκεκριμένο στοιχείο",
+        "plural": "Οι ρόλοι ARIA ${data.values} δεν επιτρέπονται για το συγκεκριμένο στοιχείο"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "singular": "Ο ρόλος ARIA ${data.values} πρέπει να καταργηθεί όταν το στοιχείο γίνει ορατό, καθώς δεν επιτρέπεται για το στοιχείο",
+        "plural": "Οι ρόλοι ARIA ${data.values} πρέπει να καταργηθούν όταν το στοιχείο γίνει ορατό, καθώς δεν επιτρέπονται για το στοιχείο"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-busy": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο έχει το χαρακτηριστικό aria-busy",
+      "fail": "Το στοιχείο δεν έχει το χαρακτηριστικό aria-busy=\"true\"."
+    },
+    "aria-errormessage": {
+      "pass": "Το aria-errormessage υπάρχει και παραπέμπει σε στοιχεία ορατά στους αναγνώστες οθόνης που χρησιμοποιούν μια υποστηριζόμενη τεχνική aria-errormessage",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Η τιμή του aria-errormessage `${data.values}` πρέπει να χρησιμοποιεί μια τεχνική για να ανακοινώσει το μήνυμα (π.χ. aria-live, aria-describedby, role=alert, κ.λπ.)",
+        "plural": "Οι τιμές του aria-errormessage `${data.values}` πρέπει να χρησιμοποιούν μια τεχνική για να ανακοινώσουν το μήνυμα (π.χ. aria-live, aria-describedby, role=alert, κ.λπ.)",
+        "hidden": "Η τιμή του aria-errormessage `${data.values}` δεν μπορεί να αναφέρει ένα κρυφό στοιχείο"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "singular": "βεβαιωθείτε ότι η τιμή του aria-errormessage `${data.values}` αναφέρεται σε ένα υπάρχον στοιχείο",
+        "plural": "βεβαιωθείτε ότι οι τιμές του aria-errormessage `${data.values}` αναφέρονται σε υπάρχοντα στοιχεία",
+        "idrefs": "δεν είναι δυνατός ο προσδιορισμός του εάν το στοιχείο aria-errormessage υπάρχει στη σελίδα: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-hidden-body": {
+      "pass": "Δεν υπάρχει χαρακτηριστικό aria-hidden στο σώμα του εγγράφου",
+      "fail": "Το aria-hidden=true δεν πρέπει να υπάρχει στο σώμα του εγγράφου"
+    },
+    "aria-level": {
+      "pass": "Οι τιμές του aria-level είναι έγκυρες",
+      "incomplete": "Τιμές του aria-level μεγαλύτερες από 6 δεν υποστηρίζονται σε όλους τους συνδυασμούς προγράμματος ανάγνωσης οθόνης και προγράμματος περιήγησης"
+    },
+    "aria-prohibited-attr": {
+      "pass": "Το χαρακτηριστικό ARIA επιτρέπεται",
+      "fail": {
+        "hasRolePlural": "Τα χαρακτηριστικά ${data.prohibited} δεν μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν με το ρόλο \"${data.role}\".",
+        "hasRoleSingular": "Το χαρακτηριστικό ${data.prohibited} δεν μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί με το ρόλο \"${data.role}\".",
+        "noRolePlural": "Τα χαρακτηριστικά ${data.prohibited} δεν μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν σε ένα ${data.nodeName} χωρίς έγκυρο χαρακτηριστικό ρόλου.",
+        "noRoleSingular": "Το χαρακτηριστικό ${data.prohibited} δεν μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί σε ένα ${data.nodeName} χωρίς έγκυρο χαρακτηριστικό ρόλου."
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "hasRoleSingular": "Το χαρακτηριστικό ${data.prohibited} δεν υποστηρίζεται καλά με τον ρόλο \"${data.role}\".",
+        "hasRolePlural": "Τα χαρακτηριστικά ${data.prohibited} δεν υποστηρίζονται καλά με τον ρόλο \"${data.role}\".",
+        "noRoleSingular": "Το χαρακτηριστικό ${data.prohibited} δεν υποστηρίζεται καλά σε ένα ${data.nodeName} χωρίς έγκυρο χαρακτηριστικό ρόλου.",
+        "noRolePlural": "Τα χαρακτηριστικά ${data.prohibited} δεν υποστηρίζονται καλά σε ένα ${data.nodeName} χωρίς έγκυρο χαρακτηριστικό ρόλου."
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-required-attr": {
+      "pass": "Υπάρχουν όλα τα απαιτούμενα χαρακτηριστικά ARIA",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Δεν υπάρχει το απαιτούμενο χαρακτηριστικό ARIA: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Δεν υπάρχουν τα απαιτούμενα χαρακτηριστικά ARIA: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-required-children": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Οι απαιτούμενοι γόνοι ARIA είναι παρόντες"
+      },
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Ο απαιτούμενος θυγατρικός ρόλος ARIA δεν υπάρχει: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Οι απαιτούμενοι θυγατρικόι ρόλοι ARIA δεν υπάρχουν: ${data.values}",
+        "unallowed": "Το στοιχείο έχει γόνους που δεν επιτρέπονται ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "singular": "Αναμένεται προσθήκη θυγατρικού ρόλου ARIA: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Αναμένεται προσθήκη θυγατρικών ρόλων ARIA: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-required-parent": {
+      "pass": "Required ARIA parent role present",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Ο απαιτούμενος γονικός ρόλος ARIA δεν υπάρχει: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Οι απαιτούμενοι ρόλοι γονέα ARIA δεν υπάρχουν: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-roledescription": {
+      "pass": "το aria-roledescription χρησιμοποιείται σε υποστηριζόμενο σημασιολογικό ρόλο",
+      "incomplete": "Βεβαιωθείτε ότι το aria-roledescription ανακοινώνεται από υποστηριζόμενα προγράμματα ανάγνωσης οθόνης",
+      "fail": "Δώστε στο στοιχείο έναν ρόλο που υποστηρίζει το aria-roledescription"
+    },
+    "aria-unsupported-attr": {
+      "pass": "Το χαρακτηριστικό ARIA υποστηρίζεται",
+      "fail": "Το χαρακτηριστικό ARIA δεν υποστηρίζεται ευρέως σε προγράμματα ανάγνωσης οθόνης και υποστηρικτικές τεχνολογίες: ${data.values}"
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr-value": {
+      "pass": "Οι τιμές του χαρακτηριστικού ARIA είναι έγκυρες",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Μη έγκυρη τιμή χαρακτηριστικού ARIA: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Μη έγκυρες τιμές χαρακτηριστικών ARIA: ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "noId": "Το ID του χαρακτηριστικού ARIA δεν υπάρχει στη σελίδα: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "noIdShadow": "Το ID του χαρακτηριστικού ARIA δεν υπάρχει στη σελίδα ή είναι απόγονος ενός διαφορετικού σκιώδους DOM: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "ariaCurrent": "Η τιμή χαρακτηριστικού ARIA δεν είναι έγκυρη και θα αντιμετωπιστεί ως \"aria-current=true\": ${data.needsReview}",
+        "idrefs": "Δεν είναι δυνατός ο προσδιορισμός εάν το ID του χαρακτηριστικού ARIA υπάρχει στη σελίδα: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "empty": "Η τιμή του χαρακτηριστικού ARIA αγνοείται όταν είναι κενή: ${data.needsReview}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr": {
+      "pass": "Το όνομα χαρακτηριστικού ARIA είναι έγκυρο",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Μη έγκυρο όνομα χαρακτηριστικού ARIA: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Μη έγκυρα ονόματα χαρακτηριστικών ARIA: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "deprecatedrole": {
+      "pass": "Ο ρόλος ARIA δεν έχει καταργηθεί",
+      "fail": "Ο ρόλος που χρησιμοποιείται έχει καταργηθεί: ${data}"
+    },
+    "fallbackrole": {
+      "pass": "Χρησιμοποιείται μόνο μια τιμή ρόλου",
+      "fail": "Χρησιμοποιήστε μόνο μία τιμή ρόλου, καθώς οι εναλλακτικοί ρόλοι δεν υποστηρίζονται σε παλαιότερα προγράμματα περιήγησης",
+      "incomplete": "Χρησιμοποιήστε μόνο τους ρόλους 'presentation' ή 'none' επειδή είναι συνώνυμοι."
+    },
+    "has-global-aria-attribute": {
+      "pass": {
+        "singular": "Το στοιχείο έχει καθολικό χαρακτηριστικό ARIA: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Το στοιχείο έχει καθολικά χαρακτηριστικά ARIA: ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "fail": "Το στοιχείο δεν έχει καθολικό χαρακτηριστικό ARIA"
+    },
+    "has-widget-role": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο έχει ρόλο widget.",
+      "fail": "Το στοιχείο δεν έχει ρόλο widget."
+    },
+    "invalidrole": {
+      "pass": "Ο ρόλος ARIA είναι έγκυρος",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Ο ρόλος πρέπει να είναι ένας από τους έγκυρους ρόλους ARIA: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Οι ρόλοι πρέπει να είναι ένας από τους έγκυρους ρόλους ARIA: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "is-element-focusable": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο μπορεί να εστιαστεί.",
+      "fail": "Το στοιχείο δεν μπορεί να εστιαστεί."
+    },
+    "no-implicit-explicit-label": {
+      "pass": "Δεν υπάρχει αναντιστοιχία μεταξύ <label> και προσβάσιμου ονόματος",
+      "incomplete": "Βεβαιωθείτε ότι το <label> δεν χρειάζεται να αποτελεί μέρος του ονόματος του πεδίου ARIA ${data}"
+    },
+    "unsupportedrole": {
+      "pass": "Ο ρόλος του ARIA υποστηρίζεται",
+      "fail": "Ο ρόλος που χρησιμοποιείται δεν υποστηρίζεται ευρέως σε προγράμματα ανάγνωσης οθόνης και υποστηρικτικές τεχνολογίες: ${data}"
+    },
+    "valid-scrollable-semantics": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο έχει έγκυρη σημασιολογία για ένα στοιχείο στη σειρά εστίασης.",
+      "fail": "Το στοιχείο έχει μη έγκυρη σημασιολογία για ένα στοιχείο στη σειρά εστίασης."
+    },
+    "color-contrast-enhanced": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο έχει επαρκώς ενισχυμένη χρωματική αντίθεση ${data.contrastRatio}",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "Το στοιχείο έχει ανεπαρκώς ενισχυμένη χρωματική αντίθεση ${data.contrastRatio} (χρώμα προσκηνίου: ${data.fgColor}, χρώμα φόντου: ${data.bgColor}, μέγεθος γραμματοσειράς: ${data.fontSize}, βάρος γραμματοσειράς: ${data.fontWeight}). Αναμενόμενος λόγος αντίθεσης ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "fgOnShadowColor": "Το στοιχείο έχει ανεπαρκώς ενισχυμένη χρωματική αντίθεση ${data.contrastRatio} μεταξύ του χρώματος του προσκηνίου και του χρώματος σκιάς (χρώμα προσκηνίου: ${data.fgColor}, χρώμα σκιάς κειμένου: ${data.shadowColor}, μέγεθος γραμματοσειράς: ${data.fontSize}, βάρος γραμματοσειράς: ${data.fontWeight}). Αναμενόμενος λόγος αντίθεσης ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "shadowOnBgColor": "Το στοιχείο έχει ανεπαρκώς ενισχυμένη χρωματική αντίθεση ${data.contrastRatio} μεταξύ του χρώματος σκιάς και του χρώματος φόντου (χρώμα σκιάς κειμένου: ${data.shadowColor}, χρώμα φόντου: ${data.bgColor}, μέγεθος γραμματοσειράς: ${data.fontSize }, βάρος γραμματοσειράς: ${data.fontWeight}). Αναμενόμενος λόγος αντίθεσης ${data.expectedContrastRatio}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Δεν είναι δυνατός ο προσδιορισμός της αναλογίας αντίθεσης",
+        "bgImage": "Το χρώμα φόντου του στοιχείου δεν ήταν δυνατό να προσδιοριστεί λόγω εικόνας φόντου",
+        "bgGradient": "Το χρώμα φόντου του στοιχείου δεν ήταν δυνατό να προσδιοριστεί λόγω διαβάθμισης φόντου",
+        "imgNode": "Το χρώμα φόντου του στοιχείου δεν ήταν δυνατό να προσδιοριστεί επειδή το στοιχείο περιέχει έναν κόμβο εικόνας",
+        "bgOverlap": "Το χρώμα φόντου του στοιχείου δεν ήταν δυνατό να προσδιοριστεί επειδή επικαλύπτεται από άλλο στοιχείο",
+        "fgAlpha": "Το χρώμα του προσκηνίου του στοιχείου δεν ήταν δυνατό να προσδιοριστεί λόγω της διαφάνειας άλφα",
+        "elmPartiallyObscured": "Δεν ήταν δυνατός ο προσδιορισμός του χρώματος φόντου του στοιχείου επειδή είναι μερικώς καλυμμένο από άλλο στοιχείο",
+        "elmPartiallyObscuring": "Το χρώμα φόντου του στοιχείου δεν ήταν δυνατό να προσδιοριστεί επειδή επικαλύπτει εν μέρει άλλα στοιχεία",
+        "outsideViewport": "Το χρώμα φόντου του στοιχείου δεν ήταν δυνατό να προσδιοριστεί επειδή βρίσκεται εκτός του viewport",
+        "equalRatio": "Το στοιχείο έχει αναλογία αντίθεσης 1:1 με το φόντο",
+        "shortTextContent": "Το περιεχόμενο του στοιχείου είναι πολύ σύντομο για να προσδιοριστεί εάν πρόκειται για πραγματικό περιεχόμενο κειμένου",
+        "nonBmp": "Το περιεχόμενο του στοιχείου περιέχει μόνο χαρακτήρες που δεν είναι κειμένου",
+        "pseudoContent": "Το χρώμα φόντου του στοιχείου δεν ήταν δυνατό να προσδιοριστεί λόγω ψευδοστοιχείου"
+      }
+    },
+    "color-contrast": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Το στοιχείο έχει επαρκή χρωματική αντίθεση ${data.contrastRatio}",
+        "hidden": "Το στοιχείο είναι κρυμμένο"
+      },
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "Το στοιχείο έχει ανεπαρκή χρωματική αντίθεση ${data.contrastRatio} (χρώμα προσκηνίου: ${data.fgColor}, χρώμα φόντου: ${data.bgColor}, μέγεθος γραμματοσειράς: ${data.fontSize}, βάρος γραμματοσειράς: ${data.fontWeight}). Αναμενόμενος λόγος αντίθεσης ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "fgOnShadowColor": "Το στοιχείο έχει ανεπαρκή χρωματική αντίθεση ${data.contrastRatio} μεταξύ του χρώματος προσκηνίου και σκιάς (χρώμα προσκηνίου: ${data.fgColor}, χρώμα σκιάς κειμένου: ${data.shadowColor}, μέγεθος γραμματοσειράς: ${data.fontSize}, βάρος γραμματοσειράς: ${data.fontWeight}). Αναμενόμενος λόγος αντίθεσης ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "shadowOnBgColor": "Το στοιχείο έχει ανεπαρκή χρωματική αντίθεση ${data.contrastRatio} μεταξύ του χρώματος σκιάς και του χρώματος φόντου (χρώμα σκιάς κειμένου: ${data.shadowColor}, χρώμα φόντου: ${data.bgColor}, μέγεθος γραμματοσειράς: ${data.fontSize}, βάρος γραμματοσειράς: ${data.fontWeight}). Αναμενόμενος λόγος αντίθεσης ${data.expectedContrastRatio}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Δεν είναι δυνατός ο προσδιορισμός της αναλογίας αντίθεσης",
+        "bgImage": "Το χρώμα φόντου του στοιχείου δεν ήταν δυνατό να προσδιοριστεί λόγω εικόνας φόντου",
+        "bgGradient": "Το χρώμα φόντου του στοιχείου δεν ήταν δυνατό να προσδιοριστεί λόγω διαβάθμισης φόντου",
+        "imgNode": "Το χρώμα φόντου του στοιχείου δεν ήταν δυνατό να προσδιοριστεί επειδή το στοιχείο περιέχει έναν κόμβο εικόνας",
+        "bgOverlap": "Το χρώμα φόντου του στοιχείου δεν ήταν δυνατό να προσδιοριστεί επειδή επικαλύπτεται από άλλο στοιχείο",
+        "fgAlpha": "Το χρώμα του προσκηνίου του στοιχείου δεν ήταν δυνατό να προσδιοριστεί λόγω διαφάνειας άλφα",
+        "elmPartiallyObscured": "Δεν ήταν δυνατός ο προσδιορισμός του χρώματος φόντου του στοιχείου επειδή είναι μερικώς καλυμμένο από άλλο στοιχείο",
+        "elmPartiallyObscuring": "Το χρώμα φόντου του στοιχείου δεν ήταν δυνατό να προσδιοριστεί επειδή επικαλύπτει εν μέρει άλλα στοιχεία",
+        "outsideViewport": "Το χρώμα φόντου του στοιχείου δεν ήταν δυνατό να προσδιοριστεί επειδή βρίσκεται εκτός viewport",
+        "equalRatio": "Το στοιχείο έχει αναλογία αντίθεσης 1:1 με το φόντο",
+        "shortTextContent": "Το περιεχόμενο του στοιχείου είναι πολύ σύντομο για να προσδιοριστεί εάν πρόκειται για πραγματικό περιεχόμενο κειμένου",
+        "nonBmp": "Το περιεχόμενο του στοιχείου περιέχει μόνο χαρακτήρες εκτός κειμένου",
+        "pseudoContent": "Δεν ήταν δυνατός ο προσδιορισμός του χρώματος φόντου του στοιχείου λόγω ψευδοστοιχείου"
+      }
+    },
+    "link-in-text-block-style": {
+      "pass": "Οι σύνδεσμοι μπορούν να διακριθούν από το περιβάλλον κείμενο εφαρμόζοντας οπτικό στυλ",
+      "fail": "Ο σύνδεσμος δεν έχει στυλ (π.χ. underline) που να τον ξεχωρίζει από το περιβάλλον κείμενο"
+    },
+    "link-in-text-block": {
+      "pass": "Οι σύνδεσμοι μπορούν να διακριθούν από το περιβάλλον κείμενο με άλλο τρόπο εκτός από το χρώμα",
+      "fail": {
+        "fgContrast": "Ο σύνδεσμος έχει ανεπαρκή χρωματική αντίθεση ${data.contrastRatio}:1 με το περιβάλλον κείμενο. (Η ελάχιστη αντίθεση είναι ${data.requiredContrastRatio}:1, κείμενο συνδέσμου: ${data.nodeColor}, περιβάλλον κείμενο: ${data.parentColor})",
+        "bgContrast": "Το φόντο του συνδέσμου έχει ανεπαρκή χρωματική αντίθεση ${data.contrastRatio} (η ελάχιστη αντίθεση είναι ${data.requiredContrastRatio}:1, χρώμα φόντου συνδέσμου: ${data.nodeBackgroundColor}, χρώμα φόντου περιβάλλοντος: ${data.parentBackgroundColor})"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Δεν ήταν δυνατός ο προσδιορισμός της αναλογίας αντίθεσης προσκηνίου του στοιχείου",
+        "bgContrast": "Δεν ήταν δυνατός ο προσδιορισμός της αναλογίας αντίθεσης φόντου του στοιχείου",
+        "bgImage": "Δεν ήταν δυνατός ο προσδιορισμός της αναλογίας αντίθεσης του στοιχείου λόγω εικόνας φόντου",
+        "bgGradient": "Η αναλογία αντίθεσης του στοιχείου δεν ήταν δυνατό να προσδιοριστεί λόγω gradient φόντου",
+        "imgNode": "Δεν ήταν δυνατός ο προσδιορισμός της αναλογίας αντίθεσης του στοιχείου επειδή το στοιχείο περιέχει έναν κόμβο εικόνας",
+        "bgOverlap": "Δεν ήταν δυνατός ο προσδιορισμός της αναλογίας αντίθεσης του στοιχείου λόγω επικάλυψης στοιχείων"
+      }
+    },
+    "autocomplete-appropriate": {
+      "pass": "η τιμή αυτόματης συμπλήρωσης βρίσκεται σε ένα κατάλληλο στοιχείο",
+      "fail": "η τιμή αυτόματης συμπλήρωσης είναι ακατάλληλη για αυτόν τον τύπο εισόδου"
+    },
+    "autocomplete-valid": {
+      "pass": "το χαρακτηριστικό αυτόματης συμπλήρωσης έχει μορφοποιηθεί σωστά",
+      "fail": "το χαρακτηριστικό αυτόματης συμπλήρωσης δεν έχει μορφοποιηθεί σωστά"
+    },
+    "accesskeys": {
+      "pass": "Η τιμή χαρακτηριστικού Accesskey είναι μοναδική",
+      "fail": "Το έγγραφο έχει πολλά στοιχεία με το ίδιο κλειδί πρόσβασης"
+    },
+    "focusable-content": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο περιέχει στοιχεία με δυνατότητα εστίασης",
+      "fail": "Το στοιχείο πρέπει να έχει εστιασμένο περιεχόμενο"
+    },
+    "focusable-disabled": {
+      "pass": "Δεν περιέχονται στοιχεία με δυνατότητα εστίασης μέσα στο στοιχείο",
+      "incomplete": "Ελέγξτε εάν τα εστιάσιμα στοιχεία μετακινούν αμέσως την ένδειξη εστίασης",
+      "fail": "Το περιεχόμενο με δυνατότητα εστίασης θα πρέπει να απενεργοποιηθεί ή να αφαιρεθεί από το DOM"
+    },
+    "focusable-element": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο είναι εστιασμένο",
+      "fail": "Το στοιχείο πρέπει να είναι εστιασμένο"
+    },
+    "focusable-modal-open": {
+      "pass": "Δεν υπάρχουν εστιάσιμα στοιχεία ενώ ένα modal είναι ανοιχτό",
+      "incomplete": "Βεβαιωθείτε ότι τα στοιχεία με δυνατότητα εστίασης δεν έχουν δυνατότητα tabbable στην τρέχουσα κατάσταση"
+    },
+    "focusable-no-name": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο δεν είναι σε σειρά tab ή έχει προσβάσιμο κείμενο",
+      "fail": "Το στοιχείο είναι σε σειρά tab και δεν έχει προσβάσιμο κείμενο",
+      "incomplete": "Δεν είναι δυνατό να προσδιοριστεί εάν το στοιχείο έχει προσβάσιμο όνομα"
+    },
+    "focusable-not-tabbable": {
+      "pass": "Δεν περιέχονται στοιχεία με δυνατότητα εστίασης μέσα στο στοιχείο",
+      "incomplete": "Ελέγξτε εάν τα εστιάσιμα στοιχεία μετακινούν αμέσως την ένδειξη εστίασης",
+      "fail": "Το περιεχόμενο με δυνατότητα εστίασης θα πρέπει να έχει tabindex='-1' ή να αφαιρεθεί από το DOM"
+    },
+    "frame-focusable-content": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο δεν έχει εστιάσιμους απογόνους",
+      "fail": "Το στοιχείο έχει απογόνους με δυνατότητα εστίασης",
+      "incomplete": "Δεν ήταν δυνατός ο προσδιορισμός εάν το στοιχείο έχει απογόνους"
+    },
+    "landmark-is-top-level": {
+      "pass": "Το ορόσημο ${data.role} βρίσκεται στο ανώτατο επίπεδο.",
+      "fail": "Το ορόσημο ${data.role} περιέχεται σε άλλο ορόσημο."
+    },
+    "no-focusable-content": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο δεν έχει εστιάσιμους απογόνους",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "Το στοιχείο έχει απογόνους με δυνατότητα εστίασης",
+        "notHidden": "Η χρήση  αρνητικού tabindex σε ένα στοιχείο μέσα σε ένα διαδραστικό στοιχείο ελέγχου δεν εμποδίζει τις υποστηρικτικές τεχνολογίες να εστιάσουν το στοιχείο (ακόμη και με το 'aria-hidden=true')"
+      },
+      "incomplete": "Δεν ήταν δυνατός ο προσδιορισμός για το εάν το στοιχείο έχει απογόνους"
+    },
+    "page-has-heading-one": {
+      "pass": "Η σελίδα έχει τουλάχιστον μία επικεφαλίδα επιπέδου 1",
+      "fail": "Η σελίδα πρέπει να έχει επικεφαλίδα επιπέδου 1"
+    },
+    "page-has-main": {
+      "pass": "Το έγγραφο έχει τουλάχιστον ένα κύριο ορόσημο",
+      "fail": "Το έγγραφο δεν έχει κύριο ορόσημο"
+    },
+    "page-no-duplicate-banner": {
+      "pass": "Το έγγραφο δεν έχει περισσότερα από ένα ορόσημα banner",
+      "fail": "Το έγγραφο έχει περισσότερα από ένα ορόσημα banner"
+    },
+    "page-no-duplicate-contentinfo": {
+      "pass": "Το έγγραφο δεν έχει περισσότερα από ένα ορόσημα contentinfo",
+      "fail": "Το έγγραφο έχει περισσότερα από ένα ορόσημα contentinfo"
+    },
+    "page-no-duplicate-main": {
+      "pass": "Το έγγραφο δεν έχει περισσότερα από ένα κύρια ορόσημα",
+      "fail": "Το έγγραφο έχει περισσότερα από ένα κύρια ορόσημα"
+    },
+    "tabindex": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο δεν έχει tabindex μεγαλύτερο από 0",
+      "fail": "Το στοιχείο έχει tabindex μεγαλύτερο από 0"
+    },
+    "alt-space-value": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο έχει μια έγκυρη τιμή χαρακτηριστικού alt",
+      "fail": "Το στοιχείο έχει ένα χαρακτηριστικό alt που περιέχει μόνο έναν χαρακτήρα διαστήματος, το οποίο δεν αγνοείται από όλα τα προγράμματα ανάγνωσης οθόνης"
+    },
+    "duplicate-img-label": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο δεν αντιγράφει υπάρχον κείμενο στο πεδίο alt του <img>",
+      "fail": "Το στοιχείο περιέχει στοιχείο <img> με κείμενο alt που αντιγράφει το υπάρχον κείμενο"
+    },
+    "explicit-label": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο φόρμας έχει ρητό <label>",
+      "fail": "Το στοιχείο φόρμας δέν έχει ρητό <label>",
+      "incomplete": "Δεν είναι δυνατό να προσδιοριστεί εάν το στοιχείο φόρμας έχει ρητό <label>"
+    },
+    "help-same-as-label": {
+      "pass": "Το κείμενο βοήθειας (τίτλος ή aria-describedby) δεν αντιγράφει το κείμενο της ετικέτας",
+      "fail": "Το κείμενο βοήθειας (τίτλος ή aria-describedby) είναι το ίδιο με το κείμενο της ετικέτας"
+    },
+    "hidden-explicit-label": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο φόρμας έχει ένα ορατό και ρητό <label>",
+      "fail": "Το στοιχείο φόρμας έχει ρητό <label> που είναι κρυφό",
+      "incomplete": "Δεν είναι δυνατό να προσδιοριστεί εάν το στοιχείο φόρμας έχει ρητό <label> που είναι κρυφό"
+    },
+    "implicit-label": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο φόρμας έχει ένα σιωπηρό (wrapped) <label>",
+      "fail": "Το στοιχείο φόρμας δέν έχει ένα σιωπηρό (wrapped) <label>",
+      "incomplete": "Unable to determine if form element has an implicit (wrapped} <label>"
+    },
+    "label-content-name-mismatch": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο περιέχει ορατό κείμενο ως μέρος του προσβάσιμου ονόματος του",
+      "fail": "Το κείμενο μέσα στο στοιχείο δεν περιλαμβάνεται στο προσβάσιμο όνομα"
+    },
+    "multiple-label": {
+      "pass": "Το πεδίο φόρμας δεν έχει πολλά στοιχεία ετικέτας",
+      "incomplete": "Τα πολλαπλά στοιχεία ετικετών δεν υποστηρίζονται ευρέως στις υποστηρικτικές τεχνολογίες. Βεβαιωθείτε ότι η πρώτη ετικέτα περιέχει όλες τις απαραίτητες πληροφορίες."
+    },
+    "title-only": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο φόρμας δεν χρησιμοποιεί αποκλειστικά το χαρακτηριστικό τίτλου για την ετικέτα του",
+      "fail": "Μόνο ο τίτλος χρησιμοποιείται για τη δημιουργία ετικέτας για το στοιχείο φόρμας"
+    },
+    "landmark-is-unique": {
+      "pass": "Τα ορόσημα πρέπει να έχουν μοναδικό ρόλο ή συνδυασμό ρόλου/ετικέτας/τίτλου (δηλαδή προσβάσιμο όνομα).",
+      "fail": "Το ορόσημο πρέπει να έχει ένα μοναδικό χαρακτηριστικό aria-label, aria-labelledby ή τίτλο για να διακρίνονται τα ορόσημα"
+    },
+    "has-lang": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο <html> έχει ένα χαρακτηριστικό lang",
+      "fail": {
+        "noXHTML": "Το χαρακτηριστικό xml:lang δεν είναι έγκυρο σε σελίδες HTML, χρησιμοποιήστε το χαρακτηριστικό lang.",
+        "noLang": "Το στοιχείο <html> δεν έχει χαρακτηριστικό lang"
+      }
+    },
+    "valid-lang": {
+      "pass": "Η τιμή του χαρακτηριστικού lang περιλαμβάνεται στη λίστα των έγκυρων γλωσσών",
+      "fail": "Η τιμή του χαρακτηριστικού lang δεν περιλαμβάνεται στη λίστα έγκυρων γλωσσών"
+    },
+    "xml-lang-mismatch": {
+      "pass": "Τα χαρακτηριστικά Lang και xml:lang έχουν την ίδια βασική γλώσσα",
+      "fail": "Τα χαρακτηριστικά Lang και xml:lang δεν έχουν την ίδια βασική γλώσσα"
+    },
+    "dlitem": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο λίστας περιγραφής έχει ένα γονικό στοιχείο <dl>",
+      "fail": "Το στοιχείο λίστας περιγραφής δεν έχει γονικό στοιχείο <dl>"
+    },
+    "listitem": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο λίστας έχει ένα γονικό στοιχείο <ul>, <ol> ή role=\"list\".",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "Το στοιχείο λίστας δεν έχει γονικό στοιχείο <ul>, <ol>",
+        "roleNotValid": "Το στοιχείο λίστας δεν έχει <ul>, <ol> γονικό στοιχείο χωρίς ρόλο ή role=\"list\""
+      }
+    },
+    "only-dlitems": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο dl έχει μόνο απευθείας θυγατρικά που επιτρέπεται να βρίσκονται μέσα σε στοιχεία <dt>, <dd> ή <div>",
+      "fail": "Το στοιχείο dl έχει απευθείας θυγατρικά που δεν επιτρέπονται: ${data.values}"
+    },
+    "only-listitems": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο λίστας έχει μόνο απευθείας θυγατρικά που επιτρέπονται μέσα σε στοιχεία <li>",
+      "fail": "Το στοιχείο λίστας έχει απευθείας θυγατρικά που δεν επιτρέπονται: ${data.values}"
+    },
+    "structured-dlitems": {
+      "pass": "Όταν δεν είναι κενό, το στοιχείο έχει και τα δύο στοιχεία <dt> και <dd>",
+      "fail": "Όταν δεν είναι κενό, το στοιχείο δεν έχει τουλάχιστον ένα στοιχείο <dt> ακολουθούμενο από τουλάχιστον ένα στοιχείο <dd>"
+    },
+    "caption": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο πολυμέσων έχει ένα κομμάτι υπότιτλων",
+      "incomplete": "Ελέγξτε ότι οι υπότιτλοι είναι διαθέσιμοι για το στοιχείο"
+    },
+    "frame-tested": {
+      "pass": "Το iframe δοκιμάστηκε με το ax-core",
+      "fail": "Το iframe δεν ήταν δυνατό να δοκιμαστεί με το axe-core",
+      "incomplete": "Το iframe πρέπει να δοκιμαστεί με το axe-core"
+    },
+    "no-autoplay-audio": {
+      "pass": "Το <video> ή το <audio> δεν παράγει ήχο για μεγαλύτερη από την επιτρεπόμενη διάρκεια ή διαθέτει μηχανισμό ελέγχου",
+      "fail": "Το <video> ή το <audio> εξάγει ήχο για μεγαλύτερη από την επιτρεπόμενη διάρκεια και δεν διαθέτει μηχανισμό ελέγχου",
+      "incomplete": "Βεβαιωθείτε ότι το <video> ή το <audio> δεν παράγει ήχο για μεγαλύτερη από την επιτρεπόμενη διάρκεια ή παρέχει μηχανισμό ελέγχου"
+    },
+    "css-orientation-lock": {
+      "pass": "Η οθόνη είναι λειτουργική και το κλείδωμα προσανατολισμού δεν υπάρχει",
+      "fail": "Εφαρμόζεται κλείδωμα προσανατολισμού CSS και καθιστά την οθόνη μη λειτουργική",
+      "incomplete": "Δεν είναι δυνατός ο προσδιορισμός ύπαρξης κλειδώματος προσανατολισμού CSS"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport-large": {
+      "pass": "Η ετικέτα <meta> δεν εμποδίζει τη σημαντική μεγέθυνση σε κινητές συσκευές",
+      "fail": "Η ετικέτα <meta> περιορίζει τη μεγέθυνση σε κινητές συσκευές"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport": {
+      "pass": "Η ετικέτα <meta> δεν απενεργοποιεί το ζουμ σε κινητές συσκευές",
+      "fail": "Η ετικέτα ${data} στην ετικέτα <meta> απενεργοποιεί το ζουμ σε κινητές συσκευές"
+    },
+    "target-offset": {
+      "pass": "Ο στόχος έχει επαρκή απόσταση από τους πλησιέστερους γείτονές του. Ο ασφαλής χώρος με δυνατότητα κλικ έχει διάμετρο ${data.closestOffset}px που είναι τουλάχιστον ${data.minOffset}px.",
+      "fail": "Ο στόχος δεν έχει επαρκή απόσταση από τους πλησιέστερους γείτονές του. Ο ασφαλής χώρος με δυνατότητα κλικ έχει διάμετρο ${data.closestOffset}px αντί για τουλάχιστον ${data.minOffset}px.",
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Το στοιχείο με αρνητικό tabindex έχει ανεπαρκή χώρο προς τους πλησιέστερους γείτονές του. Ο ασφαλής χώρος με δυνατότητα κλικ έχει διάμετρο ${data.closestOffset}px αντί για τουλάχιστον ${data.minOffset}px. Είναι αυτός ο στόχος;",
+        "nonTabbableNeighbor": "Ο στόχος δεν έχει επαρκή χώρο προς τους πλησιέστερους γείτονές του. Ο ασφαλής χώρος με δυνατότητα κλικ έχει διάμετρο ${data.closestOffset}px αντί για τουλάχιστον ${data.minOffset}px. Είναι στόχος ο γείτονας;"
+      }
+    },
+    "target-size": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Το στοιχείο ελέγχου έχει επαρκές μέγεθος (${data.width}px επί ${data.height}px, θα πρέπει να είναι τουλάχιστον ${data.minSize}px επί ${data.minSize}px)",
+        "obscured": "Το στοιχείο ελέγχου αγνοείται επειδή είναι πλήρως κρυμμένο και επομένως δεν μπορεί να γίνει κλικ"
+      },
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "Ο στόχος έχει ανεπαρκές μέγεθος (${data.width}px επί ${data.height}px, θα πρέπει να είναι τουλάχιστον ${data.minSize}px επί ${data.minSize}px)",
+        "partiallyObscured": "Το μέγεθος του στόχου είναι ανεπαρκές επειδή είναι μερικώς κρυμμένο (το μικρότερο διάστημα είναι ${data.width}px επί ${data.height}px, θα πρέπει να είναι τουλάχιστον ${data.minSize}px επί ${data.minSize}px)"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Το στοιχείο με αρνητικό tabindex έχει ανεπαρκές μέγεθος (${data.width}px επί ${data.height}px, θα πρέπει να είναι τουλάχιστον ${data.minSize}px επί ${data.minSize}px). Είναι στόχος;",
+        "contentOverflow": "Το μέγεθος του στοιχείου δεν ήταν δυνατό να προσδιοριστεί με ακρίβεια λόγω του περιεχομένου υπερχείλισης",
+        "partiallyObscured": "Το στοιχείο με αρνητικό tabindex δεν έχει επαρκές μέγεθος επειδή είναι μερικώς κρυμμένο (το μικρότερο διάστημα είναι ${data.width}px επί ${data.height}px, θα πρέπει να είναι τουλάχιστον ${data.minSize}px επί ${data.minSize} px). Είναι στόχος;",
+        "partiallyObscuredNonTabbable": "Ο στόχος έχει ανεπαρκές μέγεθος επειδή είναι μερικώς καλυμμένος από έναν γείτονα με αρνητικό tabindex (το μικρότερο διάστημα είναι ${data.width}px επί ${data.height}px, θα πρέπει να είναι τουλάχιστον ${data.minSize}px επί ${data.minSize}px). Είναι στόχος ο γείτονας;"
+      }
+    },
+    "header-present": {
+      "pass": "Η σελίδα έχει επικεφαλίδα",
+      "fail": "Η σελίδα δεν έχει επικεφαλίδα"
+    },
+    "heading-order": {
+      "pass": "Έγκυρη σειρά επικεφαλίδας",
+      "fail": "Μη έγκυρη σειρά επικεφαλίδας",
+      "incomplete": "Δεν είναι δυνατός ο προσδιορισμός της προηγούμενης επικεφαλίδας"
+    },
+    "identical-links-same-purpose": {
+      "pass": "Δεν υπάρχουν άλλοι σύνδεσμοι με το ίδιο όνομα που να πηγαίνουν σε διαφορετική διεύθυνση URL",
+      "incomplete": "Ελέγξτε ότι οι σύνδεσμοι έχουν τον ίδιο σκοπό ή είναι σκόπιμα διφορούμενοι."
+    },
+    "internal-link-present": {
+      "pass": "Βρέθηκε έγκυρο skip link",
+      "fail": "Δεν βρέθηκε έγκυρο skip link"
+    },
+    "landmark": {
+      "pass": "Η σελίδα έχει περιοχή ορόσημο",
+      "fail": "Η σελίδα δεν έχει περιοχή ορόσημο"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh-no-exceptions": {
+      "pass": "Η ετικέτα <meta> δεν ανανεώνει αμέσως τη σελίδα",
+      "fail": "Η ετικέτα <meta> αναγκάζει σε ανανέωση της σελίδας μετά από κάποια χρονική στιγμή"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh": {
+      "pass": "Η ετικέτα <meta> δεν ανανεώνει αμέσως τη σελίδα",
+      "fail": "Η ετικέτα <meta> αναγκάζει σε ανανέωση της σελίδας μετά από κάποια χρονική στιγμή (λιγότερο από 20 ώρες)"
+    },
+    "p-as-heading": {
+      "pass": "Τα στοιχεία <p> δεν έχουν στυλ επικεφαλίδων",
+      "fail": "Στοιχεία επικεφαλίδας πρέπει να χρησιμοποιούνται αντί για στοιχεία <p> με στυλ επικεφαλίδας",
+      "incomplete": "Δεν είναι δυνατό να προσδιοριστεί εάν τα στοιχεία <p> έχουν στυλ επικεφαλίδων"
+    },
+    "region": {
+      "pass": "Όλο το περιεχόμενο της σελίδας περιλαμβάνεται από ορόσημα",
+      "fail": "Ορισμένο περιεχόμενο της σελίδας δεν περιλαμβάνεται από ορόσημα"
+    },
+    "skip-link": {
+      "pass": "Υπάρχει στόχος για skip link",
+      "incomplete": "Ο στόχος του skip link θα πρέπει να είναι ορατός κατά την ενεργοποίηση",
+      "fail": "Δεν υπάρχει στόχος για skip link"
+    },
+    "unique-frame-title": {
+      "pass": "Το χαρακτηριστικό title του στοιχείου είναι μοναδικό",
+      "fail": "Το χαρακτηριστικό title του στοιχείου δεν είναι μοναδικό"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-active": {
+      "pass": "Το έγγραφο δεν έχει ενεργά στοιχεία που μοιράζονται το ίδιο χαρακτηριστικό id",
+      "fail": "Το έγγραφο έχει ενεργά στοιχεία με το ίδιο χαρακτηριστικό id: ${data}"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-aria": {
+      "pass": "Το έγγραφο δεν έχει πολλαπλά στοιχεία που αναφέρονται με ARIA ή ετικέτες που μοιράζονται το ίδιο χαρακτηριστικό id",
+      "fail": "Το έγγραφο έχει πολλαπλά στοιχεία που αναφέρονται με ARIA με το ίδιο χαρακτηριστικό id: ${data}"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id": {
+      "pass": "Το έγγραφο δεν έχει πολλαπλά στατικά στοιχεία που να μοιράζονται το ίδιο χαρακτηριστικό id",
+      "fail": "Το έγγραφο έχει πολλαπλά στατικά στοιχεία με το ίδιο χαρακτηριστικό id: ${data}"
+    },
+    "aria-label": {
+      "pass": "Το χαρακτηριστικό aria-label υπάρχει και δεν είναι κενό",
+      "fail": "Το χαρακτηριστικό aria-label δεν υπάρχει ή είναι κενό"
+    },
+    "aria-labelledby": {
+      "pass": "Το χαρακτηριστικό aria-labelledby υπάρχει και παραπέμπει σε στοιχεία που είναι ορατά στους αναγνώστες οθόνης",
+      "fail": "Το χαρακτηριστικό aria-labelledby δεν υπάρχει, αναφέρεται σε στοιχεία που δεν υπάρχουν ή παραπέμπει σε στοιχεία που είναι κενά",
+      "incomplete": "βεβαιωθείτε ότι το aria-labelledby παραπέμπει σε ένα υπάρχον στοιχείο"
+    },
+    "avoid-inline-spacing": {
+      "pass": "Δεν έχουν καθοριστεί ενσωματωμένα στυλ με '!important' που επηρεάζουν το διάστημα κειμένου",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Καταργήστε το '!important' από το ενσωματωμένο στυλ ${data.values}, καθώς η παράκαμψη του δεν υποστηρίζεται από τα περισσότερα προγράμματα περιήγησης",
+        "plural": "Καταργήστε το '!important' από τα ενσωματωμένα στυλ ${data.values}, καθώς η παράκαμψη τους δεν υποστηρίζεται από τα περισσότερα προγράμματα περιήγησης"
+      }
+    },
+    "button-has-visible-text": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο έχει εσωτερικό κείμενο που είναι ορατό στους αναγνώστες οθόνης",
+      "fail": "Το στοιχείο δεν έχει εσωτερικό κείμενο που είναι ορατό στους αναγνώστες οθόνης",
+      "incomplete": "Δεν είναι δυνατό να προσδιοριστεί εάν το στοιχείο έχει παιδιά"
+    },
+    "doc-has-title": {
+      "pass": "Το έγγραφο έχει μη κενό στοιχείο <title>",
+      "fail": "Το έγγραφο δεν έχει μη κενό στοιχείο <title>"
+    },
+    "exists": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο δεν υπάρχει",
+      "incomplete": "Το στοιχείο υπάρχει"
+    },
+    "has-alt": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο έχει χαρακτηριστικό alt",
+      "fail": "Το στοιχείο δεν έχει χαρακτηριστικό alt"
+    },
+    "has-visible-text": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο έχει κείμενο που είναι ορατό στους αναγνώστες οθόνης",
+      "fail": "Το στοιχείο δεν έχει κείμενο που είναι ορατό στους αναγνώστες οθόνης",
+      "incomplete": "Δεν είναι δυνατό να προσδιοριστεί εάν το στοιχείο έχει παιδιά"
+    },
+    "important-letter-spacing": {
+      "pass": "Το letter-spacing στο χαρακτηριστικό style δεν έχει οριστεί σε !important ή πληροί το ελάχιστο",
+      "fail": "Το letter-spacing  στο χαρακτηριστικό style δεν πρέπει να χρησιμοποιεί !important ή να είναι στο ${data.minValue}em (τρέχον ${data.value}em)"
+    },
+    "important-line-height": {
+      "pass": "Το line-height στο χαρακτηριστικό style δεν έχει οριστεί σε !important ή πληροί το ελάχιστο",
+      "fail": "Το line-height στο χαρακτηριστικό style δεν πρέπει να χρησιμοποιεί !important ή να είναι στο ${data.minValue}em (τρέχον ${data.value}em)"
+    },
+    "important-word-spacing": {
+      "pass": "Το word-spacing στο χαρακτηριστικό style δεν έχει οριστεί σε !important ή πληροί το ελάχιστο",
+      "fail": "Το word-spacing στο χαρακτηριστικό style δεν πρέπει να χρησιμοποιεί !important ή να είναι στο ${data.minValue}em (τρέχον ${data.value}em)"
+    },
+    "is-on-screen": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο δεν είναι ορατό",
+      "fail": "Το στοιχείο είναι ορατό"
+    },
+    "non-empty-alt": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο έχει μη κενό χαρακτηριστικό alt",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "Το στοιχείο δεν έχει χαρακτηριστικό alt",
+        "emptyAttr": "Το στοιχείο έχει κενό χαρακτηριστικό alt"
+      }
+    },
+    "non-empty-if-present": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Το στοιχείο δεν έχει χαρακτηριστικό value",
+        "has-label": "Το στοιχείο έχει ένα χαρακτηριστικό value με μη κενή τιμή"
+      },
+      "fail": "Το στοιχείο έχει χαρακτηριστικό value αλλά είναι κενό"
+    },
+    "non-empty-placeholder": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο έχει χαρακτηριστικό placeholder",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "Το στοιχείο δεν έχει χαρακτηριστικό placeholder",
+        "emptyAttr": "Το στοιχείο έχει κενό χαρακτηριστικό placeholder"
+      }
+    },
+    "non-empty-title": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο έχει χαρακτηριστικό τίτλου",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "Το στοιχείο δεν έχει χαρακτηριστικό τίτλου",
+        "emptyAttr": "Το στοιχείο έχει κενό χαρακτηριστικό τίτλου"
+      }
+    },
+    "non-empty-value": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο έχει ένα χαρακτηριστικό με μη κενή τιμή",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "Το στοιχείο δεν έχει χαρακτηριστικό τιμής",
+        "emptyAttr": "Το στοιχείο έχει ένα χαρακτηριστικό με κενή τιμή"
+      }
+    },
+    "presentational-role": {
+      "pass": "Η προεπιλεγμένη σημασιολογία του στοιχείου αντικαταστάθηκε με το role=\"${data.role}\"",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "Η προεπιλεγμένη σημασιολογία του στοιχείου δεν αντικαταστάθηκε με role=\"none\" ή role=\"presentation\"",
+        "globalAria": "Ο ρόλος του στοιχείου δεν είναι για παρουσίαση επειδή έχει ένα καθολικό χαρακτηριστικό ARIA",
+        "focusable": "Ο ρόλος του στοιχείου δεν είναι για παρουσίαση επειδή είναι εστιασμένο",
+        "both": "Ο ρόλος του στοιχείου δεν είναι για παρουσίαση, επειδή έχει ένα καθολικό χαρακτηριστικό ARIA και είναι εστιασμένο",
+        "iframe": "Η χρήση του χαρακτηριστικού \"title\" σε ένα στοιχείο ${data.nodeName} με ρόλο παρουσίασης συμπεριφέρεται με ασυνέπεια μεταξύ των προγραμμάτων ανάγνωσης οθόνης"
+      }
+    },
+    "role-none": {
+      "pass": "Η προεπιλεγμένη σημασιολογία του στοιχείου αντικαταστάθηκε με role=\"none\"",
+      "fail": "Η προεπιλεγμένη σημασιολογία του στοιχείου δεν αντικαταστάθηκε με role=\"none\""
+    },
+    "role-presentation": {
+      "pass": "Η προεπιλεγμένη σημασιολογία του στοιχείου αντικαταστάθηκε με role=\"presentation\"",
+      "fail": "Η προεπιλεγμένη σημασιολογία του στοιχείου δεν αντικαταστάθηκε με role=\"presentation\""
+    },
+    "svg-non-empty-title": {
+      "pass": "Το στοιχείο έχει θυγατρικό που είναι τίτλος",
+      "fail": {
+        "noTitle": "Το στοιχείο δεν έχει θυγατρικό που να είναι τίτλος",
+        "emptyTitle": "Ο τίτλος του θυγατρικού στοιχείου είναι κενός"
+      },
+      "incomplete": "Δεν είναι δυνατό να προσδιοριστεί αν το στοιχείο έχει ένα θυγατρικό που είναι τίτλος"
+    },
+    "caption-faked": {
+      "pass": "Η πρώτη γραμμή του πίνακα δεν χρησιμοποιείται ως λεζάντα",
+      "fail": "Το πρώτο θυγατρικό του πίνακα θα πρέπει να είναι λεζάντα αντί για κελί πίνακα"
+    },
+    "html5-scope": {
+      "pass": "Το χαρακτηριστικό Scope χρησιμοποιείται μόνο σε στοιχεία κεφαλίδας πίνακα (<th>)",
+      "fail": "Στην HTML 5, τα χαρακτηριστικά scope μπορούν να χρησιμοποιούνται μόνο σε στοιχεία κεφαλίδας πίνακα (<th>)"
+    },
+    "same-caption-summary": {
+      "pass": "Το περιεχόμενο του χαρακτηριστικού summary και του <caption> δεν είναι διπλότυπα",
+      "fail": "Το περιεχόμενο του χαρακτηριστικού summary και το στοιχείο <caption> είναι πανομοιότυπα",
+      "incomplete": "Δεν είναι δυνατό να προσδιοριστεί εάν το στοιχείο <table> έχει λεζάντα"
+    },
+    "scope-value": {
+      "pass": "Το χαρακτηριστικό Scope χρησιμοποιείται σωστά",
+      "fail": "Η τιμή του χαρακτηριστικού scope μπορεί να είναι μόνο 'row' ή 'col'"
+    },
+    "td-has-header": {
+      "pass": "Όλα τα μη κενά κελιά δεδομένων διαθέτουν κεφαλίδες πίνακα",
+      "fail": "Ορισμένα μη κενά κελιά δεδομένων δεν διαθέτουν κεφαλίδες πίνακα"
+    },
+    "td-headers-attr": {
+      "pass": "Το χαρακτηριστικό headers χρησιμοποιείται αποκλειστικά για αναφορά σε άλλα κελιά του πίνακα",
+      "incomplete": "Το χαρακτηριστικό headers είναι κενό",
+      "fail": "Το χαρακτηριστικό headers δεν χρησιμοποιείται αποκλειστικά για αναφορά σε άλλα κελιά του πίνακα"
+    },
+    "th-has-data-cells": {
+      "pass": "Όλα τα κελιά της κεφαλίδας του πίνακα αναφέρονται σε κελιά δεδομένων",
+      "fail": "Δεν αναφέρονται όλα τα κελιά της κεφαλίδας του πίνακα σε κελιά δεδομένων",
+      "incomplete": "Τα κελιά δεδομένων του πίνακα λείπουν ή είναι άδεια"
+    },
+    "hidden-content": {
+      "pass": "Όλο το περιεχόμενο της σελίδας έχει αναλυθεί.",
+      "fail": "Παρουσιάστηκαν προβλήματα κατά την ανάλυση του περιεχομένου σε αυτήν τη σελίδα.",
+      "incomplete": "Υπάρχει κρυφό περιεχόμενο στη σελίδα που δεν αναλύθηκε. Για να το αναλύσετε, θα πρέπει να ενεργοποιήσετε την εμφάνιση αυτού του περιεχομένου."
+    }
+  },
+  "failureSummaries": {
+    "any": {
+      "failureMessage": "Διορθώστε οποιοδήποτε από τα παρακάτω:{{~it:value}}\n  {{=value.split('\\n').join('\\n  ')}}{{~}}"
+    },
+    "none": {
+      "failureMessage": "Διορθώστε όλα τα παρακάτω:{{~it:value}}\n  {{=value.split('\\n').join('\\n  ')}}{{~}}"
+    }
+  },
+  "incompleteFallbackMessage": "Το axe δεν μπορεί να πει τον λόγο. Ώρα για τον επιθεωρητή στοιχείων!"
+}
diff --git a/locales/es.json b/locales/es.json
index 5605020f9..7a0b5c0b3 100644
--- a/locales/es.json
+++ b/locales/es.json
@@ -376,7 +376,9 @@
       }
     },
     "aria-required-children": {
-      "pass": "Los hijos ARIA requeridos están presentes",
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Los hijos ARIA requeridos están presentes"
+      },
       "fail": {
         "singular": "Rol de hijos requerido en ARIA no presente: ${data.values}",
         "plural": "Rol de hijo requerido en ARIA no presente: ${data.values}"
diff --git a/locales/eu.json b/locales/eu.json
index 4767e9e93..03b534cfc 100644
--- a/locales/eu.json
+++ b/locales/eu.json
@@ -376,7 +376,9 @@
       }
     },
     "aria-required-children": {
-      "pass": "Eskatutako ARIA semeak bertan daude",
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Eskatutako ARIA semeak bertan daude"
+      },
       "fail": {
         "singular": "Esktatutako ARIARren semeak ez daude : ${data.values}",
         "plural": "Esktatutako ARIARren semeaez dago : ${data.values}"
diff --git a/locales/fr.json b/locales/fr.json
index a5fb70ea0..9bd71725e 100644
--- a/locales/fr.json
+++ b/locales/fr.json
@@ -113,14 +113,14 @@
       "description": "Vérifier que chaque page dispose au minimum d’un mécanisme de contournement de la navigation pour accéder directement au contenu",
       "help": "Chaque page doit fournir des moyens de contourner les contenus répétés"
     },
-    "color-contrast": {
-      "description": "Vérifier que les contrastes entre le premier plan et l’arrière-plan rencontrent les seuils de contrastes exigés par les WCAG 2 AA",
-      "help": "Les éléments doivent avoir un contraste de couleurs suffisant"
-    },
     "color-contrast-enhanced": {
       "description": "Vérifier que les contrastes entre le premier plan et l’arrière-plan rencontrent les seuils de contrastes exigés par les WCAG 2 AAA",
       "help": "Les éléments doivent avoir un contraste de couleurs suffisant"
     },
+    "color-contrast": {
+      "description": "Vérifier que les contrastes entre le premier plan et l’arrière-plan rencontrent les seuils de contrastes exigés par les WCAG 2 AA",
+      "help": "Les éléments doivent avoir un contraste de couleurs suffisant"
+    },
     "css-orientation-lock": {
       "description": "Vérifier que les contenus ne sont pas limités à une orientation spécifique de l’écran, et que le contenu est utilisable sous toutes les orientations de l’écran",
       "help": "Les CSS Media queries ne sont pas utilisées pour verrouiller l’orientation de l’écran"
@@ -289,9 +289,13 @@
       "description": "Vérifier que l’élément <marquee> n’est pas utilisé",
       "help": "L’élément <marquee> est déprécié et ne doit pas être utilisé"
     },
+    "meta-refresh-no-exceptions": {
+      "description": "Vérifier que <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> n’est pas utilisé pour une actualisation différée",
+      "help": "L'actualisation différée ne doit pas être utilisée"
+    },
     "meta-refresh": {
-      "description": "Vérifier que <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> n’est pas utilisé",
-      "help": "La page HTML ne doit pas être actualisée automatiquement"
+      "description": "Vérifier que <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> n’est pas utilisé pour une actualisation différée",
+      "help": "L'actualisation différée en dessous de 20 heures ne doit pas être utilisée"
     },
     "meta-viewport-large": {
       "description": "Vérifier que <meta name=\"viewport\"> permet un agrandissement significatif",
@@ -369,6 +373,10 @@
       "description": "Vérifier que les tableaux avec une légende utilisent l’élément <caption>",
       "help": "Les données ou les cellules d’entête ne devraient pas être utilisées pour légender un tableau de données"
     },
+    "target-size": {
+      "description": "Vérifier que la cible tactile a une taille et un espace suffisants",
+      "help": "Toutes les cibles tactiles doivent faire 24px de large, ou être suffisamment grandes"
+    },
     "td-has-header": {
       "description": "Vérifier que chaque cellule de données non vide dans un tableau de données a une ou plusieurs cellules d’entête",
       "help": "Chaque élément td non vide dans un tableau plus grand que 3 × 3 doit avoir une cellule d’entête associée"
@@ -436,7 +444,7 @@
       "pass": "Les valeurs d’aria-level sont valides",
       "incomplete": "Les valeurs d’aria-level supérieures à 6 ne sont pas supportées par toutes les combinaisons de navigateurs et de lecteurs d’écrans"
     },
-    "aria-prohibited-attr":{
+    "aria-prohibited-attr": {
       "pass": "L’attribut ARIA est autorisé",
       "fail": "L’attribut ARIA ne peut pas être utilisé, ajoutez un attribut role ou utilisez un élément différent : ${data.values}",
       "incomplete": "L’attribut ARIA n’est pas bien supporté sur l’élément et le contenu texte sera utilisé à la place : ${data.values}"
@@ -449,7 +457,9 @@
       }
     },
     "aria-required-children": {
-      "pass": "Les descendants ARIA requis sont présents",
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Les descendants ARIA requis sont présents"
+      },
       "fail": {
         "singular": "Le descendant ARIA requis est manquant : ${data.values}",
         "plural": "Les descendants ARIA requis sont manquants : ${data.values}"
diff --git a/locales/he.json b/locales/he.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fd0d2eaa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/locales/he.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1017 @@
+{
+  "lang": "he",
+  "rules": {
+    "accesskeys": {
+      "description": "מוודא שכל ערך תכונה של accesskey יהיה ייחודי",
+      "help": "ערך התכונה accesskey צריך להיות ייחודי"
+    },
+    "area-alt": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלאלמנטים של <area> של מפות תמונה יש טקסט חלופי",
+      "help": "אלמנטים פעילים של <area> מוכרחים להיות עם טקסט חלופי"
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-attr": {
+      "description": "מוודא שתכונות ARIA מורשות לתפקיד אלמנט",
+      "help": "אלמנטים מוכרחים להרשות רק תכונות ARIA"
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-role": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלתכונת תפקיד יש ערך מתאים לאלמנט",
+      "help": "תפקיד ARIA צריך להתאים לאלמנט"
+    },
+    "aria-command-name": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלכל כפתור, קישור ופריט תפריט של ARIA יש שם נגיש",
+      "help": "על פקודות ARIA להיות עם שם נגיש"
+    },
+    "aria-dialog-name": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלכל רכיב תיבת דיאלוג או תיבת התראה של ARIA יש שם נגיש",
+      "help": "על רכיבי תיבת דיאלוג או תיבת התראה של ARIA להיות עם שם נגיש"
+    },
+    "aria-hidden-body": {
+      "description": "מוודא ש-aria-hidden='true' לא מוצג בגוף המסמך.",
+      "help": "אסור ש-aria-hidden='true' יוצג בגוף המסמך"
+    },
+    "aria-hidden-focus": {
+      "description": "מוודא שאלמנטים של aria-hidden לא מכילים אלמנטים בני מיקוד",
+      "help": "אסור שאלמנט סמוי של ARIA יכיל אלמנטים בני מיקוד"
+    },
+    "aria-input-field-name": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלכל שדה הזנה של ARIA יש שם נגיש",
+      "help": "שדות הזנה של ARIA מוכרחים להיות עם שם נגיש"
+    },
+    "aria-meter-name": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלכל רכיב meter של ARIA יש שם נגיש",
+      "help": "על רכיבי meter של ARIA להיות עם שם נגיש"
+    },
+    "aria-progressbar-name": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלכל רכיב progressbar של ARIA יש שם נגיש",
+      "help": "על רכיבי progressbar של ARIA להיות עם שם נגיש"
+    },
+    "aria-required-attr": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלאלמנטים עם תפקידי ARIA יש את כל תכונות ARIA הדרושות",
+      "help": "יש לספק את תכונות ARIA הדרושות"
+    },
+    "aria-required-children": {
+      "description": "מוודא שאלמנטים עם תפקיד ARIA שדורשים תפקידי ילדים מכילים אותם",
+      "help": "תפקידי ARIA מסוימים מוכרחים להכיל ילדים מסוימים"
+    },
+    "aria-required-parent": {
+      "description": "מוודא שאלמנטים עם תפקיד ARIA שדורשים תפקידי הורים מכילים אותם",
+      "help": "תפקידי ARIA מסוימים מוכרחים להכיל הורים מסוימים"
+    },
+    "aria-roledescription": {
+      "description": "מוודא ש-aria-roledescription הוא בשימוש רק על אלמנטים עם תפקיד מרומז או מפורש",
+      "help": "aria-roledescription מוכרח להיות על אלמנטים עם תפקיד סמנטי"
+    },
+    "aria-roles": {
+      "description": "מוודא שכל האלמנטים עם תכונת role משתמשים בערך קביל",
+      "help": "תפקידי ARIA שבשימוש מוכרחים להיות עם ערכים קבילים"
+    },
+    "aria-text": {
+      "description": "מוודא ש-\"role=text\" הוא בשימוש על אלמנטים ללא צאצאים בני מיקוד",
+      "help": "על \"role=text\" להיות ללא צאצאים בני מיקוד"
+    },
+    "aria-toggle-field-name": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלכל שדה toggle של ARIA יש שם נגיש",
+      "help": "על שדות toggle של ARIA להיות עם שם נגיש"
+    },
+    "aria-tooltip-name": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלכל רכיב tooltip של ARIA יש שם נגיש",
+      "help": "על רכיבי toolrip של ARIA להיות עם שם נגיש"
+    },
+    "aria-treeitem-name": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלכל רכיב treeitem של ARIA יש שם נגיש",
+      "help": "רכיבי treeitem של ARIA צריכים להיות עם שם נגיש"
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr-value": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלכל תכונות ARIA יש ערכים קבילים",
+      "help": "תכונות ARIA מוכרחות להתאים לערכים קבילים"
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr": {
+      "description": "מוודא שתכונות שמתחילות עם aria- הן תכונות ARIA קבילות",
+      "help": "תכונות ARIA מוכרחות להתאים לשמות קבילים"
+    },
+    "audio-caption": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלאלמנטים של <audio> יש כתוביות",
+      "help": "אלמנטים של <audio> מוכרחים להיות עם רצועת כתוביות"
+    },
+    "autocomplete-valid": {
+      "description": "מוודא שתכונת autocomplete נכונה ומתאימה לשדה הטופס",
+      "help": "יש להשתמש בתכונה autocomplete באופן נכון"
+    },
+    "avoid-inline-spacing": {
+      "description": "מוודא שאפשר לשנות את ריווח הטקסט שהוגדר בתכונות העיצוב לפי stylesheets מותאמים אישית",
+      "help": "ריווח טקסט בשורה מוכרח להיות ניתן להתאמה עם stylesheets מותאמים אישית"
+    },
+    "blink": {
+      "description": "מוודא שאלמנטים של <blink> אינם בשימוש",
+      "help": "אלמנטים של <blink> אסורים ואין להשתמש בהם"
+    },
+    "button-name": {
+      "description": "מוודא שללחצנים יש טקסט מובן",
+      "help": "לחצנים מוכרחים להיות עם טקסט מובן"
+    },
+    "bypass": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלכל עמוד יש לפחות מנגנון אחד למשתמש לעקוף ניווט ולקפוץ ישירות לתוכן",
+      "help": "לעמוד מוכרחים להיות אמצעים לעקיפת חסימות חוזרות"
+    },
+    "color-contrast-enhanced": {
+      "description": "מוודא שהניגוד בין צבעי הרקע והחזית עונה על דרישות הסף עבור יחסי הניגוד של WCAG 2 AAA",
+      "help": "לאלמנטים צריך להיות ניגוד צבעים מספק"
+    },
+    "color-contrast": {
+      "description": "מוודא שהניגוד בין צבעי הרקע והחזית עונה על דרישות הסף עבור יחסי הניגוד של WCAG 2 AA",
+      "help": "לאלמנטים צריך להיות ניגוד צבעים מספק"
+    },
+    "css-orientation-lock": {
+      "description": "מוודא שהתוכן אינו נעול לכיוון תצוגה מסוים, והתוכן הוא בר ביצוע בכל כיווני התצוגה",
+      "help": "אסור ששאילתות CSS מדיה ינעלו את כיוון התצוגה"
+    },
+    "definition-list": {
+      "description": "מוודא שאלמנטים של <dl> בנויים נכונה",
+      "help": "אלמנטים של <dl> חייבים להכיל רק באופן ישיר קבוצות <dt> וכן <dd> שהוזמנו כראוי, <script>, <template> או אלמנטים של <div>"
+    },
+    "dlitem": {
+      "description": "מוודא שאלמנטים של <dt> וכן <dd> מוכלים על ידי <dl>",
+      "help": "אלמנטים של <dt> וכן <dd> מוכלים על ידי <dl>"
+    },
+    "document-title": {
+      "description": "מוודא שכל מסמך HTML מכיל אלמנט לא-ריק של <title>",
+      "help": "מסמכים מוכרחים להיות עם אלמנט <title> כדי לסייע בניווט"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-active": {
+      "description": "מוודא שכל ערך של התכונה id של אלמנטים פעילים הוא ייחודי",
+      "help": "ID של אלמנטים פעילים מוכרח להיות ייחודי"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-aria": {
+      "description": "מוודא שכל ערך תכונת id שבשימוש ב-ARIA ובתוויות הוא ייחודי",
+      "help": "ID בשימוש ב-ARIA ובתוויות מוכרח להיות ייחודי"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id": {
+      "description": "מוודא שכל ערך של התכונה id הוא ייחודי",
+      "help": "ערכי התכונה id מוכרחים להיות ייחודיים"
+    },
+    "empty-heading": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלכותרות יש טקסט מובן",
+      "help": "אסור שכותרות יהיו ריקות"
+    },
+    "empty-table-header": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלכותרות של טבלה יש טקסט מובן",
+      "help": "אסור שכותרות של טבלה יהיו ריקות"
+    },
+    "focus-order-semantics": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלאלמנטים בסדר המיקוד יש תפקיד מתאים לתוכן אינטראקטיבי",
+      "help": "אלמנטים בסדר המיקוד צריכים להיות עם תפקיד מתאים"
+    },
+    "form-field-multiple-labels": {
+      "description": "מוודא ששדות הזנה הם בלי מספר אלמנטים של תווית",
+      "help": "אסור ששדות הזנה יהיו עם מספר אלמנטים של תווית"
+    },
+    "frame-focusable-content": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלאלמנטים של <frame> ושל <iframe> עם תוכן בר מיקוד אין tabindex=-1",
+      "help": "אסור שלמסגרות עם תוכן בר מיקוד יהיה tabindex=-1"
+    },
+    "frame-tested": {
+      "description": "מוודא שאלמנטים של <iframe> ושל <frame> מכילים את סקריפט ה-axe-core",
+      "help": "על מסגרות להיבחן עם axe-core"
+    },
+    "frame-title-unique": {
+      "description": "מוודא שאלמנטים של <iframe> ושל <frame> מכילים תכונת כותרת ייחודית",
+      "help": "מסגרות מוכרחות להיות עם תכונת כותרת ייחודית"
+    },
+    "frame-title": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלאלמנטים של <iframe> ושל <frame> יש שמות נגישים",
+      "help": "מסגרות מוכרחות להיות עם שמות נגישים"
+    },
+    "heading-order": {
+      "description": "מוודא שסדר הכותרות נכון סמנטית",
+      "help": "הדרגות של הכותרות צריכות לגדול רק באחת"
+    },
+    "hidden-content": {
+      "description": "מיידע את המשתמשים על תוכן נסתר.",
+      "help": "יש לנתח תוכן נסתר בעמוד"
+    },
+    "html-has-lang": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלכל מסמך HTML יש תכונת lang",
+      "help": "אלמנט <html> מוכרח להיות עם תכונת lang"
+    },
+    "html-lang-valid": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלתכונת lang של האלמנט <html> יש ערך תקין",
+      "help": "אלמנט <html> מוכרח להיות עם ערך תקין לתכונה lang"
+    },
+    "html-xml-lang-mismatch": {
+      "description": "מוודא שאלמנטים של HTML עם תכונות lang ו-xml:lang תקינות מסכימים על שפת הבסיס של העמוד",
+      "help": "אלמנטים של HTML עם lang ו-xml:lang מוכרחים להיות עם אותה שפת בסיס"
+    },
+    "identical-links-same-purpose": {
+      "description": "מוודא שקישורים עם אותו שם נגיש משרתים מטרה דומה",
+      "help": "קישורים עם אותו השם מוכרחים לשרת מטרה דומה"
+    },
+    "image-alt": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלאלמנטים של <img> יש טקסט חלופי או תפקיד של none או תצוגה",
+      "help": "תמונות מוכרחות להיות עם טקסט חלופי"
+    },
+    "image-redundant-alt": {
+      "description": "מוודא שהחלופה של התמונה לא חוזרת על עצמה בטקסט",
+      "help": "טקסט חלופי של תמונות לא אמור לחזור על עצמו בטקסט"
+    },
+    "input-button-name": {
+      "description": "מוודא שללחצני קלט יש טקסט מובן",
+      "help": "לחצני קלט מוכרחים להיות עם טקסט מובן"
+    },
+    "input-image-alt": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלאלמנטים של <input type=\"image\"> יש טקסט חלופי",
+      "help": "לחצני תמונה מוכרחים להיות עם טקסט חלופי"
+    },
+    "label-content-name-mismatch": {
+      "description": "מוודא שאלמנטים שמקבלים תווית דרך התוכן שלהם עם טקסט גלוי כחלק משמם הנגיש",
+      "help": "אלמנטים מוכרחים להיות עם טקסט גלוי כחלק משמם הנגיש"
+    },
+    "label-title-only": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלכל אלמנט של טופס יש תווית נראית ולא מתויג רק בשימוש בתוויות נסתרות, או בשימוש בתכונות של כותרת או aria-describedby",
+      "help": "אלמנטים של טופס צריכים תווית ברורה וגלויה"
+    },
+    "label": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלכל אלמנט של טופס יש תווית",
+      "help": "אלמנטים של טופס מוכרחים להיות עם תוויות"
+    },
+    "landmark-banner-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "מוודא שבאנר ציון הדרך הוא ברמה העליונה בהיררכיה",
+      "help": "באנר ציון הדרך לא צריך להיות מוכל בתוך ציון דרך אחר"
+    },
+    "landmark-complementary-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "מוודא שציון הדרך המשלים או aside הוא ברמה העליונה",
+      "help": "אין להכיל aside בתוך ציון דרך אחר"
+    },
+    "landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "מוודא שציון דרך מידע-תוכן הוא ברמה העליונה בהיררכיה",
+      "help": "ציון הדרך מידע-תוכן לא צריך להיות מוכל בתוך ציון דרך אחר"
+    },
+    "landmark-main-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "מוודא שציון הדרך הראשי הוא ברמה העליונה בהיררכיה",
+      "help": "ציון הדרך הראשי לא צריך להיות מוכל בתוך ציון דרך אחר"
+    },
+    "landmark-no-duplicate-banner": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלמסמך יש לכל היותר באנר ציון דרך אחד",
+      "help": "המסמך לא צריך להיות עם יותר מבאנר ציון דרך אחד"
+    },
+    "landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלמסמך יש לכל היותר ציון דרך מידע-תוכן אחד",
+      "help": "מסמך לא צריך להיות עם יותר מציון דרך מידע-תוכן אחד"
+    },
+    "landmark-no-duplicate-main": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלמסמך יש ציון דרך אחד מרכזי לכל היותר",
+      "help": "במסמך לא נכון שיהיה יותר מציון דרך ראשי אחד"
+    },
+    "landmark-one-main": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלמסמך יש ציון דרך מרכזי",
+      "help": "במסמך צריך להיות ציון דרך ראשי אחד"
+    },
+    "landmark-unique": {
+      "help": "מוודא שציוני דרך הם ייחודיים",
+      "description": "לציוני דרך צריך להיות תפקיד או שילוב של תפקיד/תווית/כותרת (לדוג' שם נגיש) ייחודיים"
+    },
+    "link-in-text-block": {
+      "description": "מוודא שקישורים נבדלים מהטקסט מסביב באופן שאינו נסמך על צבע",
+      "help": "על קישורים להיות נבדלים מבלי להסתמך על צבע"
+    },
+    "link-name": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלקישורים יש טקסט מובן",
+      "help": "קישורים מוכרחים להיות עם טקסט מובן"
+    },
+    "list": {
+      "description": "מוודא שרשימות בנויות נכונה",
+      "help": "<ul> וכן <ol> חייבים להכיל רק באופן ישיר אלמנטים של <li>, <script> וכן <template>"
+    },
+    "listitem": {
+      "description": "מוודא שאלמנטים של <li> הם בשימוש סמנטי",
+      "help": "אלמנטים של <li> חייבים להיות מוכלים על ידי <ul> או <ol>"
+    },
+    "marquee": {
+      "description": "מוודא שאלמנטים של <marquee> אינם בשימוש",
+      "help": "אלמנטים של <marquee> אסורים ואין להשתמש בהם"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh-no-exceptions": {
+      "description": "מוודא ש-<meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> אינו בשימוש עבור ריענון מושהה",
+      "help": "אסור שריענון מושהה יתקיים"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh": {
+      "description": "מוודא ש-<meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> אינו בשימוש עבור ריענון מושהה",
+      "help": "אסור להשתמש בריענון מושהה של פחות מ-20 שעות"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport-large": {
+      "description": "מוודא ש-<meta name=\"viewport\"> יכול להגדיל בכמות משמעותית",
+      "help": "משתמשים צריכים להצליח להגדיל את הטקסט עד 500%"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport": {
+      "description": "מוודא ש-<meta name=\"viewport\"> לא מנטרל הגדלת טקסט ומסך",
+      "help": "אין לבטל את הפונקציות של הגדלת המסך וטקסט"
+    },
+    "nested-interactive": {
+      "description": "מוודא שמנגנוני בקרה לא מקוננים משום שקוראי מסך לא תמיד מתריעים עליהם או שהם יכולים לגרום לבעיות מיקוד עבור טכנולוגיות מסייעות",
+      "help": "אסור שמנגנוני בקרה לא פעילים יהיו מקוננים"
+    },
+    "no-autoplay-audio": {
+      "description": "מוודא שאלמנטים של <video> או <audio> אינם מפעילים שמע באופן אוטומטי למשך יותר מ-3 שניות ללא מנגנון בקרה לעצירה או להנמכת עוצמת השמע",
+      "help": "אלמנטים של <video> או <audio> אינם מופעלים באופן אוטומטי"
+    },
+    "object-alt": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלאלמנטים של <object> יש טקסט חלופי",
+      "help": "אלמנטים של <object> מוכרחים להיות עם טקסט חלופי"
+    },
+    "p-as-heading": {
+      "description": "מוודא שטקסט דגוש, נטוי וגודל פונט לא בשימוש בעיצוב אלמנטים של <p> ככותרת",
+      "help": "אסור שאלמנטים מעוצבים של <p> ישמשו ככותרות"
+    },
+    "page-has-heading-one": {
+      "description": "מוודא שהעמוד, או לפחות אחת המסגרות שלו, מכילים כותרת רמה אחת",
+      "help": "העמוד אמור להכיל כותרת רמה אחת"
+    },
+    "presentation-role-conflict": {
+      "description": "מסמן אלמנטים שהתפקיד שלהם הוא none או presentation ושמפעיל את הטריגר של פתרון תפקידים מתנגשים.",
+      "help": "על אלמנטים של תפקיד none או presentation להיות מסומנים"
+    },
+    "region": {
+      "description": "מוודא שכל תוכן העמוד בתוך ציוני דרך",
+      "help": "כל תוכן העמוד צריך להיות בתוך ציוני דרך"
+    },
+    "role-img-alt": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלאלמנטים של [role='img'] יש טקסט חלופי",
+      "help": "אלמנטים של [role='img'] עם תפקיד של תמונה חייבים להיות עם טקסט חלופי"
+    },
+    "scope-attr-valid": {
+      "description": "מוודא שמשתמשים בתכונה תחום נכונה על טבלאות",
+      "help": "יש להשתמש בתכונה תחום נכונה"
+    },
+    "scrollable-region-focusable": {
+      "description": "מוודא שאלמנטים שיש להם תוכן בר גלילה נגישים על ידי מקלדת",
+      "help": "אזורי גלילה מוכרחים להיות עם נגישות של מקלדת"
+    },
+    "select-name": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלאלמנט הנבחר יש שם נגיש",
+      "help": "לאלמנט הנבחר צריך להיות שם נגיש"
+    },
+    "server-side-image-map": {
+      "description": "מוודא שמפות תמונה צד-שרת לא יהיו בשימוש",
+      "help": "אסור שמפות תמונה צד-שרת יהיו בשימוש"
+    },
+    "skip-link": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלכל קישורי דילוג לתוכן יש מטרה ברת מיקוד",
+      "help": "המטרה של קישור דילוג לתוכן צריכה להתקיים ולהיות ברת מיקוד"
+    },
+    "svg-img-alt": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלאלמנטים של <svg> עם תפקיד תמונה, מסמך גרפי או סמל גרפי יש טקסט נגיש",
+      "help": "אלמנטים של <svg> עם תפקיד של תמונה חייבים להיות עם טקסט חלופי"
+    },
+    "tabindex": {
+      "description": "מוודא שערכי התכונה tabindex אינם גדולים מ-0",
+      "help": "אלמנטים לא צריכים להיות עם tabindex גדול מאפס"
+    },
+    "table-duplicate-name": {
+      "description": "מוודא שהאלמנט <caption> לא מכיל אותו טקסט כמו התכונה תקציר",
+      "help": "לטבלאות לא צריכים להיות אותם תקציר טבלה וכיתוב"
+    },
+    "table-fake-caption": {
+      "description": "מוודא שטבלאות עם כיתוב משתמשות באלמנט <caption>.",
+      "help": "תאי מידע או כותרת לא אמורים לשמש כדי לתת כיתוב לטבלת מידע."
+    },
+    "td-has-header": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלכל תאי מידע לא-ריק ב-<table> גדולה מ-3X3 יש כותרות טבלה אחת או יותר",
+      "help": "אלמנטים לא ריקים של <td> ב-<table> גדולה יותר חייבים להיות מקושרים עם כותרת טבלה "
+    },
+    "td-headers-attr": {
+      "description": "מוודא שכל תא בטבלה שמשתמש בתכונת הכותרת מתייחס רק לתאים אחרים באותה טבלה",
+      "help": "תאי טבלה שמשתמשים בתכונת כותרות חייבים להתייחס לתאים באותה הטבלה"
+    },
+    "th-has-data-cells": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלאלמנטים של <th> ולאלמנטים עם role=columnheader/rowheader יש תאי מידע שהם מתארים",
+      "help": "כותרות טבלה בטבלת מידע חייבים להתייחס לתאי מידע"
+    },
+    "valid-lang": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלתכונות lang יש ערכים קבילים",
+      "help": "לתכונה lang חייב להיות ערך קביל"
+    },
+    "video-caption": {
+      "description": "מוודא שלאלמנטים של <video> יש כתוביות",
+      "help": "אלמנטים של <video> מוכרחים להיות עם כתוביות"
+    }
+  },
+  "checks": {
+    "abstractrole": {
+      "pass": "תפקידים מופשטים אינם בשימוש",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "תפקיד מופשט לא יכול להיות בשימוש ישיר: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "תפקידים מופשטים לא יכולים להיות בשימוש ישיר: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-attr": {
+      "pass": "תכונות ARIA בשימוש נכון עבור התפקיד המוגדר",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "תכונת ARIA לא מורשית: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "תכונות ARIA לא מורשות: ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": "בדקו שאין בעיה אם מתעלמים מתכונת ה-ARIA באלמנט הזה: ${data.values}"
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-role": {
+      "pass": "תפקיד ARIA מורשה עבור האלמנט הנתון",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "תפקיד ARIA ${data.values} לא מורשה עבור האלמנט הנתון",
+        "plural": "תפקידי ARIA ${data.values} לא מורשים עבור האלמנט הנתון"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "singular": "מוכרחים להסיר תפקיד ARIA ${data.values} כאשר האלמנט נעשה גלוי, שכן הוא לא מורשה עבור האלמנט",
+        "plural": "מוכרחים להסיר תפקידי ARIA ${data.values} כאשר האלמנט נעשה גלוי, שכן הם לא מורשים עבור האלמנט"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-errormessage": {
+      "pass": "aria-errormessage קיים ומפנה לאלמנטים הגלויים לקוראי מסך שמשתמשים בטכניקת aria-errormessage נתמכת",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "ערך aria-errormessage `${data.values}` מוכרח להשתמש בטכניקה להקראת ההודעה (לדוג', aria-live, aria-describedby, role=alert, וכו')",
+        "plural": "ערכי aria-errormessage `${data.values}` מוכרחים להשתמש בטכניקה להקראת ההודעה (לדוג', aria-live, aria-describedby, role=alert, וכו')",
+        "hidden": "ערך aria-errormessage `${data.values}` לא יכול להפנות לאלמנט סמוי"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "singular": "ודאו שערך `aria-errormessage `${data.values} מפנה לאלמנט קיים",
+        "plural": "ודאו שערכי `aria-errormessage `${data.values} מפנים לאלמנטים קיימים",
+        "idrefs": "לא ניתן לקבוע אם אלמנט aria-errormessage קיים בעמוד: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-hidden-body": {
+      "pass": "אף תכונת aria-hidden לא נמצאת בגוף המסמך",
+      "fail": "אסור ש-aria-hidden=true יימצא בגוף המסמך"
+    },
+    "aria-level": {
+      "pass": "ערכי aria-level קבילים",
+      "incomplete": "ערכי aria-level אשר גדולים מ-6 לא נתמכים בכל השילובים של קוראי מסך ודפדפנים"
+    },
+    "aria-prohibited-attr": {
+      "pass": "תכונת ARIA מורשית",
+      "fail": {
+        "hasRolePlural": "לא ניתן להשתמש בתכונת ${data.prohibited} עם תפקיד \"${data.role}\".",
+        "hasRoleSingular": "לא ניתן להשתמש בתכונות ${data.prohibited} עם תפקיד \"${data.role}\".",
+        "noRolePlural": "לא ניתן להשתמש בתכונות ${data.prohibited} עבור ${data.nodeName} ללא תכונת תפקיד תקפה.",
+        "noRoleSingular": "לא ניתן להשתמש בתכונת ${data.prohibited} עבור ${data.nodeName} ללא תכונת תפקיד תקפה."
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "hasRoleSingular": "תכונת ${data.prohibited} אינה נתמכת היטב עבור תפקיד \"${data.role}\".",
+        "hasRolePlural": "תכונות ${data.prohibited} אינן נתמכות היטב עבור תפקיד \"${data.role}\".",
+        "noRoleSingular": "תכונת ${data.prohibited} אינה נתמכת היטב עבור ${data.nodeName} ללא תכונת תפקיד תקפה.",
+        "noRolePlural": "תכונות ${data.prohibited} אינן נתמכות היטב עבור ${data.nodeName} ללא תכונת תפקיד תקפה."
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-required-attr": {
+      "pass": "כל תכונות ARIA הדרושות נמצאות",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "תכונת ARIA הדרושה לא נמצאת: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "תכונות ARIA הדרושות לא נמצאות: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-required-children": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "ילדי ARIA הדרושים נמצאים"
+      },
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "תפקיד ילד ARIA הדרוש אינו נמצא: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "תפקיד ילדי ARIA הדרושים אינם נמצאים: ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "singular": "מצפים שתפקיד ילד ARIA יתווסף: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "מצפים שתפקידי ילדי ARIA יתווספו: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-required-parent": {
+      "pass": "תפקיד הורה ARIA דרוש נמצא",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "תפקיד הורה ARIA דרוש לא נמצא: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "תפקידי הורים ARIA דרושים לא נמצאים: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-roledescription": {
+      "pass": "aria-roledescription בשימוש על תפקיד סמנטי נתמך",
+      "incomplete": "בדקו שה-aria-roledescription מוצהר על ידי קוראי מסך נתמכים",
+      "fail": "תנו לאלמנט תפקיד שתומך ב-aria-roledescription"
+    },
+    "aria-unsupported-attr": {
+      "pass": "תכונת ARIA נתמכת",
+      "fail": "תכונת ARIA לא נתמכת בהרחבה בקוראי מסך וטכנולוגיות מסייעות: ${data.values}"
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr-value": {
+      "pass": "כל ערכי תכונות ARIA תקינים",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "ערך לא תקין של תכונת ARIA: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "ערכים לא תקינים של תכונת ARIA: ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "noId": "תכונת ARIA האלמנט ID לא קיים בעמוד: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "noIdShadow": "אלמנט ID בתכונת ARIA אינו קיים בעמוד או שהוא צאצא של צל עץ DOM אחר: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "ariaCurrent": "ערך תכונת ARIA לא תקין ויתייחסו אליו כאל \"aria-current=true\": ${data.needsReview}",
+        "idrefs": "לא ניתן לקבוע אם בתכונת ARIA האלמנט ID קיים בעמוד: ${data.needsReview}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr": {
+      "pass": "שם תכונת ARIA קביל",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "שם לא קביל לתכונת ARIA: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "שמות לא קבילים לתכונות ARIA: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "deprecatedrole": {
+      "pass": "תפקיד ARIA אינו נגנז",
+      "fail": "תפקיד זה אינו נגנז: ${data}"
+    },
+    "fallbackrole": {
+      "pass": "ערך תפקיד אחד בלבד בשימוש",
+      "fail": "השתמשו רק בערך תפקיד אחד, מאחר ותפקידי fallback לא נתמכים בדפדפנים ישנים",
+      "incomplete": "השתמשו רק בתפקיד 'presentation' או 'none' מאחר והם נרדפים."
+    },
+    "has-global-aria-attribute": {
+      "pass": {
+        "singular": "לאלמנט יש תכונת ARIA גלובלית: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "לאלמנט יש תכונות ARIA גלובליות: ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "fail": "לאלמנט אין תכונת ARIA גלובלית: "
+    },
+    "has-widget-role": {
+      "pass": "לאלמנט יש תפקיד של וגדג'ט.",
+      "fail": "לאלמנט אין תפקיד של וגדג'ט."
+    },
+    "invalidrole": {
+      "pass": "תפקיד ARIA קביל",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "התפקיד צריך להיות אחד מתפקידי ARIA הקבילים: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "התפקידים צריכים להיות מתפקידי ARIA הקבילים: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "is-element-focusable": {
+      "pass": "האלמנט הוא בר מיקוד.",
+      "fail": "האלמנט אינו בר מיקוד."
+    },
+    "no-implicit-explicit-label": {
+      "pass": "אין חוסר תיאום בין <label> ושם נגיש",
+      "incomplete": "בדקו שה-<label> לא צריך להיות חלק משם השדה של ARIA ${data}"
+    },
+    "unsupportedrole": {
+      "pass": "תפקיד ARIA נתמך",
+      "fail": "התפקיד בשימוש לא נתמך בהרחבה בקוראי מסך וטכנולוגיות מסייעות: ${data}"
+    },
+    "valid-scrollable-semantics": {
+      "pass": "לאלמנט יש שדות סמנטיים קבילים לאלמנט בסדר המיקוד.",
+      "fail": "לאלמנט אין שדות סמנטיים קבילים לאלמנט בסדר המיקוד."
+    },
+    "color-contrast-enhanced": {
+      "pass": "לאלמנט יש ניגוד צבעים מספק של ${data.contrastRatio}",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "לאלמנט יש ניגוד צבעים לא מספק של ${data.contrastRatio} (צבע חזית: ${data.fgColor}, צבע רקע: ${data.bgColor}, גודל פונט: ${data.fontSize}, משקל פונט: ${data.fontWeight}).  יחס ניגוד מצופה של ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "fgOnShadowColor": "לאלמנט יש ניגוד צבעים לא מספק של ${data.contrastRatio} בין צבע החזית וצבע הצל (צבע חזית: ${data.fgColor}, צבע צל טקסט: ${data.shadowColor}, גודל פונט: ${data.fontSize}, משקל פונט: ${data.fontWeight}). יחס ניגוד מצופה של ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "shadowOnBgColor": "לאלמנט יש ניגוד צבעים לא מספק של ${data.contrastRatio} בין צבע הצל וצבע הרקע (צבע צל טקסט: ${data.shadowColor}, צבע רקע: ${data.bgColor}, גודל פונט: ${data.fontSize}, משקל פונט: ${data.fontWeight}). יחס ניגוד מצופה של ${data.expectedContrastRatio}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "לא ניתן לקבוע את יחס הניגוד",
+        "bgImage": "לא ניתן לקבוע את צבע הרקע של האלמנט בגלל תמונת רקע",
+        "bgGradient": "לא ניתן לקבוע את צבע הרקע של האלמנט בגלל גרדה נאט רקע",
+        "imgNode": "לא ניתן לקבוע את צבע הרקע של האלמנט כיוון שהאלמנט מכיל רכיב תמונה",
+        "bgOverlap": "לא ניתן לקבוע את צבע הרקע של האלמנט כיוון שהוא חופף עם אלמנט אחר",
+        "fgAlpha": "לא ניתן לקבוע את צבע החזית של האלמנט בגלל שקיפות אלפא",
+        "elmPartiallyObscured": "לא ניתן לקבוע את צבע הרקע של האלמנט כיוון שהוא מוסתר חלקית על ידי אלמנט אחר",
+        "elmPartiallyObscuring": "לא ניתן לקבוע את צבע הרקע של האלמנט כיוון שהוא חופף חלקית עם אלמנטים אחרים",
+        "outsideViewport": "לא ניתן לקבוע את צבע הרקע של האלמנט כיוון שהוא מחוץ ל-viewpoint",
+        "equalRatio": "לאלמנט יש יחס ניגוד 1:1 עם הרקע",
+        "shortTextContent": "תוכן האלמנט קצר מכדי לקבוע אם מדובר בתוכן טקסט אמיתי",
+        "nonBmp": "תוכן האלמנט מכיל רק תווים שאינם טקסט",
+        "pseudoContent": "לא ניתן לקבוע את צבע הרקע של האלמנט בגלל פסאודו-אלמנט"
+      }
+    },
+    "color-contrast": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "לאלמנט יש ניגוד צבעים מספק של ${data.contrastRatio}",
+        "hidden": "האלמנט מוסתר"
+      },
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "לאלמנט יש ניגוד צבעים לא מספק של ${data.contrastRatio} (צבע חזית: ${data.fgColor}, צבע רקע: ${data.bgColor}, גודל פונט: ${data.fontSize}, משקל פונט: ${data.fontWeight}).  יחס ניגוד מצופה של ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "fgOnShadowColor": "לאלמנט יש ניגוד צבעים לא מספק של ${data.contrastRatio} בין צבע החזית וצבע הצל (צבע חזית: ${data.fgColor}, צבע צל טקסט: ${data.shadowColor}, גודל פונט: ${data.fontSize}, משקל פונט: ${data.fontWeight}). יחס ניגוד מצופה של ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "shadowOnBgColor": "לאלמנט יש ניגוד צבעים לא מספק של ${data.contrastRatio} בין צבע הצל וצבע הרקע (צבע צל טקסט: ${data.shadowColor}, צבע רקע: ${data.bgColor}, גודל פונט: ${data.fontSize}, משקל פונט: ${data.fontWeight}). יחס ניגוד מצופה של ${data.expectedContrastRatio}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "לא ניתן לקבוע את יחס הניגוד",
+        "bgImage": "לא ניתן לקבוע את צבע הרקע של האלמנט בגלל תמונת רקע",
+        "bgGradient": "לא ניתן לקבוע את צבע הרקע של האלמנט בגלל גרדה נאט רקע",
+        "imgNode": "לא ניתן לקבוע את צבע הרקע של האלמנט כיוון שהאלמנט מכיל רכיב תמונה",
+        "bgOverlap": "לא ניתן לקבוע את צבע הרקע של האלמנט כיוון שהוא חופף עם אלמנט אחר",
+        "fgAlpha": "לא ניתן לקבוע את צבע החזית של האלמנט בגלל שקיפות אלפא",
+        "elmPartiallyObscured": "לא ניתן לקבוע את צבע הרקע של האלמנט כיוון שהוא מוסתר חלקית על ידי אלמנט אחר",
+        "elmPartiallyObscuring": "לא ניתן לקבוע את צבע הרקע של האלמנט כיוון שהוא חופף חלקית עם אלמנטים אחרים",
+        "outsideViewport": "לא ניתן לקבוע את צבע הרקע של האלמנט כיוון שהוא מחוץ ל-viewpoint",
+        "equalRatio": "לאלמנט יש יחס ניגוד 1:1 עם הרקע",
+        "shortTextContent": "תוכן האלמנט קצר מכדי לקבוע אם מדובר בתוכן טקסט אמיתי",
+        "nonBmp": "תוכן האלמנט מכיל רק תווים שאינם טקסט",
+        "pseudoContent": "לא ניתן לקבוע את צבע הרקע של האלמנט בגלל פסאודו-אלמנט"
+      }
+    },
+    "link-in-text-block": {
+      "pass": "קישורים יכולים להיבדל מהטקסט סביב בדרך אחרת שהיא לא צבע",
+      "fail": "קישורים צריכים להיבדל מהטקסט סביב בדרך אחרת שהיא לא צבע",
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "לא ניתן לקבוע את יחס הניגוד",
+        "bgContrast": "יחס הניגוד של האלמנט לא יכול היה להיקבע.  בדקו עבור עיצוב מבדיל של מעבר עכבר/מיקוד",
+        "bgImage": "יחס הניגוד של האלמנט לא יכול היה להיקבע בגלל תמונת רקע",
+        "bgGradient": "יחס הניגוד של האלמנט לא יכול היה להיקבע בגלל גרדיאנט רקע",
+        "imgNode": "יחס הניגוד של האלמנט לא יכול היה להיקבע כיוון שהאלמנט מכיל ",
+        "bgOverlap": "יחס הניגוד של האלמנט לא יכול היה להיקבע בגלל חפיפת אלמנטים"
+      }
+    },
+    "autocomplete-appropriate": {
+      "pass": "ערך ההשלמה האוטומטית הוא על האלמנט הנכון",
+      "fail": "ערך ההשלמה האוטומטית אינו נכון לסוג זה של קלט"
+    },
+    "autocomplete-valid": {
+      "pass": "תכונת ההשלמה האוטומטית מוגדרת נכונה",
+      "fail": "תכונת ההשלמה האוטומטית אינה מוגדרת נכונה"
+    },
+    "accesskeys": {
+      "pass": "ערך תכונת accesskey הוא ייחודי",
+      "fail": "למסמך יש מספר אלמנטים עם אותו accesskey"
+    },
+    "focusable-content": {
+      "pass": "אלמנט מכיל אלמנטים בני מיקוד",
+      "fail": "לאלמנט צריך להיות תוכן בר מיקוד"
+    },
+    "focusable-disabled": {
+      "pass": "אין אלמנטים בני מיקוד שמוכלים בתוך אלמנט",
+      "incomplete": "בדקו אם האלמנטים בני המיקוד מניעים באופן מיידי את סמן המיקוד",
+      "fail": "צריך לנטרל תוכן בר מיקוד או להסירו מה-DOM"
+    },
+    "focusable-element": {
+      "pass": "אלמנט הוא בר מיקוד",
+      "fail": "אלמנט צריך להיות בר מיקוד"
+    },
+    "focusable-modal-open": {
+      "pass": "אין אלמנטים בני מיקוד בזמן שחלון פופ-אפ פתוח",
+      "incomplete": "בדקו שאי אפשר לפתוח בכרטיסיות אלמנטים בני מיקוד במצב הנוכחי "
+    },
+    "focusable-no-name": {
+      "pass": "אלמנט אינו בסדר הכרטיסיות או שיש לו טקסט נגיש",
+      "fail": "אלמנט הוא בסדר הכרטיסיות ואין לו טקסט נגיש",
+      "incomplete": "לא ניתן לקבוע אם לאלמנט שם נגיש"
+    },
+    "focusable-not-tabbable": {
+      "pass": "אין אלמנטים בני מיקוד שמוכלים בתוך אלמנט",
+      "incomplete": "בדקו אם האלמנטים בני המיקוד מניעים באופן מיידי את סמן המיקוד",
+      "fail": "לתוכן בר מיקוד צריך שיהיה tabindex='-1' או שיוסר מה-DOM"
+    },
+    "frame-focusable-content": {
+      "pass": "לאלמנט אין צאצאים בני מיקוד",
+      "fail": "לאלמנט יש צאצאים בני מיקוד",
+      "incomplete": "לא ניתן לקבוע אם לאלמנט יש צאצאים"
+    },
+    "landmark-is-top-level": {
+      "pass": "ציון הדרך ${data.role} הוא ברמה הגבוהה ביותר.",
+      "fail": "ציון הדרך ${data.role} מוכל בציון דרך אחר."
+    },
+    "no-focusable-content": {
+      "pass": "לאלמנט אין צאצאים בני מיקוד",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "לאלמנט יש צאצאים בני מיקוד",
+        "notHidden": "שימוש ב- tabindexשלילי על אלמנט בתוך בקרה אינטראקטיבית אינו מונע מטכנולוגיות סיוע למקד את האלמנט (אפילו עם 'aria-hidden=true')"
+      },
+      "incomplete": "לא ניתן לקבוע אם לאלמנט יש צאצאים"
+    },
+    "page-has-heading-one": {
+      "pass": "לעמוד יש לפחות כותרת אחת ברמה 1",
+      "fail": "לעמוד מוכרחה להיות כותרת רמה 1"
+    },
+    "page-has-main": {
+      "pass": "לעמוד יש לפחות ציון דרך ראשי אחד",
+      "fail": "לעמוד אין ציון דרך ראשי"
+    },
+    "page-no-duplicate-banner": {
+      "pass": "למסמך אין יותר מבאנר ציון דרך אחד",
+      "fail": "למסמך יש יותר מבאנר ציון דרך אחד"
+    },
+    "page-no-duplicate-contentinfo": {
+      "pass": "למסמך אין יותר מציון דרך מידע-תוכן אחד",
+      "fail": "למסמך יש יותר מציון דרך מידע-תוכן אחד"
+    },
+    "page-no-duplicate-main": {
+      "pass": "למסמך אין יותר מציון דרך ראשי אחד",
+      "fail": "למסמך יש יותר מציון דרך ראשי אחד"
+    },
+    "tabindex": {
+      "pass": "לאלמנט אין tabindex גדול מ-0",
+      "fail": "לאלמנט יש tabindex גדול מ-0"
+    },
+    "alt-space-value": {
+      "pass": "לאלמנט יש ערך תכונה חלופי קביל",
+      "fail": "לאלמנט יש תכונה חלופית שמכילה רק תו רווח, שלא כל קוראי המסך מתעלמים ממנו"
+    },
+    "duplicate-img-label": {
+      "pass": "אלמנט לא משכפל טקסט קיים בטקסט חלופי של <img>",
+      "fail": "אלמנט מכיל אלמנט <img> עם טקסט חלופי שמשכפל טקסט קיים"
+    },
+    "explicit-label": {
+      "pass": "לאלמנט טופס יש <label> מפורש",
+      "fail": "לאלמנט טופס אין <label> מפורש",
+      "incomplete": "אי אפשר לקבוע אם לאלמנט טופס יש <label> מפורש"
+    },
+    "help-same-as-label": {
+      "pass": "טקסט עזרה (כותרת או aria-describedby) לא משכפל טקסט תווית",
+      "fail": "טקסט עזרה (כותרת או aria-describedby) זהה לטקסט התווית"
+    },
+    "hidden-explicit-label": {
+      "pass": "לאלמנט טופס יש <label> ברור וגלוי",
+      "fail": "לאלמנט טופס יש <label> ברור שהוא חבוי",
+      "incomplete": "לא ניתן לקבוע אם לאלמנט טופס יש <label> ברור שהוא גלוי"
+    },
+    "implicit-label": {
+      "pass": "לאלמנט טופס יש <label> מרומז (גולש)",
+      "fail": "לאלמנט טופס אין <label> מרומז (גולש)",
+      "incomplete": "לא ניתן לקבוע אם לאלמנט טופס יש <label> מרומז (גולש)"
+    },
+    "label-content-name-mismatch": {
+      "pass": "אלמנט מכיל טקסט גלוי כחלק משמו הנגיש",
+      "fail": "הטקסט בתוך באלמנט לא כלול בשם הנגיש"
+    },
+    "multiple-label": {
+      "pass": "לשדה טופס אין הרבה אלמנטים של תווית",
+      "incomplete": "אלמנטים מרובים של תווית אינם נתמכים באופן נרחב בטכנולוגיות מסייעות. ודאו שהתווית הראשונה מכילה את כל המידע הנחוץ."
+    },
+    "title-only": {
+      "pass": "אלמנט טופס לא משתמש רק בתכונה כותרת בתור תווית",
+      "fail": "רק כותרת משמשת לייצור תווית לאלמנט טופס"
+    },
+    "landmark-is-unique": {
+      "pass": "ציוני דרך מוכרחים להיות עם תפקיד ייחודי או שילוב תפקיד/תווית/כותרת (לדוג' שם נגיש)",
+      "fail": "לציון הדרך מוכרח להיות aria-label, aria-labelledby, או כותרת כדי להפוך ציוני דרך לייחודיים"
+    },
+    "has-lang": {
+      "pass": "לאלמנט <html> יש תכונת lang",
+      "fail": {
+        "noXHTML": "התכונה xml:lang אינה תקינה בעמודי HTML, השתמשו בתכונה lang.",
+        "noLang": "לאלמנט <html> אין תכונת lang"
+      }
+    },
+    "valid-lang": {
+      "pass": "ערך התכונה lang כלול ברשימת השפות הקבילות",
+      "fail": "ערך התכונה lang אינו כלול ברשימת השפות הקבילות"
+    },
+    "xml-lang-mismatch": {
+      "pass": "לתכונות lang ו-xml:lang יש את אותה שפת בסיס",
+      "fail": "לתכונות lang ו-xml:lang אין את אותה שפת בסיס"
+    },
+    "dlitem": {
+      "pass": "לפריט רשימה תיאורית יש אלמנט הורה <dl>",
+      "fail": "לפריט רשימה תיאורית אין אלמנט הורה <dl>"
+    },
+    "listitem": {
+      "pass": "לפריט רשימה יש <ul>, <ol> או שאלמנט הורה הוא role=\"list\"",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "לפריט רשימה אין <ul>, <ol> אלמנט הורה",
+        "roleNotValid": "לפריט רשימה אין <ul>, <ol> אלמנט הורה ללא תפקיד, או שמתקיים role=\"list\""
+      }
+    },
+    "only-dlitems": {
+      "pass": "לאלמנט רשימה יש רק ילדים ישירים שמורשים בתוך אלמנטים של <dt> או <dd>",
+      "fail": "לאלמנט רשימה יש ילידים ישירים שאינם מורשים בתוך אלמנטים של <dt> או <dd>"
+    },
+    "only-listitems": {
+      "pass": "לאלמנט רשימה יש רק ילדים ישירים שמורשים בתוך אלמנטים של <li>",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "לאלמנט רשימה יש ילידים ישירים שאינם מורשים בתוך אלמנטים של <li>",
+        "roleNotValid": "לאלמנט רשימה יש ילדים ישירים עם תפקיד שלא מורשה: ${data.roles}"
+      }
+    },
+    "structured-dlitems": {
+      "pass": "כאשר אינו ריק, לאלמנט יש הן אלמנטים של <dt> והן אלמנטים של <dd>",
+      "fail": "כאשר אינו ריק, לאלמנט אין הן לפחות אלמנט אחד של <dt> ולאחר מכן לפחות אלמנט אחד של <dd>"
+    },
+    "caption": {
+      "pass": "לאלמנט מולטימדיה יש רצועת כתוביות",
+      "incomplete": "בדקו שהכתוביות זמינות עבור האלמנט"
+    },
+    "frame-tested": {
+      "pass": "ה-iframe נבחנה עם axe-core",
+      "fail": "אי אפשר היה לבחון את ה-iframe עם axe-core",
+      "incomplete": "עדיין צריך לבחון את ה-iframe עם axe-core"
+    },
+    "no-autoplay-audio": {
+      "pass": "<video> או <audio> אינם מפיקים שמע עבור יותר ממשך הזמן המותר או שקיימים מנגנוני בקרה",
+      "fail": "<video> או <audio> מפיקים שמע עבור יותר ממשך הזמן המותר או שלא קיימים מנגנוני בקרה",
+      "incomplete": "בדקו שה-<video> או ה-<audio> אינם מפיקים שמע עבור יותר ממשך הזמן המותר או מספקים מנגנוני בקרה"
+    },
+    "css-orientation-lock": {
+      "pass": "התצוגה ניתנת להפעלה, ונעילות כיוון מסך לא קיימת",
+      "fail": "נעילת מסך ב-CSS מופעלת, והופכת את התצוגה לבלתי ניתנת להפעלה",
+      "incomplete": "לא ניתן לקבוע נעילת מסך ב-CSS"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport-large": {
+      "pass": "תגית <meta> לא מונעת הגדלה משמעותית על מכשירים ניידים",
+      "fail": "תגית <meta> מגבילה את ההגדלה על מכשירים ניידים"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport": {
+      "pass": "תגית <meta> לא מבטלת הגדלה על מכשירים ניידים",
+      "fail": "${data} על תגית <meta> מבטלת הגדלה על מכשירים ניידים"
+    },
+    "header-present": {
+      "pass": "יש לעמוד כותרת",
+      "fail": "אין לעמוד כותרת"
+    },
+    "heading-order": {
+      "pass": "סדר הכותרות תקין",
+      "fail": "סדר הכותרות לא תקין",
+      "incomplete": "אי אפשר לקבוע מה הכותרת הקודמת"
+    },
+    "identical-links-same-purpose": {
+      "pass": "אין קישורים עם אותו השם שמובילים ל-URL שונים",
+      "incomplete": "בדקו שלקישורים יש אותה מטרה, או שהם דו-משמעיים בכוונה."
+    },
+    "internal-link-present": {
+      "pass": "נמצא קישור דילוג תקין",
+      "fail": "לא נמצא קישור דילוג תקין"
+    },
+    "landmark": {
+      "pass": "לעמוד יש אזור ציון דרך",
+      "fail": "לעמוד אין אזור ציון דרך"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh-no-exceptions": {
+      "pass": "תגית <meta> לא מרעננת מייד את העמוד",
+      "fail": "תגית <meta> כופה ריענון מתוזמן של העמוד"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh": {
+      "pass": "תגית <meta> לא מרעננת מייד את העמוד",
+      "fail": "תגית <meta> כופה ריענון מתוזמן של העמוד (פחות מ-20 שעות)"
+    },
+    "p-as-heading": {
+      "pass": "אלמנטים של <p> לא מעוצבים ככותרות",
+      "fail": "יש להשתמש באלמנטים של כותרת במקום באלמנטים מעוצבים של <p>",
+      "incomplete": "לא ניתן לקבוע אם אלמנטים של <p> מעוצבים ככותרות"
+    },
+    "region": {
+      "pass": "כל התוכן בעמוד מוכל בציוני דרך",
+      "fail": "חלק מתוכן העמוד לא מוכל בציוני דרך"
+    },
+    "skip-link": {
+      "pass": "קיימת מטרה לקישור דילוג לתוכן",
+      "incomplete": "מטרה לקישור דילוג לתוכן צריכה להפוך לגלויה עם ההפעלה",
+      "fail": "אין מטרה לקישור דילוג לתוכן"
+    },
+    "unique-frame-title": {
+      "pass": "תכונת הכותרת של האלמנט ייחודית",
+      "fail": "תכונת הכותרת של האלמנט אינה ייחודית"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-active": {
+      "pass": "למסמך אין אלמנטים פעילים שחולקים את אותה תכונת id",
+      "fail": "למסמך יש אלמנטים פעילים עם אותה תכונת id: ${data}"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-aria": {
+      "pass": "למסמך אין אלמנטים עם הפניה על ידי ARIA או תוויות שחולקות את אותה תכונת id",
+      "fail": "למסמך יש מספר אלמנטים המופנים על ידי ARIA עם אותה תכונת id: ${data}"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id": {
+      "pass": "למסמך אין אלמנטים סטטיים שחולקים אותה תכונת id",
+      "fail": "למסמך יש מספר אלמנטים סטטיים עם אותה תכונת id: ${data}"
+    },
+    "aria-label": {
+      "pass": "תכונת aria-label קיימת ואינה ריקה",
+      "fail": "תכונת aria-label אינה קיימת או שהיא ריקה"
+    },
+    "aria-labelledby": {
+      "pass": "תכונת aria-labeledby קיימת ומפנה לאלמנטים שגלויים לקוראי מסך",
+      "fail": "תכונת aria-labeledby לא קיימת, מפנה לאלמנטים שלא קיימים או מפנה לאלמנטים ריקים",
+      "incomplete": "ודאו ש- aria-labeledby מפנה לאלמנט קיים"
+    },
+    "avoid-inline-spacing": {
+      "pass": "אין עיצובים בתוך השורה עם '!important' שמשפיעים על ריווח הטקסט שהוגדר",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "הסירו את '!important' מעיצוב בתוך השורה ${data.values}, כיוון שדריסתו לא נתמכת על ידי רוב הדפדפנים",
+        "plural": "הסירו את '!important' מעיצובי בתוך השורה ${data.values}, כיוון שדריסתו לא נתמכת על ידי רוב הדפדפנים"
+      }
+    },
+    "button-has-visible-text": {
+      "pass": "לאלמנט יש טקסט פנימי שגלוי לקוראי מסך",
+      "fail": "לאלמנט אין טקסט פנימי שגלוי לקוראי מסך",
+      "incomplete": "לא ניתן לקבוע אם לאלמנט יש ילדים"
+    },
+    "doc-has-title": {
+      "pass": "למסמך יש אלמנט לא-ריק של <title>",
+      "fail": "למסמך אין אלמנט לא-ריק של <title>"
+    },
+    "exists": {
+      "pass": "האלמנט לא קיים",
+      "incomplete": "האלמנט קיים"
+    },
+    "has-alt": {
+      "pass": "לאלמנט יש תכונת טקסט חלופי",
+      "fail": "לאלמנט אין תכונת טקסט חלופי"
+    },
+    "has-visible-text": {
+      "pass": "לאלמנט יש טקסט שגלוי לקוראי מסך",
+      "fail": "לאלמנט אין טקסט שגלוי לקוראי מסך",
+      "incomplete": "לא ניתן לקבוע אם לאלמנט יש ילדים"
+    },
+    "is-on-screen": {
+      "pass": "האלמנט אינו גלוי",
+      "fail": "האלמנט גלוי"
+    },
+    "non-empty-alt": {
+      "pass": "לאלמנט יש תכונת טקסט חלופי לא ריקה",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "לאלמנט אין תכונת טקסט חלופי",
+        "emptyAttr": "לאלמנט יש תכונת טקסט חלופי ריקה"
+      }
+    },
+    "non-empty-if-present": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "לאלמנט אין תכונת ערך",
+        "has-label": "לאלמנט יש תכונת ערך לא ריקה"
+      },
+      "fail": "לאלמנט יש תכונת ערך ותכונת הערך ריקה"
+    },
+    "non-empty-placeholder": {
+      "pass": "לאלמנט יש תכונה של ממלא מקום",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "לאלמנט אין תכונה של ממלא מקום",
+        "emptyAttr": "לאלמנט יש תכונה של ממלא מקום ריק"
+      }
+    },
+    "non-empty-title": {
+      "pass": "לאלמנט יש תכונת כותרת",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "לאלמנט אין תכונת כותרת",
+        "emptyAttr": "לאלמנט יש תכונת כותרת ריקה"
+      }
+    },
+    "non-empty-value": {
+      "pass": "לאלמנט יש תכונת ערך לא ריקה",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "לאלמנט אין תכונת ערך",
+        "emptyAttr": "לאלמנט יש תכונת ערך ריקה"
+      }
+    },
+    "presentational-role": {
+      "pass": "הסמנטיקה ברירת המחדל של האלמנט נדרסה עם role=\"${data.role}\"",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "הסמנטיקה ברירת המחדל של האלמנט לא נדרסה עם role=\"none\" או role=\"presentation\"",
+        "globalAria": "תפקיד האלמנט לא אפשרי לתצוגה כי יש לו תכונת ARIA גלובלית",
+        "focusable": "תפקיד האלמנט לא אפשרי לתצוגה כי הוא בר מיקוד",
+        "both": "תפקיד האלמנט לא אפשרי לתצוגה כי יש לו תכונת ARIA גלובלית והוא בר מיקוד"
+      }
+    },
+    "role-none": {
+      "pass": "השדות ברירת המחדל של האלמנט נדרסו עם role=\"none\"",
+      "fail": "השדות ברירת המחדל של האלמנט לא נדרסו עם role=\"none\""
+    },
+    "role-presentation": {
+      "pass": "השדות ברירת המחדל של האלמנט נדרסו עם role=\"presentation\"",
+      "fail": "השדות ברירת המחדל של האלמנט לא נדרסו עם role=\"presentation\""
+    },
+    "svg-non-empty-title": {
+      "pass": "לאלמנט יש ילד שהוא כותרת",
+      "fail": {
+        "noTitle": "לאלמנט אין ילד שהוא כותרת",
+        "emptyTitle": "כותרת ילד אלמנט ריקה"
+      },
+      "incomplete": "לא ניתן לקבוע אם לאלמנט יש ילד שהוא כותרת"
+    },
+    "caption-faked": {
+      "pass": "השורה הראשונה בטבלה לא משמשת ככתובית",
+      "fail": "הילד הראשון של הטבלה צריך להיות כתובית במקום תא בטבלה"
+    },
+    "html5-scope": {
+      "pass": "התכונה scope בשימוש רק על אלמנטים של כותרת טבלה (<th>)",
+      "fail": "ב-HTML5, תכונות scope יכולות להיות בשימוש רק על אלמנטים של כותרת טבלה (<th>)"
+    },
+    "same-caption-summary": {
+      "pass": "תוכן תכונת התקציר ו-<caption> אינם משוכפלים",
+      "fail": "תוכן תכונת התקציר ואלמנט <caption> זהים"
+    },
+    "scope-value": {
+      "pass": "התכונה scope בשימוש נכון",
+      "fail": "ערך התכונה scope יכול להיות רק על 'row' או 'col'"
+    },
+    "td-has-header": {
+      "pass": "לכל תאי המידע שאינם ריקים יש כותרות טבלה",
+      "fail": "לחלק מתאי המידע שאינם ריקים אין כותרות טבלה"
+    },
+    "td-headers-attr": {
+      "pass": "תכונת הכותרות משמשת רק בהתייחסות לתאים אחרים בטבלה",
+      "incomplete": "תכונת הכותרות ריקה",
+      "fail": "תכונת הכותרות לא משמשת רק בהתייחסות לתאים אחרים בטבלה"
+    },
+    "th-has-data-cells": {
+      "pass": "כל תאי כותרת בטבלה מתייחסים לתאי מידע",
+      "fail": "לא כל תאי הכותרת בטבלה מתייחסים לתאי מידע",
+      "incomplete": "תאי מידע בטבלה חסרים או ריקים"
+    },
+    "hidden-content": {
+      "pass": "כל התוכן בעמוד נותח.",
+      "fail": "היו בעיות בניתוח התוכן בעמוד זה.",
+      "incomplete": "יש תוכן נסתר בעמוד שלא עבר ניתוח.  יש להפעיל את תצוגת תוכן זה כדי לנתח אותו."
+    }
+  },
+  "failureSummaries": {
+    "any": {
+      "failureMessage": "תקנו את אחד מהבאים:{{~it:value}}{{=value.split('\n').join('\n  ')}}{{~}}"
+    },
+    "none": {
+      "failureMessage": "תקנו את כל הבאים:{{~it:value}}{{=value.split('\n').join('\n  ')}}{{~}}"
+    }
+  },
+  "incompleteFallbackMessage": "axe לא הצליח למצוא את הסיבה. הגיע הזמן להיפרד מבודק האלמנטים!"
+}
diff --git a/locales/it.json b/locales/it.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6f1b72325
--- /dev/null
+++ b/locales/it.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1108 @@
+{
+  "lang": "it",
+  "rules": {
+    "accesskeys": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che ogni valore dell'attributo accesskey sia univoco",
+      "help": "Il valore dell'attributo accesskey deve essere univoco"
+    },
+    "area-alt": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli elementi <area> delle mappe immagine abbiano un testo alternativo",
+      "help": "Gli elementi <area> attivi devono avere un testo alternativo"
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-attr": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che il ruolo di un elemento supporti i suoi attributi ARIA",
+      "help": "Gli elementi devono utilizzare solo gli attributi ARIA supportati"
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-role": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che il valore dell'attributo role sia appropriato per l'elemento",
+      "help": "Il ruolo ARIA deve essere appropriato per l'elemento"
+    },
+    "aria-braille-equivalent": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che aria-braillelabel e aria-brailleroledescription abbiano un equivalente non braille",
+      "help": "Gli attributi aria-braille devono avere un equivalente non braille"
+    },
+    "aria-command-name": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che ogni bottone, link e menuitem gestito con ARIA abbia un nome accessibile",
+      "help": "I controlli gestiti con ARIA devono avere un nome accessibile"
+    },
+    "aria-conditional-attr": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli attributi ARIA vengano utilizzati come descritto nella specifica del ruolo dell'elemento",
+      "help": "Gli attributi ARIA devono essere utilizzati come specificato per il ruolo dell'elemento"
+    },
+    "aria-deprecated-role": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli elementi non utilizzino ruoli obsoleti",
+      "help": "I ruoli ARIA obsoleti non devono essere utilizzati"
+    },
+    "aria-dialog-name": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che ogni nodo dialog e alertdialog ARIA abbia un nome accessibile",
+      "help": "I nodi dialog e alertdialog ARIA devono avere un nome accessibile"
+    },
+    "aria-hidden-body": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che aria-hidden=\"true\" non sia presente sull'elemento body del documento",
+      "help": "aria-hidden=\"true\" non deve essere presente sull'elemento body del documento"
+    },
+    "aria-hidden-focus": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli elementi nascosti con aria-hidden non possano nè ricevere focus, nè contengano elementi che possono ricevere focus",
+      "help": "L'elemento nascosto con aria-hidden non deve ricevere focus, nè può contenere elementi che ricevono focus"
+    },
+    "aria-input-field-name": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che ogni input gestito con ARIA abbia un nome accessibile",
+      "help": "Gli input gestiti con ARIA devono avere un nome accessibile"
+    },
+    "aria-meter-name": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che ogni nodo meter gestito con ARIA abbia un nome accessibile",
+      "help": "I nodi meter gestiti con ARIA devono avere un nome accessibile"
+    },
+    "aria-progressbar-name": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che ogni nodo progessbar gestito con ARIA abbia un nome accessibile",
+      "help": "I nodi progressbar gestiti con ARIA devono avere un nome accessibile"
+    },
+    "aria-prohibited-attr": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli attributi ARIA non siano proibiti per il ruolo di un elemento",
+      "help": "Gli elementi devono utilizzare solo gli attributi ARIA consentiti"
+    },
+    "aria-required-attr": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli elementi con ruoli ARIA abbiano tutti gli attributi ARIA obbligatori",
+      "help": "Gli attributi ARIA obbligatori devono essere forniti"
+    },
+    "aria-required-children": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli elementi con un ruolo ARIA che richiede ruoli figlio contengano questi ultimi",
+      "help": "Alcuni ruoli ARIA devono contenere ruoli figlio specifici"
+    },
+    "aria-required-parent": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli elementi con un ruolo ARIA che richiede ruoli genitore siano contenuti da questi ultimi",
+      "help": "Alcuni ruoli ARIA devono essere contenuti da ruoli genitore specifici"
+    },
+    "aria-roledescription": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che aria-roledescription venga utilizzato solo su elementi con un ruolo implicito o esplicito",
+      "help": "aria-roledescription deve essere presente solo su elementi con un ruolo semantico"
+    },
+    "aria-roles": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che tutti gli elementi con un attributo role utilizzino un valore valido",
+      "help": "I ruoli ARIA utilizzati devono essere conformi ai valori validi"
+    },
+    "aria-text": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che role=\"text\" venga utilizzato su elementi i cui discendenti non ricevono focus",
+      "help": "\"role=text\" non deve avere discendenti che possono ricevere focus"
+    },
+    "aria-toggle-field-name": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che ogni bottone toggle gestito con aria ARIA abbia un nome accessibile",
+      "help": "I bottoni toggle gestiti con ARIA devono avere un nome accessibile"
+    },
+    "aria-tooltip-name": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che ogni nodo tooltip gestito con ARIA abbia un nome accessibile",
+      "help": "I nodi tooltip gestiti con ARIA devono avere un nome accessibile"
+    },
+    "aria-treeitem-name": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che ogni nodo treeitem gestito con ARIA abbia un nome accessibile",
+      "help": "I nodi treeitem gestiti con ARIA devono avere un nome accessibile"
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr-value": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che tutti gli attributi ARIA abbiano valori validi",
+      "help": "Gli attributi ARIA devono essere conformi ai valori validi"
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli attributi che iniziano con aria- siano attributi ARIA validi",
+      "help": "Gli attributi ARIA devono essere conformi ai nomi validi"
+    },
+    "audio-caption": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli elementi <audio> abbiano didascalie",
+      "help": "Gli elementi <audio> devono avere una didascalia"
+    },
+    "autocomplete-valid": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che l'attributo autocomplete sia corretto e adatto al campo specifico",
+      "help": "L'attributo autocomplete deve essere utilizzato correttamente"
+    },
+    "avoid-inline-spacing": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che la spaziatura del testo impostata tramite attributi di stile possa essere regolata con fogli di stile personalizzati",
+      "help": "La spaziatura del testo inline deve poter essere regolata con fogli di stile personalizzati"
+    },
+    "blink": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che non vengano utilizzati elementi <blink>",
+      "help": "Gli elementi <blink> sono deprecati e non devono essere utilizzati"
+    },
+    "button-name": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che i pulsanti abbiano un testo distinguibile",
+      "help": "I pulsanti devono avere un testo distinguibile"
+    },
+    "bypass": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che ogni pagina abbia almeno un meccanismo per consentire all'utente di ignorare la navigazione e passare direttamente al contenuto",
+      "help": "La pagina deve avere un modo per ignorare i blocchi ripetuti"
+    },
+    "color-contrast-enhanced": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che il contrasto tra i colori in primo piano e di sfondo soddisfi le soglie di rapporto di contrasto avanzato WCAG 2 AAA",
+      "help": "Gli elementi devono soddisfare le soglie di rapporto di contrasto di colore avanzato"
+    },
+    "color-contrast": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che il contrasto tra i colori in primo piano e di sfondo soddisfi le soglie minime del rapporto di contrasto WCAG 2 AA",
+      "help": "Gli elementi devono soddisfare le soglie minime del rapporto di contrasto di colore"
+    },
+    "css-orientation-lock": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che il contenuto non sia bloccato in un'orientamento di visualizzazione specifico e che sia operabile in tutti gli orientamenti di visualizzazione",
+      "help": "Le Media queries CSS non devono bloccare l'orientamento di visualizzazione"
+    },
+    "definition-list": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli elementi <dl> siano strutturati correttamente",
+      "help": "Gli elementi <dl> devono contenere direttamente solo gruppi <dt> e <dd> ordinati correttamente, <script>, <template> o elementi <div>"
+    },
+    "dlitem": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli elementi <dt> e <dd> siano contenuti in un <dl>",
+      "help": "Gli elementi <dt> e <dd> devono essere contenuti in un <dl>"
+    },
+    "document-title": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che ogni documento HTML contenga un elemento <title> non vuoto",
+      "help": "I documenti devono avere un elemento <title> per aiutare nella navigazione"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-active": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che ogni valore dell'attributo id degli elementi attivi sia univoco",
+      "help": "Gli ID degli elementi attivi devono essere univoci"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-aria": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che ogni valore dell'attributo id utilizzato in ARIA e nelle etichette sia univoco",
+      "help": "Gli ID utilizzati in ARIA e nelle etichette devono essere univoci"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che ogni valore dell'attributo id sia univoco",
+      "help": "Il valore dell'attributo id deve essere univoco"
+    },
+    "empty-heading": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che le intestazioni abbiano un testo distinguibile",
+      "help": "Le intestazioni non devono essere vuote"
+    },
+    "empty-table-header": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che le intestazioni di tabella abbiano un testo distinguibile",
+      "help": "Il testo dell'intestazione di tabella non deve essere vuoto"
+    },
+    "focus-order-semantics": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli elementi presenti nell'ordine di focus abbiano un ruolo appropriato per il contenuto interattivo",
+      "help": "Gli elementi presenti nell'ordine di focus devono avere un ruolo appropriato"
+    },
+    "form-field-multiple-labels": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che il campo non abbia elementi label multipli associati",
+      "help": "Il campo deve avere un solo elemento label associato"
+    },
+    "frame-focusable-content": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli elementi <frame> e <iframe> con contenuto che può ricevere focus non abbiano tabindex=-1",
+      "help": "I frames con contenuto che può ricecere focus non devono avere tabindex=-1"
+    },
+    "frame-tested": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli elementi <iframe> e <frame> contengano lo script axe-core",
+      "help": "I frames devono essere testate con axe-core"
+    },
+    "frame-title-unique": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli elementi <iframe> e <frame> contengano un attributo title univoco",
+      "help": "I frames devono avere un attributo title univoco"
+    },
+    "frame-title": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli elementi <iframe> e <frame> abbiano un nome accessibile",
+      "help": "I frames devono avere un nome accessibile"
+    },
+    "heading-order": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che l'ordine delle intestazioni sia semanticamente corretto",
+      "help": "I livelli delle intestazioni possono aumentare solo di uno"
+    },
+    "hidden-content": {
+      "description": "Informa gli utenti sul contenuto nascosto",
+      "help": "Il contenuto nascosto nella pagina deve essere analizzato"
+    },
+    "html-has-lang": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che ogni documento HTML abbia un attributo lang",
+      "help": "L'elemento <html> deve avere un attributo lang"
+    },
+    "html-lang-valid": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che l'attributo lang dell'elemento <html> abbia un valore valido",
+      "help": "L'attributo lang dell'elemento <html> deve avere un valore valido"
+    },
+    "html-xml-lang-mismatch": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli elementi HTML con entrambi gli attributi lang e xml:lang siano coerenti con la lingua di base della pagina",
+      "help": "Gli elementi con attributi lang e xml:lang devono avere la stessa lingua di base"
+    },
+    "identical-links-same-purpose": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che i collegamenti con lo stesso nome accessibile abbiano uno scopo simile",
+      "help": "I collegamenti con lo stesso nome devono avere uno scopo simile"
+    },
+    "image-alt": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli elementi <img> abbiano un testo alternativo o un ruolo none o presentation",
+      "help": "Le immagini devono avere un testo alternativo"
+    },
+    "image-redundant-alt": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che l'alternativa testuale delle immagini non venga ripetuta come testo",
+      "help": "Il testo alternativo delle immagini non deve essere ripetuto come testo"
+    },
+    "input-button-name": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che i pulsanti di input abbiano un testo distinguibile",
+      "help": "I pulsanti di input devono avere un testo distinguibile"
+    },
+    "input-image-alt": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli elementi <input type=\"image\"> abbiano un testo alternativo",
+      "help": "I pulsanti immagine devono avere un testo alternativo"
+    },
+    "label-content-name-mismatch": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli elementi etichettati tramite il loro contenuto abbiano il loro testo visibile come parte del loro nome accessibile",
+      "help": "Gli elementi devono avere il loro testo visibile come parte del loro nome accessibile"
+    },
+    "label-title-only": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che ogni elemento del modulo abbia un'etichetta visibile e non sia etichettato esclusivamente utilizzando etichette nascoste, o gli attributi title o aria-describedby",
+      "help": "Gli elementi del modulo devono avere un'etichetta visibile"
+    },
+    "label": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che ogni elemento del modulo abbia un'etichetta",
+      "help": "Gli elementi del modulo devono avere etichette"
+    },
+    "landmark-banner-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che il landmark banner sia a livello superiore",
+      "help": "Il landmark banner non deve essere contenuto in un altro landmark"
+    },
+    "landmark-complementary-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che il landmark complementary o l'elemento aside sia a livello superiore",
+      "help": "L'elemento aside non deve essere contenuto in un altro landmark"
+    },
+    "landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che il landmark contentinfo sia a livello superiore",
+      "help": "Il landmark contentinfo non deve essere contenuto in un altro landmark"
+    },
+    "landmark-main-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che il landmark main sia a livello superiore",
+      "help": "Il landmark main non deve essere contenuto in un altro landmark"
+    },
+    "landmark-no-duplicate-banner": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che il documento abbia al massimo un landmark banner",
+      "help": "Il documento non deve avere più di un landmark banner"
+    },
+    "landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che il documento abbia al massimo un landmark contentinfo",
+      "help": "Il documento non deve avere più di un landmark contentinfo"
+    },
+    "landmark-no-duplicate-main": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che il documento abbia al massimo un landmark main",
+      "help": "Il documento non deve avere più di un landmark main"
+    },
+    "landmark-one-main": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che il documento abbia un landmark main",
+      "help": "Il documento deve avere un landmark main"
+    },
+    "landmark-unique": {
+      "help": "Assicurati che i landmark siano univoci",
+      "description": "I landmark devono avere un ruolo univoco o una combinazione univoca di ruolo/etichetta/titolo (come ad esempio un nome accessibile univoco)"
+    },
+    "link-in-text-block": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che i collegamenti siano distinguibili dal testo circostante in un modo che non si basa sul colore",
+      "help": "I collegamenti devono essere distinguibili senza fare affidamento sul colore"
+    },
+    "link-name": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che i collegamenti abbiano un testo distinguibile",
+      "help": "I collegamenti devono avere un testo distinguibile"
+    },
+    "list": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che le liste siano strutturate correttamente",
+      "help": "<ul> e <ol> devono contenere direttamente solo elementi <li>, <script> o <template>"
+    },
+    "listitem": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli elementi <li> siano utilizzati semanticamente",
+      "help": "Gli elementi <li> devono essere contenuti in un <ul> o <ol>"
+    },
+    "marquee": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli elementi <marquee> non siano utilizzati",
+      "help": "Gli elementi <marquee> sono deprecati e non devono essere utilizzati"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh-no-exceptions": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> non venga utilizzato per il refresh ritardato",
+      "help": "Il refresh ritardato non deve essere utilizzato"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> non venga utilizzato per il refresh ritardato",
+      "help": "Il refresh ritardato al di sotto delle 20 ore non deve essere utilizzato"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport-large": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che <meta name=\"viewport\"> possa scalare una quantità significativa",
+      "help": "Gli utenti devono essere in grado di ingrandire e scalare il testo fino al 500%"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che <meta name=\"viewport\"> non disabiliti il ridimensionamento e lo zoom del testo",
+      "help": "Lo zoom e il ridimensionamento non devono essere disabilitati"
+    },
+    "nested-interactive": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che i controlli interattivi non siano annidati, poiché non vengono sempre annunciati dagli screen reader o possono causare problemi di focus per le tecnologie assistive",
+      "help": "I controlli interattivi non devono essere annidati"
+    },
+    "no-autoplay-audio": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli elementi <video> o <audio> non riproducano automaticamente l'audio per più di 3 secondi senza un meccanismo di controllo per arrestare o disattivare l'audio",
+      "help": "Gli elementi <video> o <audio> non devono essere riprodotti automaticamente"
+    },
+    "object-alt": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli elementi <object> abbiano un testo alternativo",
+      "help": "Gli elementi <object> devono avere un testo alternativo"
+    },
+    "p-as-heading": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che il grassetto, il corsivo e le dimensioni del font non vengano utilizzati per rappresentare elementi <p> come intestazione",
+      "help": "Gli elementi <p> personalizzati non devono essere utilizzati come intestazioni"
+    },
+    "page-has-heading-one": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che la pagina, o almeno uno dei suoi frame, contenga un'intestazione di livello uno",
+      "help": "La pagina dovrebbe contenere un'intestazione di livello uno"
+    },
+    "presentation-role-conflict": {
+      "description": "Gli elementi contrassegnati come presentazionali non devono avere attributi ARIA globali o tabindex per assicurare che tutti gli screen reader li ignorino",
+      "help": "Assicurati che gli elementi contrassegnati come presentazionali vengano ignorati in modo coerente"
+    },
+    "region": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che tutti i contenuti della pagina siano contenuti nei landmark",
+      "help": "Tutti i contenuti della pagina dovrebbero essere contenuti nei landmark"
+    },
+    "role-img-alt": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli elementi [role=\"img\"] abbiano un testo alternativo",
+      "help": "Gli elementi [role=\"img\"] devono avere un testo alternativo"
+    },
+    "scope-attr-valid": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che l'attributo scope venga utilizzato correttamente nelle tabelle",
+      "help": "L'attributo scope deve essere utilizzato correttamente"
+    },
+    "scrollable-region-focusable": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli elementi che hanno contenuti scorrevoli siano accessibili da tastiera",
+      "help": "La regione scrollabile deve avere accesso da tastiera"
+    },
+    "select-name": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che l'elemento select abbia un nome accessibile",
+      "help": "L'elemento select deve avere un nome accessibile"
+    },
+    "server-side-image-map": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che non vengano utilizzate mappe immagini lato server",
+      "help": "Le mappe immagini lato server non devono essere utilizzate"
+    },
+    "skip-link": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che tutti gli skip link puntino ad un elemento che può ricevere focus",
+      "help": "L'elemento a cui lo skip link punta deve esistere e deve poter ricevere focus"
+    },
+    "svg-img-alt": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli elementi <svg> con un ruolo img, graphics-document o graphics-symbol abbiano un testo accessibile",
+      "help": "Gli elementi <svg> con un ruolo img devono avere un testo alternativo"
+    },
+    "tabindex": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che i valori degli attributi tabindex non siano maggiori di 0",
+      "help": "Gli elementi non devono avere un tabindex maggiore di zero"
+    },
+    "table-duplicate-name": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che l'elemento <caption> non contenga lo stesso testo dell'attributo summary",
+      "help": "Il riepilogo e la didascalia di una tabella non devono essere uguali"
+    },
+    "table-fake-caption": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che le tabelle con una didascalia utilizzino l'elemento <caption>.",
+      "help": "Le celle di dati o di intestazione non devono essere utilizzate per fornire una didascalia a una tabella di dati."
+    },
+    "target-size": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli elementi che possono essere attivati tramite puntatore abbiano dimensioni e spaziature sufficienti",
+      "help": "Tutti gli elementi che possono essere attivati tramite puntatore devono avere una largezza di 24px, o lasciare spazio sufficiente"
+    },
+    "td-has-header": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che ogni cella di dati non vuota in una tabella più grande di 3x3 abbia una o più intestazioni di tabella",
+      "help": "Le celle <td> non vuote in una tabella di dimensioni considerevoli devono avere un'intestazione di tabella associata"
+    },
+    "td-headers-attr": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che ogni cella in una tabella che utilizza l'attributo headers si riferisca solo ad altre celle nella stessa tabella",
+      "help": "Le celle di tabella che utilizzano l'attributo headers devono riferirsi solo a celle nella stessa tabella"
+    },
+    "th-has-data-cells": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli elementi <th> e gli elementi con role=columnheader/rowheader descrivano le celle di dati corrispondenti",
+      "help": "Le intestazioni di tabella in una tabella di dati devono fare riferimento a celle di dati"
+    },
+    "valid-lang": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli attributi lang abbiano valori validi",
+      "help": "L'attributo lang deve avere un valore valido"
+    },
+    "video-caption": {
+      "description": "Assicurati che gli elementi <video> abbiano didascalie",
+      "help": "Gli elementi <video> devono avere didascalie"
+    }
+  },
+  "checks": {
+    "abstractrole": {
+      "pass": "I ruoli astratti non vengono utilizzati",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Il ruolo astratto non può essere utilizzato direttamente: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "I ruoli astratti non possono essere utilizzati direttamente: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-attr": {
+      "pass": "Gli attributi ARIA sono utilizzati correttamente per il ruolo definito",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "L'attributo ARIA non è consentito: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Gli attributi ARIA non sono consentiti: ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": "Verifica che non ci siano problemi se l'attributo ARIA viene ignorato su questo elemento: ${data.values}"
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-role": {
+      "pass": "Il ruolo ARIA è consentito per l'elemento dato",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Il ruolo ARIA ${data.values} non è consentito per l'elemento dato",
+        "plural": "I ruoli ARIA ${data.values} non sono consentiti per l'elemento dato"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "singular": "Il ruolo ARIA ${data.values} deve essere rimosso quando l'elemento viene reso visibile, poiché non è consentito per l'elemento",
+        "plural": "I ruoli ARIA ${data.values} devono essere rimossi quando l'elemento viene reso visibile, poiché non sono consentiti per l'elemento"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-busy": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento ha un attributo aria-busy",
+      "fail": "L'elemento utilizza aria-busy=\"true\" mentre viene mostrato un caricamento"
+    },
+    "aria-conditional-attr": {
+      "pass": "L'attributo ARIA è consentito",
+      "fail": {
+        "checkbox": "Rimuovi aria-checked, o impostalo su \"${data.checkState}\" per farlo combaciare allo stato reale della casella di controllo",
+        "rowSingular": "Questo attributo è supportato con le righe treegrid, ma non ${data.ownerRole}: ${data.invalidAttrs}",
+        "rowPlural": "Questi attributi sono supportati con le righe treegrid, ma non ${data.ownerRole}: ${data.invalidAttrs}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-errormessage": {
+      "pass": "aria-errormessage esiste e fa riferimento ad elementi visibili agli screen reader che utilizzano una tecnica aria-errormessage supportata",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Il valore aria-errormessage `${data.values}` deve utilizzare una tecnica per annunciare il messaggio (ad esempio, aria-live, aria-describedby, role=alert, ecc.)",
+        "plural": "I valori aria-errormessage `${data.values}` devono utilizzare una tecnica per annunciare il messaggio (ad esempio, aria-live, aria-describedby, role=alert, ecc.)",
+        "hidden": "Il valore aria-errormessage `${data.values}` non può fare riferimento a un elemento nascosto"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "singular": "assicurati che il valore aria-errormessage `${data.values}` faccia riferimento a un elemento esistente",
+        "plural": "assicurati che i valori aria-errormessage `${data.values}` facciano riferimento a elementi esistenti",
+        "idrefs": "non è possibile determinare se l'elemento aria-errormessage esiste nella pagina: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-hidden-body": {
+      "pass": "Non è presente l'attributo aria-hidden sull'elemento body del documento",
+      "fail": "aria-hidden=true non deve essere presente sull'elemento body del documento"
+    },
+    "aria-level": {
+      "pass": "I valori aria-level sono validi",
+      "incomplete": "I valori aria-level superiori a 6 non sono supportati in tutte le combinazioni di screenreader e browser"
+    },
+    "aria-prohibited-attr": {
+      "pass": "L'attributo ARIA è consentito",
+      "fail": {
+        "hasRolePlural": "Gli attributi ${data.prohibited} non possono essere utilizzati con il ruolo \"${data.role}\".",
+        "hasRoleSingular": "L'attributo ${data.prohibited} non può essere utilizzato con il ruolo \"${data.role}\".",
+        "noRolePlural": "Gli attributi ${data.prohibited} non possono essere utilizzati su un ${data.nodeName} senza un ruolo valido.",
+        "noRoleSingular": "L'attributo ${data.prohibited} non può essere utilizzato su un ${data.nodeName} senza un ruolo valido."
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "hasRoleSingular": "L'attributo ${data.prohibited} non è ben supportato con il ruolo \"${data.role}\".",
+        "hasRolePlural": "Gli attributi ${data.prohibited} non sono ben supportati con il ruolo \"${data.role}\".",
+        "noRoleSingular": "L'attributo ${data.prohibited} non è ben supportato su un ${data.nodeName} senza un ruolo valido.",
+        "noRolePlural": "Gli attributi ${data.prohibited} non sono ben supportati su un ${data.nodeName} senza un ruolo valido."
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-required-attr": {
+      "pass": "Tutti gli attributi ARIA obbligatori sono presenti",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "L'attributo ARIA obbligatorio non è presente: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Gli attributi ARIA obbligatori non sono presenti: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-required-children": {
+      "pass": "I figli ARIA obbligatori sono presenti",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Il ruolo ARIA obbligatorio per l'elemento figlio non è presente: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Il ruolo ARIA obbligatorio per gli elementi figli non è presente: ${data.values}",
+        "unallowed": "L'elemento ha figli che non sono consentiti: ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "singular": "Ci si aspetta che venga aggiunto un figlio con un ruolo ARIA: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Ci si aspetta che vengano aggiunti i figli con un ruolo ARIA: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-required-parent": {
+      "pass": "Il ruolo ARIA obbligatorio per l'elemento genitore è presente",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Il ruolo ARIA obbligatorio per l'elemento genitore non è presente: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "I ruoli ARIA obbligatori per gli elementi genitori non sono presenti: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-roledescription": {
+      "pass": "aria-roledescription utilizzato su un ruolo semantico supportato",
+      "incomplete": "Verifica che aria-roledescription venga annunciato dagli screen reader supportati",
+      "fail": "Assegna all'elemento un ruolo che supporta aria-roledescription"
+    },
+    "aria-unsupported-attr": {
+      "pass": "L'attributo ARIA è supportato",
+      "fail": "L'attributo ARIA non è ampiamente supportato dagli screen reader e dalle tecnologie assistive: ${data.values}"
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr-value": {
+      "pass": "I valori degli attributi ARIA sono validi",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Il valore dell'attributo ARIA non è valido: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "I valori degli attributi ARIA non sono validi: ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "noId": "Nella pagina non esiste un elemento con ID corrispondente all'attributo ARIA: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "noIdShadow": "Nella pagina non esiste un elemento con ID corrispondente all'attributo ARIA o è un discendente di un diverso albero shadow DOM: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "ariaCurrent": "Il valore dell'attributo ARIA non è valido e verrà trattato come \"aria-current=true\": ${data.needsReview}",
+        "idrefs": "Non è possibile determinare se esiste un elemento con ID corrispondente all'attributo ARIA nella pagina: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "empty": "Il valore dell'attributo ARIA viene ignorato mentre è vuoto: ${data.needsReview}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr": {
+      "pass": "Il nome dell'attributo ARIA è valido",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Il nome dell'attributo ARIA non è valido: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "I nomi degli attributi ARIA non sono validi: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "braille-label-equivalent": {
+      "pass": "aria-braillelabel viene utilizzato su un elemento con testo accessibile",
+      "fail": "aria-braillelabel viene utilizzato su un elemento senza testo accessibile",
+      "incomplete": "Non è possibile calcolare il testo accessibile"
+    },
+    "braille-roledescription-equivalent": {
+      "pass": "aria-brailleroledescription viene utilizzato su un elemento con aria-roledescription",
+      "fail": {
+        "noRoleDescription": "aria-brailleroledescription viene utilizzato su un elemento senza aria-roledescription",
+        "emptyRoleDescription": "aria-brailleroledescription viene utilizzato su un elemento con aria-roledescription vuoto"
+      }
+    },
+    "deprecatedrole": {
+      "pass": "Il ruolo ARIA non è deprecato",
+      "fail": "Il ruolo utilizzato è deprecato: ${data}"
+    },
+    "fallbackrole": {
+      "pass": "Viene utilizzato un solo valore di ruolo",
+      "fail": "Utilizza un solo valore di ruolo, poiché i ruoli di fallback non sono supportati nei browser più vecchi",
+      "incomplete": "Utilizza solo il ruolo 'presentation' o 'none' poiché sono sinonimi."
+    },
+    "has-global-aria-attribute": {
+      "pass": {
+        "singular": "L'elemento ha un attributo ARIA globale: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "L'elemento ha attributi ARIA globali: ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "fail": "L'elemento non ha un attributo ARIA globale"
+    },
+    "has-widget-role": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento ha un ruolo widget.",
+      "fail": "L'elemento non ha un ruolo widget."
+    },
+    "invalidrole": {
+      "pass": "Il ruolo ARIA è valido",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Il ruolo deve essere uno dei ruoli ARIA validi: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "I ruoli devono essere uno dei ruoli ARIA validi: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "is-element-focusable": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento può ricevere focus.",
+      "fail": "L'elemento non può ricevere focus."
+    },
+    "no-implicit-explicit-label": {
+      "pass": "Non c'è incongruenza tra etichetta <label> e nome accessibile",
+      "incomplete": "Verifica che l'etichetta <label> non debba far parte del nome del campo ARIA ${data}"
+    },
+    "unsupportedrole": {
+      "pass": "Il ruolo ARIA è supportato",
+      "fail": "Il ruolo utilizzato non è ampiamente supportato dagli screen reader e dalle tecnologie assistive: ${data}"
+    },
+    "valid-scrollable-semantics": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento ha una semantica valida per un elemento presente nell'ordine di focus.",
+      "fail": "L'elemento ha una semantica non valida per un elemento presente nell'ordine di focus."
+    },
+    "color-contrast-enhanced": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento ha un contrasto di colore sufficiente di ${data.contrastRatio}",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "L'elemento ha un contrasto di colore insufficiente di ${data.contrastRatio} (colore in primo piano: ${data.fgColor}, colore di sfondo: ${data.bgColor}, dimensione del font: ${data.fontSize}, peso del font: ${data.fontWeight}). Contrasto atteso di ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "fgOnShadowColor": "L'elemento ha un contrasto di colore insufficiente di ${data.contrastRatio} tra il primo piano e il colore dell'ombra (colore in primo piano: ${data.fgColor}, colore dell'ombra del testo: ${data.shadowColor}, dimensione del font: ${data.fontSize}, peso del font: ${data.fontWeight}). Contrasto atteso di ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "shadowOnBgColor": "L'elemento ha un contrasto di colore insufficiente di ${data.contrastRatio} tra il colore dell'ombra e il colore di sfondo (colore dell'ombra del testo: ${data.shadowColor}, colore di sfondo: ${data.bgColor}, dimensione del font: ${data.fontSize}, peso del font: ${data.fontWeight}). Contrasto atteso di ${data.expectedContrastRatio}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Impossibile determinare il rapporto di contrasto",
+        "bgImage": "Il colore di sfondo dell'elemento non può essere determinato a causa di un'immagine di sfondo",
+        "bgGradient": "Il colore di sfondo dell'elemento non può essere determinato a causa di un gradiente di sfondo",
+        "imgNode": "Il colore di sfondo dell'elemento non può essere determinato perché l'elemento contiene un nodo immagine",
+        "bgOverlap": "Il colore di sfondo dell'elemento non può essere determinato perché c'è un altro elemento sovrapposto",
+        "fgAlpha": "Il colore in primo piano dell'elemento non può essere determinato a causa della trasparenza alfa",
+        "elmPartiallyObscured": "Il colore di sfondo dell'elemento non può essere determinato perché è parzialmente oscurato da un altro elemento",
+        "elmPartiallyObscuring": "Il colore di sfondo dell'elemento non può essere determinato perché si sovrappone parzialmente ad altri elementi",
+        "outsideViewport": "Il colore di sfondo dell'elemento non può essere determinato perché è al di fuori della finestra di visualizzazione",
+        "equalRatio": "L'elemento ha un rapporto di contrasto di 1:1 con lo sfondo",
+        "shortTextContent": "Il contenuto dell'elemento è troppo breve per determinare se si tratta di un contenuto di testo effettivo",
+        "nonBmp": "Il contenuto dell'elemento contiene solo caratteri non di testo",
+        "pseudoContent": "Il colore di sfondo dell'elemento non può essere determinato a causa di uno pseudo-elemento"
+      }
+    },
+    "color-contrast": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "L'elemento ha un contrasto di colore sufficiente di ${data.contrastRatio}",
+        "hidden": "L'elemento è nascosto"
+      },
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "L'elemento ha un contrasto di colore insufficiente di ${data.contrastRatio} (colore in primo piano: ${data.fgColor}, colore di sfondo: ${data.bgColor}, dimensione del font: ${data.fontSize}, peso del font: ${data.fontWeight}). Contrasto atteso di ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "fgOnShadowColor": "L'elemento ha un contrasto di colore insufficiente di ${data.contrastRatio} tra il primo piano e il colore dell'ombra (colore in primo piano: ${data.fgColor}, colore dell'ombra del testo: ${data.shadowColor}, dimensione del font: ${data.fontSize}, peso del font: ${data.fontWeight}). Contrasto atteso di ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "shadowOnBgColor": "L'elemento ha un contrasto di colore insufficiente di ${data.contrastRatio} tra il colore dell'ombra e il colore di sfondo (colore dell'ombra del testo: ${data.shadowColor}, colore di sfondo: ${data.bgColor}, dimensione del font: ${data.fontSize}, peso del font: ${data.fontWeight}). Contrasto atteso di ${data.expectedContrastRatio}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Impossibile determinare il rapporto di contrasto",
+        "bgImage": "Il colore di sfondo dell'elemento non può essere determinato a causa di un'immagine di sfondo",
+        "bgGradient": "Il colore di sfondo dell'elemento non può essere determinato a causa di un gradiente di sfondo",
+        "imgNode": "Il colore di sfondo dell'elemento non può essere determinato perché l'elemento contiene un nodo immagine",
+        "bgOverlap": "Il colore di sfondo dell'elemento non può essere determinato perché c'è un altro elemento sovrapposto",
+        "complexTextShadows": "Il contrasto dell'elemento non può essere determinato perché utilizza ombre di testo complesse",
+        "fgAlpha": "Il colore in primo piano dell'elemento non può essere determinato a causa della trasparenza alfa",
+        "elmPartiallyObscured": "Il colore di sfondo dell'elemento non può essere determinato perché è parzialmente oscurato da un altro elemento",
+        "elmPartiallyObscuring": "Il colore di sfondo dell'elemento non può essere determinato perché si sovrappone parzialmente ad altri elementi",
+        "outsideViewport": "Il colore di sfondo dell'elemento non può essere determinato perché è al di fuori della finestra di visualizzazione",
+        "equalRatio": "L'elemento ha un rapporto di contrasto di 1:1 con lo sfondo",
+        "shortTextContent": "Il contenuto dell'elemento è troppo breve per determinare se si tratta di un contenuto di testo effettivo",
+        "nonBmp": "Il contenuto dell'elemento contiene solo caratteri non di testo",
+        "pseudoContent": "Il colore di sfondo dell'elemento non può essere determinato a causa di uno pseudo-elemento"
+      }
+    },
+    "link-in-text-block-style": {
+      "pass": "I collegamenti possono essere distinti dal testo circostante grazie ad uno stile visivo",
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Verifica se il collegamento necessita di uno stile per distinguerlo dal testo circostante",
+        "pseudoContent": "Verifica se lo pseudo-stile del collegamento è sufficiente per distinguerlo dal testo circostante"
+      },
+      "fail": "Il collegamento non ha uno stile (come la sottolineatura) per distinguerlo dal testo circostante"
+    },
+    "link-in-text-block": {
+      "pass": "I collegamenti possono essere distinti dal testo circostante in qualche modo che non sia solo attraverso il colore",
+      "fail": {
+        "fgContrast": "Il collegamento ha un contrasto di colore insufficiente di ${data.contrastRatio}:1 con il testo circostante. (Contrasto minimo è ${data.requiredContrastRatio}:1, colore del testo del collegamento: ${data.nodeColor}, colore del testo circostante: ${data.parentColor})",
+        "bgContrast": "Lo sfondo del collegamento ha un contrasto di colore insufficiente di ${data.contrastRatio} (Contrasto minimo è ${data.requiredContrastRatio}:1, colore dello sfondo del collegamento: ${data.nodeBackgroundColor}, colore dello sfondo circostante: ${data.parentBackgroundColor})"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Il rapporto di contrasto dei colori in primo piano dell'elemento non può essere determinato",
+        "bgContrast": "Il rapporto di contrasto dello sfondo dell'elemento non può essere determinato",
+        "bgImage": "Il rapporto di contrasto dell'elemento non può essere determinato a causa di un'immagine di sfondo",
+        "bgGradient": "Il rapporto di contrasto dell'elemento non può essere determinato a causa di un gradiente di sfondo",
+        "imgNode": "Il rapporto di contrasto dell'elemento non può essere determinato perché l'elemento contiene un nodo immagine",
+        "bgOverlap": "Il rapporto di contrasto dell'elemento non può essere determinato a causa della sovrapposizione dell'elemento"
+      }
+    },
+    "autocomplete-appropriate": {
+      "pass": "il valore di autocomplete è appropriato per questo elemento",
+      "fail": "il valore di autocomplete non è appropriato per questo tipo di input"
+    },
+    "autocomplete-valid": {
+      "pass": "l'attributo autocomplete è formattato correttamente",
+      "fail": "l'attributo autocomplete non è formattato correttamente"
+    },
+    "accesskeys": {
+      "pass": "Il valore dell'attributo accesskey è univoco",
+      "fail": "Il documento ha più elementi con lo stesso accesskey"
+    },
+    "focusable-content": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento contiene elementi che possono ricevere focus",
+      "fail": "L'elemento dovrebbe avere contenuto che può ricevere focus"
+    },
+    "focusable-disabled": {
+      "pass": "Non ci sono elementi che possono ricevere focus all'interno dell'elemento",
+      "incomplete": "Controlla se gli elementi che possono ricevere focus spostano immediatamente l'indicatore di focus",
+      "fail": "Il contenuto che può ricevere focus dovrebbe essere disabilitato o rimosso dal DOM"
+    },
+    "focusable-element": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento può ricevere focus",
+      "fail": "L'elemento dovrebbe poter ricevere focus"
+    },
+    "focusable-modal-open": {
+      "pass": "Non ci sono elementi che possono ricevere focus mentre è aperta una modale",
+      "incomplete": "Controlla che gli elementi che possono ricevere focus non siano tabbabili nello stato attuale"
+    },
+    "focusable-no-name": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento non è nell'ordine di tab o ha un testo accessibile",
+      "fail": "L'elemento è nell'ordine di tab e non ha un testo accessibile",
+      "incomplete": "Non è possibile determinare se l'elemento ha un nome accessibile"
+    },
+    "focusable-not-tabbable": {
+      "pass": "Non ci sono elementi che possono ricevere focus all'interno dell'elemento",
+      "incomplete": "Controlla se gli elementi che possono ricevere focus spostano immediatamente l'indicatore di focus",
+      "fail": "Il contenuto che può ricevere focus dovrebbe avere tabindex=\"-1\" o essere rimosso dal DOM"
+    },
+    "frame-focusable-content": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento non ha discendenti che possono ricevere focus",
+      "fail": "L'elemento ha discendenti che possono ricevere focus",
+      "incomplete": "Non è stato possibile determinare se l'elemento ha discendenti"
+    },
+    "landmark-is-top-level": {
+      "pass": "Il landmark ${data.role} è al livello superiore.",
+      "fail": "Il landmark ${data.role} è contenuto in un altro landmark."
+    },
+    "no-focusable-content": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento non ha discendenti che possono ricevere focus",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "L'elemento ha discendenti che possono ricevere focus",
+        "notHidden": "L'utilizzo di un tabindex negativo su un elemento all'interno di un controllo interattivo non impedisce alle tecnologie assistive di spostare il focus sull'elemento (anche con aria-hidden=\"true\")"
+      },
+      "incomplete": "Non è stato possibile determinare se l'elemento ha discendenti"
+    },
+    "page-has-heading-one": {
+      "pass": "La pagina ha almeno un'intestazione di livello uno",
+      "fail": "La pagina deve avere un'intestazione di livello uno"
+    },
+    "page-has-main": {
+      "pass": "Il documento ha almeno un landmark main",
+      "fail": "Il documento non ha un landmark main"
+    },
+    "page-no-duplicate-banner": {
+      "pass": "Il documento non ha più di un landmark banner",
+      "fail": "Il documento ha più di un landmark banner"
+    },
+    "page-no-duplicate-contentinfo": {
+      "pass": "Il documento non ha più di un landmark contentinfo",
+      "fail": "Il documento ha più di un landmark contentinfo"
+    },
+    "page-no-duplicate-main": {
+      "pass": "Il documento non ha più di un landmark main",
+      "fail": "Il documento ha più di un landmark main"
+    },
+    "tabindex": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento non ha un tabindex maggiore di 0",
+      "fail": "L'elemento ha un tabindex maggiore di 0"
+    },
+    "alt-space-value": {
+      "pass": "Il valore dell'attributo alt dell'elemento è valido",
+      "fail": "L'elemento ha un attributo alt che contiene solo uno spazio, che non viene ignorato da tutti gli screen reader"
+    },
+    "duplicate-img-label": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento non duplica il testo esistente nel testo alternativo dell'immagine",
+      "fail": "L'elemento contiene un elemento immagine con testo alternativo che duplica il testo esistente"
+    },
+    "explicit-label": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento del modulo ha un'etichetta esplicita <label>",
+      "fail": "L'elemento del modulo non ha un'etichetta esplicita <label>",
+      "incomplete": "Non è possibile determinare se l'elemento del modulo ha un'etichetta esplicita <label>"
+    },
+    "help-same-as-label": {
+      "pass": "Il testo di aiuto (title o aria-describedby) non duplica il testo dell'etichetta",
+      "fail": "Il testo di aiuto (title o aria-describedby) è lo stesso del testo dell'etichetta"
+    },
+    "hidden-explicit-label": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento del modulo ha un'etichetta esplicita <label> visibile",
+      "fail": "L'elemento del modulo ha un'etichetta esplicita <label> nascosta",
+      "incomplete": "Non è possibile determinare se l'elemento del modulo ha un'etichetta esplicita <label> nascosta"
+    },
+    "implicit-label": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento del modulo ha un'etichetta implicita (racchiusa) <label>",
+      "fail": "L'elemento del modulo non ha un'etichetta implicita (racchiusa) <label>",
+      "incomplete": "Non è possibile determinare se l'elemento del modulo ha un'etichetta implicita (racchiusa) <label>"
+    },
+    "label-content-name-mismatch": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento contiene del testo visibile come parte del suo nome accessibile",
+      "fail": "Il testo all'interno dell'elemento non è incluso nel nome accessibile"
+    },
+    "multiple-label": {
+      "pass": "Il campo del modulo non ha più elementi etichetta",
+      "incomplete": "L'utilizzo di più elementi etichetta non è ampiamente supportato dalle tecnologie assistive. Assicurati che la prima etichetta contenga tutte le informazioni necessarie."
+    },
+    "title-only": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento del modulo non utilizza solo l'attributo title per generare la sua etichetta",
+      "fail": "Solo il titolo viene utilizzato per generare l'etichetta dell'elemento del modulo"
+    },
+    "landmark-is-unique": {
+      "pass": "I landmark devono avere un ruolo univoco o una combinazione univoca di ruolo/etichetta/titolo (come ad esempio un nome accessibile univico)",
+      "fail": "Il landmark deve avere un aria-label, aria-labelledby o titolo univoco per rendere i landmark distinguibili"
+    },
+    "has-lang": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento <html> ha un attributo lang",
+      "fail": {
+        "noXHTML": "L'attributo xml:lang non è valido nelle pagine HTML, utilizza l'attributo lang.",
+        "noLang": "L'elemento <html> non ha un attributo lang"
+      }
+    },
+    "valid-lang": {
+      "pass": "Il valore dell'attributo lang è incluso nell'elenco delle lingue valide",
+      "fail": "Il valore dell'attributo lang non è incluso nell'elenco delle lingue valide"
+    },
+    "xml-lang-mismatch": {
+      "pass": "Gli attributi lang e xml:lang hanno la stessa lingua di base",
+      "fail": "Gli attributi lang e xml:lang non hanno la stessa lingua di base"
+    },
+    "dlitem": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento di descrizione della lista ha un elemento <dl> come genitore",
+      "fail": "L'elemento di descrizione della lista non ha un elemento <dl> come genitore"
+    },
+    "listitem": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento della lista ha un elemento <ul>, <ol> o role=\"list\" come genitore",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "L'elemento della lista non ha come genitore un elemento <ul> o <ol>",
+        "roleNotValid": "L'elemento della lista non ha come genitore un elemento <ul>, <ol> o un elemento con role=\"list\""
+      }
+    },
+    "only-dlitems": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento dl contiene al suo interno solo figli diretti consentiti; <dt>, <dd>, o elementi <div>",
+      "fail": "L'elemento dl ha figli diretti che non sono consentiti: ${data.values}"
+    },
+    "only-listitems": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento della lista contiene al suo interno solo figli diretti consentiti",
+      "fail": "L'elemento della lista ha figli diretti che non sono consentiti: ${data.values}"
+    },
+    "structured-dlitems": {
+      "pass": "Quando non è vuoto, l'elemento ha sia elementi <dt> che <dd>",
+      "fail": "Quando non è vuoto, l'elemento non ha nemmeno un elemento <dt> seguito da almeno un elemento <dd>"
+    },
+    "caption": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento multimediale ha una didascalia",
+      "incomplete": "Controlla che le didascalie siano disponibili per l'elemento"
+    },
+    "frame-tested": {
+      "pass": "L'iframe è stato testato con axe-core",
+      "fail": "L'iframe non può essere testato con axe-core",
+      "incomplete": "L'iframe deve ancora essere testato con axe-core"
+    },
+    "no-autoplay-audio": {
+      "pass": "<video> o <audio> non riproduce audio per più della durata consentita o ha un meccanismo di controllo",
+      "fail": "<video> o <audio> riproduce audio per più della durata consentita e non ha un meccanismo di controllo",
+      "incomplete": "Controlla che il <video> o <audio> non riproduca audio per più della durata consentita o fornisca un meccanismo di controllo"
+    },
+    "css-orientation-lock": {
+      "pass": "Il display è utilizzabile e l'orientamento del dispositivo non viene bloccato",
+      "fail": "Il blocco dell'orientamento tramite CSS viene applicato e rende il display non utilizzabile",
+      "incomplete": "Il blocco dell'orientamento tramite CSS non può essere determinato"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport-large": {
+      "pass": "Il tag <meta> non impedisce lo zoom in modo significativo sui dispositivi mobili",
+      "fail": "Il tag <meta> limita lo zoom sui dispositivi mobili"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport": {
+      "pass": "Il tag <meta> non disabilita lo zoom sui dispositivi mobili",
+      "fail": "${data} sul tag <meta> disabilita lo zoom sui dispositivi mobili"
+    },
+    "target-offset": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento ha spazio sufficiente dai suoi vicini più prossimi. Lo spazio sicuro e cliccabile ha un diametro di ${data.closestOffset}px, che è superiore al requisito di ${data.minOffset}px.",
+      "fail": "L'elemento non ha spazio sufficiente rispetto ai suoi vicini più prossimi. Lo spazio sicuro e cliccabile ha un diametro di ${data.closestOffset}px, che è inferiore rispetto al requisito di ${data.minOffset}px.",
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "L'elemento con tabindex negativo non ha spazio sufficiente rispetto ai suoi vicini più prossimi. Lo spazio sicuro e cliccabile ha un diametro di ${data.closestOffset}px, che è inferiore rispetto al requisito di ${data.minOffset}px. Si tratta di un elemento che può essere attivato?",
+        "nonTabbableNeighbor": "L'elemento non ha spazio sufficiente rispetto ai suoi vicini più prossimi. Lo spazio sicuro e cliccabile ha un diametro di ${data.closestOffset}px, che è inferiore rispetto al requisito di ${data.minOffset}px. Il vicino più prossimo è un elemento che può essere attivato?"
+      }
+    },
+    "target-size": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Il controllo ha dimensioni sufficienti (${data.width}px per ${data.height}px, dovrebbe essere almeno ${data.minSize}px per ${data.minSize}px)",
+        "obscured": "Il controllo viene ignorato perché è completamente oscurato e quindi non cliccabile"
+      },
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "L'elemento ha dimensioni insufficienti (${data.width}px per ${data.height}px, dovrebbe essere almeno ${data.minSize}px per ${data.minSize}px)",
+        "partiallyObscured": "L'elemento ha dimensioni insufficienti perché è parzialmente oscurato (lo spazio più piccolo è ${data.width}px per ${data.height}px, dovrebbe essere almeno ${data.minSize}px per ${data.minSize}px)"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "L'elemento con tabindex negativo ha dimensioni insufficienti (${data.width}px per ${data.height}px, dovrebbe essere almeno ${data.minSize}px per ${data.minSize}px). Si tratta di un elemento che può essere attivato?",
+        "contentOverflow": "Le dimensioni dell'elemento non possono essere determinate con precisione a causa del contenuto in overflow",
+        "partiallyObscured": "L'elemento con tabindex negativo ha dimensioni insufficienti perché è parzialmente oscurato (lo spazio più piccolo è ${data.width}px per ${data.height}px, dovrebbe essere almeno ${data.minSize}px per ${data.minSize}px). Si tratta di un elemento che può essere attivato?",
+        "partiallyObscuredNonTabbable": "L'elemento ha dimensioni insufficienti perché è parzialmente oscurato da un vicino con tabindex negativo (lo spazio più piccolo è ${data.width}px per ${data.height}px, dovrebbe essere almeno ${data.minSize}px per ${data.minSize}px). Il vicino più prossimo è un elemento che può essere attivato?"
+      }
+    },
+    "header-present": {
+      "pass": "La pagina ha un'intestazione",
+      "fail": "La pagina non ha nemmeno un'intestazione"
+    },
+    "heading-order": {
+      "pass": "L'ordine delle intestazioni è valido",
+      "fail": "L'ordine delle intestazioni non è valido",
+      "incomplete": "Non è possibile determinare l'intestazione precedente"
+    },
+    "identical-links-same-purpose": {
+      "pass": "Non ci sono altri collegamenti con lo stesso nome, che puntano ad un URL diverso",
+      "incomplete": "Controlla che i collegamenti abbiano lo stesso scopo, o siano intenzionalmente ambigui."
+    },
+    "internal-link-present": {
+      "pass": "Trovato skip link valido",
+      "fail": "Non è stato trovato alcuno skip link valido"
+    },
+    "landmark": {
+      "pass": "La pagina ha una regione landmark",
+      "fail": "La pagina non ha una regione landmark"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh-no-exceptions": {
+      "pass": "Il tag <meta> non aggiorna immediatamente la pagina",
+      "fail": "Il tag <meta> forza il refresh temporizzato della pagina"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh": {
+      "pass": "Il tag <meta> non aggiorna immediatamente la pagina",
+      "fail": "Il tag <meta> forza il refresh temporizzato della pagina (al di sotto delle 20 ore)"
+    },
+    "p-as-heading": {
+      "pass": "Gli elementi <p> non sono disegnati come intestazioni",
+      "fail": "Al posto di elementi <p> disegnati come intestazioni, dovrebbero essere utilizzati elementi di intestazione",
+      "incomplete": "Non è possibile determinare se gli elementi <p> sono stati disegnati come intestazioni"
+    },
+    "region": {
+      "pass": "Tutto il contenuto della pagina è contenuto in landmark",
+      "fail": "Alcuni contenuti della pagina non sono contenuti in landmark"
+    },
+    "skip-link": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento a cui lo skip link punta esiste",
+      "incomplete": "L'elemento a cui lo skip link punta deve diventare visibile quando attivato",
+      "fail": "L'elemento a cui lo skip link punta non esiste"
+    },
+    "unique-frame-title": {
+      "pass": "L'attributo title dell'elemento è univoco",
+      "fail": "L'attributo title dell'elemento non è univoco"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-active": {
+      "pass": "Il documento non ha elementi attivi che condividono lo stesso attributo id",
+      "fail": "Il documento ha elementi attivi con lo stesso attributo id: ${data}"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-aria": {
+      "pass": "Il documento non ha elementi referenziati con ARIA o etichette che condividono lo stesso attributo id",
+      "fail": "Il documento ha più elementi referenziati con ARIA con lo stesso attributo id: ${data}"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id": {
+      "pass": "Il documento non ha elementi statici che condividono lo stesso attributo id",
+      "fail": "Il documento ha più elementi statici con lo stesso attributo id: ${data}"
+    },
+    "aria-label": {
+      "pass": "L'attributo aria-label esiste e non è vuoto",
+      "fail": "L'attributo aria-label non esiste o è vuoto"
+    },
+    "aria-labelledby": {
+      "pass": "L'attributo aria-labelledby esiste e fa riferimento ad elementi che sono visibili agli screen reader",
+      "fail": "L'attributo aria-labelledby non esiste, fa riferimento ad elementi che non esistono o fa riferimento ad elementi che sono vuoti",
+      "incomplete": "assicurati che aria-labelledby faccia riferimento a un elemento esistente"
+    },
+    "avoid-inline-spacing": {
+      "pass": "Non sono stati specificati stili inline con '!important' che influenzano lo spaziatura del testo",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Rimuovi '!important' dallo stile inline ${data.values}, poiché la sovrascrittura di questo non è supportata dalla maggior parte dei browser",
+        "plural": "Rimuovi '!important' dagli stili inline ${data.values}, poiché la sovrascrittura di questo non è supportata dalla maggior parte dei browser"
+      }
+    },
+    "button-has-visible-text": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento ha del testo interno che è visibile agli screen reader",
+      "fail": "L'elemento non ha del testo interno che è visibile agli screen reader",
+      "incomplete": "Non è possibile determinare se l'elemento ha figli"
+    },
+    "doc-has-title": {
+      "pass": "Il documento ha un elemento <title> non vuoto",
+      "fail": "Il documento non ha un elemento <title> non vuoto"
+    },
+    "exists": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento non esiste",
+      "incomplete": "L'elemento esiste"
+    },
+    "has-alt": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento ha un attributo alt",
+      "fail": "L'elemento non ha un attributo alt"
+    },
+    "has-visible-text": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento ha del testo che è visibile agli screen reader",
+      "fail": "L'elemento non ha del testo che è visibile agli screen reader",
+      "incomplete": "Non è possibile determinare se l'elemento ha figli"
+    },
+    "important-letter-spacing": {
+      "pass": "La spaziatura delle lettere nell'attributo style non è impostato su !important, o rispetta il requisito minimo",
+      "fail": "La spaziatura delle lettere nell'attributo style non deve utilizzare !important, o deve essere impostata a ${data.minValue}em (attuale ${data.value}em)"
+    },
+    "important-line-height": {
+      "pass": "l'interlinea nell'attributo style non è impostata su !important, o rispetta il requisito minimo",
+      "fail": "l'interlinea nell'attributo style non deve utilizzare !important, o deve essere impostata a ${data.minValue}em (attuale ${data.value}em)"
+    },
+    "important-word-spacing": {
+      "pass": "La spaziatura delle parole nell'attributo style non è impostata su !important, o rispetta il requisito minimo",
+      "fail": "La spaziatura delle parole nell'attributo style non deve utilizzare !important, o deve essere impostata a ${data.minValue}em (attuale ${data.value}em)"
+    },
+    "is-on-screen": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento non è visibile",
+      "fail": "L'elemento è visibile"
+    },
+    "non-empty-alt": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento ha un attributo alt non vuoto",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "L'elemento non ha un attributo alt",
+        "emptyAttr": "L'elemento ha un attributo alt vuoto"
+      }
+    },
+    "non-empty-if-present": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "L'elemento non ha un attributo value",
+        "has-label": "L'elemento ha un attributo value non vuoto"
+      },
+      "fail": "L'elemento ha un attributo value e l'attributo value è vuoto"
+    },
+    "non-empty-placeholder": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento ha un attributo placeholder",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "L'elemento non ha un attributo placeholder",
+        "emptyAttr": "L'elemento ha un attributo placeholder vuoto"
+      }
+    },
+    "non-empty-title": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento ha un attributo title",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "L'elemento non ha un attributo title",
+        "emptyAttr": "L'elemento ha un attributo title vuoto"
+      }
+    },
+    "non-empty-value": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento ha un attributo value non vuoto",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "L'elemento non ha un attributo value",
+        "emptyAttr": "L'elemento ha un attributo value vuoto"
+      }
+    },
+    "presentational-role": {
+      "pass": "La semantica predefinita dell'elemento è stata sostituita da role=\"${data.role}\"",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "La semantica predefinita dell'elemento non è stata sostituita da role=\"none\" o role=\"presentation\"",
+        "globalAria": "Il ruolo dell'elemento non è presentazionale perché ha un attributo ARIA globale",
+        "focusable": "Il ruolo dell'elemento non è presentazionale perché è focusabile",
+        "both": "Il ruolo dell'elemento non è presentazionale perché ha un attributo ARIA globale ed è focusabile",
+        "iframe": "L'utilizzo dell'attributo \"title\" su un elemento ${data.nodeName} con un ruolo presentazionale si comporta in modo inconsistente a seconda dello screen reader"
+      }
+    },
+    "role-none": {
+      "pass": "La semantica predefinita dell'elemento è stata sostituita da role=\"none\"",
+      "fail": "La semantica predefinita dell'elemento non è stata sostituita da role=\"none\""
+    },
+    "role-presentation": {
+      "pass": "La semantica predefinita dell'elemento è stata sostituita da role=\"presentation\"",
+      "fail": "La semantica predefinita dell'elemento non è stata sostituita da role=\"presentation\""
+    },
+    "svg-non-empty-title": {
+      "pass": "L'elemento ha un figlio che è un titolo",
+      "fail": {
+        "noTitle": "L'elemento non ha figli che sono titoli",
+        "emptyTitle": "Il titolo figlio dell'elemento è vuoto"
+      },
+      "incomplete": "Non è possibile determinare se l'elemento ha un figlio che è un titolo"
+    },
+    "caption-faked": {
+      "pass": "La prima riga di una tabella non viene utilizzata come didascalia",
+      "fail": "Il primo figlio della tabella dovrebbe essere una didascalia invece di una cella di tabella"
+    },
+    "html5-scope": {
+      "pass": "L'attributo scope viene utilizzato solo sugli elementi di intestazione della tabella (<th>)",
+      "fail": "In HTML 5, gli attributi scope possono essere utilizzati solo sugli elementi di intestazione della tabella (<th>)"
+    },
+    "same-caption-summary": {
+      "pass": "Il contenuto dell'attributo summary e dell'elemento <caption> non sono duplicati",
+      "fail": "Il contenuto dell'attributo summary e dell'elemento <caption> sono identici",
+      "incomplete": "Non è possibile determinare se l'elemento <table> ha una didascalia"
+    },
+    "scope-value": {
+      "pass": "L'attributo scope viene utilizzato correttamente",
+      "fail": "Il valore dell'attributo scope può essere solo 'row' o 'col'"
+    },
+    "td-has-header": {
+      "pass": "Tutte le celle di dati non vuote hanno intestazioni di tabella",
+      "fail": "Alcune celle di dati non vuote non hanno intestazioni di tabella"
+    },
+    "td-headers-attr": {
+      "pass": "L'attributo headers viene utilizzato esclusivamente per fare riferimento ad altre celle nella tabella",
+      "incomplete": "L'attributo headers è vuoto",
+      "fail": "L'attributo headers non viene utilizzato esclusivamente per fare riferimento ad altre celle nella tabella"
+    },
+    "th-has-data-cells": {
+      "pass": "Tutte le celle di intestazione della tabella fanno riferimento a celle di dati",
+      "fail": "Non tutte le celle di intestazione della tabella fanno riferimento a celle di dati",
+      "incomplete": "Le celle di dati della tabella sono vuote o mancanti"
+    },
+    "hidden-content": {
+      "pass": "Tutto il contenuto della pagina è stato analizzato.",
+      "fail": "Ci sono stati problemi nell'analizzare il contenuto di questa pagina.",
+      "incomplete": "C'è del contenuto nascosto nella pagina che non è stato analizzato. Dovrai attivare la visualizzazione di questo contenuto per poterlo analizzare."
+    }
+  },
+  "failureSummaries": {
+    "any": {
+      "failureMessage": "Correggi uno dei seguenti:{{~it:value}}\n  {{=value.split('\\n').join('\\n  ')}}{{~}}"
+    },
+    "none": {
+      "failureMessage": "Correggi tutti i seguenti:{{~it:value}}\n  {{=value.split('\\n').join('\\n  ')}}{{~}}"
+    }
+  },
+  "incompleteFallbackMessage": "axe non è stato in grado di determinare il motivo. È il momento di utilizzare l'element inspector!"
+}
diff --git a/locales/ja.json b/locales/ja.json
index bd9093307..161fdba32 100644
--- a/locales/ja.json
+++ b/locales/ja.json
@@ -2,40 +2,52 @@
   "lang": "ja",
   "rules": {
     "accesskeys": {
-      "description": "すべてのaccesskey属性値が一意であることを確認します",
-      "help": "accesskey属性値は一意でなければなりません"
+      "description": "すべてのaccesskey属性の値が一意であることを確認します",
+      "help": "accesskey属性の値は一意でなければなりません"
     },
     "area-alt": {
       "description": "イメージマップの<area>要素に代替テキストが存在することを確認します",
       "help": "アクティブな<area>要素には代替テキストが存在しなければなりません"
     },
     "aria-allowed-attr": {
-      "description": "要素のロールにARIA属性が許可されていることを確認します",
-      "help": "要素には許可されているARIA属性のみを使用しなければなりません"
+      "description": "要素のロールがARIA属性をサポートしていることを確認します",
+      "help": "要素にはサポートされているARIA属性のみを使用しなければなりません"
     },
     "aria-allowed-role": {
       "description": "role属性の値が要素に対して適切であることを確認します",
       "help": "ARIAロールは要素に対して適切でなければなりません"
     },
+    "aria-braille-equivalent": {
+      "description": "aria-braillelabelとaria-brailleroledescriptionには、点字以外の同等のものが存在することを確認します",
+      "help": "aria-braille属性には、点じ以外の同等のものがなければなりません "
+    },
     "aria-command-name": {
       "description": "すべてのARIA button、link、menuitemにアクセシブルな名前があることを確認します",
       "help": "ARIAコマンドにはアクセシブルな名前がなければなりません"
     },
+    "aria-conditional-attr": {
+      "description": "ARIA属性が要素のロールの仕様に従って使用されていることを確認します",
+      "help": "ARIA属性は要素のロールの仕様に従って使用しなければなりません"
+    },
+    "aria-deprecated-role": {
+      "description": "要素に非推奨のロールが使用されていないことを確認します",
+      "help": "非推奨のARIAロールを使用してはなりません"
+    },
     "aria-dialog-name": {
       "description": "すべてのARIA dialog、alertdialogノードにアクセシブルな名前があることを確認します",
       "help": "ARIA dialogとalertdialogノードにはアクセシブルな名前がなければなりません"
     },
     "aria-hidden-body": {
-      "description": "ドキュメント本体にaria-hidden='true'が存在していないことを確認します",
-      "help": "ドキュメント本体にaria-hidden='true'が存在してはなりません"
+      "description": "ドキュメント本体にaria-hidden=\"true\"が存在しないことを確認します",
+      "help": "ドキュメント本体にaria-hidden=\"true\"が存在してはなりません"
     },
     "aria-hidden-focus": {
-      "description": "aria-hidden要素にフォーカス可能な要素が含まれていないことを確認します",
-      "help": "ARIA hidden要素にフォーカス可能な要素を含んではなりません"
+      "description": "aria-hiddenが指定されている要素にフォーカスできないこと、その要素にフォーカス可能な要素が含まれていないことを確認します",
+      "help": "aria-hiddenが指定されている要素は、フォーカス可能であったり、フォーカス可能な要素を含んでいたりしてはなりません"
     },
     "aria-input-field-name": {
       "description": "すべてのARIA入力欄にアクセシブルな名前があることを確認します",
-      "help": "ARIA入力欄にアクセシブルな名前があります"
+      "help": "ARIA入力欄にはアクセシブルな名前がなければなりません"
     },
     "aria-meter-name": {
       "description": "すべてのARIA meterノードにアクセシブルな名前があることを確認します",
@@ -45,6 +57,10 @@
       "description": "すべてのARIA progressbarノードにアクセシブルな名前があることを確認します",
       "help": "ARIA progressbarノードにはアクセシブルな名前がなければなりません"
     },
+    "aria-prohibited-attr": {
+      "description": "要素のロールでARIA属性が禁止されていないことを確認します",
+      "help": "要素には禁止されているARIA属性を使用してはなりません"
+    },
     "aria-required-attr": {
       "description": "ARIAロールのある要素にすべての必須ARIA属性が存在することを確認します",
       "help": "必須のARIA属性が提供されていなければなりません"
@@ -59,10 +75,10 @@
     },
     "aria-roledescription": {
       "description": "aria-roledescriptionが暗黙的もしくは明示的なロールを持った要素に使用されていることを確認します",
-      "help": "aria-roledescriptionはセマンティックなロールを持った要素に使用します"
+      "help": "aria-roledescriptionはセマンティックなロールを持った要素に使用しなければなりません"
     },
     "aria-roles": {
-      "description": "すべてのロール属性が指定された要素で、有効な値が使用されていることを確認します",
+      "description": "すべてのrole属性が指定された要素で、有効な値が使用されていることを確認します",
       "help": "使用されているARIAロールは有効な値に一致しなければなりません"
     },
     "aria-text": {
@@ -71,14 +87,14 @@
     },
     "aria-toggle-field-name": {
       "description": "すべてのARIAトグル欄にアクセシブルな名前があることを確認します",
-      "help": "ARIAトグル欄にアクセシブルな名前があります"
+      "help": "ARIAトグル欄にはアクセシブルな名前がなければなりません"
     },
     "aria-tooltip-name": {
-      "description": "すべてのARIA tooltipノードにはアクセシブルな名前があることを確認します",
+      "description": "すべてのARIA tooltipノードにアクセシブルな名前があることを確認します",
       "help": "ARIA tooltipノードにはアクセシブルな名前がなければなりません"
     },
     "aria-treeitem-name": {
-      "description": "すべてのARIA treeitemノードにはアクセシブルな名前があることを確認します",
+      "description": "すべてのARIA treeitemノードにアクセシブルな名前があることを確認します",
       "help": "ARIA treeitemノードにはアクセシブルな名前がなければなりません"
     },
     "aria-valid-attr-value": {
@@ -103,7 +119,7 @@
     },
     "blink": {
       "description": "<blink>要素が使用されていないことを確認します",
-      "help": "<blink>要素は廃止されており、使用するべきではありません"
+      "help": "<blink>要素の使用は非推奨で、使用するべきではありません"
     },
     "button-name": {
       "description": "ボタンに認識可能なテキストが存在することを確認します",
@@ -114,20 +130,20 @@
       "help": "ページには繰り返されるブロックをスキップする手段が存在しなければなりません"
     },
     "color-contrast-enhanced": {
-      "description": "前景色と背景色のコントラストがWCAG 2のAAAコントラスト比のしきい値を満たすことを確認します",
-      "help": "要素には十分な色のコントラストがなければなりません"
+      "description": "前景色と背景色のコントラストがWCAG 2のAAAコントラスト比（高度）のしきい値を満たすことを確認します",
+      "help": "要素は色のコントラスト比（高度）の閾値を満たしていなければなりません"
     },
     "color-contrast": {
-      "description": "前景色と背景色のコントラストがWCAG 2のAAコントラスト比のしきい値を満たすことを確認します",
-      "help": "要素には十分な色のコントラストがなければなりません"
+      "description": "前景色と背景色のコントラストがWCAG 2のAAコントラスト比（最低限）のしきい値を満たすことを確認します",
+      "help": "要素は色のコントラスト比（最低限）の閾値を満たしていなければなりません"
     },
     "css-orientation-lock": {
       "description": "コンテンツが特定のディスプレイの向きに固定されていないこと、およびコンテンツがすべてのディスプレイの向きで操作可能なことを確認します",
-      "help": "ディスプレイの向きを固定するためにCSSメディアクエリーは使用されていません"
+      "help": "CSSメディアクエリーはディスプレイの向きを固定するために使用してはなりません"
     },
     "definition-list": {
       "description": "<dl>要素の構造が正しいことを確認します",
-      "help": "<dl>要素は、適切な順序で並べられた<dt>および<dd>グループ、<script>要素または<template>要素のみを直接含んでいなければなりません"
+      "help": "<dl>要素は、適切な順序で並べられた<dt>および<dd>のグループ、<script>要素、<template>要素またはdiv要素のみを直接含んでいなければなりません"
     },
     "dlitem": {
       "description": "<dt>および<dd>要素が<dl>に含まれていることを確認します",
@@ -138,16 +154,16 @@
       "help": "ドキュメントにはナビゲーションを補助するために<title>要素がなければなりません"
     },
     "duplicate-id-active": {
-      "description": "活性要素のid属性値が一意であることを確認します",
-      "help": "活性要素のIDは一意でなければなりません"
+      "description": "アクティブな要素のid属性の値が一意であることを確認します",
+      "help": "アクティブな要素のIDは一意でなければなりません"
     },
     "duplicate-id-aria": {
-      "description": "ARIAおよびラベルに使用されているすべてのid属性値が一意であることを確認します",
+      "description": "ARIAおよびラベルに使用されているすべてのid属性の値が一意であることを確認します",
       "help": "ARIAおよびラベルに使用されているIDは一意でなければなりません"
     },
     "duplicate-id": {
-      "description": "すべてのid属性値が一意であることを確認します",
-      "help": "id属性値は一意でなければなりません"
+      "description": "すべてのid属性の値が一意であることを確認します",
+      "help": "id属性の値は一意でなければなりません"
     },
     "empty-heading": {
       "description": "見出しに認識可能なテキストが存在することを確認します",
@@ -158,28 +174,28 @@
       "help": "テーブルのヘッダーは空にしてはなりません"
     },
     "focus-order-semantics": {
-      "description": "フォーカス順序に含まれる要素に適切なロールがあることを確認します",
-      "help": "フォーカス順序に含まれる要素には、インタラクティブコンテンツに適したロールが必要です"
+      "description": "フォーカス順序に含まれる要素にインタラクティブコンテンツに適したロールがあることを確認します",
+      "help": "フォーカス順序に含まれる要素には、適切なロールがなければなりません"
     },
     "form-field-multiple-labels": {
       "description": "フォームフィールドに複数のlabel要素が存在しないことを確認します",
-      "help": "複数のlabel要素をフォームフィールドに付与するべきではありません"
+      "help": "フォームフィールドに複数のlabel要素を付与してはなりりません"
     },
     "frame-focusable-content": {
-      "description": "tabindex=-1が指定されている<frame>と<iframe>要素が、フォーカス可能なコンテンツを含まないことを確認します",
-      "help": "tabindex=-1が指定されているフレームには、フォーカス可能なコンテンツが含まれていてはなりません"
+      "description": "フォーカス可能な<frame>と<iframe>要素に、tabindex=-1が指定されていないことを確認します",
+      "help": "フォーカス可能なコンテンツを含むフレームには、tabindex=-1が指定されていてはなりません"
     },
     "frame-tested": {
       "description": "<iframe>および<frame>要素にaxe-coreスクリプトが含まれていることを確認します",
-      "help": "フレームはaxe-coreでテストする必要があります"
+      "help": "フレームはaxe-coreでテストしなければなりません"
     },
     "frame-title-unique": {
       "description": "<iframe>および<frame>要素に一意のtitle属性が含まれていることを確認します",
       "help": "フレームには一意のtitle属性がなければなりません"
     },
     "frame-title": {
-      "description": "<iframe>および<frame>要素に空ではないtitle属性が存在することを確認します",
-      "help": "フレームにはtitle属性がなければなりません"
+      "description": "<iframe>および<frame>要素にアクセシブルな名前が存在することを確認します",
+      "help": "フレームにはアクセシブルな名前がなければなりません"
     },
     "heading-order": {
       "description": "見出しの順序が意味的に正しいことを確認します",
@@ -187,7 +203,7 @@
     },
     "hidden-content": {
       "description": "隠れているコンテンツについてユーザーに通知します",
-      "help": "ページ上の隠れているコンテンツは分析できません"
+      "help": "ページ上の隠れているコンテンツは分析されなければなりません"
     },
     "html-has-lang": {
       "description": "すべてのHTMLドキュメントにlang属性が存在することを確認します",
@@ -202,8 +218,8 @@
       "help": "HTML要素に指定されたlangおよびxml:lang属性は同じ基本言語を持たなければなりません"
     },
     "identical-links-same-purpose": {
-      "description": "同じアクセシブルな名前を持つ複数のリンクが同様の目的を果たすことを確認します",
-      "help": "同じ名前を持つ複数のリンクは同様の目的を持っています"
+      "description": "同じアクセシブルな名前を持つ複数のリンクが類似した目的を果たすことを確認します",
+      "help": "同じ名前を持つ複数のリンクは類似した目的を持っていなければなりません"
     },
     "image-alt": {
       "description": "<img>要素に代替テキストが存在する、またはnoneまたはpresentationのロールが存在することを確認します",
@@ -226,7 +242,7 @@
       "help": "要素の視認できるテキストはそれらのアクセシブルな名前の一部でなければなりません"
     },
     "label-title-only": {
-      "description": "すべてのフォーム要素がtitleまたはaria-describedby属性を使用して単独でラベル付けされていないことを確認します",
+      "description": "すべてのフォーム要素に視認できるラベルがあり、非表示のラベル、titleまたはaria-describedby属性のみを使用してラベル付けされていないことを確認します",
       "help": "フォーム要素には視認できるラベルがなければなりません"
     },
     "label": {
@@ -239,7 +255,7 @@
     },
     "landmark-complementary-is-top-level": {
       "description": "complementaryランドマークあるいはasideがトップレベルにあることを確認します",
-      "help": "他の要素にasideを含んではなりません"
+      "help": "asideは他の要素に含まれるべきではありません"
     },
     "landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level": {
       "description": "contentinfoランドマークがトップレベルにあることを確認します",
@@ -262,16 +278,16 @@
       "help": "ドキュメントに複数のmainランドマークが存在してはなりません"
     },
     "landmark-one-main": {
-      "description": "ドキュメントのランドマークが1つのみであること、およびページ内の各iframeのランドマークが最大で1つであることを確認します",
+      "description": "ドキュメントにmainランドマークが含まれていることを確認します",
       "help": "ドキュメントにはmainランドマークが1つ含まれていなければなりません"
     },
     "landmark-unique": {
       "help": "ランドマークが一意であることを確認します",
-      "description": "ランドマークは一意のロール又はロール／ラベル／タイトル (例: アクセシブルな名前) の組み合わせがなければなりません"
+      "description": "ランドマークには一意のロール又はロール／ラベル／タイトル (すなわちアクセシブルな名前) の組み合わせがなければなりません"
     },
     "link-in-text-block": {
-      "description": "色に依存することなくリンクを区別できます",
-      "help": "リンクは色に依存しない方法で周囲のテキストと区別できなければなりません"
+      "description": "リンクが色に依存しない形で周囲のテキストと区別できることを確認します",
+      "help": "リンクは色に依存しない形で区別できなければなりません"
     },
     "link-name": {
       "description": "リンクに認識可能なテキストが存在することを確認します",
@@ -289,57 +305,61 @@
       "description": "<marquee>要素が使用されていないことを確認します",
       "help": "<marquee>要素は非推奨のため、使用してはなりません"
     },
+    "meta-refresh-no-exceptions": {
+      "description": "一定時間経過後のページの自動リロードのために<meta http-equiv=\"refresh\">が使用されていないことを確認します",
+      "help": "一定時間経過後のページの自動リロードを使用してはなりません"
+    },
     "meta-refresh": {
-      "description": "<meta http-equiv=\"refresh\">が使用されていないことを確認します",
-      "help": "制限時間のある更新が存在してはなりません"
+      "description": "一定時間経過後のページの自動リロードのために<meta http-equiv=\"refresh\">が使用されていないことを確認します",
+      "help": "20時間より短い時間経過後のページの自動リロードを使用してはなりません"
     },
     "meta-viewport-large": {
       "description": "<meta name=\"viewport\">で大幅に拡大縮小できることを確認します",
-      "help": "ユーザーがズームをしてテキストを最大500％まで拡大できるようにするべきです"
+      "help": "ユーザーがズームをしてテキストを最大500％まで拡大できなければなりません"
     },
     "meta-viewport": {
-      "description": "<meta name=\"viewport\">がテキストの拡大縮小およびズーミングを無効化しないことを確認します",
-      "help": "ズーミングや拡大縮小は無効にしてはなりません"
+      "description": "<meta name=\"viewport\">がテキストのサイズ変更やズームを無効化しないことを確認します",
+      "help": "ズーム機能やテキストのサイズ変更は無効にしてはなりません"
     },
     "nested-interactive": {
-      "description": "ネストされた対話的なコントロールはスクリーン・リーダーで読み上げられません",
-      "help": "対話的なコントロールがネストされていないことを確認します"
+      "description": "スクリーン・リーダーで必ずしもよみあげられなかったり支援技術のフォーカスに関する問題を引き起こす可能性があったりするため、対話的なコントロールがネストされていないことを確認します",
+      "help": "対話的なコントロールはネストされていてはなりません"
     },
     "no-autoplay-audio": {
       "description": "<video> または <audio> 要素が音声を停止またはミュートするコントロールなしに音声を3秒より長く自動再生しないことを確認します",
-      "help": "<video> または <audio> 要素は音声を自動再生しません"
+      "help": "<video> または <audio> 要素は音声を自動再生してはなりません"
     },
     "object-alt": {
       "description": "<object>要素に代替テキストが存在することを確認します",
       "help": "<object>要素には代替テキストがなければなりません"
     },
     "p-as-heading": {
-      "description": "見出しのスタイル調整のためにp要素が使用されていないことを確認します",
-      "help": "p要素を見出しとしてスタイル付けするために太字、イタリック体、およびフォントサイズを使用しません"
+      "description": "<p>要素を見出しとしてスタイル付けするために太字、イタリック体、およびフォントサイズが使用されていないことを確認します",
+      "help": "スタイル付けした<p>要素を見出しとして使用してはなりません"
     },
     "page-has-heading-one": {
-      "description": "ページ、またはそのフレームの少なくとも1つにはレベル1の見出しが含まれていることを確認します",
+      "description": "ページ、またはそのページ中のフレームの少なくとも1つにはレベル1の見出しが含まれていることを確認します",
       "help": "ページにはレベル1の見出しが含まれていなければなりません"
     },
     "presentation-role-conflict": {
-      "description": "roleがnoneまたはpresentationで、roleの競合の解決が必要な要素をマークします",
-      "help": "roleがnoneまたはpresentationの要素をマークしなければなりません"
+      "description": "すべてのスクリーン・リーダーに確実に無視させるために、プレゼンテーション目的とされている要素にはグローバルなARIAまたはtabindexが指定されていてはなりません",
+      "help": "プレゼンテーション目的とされている要素が一貫して無視されることを確認します"
     },
     "region": {
       "description": "ページのすべてのコンテンツがlandmarkに含まれていることを確認します",
       "help": "ページのすべてのコンテンツはlandmarkに含まれていなければなりません"
     },
     "role-img-alt": {
-      "description": "[role='img'] 要素に代替テキストが存在することを確認します",
-      "help": "[role='img'] 要素に代替テキストが必要です"
+      "description": "[role=\"img\"] の要素に代替テキストが存在することを確認します",
+      "help": "[role=\"img\"] の要素には代替テキストがなければなりません"
     },
     "scope-attr-valid": {
       "description": "scope属性がテーブルで正しく使用されていることを確認します",
       "help": "scope属性は正しく使用されなければなりません"
     },
     "scrollable-region-focusable": {
-      "description": "スクロール可能なコンテンツを持つ要素はキーボードでアクセスできるようにするべきです",
-      "help": "スクロール可能な領域にキーボードでアクセスできるようにします"
+      "description": "スクロール可能なコンテンツを持つ要素がキーボードでアクセスできることを確認します",
+      "help": "スクロール可能な領域はキーボードでアクセスできなければなりません"
     },
     "select-name": {
       "description": "select要素にはアクセシブルな名前があることを確認します",
@@ -354,32 +374,36 @@
       "help": "スキップリンクのターゲットが存在し、フォーカス可能でなければなりません"
     },
     "svg-img-alt": {
-      "description": "img、graphics-document または graphics-symbol ロールを持つ svg 要素にアクセシブルなテキストがあることを確認します",
-      "help": "img ロールを持つ svg 要素に代替テキストが存在します"
+      "description": "img、graphics-documentまたはgraphics-symbolロールを持つsvg要素にアクセシブルなテキストがあることを確認します",
+      "help": "imgロールを持つ<svg>要素には代替テキストが存在しなければなりません"
     },
     "tabindex": {
       "description": "tabindex属性値が0より大きくないことを確認します",
-      "help": "要素に0より大きいtabindex属性を指定するべきではありません"
+      "help": "要素に指定するtabindexは0より大きい値であってはなりません"
     },
     "table-duplicate-name": {
-      "description": "テーブルのサマリーとキャプションが同一ではないことを確認します",
-      "help": "<caption>要素にsummary属性と同じテキストを含んではなりません"
+      "description": "<caption>要素の内用がsummary属性のテキストと同一ではないことを確認します",
+      "help": "テーブルのキャプションとサマリーは同一であってはなりません"
     },
     "table-fake-caption": {
       "description": "キャプション付きのテーブルが<caption>要素を用いていることを確認します",
-      "help": "データテーブルにキャプションをつけるためにデータまたはヘッダーセルを用いるべきではありません"
+      "help": "データテーブルにキャプションをつけるためにデータまたはヘッダーセルを用いてはなりません"
+    },
+    "target-size": {
+      "description": "タッチターゲットのサイズとスペースが十分にあることを確認します",
+      "help": "すべてのタッチターゲットは24pxの大きさか、十分なスペースがなければなりません"
     },
     "td-has-header": {
-      "description": "大きなテーブルの空ではないデータセルに1つかそれ以上のテーブルヘッダーが存在することを確認します",
-      "help": "3×3より大きいテーブルの空ではないtd要素はテーブルヘッダーと関連づいていなければなりません"
+      "description": "3×3より大きい<table>の空ではないデータセルにはそれぞれ1つ以上のテーブルヘッダーが存在することを確認します",
+      "help": "大きい<table>の空ではない<td>要素は対応するテーブルヘッダーと関連づけられていなければなりません"
     },
     "td-headers-attr": {
-      "description": "ヘッダーを使用しているテーブル内の各セルが、そのテーブル内の他のセルを参照していることを確認します",
-      "help": "table要素内のheaders属性を使用するすべてのセルは同じ表内の他のセルのみを参照しなければなりません"
+      "description": "テーブルでheaders属性を使用している各セルの参照先が同じテーブル内の他のセルであることを確認します",
+      "help": "テーブルのheaders属性を使用するすべてのセルは同じ表内の他のセルのみを参照しなければなりません"
     },
     "th-has-data-cells": {
-      "description": "データテーブルのテーブルヘッダーがデータセルを参照していることを確認します",
-      "help": "すべてのth要素およびrole=columnheader/rowheaderを持つ要素にはそれらが説明するデータセルがなければなりません"
+      "description": "すべての<th>要素およびrole=columnheader/rowheaderを持つ要素にはそれらが説明するデータセルがあることを確認します",
+      "help": "データテーブルのテーブルヘッダーはデータセルを参照していなければなりません"
     },
     "valid-lang": {
       "description": "lang属性に有効な値が存在することを確認します",
@@ -403,57 +427,83 @@
       "fail": {
         "singular": "ARIA属性は許可されていません: ${data.values}",
         "plural": "ARIA属性は許可されていません: ${data.values}"
-      }
+      },
+      "incomplete": "この要素のARIA属性が無視されても問題ないことを確認しましょう: ${data.values}"
     },
     "aria-allowed-role": {
       "pass": "ARIAロールは指定された要素に対して許可されています",
       "fail": {
-        "singular": "ARIA ロール ${data.values} は指定された要素に許可されていません",
-        "plural": "ARIA ロール ${data.values} は指定された要素に許可されていません"
+        "singular": "ARIAロール${data.values}は指定された要素では許可されていません",
+        "plural": "ARIAロール${data.values}は指定された要素では許可されていません"
       },
       "incomplete": {
-        "singular": "ARIA ロール ${data.values} この要素に許可されていないため、要素が表示されたときはARIAロールを削除する必要があります",
-        "plural": "ARIA ロール ${data.values} この要素に許可されていないため、要素が表示されたときはARIAロールを削除する必要があります"
+        "singular": "ARIAロール${data.values}はこの要素では許可されていないため、要素が表示されたときはARIAロールを削除する必要があります",
+        "plural": "ARIAロール${data.values}はこの要素では許可されていないため、要素が表示されたときはARIAロールを削除する必要があります"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-busy": {
+      "pass": "要素にはaria-busy属性が存在します",
+      "fail": "ローダーを表示中に、要素aria-busy=\"true\"が指定されています"
+    },
+    "aria-conditional-attr": {
+      "pass": "ARIA 属性が許可されています",
+      "fail": {
+        "checkbox": "aria-checkedを削除するか\"${data.checkState}\"を設定して、チェックボックスの実際の状態と合うようにしましょう",
+        "rowSingular": "treegridの行でサポートされている属性ですが、${data.ownerRole}: ${data.invalidAttrs}の場合はこの限りではありません",
+        "rowPlural": "treegridの行でサポートされている属性ですが、${data.ownerRole}: ${data.invalidAttrs}の場合はこの限りではありません"
       }
     },
     "aria-errormessage": {
-      "pass": "サポートされているaria-errormessageの技術を使用しています",
+      "pass": "aria-errormessageが存在して、サポートされているaria-errormessageの手法を用いているスクリーン・リーダーが認識できる要素を参照しています",
       "fail": {
-        "singular": "aria-errormessage の値 `${data.values}` はメッセージを通知する方法を使用しなければなりません (例えば、aria-live、aria-describedby、role=alert等)",
-        "plural": "aria-errormessage の値 `${data.values}` はメッセージを通知する方法を使用しなければなりません (例えば、aria-live、aria-describedby、role=alert等)",
-        "hidden": "aria-errormessage の値 `${data.values}` は隠れている要素を参照することはできません"
+        "singular": "aria-errormessageの値`${data.values}`はメッセージを通知する方法を使用しなければなりません (例えば、aria-live、aria-describedby、role=alert等)",
+        "plural": "aria-errormessageの値`${data.values}`はメッセージを通知する方法を使用しなければなりません (例えば、aria-live、aria-describedby、role=alert等)",
+        "hidden": "aria-errormessageの値 `${data.values}`は非表示の要素を参照することはできません"
       },
       "incomplete": {
-        "singular": "aria-errormessageの値 `${data.values}` は存在する要素を参照していることを確認しましょう",
-        "plural": "aria-errormessageの値 `${data.values}` は存在する要素を参照していることを確認しましょう",
-        "idrefs": "aria-errormessage 要素がページ上に存在するかどうか判定できません: ${data.values}"
+        "singular": "aria-errormessageの値 `${data.values}`は存在する要素を参照していることを確認しましょう",
+        "plural": "aria-errormessageの値 `${data.values}`は存在する要素を参照していることを確認しましょう",
+        "idrefs": "aria-errormessage要素がページ上に存在するかどうか判定できません: ${data.values}"
       }
     },
     "aria-hidden-body": {
-      "pass": "ドキュメント本体にaria-hidden属性は存在していません",
+      "pass": "ドキュメント本体にaria-hidden属性は存在しません",
       "fail": "aria-hidden=trueはドキュメント本体に存在してはなりません"
     },
     "aria-level": {
-      "pass": "aria-level の値は有効です",
-      "incomplete": "6より大きい aria-level の値は、どのスクリーンリーダーとブラウザーの組み合わせでもサポートされていません"
+      "pass": "aria-levelの値は有効です",
+      "incomplete": "6より大きいaria-levelの値は、どのスクリーンリーダーとブラウザーの組み合わせでもサポートされていません"
     },
     "aria-prohibited-attr": {
       "pass": "ARIA属性は使用できます",
-      "fail": "ARIA属性は使用できません: ${data.values}",
-      "incomplete": "要素でのARIA属性のサポートが不充分なため、代わりにコンテンツのテキストが用いられます: ${data.values}"
+      "fail": {
+        "hasRolePlural": "${data.prohibited}属性は\"${data.role}\"ロールでは使用できません",
+        "hasRoleSingular": "${data.prohibited}属性は\"${data.role}\"ロールでは使用できません",
+        "noRolePlural": "${data.prohibited}属性は、有効なrole属性のない${data.nodeName}では使用できません",
+        "noRoleSingular": "${data.prohibited}属性は、有効なrole属性のない${data.nodeName}では使用できません"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "hasRoleSingular": "${data.prohibited}属性はロール\"${data.role}\"では十分にサポートされていません",
+        "hasRolePlural": "${data.prohibited}属性はロール\"${data.role}\"では十分にサポートされていません",
+        "noRoleSingular": "${data.prohibited}属性は、有効なrole属性のない${data.nodeName}では十分にサポートされていません",
+        "noRolePlural": "${data.prohibited}属性は、有効なrole属性のない${data.nodeName}では十分にサポートされていません"
+      }
     },
     "aria-required-attr": {
-      "pass": "すべての必須のARIA属性が存在しています",
+      "pass": "すべての必須のARIA属性が存在します",
       "fail": {
         "singular": "必須のARIA属性が提供されていません: ${data.values}",
         "plural": "必須のARIA属性が提供されていません: ${data.values}"
       }
     },
     "aria-required-children": {
-      "pass": "必須のARIA子ロールが存在しています",
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "必須のARIA子ロールが存在します"
+      },
       "fail": {
         "singular": "必須のARIA子ロールが提供されていません: ${data.values}",
-        "plural": "必須のARIA子ロールが提供されていません: ${data.values}"
+        "plural": "必須のARIA子ロールが提供されていません: ${data.values}",
+        "unallowed": "要素には許可されていないARIA子ロールがあります: ${data.values}"
       },
       "incomplete": {
         "singular": "ARIAの子ロールを追加することが求められます: ${data.values}",
@@ -461,7 +511,7 @@
       }
     },
     "aria-required-parent": {
-      "pass": "必須のARIA親ロールが存在しています",
+      "pass": "必須のARIA親ロールが存在します",
       "fail": {
         "singular": "必須のARIA親ロールが提供されていません: ${data.values}",
         "plural": "必須のARIA親ロールが提供されていません: ${data.values}"
@@ -484,8 +534,10 @@
       },
       "incomplete": {
         "noId": "ARIA属性で指定されている要素のIDがページ上に存在しません: ${data.needsReview}",
-        "ariaCurrent": "ARIA 属性値が無効であるため、\"aria-current=true\" として扱われます: ${data.needsReview}",
-        "idrefs": "ARIA属性で指定されている要素のIDがページ上に存在するかどうか判定できません: ${data.needsReview}"
+        "noIdShadow": "ARIA属性で指定されている要素のIDがページ上に存在しないか、別のshadow DOMツリーの小要素です: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "ariaCurrent": "ARIA属性値が無効であるため、\"aria-current=true\"として扱われます: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "idrefs": "ARIA属性で指定されている要素のIDがページ上に存在するかどうか判定できません: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "empty": "ARIA属性値が空のときは無視されます: ${data.needsReview}"
       }
     },
     "aria-valid-attr": {
@@ -495,25 +547,37 @@
         "plural": "無効なARIA属性名です: ${data.values}"
       }
     },
+    "braille-label-equivalent": {
+      "pass": "aria-braillelabelはアクセシブルなテキストがある要素に対して使用されています",
+      "fail": "aria-braillelabelがアクセシブルなテキストがない要素に対して使用されています",
+      "incomplete": "アクセシブルなテキストを算出することができません"
+    },
+    "braille-roledescription-equivalent": {
+      "pass": "aria-brailleroledescriptionはaria-roledescriptionが指定されている要素に対して使用されています",
+      "fail": {
+        "noRoleDescription": "aria-brailleroledescriptionがaria-roledescriptionが指定されていない要素に対して使用されています",
+        "emptyRoleDescription": "aria-brailleroledescriptionが空のaria-roledescriptionが指定されている要素に対して使用されています"
+      }
+    },
     "deprecatedrole": {
-      "pass": "推奨されていないARIAロールではありません",
-      "fail": "非推奨のロールが使用されています: ${data.values}"
+      "pass": "非推奨のARIAロールではありません",
+      "fail": "非推奨のロールが使用されています: ${data}"
     },
     "fallbackrole": {
       "pass": "1つのロール値のみ使用されています",
       "fail": "古いブラウザーではフォールバックロールがサポートされていないため、ロール値は1つのみ使用します",
-      "incomplete": "'presentation' と 'none' のロールは同義なので、どちらか一方のみを使用します。"
+      "incomplete": "'presentation'と'none'のロールは同義なので、どちらか一方のみを使用します。"
     },
     "has-global-aria-attribute": {
       "pass": {
-        "singular": "要素にはARIAのグローバル属性が指定されています: ${data.values}",
-        "plural": "要素にはARIAのグローバル属性が指定されています: ${data.values}"
+        "singular": "要素にはグローバルなARIA属性が指定されています: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "要素にはグローバルなARIA属性が指定されています: ${data.values}"
       },
-      "fail": "要素にはARIAのグローバル属性が指定されていません"
+      "fail": "要素にはグローバルなARIA属性が指定されていません"
     },
     "has-widget-role": {
-      "pass": "要素にはwidgetロールが存在しています",
-      "fail": "要素にはwidgetロールが存在していません"
+      "pass": "要素にはwidgetロールが存在します",
+      "fail": "要素にはwidgetロールが存在しません"
     },
     "invalidrole": {
       "pass": "ARIAロールが有効です",
@@ -528,7 +592,7 @@
     },
     "no-implicit-explicit-label": {
       "pass": "<label> とアクセシブルな名前の間に不一致はありません",
-      "incomplete": "<label> が ARIA ${data} 欄の名前の一部である必要がないことを確認しましょう"
+      "incomplete": "<label>がARIA ${data}欄の名前の一部である必要がないことを確認しましょう"
     },
     "unsupportedrole": {
       "pass": "ARIAロールはサポートされています",
@@ -558,11 +622,14 @@
         "equalRatio": "要素のコントラスト比が背景と1:1です",
         "shortTextContent": "実際のテキストコンテンツであるかを判断するには要素のコンテンツが短すぎます",
         "nonBmp": "要素のコンテンツはテキストではない文字のみを含んでいます",
-        "pseudoContent": "擬似要素のため、要素の背景色を判定することができませんでした"
+        "pseudoContent": "擬似要素のため、要素の背景色を判定することができません"
       }
     },
     "color-contrast": {
-      "pass": "要素には${data.contrastRatio}の十分なコントラスト比があります",
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "要素には${data.contrastRatio}の十分なコントラスト比があります",
+        "hidden": "要素は非表示です"
+      },
       "fail": {
         "default": "要素のコントラスト比が不十分です ${data.contrastRatio}（前景色: ${data.fgColor}、背景色: ${data.bgColor}、フォントサイズ: ${data.fontSize}、フォントの太さ: ${data.fontWeight}）。コントラスト比${data.expectedContrastRatio}を必要とします",
         "fgOnShadowColor": "要素の前景色と影（text-shadow）の色のコントラスト比が不十分です ${data.contrastRatio}（前景色: ${data.fgColor}、影（text-shadow）の色: ${data.shadowColor}、フォントサイズ: ${data.fontSize}、フォントの太さ: ${data.fontWeight}）。コントラスト比${data.expectedContrastRatio}を必要とします",
@@ -574,6 +641,7 @@
         "bgGradient": "背景グラデーションのため、要素の背景色を判定できません",
         "imgNode": "画像ノードが含まれるため、要素の背景色を判定できません",
         "bgOverlap": "他の要素と重なっているため、要素の背景色を判定できません",
+        "complexTextShadows": "複雑なtext-shadowが用いられているため、要素のコントラスト比を判定できません",
         "fgAlpha": "アルファ透明度により、要素の前景色を判定できません",
         "elmPartiallyObscured": "他の要素により部分的に不明瞭なため、要素の背景色を判定できません",
         "elmPartiallyObscuring": "他の要素と部分的に重なっているため、要素の背景色を判定できません",
@@ -581,15 +649,26 @@
         "equalRatio": "要素のコントラスト比が背景と1:1です",
         "shortTextContent": "実際のテキストコンテンツであるかを判断するには要素のコンテンツが短すぎます",
         "nonBmp": "要素のコンテンツはテキストではない文字のみを含んでいます",
-        "pseudoContent": "擬似要素のため、要素の背景色を判定することができませんでした"
+        "pseudoContent": "擬似要素のため、要素の背景色を判定することができません"
       }
     },
+    "link-in-text-block-style": {
+      "pass": "リンクは視覚的なスタイル付けによって周囲のテキストと区別できます",
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "リンクを近接したテキストと区別するために、スタイル付けが必要か確認しましょう。",
+        "pseudoContent": "リンクの擬似スタイルが、周囲のテキストと区別するのに充分か確認しましょう。"
+      },
+      "fail": "リンクには、周囲のテキストと区別するためのスタイル (下線など) がありません"
+    },
     "link-in-text-block": {
       "pass": "リンクは色以外の方法で周囲のテキストと区別できます",
-      "fail": "リンクは色以外の方法で周囲のテキストと区別させる必要があります",
+      "fail": {
+        "fgContrast": "このリンクは、周囲のテキストとの${data.contrastRatio}:1の色のコントラストが不十分です。(最小コントラストは${data.requiredContrastRatio}:1、リンクテキスト: ${data.nodeColor}、周囲のテキスト: ${data.parentColor})",
+        "bgContrast": "リンクの背景の色コントラストが${data.contrastRatio}で十分ではありません (最小コントラストは${data.requiredContrastRatio}:1、リンク背景色: ${data.nodeBackgroundColor}、周囲の背景色: ${data.parentBackgroundColor})"
+      },
       "incomplete": {
-        "default": "コントラスト比を判定できません",
-        "bgContrast": "要素のコントラスト比を判定できません。明確なホバー/フォーカススタイルを確認します",
+        "default": "要素の前景コントラスト比を判定できません",
+        "bgContrast": "要素の背景コントラスト比を判定できません",
         "bgImage": "背景画像のため、要素のコントラスト比を判定できません",
         "bgGradient": "背景グラデーションのため、要素のコントラスト比を判定できません",
         "imgNode": "画像ノードが含まれるため、要素のコントラスト比を判定できません",
@@ -605,15 +684,16 @@
       "fail": "autocomplete属性は誤ってフォーマットされています"
     },
     "accesskeys": {
-      "pass": "アクセスキー属性値は一意です",
-      "fail": "ドキュメントに同じアクセスキーを持った複数の要素が存在しています"
+      "pass": "accesskey属性の値は一意です",
+      "fail": "ドキュメントに同じaccesskeyを持った複数の要素が存在します"
     },
     "focusable-content": {
       "pass": "要素内にフォーカス可能な要素が含まれています",
       "fail": "要素にフォーカス可能なコンテンツが存在するべきです"
     },
     "focusable-disabled": {
-      "pass": "要素内にフォーカス不可能な要素は含まれていません",
+      "pass": "要素内にフォーカス可能な要素は含まれていません",
+      "incomplete": "フォーカス可能な要素がすぐにフォーカスインジケータを動かすかどうか確認しましょう",
       "fail": "フォーカス可能なコンテンツは無効にするか、DOMから削除するべきです"
     },
     "focusable-element": {
@@ -621,17 +701,18 @@
       "fail": "要素はフォーカス可能であるべきです"
     },
     "focusable-modal-open": {
-      "pass": "モーダル開いている時、フォーカス可能な要素がありません",
-      "incomplete": "現在の状態で、フォーカス可能な要素がタブ移動可能になっていないことを確認します"
+      "pass": "モーダルが開いている時に、フォーカス可能な要素はありません",
+      "incomplete": "現在の状態で、フォーカス可能な要素にタブ移動可能になっていないことを確認しましょう"
     },
     "focusable-no-name": {
-      "pass": "要素がタブ順序にない、またはアクセシブルなテキストが存在しています",
-      "fail": "要素がタブ順序にあり、アクセシブルなテキストが存在していません",
+      "pass": "要素がタブ順序にない、またはアクセシブルなテキストが存在します",
+      "fail": "要素がタブ順序にあり、アクセシブルなテキストが存在しません",
       "incomplete": "要素にアクセシブルな名前があるか判定できません"
     },
     "focusable-not-tabbable": {
       "pass": "要素内にフォーカス不可能な要素は含まれていません",
-      "fail": "フォーカス可能なコンテンツは tabindex='-1' を指定するか、DOMから削除するべきです"
+      "incomplete": "フォーカス可能な要素がすぐにフォーカスインジケータを動かすかどうか確認しましょう",
+      "fail": "フォーカス可能なコンテンツはtabindex=\"-1\"を指定するか、DOMから削除するべきです"
     },
     "frame-focusable-content": {
       "pass": "要素の子孫にフォーカス可能なものはありません",
@@ -639,14 +720,14 @@
       "incomplete": "要素に子孫があるか判定できませんでした"
     },
     "landmark-is-top-level": {
-      "pass": "${data.role} ランドマークはトップレベルにあります",
-      "fail": "${data.role} ランドマークが他のランドマークに含まれています"
+      "pass": "${data.role}ランドマークはトップレベルにあります",
+      "fail": "${data.role}ランドマークは他のランドマークに含まれています"
     },
     "no-focusable-content": {
       "pass": "要素の子孫にフォーカス可能なものはありません",
       "fail": {
         "default": "要素の子孫にフォーカス可能なものがあります",
-        "notHidden": "インタラクティブなコントロールの内側の要素に負の tabindex を指定しても、（'aria-hidden=true' が指定されている場合も）支援技術がその要素にフォーカスできないようにはなりません"
+        "notHidden": "インタラクティブなコントロールの内側の要素に負のtabindexを指定しても、（aria-hidden=\"true\"が指定されている場合も）支援技術がその要素にフォーカスできないようにはなりません"
       },
       "incomplete": "要素に子孫があるか判定できませんでした"
     },
@@ -655,7 +736,7 @@
       "fail": "ページにはレベル1の見出しがなければなりません"
     },
     "page-has-main": {
-      "pass": "ドキュメントに最低1つのmainランドマークがあります",
+      "pass": "ドキュメントには少なくとも1つのmainランドマークがあります",
       "fail": "ドキュメントにmainランドマークがありません"
     },
     "page-no-duplicate-banner": {
@@ -671,34 +752,34 @@
       "fail": "ドキュメントに複数のmainランドマークがあります"
     },
     "tabindex": {
-      "pass": "要素に0より大きいtabindexは存在していません",
-      "fail": "要素に0より大きいtabindexが存在しています"
+      "pass": "要素に0より大きいtabindexは存在しません",
+      "fail": "要素に0より大きいtabindexが存在します"
     },
     "alt-space-value": {
       "pass": "要素に妥当なalt属性値があります",
-      "fail": "要素にスペース文字のみを含んだalt属性があり、これはすべてのスクリーン・リーダーに無視されません"
+      "fail": "要素にスペース文字のみを含んだalt属性があり、これは必ずしもすべてのスクリーン・リーダーに無視されません"
     },
     "duplicate-img-label": {
       "pass": "要素の既存のテキストと<img>の代替テキストは重複していません",
       "fail": "要素が既存のテキストと重複した代替テキストの存在する<img>要素を含んでいます"
     },
     "explicit-label": {
-      "pass": "フォームの要素に明確な<label>が存在しています",
-      "fail": "フォームの要素に明確な<label>が存在していません",
-      "incomplete": "フォームの要素に明確な <label> があるか判定できませんでした"
+      "pass": "フォームの要素に明示的な<label>が存在します",
+      "fail": "フォームの要素に明示的な<label>が存在しません",
+      "incomplete": "フォームの要素に明示的な <label> があるか判定できませんでした"
     },
     "help-same-as-label": {
-      "pass": "ヘルプテキスト（titleまたはaria-describedby）はラベルテキストと重複していません",
-      "fail": "ヘルプテキスト（titleまたはaria-describedby）がラベルテキストと同じです"
+      "pass": "ヘルプテキスト（titleまたはaria-describedby）はラベルのテキストと重複していません",
+      "fail": "ヘルプテキスト（titleまたはaria-describedby）がラベルのテキストと同じです"
     },
     "hidden-explicit-label": {
-      "pass": "フォームの要素に視認可能で明確な<label>があります",
-      "fail": "フォームの要素に非表示の明確な<label>があります",
-      "incomplete": "フォームの要素に明確な非表示の <label> があるか判定できませんでした"
+      "pass": "フォームの要素に視認可能で明示的な<label>があります",
+      "fail": "フォームの要素に非表示の明示的な<label>があります",
+      "incomplete": "フォームの要素に明示的で非表示の <label> があるか判定できませんでした"
     },
     "implicit-label": {
-      "pass": "フォームの要素に暗黙の（包含された）<label>が存在しています",
-      "fail": "フォームの要素に暗黙の（包含された）<label>が存在していません",
+      "pass": "フォームの要素に暗黙の（包含された）<label>が存在します",
+      "fail": "フォームの要素に暗黙の（包含された）<label>が存在しません",
       "incomplete": "フォームの要素に暗黙の（包含された）<label>が存在するか判定できません"
     },
     "label-content-name-mismatch": {
@@ -707,21 +788,21 @@
     },
     "multiple-label": {
       "pass": "フォームフィールドにlabel要素は複数ありません",
-      "incomplete": "複数のlabel要素は支援技術に広くサポートされていません。最初のラベルがすべての必要な情報を含んでいることを確認します。"
+      "incomplete": "複数のlabel要素は支援技術に広くサポートされていません。最初のラベルがすべての必要な情報を含んでいることを確認しましょう。"
     },
     "title-only": {
       "pass": "フォーム要素はラベルにtitle属性だけを用いていません",
       "fail": "フォーム要素のラベルにtitle属性だけを用いています"
     },
     "landmark-is-unique": {
-      "pass": "ランドマークは一意のロール又はロール／ラベル／タイトル (例: アクセシブルな名前) の組み合わせがなければなりません",
-      "fail": "ランドマークを識別可能にするため、ランドマークには一意の aria-label、aria-labelledby、または title がなければなりません。"
+      "pass": "ランドマークには一意のロール又はロール／ラベル／タイトル (例: アクセシブルな名前) の組み合わせがなければなりません",
+      "fail": "ランドマークを識別可能にするため、ランドマークには一意のaria-label、aria-labelledby、またはtitleがなければなりません。"
     },
     "has-lang": {
-      "pass": "<html>要素にlang属性が存在しています",
+      "pass": "<html>要素にlang属性が存在します",
       "fail": {
-        "noXHTML": "HTMLページで xml:lang 属性は有効ではありません、 lang 属性を使用してください。",
-        "noLang": "<html> 要素に lang 属性が指定されていません"
+        "noXHTML": "HTMLページでxml:lang属性は有効ではありません、lang属性を使用してください。",
+        "noLang": "<html>要素にlang属性が指定されていません"
       }
     },
     "valid-lang": {
@@ -733,34 +814,31 @@
       "fail": "langおよびxml:lang属性に同じ基本言語を指定していません"
     },
     "dlitem": {
-      "pass": "説明リスト項目に<dl>親要素が存在しています",
-      "fail": "説明リスト項目に<dl>親要素が存在していません"
+      "pass": "説明リスト項目に<dl>親要素が存在します",
+      "fail": "説明リスト項目に<dl>親要素が存在しません"
     },
     "listitem": {
-      "pass": "リスト項目に<ul>、<ol>、またはrole=\"list\"親要素が存在しています",
+      "pass": "リスト項目に<ul>、<ol>、またはrole=\"list\"の親要素が存在します",
       "fail": {
-        "default": "リスト項目に <ul>、<ol> 親要素が存在していません",
-        "roleNotValid": "リスト項目にロールまたは role=\"list\" のついていない<ul>、<ol> 親要素が存在していません"
+        "default": "リスト項目に <ul>、<ol> 親要素が存在しません",
+        "roleNotValid": "リスト項目にroleが指定されていない<ul>や<ol>親要素、またはrole=\"list\"の親要素が存在しません"
       }
     },
     "only-dlitems": {
-      "pass": "リスト要素に<dt>または<dd>要素内で許可された直接の子要素のみが存在しています",
-      "fail": "リスト要素に<dt>または<dd>要素内で許可されていない直接の子要素が存在しています"
+      "pass": "dl要素内には許可されている直接の子要素、<dt>、<dd>および<div>要素のみが存在します",
+      "fail": "dl要素内に許可されていない直接の子要素が存在します: ${data.values}"
     },
     "only-listitems": {
-      "pass": "リスト要素に<li>要素内で許可された直接の子要素のみが存在しています",
-      "fail": {
-        "default": "リスト要素に<li>要素内で許可されていない直接の子要素が存在しています",
-        "roleNotValid": "リスト要素に許可されていないロールを持った直接の子要素が存在しています: ${data.roles}"
-      }
+      "pass": "リスト要素内には許可されている直接の子要素、<li>要素のみが存在します",
+      "fail": "リスト要素内に許可されていない直接の子要素が存在します: ${data.values}"
     },
     "structured-dlitems": {
-      "pass": "空ではない場合、要素に<dt>および<dd>要素の両方が存在しています",
-      "fail": "空ではない場合、要素に少なくとも1つの<dt>要素に続く、少なくとも1つの<dd>要素が存在していません"
+      "pass": "空ではない場合、要素に<dt>および<dd>要素の両方が存在します",
+      "fail": "空ではない場合、要素に少なくとも1つの<dt>要素に続く、少なくとも1つの<dd>要素が存在しません"
     },
     "caption": {
-      "pass": "マルチメディア要素にキャプショントラックが存在しています",
-      "incomplete": "要素にキャプションが存在することを確認します"
+      "pass": "マルチメディア要素にキャプショントラックが存在します",
+      "incomplete": "要素にキャプションが存在することを確認しましょう"
     },
     "frame-tested": {
       "pass": "iframeはaxe-coreでテストされました",
@@ -770,12 +848,12 @@
     "no-autoplay-audio": {
       "pass": "<video> または <audio> は許可された時間より長く音声を出力しない、もしくはコントールするメカニズムを持っています",
       "fail": "<video> または <audio> は許可された時間より長く音声を出力し、かつコントロールするメカニズムを持っていません",
-      "incomplete": "<video> または <audio> が許可された時間より長く音声を出力しない、またはコントロールするメカニズムを提供していることを確認します"
+      "incomplete": "<video> または <audio> が許可された時間より長く音声を出力しない、またはコントロールするメカニズムを提供していることを確認しましょう"
     },
     "css-orientation-lock": {
-      "pass": "ディスプレイは操作可能であり、向きを固定する機能は存在しません",
-      "fail": "CSSオリエンテーションロックが適用されており、ディスプレイ操作を不可能にしています",
-      "incomplete": "CSSオリエンテーションロックが特定できません"
+      "pass": "ディスプレイは操作可能で、向きは固定されていません",
+      "fail": "CSSにより向きが固定されており、ディスプレイ操作を不可能にしています",
+      "incomplete": "CSSで向きが固定されているかどうか特定できません"
     },
     "meta-viewport-large": {
       "pass": "<meta>タグはモバイルデバイスでの大幅な拡大を阻止しません",
@@ -785,9 +863,33 @@
       "pass": "<meta>タグはモバイルデバイスでの拡大を無効にしません",
       "fail": "<meta>タグの${data}がモバイルデバイスでの拡大を無効にします"
     },
+    "target-offset": {
+      "pass": "ターゲットに最も近い隣接要素との間の空白の大きさは十分です。クリッカブルな領域として十分な大きさは、直径${data.minOffset}pxで、${data.minOffset}px以上です。",
+      "fail": "ターゲットに最も近い隣接要素との間の空白の大きさが不十分です。クリッカブルな領域として十分な大きさは、${data.minOffset}px以上ではなく、直径${data.closestOffset}pxです。",
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "tabindexが負の要素において、最も近い隣接要素との間の空白の大きさが不十分です。クリッカブルな領域として十分な大きさは、${data.minOffset}px以上ではなく、直径${data.closestOffset}pxです。これがターゲットであるか確認しましょう。",
+        "nonTabbableNeighbor": "ターゲットに最も近い隣接要素との間の空白の大きさが不十分です。クリッカブルな領域として十分な大きさは、${data.minOffset}px以上ではなく、直径${data.closestOffset}pxです。隣接要素がターゲットであるか確認しましょう。"
+      }
+    },
+    "target-size": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "コントロールには十分なサイズがあります (${data.width}px x ${data.height}pxであり、${data.minSize}px x ${data.minSize}px以上です)",
+        "obscured": "コントロールは完全に隠されていてクリックできないため無視されます"
+      },
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "ターゲットのサイズが不十分です (${data.width}px x ${data.height}pxですが、${data.minSize}px x ${data.minSize}px以上でなければなりません)",
+        "partiallyObscured": "ターゲットは部分的に隠れているためサイズが不十分です (最小スペースは${data.width}px x ${data.height}pxですが、少なくとも${data.minSize}px x ${data.minSize}pxでなければなりません)"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "tabindexが負の要素のサイズが不十分です (${data.width}px x ${data.height}pxですが、${data.minSize}px x ${data.minSize}px以上でなければなりません)。これがターゲットであるか確認しましょう",
+        "contentOverflow": "コンテンツがオーバーフローしたため、要素のサイズを正確に決定できませんでした",
+        "partiallyObscured": "tabindexが負の要素は、部分的に隠れているためサイズが不十分です (最小のスペースは${data.width}px x ${data.height}pxですが、${data.minSize}px x ${data.minSize}px以上でなければなりません)。これがターゲットであるか確認しましょう",
+        "partiallyObscuredNonTabbable": "ターゲットのサイズが不十分です。これはtabindexが負の隣接オブジェクトによって部分的に隠されているためです (最小のスペースは${data.width}px x ${data.height}pxですが、${data.minSize}px x ${data.minSize}px以上でなければなりません)。隣接要素がターゲットであるか確認しましょう"
+      }
+    },
     "header-present": {
-      "pass": "ページにheaderが存在しています",
-      "fail": "ページにheaderが存在していません"
+      "pass": "ページに見出しが存在します",
+      "fail": "ページに見出しが存在しません"
     },
     "heading-order": {
       "pass": "見出しの順序が有効です",
@@ -796,23 +898,27 @@
     },
     "identical-links-same-purpose": {
       "pass": "同じ名前で異なるURLに遷移する他のリンクはありません",
-      "incomplete": "リンクが同じ目的を持っていること、または意図的に不明瞭になっていることを確認します"
+      "incomplete": "リンクが同じ目的を持っていること、または意図的に不明瞭になっていることを確認しましょう"
     },
     "internal-link-present": {
-      "pass": "有効なスキップリンクが存在しています",
-      "fail": "有効なスキップリンクが存在していません"
+      "pass": "有効なスキップリンクが存在します",
+      "fail": "有効なスキップリンクが存在しません"
     },
     "landmark": {
-      "pass": "ページにランドマーク領域が存在しています",
-      "fail": "ページにランドマーク領域が存在していません"
+      "pass": "ページにランドマーク領域が存在します",
+      "fail": "ページにランドマーク領域が存在しません"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh-no-exceptions": {
+      "pass": "<meta>タグはすぐにページを更新しません",
+      "fail": "<meta>タグは一定時間経過後に強制的にページを更新します"
     },
     "meta-refresh": {
       "pass": "<meta>タグはすぐにページを更新しません",
-      "fail": "<meta>タグは時限によるページの更新を強制します"
+      "fail": "<meta>タグは一定時間経過後に強制的にページを更新します (20時間未満)"
     },
     "p-as-heading": {
       "pass": "<p>要素が見出しとしてスタイル付けされていません",
-      "fail": "スタイル付けされたp要素ではなく、見出し要素を使用すべきです",
+      "fail": "スタイル付けされた<p>要素ではなく、見出し要素を使用すべきです",
       "incomplete": "<p> 要素に見出しのスタイル付けがされているかどうか判定できません"
     },
     "region": {
@@ -820,7 +926,7 @@
       "fail": "ページの一部のコンテンツがランドマークに含まれていません"
     },
     "skip-link": {
-      "pass": "スキップリンクのターゲットが存在しています",
+      "pass": "スキップリンクのターゲットが存在します",
       "incomplete": "スキップリンクのターゲットは活性化された時に表示されるべきです",
       "fail": "スキップリンクのターゲットがありません"
     },
@@ -833,12 +939,12 @@
       "fail": "ドキュメントに同じid属性を持つ有効な要素があります: ${data}"
     },
     "duplicate-id-aria": {
-      "pass": "ドキュメントに同じid属性を持つARIAまたはラベルに参照された要素はありません",
-      "fail": "ドキュメントに同じid属性を持つARIAに参照された複数の要素があります: ${data}"
+      "pass": "ARIAまたはラベルが参照している要素で、同じid属性を持つものはありません",
+      "fail": "ARIAが参照している要素で、複数の要素で同じid属性を持つものがあります: ${data}"
     },
     "duplicate-id": {
-      "pass": "ドキュメントに同じid属性を共有する静的な要素はありません",
-      "fail": "ドキュメントに同じid属性を共有する静的な要素が複数存在します"
+      "pass": "ドキュメントにid属性が同じ静的な要素はありません",
+      "fail": "ドキュメントにid属性が同じ静的な要素が複数存在します"
     },
     "aria-label": {
       "pass": "aria-label属性が存在し、空ではありません",
@@ -850,40 +956,52 @@
       "incomplete": "aria-labelledby属性が、存在する要素を参照していることを確認しましょう"
     },
     "avoid-inline-spacing": {
-      "pass": "テキストの間隔に影響する '!important' のついたインラインスタイルは指定されていません",
+      "pass": "テキストの間隔に影響する'!important'のついたインラインスタイルは指定されていません",
       "fail": {
-        "singular": "ほとんどのブラウザーで上書きすることはサポートされていないため、インラインスタイル ${data.values} から '!important' を削除します",
-        "plural": "ほとんどのブラウザーで上書きすることはサポートされていないため、インラインスタイル ${data.values} から '!important' を削除します"
+        "singular": "ほとんどのブラウザーで上書きすることはサポートされていないため、インラインスタイル${data.values}から'!important'を削除します",
+        "plural": "ほとんどのブラウザーで上書きすることはサポートされていないため、インラインスタイル${data.values}から'!important'を削除します"
       }
     },
     "button-has-visible-text": {
-      "pass": "要素にスクリーン・リーダーが認識可能な内部テキストが存在しています",
-      "fail": "要素にスクリーン・リーダーが認識可能な内部テキストが存在していません",
+      "pass": "要素内にスクリーン・リーダーが認識可能なテキストが存在します",
+      "fail": "要素内にスクリーン・リーダーが認識可能なテキストが存在しません",
       "incomplete": "要素に子ノードがあるか判定できません"
     },
     "doc-has-title": {
-      "pass": "ドキュメントに空ではない<title>要素が存在しています",
-      "fail": "ドキュメントに空ではない<title>要素が存在していません"
+      "pass": "ドキュメントに空ではない<title>要素が存在します",
+      "fail": "ドキュメントに空ではない<title>要素が存在しません"
     },
     "exists": {
-      "pass": "要素は存在していません",
-      "incomplete": "要素が存在しています"
+      "pass": "要素は存在しません",
+      "incomplete": "要素が存在します"
     },
     "has-alt": {
-      "pass": "要素にalt属性が存在しています",
-      "fail": "要素にalt属性が存在していません"
+      "pass": "要素にalt属性が指定されています",
+      "fail": "要素にalt属性が指定されていません"
     },
     "has-visible-text": {
-      "pass": "要素にスクリーン・リーダーが認識可能なテキストが存在しています",
-      "fail": "要素にスクリーン・リーダーが認識可能なテキストが存在していません",
+      "pass": "要素にスクリーン・リーダーが認識可能なテキストが存在します",
+      "fail": "要素にスクリーン・リーダーが認識可能なテキストが存在しません",
       "incomplete": "要素に子ノードがあるか判定できません"
     },
+    "important-letter-spacing": {
+      "pass": "style属性中のletter-spacingに'!important'が指定されていない、または最低条件を満たしています",
+      "fail": "style属性中のletter-spacingには'!important'を指定しない、または${data.minValue}em以上（現在は${data.value}em）にしてください"
+    },
+    "important-line-height": {
+      "pass": "style属性中のline-heightに'!important'が指定されていない、または最低条件を満たしています",
+      "fail": "style属性中のline-heightには'!important'を指定しない、または${data.minValue}em以上（現在は${data.value}em）にしてください"
+    },
+    "important-word-spacing": {
+      "pass": "style属性中のword-spacingに'!important'が指定されていない、または最低条件を満たしています",
+      "fail": "style属性中のword-spacingには'!important'を指定しない、または${data.minValue}em以上（現在は${data.value}em）にしてください"
+    },
     "is-on-screen": {
       "pass": "要素が表示されていません",
       "fail": "要素が表示されています"
     },
     "non-empty-alt": {
-      "pass": "要素に空ではないalt属性が存在しています",
+      "pass": "要素に空ではないalt属性が指定されています",
       "fail": {
         "noAttr": "要素にalt属性が指定されていません",
         "emptyAttr": "要素に空のalt属性が指定されています"
@@ -891,27 +1009,27 @@
     },
     "non-empty-if-present": {
       "pass": {
-        "default": "要素に value 属性が存在しません",
-        "has-label": "要素に空ではない value 属性が存在しています"
+        "default": "要素にvalue属性が指定されていません",
+        "has-label": "要素に空ではないvalue属性が指定されています"
       },
-      "fail": "要素にvalue属性が存在し、value属性が空です"
+      "fail": "要素にvalue属性が指定されていますが、value属性が空です"
     },
     "non-empty-placeholder": {
       "pass": "要素にplaceholder属性が指定されています",
       "fail": {
-        "noAttr": "要素にplacehoder属性が指定されていません",
-        "emptyAttr": "要素に空のplacehoder属性が指定されています"
+        "noAttr": "要素にplaceholder属性が指定されていません",
+        "emptyAttr": "要素に空のplaceholder属性が指定されています"
       }
     },
     "non-empty-title": {
-      "pass": "要素にtitle属性が存在しています",
+      "pass": "要素にtitle属性が指定されています",
       "fail": {
         "noAttr": "要素にtitle属性が指定されていません",
         "emptyAttr": "要素に空のtitle属性が指定されています"
       }
     },
     "non-empty-value": {
-      "pass": "要素に空ではないvalue属性が存在しています",
+      "pass": "要素に空ではないvalue属性が指定されています",
       "fail": {
         "noAttr": "要素にvalue属性が指定されていません",
         "emptyAttr": "要素に空のvalue属性が指定されています"
@@ -921,9 +1039,10 @@
       "pass": "要素のデフォルトのセマンティクスはrole=\"${data.role}\"で上書きされました",
       "fail": {
         "default": "要素のデフォルトのセマンティクスはrole=\"none\"またはrole=\"presentation\"で上書きされませんでした",
-        "globalAria": "要素にはARIAのグローバル属性が指定されているため、role=\"none\"またはrole=\"presentation\"にはなりません",
+        "globalAria": "要素にはグローバルなARIA属性が指定されているため、role=\"none\"またはrole=\"presentation\"にはなりません",
         "focusable": "要素がフォーカス可能なため、role=\"none\"またはrole=\"presentation\"にはなりません",
-        "both": "要素にはARIAのグローバル属性が指定されており、フォーカス可能なため、role=\"none\"またはrole=\"presentation\"にはなりません"
+        "both": "要素にはグローバナルARIA属性が指定されており、フォーカス可能なため、role=\"none\"またはrole=\"presentation\"にはなりません",
+        "iframe": "プレゼンテーション用のロールを指定した${data.nodeName}要素に'title'属性を使用すると、スクリーンリーダー間で動作が一貫しません"
       }
     },
     "role-none": {
@@ -935,15 +1054,15 @@
       "fail": "要素のデフォルトのセマンティクスはrole=\"presentation\"で上書きされませんでした"
     },
     "svg-non-empty-title": {
-      "pass": "要素の子要素にtitle要素が存在します",
+      "pass": "要素にタイトルを示す子要素が存在します",
       "fail": {
-        "noTitle": "要素の子要素にtitle要素が存在しません",
+        "noTitle": "要素にタイトルを示す子要素が存在しません",
         "emptyTitle": "子要素のtitle要素が空です"
       },
-      "incomplete": "要素の子要素にtitle要素があるか判定できません"
+      "incomplete": "要素にタイトルを示す子要素が存在するか判定できません"
     },
     "caption-faked": {
-      "pass": "テーブルの一行目がキャプションとして使用されていません",
+      "pass": "テーブルの1行目がキャプションとして使用されていません",
       "fail": "テーブルの最初の子はテーブルセルではなく、キャプションであるべきです"
     },
     "html5-scope": {
@@ -952,15 +1071,16 @@
     },
     "same-caption-summary": {
       "pass": "summary属性および<caption>のコンテンツは重複していません",
-      "fail": "summary属性および<caption>のコンテンツが同一です"
+      "fail": "summary属性および<caption>のコンテンツが同一です",
+      "incomplete": "<table>にキャプションがあるかどうかを確認できません"
     },
     "scope-value": {
       "pass": "scope属性は正しく使用されています",
       "fail": "scope属性の値は'row'または'col'のみです"
     },
     "td-has-header": {
-      "pass": "すべての空ではないデータセルにテーブルヘッダーが存在しています",
-      "fail": "いくつかの空ではないデータセルにテーブルヘッダーが存在していません"
+      "pass": "すべての空ではないデータセルにテーブルヘッダーが存在します",
+      "fail": "いくつかの空ではないデータセルにテーブルヘッダーが存在しません"
     },
     "td-headers-attr": {
       "pass": "headers属性はテーブル内の他のセルを参照するためだけに使用されています",
@@ -986,5 +1106,5 @@
       "failureMessage": "次のすべてを修正します:{{~it:value}}\n  {{=value.split('\\n').join('\\n  ')}}{{~}}"
     }
   },
-  "incompleteFallbackMessage": "次のすべてを修正します:{{~it:value}}\n  {{=value.split('\\n').join('\\n  ')}}{{~}}"
+  "incompleteFallbackMessage": "axeは原因を特定できませんでした。要素のインスペクターを使いましょう!"
 }
diff --git a/locales/ko.json b/locales/ko.json
index 267f4766a..9c304d1d7 100644
--- a/locales/ko.json
+++ b/locales/ko.json
@@ -461,7 +461,9 @@
       }
     },
     "aria-required-children": {
-      "pass": "필수 ARIA 하위 항목들이 존재합니다.",
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "필수 ARIA 하위 항목들이 존재합니다."
+      },
       "fail": {
         "singular": "필수 ARIA 하위 역할(role)이 없습니다: ${data.values}",
         "plural": "필수 ARIA 하위 역할(role)들이 없습니다: ${data.values}"
diff --git a/locales/no_NB.json b/locales/no_NB.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4dbf8dbe9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/locales/no_NB.json
@@ -0,0 +1,799 @@
+{
+  "lang": "nb-no",
+  "rules": {
+    "accesskeys": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Verdien for hver 'accesskey' attributt skal være unik"
+    },
+    "area-alt": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Aktive <area> elementer skal ha alternativ tekst"
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-attr": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Elementer må kun bruke tillate ARIA-attributter"
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-role": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "ARIA-attributtet 'role' skal være passende for elementet"
+    },
+    "aria-hidden-body": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "aria-hidden='true' skal ikke brukes på dokumentets <body> element"
+    },
+    "aria-hidden-focus": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Elementer med ARIA-'hidden' skal ikke inneholde fokuserbare elementer"
+    },
+    "aria-input-field-name": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "ARIA-input-felter skal ha et tilgjengelig navn"
+    },
+    "aria-required-attr": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Alle påkrevde ARIA-attributter skal være angitt i henhold til elementets rolle"
+    },
+    "aria-required-children": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Bestemte ARIA-roller skal inneholde spesifikke under-elementer"
+    },
+    "aria-required-parent": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Bestemte ARIA-roller skal være under-element til spesifikke over-elementer"
+    },
+    "aria-roledescription": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Bruk 'aria-roledescription' på elementer med en semantisk rolle"
+    },
+    "aria-roles": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "ARIA-roller skal ha en korrekt verdi"
+    },
+    "aria-toggle-field-name": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "ARIA avkrysningsboks skal ha et tilgjengelig navn"
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr-value": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "ARIA-attributter skal ha en gyldig verdi"
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "ARIA-attributter skal ha et gyldig navn"
+    },
+    "audio-caption": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "<audio> elementer skal ha en transkripsjon ('captions track')"
+    },
+    "autocomplete-valid": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Attributtet 'autocomplete' skal benyttes korrekt"
+    },
+    "avoid-inline-spacing": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Inline tekst-avstand skal være justerbare med brukerdefinerte stylesheets"
+    },
+    "blink": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Elementet <blink> er utfaset og skal ikke brukes"
+    },
+    "button-name": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Knapper skal ha forståelig (dvs. detekterbar) tekst"
+    },
+    "bypass": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Sider skal ha en metode for å hoppe over navigasjon og komme direkte til innholdet"
+    },
+    "color-contrast": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Elementer skal ha tilstrekkelig fargekontrast"
+    },
+    "color-contrast-enhanced": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Elementer skal ha tilstrekkelig fargekontrast"
+    },
+    "css-orientation-lock": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "'CSS Media queries' skal ikke brukes til å låse skjermretningen ('orientation')"
+    },
+    "definition-list": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "<dl> elementer skal kun direkte inneholde velsorterte <dt> og <dd> grupper, <script> eller <template> elementer"
+    },
+    "dlitem": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "<dt> og <dd> elementer skal være under-element til et <dl> element"
+    },
+    "document-title": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Dokumenter skal ha et <title> element med en verdi som ikke er tom"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-active": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "'id'-attributtet for aktive elementer skal være unik"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-aria": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "'id'-attributtet brukt på ARIA-elementer og -labels skal være unikt"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Verdien for 'id'-attributtet skal være unik"
+    },
+    "empty-heading": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Overskrifter skal ikke være tomme"
+    },
+    "focus-order-semantics": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Elementer i fokus-rekkefølgen skal ha en 'role'-attributt, som er passende for det interaktive innholdet"
+    },
+    "form-field-multiple-labels": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Form-feltet skal ikke ha flere label-elementer"
+    },
+    "frame-tested": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Frame-elementer skal være testet med axe-core"
+    },
+    "frame-title-unique": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Frame-elementer skal ha en unik 'title'-attributt"
+    },
+    "frame-title": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Frame-elementer skal ha 'title'-attributt"
+    },
+    "heading-order": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Rekkefølgen for overksriftsnivåer skal være semtantisk korrekt"
+    },
+    "hidden-content": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Skjult innhold på siden kunne ikke analyseres"
+    },
+    "html-has-lang": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "<html> elementet skal ha en 'lang'-attributt"
+    },
+    "html-lang-valid": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "<html> elementet skal ha en gyldig verdi for 'lang'-attributtet"
+    },
+    "html-xml-lang-mismatch": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "<html> elementer med 'lang' og 'xml:lang' skal ha samme språk / dialekt"
+    },
+    "image-alt": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Bilder skal ha en alternativ tekst"
+    },
+    "image-redundant-alt": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Alternativ tekst til bilder (alt-tekst) skal ikke gjentas som tekst"
+    },
+    "input-button-name": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Input-knapper skal ha en forståelig tekst"
+    },
+    "input-image-alt": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Bilde-knapper skal ha en alternativ tekst"
+    },
+    "label-content-name-mismatch": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Elementer sin synlige tekst skal være del av deres tilgjengelige navn"
+    },
+    "label-title-only": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Skjemaalement skal ha en synlig ledetekst"
+    },
+    "label": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Alle skjemaelement skal ha en tilknyttet ledetekst eller instruksjon"
+    },
+    "landmark-banner-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Et 'banner'-landemerke skal ikke være inne i et annet landemerke"
+    },
+    "landmark-complementary-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Et 'aside'- eller 'complimentary'-landemerke skal ikke være inne i et annet landemerke"
+    },
+    "landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Et 'contentinfo'-landemerke skal ikke være inne i et annet landemerke"
+    },
+    "landmark-main-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Et 'main'-landemerke skal ikke være inne i et annet landemerke"
+    },
+    "landmark-no-duplicate-banner": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Dokumentet skal ikke ha mer enn ett 'banner'-landemerke"
+    },
+    "landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Dokumentet skal ikke ha mer enn ett 'contentinfo'-landemerke"
+    },
+    "landmark-one-main": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Dokumentet skal ha ett 'main'-landemerke"
+    },
+    "landmark-unique": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Sikre at landemerker er unike"
+    },
+    "link-in-text-block": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Lenker skal være fremtredende fra den omkringliggende teksten på en måte som ikke avhenger av farge"
+    },
+    "link-name": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Lenker skal ha forståelig (detekterbar) tekst"
+    },
+    "list": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "<ul> og <ol> skal kun direkte inneholde <li>, <script> eller <template> elementer"
+    },
+    "listitem": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "<li> elementer skal være inne i et <ul> eller <ol> element"
+    },
+    "marquee": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "<marquee> elementer er utfaset og skal ikke brukes"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Tidsinnstilt 'refresh' skal ikke brukes"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport-large": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Brukere skal kunne zoome og skalere tekst opp til 500%"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Zoom og skalering skal ikke være slått av"
+    },
+    "object-alt": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "<object> elementer skal ha en alternativ tekst"
+    },
+    "p-as-heading": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Fremhevelse med fet, kursiv og skriftstørrelse (font-size) skal ikke brukes til å 'style' <p> elementer som en overskrift"
+    },
+    "page-has-heading-one": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Siden skal inneholde en overskrift på øverste nivå"
+    },
+    "region": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Alt innholdet på siden skal være inne i landemerker"
+    },
+    "role-img-alt": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Elementer med 'role' attributtverdien 'img' skal ha en alternativ tekst"
+    },
+    "scope-attr-valid": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "'scope'-attributtet skal brukes korrekt i tabeller"
+    },
+    "scrollable-region-focusable": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Sørg for at en scrollbar region er tilgjengelig via tastatur"
+    },
+    "server-side-image-map": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Såkalte 'server-side image-maps' skal ikke brukes"
+    },
+    "skip-link": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "En 'skip-link' skal peke på et eksisterende og fokuserbart element"
+    },
+    "tabindex": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Elementer skal ikke ha et 'tabindex' høyere enn 0"
+    },
+    "table-duplicate-name": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Elementet <caption> skal ikke inneholde samme tekst som 'summary'-attributtet"
+    },
+    "table-fake-caption": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Data- eller overskrifts-celler skal ikke brukes til å beskrive innholdet av en data-tabell"
+    },
+    "td-has-header": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Alle ikke-tomme <td> elementer i en tabel større enn 3x3 skal ha en tabelloverskrift (<th>)"
+    },
+    "td-headers-attr": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Alle celler i en tabel, som  bruker 'header'-attributtet skal kun referere til andre celler i samme tabel"
+    },
+    "th-has-data-cells": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "Alle <th> elementer og elementer med 'role=columnheader/rowheader' skal referere til de data-celler, som de beskriver"
+    },
+    "valid-lang": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "'lang'-attributtet skal ha en gyldig verdi"
+    },
+    "video-caption": {
+      "description": "",
+      "help": "<video> elementer skal ha undertekster ('captions')"
+    }
+  },
+  "checks": {
+    "abstractrole": {
+      "pass": "Abstrakte roller er ikke brukt",
+      "fail": "Abstrakte roller skal ikke brukes"
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-attr": {
+      "pass": "ARIA-attributt er brukt korrekt for den angitte rolle",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "ARIA-attributtet er ikke tillatt: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "ARIA-attributtene er ikke tillatt: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-role": {
+      "pass": "ARIA-rollen er tillatt for det gitte element",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "ARIA-rollen ${data.values} er ikke tillatt for det gitte element",
+        "plural": "ARIA-rollene ${data.values} er ikke tillatt for det gitte element"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "singular": "ARIA-rollen ${data.values} skal være fjernet når elementet er synlig, da de ikke er tillatt for elementet",
+        "plural": "ARIA-rollene ${data.values} skal være fjernet når elementet er synlig, da det ikke er tillatt for elementet"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-hidden-body": {
+      "pass": "Kunne ikke finne noen 'aria-hidden'-attributt i dokumentets <body> element",
+      "fail": "'aria-hidden=true' skal ikke brukes på dokumentets <body> element"
+    },
+    "aria-roledescription": {
+      "pass": "'aria-roledescription' brukes på en understøttet semantisk rolle",
+      "incomplete": "Sjekk at 'aria-roledescription' blir lest opp av understøttet skjermleser",
+      "fail": "Gi elementet en rolle som understøtter 'aria-roledescription'"
+    },
+    "aria-errormessage": {
+      "pass": "Bruker en understøttet 'aria-errormessage'-metode",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "'aria-errormessage'-verdi ${data.values}` skal bruke en metode for å annonsere beskeden (f.eks. 'aria-live', 'aria-describedby', 'role=alert', osv.)",
+        "plural": "'aria-errormessage'-verdier ${data.values}` skal bruke en metode for å annonsere beskeden (f.eks. 'aria-live', 'aria-describedby', 'role=alert', osv.)"
+      }
+    },
+    "has-widget-role": {
+      "pass": "Elementet har en 'widget'-rolle.",
+      "fail": "Elementet har ikke en 'widget'-rolle."
+    },
+    "invalidrole": {
+      "pass": "ARIA-rollen er korrekt",
+      "fail": "Rollen skal være en av de mulige ARIA-roller"
+    },
+    "no-implicit-explicit-label": {
+      "pass": "Det er uoverensstemmelse mellom <label> og det tilgjengelige navnet",
+      "incomplete": "Sjekk at <label> elementet ikke behøver å være en del av ${data}-feltets navn"
+    },
+    "aria-required-attr": {
+      "pass": "Alle påkrevde ARIA-attributter er tilstede",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Påkrevd ARIA-attributt er ikke til stede: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Påkrevde ARIA-attributter er ikke til stede: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-required-children": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Påkrevde ARIA-under-elementer er til stede"
+      },
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Påkrevd ARIA-under-element sin rolle er ikke til stede: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Påkrevde ARIA-under-elementer sine roller er ikke til stede: ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "singular": "Forventer at ARIA under-element sin rolle blir lagt til: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Forventer at ARIA under-elementer sine roller blir lagt til: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-required-parent": {
+      "pass": "Påkrevde ARIA-over-elements rolle er til stede",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Påkrevd ARIA-over-element sin rolle er ikke til stede: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Påkrevde ARIA-over-elementer sine roller er ikke til stede: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-unsupported-attr": {
+      "pass": "ARIA-attributt er understøttet",
+      "fail": "ARIA-attributt er ikke bredt understøttet i skjermlesere og tilgjengelighetsteknologier:  ${data.values}"
+    },
+    "unsupportedrole": {
+      "pass": "ARIA rollen er understøttet",
+      "fail": "Den brukte rolle er ikke bredt understøttet i skjermlesere og tilgjengelighetsteknologier:  ${data.values}"
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr-value": {
+      "pass": "ARIA-attributverdien er gyldig",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Ugyldig ARIA-attributtverdi: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Ugyldige ARIA-attributtverdier: ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "singular": "Kunne ikke finne ARIA-attributtet sitt element 'id' på siden: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Kunne ikke finne ARIA-attributtene sine element 'id' på siden: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr": {
+      "pass": {
+        "singular": "ARIA-attributnavnet er korrekt",
+        "plural": "ARIA-attributnavnene er korrekt"
+      },
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Ugyldig ARIA-attributtnavn: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Ugyldige ARIA-attributtnavn: ${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "valid-scrollable-semantics": {
+      "pass": "Elementet har korrekt semantikk for et element i fokus-rekkefølgen.",
+      "fail": "Elementet har ikke korrekt semantikk for et element i fokus-rekkefølgen."
+    },
+    "color-contrast": {
+      "pass": "Elementet har tilstrekkelig fargekontrast. Den er ${data.contrastRatio}",
+      "fail": "Elementet har ikke god nok fargekontrast. Den er ${data.contrastRatio} (forgrunnsfarge: ${data.fgColor}, bakgrunnsfarge: ${data.bgColor}, tekststørrelse: ${data.fontSize}, teksttykkelse: ${data.fontWeight}). Forventet kontrastforhold er ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+      "incomplete": {
+        "bgImage": "Elementets bakgrunnsfarge kunne ikke detekteres på grunn av et bakgrunnsbildet",
+        "bgGradient": "Elementets bakgrunnsfarge kunne ikke detekteres på grunn av en bakgrunnsgradient",
+        "imgNode": "Elementets bakgrunnsfarge kunne ikke detekteres, fordi elementet inneholder et bildeelement",
+        "bgOverlap": "Elementets bakgrunnsfarge kunne ikke detekteres, fordi det er overlappet av et annet element",
+        "fgAlpha": "Elementets forgrunnsfarge kunne ikke detekteres på grunn av dets gjennomsiktighet",
+        "elmPartiallyObscured": "Elementets bakgrunnsfarge kunne ikke detekteres, fordi det er delvist dekket av et annet element",
+        "elmPartiallyObscuring": "Elementets bakgrunnsfarge kunne ikke detekteres, fordi det delvist dekker et annet element",
+        "outsideViewport": "Elementets bakgrunnsfarge kunne ikke detekteres, fordi det er utenfor sidens 'viewport'",
+        "equalRatio": "Elementet har et 1:1-kontrastforhold med bakgrunnen",
+        "shortTextContent": "Elementets innhold er for kort til å kunne avgjøre om innholdet faktisk er tekst",
+        "default": "Kan ikke regne ut kontrastforhold"
+      }
+    },
+    "color-contrast-enhanced": {
+      "pass": "Elementet har tilstrekkelig fargekontrast, den er ${data.contrastRatio}",
+      "fail": "Elementet har ikke god nok fargekontrast, den er ${data.contrastRatio} (forgrunnsfarge: ${data.fgColor}, bakgrunnsfarge: ${data.bgColor}, tekststørrelse: ${data.fontSize}, teksttykkelse: ${data.fontWeight}). Forventet kontrastforhold er ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+      "incomplete": {
+        "bgImage": "Elementets bakgrunnsfarge kunne ikke detekteres på grunn av et bakgrunnsbilde",
+        "bgGradient": "Elementets bakgrunnsfarge kunne ikke detekteres på grunn av en bakgrunnsgradient",
+        "imgNode": "Elementets bakgrunnsfarge kunne ikke detekteres, fordi elementet inneholder et bildeelement",
+        "bgOverlap": "Elementets bakgrunnsfarge kunne ikke detekteres, fordi det er overlappet av et annet element",
+        "fgAlpha": "Elementets forgrunnsfarge kunne ikke detekteres på grunn av dets gjennomsiktighet",
+        "elmPartiallyObscured": "Elementets bakgrunnsfarge kunne ikke detekteres, fordi det er delvist dekket av et annet element",
+        "elmPartiallyObscuring": "Elementets bakgrunnsfarge kunne ikke detekteres, fordi det delvist dekker et annet element",
+        "outsideViewport": "Elementets bakgrunnsfarge kunne ikke detekteres, fordi det er utenfor sidens 'viewport'",
+        "equalRatio": "Elementet har et 1:1-kontrastforhold med bakgrunnen",
+        "shortTextContent": "Elementets innhold er for kort til å kunne avgjøre om innholdet faktisk er tekst",
+        "default": "Kan ikke regne ut kontrastforhold"
+      }
+    },
+    "link-in-text-block": {
+      "pass": "Lenker kan adskilles fra den omkringliggende tekst på annen måte enn med farge",
+      "fail": "Lenker må skille seg ut fra den omkringliggende tekst på annen måte enn med farge",
+      "incomplete": {
+        "bgContrast": "Elementets kontrastforhold kunne ikke detekteres. Sjekk for spesifikk 'hover'/'focus' styling",
+        "bgImage": "Elementets kontrastforhold kunne ikke detekteres på grunn av et bakgrunnsbilde",
+        "bgGradient": "Elementets kontrastforhold kunne ikke detekteres på grunn av en bakgrunnsgradient",
+        "imgNode": "Elementets kontrastforhold kunne ikke detekteres, fordi elementet inneholder et bildeelement",
+        "bgOverlap": "Elementets kontrastforhold kunne ikke detekteres på grunn av overlappende elementer",
+        "default": "Kan ikke regne ut kontrastforhold"
+      }
+    },
+    "autocomplete-appropriate": {
+      "pass": "'autocomplete'-verdien er brukt på et passende element",
+      "fail": "'autocomplete'-verdien er ikke passende for denne type input"
+    },
+    "autocomplete-valid": {
+      "pass": "'autocomplete'-attributtet er korrekt formatert",
+      "fail": "'autocomplete'-attributtet er ikke formatert korrekt"
+    },
+    "accesskeys": {
+      "pass": "'Accesskey' attributtverdien er unik",
+      "fail": "Dokumentet har flere elementer med den samme 'accesskey'-attributtet"
+    },
+    "focusable-content": {
+      "pass": "Elementet inneholder fokuserbare elementer",
+      "fail": "Elementet skal ha fokuserbart innhold"
+    },
+    "focusable-disabled": {
+      "pass": "Ingen fokuserbare elementer inne i elementet",
+      "fail": "Fokuserbart innhold skal slås av eller fjernes fra sidens DOM"
+    },
+    "focusable-element": {
+      "pass": "Elementet er fokuserbart",
+      "fail": "Elementet skal være fokuserbart"
+    },
+    "focusable-no-name": {
+      "pass": "Elementet er ikke i sidens tabulerings-rekkefølge ('tab order') eller har tilgjengelig tekst",
+      "fail": "Elementet er i sidens tabulerings-rekkefølge ('tab order') og har ikke tilgjengelig tekst"
+    },
+    "focusable-not-tabbable": {
+      "pass": "Ingen fokuserbare elementer inne i element",
+      "fail": "Fokuserbart innholdet skal ha tabindex='-1' eller fjernes fra sidens DOM"
+    },
+    "landmark-is-top-level": {
+      "pass": "${data.role} landemerke er på det øverste nivå.",
+      "fail": "${data.role} landemerke er innholdet i et annet landemerke."
+    },
+    "page-has-heading-one": {
+      "pass": "Siden har minst én overskrift på nivå 1",
+      "fail": "Siden skal ha minst én overskrift på nivå 1"
+    },
+    "page-has-main": {
+      "pass": "Dokumentet har minst ét 'main'-landemerke",
+      "fail": "Dokumentet har ikke et 'main'-landemerke"
+    },
+    "page-no-duplicate-banner": {
+      "pass": "Dokumentet har ikke mer enn ett 'banner'-landemerke",
+      "fail": "Dokumentet har mer enn ett 'banner-'landemerke"
+    },
+    "page-no-duplicate-contentinfo": {
+      "pass": "Dokumentet har ikke mer enn ett 'contentinfo'-landemerke",
+      "fail": "Dokumentet har mer enn ett 'contentinfo'-landemerke"
+    },
+    "page-no-duplicate-main": {
+      "pass": "Dokumentet har ikke mer enn ett 'main'-landemerke",
+      "fail": "Dokumentet har mer enn ett 'main'-landemerke"
+    },
+    "tabindex": {
+      "pass": "Elementet har ikke en 'tabindex' som er større enn 0",
+      "fail": "Elementet har en 'tabindex' som er større enn 0"
+    },
+    "alt-space-value": {
+      "pass": "Elementet har en alt-attributt med gyldig verdi",
+      "fail": "Elementet har en alt-attributt som kun inneholder et mellomrom, som ikke ignoreres av alle skjermlesere"
+    },
+    "duplicate-img-label": {
+      "pass": "Elementet duplisere ikke den eksisterende tekst fra <img> elementets alt-tekst",
+      "fail": "Elementet inneholder et <img> element med alt-tekst, som duplisere den eksisterende tekst"
+    },
+    "explicit-label": {
+      "pass": "Form-elementet har en eksplisitt <label>",
+      "fail": "Form-elementet har ikke en eksplisitt <label>"
+    },
+    "help-same-as-label": {
+      "pass": "Hjelpeteksten ('title' eller 'aria-describedby') duplisere ikke label-teksten",
+      "fail": "Hjelpeteksten ('title' eller 'aria-describedby') er den samme som label-teksten"
+    },
+    "hidden-explicit-label": {
+      "pass": "Form-elementet har en synlig og eksplisitt <label>",
+      "fail": "Form-elementet har en eksplisitt <label>, som er skjult"
+    },
+    "implicit-label": {
+      "pass": "Form-elementet har en implisitt (inne i en) <label>",
+      "fail": "Form-elementet har ikke en implisitt (inne i en) <label>"
+    },
+    "label-content-name-mismatch": {
+      "pass": "Elementet inneholder synlig tekst som del av dets tilgjengelige navn",
+      "fail": "Tekst i elementet er ikke inkluderet i det tilgjengelige navn"
+    },
+    "multiple-label": {
+      "pass": "Form-feltet har ikke flere label-elementer",
+      "incomplete": "Flere label-elementer er ikke bredt understøttet i tilgjengelighetsteknologier. Sørg for at det første label-element inneholder all nødvendige informasjon."
+    },
+    "title-only": {
+      "pass": "Form-elementet bruker ikke utelukkende 'title'-attributtet som label",
+      "fail": "Kun 'title'-attributtet er brukt som label for form-elementet"
+    },
+    "landmark-is-unique": {
+      "pass": "Landemerker skal ha en unik rolle eller 'role'/'label'/'title'-attributtkombinasjon (som tilgjengelig navn)",
+      "fail": "Et landemerke skal ha en unik 'aria-label', 'aria-labelledby', eller 'title' for å gjøre landemerker atskillelige"
+    },
+    "has-lang": {
+      "pass": "<html> elementet har en 'lang'-attributt",
+      "fail": "<html> elementet har ikke en 'lang'-attributt"
+    },
+    "valid-lang": {
+      "pass": "'lang'-attributtet sin verdi er inkluderet i listen over godkjente språk",
+      "fail": "'lang'-attributtet sin verdi er ikke inkluderet i listen over gyldige språk"
+    },
+    "xml-lang-mismatch": {
+      "pass": "Attributtene 'lang' og 'xml:lang' har samme språk / dialekt",
+      "fail": "Attributtene 'lang' og 'xml:lang' har ikke samme språk / dialekt"
+    },
+    "dlitem": {
+      "pass": "Beskrivelsesliste-elementet har et <dl>-over-element",
+      "fail": "Beskrivelsesliste-elementet har ikke et <dl>-over-element"
+    },
+    "listitem": {
+      "pass": "Elementet i listen har et <ul>, <ol> eller 'role=\"list\"'-over-element",
+      "fail": "Elementet i listen har ikke et <ul>, <ol> eller 'role=\"list\"'-over-element"
+    },
+    "only-dlitems": {
+      "pass": "Elementet i listen har kun direkte under-elementer, som er tillatt i <dt> eller <dd> elementer",
+      "fail": "Elementet i listen har direkte under-elementer, som ikke er tillatt inde i <dt> eller <dd> elementer"
+    },
+    "only-listitems": {
+      "pass": "Elementet i listen har kun direkte under-elementer, som er tillatt i <li> elementer",
+      "fail": "Elementet i listen har direkte under-elementer, som ikke er tillatt inne i <li> elementer"
+    },
+    "structured-dlitems": {
+      "pass": "Det ikke-tomme elementet har både <dt> og <dd> elementer",
+      "fail": "Det ikke-tomme elementet mangler minst ett <dt> element etterfulgt av minst ett <dd> element"
+    },
+    "caption": {
+      "pass": "Multimedia-elementet har et track med undertekster",
+      "incomplete": "Sjekk at undertekster er tilgjengelige for elementet"
+    },
+    "frame-tested": {
+      "pass": "Denne <iframe> ble testet av axe-core",
+      "fail": "Denne <iframe> kunne ikke testes av axe-core",
+      "incomplete": "Denne <iframe> er enda ikke testet av axe-core"
+    },
+    "css-orientation-lock": {
+      "pass": "Skjermen kan styres, og sidens skjermretning er ikke låst med med 'css-orientation-lock'",
+      "fail": "Skjermretningen ('css-orientation-lock') er låst, hvilket gjør sidevisning vanskelig å styre på skjermen",
+      "incomplete": "Det kan ikke detekteres om skjermretning er låst (med 'css-orientation-lock')"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport-large": {
+      "pass": "<meta>-tagget begrenser ikke høy zoom på mobile enheter",
+      "fail": "<meta>-tagget begrenser zoom på mobile enheter"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport": {
+      "pass": "<meta>-tagget slår ikke zoom av på mobile enheter",
+      "fail": "${data} på <meta>-tagget slår zoom av på mobile enheter"
+    },
+    "header-present": {
+      "pass": "Siden har en overskrift (header)",
+      "fail": "Siden har ikke en overskrift (header)"
+    },
+    "heading-order": {
+      "pass": "Rekkefølgen av overskiftsnivåer er korrekt",
+      "fail": "Rekkefølgen av overskiftsnivåer er ikke korrekt"
+    },
+    "internal-link-present": {
+      "pass": "Passende 'skip link' funnet",
+      "fail": "Ingen passende 'skip link' funnet"
+    },
+    "landmark": {
+      "pass": "Siden har en 'landemerke' region",
+      "fail": "Siden har ikke en 'landemerke' region"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh": {
+      "pass": "<meta>-tagget oppdaterer ikke siden med det samme",
+      "fail": "<meta>-tagget oppdaterer siden med det samme"
+    },
+    "p-as-heading": {
+      "pass": "<p> elementer er ikke stylet som en overskrift",
+      "fail": "Overskrifts-elementer (<h1>, <h2>, osv.) skal brukes i stedet for stylet <p> elementer"
+    },
+    "region": {
+      "pass": "Alt innholdet på siden er lagt inn under landemerker",
+      "fail": "Deler av sidens innholdet er ikke lagt inn under et landemerke"
+    },
+    "skip-link": {
+      "pass": "Elementet som 'skip link' refererer til, eksisterer",
+      "incomplete": "Element som 'skip link' refererer til, skal bli synlig ved aktivering",
+      "fail": "Manglende 'skip link' 'target'-attributt"
+    },
+    "unique-frame-title": {
+      "pass": "Elementets 'title'-attributt er unik",
+      "fail": "Elementets 'title'-attributt er ikke unik"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-active": {
+      "pass": "Dokumentet har ingen aktive elementer som deler den samme 'id'-attributt",
+      "fail": "Dokumentet har aktive elementer som deler den samme 'id'-attributten: ${data}"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-aria": {
+      "pass": "Dokumentet har ingen elementer referert med ARIA eller labels, som deler den samme 'id'-attributten",
+      "fail": "Dokumentet har flere elementer referert med ARIA med den samme 'id'-attributten: ${data}"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id": {
+      "pass": "Dokumentet har ingen statiske elementer som deler den samme 'id'-attributtet",
+      "fail": "Dokumentet har flere statiske elementer med den samme 'id'-attributtet"
+    },
+    "aria-label": {
+      "pass": "'aria-label'-attributt er til stede og er ikke tomt",
+      "fail": "'aria-label'-attributt eksisterer ikke eller er tomt"
+    },
+    "aria-labelledby": {
+      "pass": "'aria-labelledby'-attributt eksisterer og refererer elementer som er synlige for skjermlesere",
+      "fail": "'aria-labelledby'-attributt eksisterer ikke, eller refererer elementer, som ikke eksisterer - eller refererer til elementer, som er tomme"
+    },
+    "avoid-inline-spacing": {
+      "pass": "Ingen inline styling med '!important', som påvirker tekst-mellomrom-avstand er spesifisert",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "Fjern '!important' fra inline stylings ${data.values}, da overskrivning av dette ikke er understøttet i de fleste nettlesere",
+        "plural": "Fjern '!important' fra inline styling ${data.values}, da overskrivning av dette ikke er understøttet i de fleste nettlesere"
+      }
+    },
+    "button-has-visible-text": {
+      "pass": "Elementet har indre tekst, som er synlig for skjermlesere",
+      "fail": "Elementet har ingen indre tekst, som er synlig for skjermlesere"
+    },
+    "doc-has-title": {
+      "pass": "Dokumentet har et <title> element som ikke er tomt",
+      "fail": "Dokumentet mangler et <title> element med innhold"
+    },
+    "exists": {
+      "pass": "Elementet eksisterer ikke",
+      "fail": "Elementet eksisterer"
+    },
+    "has-alt": {
+      "pass": "Elementet har en 'alt'-attributt",
+      "fail": "Elementet har ikke en 'alt'-attributt"
+    },
+    "has-visible-text": {
+      "pass": "Elementet har tekst som er synlig for skjermlesere",
+      "fail": "Elementet har ikke tekst som er synlig for skjermlesere"
+    },
+    "is-on-screen": {
+      "pass": "Elementet er ikke synlig",
+      "fail": "Elementet er synlig"
+    },
+    "non-empty-alt": {
+      "pass": "Elementet har 'alt'-attributt med innhold",
+      "fail": "Elementet har ingen 'alt'-attributt, eller 'alt'-attributtet er tomt"
+    },
+    "non-empty-if-present": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Elementet har ikke en 'value'-attributt",
+        "has-label": "Elementet har en 'verdi'-attributt med innhold"
+      },
+      "fail": "Elementet har en 'value'-attributt, og 'verdi'-attributtet er tomt"
+    },
+    "non-empty-title": {
+      "pass": "Elementet har en 'title'-attributt",
+      "fail": "Elementet har ingen 'title'-attributt, eller 'title'-attributtet er tomt"
+    },
+    "non-empty-value": {
+      "pass": "Elementet har 'value'-attributt med innholdet",
+      "fail": "Elementet har ingen 'value'-attributt, eller 'value'-attributtet er tomt"
+    },
+    "role-none": {
+      "pass": "Elementets standard semantikk ble overskrevet med attributtet 'role=\"none\"'",
+      "fail": "Elementets standard semantikk ble ikke overskrevet med attributtet 'role=\"none\"'"
+    },
+    "role-presentation": {
+      "pass": "Elementets standard semantikk ble overskrevet med attributtet 'role=\"presentation\"'",
+      "fail": "Elementets standard semantikk ble ikke overskrevet med attributtet 'role=\"presentation\"'"
+    },
+    "caption-faked": {
+      "pass": "Den første raden i tabellen er ikke brukt som en beskrivelse ('caption')",
+      "fail": "Det første elementet i tabellen skal være en beskrivelse (<caption>) i stedet for en celle"
+    },
+    "html5-scope": {
+      "pass": "'Scope'-attributtet skal kun brukes på tabellens header-elementer (<th>)",
+      "fail": "'Scope'-attributtet skal kun brukes på tabellens header-elementer (<th>)"
+    },
+    "same-caption-summary": {
+      "pass": "innholdet av 'summary'-attributtet og <caption> elementet er ikke identisk",
+      "fail": "innholdet av 'summary'-attributtet og <caption> elementet er identisk"
+    },
+    "scope-value": {
+      "pass": "'scope'-attributtet brukes korrekt",
+      "fail": "Verdien av 'scope'-attributtet skal kun være 'row' eller 'col'"
+    },
+    "td-has-header": {
+      "pass": "Alle data-celler med innhold har en tabell-header",
+      "fail": "Noen data-celler med innhold har ikke tabell-headers"
+    },
+    "td-headers-attr": {
+      "pass": "Header-attributtet brukes kun til å referere til andre celler i den samme tabel",
+      "fail": "Header-attributtet brukes ikke kun til å referere til andre celler i den samme tabel"
+    },
+    "th-has-data-cells": {
+      "pass": "Alle tabellens header-celler refererer til data-celler",
+      "fail": "Ikke alle tabellens header-celler refererer til data-celler",
+      "incomplete": "Noen av tabellens data-celler mangler eller er tomme"
+    },
+    "hidden-content": {
+      "pass": "Alt innholdet på siden er blitt analyseret.",
+      "fail": "Der var problemer med å analysere deler av innholdet på denne side.",
+      "incomplete": "Der er skjult innhold på siden som ikke ble analyseret. Du må gjøre dette innholdet synlig for å kunne analysere det."
+    }
+  },
+  "failureSummaries": {
+    "any": {
+      "failureMessage": "Rett en av følgende: {{~it:value}}\n  {{=value.split('\\n').join('\\n  ')}}{{~}}"
+    },
+    "none": {
+      "failureMessage": "Rett alle de følgende: {{~it:value}}\n  {{=value.split('\\n').join('\\n  ')}}{{~}}"
+    }
+  },
+  "incompleteFallbackMessage": "axe kunne ikke finne årsaken. Tid for å finne frem utviklerverktøyet(element inspector)!"
+}
diff --git a/locales/pl.json b/locales/pl.json
index f27606db0..1caafcabd 100644
--- a/locales/pl.json
+++ b/locales/pl.json
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   "lang": "pl",
   "rules": {
     "accesskeys": {
-      "description": "Każdy atrybut accessskey jest unikalny.",
+      "description": "Wartość każdego atrybutu accessskey jest unikalna.",
       "help": "Wartość atrybutu accessskey musi być unikalna."
     },
     "area-alt": {
@@ -10,95 +10,111 @@
       "help": "Elementy aktywne <area> muszą mieć tekst alternatywny."
     },
     "aria-allowed-attr": {
-      "description": "Użyte atrybuty ARIA są dozwolone dla roli elementu.",
+      "description": "Użyte atrybuty ARIA są dozwolone dla elementu z określoną rolą.",
       "help": "Elementy mogą używać tylko dozwolonych atrybutów ARIA."
     },
     "aria-allowed-role": {
       "description": "Atrybut role ma odpowiednią wartość dla danego elementu.",
       "help": "Rola ARIA musi być odpowiednia dla danego elementu."
     },
+    "aria-braille-equivalent": {
+      "description": "Upewnij się, że aria-braillelabel i aria-brailleroledescription mają odpowiednik niebrajlowski",
+      "help": "Atrybuty aria-braille muszą mieć odpowiednik niebrajlowski."
+    },
     "aria-command-name": {
-      "description": "Każdy przycisk, łącze i pozycja menu (menuitem) ARIA ma dostępną nazwę.",
-      "help": "Polecenia ARIA muszą mieć dostępną nazwę."
+      "description": "Każdy element button, link i menuitem ARIA ma dostępną nazwę.",
+      "help": "Przyciski, łącza, pozycje menu ARIA muszą mieć dostępną nazwę."
+    },
+    "aria-conditional-attr": {
+      "description": "Upewnij się, że atrybuty ARIA są używane zgodnie ze specyfikacją roli elementu.",
+      "help": "Atrybuty ARIA muszą być używane w sposób określony dla roli elementu"
+    },
+    "aria-deprecated-role": {
+      "description": "Upewnij się, że elementy nie używają przestarzałych ról.",
+      "help": "Przestarzałe role ARIA nie mogą być używane."
     },
     "aria-dialog-name": {
       "description": "Każde okno dialogowe ARIA i węzeł alertdialog ma dostępną nazwę.",
       "help": "Okno dialogowe ARIA i węzły alertdialog muszą mieć dostępną nazwę."
     },
     "aria-hidden-body": {
-      "description": "Element <body> nie ma atrybutu aria-hidden='true'.",
-      "help": "Element <body> nie może mieć atrybutu aria-hidden='true'."
+      "description": "Element body nie ma atrybutu aria-hidden='true'.",
+      "help": "Element body nie może mieć atrybutu aria-hidden='true'."
     },
     "aria-hidden-focus": {
-      "description": "Elementy z aria-hidden nie mogą obejmować elementów przyjmujących fokus.",
+      "description": "Elementy z aria-hidden=true nie mogą obejmować elementów przyjmujących fokus.",
       "help": "Ukryty element ARIA nie może zawierać elementów przyjmujących fokus."
     },
     "aria-input-field-name": {
-      "description": "Każde pole wejściowe ARIA ma dostępną nazwę.",
-      "help": "Pola wejściowe ARIA muszą mieć dostępną nazwę."
+      "description": "Każde pole ARIA do wprowadzania danych ma dostępną nazwę.",
+      "help": "Pola ARIA do wprowadzania danych muszą mieć dostępną nazwę."
     },
     "aria-meter-name": {
-      "description": "Każdy licznik (meter) oparty na ARIA ma dostępną nazwę.",
-      "help": "Liczniki (meter) ARIA muszą mieć dostępną nazwę."
+      "description": "Każdy element ARIA meter (licznik) ma dostępną nazwę.",
+      "help": "Liczniki ARIA (meter) muszą mieć dostępne nazwy."
     },
     "aria-progressbar-name": {
-      "description": "Każdy pasek postępu (progressbar) ARIA ma dostępną nazwę.",
-      "help": "Paski postępu (progressbar) ARIA muszą mieć dostępną nazwę."
+      "description": "Każdy element ARIA progressbar (pasek postępu) ma dostępną nazwę.",
+      "help": "Paski postępu ARIA (progressbar) muszą mieć dostępne nazwy."
+    },
+    "aria-prohibited-attr": {
+      "description": "Upewnij się, że atrybuty ARIA nie są zabronione dla roli elementu.",
+      "help": "Elementy mogą używać tylko dozwolonych atrybutów ARIA."
     },
     "aria-required-attr": {
-      "description": "Elementy z rolami ARIA mają wszystkie wymagane atrybuty ARIA.",
+      "description": "Elementy z rolą ARIA mają wszystkie wymagane atrybuty aria-*",
       "help": "Wymagane atrybuty ARIA muszą istnieć."
     },
     "aria-required-children": {
-      "description": "Elementy z rolą ARIA, które wymagają ról potomnych, zawierają je.",
+      "description": "Elementy z atrybutem ARIA role, które muszą zawierać elementy potomne z wymaganym atrybutem role, zawierają je.",
       "help": "Niektóre role ARIA muszą obejmować określone dzieci."
     },
     "aria-required-parent": {
-      "description": "Elementy z rolą ARIA, które wymagają ról nadrzędnych, są zawarte w elementach z takimi rolami.",
-      "help": "Niektóre role ARIA muszą być wewnątrz określonych elementów rodziców."
+      "description": "Elementy z atrybutem ARIA role, które wymagają elementu rodzica z atrybutem role, są zawarte w elementach z takimi rolami.",
+      "help": "Elementy z niektórymi atrybutami role ARIA muszą znajdować się wewnątrz nadrzędnego elementu rodzica z wymaganym atrybutem role."
     },
     "aria-roledescription": {
       "description": "Atrybut aria-roledescription jest używany tylko w elementach, które mają rolę określoną domyślnie lub jawnie.",
       "help": "Użyj aria-roledescription w elementach o roli semantycznej."
     },
     "aria-roles": {
-      "description": "Wszystkie elementy z atrybutem roli używają prawidłowej wartości tego atrybutu.",
-      "help": "Stosowane role ARIA muszą być zgodne z obowiązującymi wartościami."
+      "description": "Wartości atrybutu role są poprawne.",
+      "help": "Stosowane role ARIA muszą mieć poprawne wartości."
     },
     "aria-text": {
-      "description": "Atrybut \"role=text\" jest używany dla elementów, które nie mają potomków przyjmujących fokus",
-      "help": "\"role=text\" nie powinien mieć potomków przyjmujących fokus."
+      "description": "Atrybut role=\"text\" jest używany dla elementów, które nie mają potomków przyjmujących fokus",
+      "help": "Element z atrybutem role=\"text\" nie może mieć potomków przyjmujących fokus."
     },
     "aria-toggle-field-name": {
-      "description": "Każdy przełącznik (toggle) ARIA ma dostępną nazwę.",
-      "help": "Przełączniki (toggle) ARIA muszą mieć dostępną nazwę."
+      "description": "Każdy element ARIA toggle (przełącznik) ma dostępną nazwę.",
+      "help": "Przełączniki ARIA  (toggle) muszą mieć dostępną nazwę."
     },
     "aria-tooltip-name": {
-      "description": "Każda podpowiedź (tooltip) ARIA ma dostępną nazwę.",
-      "help": "Podpowiedzi (tooltip) ARIA muszą mieć dostępną nazwę."
+      "description": "Każdy element ARIA tooltip (podpowiedź) ma dostępną nazwę.",
+      "help": "Podpowiedzi ARIA (tooltip) muszą mieć dostępną nazwę."
     },
     "aria-treeitem-name": {
-      "description": "Każdy węzeł drzewa elementów (treeitem) ARIA ma dostępną nazwę.",
-      "help": "Węzły drzewa elementów ARIA muszą mieć dostępną nazwę."
+      "description": "Każdy element ARIA treeitem (węzeł drzewa) ma dostępną nazwę.",
+      "help": "Węzły drzewa elementów ARIA (treeitem) muszą mieć dostępną nazwę."
     },
     "aria-valid-attr-value": {
       "description": "Wszystkie atrybuty ARIA mają poprawne wartości.",
       "help": "Atrybuty ARIA muszą mieć poprawne wartości."
     },
     "aria-valid-attr": {
-      "description": "Atrybuty, które rozpoczynają się od aria-, są poprawnymi atrybutami ARIA.",
-      "help": "Atrybuty ARIA muszą być mieć poprawne nazwy."
+      "description": "Wszystkie atrybuty aria-* mają poprawne nazwy.",
+      "help": "Atrybuty ARIA muszą mieć poprawne nazwy."
     },
     "audio-caption": {
       "description": "Elementy <audio> mają napisy rozszerzone.",
       "help": "Elementy <audio> muszą mieć ścieżkę z napisami."
     },
     "autocomplete-valid": {
-      "description": "Atrybut autocomplete jest poprawny i odpowiedni dla pola formularza.",
+      "description": "Pola formularza, które zbierają dane osobowe, mają poprawne atrybuty autocomplete",
       "help": "Atrybut autocomplete musi być użyty poprawnie."
     },
     "avoid-inline-spacing": {
-      "description": "Odstępy w tekście ustawione za pomocą atrybutów stylu mogą być regulowane za pomocą własnych arkuszy stylów.",
+      "description": "Odstępy w tekście można regulować za pomocą własnych arkuszy stylów.",
       "help": "Odstępy w tekście muszą być regulowane za pomocą własnych arkuszy stylów."
     },
     "blink": {
@@ -106,21 +122,21 @@
       "help": "Elementy <blink> są przestarzałe i nie mogą być używane."
     },
     "button-name": {
-      "description": "Przyciski mają odróżniający je tekst.",
-      "help": "Przyciski muszą mieć odróżniający je tekst."
+      "description": "Każdy przycisk ma odróżniającą go dostępną nazwę.",
+      "help": "Przyciski muszą mieć odróżniający je tekst nazwy."
     },
     "bypass": {
       "description": "Każda strona ma co najmniej jeden mechanizm, który pozwala ominąć nawigację i przejść od razu do treści.",
-      "help": "Strona musi mieć środki do ominięcia powtarzających się bloków treści."
+      "help": "Strona musi mieć środki do ominięcia powtarzających bloków treści."
+    },
+    "color-contrast-enhanced": {
+      "description": "Kontrast między kolorami pierwszego planu i tła spełnia wyższe progi współczynnika kontrastu WCAG 2 AAA.",
+      "help": "Elementy muszą spełniać wyższe progi współczynnika kontrastu kolorów"
     },
     "color-contrast": {
       "description": "Kontrast między kolorami pierwszego planu i tła spełnia progi kontrastu WCAG 2 AA.",
       "help": "Elementy muszą mieć wystarczający kontrast kolorów."
     },
-    "color-contrast-enhanced": {
-      "description": "Kontrast między kolorami pierwszego planu i tła spełnia progi kontrastu WCAG 2 AAA.",
-      "help": "Elementy muszą mieć wystarczający kontrast kolorów."
-    },
     "css-orientation-lock": {
       "description": "Treść nie jest przypisana do żadnej konkretnej orientacji wyświetlacza i można ją obsługiwać we wszystkich orientacjach wyświetlacza.",
       "help": "Zapytania medialne nie są wykorzystywane do blokowania orientacji wyświetlacza."
@@ -139,7 +155,7 @@
     },
     "duplicate-id-active": {
       "description": "Wartość każdego atrybutu id aktywnych elementów jest unikalna.",
-      "help": "ID aktywnych elementów muszą być unikalne."
+      "help": "ID aktywnych elementów, które otrzymują fokus, muszą być unikalne."
     },
     "duplicate-id-aria": {
       "description": "Każdy atrybut id używany w ARIA i w etykietach jest unikalny.",
@@ -162,31 +178,31 @@
       "help": "Elementy w porządku otrzymywania fokusu muszą mieć rolę odpowiednią dla treści interaktywnych."
     },
     "form-field-multiple-labels": {
-      "description": "Pole formularza nie ma wielu etykiet (elementów label).",
-      "help": "Pole formularza nie powinno zawierać wielu elementów label."
+      "description": "Żadne pole formularza nie ma wielu etykiet (elementów label).",
+      "help": "Pole formularza nie może mieć wielu elementów label."
     },
     "frame-focusable-content": {
-      "description": "Elementy <frame> i <iframe> z treścią przyjmującą fokus nie mają tabindex=-1",
-      "help": "Ramki z treścią przyjmującą fokus nie mogą mieć tabindex=-1"
+      "description": "Elementy <frame> i <iframe> z treścią przyjmującą fokus nie mają tabindex=-1.",
+      "help": "Ramki z treścią przyjmującą fokus nie mogą mieć tabindex=-1."
     },
     "frame-tested": {
       "description": "Elementy <iframe> i <frame> muszą być testowane ze skryptem axe-core.",
       "help": "Ramki muszą być testowane ze skryptem axe-core."
     },
     "frame-title-unique": {
-      "description": "Elementy <frame> i <frame> mają unikalny atrybut title.",
-      "help": "Ramki (frame) muszą mieć unikalny atrybut title."
+      "description": "Elementy <iframe> i <frame> mają unikalny atrybut title.",
+      "help": "Ramki muszą mieć unikalny atrybut title."
     },
     "frame-title": {
       "description": "Elementy <iframe> i <frame> mają niepusty atrybut title.",
-      "help": "Ramki muszą mieć atrybut title."
+      "help": "Ramki muszą mieć niepusty atrybut title."
     },
     "heading-order": {
       "description": "Kolejność nagłówków jest semantycznie poprawna.",
       "help": "Poziomy nagłówków powinny wzrastać tylko o jeden."
     },
     "hidden-content": {
-      "description": "Informuje użytkowników o ukrytych treściach.",
+      "description": "Na stronie są ukryte treści.",
       "help": "Ukrytych treści na stronie nie można analizować."
     },
     "html-has-lang": {
@@ -211,7 +227,7 @@
     },
     "image-redundant-alt": {
       "description": "Tekst alternatywny obrazu nie jest powtarzany w tekście.",
-      "help": "Alternatywny tekst obrazów nie powinien być powtarzany w tekście."
+      "help": "Tekst alternatywny obrazów nie powinien być powtarzany w tekście."
     },
     "input-button-name": {
       "description": "Przyciski input type=button mają odróżniający je tekst.",
@@ -238,7 +254,7 @@
       "help": "Punkt orientacyjny banner nie może być zawarty wewnątrz innego obszaru kluczowego."
     },
     "landmark-complementary-is-top-level": {
-      "description": "Obszar aside lub obszar z role=complementary są obszarami kluczowymi najwyższego poziomu.",
+      "description": "Obszary aside lub z role=complementary są obszarami kluczowymi najwyższego poziomu.",
       "help": "Punkt orientacyjny complementary nie może być zawarty wewnątrz innego obszaru kluczowego."
     },
     "landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level": {
@@ -266,12 +282,12 @@
       "help": "Dokument może mieć tylko jeden obszar kluczowy main."
     },
     "landmark-unique": {
-      "help": "Punkty orientacyjne mają unikalną rolę lub kombinację roli/etykiety/tytułu (tj. dostępną nazwę).",
-      "description": "Punkty orientacyjne (obszary kluczowe) są unikalne."
+      "help": "Punkty orientacyjne są unikalne",
+      "description": "Punkty orientacyjne (obszary kluczowe) mają unikalną rolę lub kombinację roli/etykiety/tytułu (tj. dostępną nazwę)."
     },
     "link-in-text-block": {
       "description": "Łącza można rozróżniać bez opierania się na kolorze.",
-      "help": "Łącza muszą być odróżnialne od otaczającego je tekstu w sposób, który nie opiera się na kolorze."
+      "help": "Łącza muszą być odróżnialne od sąsiadującego tekstu w sposób, który nie opiera się na kolorze."
     },
     "link-name": {
       "description": "Łącza mają odróżniający je tekst.",
@@ -289,9 +305,13 @@
       "description": "Elementy <marquee> nie są używane.",
       "help": "Elementy <marquee> są przestarzałe i nie mogą być używane."
     },
+    "meta-refresh-no-exceptions": {
+      "description": "Upewnij się, że <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> nie jest używany do opóźnionego odświeżania",
+      "help": "Nie wolno stosować opóźnionego odświeżania"
+    },
     "meta-refresh": {
-      "description": "<meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> nie jest stosowane.",
-      "help": "Automatyczne odświeżenie strony nie może być stosowane."
+      "description": "Znacznik <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> nie jest używany do opóźnionego odświeżania.",
+      "help": "Opóźnione odświeżanie poniżej 20 godzin nie może być stosowane."
     },
     "meta-viewport-large": {
       "description": "Element <meta name=\"viewport\"> umożliwia znaczne powiększanie.",
@@ -302,36 +322,36 @@
       "help": "Powiększanie i skalowanie nie może być wyłączone."
     },
     "nested-interactive": {
-      "description": "Zagnieżdżone interaktywne kontrolki nie są ogłaszane przez czytniki ekranu",
-      "help": "Upewnij się, że kontrolki interaktywne nie są zagnieżdżone"
+      "description": "Upewnij się, że kontrolki interaktywne nie są zagnieżdżone, ponieważ nie zawsze są ogłaszane przez czytniki ekranu lub mogą powodować problemy technologii wspomagających z fokusem.",
+      "help": "Kontrolki interaktywne nie mogą być zagnieżdżone"
     },
     "no-autoplay-audio": {
-      "description": "Elementy <video> lub <audio> nie odtwarzają automatycznie przez dłużej niż 3 sekundy dźwięku bez mechanizmu, który go zatrzymuje lub wycisza.",
+      "description": "Elementy <video> lub <audio> nie odtwarzają automatycznie dźwięku przez dłużej niż 3 sekundy bez mechanizmu, który go zatrzymuje lub wycisza.",
       "help": "Elementy <video> lub <audio> nie odtwarzają dźwięku automatycznie."
     },
     "object-alt": {
-      "description": "Elementy <object> mają tekst alternatywny.",
-      "help": "Elementy <object> muszą mieć tekst zastępczy."
+      "description": "Elementy <object> mają tekst zastępczy.",
+      "help": "Elementy <object> muszą mieć alternatywę tekstową."
     },
     "p-as-heading": {
-      "description": "Elementy p nie są stylizowane jako nagłówki.",
-      "help": "Pogrubienie, kursywa i rozmiar czcionki nie są używane do stylizacji elementów p jako nagłówków."
+      "description": "Pogrubienie, kursywa i rozmiar czcionki nie są używane do stylizacji elementów <p> jako nagłówków.",
+      "help": "Stylizowane elementy <p> nie mogą być używane jako nagłówki."
     },
     "page-has-heading-one": {
-      "description": "Strona, lub co najmniej jedna z jej ramek, zawiera nagłówek pierwszego poziomu.",
+      "description": "Strona lub co najmniej jedna z jej ramek, zawiera nagłówek pierwszego poziomu.",
       "help": "Strona musi zawierać nagłówek poziomu 1."
     },
     "presentation-role-conflict": {
-      "description": "Elementy z role=none lub role=presentation nie mogą kolidować z innymi rolami.",
-      "help": "Elementy, które mają role=none lub role=presentation, nie mogą kolidować z innymi rolami."
+      "description": "Elementy oznaczone jako prezentacyjne nie powinny mieć globalnego ARIA ani tabindex, aby zapewnić, że wszystkie czytniki ekranu je zignorują.",
+      "help": "Upewnij się, że elementy oznaczone jako prezentacyjne są konsekwentnie ignorowane."
     },
     "region": {
       "description": "Cała treść strony jest objęta przez punkty orientacyjne.",
       "help": "Cała treść strony musi być zawarta w obszarach kluczowych."
     },
     "role-img-alt": {
-      "description": "Elementy z [role=\"img\"] mają tekst alternatywny.",
-      "help": "Elementy z [role=\"img\"] muszą mieć tekst alternatywny."
+      "description": "Elementy z [role='img'] mają tekst alternatywny.",
+      "help": "Elementy z [role='img'] muszą mieć tekst alternatywny."
     },
     "scope-attr-valid": {
       "description": "Atrybut scope w tabelach jest stosowany poprawnie.",
@@ -354,32 +374,36 @@
       "help": "Cel łącza pomijającego powinien istnieć i przyjmować fokus."
     },
     "svg-img-alt": {
-      "description": "Elementy svg z rolami img, graphics-document lub graphics-symbol mają dostępny tekst.",
-      "help": "Elementy svg z rolą img mają tekst alternatywny."
+      "description": "Elementy <svg> z rolą img, graphics-document lub graphics-symbol mają dostępny tekst.",
+      "help": "Elementy svg z rolą img muszą mieć tekst alternatywny."
     },
     "tabindex": {
       "description": "Wartości atrybutów tabindex nie są większe niż 0.",
       "help": "Elementy nie powinny mieć wartości tabindex większej niż zero."
     },
     "table-duplicate-name": {
-      "description": "Tabele nie mają takiego samego streszczenia (summary) i podpisu (caption).",
+      "description": "Podpis tabeli (element <caption>) nie może zawierać takiego samego tekstu co atrybut summary.",
       "help": "Atrybut summary w tabeli ma inny tekst niż element caption."
     },
     "table-fake-caption": {
       "description": "Tabele używają jako podpisu elementu <caption>.",
-      "help": "Komórki danych i nagłówkowe w tabeli danych nie są używane do umieszczania podpisów."
+      "help": "Komórki danych i nagłówkowe w tabeli danych nie są używane do umieszczania podpisu tabeli."
+    },
+    "target-size": {
+      "description": "Sprawdź, czy cel dotykowy ma wystarczający rozmiar i przestrzeń wokół.",
+      "help": "Wszystkie cele dotykowe muszą mieć rozmiar 24px lub pozostawiać wystarczającą ilość miejsca wokół."
     },
     "td-has-header": {
-      "description": "Każda niepusta komórka danych w dużej tabeli ma jeden lub więcej nagłówków tabeli.",
-      "help": "Wszystkie niepuste elementy td w tabelach danych większych niż 3 na 3 mają skojarzony nagłówek tabeli."
+      "description": "Wszystkie niepuste komórki danych w tabelach danych większych niż 3 na 3 mają jeden lub więcej nagłówków tabeli.",
+      "help": "Każdy niepusty element <td> w dużej tabeli musi mieć powiązany nagłówek tabeli"
     },
     "td-headers-attr": {
       "description": "Każda komórka tabeli używająca atrybutu headers odwołuje się do innej komórki w tej tabeli.",
       "help": "Wszystkie komórki z atrybutem headers odnoszą się tylko do innych komórek tej samej tabeli."
     },
     "th-has-data-cells": {
-      "description": "Każdy nagłówek tabeli w tabeli danych odnosi się do komórek danych.",
-      "help": "Wszystkie elementy th i elementy z role=columnheader/rowheader mają komórki danych, które opisują."
+      "description": "Wszystkie elementy th i elementy z role=columnheader/rowheader mają komórki danych, które opisują.",
+      "help": "Każdy nagłówek tabeli w tabeli danych musi odnosić się do komórek danych."
     },
     "valid-lang": {
       "description": "Atrybuty lang mają poprawne wartości.",
@@ -403,7 +427,8 @@
       "fail": {
         "singular": "Atrybut ARIA nie jest dozwolony: ${data.values}.",
         "plural": ": Atrybuty ARIA nie są dozwolone: ${data.values}."
-      }
+      },
+      "incomplete": "Sprawdź, czy nie ma problemu, jeśli atrybut ARIA jest ignorowany w tym elemencie: ${data.values}"
     },
     "aria-allowed-role": {
       "pass": "Rola ARIA jest dozwolona dla danego elementu.",
@@ -416,25 +441,53 @@
         "plural": ": Role ARIA ${data.values} muszą być usunięte, gdy element jest widoczny, ponieważ nie są one dozwolone dla elementu."
       }
     },
+    "aria-busy": {
+      "pass": "Element ma atrybut aria-busy",
+      "fail": "Element używa aria-busy=\"true\" podczas pokazywania ładowania"
+    },
+    "aria-conditional-attr": {
+      "pass": "Atrybut ARIA jest dozwolony",
+      "fail": {
+        "checkbox": "Usuń aria-checked lub ustaw jego wartość na \"${data.checkState}\", aby dopasować ją do rzeczywistego stanu pola wyboru.",
+        "rowSingular": "Ten atrybut jest obsługiwany przez wiersze siatki, ale nie przez ${data.ownerRole}: ${data.invalidAttrs}",
+        "rowPlural": "Te atrybuty są obsługiwane przez wiersze siatki, ale nie przez ${data.ownerRole}: ${data.invalidAttrs}"
+      }
+    },
     "aria-errormessage": {
       "pass": "Istnieje aria-errormessage oraz elementy referencyjne widoczne dla czytników ekranowych, które wykorzystują wspieraną technikę aria-errormessage.",
       "fail": {
-        "singular": "Wartość aria-errormessage `${data.values}` musi używać techniki ogłoszenia wiadomości (np. aria-live, aria-describedby, role=alert, etc.).",
-        "plural": "Wartości aria-errormessage `${data.values}` muszą używać techniki ogłoszenia wiadomości (np. aria-live, aria-describedby, role=alert, etc.)."
+        "singular": "Wartość aria-errormessage ${data.values} musi używać techniki ogłoszenia wiadomości (np. aria-live, aria-describedby, role=alert, etc.).",
+        "plural": "Wartości aria-errormessage ${data.values} muszą używać techniki ogłoszenia wiadomości (np. aria-live, aria-describedby, role=alert, etc.).",
+        "hidden": "Wartość aria-errormessage ${data.values} nie może odwoływać się do ukrytego elementu."
       },
       "incomplete": {
-        "singular": "Upewnij się, że wartość aria-errormessage `${data.values}` odnosi się do istniejącego elementu.",
-        "plural": "Upewnij się, że wartości aria-errormessage `${data.values}` odnoszą się do istniejących elementów."
+        "singular": "Upewnij się, że wartość aria-errormessage ${data.values} odnosi się do istniejącego elementu.",
+        "plural": "Upewnij się, że wartości aria-errormessage ${data.values} odnoszą się do istniejących elementów.",
+        "idrefs": "Nie można określić, czy na stronie istnieje element aria-errormessage: ${data.values}"
       }
     },
     "aria-hidden-body": {
-      "pass": "Nie ma żadnego atrybutu aria-hidden w elemencie <body> dokumentu.",
-      "fail": "Atrybutu aria-hidden=true nie może być w elemencie <body> dokumentu."
+      "pass": "Nie ma żadnego atrybutu aria-hidden w elemencie body dokumentu.",
+      "fail": "Atrybut aria-hidden=true nie może być użyty w elemencie body dokumentu."
+    },
+    "aria-level": {
+      "pass": "Wartość aria-level jest poprawna",
+      "incomplete": "Wartości aria-level większe niż 6 nie są obsługiwane we wszystkich kombinacjach czytników ekranu i przeglądarek"
     },
     "aria-prohibited-attr": {
       "pass": "Atrybut ARIA jest dozwolony",
-      "fail": "Atrybut ARIA nie może być użyty, dodaj atrybut role lub użyj innego elementu: ${data.values}",
-      "incomplete": "Atrybut ARIA nie jest dobrze obsługiwany w elemencie i zamiast niego zostanie użyta treść tekstowa: ${data.values}"
+      "fail": {
+        "hasRolePlural": "Atrybuty ${data.prohibited} nie mogą być używane z rolą \"${data.role}\".",
+        "hasRoleSingular": "Atrybut ${data.prohibited} nie może być użyty z rolą \"${data.role}\".",
+        "noRolePlural": "Atrybuty ${data.prohibited} nie mogą być używane w ${data.nodeName} bez poprawnego atrybutu roli.",
+        "noRoleSingular": "Atrybut ${data.prohibited} nie może być użyty w ${data.nodeName} bez poprawnego atrybutu roli."
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "hasRoleSingular": "Atrybut ${data.prohibited} nie jest dobrze obsługiwany przez rolę \"${data.role}\".",
+        "hasRolePlural": "Atrybuty ${data.prohibited} nie są dobrze obsługiwane przez role \"${data.role}\".",
+        "noRoleSingular": "Atrybut ${data.prohibited} nie jest dobrze obsługiwany przez ${data.nodeName} bez poprawnego atrybutu roli.",
+        "noRolePlural": "Atrybuty ${data.prohibited} nie są dobrze obsługiwane przez ${data.nodeName} bez poprawnego atrybutu roli."
+      }
     },
     "aria-required-attr": {
       "pass": "Wszystkie wymagane atrybuty ARIA istnieją.",
@@ -444,10 +497,13 @@
       }
     },
     "aria-required-children": {
-      "pass": "Wymagane dzieci ARIA istnieją.",
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Wymagane dzieci ARIA istnieją."
+      },
       "fail": {
         "singular": "Wymagana rola dziecka ARIA nie istnieje: ${data.values}.",
-        "plural": "Wymagane role dzieci ARIA nie istnieją: ${data.values}."
+        "plural": "Wymagane role dzieci ARIA nie istnieją: ${data.values",
+        "unallowed": "Element ma dzieci, które nie są dozwolone: ${data.values}"
       },
       "incomplete": {
         "singular": "Należy dodać oczekiwaną rolę dziecka ARIA: ${data.values}.",
@@ -473,12 +529,15 @@
     "aria-valid-attr-value": {
       "pass": "Wartości atrybutu ARIA są poprawne.",
       "fail": {
-        "singular": "Niepoprawna wartość atrybutu ARIA: ${data.values}.",
-        "plural": "Niepoprawne wartości atrybutu ARIA: ${data.values}."
+        "singular": "Niepoprawna wartość atrybutu ARIA: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "Niepoprawne wartości atrybutu ARIA: ${data.values}"
       },
       "incomplete": {
-        "noId": "Identyfikator elementu atrybutu ARIA nie istnieje na stronie: ${data.needsReview}.",
-        "ariaCurrent": "Wartość atrybutu ARIA jest niepoprawna i będzie traktowana jako aria-current=true: ${data.needsReview}."
+        "noId": "Identyfikator elementu atrybutu ARIA nie istnieje na stronie: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "noIdShadow": "ID elementu atrybutu ARIA nie istnieje na stronie lub jest potomkiem innego drzewa shadow DOM: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "ariaCurrent": "Wartość atrybutu ARIA jest niepoprawna i będzie traktowana jako \"aria-current=true\": ${data.needsReview}",
+        "idrefs": "Nie można określić, czy atrybut ARIA element ID istnieje na stronie: ${data.needsReview}",
+        "empty": "Wartość atrybutu ARIA jest ignorowana, gdy jest pusty: ${data.needsReview}"
       }
     },
     "aria-valid-attr": {
@@ -488,9 +547,26 @@
         "plural": "Niepoprawne nazwy atrybutów ARIA: ${data.values}."
       }
     },
+    "braille-label-equivalent": {
+      "pass": "Atrybut aria-braillelabel jest użyty w elemencie z dostępnym tekstem.",
+      "fail": "Atrybut aria-braillelabel jest użyty w elemencie, który nie ma dostępnego tekstu.",
+      "incomplete": "Nie można wyliczyć dostępnego tekstu."
+    },
+    "braille-roledescription-equivalent": {
+      "pass": "Atrybut aria-brailleroledescription nie jest używany w elemencie, który nie ma dostępnego tekstu.",
+      "fail": {
+        "noRoleDescription": "Atrybut aria-brailleroledescription jest użyty w elemencie bez atrybutu aria-roledescription.",
+        "emptyRoleDescription": "Atrybut aria-brailleroledescription jest użyty w elemencie z pustym atrybutem aria-roledescription."
+      }
+    },
+    "deprecatedrole": {
+      "pass": "Rola ARIA nie jest przestarzała",
+      "fail": "Użyta rola jest przestarzała: ${data}"
+    },
     "fallbackrole": {
       "pass": "Użyto tylko jednej wartości roli.",
-      "fail": "Użyj tylko jednej wartości roli, ponieważ role rezerwowe nie są obsługiwane w starszych przeglądarkach."
+      "fail": "Użyj tylko jednej wartości roli, ponieważ role rezerwowe nie są obsługiwane w starszych przeglądarkach.",
+      "incomplete": "Używaj tylko roli 'presentation' lub 'none', ponieważ są one synonimami."
     },
     "has-global-aria-attribute": {
       "pass": {
@@ -515,8 +591,8 @@
       "fail": "Element nie przyjmuje fokusu."
     },
     "no-implicit-explicit-label": {
-      "pass": "Nie ma rozbieżności między <label> a dostępną nazwą.",
-      "incomplete": "Sprawdź, czy <label> nie musi być częścią nazwy pola ARIA ${data}."
+      "pass": "Nie ma rozbieżności między label a dostępną nazwą.",
+      "incomplete": "Sprawdź, czy label nie musi być częścią nazwy pola ARIA ${data}."
     },
     "unsupportedrole": {
       "pass": "Rola ARIA jest obsługiwana.",
@@ -526,9 +602,13 @@
       "pass": "Element w porządku otrzymywania fokusu ma poprawną semantykę.",
       "fail": "Element w porządku otrzymywania fokusu ma niepoprawną semantykę."
     },
-    "color-contrast": {
-      "pass": "Element ma wystarczający kontrast kolorów ${data.contrastRatio}.",
-      "fail": "Element ma niewystarczający kontrast kolorów: ${data.contrastRatio} (foreground color: ${data.fgColor}, background color: ${data.bgColor}, font size: ${data.fontSize}, font weight: ${data.fontWeight}). Oczekiwany współczynnik kontrastu:  ${data.expectedContrastRatio}.",
+    "color-contrast-enhanced": {
+      "pass": "Element ma wystarczający kontrast kolorów ${data.contrastRatio}",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "Element ma niewystarczający kontrast kolorów ${data.contrastRatio} (kolor pierwszego planu: ${data.fgColor}, kolor tła: ${data.bgColor}, rozmiar czcionki: ${data.fontSize}, waga czcionki: ${data.fontWeight}). Oczekiwany współczynnik kontrastu: ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "fgOnShadowColor": "Element ma niewystarczający kontrast kolorów ${data.contrastRatio} pomiędzy kolorem pierwszego planu a kolorem cienia tekstu (kolor pierwszego planu: ${data.fgColor}, kolor cienia tekstu: ${data.shadowColor}, rozmiar czcionki: ${data.fontSize}, waga czcionki: ${data.fontWeight}). Oczekiwany współczynnik kontrastu: ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "shadowOnBgColor": "Element ma niewystarczający kontrast kolorów ${data.contrastRatio} pomiędzy kolorem cienia tekstu a kolorem tła (kolor cienia tekstu: ${data.shadowColor}, kolor tła: ${data.bgColor}, rozmiar czcionki: ${data.fontSize}, waga czcionki: ${data.fontWeight}). Oczekiwany współczynnik kontrastu: ${data.expectedContrastRatio}"
+      },
       "incomplete": {
         "default": "Nie można określić współczynnika kontrastu.",
         "bgImage": "Nie można określić koloru tła elementu, ponieważ element ma obraz tła.",
@@ -545,9 +625,16 @@
         "pseudoContent": "Nie można określić koloru tła elementu, ponieważ jest to pseudoelement."
       }
     },
-    "color-contrast-enhanced": {
-      "pass": "Element ma wystarczający kontrast kolorów ${data.contrastRatio}.",
-      "fail": "Element ma niewystarczający kontrast kolorów: ${data.contrastRatio} (foreground color: ${data.fgColor}, background color: ${data.bgColor}, font size: ${data.fontSize}, font weight: ${data.fontWeight}). Oczekiwany współczynnik kontrastu:  ${data.expectedContrastRatio}.",
+    "color-contrast": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Element ma wystarczający kontrast kolorów  ${data.contrastRatio}",
+        "hidden": "Element jest ukryty"
+      },
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "Element ma niewystarczający kontrast kolorów ${data.contrastRatio} (kolor pierwszego planu: ${data.fgColor}, kolor tła: ${data.bgColor}, rozmiar czcionki: ${data.fontSize}, waga czcionki: ${data.fontWeight}). Oczekiwany współczynnik kontrastu: ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "fgOnShadowColor": "Element ma niewystarczający kontrast kolorów ${data.contrastRatio} pomiędzy kolorem pierwszego planu a kolorem cienia tekstu (kolor pierwszego planu: ${data.fgColor}, kolor cienia tekstu: ${data.shadowColor}, rozmiar czcionki: ${data.fontSize}, waga czcionki: ${data.fontWeight}). Oczekiwany współczynnik kontrastu: ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "shadowOnBgColor": "Element ma niewystarczający kontrast kolorów ${data.contrastRatio} pomiędzy kolorem  cienia tekstu a kolorem tła (kolor cienia tekstu: ${data.shadowColor}, kolor tła: ${data.bgColor}, rozmiar czcionki: ${data.fontSize}, waga czcionki: ${data.fontWeight}). Oczekiwany współczynnik kontrastu: ${data.expectedContrastRatio}"
+      },
       "incomplete": {
         "default": "Nie można określić współczynnika kontrastu.",
         "bgImage": "Nie można określić koloru tła elementu, ponieważ element ma obraz tła.",
@@ -564,9 +651,20 @@
         "pseudoContent": "Nie można określić koloru tła elementu, ponieważ jest to pseudoelement."
       }
     },
+    "link-in-text-block-style": {
+      "pass": "Łącza mogą być odróżnione od sąsiadującego tekstu poprzez wizualną stylizację",
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Sprawdź, czy łącze wymaga stylizacji, aby odróżnić je od sąsiadującego tekstu.",
+        "pseudoContent": "Sprawdź, czy pseudostyl łącza jest wystarczający, aby odróżnić je od sąsiadującego tekstu."
+      },
+      "fail": "Łącze nie ma żadnej stylizacji (np. podkreślenia), która odróżniałaby je od sąsiadującego tekstu"
+    },
     "link-in-text-block": {
-      "pass": "Łącza można odróżnić od otaczającego je tekstu w inny sposób niż za pomocą koloru.",
-      "fail": "Łącza muszą być odróżnione od otaczającego je tekstu w inny sposób niż za pomocą koloru.",
+      "pass": "Łącza można odróżnić od sąsiadującego tekstu w inny sposób niż za pomocą koloru.",
+      "fail": {
+        "fgContrast": "Łącze ma niewystarczający kontrast kolorów ${data.contrastRatio}:1 z sąsiadującym tekstem. (Minimalny kontrast to: ${data.requiredContrastRatio}:1, kolor tekstu łącza: ${data.nodeColor}, kolor sąsiadującego tekstu: ${data.parentColor})",
+        "bgContrast": "Tło łącza ma niewystarczający kontrast kolorów ${data.contrastRatio} (Minimalny kontrast to:  ${data.requiredContrastRatio}:1, kolor tła łącza: ${data.nodeBackgroundColor}, sąsiadujący kolor tła: ${data.parentBackgroundColor})"
+      },
       "incomplete": {
         "default": "Nie można określić współczynnika kontrastu.",
         "bgContrast": "Nie można określić współczynnika kontrastu elementu. Sprawdź, czy nie ma odrębnego stylu stanów hover/fokus.",
@@ -577,8 +675,8 @@
       }
     },
     "autocomplete-appropriate": {
-      "pass": "Wartość autocomplete jest odpowiednia dla tego typu pola wejściowego.",
-      "fail": "Wartość autocomplete jest niewłaściwa dla tego typu pola wejściowego."
+      "pass": "Wartość autocomplete jest odpowiednia dla tego typu pola formularza.",
+      "fail": "Wartość autocomplete jest niewłaściwa dla tego typu pola formularza."
     },
     "autocomplete-valid": {
       "pass": "Atrybut autocomplete jest sformatowany poprawnie.",
@@ -594,6 +692,7 @@
     },
     "focusable-disabled": {
       "pass": "W elemencie nie ma elementów przyjmujących fokus.",
+      "incomplete": "Sprawdź, czy elementy, na których można ustawić fokus, natychmiast otrzymują wskaźnik fokusu",
       "fail": "Treść z możliwością ustawiania fokusu powinna być wyłączona lub usunięta z DOM."
     },
     "focusable-element": {
@@ -611,6 +710,7 @@
     },
     "focusable-not-tabbable": {
       "pass": "Nie ma elementów przyjmujących fokus wewnątrz elementu.",
+      "incomplete": "Sprawdź, czy elementy, na których można ustawić fokus, natychmiast otrzymują wskaźnik fokusu",
       "fail": "Treść przyjmująca fokus powinna mieć tabindex=-1 lub być usunięta z DOM."
     },
     "frame-focusable-content": {
@@ -624,7 +724,10 @@
     },
     "no-focusable-content": {
       "pass": "Element nie ma potomków przyjmujących fokus",
-      "fail": "Element ma elementy potomne przyjmujące fokus",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "Element ma elementy potomne przyjmujące fokus",
+        "notHidden": "Użycie ujemnej wartości tabindex  elementu wewnątrz interaktywnej kontrolki nie zapobiega ustawianiu na elemencie fokusu przez technologie wspomagające (nawet z 'aria-hidden=true')"
+      },
       "incomplete": "Nie można ustalić, czy element ma elementy potomne"
     },
     "page-has-heading-one": {
@@ -656,35 +759,35 @@
       "fail": "Element ma atrybut alt zawierający tylko znak spacji, który nie przez wszystkie czytniki ekranu jest ignorowany ."
     },
     "duplicate-img-label": {
-      "pass": "Element nie powiela tekstu istniejącego w atrybucie alt elementu <img>.",
-      "fail": "Element powiela tekst istniejący w atrybucie alt elementu <img>."
+      "pass": "Element nie powiela tekstu istniejącego w atrybucie alt elementu img.",
+      "fail": "Element powiela tekst istniejący w atrybucie alt elementu img."
     },
     "explicit-label": {
-      "pass": "Element formularza ma jawnie określoną <label>.",
-      "fail": "Element formularza nie ma jawnie określonej <label>.",
-      "incomplete": "Nie można określić, czy element formularza ma jawnie określoną <label>."
+      "pass": "Element formularza ma jawnie określoną label.",
+      "fail": "Element formularza nie ma jawnie określonej label.",
+      "incomplete": "Nie można określić, czy element formularza ma jawnie określoną label."
     },
     "help-same-as-label": {
       "pass": "Tekst pomocy (title lub aria-describedby) nie powiela tekstu etykiety.",
       "fail": "Tekst pomocy (title lub aria-describedby) jest taki sam jak tekst etykiety."
     },
     "hidden-explicit-label": {
-      "pass": "Element formularza ma widoczną jednoznaczną <label>.",
-      "fail": "Element formularza ma jednoznaczną <label>, która jest ukryta.",
-      "incomplete": "Nie można określić, czy element formularza ma jednoznaczną ukrytą etykietę (<label>)."
+      "pass": "Element formularza ma widoczną jednoznaczną etykietę label.",
+      "fail": "Element formularza ma jednoznaczną etykietę label, która jest ukryta.",
+      "incomplete": "Nie można określić, czy element formularza ma jawną etykietę (label), gdy jest ukryta."
     },
     "implicit-label": {
-      "pass": "Element formularza ma dorozumianą etykietę (jest owinięty w <label>).",
-      "fail": "Element formularza nie ma dorozumianej etykiety (nie jest owinięty w <label>).",
-      "incomplete": "Nie można określić, czy element formularza ma dorozumianą etykietę (jest owinięty w <label>)."
+      "pass": "Element formularza ma dorozumianą etykietę (jest owinięty w label).",
+      "fail": "Element formularza nie ma dorozumianej etykiety (nie jest owinięty w label).",
+      "incomplete": "Nie można określić, czy element formularza ma dorozumianą etykietę (jest owinięty w label)."
     },
     "label-content-name-mismatch": {
       "pass": "Widoczny tekst elementu jest częścią dostępnej nazwy elementu.",
-      "fail": "Tekst wewnątrz elementu nie jest częścią dostępnej nazwy."
+      "fail": "Widoczny tekst wewnątrz elementu nie jest częścią dostępnej nazwy."
     },
     "multiple-label": {
-      "pass": "Pole formularza nie ma wielu <label>.",
-      "incomplete": "Technologie wspomagające nie obsługują wystarczająco dobrze wielu elementów <label>. Upewnij się, że pierwsza etykieta zawiera wszystkie niezbędne informacje."
+      "pass": "Pole formularza nie ma wielu label.",
+      "incomplete": "Technologie wspomagające nie obsługują wystarczająco dobrze wielu elementów label. Upewnij się, że pierwsza etykieta zawiera wszystkie niezbędne informacje."
     },
     "title-only": {
       "pass": "Element formularza nie używa wyłącznie atrybutu title jako swojej etykiety.",
@@ -702,7 +805,7 @@
       }
     },
     "valid-lang": {
-      "pass": "Wartość atrybutu lang znajduje się na liście poprawnych kodów języków.",
+      "pass": "Wartość atrybutu lang jest na liście poprawnych kodów języków.",
       "fail": "Wartości atrybutu lang nie ma na liście poprawnych kodów języków."
     },
     "xml-lang-mismatch": {
@@ -710,30 +813,27 @@
       "fail": "Atrybuty lang i xml:lang nie mają tego samego języka podstawowego."
     },
     "dlitem": {
-      "pass": "Element listy opisowej ma element nadrzędny <dl>.",
-      "fail": "Pozycja listy opisowej nie ma elementu nadrzędnego <dl>."
+      "pass": "Element listy opisowej ma element nadrzędny dl.",
+      "fail": "Pozycja listy opisowej nie ma elementu nadrzędnego dl."
     },
     "listitem": {
-      "pass": "Element listy ma <ul>, <ol> lub role=\"list\" jako bezpośredni element rodzicielski.",
+      "pass": "Element listy ma ul, ol lub role=\"list\" jako bezpośredni element rodzicielski.",
       "fail": {
-        "default": "Element listy nie ma nadrzędnego elementu <ul> lub <ol>.",
-        "roleNotValid": "Element listy nie ma nadrzędnego elementu <ul>, <ol>, ani nadrzędnego elementu z role=\"list\"."
+        "default": "Element listy nie ma nadrzędnego elementu ul lub ol.",
+        "roleNotValid": "Element listy nie ma nadrzędnego elementu ul, ol, ani nadrzędnego elementu z role=\"list\"."
       }
     },
     "only-dlitems": {
-      "pass": "Element <dl>  ma wewnątrz tylko dozwolone jako bezpośrednie elementy potomne (dzieci) elementy <dt> lub <dd> .",
+      "pass": "Element dl ma wewnątrz tylko dozwolone jako bezpośrednie elementy potomne (dzieci) elementy dt lub dd.",
       "fail": "Element listy ma wewnątrz bezpośrednie elementy dzieci, które nie są dozwolone wewnątrz listy opisowej."
     },
     "only-listitems": {
-      "pass": "Element lista ma wewnątrz tylko dozwolone jako bezpośrednie elementy potomne (dzieci) elementy <li>.",
-      "fail": {
-        "default": "Element lista ma niedozwolone bezpośrednie elementy potomne (dzieci), poza elementami <li>.",
-        "roleNotValid": "Element lista ma bezpośrednie elementy potomne (dzieci) z rolą, która nie jest dozwolona: ${data.role}."
-      }
+      "pass": "Element lista ma wewnątrz tylko dozwolone jako bezpośrednie elementy potomne (dzieci) elementy li.",
+      "fail": "Element listy ma bezpośrednie elementy potomne, które nie są dozwolone: ${data.values}"
     },
     "structured-dlitems": {
-      "pass": "Gdy elemet <dl> nie jest pusty,  ma zarówno elementy <dt>, jak i <dd>.",
-      "fail": "Element nie jest pusty, ale nie ma co najmniej jednego elementu <dt>, po którym następuje co najmniej jeden element <dd>."
+      "pass": "Gdy elemet dl nie jest pusty, ma zarówno elementy dt, jak i dd.",
+      "fail": "Element nie jest pusty, ale nie ma co najmniej jednego elementu dt, po którym następuje co najmniej jeden element dd."
     },
     "caption": {
       "pass": "Element multimedialny ma ścieżkę z napisami rozszerzonymi.",
@@ -762,13 +862,38 @@
       "pass": "Znacznik <meta> nie wyłącza powiększania na urządzeniach przenośnych.",
       "fail": "${data} w znaczniku <meta> wyłącza powiększanie na urządzeniach przenośnych."
     },
+    "target-offset": {
+      "pass": "Cel ma wystarczające odsunięcie od swojego najbliższego sąsiada: (${data.closestOffset}px, które powinno wynosić co najmniej ${data.minOffset}px)",
+      "fail": "Cel ma niewystarczające odsunięcie od najbliższego sąsiada: (${data.closestOffset}px, które powinno wynosić co najmniej ${data.minOffset}px)",
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Element z ujemnym tabindeksem ma niewystarczające odsunięcie od najbliższego sąsiada: (${data.closestOffset}px, które powinno wynosić co najmniej${data.minOffset}px). Czy to jest cel?",
+        "nonTabbableNeighbor": "Cel ma niewystarczające odsunięcie od sąsiada z ujemnym tabindeksem: (${data.closestOffset}px, które powinno wynosić co najmniej ${data.minOffset}px). Czy sąsiad jest celem?"
+      }
+    },
+    "target-size": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Kontrolka ma wystarczający rozmiar (${data.width}px na ${data.height}px, który powinnien wynosić co najmniej ${data.minSize}px na ${data.minSize}px)",
+        "obscured": "Kontrolka jest ignorowana, ponieważ jest całkowicie zasłonięta i nie można jej kliknąć."
+      },
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "Cel ma niewystarczający rozmiar (${data.width}px na ${data.height}px, który powinnien wynosić co najmniej ${data.minSize}px na ${data.minSize}px)",
+        "partiallyObscured": "Cel ma niewystarczający rozmiar, ponieważ jest częściowo przesłonięty (najmniejsza przestrzeń to ${data.width}px na ${data.height}px, powinna wynosić ${data.minSize}px na ${data.minSize}px)"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "Element z ujemnym tabindex ma niewystarczający rozmiar (${data.width}px na ${data.height}px, powinnien wynosić co najmniej ${data.minSize}px na ${data.minSize}px). Czy to jest cel?",
+        "contentOverflow": "Rozmiar elementu nie mógł być dokładnie określony z powodu przepełnienia zawartości",
+        "partiallyObscured": "Element z ujemnym tabindex ma niewystarczający rozmiar, ponieważ jest częściowo przesłonięty (najmniejsza przestrzeń to ${data.width}px na ${data.height}px, powinna wynosić co najmniej ${data.minSize}px na ${data.minSize}px). Czy to jest cel?",
+        "partiallyObscuredNonTabbable": "Cel ma niewystarczający rozmiar, ponieważ jest częściowo przesłonięty przez sąsiada o ujemnym tabindeksie (najmniejsza przestrzeń to ${data.width}px na ${data.height}px, powinna wynosić co najmniej ${data.minSize}px na ${data.minSize}px). Czy sąsiad jest celem?"
+      }
+    },
     "header-present": {
       "pass": "Strona ma nagłówek.",
       "fail": "Strona nie ma nagłówka."
     },
     "heading-order": {
       "pass": "Kolejność nagłówków jest poprawna.",
-      "fail": "Kolejność nagłówków jest niepoprawna."
+      "fail": "Kolejność nagłówków jest niepoprawna.",
+      "incomplete": "Nie można określić poprzedniego nagłówka"
     },
     "identical-links-same-purpose": {
       "pass": "Nie ma żadnych innych łączy o tej samej nazwie, które kierują na inny adres URL.",
@@ -782,13 +907,18 @@
       "pass": "Strona ma punkt orientacyjny (obszar kluczowy).",
       "fail": "Strona nie ma żadnego punktu orientacyjnego (obszaru kluczowego)."
     },
+    "meta-refresh-no-exceptions": {
+      "pass": "Znacznik <meta> nie powoduje natychmiastowego odświeżenia strony",
+      "fail": "Znacznik <meta> tag wymusza czasowe odświeżenie strony"
+    },
     "meta-refresh": {
       "pass": "Znacznik <meta> nie odświeża od razu strony.",
       "fail": "Znacznik <meta> wymusza odświeżenie strony."
     },
     "p-as-heading": {
       "pass": "Elementy <p> nie są stylizowane na nagłówki.",
-      "fail": "Zamiast stylizowanych na nagłówki elementów p muszą być używane nagłówki semantyczne."
+      "fail": "Zamiast stylizowanych na nagłówki elementów <p> muszą być użyte nagłówki semantyczne.",
+      "incomplete": "Nie można określić, czy elementy <p> są stylizowane na nagłówki"
     },
     "region": {
       "pass": "Cała treść strony jest zawarta w obszarach kluczowych.",
@@ -825,16 +955,16 @@
       "incomplete": "Spowoduj, aby istniał element, do którego istnieje odwołanie w atrybucie aria-labelldeby."
     },
     "avoid-inline-spacing": {
-      "pass": "Nie określono żadnych stylów inline z '!important', które wpływają na odstępy w tekście.",
+      "pass": "Nie określono żadnych stylów wewnętrznych (inline) z '!important', które wpływają na odstępy w tekście.",
       "fail": {
         "singular": "Usuń dyrektywę '!important' ze stylu inline ${data.values}, ponieważ nadpisywanie tego nie jest obsługiwane przez większość przeglądarek.",
         "plural": "Usuń dyrektywy '!important' ze stylów inline ${data.values}, ponieważ nadpisywanie tego nie jest obsługiwane przez większość przeglądarek."
       }
     },
     "button-has-visible-text": {
-      "pass": "Element ma tekst wewnętrzny  widoczny dla czytników ekranu.",
+      "pass": "Element ma tekst wewnętrzny widoczny dla czytników ekranu.",
       "fail": "Element nie ma wewnętrznego tekstu, który jest widoczny dla czytników ekranu.",
-      "incomplete": "Nie można określić, czy element ma elementy dzieci."
+      "incomplete": "Nie można określić, czy element ma elementy potomne."
     },
     "doc-has-title": {
       "pass": "Dokument ma niepusty element <title>.",
@@ -853,6 +983,18 @@
       "fail": "Element nie ma tekstu, który jest widoczny dla czytników ekranu.",
       "incomplete": "Nie można określić, czy element ma elementy dzieci."
     },
+    "important-letter-spacing": {
+      "pass": "Odstępy między literami (letter-spacing) w atrybucie style nie są ustawione na !important lub spełniają minimum",
+      "fail": "Odstępy między literami w atrybucie style nie mogą używać !important lub muszą mieć ${data.minValue}em (aktualnie: ${data.value}em)"
+    },
+    "important-line-height": {
+      "pass": "Właściwość line-height w atrybucie style nie jest ustawiona na !important lub spełnia minimum.",
+      "fail": "Właściwość line-height w atrybucie style nie może używać !important lub musi mieć ${data.minValue}em (aktualnie: ${data.value}em)."
+    },
+    "important-word-spacing": {
+      "pass": "Odstępy miedzy wyrazami (word-spacing) w atrybucie style nie są ustawione na !important lub spełniają minimum",
+      "fail": "Odstępy miedzy wyrazami (word-spacing) w atrybucie style nie mogą używać !important lub muszą mieć ${data.minValue}em (aktualnie: ${data.value}em)"
+    },
     "is-on-screen": {
       "pass": "Element nie jest widoczny.",
       "fail": "Element jest widoczny."
@@ -898,7 +1040,8 @@
         "default": "Domyślna semantyka elementu nie została nadpisana przez role=\"none\" ani role=\"presentation\".",
         "globalAria": "Rola elementu nie jest prezentacyjna, ponieważ ma on ogólny atrybut ARIA.",
         "focusable": "Rola elementu nie jest prezentacyjna, ponieważ może on przyjmować fokus.",
-        "both": "Rola elementu nie jest prezentacyjna, ponieważ ma on ogólny atrybut ARIA i może przyjmować fokus."
+        "both": "Rola elementu nie jest prezentacyjna, ponieważ ma on ogólny atrybut ARIA i może przyjmować fokus.",
+        "iframe": "Użycie atrybutu \"title\" na elemencie ${data.nodeName} z rolą prezentacyjną zachowuje się niespójnie pomiędzy czytnikami ekranu."
       }
     },
     "role-none": {
@@ -913,7 +1056,7 @@
       "pass": "Element ma dziecko, które jest tytułem.",
       "fail": {
         "noTitle": "Element nie ma dziecka, które jest tytułem.",
-        "emptyTitle": "Tytuł elementu dziecka jest pusty."
+        "emptyTitle": "Element title dziecka jest pusty."
       },
       "incomplete": "Nie można ustalić, czy element ma dziecko, które jest tytułem."
     },
@@ -927,7 +1070,8 @@
     },
     "same-caption-summary": {
       "pass": "Treści atrybutu summary i elementu <caption> nie są powielane.",
-      "fail": "Treści atrybutu summary i elementu <caption> są identyczne."
+      "fail": "Treści atrybutu summary i elementu <caption> są identyczne.",
+      "incomplete": "Nie można określić, czy element <table> ma caption"
     },
     "scope-value": {
       "pass": "Atrybut scope ma poprawną wartość.",
diff --git a/locales/pt_BR.json b/locales/pt_BR.json
index 31b6f1dc3..404d5ab29 100644
--- a/locales/pt_BR.json
+++ b/locales/pt_BR.json
@@ -444,7 +444,9 @@
       }
     },
     "aria-required-children": {
-      "pass": "Os ARIA filhos necessários estão presentes",
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "Os ARIA filhos necessários estão presentes"
+      },
       "fail": {
         "singular": "Função ARIA filha necessária ausente: ${data.values}",
         "plural": "Funções ARIA filhas necessárias ausentes: ${data.values}"
diff --git a/locales/zh_CN.json b/locales/zh_CN.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ef5e6876d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/locales/zh_CN.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1116 @@
+{
+  "lang": "zh_CN",
+  "rules": {
+    "accesskeys": {
+      "description": "确保每个 accesskey 属性值都是唯一的",
+      "help": "accesskey 属性值应当唯一"
+    },
+    "area-alt": {
+      "description": "确保图像映射中的 <area> 元素有替代文本",
+      "help": "<area> 元素必须有替代文本"
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-attr": {
+      "description": "确保元素的角色支持其 ARIA 属性",
+      "help": "元素仅能使用受支持的 ARIA 属性"
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-role": {
+      "description": "确保 role 属性值符合所属元素",
+      "help": "ARIA 角色应该符合元素"
+    },
+    "aria-braille-equivalent": {
+      "description": "确保 aria-braillelabel 和 aria-brailleroledescription 有对应的非盲文的标签和描述",
+      "help": "aria-braille 相关属性必须有非盲文的对应属性"
+    },
+    "aria-command-name": {
+      "description": "确保每个 ARIA 按钮、链接和菜单项都有可访问名称",
+      "help": "ARIA 指令必须有一个可访问名称"
+    },
+    "aria-conditional-attr": {
+      "description": "确保 ARIA 属性的使用符合所属元素角色的特定规范",
+      "help": "ARIA 属性的使用必须符合元素的特定角色"
+    },
+    "aria-deprecated-role": {
+      "description": "确保页面元素不使用已弃用的角色",
+      "help": "不得使用已弃用的 ARIA 角色"
+    },
+    "aria-dialog-name": {
+      "description": "确保每个 ARIA 对话框和警示框节点都有可访问的名称",
+      "help": "ARIA 对话框和警示框节点应当有可访问的名称"
+    },
+    "aria-hidden-body": {
+      "description": "确保 <body> 不存在 aria-hidden=\"true\"",
+      "help": "<body> 上不得存在 aria-hidden=\"true\""
+    },
+    "aria-hidden-focus": {
+      "description": "确保设置为 ARIA 隐藏的元素不可聚焦，且不包含可聚焦的元素",
+      "help": "被设定为 ARIA 隐藏的元素不可聚焦，且不包含可聚焦的元素"
+    },
+    "aria-input-field-name": {
+      "description": "确保每个 ARIA 输入字段都有可访问的名称",
+      "help": "ARIA 输入字段必须有可访问的名称"
+    },
+    "aria-meter-name": {
+      "description": "确保每个 ARIA 计量器节点都有可访问的名称",
+      "help": "ARIA 计量器节点必须有可访问的名称"
+    },
+    "aria-progressbar-name": {
+      "description": "确保每个 ARIA 进度条节点都有可访问的名称",
+      "help": "ARIA 进度条节点必须有可访问的名称"
+    },
+    "aria-prohibited-attr": {
+      "description": "确保 ARIA 属性没有被禁止用于某元素的角色",
+      "help": "元素只能使用允许的 ARIA 属性"
+    },
+    "aria-required-attr": {
+      "description": "确保拥有 ARIA 角色的元素包含了所有必需的 ARIA 属性",
+      "help": "必须提供必需的 ARIA 属性"
+    },
+    "aria-required-children": {
+      "description": "如果元素的ARIA角色需要子角色，确保该元素包含这些子元素",
+      "help": "某些 ARIA 角色必须包含特定的子元素"
+    },
+    "aria-required-parent": {
+      "description": "如果元素的ARIA角色需要父角色，确保该元素被这些父元素包含",
+      "help": "某些 ARIA 角色必须被特定的父元素包含"
+    },
+    "aria-roledescription": {
+      "description": "确保 aria-roledescription 仅用于有隐式或显式角色的元素",
+      "help": "aria-roledescription 必须用于有语义角色的元素"
+    },
+    "aria-roles": {
+      "description": "确保所有元素包含的 role 属性值都是有效的",
+      "help": "使用的 ARIA 角色属性值必须有效"
+    },
+    "aria-text": {
+      "description": "确保使用 role=\"text\" 的元素没有任何可聚焦后代",
+      "help": "\"role=text\" 应该没有任何可聚焦的后代"
+    },
+    "aria-toggle-field-name": {
+      "description": "确保每个 ARIA 切换字段都有可访问的名称",
+      "help": "ARIA 切换字段必须有可访问名称"
+    },
+    "aria-tooltip-name": {
+      "description": "确保每个 ARIA 工具提示节点都有一个可访问名称",
+      "help": "ARIA 工具提示节点必须有一个可访问名称"
+    },
+    "aria-treeitem-name": {
+      "description": "确保每个 ARIA 树项目节点都有一个可访问名称",
+      "help": "ARIA 树项目节点应有一个可访问名称"
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr-value": {
+      "description": "确保所有 ARIA 属性值都是有效的",
+      "help": "ARIA 属性值必须有效"
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr": {
+      "description": "确保以 aria- 开头的属性是有效的 ARIA 属性",
+      "help": "ARIA 属性名称必须有效"
+    },
+    "audio-caption": {
+      "description": "确保 <audio> 元素有字幕",
+      "help": "<audio> 元素必须有字幕轨道"
+    },
+    "autocomplete-valid": {
+      "description": "确保 autocomplete 属性正确且适合表单字段",
+      "help": "autocomplete 属性必须正确使用"
+    },
+    "avoid-inline-spacing": {
+      "description": "确保通过样式属性设置的文本间距可以通过自定义样式表进行调整",
+      "help": "内联文本间距必须能够通过自定义样式表调整"
+    },
+    "blink": {
+      "description": "确保不使用 <blink> 元素",
+      "help": "<blink> 元素已被弃用，不得使用"
+    },
+    "button-name": {
+      "description": "确保按钮有可辨识的文本",
+      "help": "按钮必须有可辨识的文本"
+    },
+    "bypass": {
+      "description": "确保每个页面至少有一种机制，使用户能够绕过导航直接跳转到内容",
+      "help": "页面必须有方法绕过重复的部分"
+    },
+    "color-contrast-enhanced": {
+      "description": "确保前景色与背景色之间的对比度满足 WCAG 2 AAA 增强对比度比率阈值",
+      "help": "元素必须满足增强的颜色对比度比率阈值"
+    },
+    "color-contrast": {
+      "description": "确保前景色与背景色之间的对比度满足 WCAG 2 AA 最小对比度比率阈值",
+      "help": "元素必须满足最小颜色对比度比率阈值"
+    },
+    "css-orientation-lock": {
+      "description": "确保内容不锁定于任何特定显示方向，并且在所有显示方向下都可操作",
+      "help": "CSS 媒体查询不得锁定显示方向"
+    },
+    "definition-list": {
+      "description": "确保 <dl> 元素结构正确",
+      "help": "<dl> 元素必须只直接包含按正确顺序排列的 <dt> 和 <dd> 组、<script>、<template> 或 <div> 元素"
+    },
+    "dlitem": {
+      "description": "确保 <dt> 和 <dd> 元素被 <dl> 包含",
+      "help": "<dt> 和 <dd> 元素必须被 <dl> 包含"
+    },
+    "document-title": {
+      "description": "确保每个 HTML 页面包含一个非空的 <title> 元素",
+      "help": "页面必须有 <title> 元素以帮助导航"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-active": {
+      "description": "确保激活元素的每个 id 属性值是唯一的",
+      "help": "激活元素的 ID 必须唯一"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-aria": {
+      "description": "确保在 ARIA 和标签中使用的每个 id 属性值是唯一的",
+      "help": "在 ARIA 和标签中使用的 ID 必须唯一"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id": {
+      "description": "确保每个 id 属性值是唯一的",
+      "help": "id 属性值必须是唯一的"
+    },
+    "empty-heading": {
+      "description": "确保标题有可辨识的文本",
+      "help": "标题不应该为空"
+    },
+    "empty-table-header": {
+      "description": "确保表格标题有可辨识的文本",
+      "help": "表格标题文本不应该为空"
+    },
+    "focus-order-semantics": {
+      "description": "确保焦点顺序中的元素有适合交互内容的角色",
+      "help": "焦点顺序中的元素应该有适当的角色"
+    },
+    "form-field-multiple-labels": {
+      "description": "确保表单字段没有多个标签元素",
+      "help": "表单字段不得有多个标签元素"
+    },
+    "frame-focusable-content": {
+      "description": "确保有可聚焦内容的 <frame> 和 <iframe> 元素没有设置 tabindex=-1",
+      "help": "有可聚焦内容的框架不得设置 tabindex=-1"
+    },
+    "frame-tested": {
+      "description": "确保 <iframe> 和 <frame> 元素包含 axe-core 脚本",
+      "help": "框架应该使用 axe-core 进行测试"
+    },
+    "frame-title-unique": {
+      "description": "确保 <iframe> 和 <frame> 元素包含唯一的 title 属性",
+      "help": "框架必须有一个唯一的 title 属性"
+    },
+    "frame-title": {
+      "description": "确保 <iframe> 和 <frame> 元素有可访问名称",
+      "help": "框架必须有可访问名称"
+    },
+    "heading-order": {
+      "description": "确保标题的顺序在语义上是正确的",
+      "help": "标题级别只应递增一"
+    },
+    "hidden-content": {
+      "description": "向用户通报隐藏内容",
+      "help": "页面上的隐藏内容应该被分析"
+    },
+    "html-has-lang": {
+      "description": "确保每个 HTML 页面有 lang 属性",
+      "help": "<html> 元素必须有一个 lang 属性"
+    },
+    "html-lang-valid": {
+      "description": "确保 <html> 元素的 lang 属性包含有效值",
+      "help": "<html> 元素的 lang 属性必须有一个有效值"
+    },
+    "html-xml-lang-mismatch": {
+      "description": "确保包含有效的 lang 和 xml:lang 属性的 HTML 元素在页面的基础语言上一致",
+      "help": "有 lang 和 xml:lang 属性的 HTML 元素必须有相同的基础语言"
+    },
+    "identical-links-same-purpose": {
+      "description": "确保有相同可访问名称的链接服务于类似的目的",
+      "help": "有相同名称的链接必须有相似的目的"
+    },
+    "image-alt": {
+      "description": "确保 <img> 元素有替代文本或 role 属性为 \"none\" 或 \"presentation\"",
+      "help": "图像必须有替代文本"
+    },
+    "image-redundant-alt": {
+      "description": "确保图像的替代文本不会作为文本重复",
+      "help": "图像的替代文本不应作为文本重复"
+    },
+    "input-button-name": {
+      "description": "确保输入按钮有可辨识的文本",
+      "help": "输入按钮必须有可辨识的文本"
+    },
+    "input-image-alt": {
+      "description": "确保 <input type=\"image\"> 元素有替代文本",
+      "help": "图像按钮必须有替代文本"
+    },
+    "label-content-name-mismatch": {
+      "description": "确保通过其内容标记的元素必须将其可见文本作为其可访问名称的一部分",
+      "help": "元素必须将其可见文本作为其可访问名称的一部分"
+    },
+    "label-title-only": {
+      "description": "确保每个表单元素都有一个可见的标签，并且不仅仅是使用隐藏的标签或 title 或 aria-describedby 属性来标记",
+      "help": "表单元素应该有一个可见的标签"
+    },
+    "label": {
+      "description": "确保每个表单元素都有标签",
+      "help": "表单元素必须有标签"
+    },
+    "landmark-banner-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "确保 banner landmark 位于顶层",
+      "help": "Banner landmark 不应该包含在另一个landmark中"
+    },
+    "landmark-complementary-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "确保 complementary landmark 或 aside 位于顶层",
+      "help": "Aside 不应该包含在另一个 landmark 中"
+    },
+    "landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "确保 contentinfo landmark 位于顶层",
+      "help": "Contentinfo landmark 不应该包含在另一个 landmark 中"
+    },
+    "landmark-main-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "确保主要 landmark 位于顶层",
+      "help": "主要 landmark 不应该包含在另一个 landmark 中"
+    },
+    "landmark-no-duplicate-banner": {
+      "description": "确保页面最多只有一个 banner landmark",
+      "help": "页面不应有多于一个 banner landmark"
+    },
+    "landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo": {
+      "description": "确保页面最多有一个 contentinfo landmark",
+      "help": "页面不应有多于一个 contentinfo landmark"
+    },
+    "landmark-no-duplicate-main": {
+      "description": "确保页面最多有一个主要 landmark",
+      "help": "页面不应有多于一个主要 landmark"
+    },
+    "landmark-one-main": {
+      "description": "确保页面有一个主要 landmark",
+      "help": "页面应有一个主要 landmark"
+    },
+    "landmark-unique": {
+      "help": "确保 landmark 是唯一的",
+      "description": "landmark 应有唯一的角色或角色/标签/标题（即可访问名称）组合"
+    },
+    "link-in-text-block": {
+      "description": "确保链接以不依赖颜色的方式与周围文本区分开",
+      "help": "链接必须能够不依赖颜色而被区分"
+    },
+    "link-name": {
+      "description": "确保链接有可辨识的文本",
+      "help": "链接必须有可辨识的文本"
+    },
+    "list": {
+      "description": "确保列表结构正确",
+      "help": "<ul> 和 <ol> 只能直接包含 <li>、<script> 或 <template> 元素"
+    },
+    "listitem": {
+      "description": "确保 <li> 元素的使用有语义性",
+      "help": "<li> 元素必须包含在 <ul> 或 <ol> 中"
+    },
+    "marquee": {
+      "description": "确保不使用 <marquee> 元素",
+      "help": "<marquee> 元素已被弃用，不得使用"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh-no-exceptions": {
+      "description": "确保不使用 <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> 进行延迟刷新",
+      "help": "不得使用延迟刷新"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh": {
+      "description": "确保不使用 <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> 进行少于20小时的延迟刷新",
+      "help": "不得使用少于20小时的延迟刷新"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport-large": {
+      "description": "确保 <meta name=\"viewport\"> 可以足够缩放",
+      "help": "用户应能够将文本缩放至 500%"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport": {
+      "description": "确保 <meta name=\"viewport\"> 未禁用文本缩放",
+      "help": "不得禁用缩放"
+    },
+    "nested-interactive": {
+      "description": "确保交互控件不被嵌套，因为它们不总是被屏幕阅读器宣布，或可能导致辅助技术的焦点问题",
+      "help": "交互控件不得嵌套"
+    },
+    "no-autoplay-audio": {
+      "description": "确保 <video> 或 <audio> 元素不在没有停止或静音控制机制的情况下自动播放超过 3 秒的音频",
+      "help": "<video> 或 <audio> 元素不得自动播放"
+    },
+    "object-alt": {
+      "description": "确保 <object> 元素有替代文本",
+      "help": "<object> 元素必须有替代文本"
+    },
+    "p-as-heading": {
+      "description": "确保不使用加粗、斜体文本和字体大小来将 <p> 元素样式化为标题",
+      "help": "样式化的 <p> 元素不得作为标题"
+    },
+    "page-has-heading-one": {
+      "description": "确保页面或至少其中一个框架包含一个一级标题",
+      "help": "页面应包含一个一级标题"
+    },
+    "presentation-role-conflict": {
+      "description": "标记为展示目的的元素不应有全局 ARIA 或 tabindex 属性，以确保所有屏幕阅读器忽略它们",
+      "help": "确保标记为展示目的的元素始终被忽略"
+    },
+    "region": {
+      "description": "确保所有页面内容都包含在 landmark 中",
+      "help": "所有页面内容应包含在 landmark 中"
+    },
+    "role-img-alt": {
+      "description": "确保 [role=\"img\"] 元素有替代文本",
+      "help": "[role=\"img\"] 元素必须有一个替代文本"
+    },
+    "scope-attr-valid": {
+      "description": "确保表格中正确使用 scope 属性",
+      "help": "scope 属性应正确使用"
+    },
+    "scrollable-region-focusable": {
+      "description": "确保有滚动内容的元素可以通过键盘访问",
+      "help": "可滚动区域必须可以键盘访问"
+    },
+    "select-name": {
+      "description": "确保 select 元素有一个可访问的名称",
+      "help": "select 元素必须有一个可访问的名称"
+    },
+    "server-side-image-map": {
+      "description": "确保不使用服务器端图像映射",
+      "help": "不得使用服务器端图像映射"
+    },
+    "skip-link": {
+      "description": "确保所有跳过链接有一个可聚焦的目标",
+      "help": "跳过链接的目标应存在且可聚焦"
+    },
+    "svg-img-alt": {
+      "description": "确保有 img、graphics-document 或 graphics-symbol 角色的 <svg> 元素有可访问文本",
+      "help": "有 img 角色的 <svg> 元素必须有一个替代文本"
+    },
+    "tabindex": {
+      "description": "确保 tabindex 属性值不大于0",
+      "help": "元素的 tabindex 不应大于零"
+    },
+    "table-duplicate-name": {
+      "description": "确保 <caption> 元素不包含与 summary 属性相同的文本",
+      "help": "表格的 summary 和 caption 不应相同"
+    },
+    "table-fake-caption": {
+      "description": "确保带有标题的表格使用 <caption> 元素",
+      "help": "数据单元格或标题单元格不得用于为数据表提供标题"
+    },
+    "target-size": {
+      "description": "确保触摸目标有足够的大小和空间",
+      "help": "所有触摸目标的大小必须为 24px，或留出足够的空间"
+    },
+    "td-has-header": {
+      "description": "确保大于 3 x 3 的 <table> 中每个非空数据单元格都有一个或多个表头",
+      "help": "较大 <table> 中的非空 <td> 元素必须有关联的表头"
+    },
+    "td-headers-attr": {
+      "description": "确保使用 headers 属性的表格中的每个单元格仅引用该表中的其他单元格",
+      "help": "使用 headers 属性的表格单元格必须仅引用同一表中的单元格"
+    },
+    "th-has-data-cells": {
+      "description": "确保 <th> 元素和有 role=columnheader/rowheader 角色的元素描述了它们所描述的数据单元格",
+      "help": "数据表中的表头必须引用数据单元格"
+    },
+    "valid-lang": {
+      "description": "确保 lang 属性值有效",
+      "help": "lang 属性值必须有效"
+    },
+    "video-caption": {
+      "description": "确保 <video> 元素有字幕",
+      "help": "<video> 元素必须有字幕"
+    }
+  },
+  "checks": {
+    "abstractrole": {
+      "pass": "未使用抽象角色",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "抽象角色不能直接使用：${data.values}",
+        "plural": "抽象角色不能直接使用：${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-attr": {
+      "pass": "所定义的角色使用的 ARIA 属性都是正确的",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "不允许使用 ARIA 属性: ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "不允许使用 ARIA 属性: ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": "检查如果忽略该元素的 ARIA 属性，会不会出现问题: ${data.values}"
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-role": {
+      "pass": "给定元素允许 ARIA 角色",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "给定元素不允许 ARIA 角色 ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "给定元素不允许 ARIA 角色 ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "singular": "当元素可见时，必须删除 ARIA 角色 ${data.values}，因为该元素不允许该角色",
+        "plural": "当元素可见时，必须删除 ARIA 角色 ${data.values}，因为该元素不允许这些角色"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-busy": {
+      "pass": "元素有 aria-busy 属性",
+      "fail": "元素在显示加载时使用 aria-busy=\"true\""
+    },
+    "aria-conditional-attr": {
+      "pass": "允许使用 ARIA 属性",
+      "fail": {
+        "checkbox": "删除 aria-checked 属性，或将其设置为\"${data.checkState}\"以匹配真实复选框状态",
+        "rowSingular": "树形表格的行 treegrid rows 支持此属性，但 ${data.ownerRole} 不支持：${data.invalidAttrs}",
+        "rowPlural": "树形表格的行 treegrid rows 支持此属性，但 ${data.ownerRole} 不支持：${data.invalidAttrs}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-errormessage": {
+      "pass": "aria-errormessage 存在，并引用了对于使用支持的 aria-errormessage 技术的屏幕阅读器可见的元素",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "aria-errormessage 值 `${data.values}` 必须使用一种方法来通知消息（例如：aria-live、aria-describedby、role=alert 等）",
+        "plural": "aria-errormessage 值 `${data.values}` 必须使用一种方法来通知消息（例如：aria-live、aria-describedby、role=alert 等）",
+        "hidden": "aria-errormessage 值 `${data.values}` 无法引用隐藏元素"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "singular": "确保 aria-errormessage 值 `${data.values}` 引用了现有元素",
+        "plural": "确保 aria-errormessage 值 `${data.values}` 引用了现有元素",
+        "idrefs": "无法确定页面上是否存在 aria-errormessage 元素：${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-hidden-body": {
+      "pass": "<body> 不存在 aria-hidden 属性",
+      "fail": "<body> 不应该存在 aria-hidden=true"
+    },
+    "aria-level": {
+      "pass": "aria-level 值是有效的",
+      "incomplete": "部分屏幕阅读器和浏览器组合不支持大于 6 的 aria-level 值"
+    },
+    "aria-prohibited-attr": {
+      "pass": "允许使用 ARIA 属性",
+      "fail": {
+        "hasRolePlural": "${data.prohibited} 属性不能与角色 \"${data.role}\" 一起使用",
+        "hasRoleSingular": "${data.prohibited} 属性不能与角色\"${data.role}\" 一起使用",
+        "noRolePlural": "${data.prohibited} 属性不能在没有有效 role 属性的 ${data.nodeName} 上使用",
+        "noRoleSingular": "${data.prohibited 属性不能在没有有效 role 属性的 ${data.nodeName} 上使用"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "hasRoleSingular": "角色 \"${data.role}\" 无法良好支持 ${data.prohibited} 属性",
+        "hasRolePlural": "角色 \"${data.role}\" 无法良好支持 ${data.prohibited} 属性",
+        "noRoleSingular": "没有有效 role 属性的 ${data.nodeName} 无法良好支持 ${data.prohibited} 属性",
+        "noRolePlural": "没有有效 role 属性的 ${data.nodeName} 无法良好支持 ${data.prohibited} 属性"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-required-attr": {
+      "pass": "所有必需的 ARIA 属性都已存在",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "缺少必需的 ARIA 属性：${data.values}",
+        "plural": "缺少必需的 ARIA 属性：${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-required-children": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "子元素需要 ARIA 角色",
+        "aria-busy": "元素有 aria-busy 属性，因此可以省略必需的子元素"
+      },
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "子元素缺少必需的 ARIA 角色：${data.values}",
+        "plural": "子元素缺少必需的 ARIA 角色：${data.values}",
+        "unallowed": "元素有不允许的子元素：${data.values}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "singular": "子元素期望添加 ARIA 角色：${data.values}",
+        "plural": "子元素期望添加 ARIA 角色：${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-required-parent": {
+      "pass": "父元素需要存在 ARIA 角色",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "父元素缺少必需的 ARIA 角色：${data.values}",
+        "plural": "父元素缺少必需的 ARIA 角色：${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-roledescription": {
+      "pass": "在支持的语义角色上使用了 aria-roledescription",
+      "incomplete": "检查 aria-roledescription 是否被支持的屏幕阅读器宣布",
+      "fail": "给元素赋予一个支持 'aria-roledescription' 的角色"
+    },
+    "aria-unsupported-attr": {
+      "pass": "ARIA 属性受支持",
+      "fail": "ARIA 属性在屏幕阅读器和辅助技术中不受广泛支持：${data.values}"
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr-value": {
+      "pass": "ARIA 属性值有效",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "无效的 ARIA 属性值：${data.values}",
+        "plural": "无效的 ARIA 属性值：${data.values}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "noId": "页面上不存在 ARIA 属性元素 ID：${data.needsReview}",
+        "noIdShadow": "ARIA 属性元素 ID 在页面上不存在或属于不同影子 DOM 树的后代：${data.needsReview}",
+        "ariaCurrent": "ARIA 属性值无效，将被视为 \"aria-current=true\"：${data.needsReview}",
+        "idrefs": "无法确定页面上是否存在 ARIA 属性元素 ID：${data.needsReview}",
+        "empty": "ARIA 属性值为空时被忽略：${data.needsReview}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr": {
+      "pass": "ARIA 属性名称有效",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "无效的 ARIA 属性名称：${data.values}",
+        "plural": "无效的 ARIA 属性名称：${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "braille-label-equivalent": {
+      "pass": "在有可访问文本的元素上使用了 aria-braillelabel",
+      "fail": "在没有可访问文本的元素上使用了 aria-braillelabel",
+      "incomplete": "无法计算可访问文本"
+    },
+    "braille-roledescription-equivalent": {
+      "pass": "在有 aria-roledescription 的元素上使用了 aria-brailleroledescription",
+      "fail": {
+        "noRoleDescription": "在没有 aria-roledescription 的元素上使用了 aria-brailleroledescription",
+        "emptyRoleDescription": "在有空 aria-roledescription 的元素上使用了 aria-brailleroledescription"
+      }
+    },
+    "deprecatedrole": {
+      "pass": "ARIA 角色未弃用",
+      "fail": "使用的角色已弃用：${data}"
+    },
+    "fallbackrole": {
+      "pass": "只使用一个角色值",
+      "fail": "只使用一个角色值，因为旧版浏览器不支持回退角色",
+      "incomplete": "只使用角色 'presentation' 或 'none'，因为它们是同义词"
+    },
+    "has-global-aria-attribute": {
+      "pass": {
+        "singular": "元素有全局 ARIA 属性：${data.values}",
+        "plural": "元素有全局 ARIA 属性：${data.values}"
+      },
+      "fail": "元素没有全局 ARIA 属性"
+    },
+    "has-widget-role": {
+      "pass": "元素有小部件角色",
+      "fail": "元素没有小部件角色"
+    },
+    "invalidrole": {
+      "pass": "ARIA 角色有效",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "角色必须是有效的 ARIA 角色之一：${data.values}",
+        "plural": "角色必须是有效的 ARIA 角色之一：${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "is-element-focusable": {
+      "pass": "元素可聚焦",
+      "fail": "元素不可聚焦"
+    },
+    "no-implicit-explicit-label": {
+      "pass": "<label> 和可访问名称之间没有不匹配",
+      "incomplete": "检查 <label> 有没有必要成为 ARIA ${data} 字段名称的一部分"
+    },
+    "unsupportedrole": {
+      "pass": "ARIA 角色受支持",
+      "fail": "所使用的角色在屏幕阅读器和辅助技术中不受广泛支持：${data}"
+    },
+    "valid-scrollable-semantics": {
+      "pass": "元素对于焦点顺序中的元素包含有效的语义",
+      "fail": "元素对于焦点顺序中的元素包含无效的语义"
+    },
+    "color-contrast-enhanced": {
+      "pass": "元素有足够的颜色对比度 ${data.contrastRatio}",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "元素的颜色对比度 ${data.contrastRatio} 不足（前景色：${data.fgColor}，背景色：${data.bgColor}，字体大小：${data.fontSize}，字体粗细：${data.fontWeight}）。预期的对比度为 ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "fgOnShadowColor": "元素在前景色和阴影色之间的对比度 ${data.contrastRatio} 不足（前景色：${data.fgColor}，文本阴影颜色：${data.shadowColor}，字体大小：${data.fontSize}，字体粗细：${data.fontWeight}）。预期的对比度为 ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "shadowOnBgColor": "元素在阴影颜色和背景色之间的对比度 ${data.contrastRatio} 不足（文本阴影颜色：${data.shadowColor}，背景色：${data.bgColor}，字体大小：${data.fontSize}，字体粗细：${data.fontWeight}）。预期的对比度为 ${data.expectedContrastRatio}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "无法确定对比度",
+        "bgImage": "由于背景是图像，因此无法确定元素的背景颜色",
+        "bgGradient": "由于背景是渐变，因此无法确定元素的背景颜色",
+        "imgNode": "由于元素包含图像节点，因此无法确定元素的背景颜色",
+        "bgOverlap": "由于元素被另一个元素覆盖，因此无法确定元素的背景颜色",
+        "fgAlpha": "由于存在 Alpha 透明度，因此无法确定元素的前景色",
+        "elmPartiallyObscured": "由于部分被另一个元素遮挡，因此无法确定元素的背景颜色",
+        "elmPartiallyObscuring": "由于部分重叠其他元素，因此无法确定元素的背景颜色",
+        "outsideViewport": "由于超出视窗，因此无法确定元素的背景颜色",
+        "equalRatio": "元素与背景的对比度为 1:1",
+        "shortTextContent": "元素内容过短，无法确定其是否为实际文本内容",
+        "nonBmp": "元素内容仅包含非文本字符",
+        "pseudoContent": "由于存在伪元素，因此无法确定元素的背景颜色"
+      }
+    },
+    "color-contrast": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "元素有足够的颜色对比度 ${data.contrastRatio}",
+        "hidden": "元素被隐藏"
+      },
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "元素的颜色对比度 ${data.contrastRatio} 不足（前景色：${data.fgColor}，背景色：${data.bgColor}，字体大小：${data.fontSize}，字体粗细：${data.fontWeight}）。预期的对比度为 ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "fgOnShadowColor": "元素在前景色和阴影色之间的对比度 ${data.contrastRatio} 不足（前景色：${data.fgColor}，文本阴影颜色：${data.shadowColor}，字体大小：${data.fontSize}，字体粗细：${data.fontWeight}）。预期的对比度为 ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "shadowOnBgColor": "元素在阴影颜色和背景色之间的对比度 ${data.contrastRatio} 不足（文本阴影颜色：${data.shadowColor}，背景色：${data.bgColor}，字体大小：${data.fontSize}，字体粗细：${data.fontWeight}）。预期的对比度为 ${data.expectedContrastRatio}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "无法确定对比度",
+        "bgImage": "由于背景是图像，因此无法确定元素的背景颜色",
+        "bgGradient": "由于背景是渐变，因此无法确定元素的背景颜色",
+        "imgNode": "由于元素包含图像节点，因此无法确定元素的背景颜色",
+        "bgOverlap": "由于元素被另一个元素覆盖，因此无法确定元素的背景颜色",
+        "complexTextShadows": "由于元素使用了复杂的文本阴影，因此无法确定元素的对比度",
+        "fgAlpha": "由于 Alpha 透明度，因此无法确定元素的前景色",
+        "elmPartiallyObscured": "由于部分被另一个元素遮挡，因此无法确定元素的背景颜色",
+        "elmPartiallyObscuring": "由于部分重叠其他元素，因此无法确定元素的背景颜色",
+        "outsideViewport": "由于超出视窗，因此无法确定元素的背景颜色",
+        "equalRatio": "元素与背景的对比度为 1:1",
+        "shortTextContent": "元素内容过短，因此无法确定其是否为实际文本内容",
+        "nonBmp": "元素内容仅包含非文本字符",
+        "pseudoContent": "由于存在伪元素，因此无法确定元素的背景颜色"
+      }
+    },
+    "link-in-text-block-style": {
+      "pass": "可以通过视觉样式将链接与周围文本区分开",
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "检查链接是否需要样式以将其与附近的文本区分开",
+        "pseudoContent": "检查链接的伪样式是否足以将其与周围的文本区分开"
+      },
+      "fail": "该链接没有样式（如下划线）来将其与周围的文本区分开"
+    },
+    "link-in-text-block": {
+      "pass": "链接可以通过颜色以外的其他方式与周围文本区分开",
+      "fail": {
+        "fgContrast": "链接与周围文本的对比度 ${data.contrastRatio}:1 不足（最小对比度为${data.requiredContrastRatio}:1，链接文本颜色：${data.nodeColor}，周围文本颜色：${data.parentColor}）",
+        "bgContrast": "链接背景与周围背景的对比度 ${data.contrastRatio} 不足（最小对比度为${data.requiredContrastRatio}:1，链接背景颜色：${data.nodeBackgroundColor}，周围背景颜色：${data.parentBackgroundColor}）"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "无法确定元素的前景对比度",
+        "bgContrast": "无法确定元素的背景对比度",
+        "bgImage": "由于背景是图像，因此无法确定元素的对比度",
+        "bgGradient": "由于背景是渐变，因此无法确定元素的对比度",
+        "imgNode": "由于元素包含图像节点，因此无法确定元素的对比度",
+        "bgOverlap": "由于元素重叠，因此无法确定元素的对比度"
+      }
+    },
+    "autocomplete-appropriate": {
+      "pass": "autocomplete 值适用于适当的元素",
+      "fail": "autocomplete 值不适用于此类输入"
+    },
+    "autocomplete-valid": {
+      "pass": "autocomplete 属性格式正确",
+      "fail": "autocomplete 属性格式不正确"
+    },
+    "accesskeys": {
+      "pass": "accesskey 属性值是唯一的",
+      "fail": "页面有多个元素有相同的 accesskey"
+    },
+    "focusable-content": {
+      "pass": "元素包含可聚焦元素",
+      "fail": "元素应包含可聚焦内容"
+    },
+    "focusable-disabled": {
+      "pass": "元素内没有可聚焦的元素",
+      "incomplete": "检查可聚焦的元素是否立即移动焦点指示器",
+      "fail": "可聚焦内容应该被禁用或从 DOM 中移除"
+    },
+    "focusable-element": {
+      "pass": "元素可以聚焦",
+      "fail": "元素应该是可聚焦的"
+    },
+    "focusable-modal-open": {
+      "pass": "在对话窗打开时没有可聚焦的元素",
+      "incomplete": "检查在当前状态下可聚焦的元素是否可以通过 tab 键访问"
+    },
+    "focusable-no-name": {
+      "pass": "元素不在 tab 顺序中或没有可访问的文本",
+      "fail": "元素在 tab 顺序中且没有可访问的文本",
+      "incomplete": "无法确定元素是否有可访问的名称"
+    },
+    "focusable-not-tabbable": {
+      "pass": "元素内没有可聚焦的元素",
+      "incomplete": "检查可聚焦的元素是否立即移动焦点指示器",
+      "fail": "可聚焦内容应该有 tabindex=\"-1\" 或从 DOM 中移除"
+    },
+    "frame-focusable-content": {
+      "pass": "元素没有可聚焦的后代元素",
+      "fail": "元素有可聚焦的后代元素",
+      "incomplete": "无法确定元素是否有后代元素"
+    },
+    "landmark-is-top-level": {
+      "pass": "${data.role} landmark 位于顶层",
+      "fail": "${data.role} landmark 包含在另一个 landmark 中"
+    },
+    "no-focusable-content": {
+      "pass": "元素没有可聚焦的后代元素",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "元素有可聚焦的后代元素",
+        "notHidden": "在交互控件内部使用负 tabindex 不能阻止辅助技术将焦点放在元素上（即使使用 aria-hidden=\"true\"）"
+      },
+      "incomplete": "无法确定元素是否有后代元素"
+    },
+    "page-has-heading-one": {
+      "pass": "页面至少有一个一级标题",
+      "fail": "页面必须有一级标题"
+    },
+    "page-has-main": {
+      "pass": "页面至少有一个主要的 landmark",
+      "fail": "页面没有主要的 landmark"
+    },
+    "page-no-duplicate-banner": {
+      "pass": "页面没有多个 banner landmark",
+      "fail": "页面有多个 banner landmark"
+    },
+    "page-no-duplicate-contentinfo": {
+      "pass": "页面没有多个 contentinfo landmark",
+      "fail": "页面有多个 contentinfo landmark"
+    },
+    "page-no-duplicate-main": {
+      "pass": "页面没有多个主要 landmark",
+      "fail": "页面有多个主要 landmark"
+    },
+    "tabindex": {
+      "pass": "元素的 tabindex 不大于 0",
+      "fail": "元素的 tabindex 大于 0"
+    },
+    "alt-space-value": {
+      "pass": "元素包含有效的 alt 属性值",
+      "fail": "元素的 alt 属性只包含空格字符，所有屏幕阅读器不会忽略该属性"
+    },
+    "duplicate-img-label": {
+      "pass": "元素内的文本没有和元素的 <img> alt 文本重复",
+      "fail": "元素内的文本和元素的 <img> alt 文本重复"
+    },
+    "explicit-label": {
+      "pass": "表单元素有显式的标签文本 <label>",
+      "fail": "表单元素没有显式的标签文本 <label>",
+      "incomplete": "无法确定表单元素是否有显式的标签文本 <label>"
+    },
+    "help-same-as-label": {
+      "pass": "说明文本（title 或 aria-describedby）不重复标签文本",
+      "fail": "说明文本（title 或 aria-describedby）与标签文本相同"
+    },
+    "hidden-explicit-label": {
+      "pass": "表单元素有可见的显式标签文本 <label>",
+      "fail": "表单元素有隐藏的显式标签文本 <label>",
+      "incomplete": "无法确定表单元素是否有隐藏的显式标签文本 <label>"
+    },
+    "implicit-label": {
+      "pass": "表单元素有隐式标签文本 <label>",
+      "fail": "表单元素没有隐式标签文本 <label>",
+      "incomplete": "无法确定表单元素是否有隐式标签文本 <label>"
+    },
+    "label-content-name-mismatch": {
+      "pass": "元素包含可见文本作为其可访问名称的一部分",
+      "fail": "元素内的文本未包含在可访问名称中"
+    },
+    "multiple-label": {
+      "pass": "表单字段没有多个标签元素",
+      "incomplete": "辅助软件并未广泛支持多个标签元素。确保第一个标签包含所有必要的信息"
+    },
+    "title-only": {
+      "pass": "表单元素不仅使用 title 属性作为其标签",
+      "fail": "仅使用 title 生成表单元素的标签"
+    },
+    "landmark-is-unique": {
+      "pass": "landmark 必须有唯一的角色或角色/标签/标题（即可访问名称）组合",
+      "fail": "landmark 必须有唯一的 aria-label、aria-labelledby 或 title 用于方便区分 landmark"
+    },
+    "has-lang": {
+      "pass": "<html> 元素有 lang 属性",
+      "fail": {
+        "noXHTML": "xml:lang 属性在 HTML 页面上无效，请使用 lang 属性",
+        "noLang": "<html> 元素没有 lang 属性"
+      }
+    },
+    "valid-lang": {
+      "pass": "lang 属性值包含在有效语言列表中",
+      "fail": "lang 属性值未包含在有效语言列表中"
+    },
+    "xml-lang-mismatch": {
+      "pass": "lang 和 xml:lang 属性有相同的基本语言",
+      "fail": "lang 和 xml:lang 属性没有相同的基本语言"
+    },
+    "dlitem": {
+      "pass": "描述列表项有 <dl> 父元素",
+      "fail": "描述列表项没有 <dl> 父元素"
+    },
+    "listitem": {
+      "pass": "列表项有 <ul>、<ol> 或 role=\"list\" 父元素",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "列表项的父元素不是 <ul> 或 <ol>",
+        "roleNotValid": "列表项的父元素不是 <ul>、<ol> 或包含 role=\"list\" 属性"
+      }
+    },
+    "only-dlitems": {
+      "pass": "dl 元素仅包含允许的直接子元素：<dt>、<dd> 或 <div> 元素",
+      "fail": "dl 元素包含不允许的直接子元素：${data.values}"
+    },
+    "only-listitems": {
+      "pass": "列表元素仅允许在 <li> 元素内由直接子元素",
+      "fail": "列表元素由不允许的直接子元素：${data.values}"
+    },
+    "structured-dlitems": {
+      "pass": "当不为空时，元素同时有 <dt> 和 <dd> 元素",
+      "fail": "当不为空时，元素没有至少一个 <dt> 元素后跟至少一个 <dd> 元素"
+    },
+    "caption": {
+      "pass": "多媒体元素有字幕轨道",
+      "incomplete": "检查元素是否提供字幕"
+    },
+    "frame-tested": {
+      "pass": "iframe 使用 axe-core 进行了测试",
+      "fail": "iframe 无法使用 axe-core 进行测试",
+      "incomplete": "iframe 仍需使用 axe-core 进行测试"
+    },
+    "no-autoplay-audio": {
+      "pass": "<video> 或 <audio> 不会播放超过允许时长的音频或有控制机制",
+      "fail": "<video> 或 <audio> 播放超过允许时长的音频，且没有控制机制",
+      "incomplete": "检查 <video> 或 <audio> 是否播放超过允许时长的音频或提供了控制机制"
+    },
+    "css-orientation-lock": {
+      "pass": "显示可操作，且不存在方向锁定",
+      "fail": "CSS 方向锁定已应用，导致显示无法操作",
+      "incomplete": "无法确定 CSS 方向锁定是否已应用"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport-large": {
+      "pass": "<meta> 标签不会阻止在移动设备上的重要缩放",
+      "fail": "<meta> 标签限制了移动设备上的缩放"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport": {
+      "pass": "<meta> 标签不会在移动设备上禁用缩放",
+      "fail": "在 <meta> 标签上的 ${data} 禁用了移动设备上的缩放"
+    },
+    "target-offset": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "目标与最近的邻元素有足够的空间。安全可点击空间距离为 ${data.closestOffset}px，至少为 ${data.minOffset}px",
+        "large": "目标远远超过最小尺寸 ${data.minOffset}px"
+      },
+      "fail": "目标与最近的邻元素之间的空间不足。安全可点击空间距离为 ${data.closestOffset}px，而不是至少 ${data.minOffset}px",
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "tabindex 为负的元素与最近的邻元素之间的空间不足。安全可点击空间距离为 ${data.closestOffset}px，而不是至少 ${data.minOffset}px。这是一个目标吗？",
+        "nonTabbableNeighbor": "目标与最近的邻元素之间的空间不足。安全可点击空间距离为 ${data.closestOffset}px，而不是至少 ${data.minOffset}px。邻元素是目标吗？"
+      }
+    },
+    "target-size": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "控件尺寸足够（${data.width}px x ${data.height}px，应至少为 ${data.minSize}px x ${data.minSize}px）",
+        "obscured": "由于完全被遮挡而忽略控件，因此无法点击",
+        "large": "目标远远超过最小尺寸 ${data.minSize}px"
+      },
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "目标尺寸不足（${data.width}px x ${data.height}px，应至少为 ${data.minSize}px x ${data.minSize}px）",
+        "partiallyObscured": "目标尺寸不足，因为部分被遮挡（最小尺寸为 ${data.width}px x ${data.height}px，应至少为 ${data.minSize}px x ${data.minSize}px）"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "tabindex 为负元的素尺寸不足（${data.width}px x ${data.height}px，应至少为 ${data.minSize}px x ${data.minSize}px）。这是一个目标吗？",
+        "contentOverflow": "由于内容溢出，无法准确确定元素的大小",
+        "partiallyObscured": "tabindex 为负的元素尺寸不足，因为部分被遮挡（最小尺寸为 ${data.width}px x ${data.height}px，应至少为 ${data.minSize}px x ${data.minSize}px）。这是一个目标吗？",
+        "partiallyObscuredNonTabbable": "目标尺寸不足，因为部分被 tabindex 为负的邻元素遮挡（最小尺寸为 ${data.width}px x ${data.height}px，应至少为 ${data.minSize}px x ${data.minSize}px）。邻元素是目标吗？",
+        "tooManyRects": "无法获取目标尺寸，因为有太多重叠的元素"
+      }
+    },
+    "header-present": {
+      "pass": "页面有标题",
+      "fail": "页面没有标题"
+    },
+    "heading-order": {
+      "pass": "标题顺序有效",
+      "fail": "标题顺序无效",
+      "incomplete": "无法确定上一个标题"
+    },
+    "identical-links-same-purpose": {
+      "pass": "没有其他有相同名称的链接跳转到不同的 URL",
+      "incomplete": "检查链接是否有相同的目的，或者是否有意模糊不清"
+    },
+    "internal-link-present": {
+      "pass": "找到有效的跳转链接",
+      "fail": "找不到有效的跳转链接"
+    },
+    "landmark": {
+      "pass": "页面有 landmark 区域",
+      "fail": "页面没有 landmark 区域"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh-no-exceptions": {
+      "pass": "<meta> 标签不会立即刷新页面",
+      "fail": "<meta> 标签强制定时刷新页面"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh": {
+      "pass": "<meta> 标签不会立即刷新页面",
+      "fail": "<meta> 标签强制定时刷新页面（少于20小时）"
+    },
+    "p-as-heading": {
+      "pass": "<p> 元素的样式不为标题",
+      "fail": "应该使用标题元素而不是样式化的 <p> 元素",
+      "incomplete": "无法确定 <p> 元素是否被样式化为标题"
+    },
+    "region": {
+      "pass": "所有页面内容都包含在 landmark 中",
+      "fail": "某些页面内容不包含在 landmark 中"
+    },
+    "skip-link": {
+      "pass": "跳转链接目标存在",
+      "incomplete": "跳转链接目标应在激活时变得可见",
+      "fail": "没有跳转链接目标"
+    },
+    "unique-frame-title": {
+      "pass": "元素的 title 属性是唯一的",
+      "fail": "元素的 title 属性不唯一"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-active": {
+      "pass": "页面中没有相同 id 属性的激活元素",
+      "fail": "页面中有相同 id 属性的激活元素：${data}"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-aria": {
+      "pass": "页面中没有通过 ARIA 引用的元素或有相同的 id 属性的标签",
+      "fail": "页面中有通过 ARIA 引用的多个有相同 id 属性的元素：${data}"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id": {
+      "pass": "页面中没有相同 id 属性的静态元素",
+      "fail": "页面中有多个相同 id 属性的静态元素：${data}"
+    },
+    "aria-label": {
+      "pass": "aria-label 属性存在且不为空",
+      "fail": "aria-label 属性不存在或为空"
+    },
+    "aria-labelledby": {
+      "pass": "aria-labelledby 属性存在并引用对屏幕阅读器可见的元素",
+      "fail": "aria-labelledby 属性不存在，引用不存在的元素或引用空元素",
+      "incomplete": "确保 aria-labelledby 引用了一个现有的元素"
+    },
+    "avoid-inline-spacing": {
+      "pass": "没有使用 '!important' 影响文本间距的内联样式",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "从内联样式 ${data.values} 中移除 '!important'，因为大多数浏览器不支持覆盖此样式",
+        "plural": "从内联样式 ${data.values} 中移除 '!important'，因为大多数浏览器不支持覆盖此样式"
+      }
+    },
+    "button-has-visible-text": {
+      "pass": "元素有对屏幕阅读器可见的内部文本",
+      "fail": "元素没有对屏幕阅读器可见的内部文本",
+      "incomplete": "无法确定元素是否有子元素"
+    },
+    "doc-has-title": {
+      "pass": "页面有一个非空的 <title> 元素",
+      "fail": "页面没有一个非空的 <title> 元素"
+    },
+    "exists": {
+      "pass": "元素不存在",
+      "incomplete": "元素存在"
+    },
+    "has-alt": {
+      "pass": "元素有 alt 属性",
+      "fail": "元素没有 alt 属性"
+    },
+    "has-visible-text": {
+      "pass": "元素有对屏幕阅读器可见的文本",
+      "fail": "元素没有对屏幕阅读器可见的文本",
+      "incomplete": "无法确定元素是否有子元素"
+    },
+    "important-letter-spacing": {
+      "pass": "style 属性中的 letter-spacing 未设置为 !important，或满足最小值",
+      "fail": "style 属性中的 letter-spacing 一定不能使用 !important，也不能是 ${data.minValue}em（当前 ${data.value}em）"
+    },
+    "important-line-height": {
+      "pass": "style 属性中的 line-height 未设置为 !important，或满足最小值",
+      "fail": "style 属性中的 line-height 一定不能使用 !important，也不能是 ${data.minValue}em（当前 ${data.value}em）"
+    },
+    "important-word-spacing": {
+      "pass": "style 属性中的 word-spacing 未设置为 !important，或满足最小值",
+      "fail": "style 属性中的 word-spacing 一定不能使用 !important，也不能是 ${data.minValue}em（当前 ${data.value}em）"
+    },
+    "is-on-screen": {
+      "pass": "元素不可见",
+      "fail": "元素可见"
+    },
+    "non-empty-alt": {
+      "pass": "元素有不为空的 alt 属性",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "元素没有 alt 属性",
+        "emptyAttr": "元素的 alt 属性为空"
+      }
+    },
+    "non-empty-if-present": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "元素没有 value 属性",
+        "has-label": "元素有不为空的 value 属性"
+      },
+      "fail": "元素有 value 属性且 value 属性为空"
+    },
+    "non-empty-placeholder": {
+      "pass": "元素有 placeholder 属性",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "元素没有 placeholder 属性",
+        "emptyAttr": "元素的 placeholder 属性为空"
+      }
+    },
+    "non-empty-title": {
+      "pass": "元素有 title 属性",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "元素没有 title 属性",
+        "emptyAttr": "元素的 title 属性为空"
+      }
+    },
+    "non-empty-value": {
+      "pass": "元素有不为空的 value 属性",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "元素没有 value 属性",
+        "emptyAttr": "元素有空的 value 属性"
+      }
+    },
+    "presentational-role": {
+      "pass": "元素的默认语义被 role=\"${data.role}\" 覆盖",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "元素的默认语义没有被 role=\"none\" 或 role=\"presentation\" 覆盖",
+        "globalAria": "元素的角色不是表现性的，因为它有全局 ARIA 属性",
+        "focusable": "元素的角色不是表现性的，因为它是可聚焦的",
+        "both": "元素的角色不是表现性的，因为它有全局 ARIA 属性并且是可聚焦的",
+        "iframe": "在有表现性角色的 ${data.nodeName} 元素上使用 \"title\" 属性在屏幕阅读器之间表现不一致"
+      }
+    },
+    "role-none": {
+      "pass": "元素的默认语义被 role=\"none\" 覆盖",
+      "fail": "元素的默认语义没有被 role=\"none\" 覆盖"
+    },
+    "role-presentation": {
+      "pass": "元素的默认语义被 role=\"presentation\" 覆盖",
+      "fail": "元素的默认语义未被 role=\"presentation\" 覆盖"
+    },
+    "svg-non-empty-title": {
+      "pass": "元素有一个标题子元素",
+      "fail": {
+        "noTitle": "元素没有标题子元素",
+        "emptyTitle": "元素的标题子元素为空"
+      },
+      "incomplete": "无法确定元素是否有标题子元素"
+    },
+    "caption-faked": {
+      "pass": "表格的第一行不用作标题",
+      "fail": "表格的第一个子元素应该是标题而不是表格单元格"
+    },
+    "html5-scope": {
+      "pass": "scope 属性只用于表头元素 (<th>)",
+      "fail": "在 HTML 5 中，scope 属性只能用于表头元素 (<th>)"
+    },
+    "same-caption-summary": {
+      "pass": "summary 属性的内容和 <caption> 不重复",
+      "fail": "summary 属性的内容和 <caption> 元素的内容相同",
+      "incomplete": "无法确定 <table> 元素是否有标题"
+    },
+    "scope-value": {
+      "pass": "scope 属性的使用是正确的",
+      "fail": "scope 属性的值只能是 'row' 或 'col'"
+    },
+    "td-has-header": {
+      "pass": "所有非空数据单元格都有表头",
+      "fail": "一些非空数据单元格没有表头"
+    },
+    "td-headers-attr": {
+      "pass": "headers 属性专门用于引用表格中的其他单元格",
+      "incomplete": "headers 属性为空",
+      "fail": "headers 属性不专门用于引用表格中的其他单元格"
+    },
+    "th-has-data-cells": {
+      "pass": "所有表头单元格都引用数据单元格",
+      "fail": "并非所有表头单元格都引用数据单元格",
+      "incomplete": "表格数据单元格缺失或为空"
+    },
+    "hidden-content": {
+      "pass": "页面上的所有内容都已经分析过",
+      "fail": "分析页面内容时出现问题",
+      "incomplete": "页面上存在未分析的隐藏内容。您需要触发显示此内容以便进行分析"
+    }
+  },
+  "failureSummaries": {
+    "any": {
+      "failureMessage": "修复以下任一问题：{{~it:value}}\n  {{=value.split('\\n').join('\\n  ')}}{{~}}"
+    },
+    "none": {
+      "failureMessage": "修复以下所有问题：{{~it:value}}\n  {{=value.split('\\n').join('\\n  ')}}{{~}}"
+    }
+  },
+  "incompleteFallbackMessage": "axe 无法确定原因。请打开元素检查器！"
+}
diff --git a/locales/zh_TW.json b/locales/zh_TW.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..37a9d3262
--- /dev/null
+++ b/locales/zh_TW.json
@@ -0,0 +1,1108 @@
+{
+  "lang": "zh_TW",
+  "rules": {
+    "accesskeys": {
+      "description": "確保每個 accesskey 屬性值都是唯一的",
+      "help": "accesskey 屬性值都要是唯一的"
+    },
+    "area-alt": {
+      "description": "確保圖像映射的 <area> 元素具有替代文字",
+      "help": "<area> 元素必須具有替代文字"
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-attr": {
+      "description": "確保元素的角色支援其 ARIA 屬性",
+      "help": "元素只能使用受支援的 ARIA 屬性"
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-role": {
+      "description": "確保角色屬性具有適合該元素的值",
+      "help": "ARIA 角色應該適合該元素"
+    },
+    "aria-braille-equivalent": {
+      "description": "確保 aria-braillelabel 和 aria-brailleroledescription 具有非點字等效項",
+      "help": "aria-braille 屬性必須具有非點字等效項"
+    },
+    "aria-command-name": {
+      "description": "確保每個 ARIA 按鈕、連結和選單項目都有一個無障礙的名稱",
+      "help": "ARIA 指令必須具有無障礙的名稱"
+    },
+    "aria-conditional-attr": {
+      "description": "確保按照元素角色規範中的描述使用 ARIA 屬性",
+      "help": "必須按照元素角色指定的方式使用 ARIA 屬性"
+    },
+    "aria-deprecated-role": {
+      "description": "確保元素不使用已棄用的角色",
+      "help": "不得使用已棄用的 ARIA 角色"
+    },
+    "aria-dialog-name": {
+      "description": "確保每個 ARIA 對話框和警報對話框節點都有一個無障礙的名稱",
+      "help": "ARIA 對話框和警報對話框節點應該有一個無障礙的名稱"
+    },
+    "aria-hidden-body": {
+      "description": "確保 <body> 沒有 aria-hidden=\"true\"",
+      "help": "aria-hidden=\"true\" 不得出現在 <body>"
+    },
+    "aria-hidden-focus": {
+      "description": "確保 aria 隱藏元素不可對焦也不包含可聚焦元素",
+      "help": "ARIA 隱藏元素不得為可聚焦元素或包含可聚焦元素"
+    },
+    "aria-input-field-name": {
+      "description": "確保每個 ARIA 輸入欄位都有一個無障礙的名稱",
+      "help": "ARIA 輸入欄位必須具有無障礙的名稱"
+    },
+    "aria-meter-name": {
+      "description": "確保每個 ARIA 計量節點都有一個無障礙的名稱",
+      "help": "ARIA 計量節點必須具有無障礙的名稱"
+    },
+    "aria-progressbar-name": {
+      "description": "確保每個 ARIA 進度條節點都有一個無障礙的名稱",
+      "help": "ARIA 進度條節點必須具有無障礙的名稱"
+    },
+    "aria-prohibited-attr": {
+      "description": "確保元素角色不禁止 ARIA 屬性",
+      "help": "元素只能使用允許的 ARIA 屬性"
+    },
+    "aria-required-attr": {
+      "description": "確保具有 ARIA 角色的元素具有所有必需的 ARIA 屬性",
+      "help": "必須提供必需的 ARIA 屬性"
+    },
+    "aria-required-children": {
+      "description": "確保具有需要子角色的 ARIA 角色的元素包含它們",
+      "help": "某些 ARIA 角色必須包含特定的子角色"
+    },
+    "aria-required-parent": {
+      "description": "確保具有需要父角色的 ARIA 角色的元素包含在其中",
+      "help": "某些 ARIA 角色必須被特定的父級包含"
+    },
+    "aria-roledescription": {
+      "description": "確保 aria-roledescription 僅用於具有隱式或顯式角色的元素",
+      "help": "aria-roledescription 必須位於具有語意角色的元素上"
+    },
+    "aria-roles": {
+      "description": "確保具有角色屬性的所有元素都使用有效值",
+      "help": "使用的 ARIA 角色必須符合有效值"
+    },
+    "aria-text": {
+      "description": "確保在沒有可聚焦後代的元素上使用 role=\"text\"",
+      "help": "\"role=text\"不應有可聚焦的後代"
+    },
+    "aria-toggle-field-name": {
+      "description": "確保每個 ARIA 切換欄位都有一個無障礙的名稱",
+      "help": "ARIA 切換欄位必須具有無障礙的名稱"
+    },
+    "aria-tooltip-name": {
+      "description": "確保每個 ARIA 工具提示節點都有一個無障礙的名稱",
+      "help": "ARIA 工具提示節點必須具有無障礙的名稱"
+    },
+    "aria-treeitem-name": {
+      "description": "確保每個 ARIA 樹項節點都有一個無障礙的名稱",
+      "help": "ARIA 樹項節點應該有一個無障礙的名稱"
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr-value": {
+      "description": "確保所有 ARIA 屬性都具有有效值",
+      "help": "ARIA 屬性必須符合有效值"
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr": {
+      "description": "確保以 aria- 開頭的屬性是有效的 ARIA 屬性",
+      "help": "ARIA 屬性必須符合有效名稱"
+    },
+    "audio-caption": {
+      "description": "確保 <audio> 元素有標題",
+      "help": "<audio> 元素必須有字幕軌道"
+    },
+    "autocomplete-valid": {
+      "description": "確保 autocomplete 屬性正確且適合表單字段",
+      "help": "必須正確使用 autocomplete 屬性"
+    },
+    "avoid-inline-spacing": {
+      "description": "確保可以使用自訂樣式表調整透過樣式屬性設定的文字間距",
+      "help": "內嵌文字間距必須可以使用自訂樣式表進行調整"
+    },
+    "blink": {
+      "description": "確保不使用 <blink> 元素",
+      "help": "<blink> 元素已棄用，不得使用"
+    },
+    "button-name": {
+      "description": "確保按鈕具有可識別的文字",
+      "help": "按鈕必須有可辨識的文字"
+    },
+    "bypass": {
+      "description": "確保每個頁面至少有一個機制供用戶繞過導航並直接跳到內容",
+      "help": "頁面必須具有繞過重複區塊的方法"
+    },
+    "color-contrast-enhanced": {
+      "description": "確保前景色和背景色之間的對比度符合 WCAG 2 AAA 增強對比度閾值",
+      "help": "元素必須滿足增強的顏色對比閾值"
+    },
+    "color-contrast": {
+      "description": "確保前景色和背景色之間的對比度符合 WCAG 2 AA 最小對比度閾值",
+      "help": "元素必須滿足最低顏色對比閾值"
+    },
+    "css-orientation-lock": {
+      "description": "確保內容不會鎖定到任何特定的顯示方向，並且內容可在所有顯示方向上操作",
+      "help": "CSS 媒體查詢不得鎖定顯示方向"
+    },
+    "definition-list": {
+      "description": "確保 <dl> 元素結構正確",
+      "help": "<dl> 元素只能直接包含正確排序的 <dt> 和 <dd> 群組、<script>、<template> 或 <div> 元素"
+    },
+    "dlitem": {
+      "description": "確保 <dt> 和 <dd> 元素包含在 <dl> 中",
+      "help": "<dt> 和 <dd> 元素必須包含在 <dl> 中"
+    },
+    "document-title": {
+      "description": "確保每個 HTML 頁面包含非空 <title> 元素",
+      "help": "頁面必須具有 <title> 元素以幫助導航"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-active": {
+      "description": "確保活動元素的每個 id 屬性值都是唯一的",
+      "help": "活動元素的 ID 必須是唯一的"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-aria": {
+      "description": "確保 ARIA 和標籤中使用的每個 id 屬性值都是唯一的",
+      "help": "ARIA 和標籤中使用的 ID 必須是唯一的"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id": {
+      "description": "確保每個 id 屬性值都是唯一的",
+      "help": "id 屬性值必須是唯一的"
+    },
+    "empty-heading": {
+      "description": "確保標題具有可識別的文字",
+      "help": "標題不能為空"
+    },
+    "empty-table-header": {
+      "description": "確保表格標題具有可識別的文字",
+      "help": "表格標題文字不應為空"
+    },
+    "focus-order-semantics": {
+      "description": "確保焦點次序中的元素具有適合互動式內容的角色",
+      "help": "焦點次序中的元素應具有適當的角色"
+    },
+    "form-field-multiple-labels": {
+      "description": "確保表單欄位沒有多個標籤元素",
+      "help": "表單欄位不得有多個標籤元素"
+    },
+    "frame-focusable-content": {
+      "description": "確保具有可聚焦內容的 <frame> 和 <iframe> 元素沒有 tabindex=-1",
+      "help": "具有可聚焦內容的框架不得具有 tabindex=-1"
+    },
+    "frame-tested": {
+      "description": "確保 <iframe> 和 <frame> 元素包含 axe-core 腳本",
+      "help": "框架應使用 axe-core 進行測試"
+    },
+    "frame-title-unique": {
+      "description": "確保 <iframe> 和 <frame> 元素包含唯一的標題屬性",
+      "help": "框架必須具有唯一的標題屬性"
+    },
+    "frame-title": {
+      "description": "確保 <iframe> 和 <frame> 元素具有無障礙的名稱",
+      "help": "框架必須有一個易於訪問的名稱"
+    },
+    "heading-order": {
+      "description": "確保標題順序在語意上正確",
+      "help": "標題等級只能增加一級"
+    },
+    "hidden-content": {
+      "description": "告知使用者隱藏內容",
+      "help": "應分析頁面上的隱藏內容"
+    },
+    "html-has-lang": {
+      "description": "確保每個 HTML 頁面都有一個 lang 屬性",
+      "help": "<html> 元素必須有 lang 屬性"
+    },
+    "html-lang-valid": {
+      "description": "確保 <html> 元素的 lang 屬性具有有效值",
+      "help": "<html> 元素必須具有有效的 lang 屬性值"
+    },
+    "html-xml-lang-mismatch": {
+      "description": "確保具有有效 lang 和 xml:lang 屬性的 HTML 元素與頁面的基本語言一致",
+      "help": "帶有 lang 和 xml:lang 的 HTML 元素必須具有相同的基本語言"
+    },
+    "identical-links-same-purpose": {
+      "description": "確保具有相同無障礙名稱的連結具有相似的目的",
+      "help": "具有相同名稱的連結必須具有相似的目的"
+    },
+    "image-alt": {
+      "description": "確保 <img> 元素具有替代文字或 \"none\" 或 \"presentation\" 角色",
+      "help": "圖片必須有替代文字"
+    },
+    "image-redundant-alt": {
+      "description": "確保替代圖像不會重複為文字",
+      "help": "圖像的替代文字不應作為文字重複"
+    },
+    "input-button-name": {
+      "description": "確保輸入按鈕具有可識別的文字",
+      "help": "輸入按鈕必須有可辨識的文字"
+    },
+    "input-image-alt": {
+      "description": "確保 <input type=\"image\"> 元素具有替代文字",
+      "help": "圖像按鈕必須有替代文字"
+    },
+    "label-content-name-mismatch": {
+      "description": "確保透過其內容標記的元素必須將其可見文字作為其無障礙名稱的一部分",
+      "help": "元素的可見文字必須作為其無障礙名稱的一部分"
+    },
+    "label-title-only": {
+      "description": "確保每個表單都有一個可見標籤，並且不僅僅使用隱藏標籤或標題或 aria-describedby 屬性",
+      "help": "表單應該有一個可見的標籤"
+    },
+    "label": {
+      "description": "確保每個表單都有一個標籤",
+      "help": "表單必須有標籤"
+    },
+    "landmark-banner-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "確保橫幅 landmark 位於頂層",
+      "help": "橫幅 landmark 不應包含在另一個 landmark 中"
+    },
+    "landmark-complementary-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "確保互補的 landmark 或旁位於頂層",
+      "help": "Aside 不應包含在另一個 landmark 中"
+    },
+    "landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "確保 contentinfo landmark 位於頂層",
+      "help": "Contentinfo landmark 不應包含在另一個 landmark 中"
+    },
+    "landmark-main-is-top-level": {
+      "description": "確保主要 landmark 位於頂層",
+      "help": "主要 landmark 不應包含在另一個 landmark 中"
+    },
+    "landmark-no-duplicate-banner": {
+      "description": "確保頁面最多有一個橫幅 landmark",
+      "help": "頁面不應有超過一個橫幅 landmark"
+    },
+    "landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo": {
+      "description": "確保頁面最多有一個 contentinfo landmark",
+      "help": "頁面不應包含多個內容資訊 landmark"
+    },
+    "landmark-no-duplicate-main": {
+      "description": "確保頁面最多有一個主要 landmark",
+      "help": "頁面不應有超過一個主要 landmark"
+    },
+    "landmark-one-main": {
+      "description": "確保頁面有一個主要 landmark",
+      "help": "頁面應該有一個主要 landmark"
+    },
+    "landmark-unique": {
+      "help": "確保 landmark 的獨特性",
+      "description": "landmark 應具有獨特的角色或角色/標籤/標題（即無障礙的名稱） 組合成唯一"
+    },
+    "link-in-text-block": {
+      "description": "確保連結以不依賴顏色的方式與周圍的文字區分開來",
+      "help": "連結必須能夠在不依賴顏色的情況下區分"
+    },
+    "link-name": {
+      "description": "確保連結具有可識別的文字",
+      "help": "連結必須有可識別的文字"
+    },
+    "list": {
+      "description": "確保列表結構正確",
+      "help": "<ul> 和 <ol> 只能直接包含 <li>、<script> 或 <template> 元素"
+    },
+    "listitem": {
+      "description": "確保 <li> 元素按語義使用",
+      "help": "<li> 元素必須包含在 <ul> 或 <ol> 中"
+    },
+    "marquee": {
+      "description": "確保不使用 <marquee> 元素",
+      "help": "<marquee> 元素已棄用，不得使用"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh-no-exceptions": {
+      "description": "確保 <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> 不用於延遲刷新",
+      "help": "不得使用延遲刷新"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh": {
+      "description": "確保 <meta http-equiv=\"refresh\"> 不用於延遲刷新",
+      "help": "不得使用20小時以下的延遲刷新"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport-large": {
+      "description": "確保 <meta name=\"viewport\"> 可以足夠縮放量",
+      "help": "用戶應該能夠將文字縮放至 500%"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport": {
+      "description": "確保 <meta name=\"viewport\"> 不會停用文字縮放",
+      "help": "不得禁用縮放"
+    },
+    "nested-interactive": {
+      "description": "確保互動式控制不嵌套，因為螢幕閱讀器並不總是宣布它們，或者可能導致輔助軟體出現焦點問題",
+      "help": "互動控件不得嵌套"
+    },
+    "no-autoplay-audio": {
+      "description": "確保 <video> 或 <audio> 元素在沒有控制機制停止或靜音音訊的情況下自動播放音訊不會超過 3 秒",
+      "help": "<video> 或 <audio> 元素不得自動播放"
+    },
+    "object-alt": {
+      "description": "確保 <object> 元素具有替代文字",
+      "help": "<object> 元素必須有替代文字"
+    },
+    "p-as-heading": {
+      "description": "確保粗體、斜體文字和字體大小不用於將 <p> 元素設定為標題",
+      "help": "樣式化的 <p> 元素不得作為標題"
+    },
+    "page-has-heading-one": {
+      "description": "確保頁面或至少其中一個框架包含一級標題",
+      "help": "頁面應包含一級標題"
+    },
+    "presentation-role-conflict": {
+      "description": "標記為展示性的元素不應具有全域 ARIA 或 tabindex 以確保所有螢幕閱讀器忽略它們",
+      "help": "確保標記為展示性的元素始終被忽略"
+    },
+    "region": {
+      "description": "確保所有頁面內容都包含在 landmark 中",
+      "help": "所有頁面內容應包含在 landmark 中"
+    },
+    "role-img-alt": {
+      "description": "確保 [role=\"img\"] 元素具有替代文字",
+      "help": "[role=\"img\"] 元素必須有替代文字"
+    },
+    "scope-attr-valid": {
+      "description": "確保在表上正確使用範圍屬性",
+      "help": "應正確使用範圍屬性"
+    },
+    "scrollable-region-focusable": {
+      "description": "確保具有可滾動內容的元素可以透過鍵盤訪問",
+      "help": "可滾動區域必須具有鍵盤存取權限"
+    },
+    "select-name": {
+      "description": "確保選擇元素具有無障礙的名稱",
+      "help": "選擇元素必須具有無障礙的名稱"
+    },
+    "server-side-image-map": {
+      "description": "確保不使用伺服器端圖像映射",
+      "help": "不得使用伺服器端圖像映射"
+    },
+    "skip-link": {
+      "description": "確保所有跳過連結都有可聚焦的目標",
+      "help": "跳過連結目標應該存在並且可聚焦"
+    },
+    "svg-img-alt": {
+      "description": "確保具有 img、圖形頁面或圖形符號角色的 <svg> 元素具有無障礙的文字",
+      "help": "具有 img 角色的 <svg> 元素必須有替代文字"
+    },
+    "tabindex": {
+      "description": "確保 tabindex 屬性值不大於 0",
+      "help": "元素的 tabindex 不應大於零"
+    },
+    "table-duplicate-name": {
+      "description": "確保 <caption> 元素不包含與摘要屬性相同的文字",
+      "help": "表格不應具有相同的摘要和標題"
+    },
+    "table-fake-caption": {
+      "description": "確保帶有標題的表格使用 <caption> 元素",
+      "help": "資料或標題儲存格不得用於為資料表提供標題"
+    },
+    "target-size": {
+      "description": "確保觸摸目標有足夠的尺寸和空間",
+      "help": "所有觸摸目標必須為 24px 大，或留出足夠的空間"
+    },
+    "td-has-header": {
+      "description": "確保大於 3 x 3 的 <table> 中的每個非空資料單元格都具有一個或多個表標題",
+      "help": "較大 <table> 中的非空 <td> 元素必須具有關聯的表頭"
+    },
+    "td-headers-attr": {
+      "description": "確保表中使用 headers 屬性的每個單元格僅引用該表中的其他單元格",
+      "help": "使用 headers 屬性的表格儲存格只能引用同一個表格中的儲存格"
+    },
+    "th-has-data-cells": {
+      "description": "確保 <th> 元素和具有 role=columnheader/rowheader 的元素具有它們所描述的資料單元",
+      "help": "資料表中的表標題必須引用資料儲存格"
+    },
+    "valid-lang": {
+      "description": "確保 lang 屬性具有有效值",
+      "help": "lang 屬性必須具有有效值"
+    },
+    "video-caption": {
+      "description": "確保 <video> 元素有標題",
+      "help": "<video> 元素必須有標題"
+    }
+  },
+  "checks": {
+    "abstractrole": {
+      "pass": "不使用抽象角色",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "抽象角色不能直接使用：${data.values}",
+        "plural": "抽象角色不能直接使用：${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-attr": {
+      "pass": "ARIA 屬性正確用於定義的角色",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "不允許使用 ARIA 屬性：${data.values}",
+        "plural": "不允許使用 ARIA 屬性：${data.values}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": "檢查是否在此元素上忽略 ARIA 屬性沒有問題：${data.values}"
+    },
+    "aria-allowed-role": {
+      "pass": "給定元素允許 ARIA 角色",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "給定元素不允許 ARIA 角色 ${data.values}",
+        "plural": "給定元素不允許 ARIA 角色 ${data.values}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "singular": "當元素可見時，必須刪除 ARIA 角色 ${data.values}，因為該元素不允許這樣做",
+        "plural": "當元素可見時，必須刪除 ARIA 角色 ${data.values}，因為元素不允許使用它們"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-busy": {
+      "pass": "元素具有 aria-busy 屬性",
+      "fail": "元素在顯示載入程式時使用 aria-busy=\"true\""
+    },
+    "aria-conditional-attr": {
+      "pass": "允許使用 ARIA 屬性",
+      "fail": {
+        "checkbox": "刪除 aria-checked，或將其設為\"${data.checkState}\"以符合真實的複選框狀態",
+        "rowSingular": "樹狀網格行支援此屬性，但 ${data.ownerRole} 不支援：${data.invalidAttrs}",
+        "rowPlural": "樹網格行支援這些屬性，但 ${data.ownerRole} 不支援：${data.invalidAttrs}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-errormessage": {
+      "pass": "aria-errormessage 存在，並引用使用受支援的 aria-errormessage 技術的螢幕閱讀器可見的元素",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "aria-errormessage 值 `${data.values}` 必須使用某種技巧來通告訊息（例如：aria-live、aria-describedby、role=alert 等）",
+        "plural": "aria-errormessage 值 `${data.values}` 必須使用某種技巧來通告訊息（例如：aria-live、aria-describedby、role=alert 等）",
+        "hidden": "aria-errormessage 值 `${data.values}` 無法引用隱藏元素"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "singular": "確保 aria-errormessage 值 `${data.values}` 引用現有元素",
+        "plural": "確保 aria-errormessage 值 `${data.values}` 引用現有元素",
+        "idrefs": "無法確定頁面上是否存在 aria-errormessage 元素：${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-hidden-body": {
+      "pass": "<body> 不存在 aria-hidden 屬性",
+      "fail": "aria-hidden=true 不應出現在 <body>"
+    },
+    "aria-level": {
+      "pass": "aria 等級值有效",
+      "incomplete": "並非所有螢幕閱讀器和瀏覽器組合都支援大於 6 的 aria-level 值"
+    },
+    "aria-prohibited-attr": {
+      "pass": "允許使用 ARIA 屬性",
+      "fail": {
+        "hasRolePlural": "${data.prohibited} 屬性不能與角色「${data.role}」一起使用",
+        "hasRoleSingular": "${data.prohibited} 屬性不能與角色「${data.role}」一起使用",
+        "noRolePlural": "${data.prohibited} 屬性不能在沒有有效角色屬性的 ${data.nodeName} 上使用",
+        "noRoleSingular": "${data.prohibited} 屬性不能在沒有有效角色屬性的 ${data.nodeName} 上使用"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "hasRoleSingular": "角色「${data.role}」較不支援 ${data.prohibited} 屬性",
+        "hasRolePlural": "角色「${data.role}」不能很好地支援 ${data.prohibited} 屬性",
+        "noRoleSingular": "沒有有效角色屬性的 ${data.nodeName} 不能很好地支援 ${data.prohibited} 屬性",
+        "noRolePlural": "沒有有效角色屬性的 ${data.nodeName} 不能很好地支援 ${data.prohibited} 屬性"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-required-attr": {
+      "pass": "所有必需的 ARIA 屬性均已存在",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "所需的 ARIA 屬性不存在：${data.values}",
+        "plural": "所需的 ARIA 屬性不存在：${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-required-children": {
+      "pass": "子元素需要 ARIA 角色",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "子元素所需的 ARIA 角色不存在：${data.values}",
+        "plural": "子元素所需的 ARIA 角色不存在：${data.values}",
+        "unallowed": "元素具有不允許的子元素：${data.values}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "singular": "子元素期望加入 ARIA 角色：${data.values}",
+        "plural": "子元素期望加入 ARIA 角色：${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-required-parent": {
+      "pass": "父元素需要存在 ARIA 角色",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "父元素所需的 ARIA 角色不存在：${data.values}",
+        "plural": "父元素所需的 ARIA 角色不存在：${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-roledescription": {
+      "pass": "用於支援的語意角色的 aria-roledescription",
+      "incomplete": "檢查 aria-roledescription 是否由受支援的螢幕閱讀器宣布",
+      "fail": "賦予元素一個支持 'aria-roledescription' 的角色"
+    },
+    "aria-unsupported-attr": {
+      "pass": "支援 ARIA 屬性",
+      "fail": "ARIA 屬性在螢幕閱讀器和輔助軟體並未被廣泛支援：${data.values}"
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr-value": {
+      "pass": "ARIA 屬性值有效",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "無效的 ARIA 屬性值：${data.values}",
+        "plural": "無效的 ARIA 屬性值：${data.values}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "noId": "頁面上不存在 ARIA 屬性元素 ID：${data.needsReview}",
+        "noIdShadow": "ARIA 屬性元素 ID 在頁面上不存在或不同影子 DOM 樹的後代：${data.needsReview}",
+        "ariaCurrent": "ARIA 屬性值無效，將被視為「aria-current=true」：${data.needsReview}",
+        "idrefs": "無法確定頁面上是否存在 ARIA 屬性元素 ID：${data.needsReview}",
+        "empty": "ARIA 屬性值在空時被忽略：${data.needsReview}"
+      }
+    },
+    "aria-valid-attr": {
+      "pass": "ARIA 屬性名稱有效",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "無效的 ARIA 屬性名稱：${data.values}",
+        "plural": "無效的 ARIA 屬性名稱：${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "braille-label-equivalent": {
+      "pass": "aria-braillelabel 用於具有無障礙文字的元素",
+      "fail": "aria-braillelabel 用於沒有無障礙文字的元素",
+      "incomplete": "無法計算無障礙的文字"
+    },
+    "braille-roledescription-equivalent": {
+      "pass": "aria-brailleroledescription 用於具有 aria-roledescription 的元素",
+      "fail": {
+        "noRoleDescription": "aria-brailleroledescription 用於沒有 aria-roledescription 的元素",
+        "emptyRoleDescription": "aria-brailleroledescription 用於具有空 aria-roledescription 的元素"
+      }
+    },
+    "deprecatedrole": {
+      "pass": "ARIA 角色並未棄用",
+      "fail": "使用的角色已棄用：${data}"
+    },
+    "fallbackrole": {
+      "pass": "僅使用一個角色值",
+      "fail": "僅使用一個角色值，因為舊版瀏覽器不支援後備角色",
+      "incomplete": "僅使用角色 'presentation' 或 'none'，因為它們是同義詞"
+    },
+    "has-global-aria-attribute": {
+      "pass": {
+        "singular": "元素具有全域 ARIA 屬性：${data.values}",
+        "plural": "元素具有全域 ARIA 屬性：${data.values}"
+      },
+      "fail": "元素沒有全域 ARIA 屬性"
+    },
+    "has-widget-role": {
+      "pass": "元素具有小部件角色",
+      "fail": "元素沒有小部件角色"
+    },
+    "invalidrole": {
+      "pass": "ARIA 角色有效",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "角色必須是有效的 ARIA 角色之一：${data.values}",
+        "plural": "角色必須是有效的 ARIA 角色之一：${data.values}"
+      }
+    },
+    "is-element-focusable": {
+      "pass": "元素是可聚焦的",
+      "fail": "元素不可聚焦"
+    },
+    "no-implicit-explicit-label": {
+      "pass": "<label> 和無障礙名稱之間沒有不匹配",
+      "incomplete": "檢查 <label> 不需要是 ARIA ${data} 欄位的名稱"
+    },
+    "unsupportedrole": {
+      "pass": "支援 ARIA 角色",
+      "fail": "所使用的角色在螢幕閱讀器和輔助軟體並未被廣泛支持：${data}"
+    },
+    "valid-scrollable-semantics": {
+      "pass": "元素對於焦點次序中的元素具有有效語意",
+      "fail": "對於焦點次序中的元素，元素具有無效語意"
+    },
+    "color-contrast-enhanced": {
+      "pass": "元素具有足夠的顏色對比 ${data.contrastRatio}",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "元素的 ${data.contrastRatio} 顏色對比不足（前景色：${data.fgColor}，背景色：${data.bgColor}，字體大小：${data.fontSize}，字體粗細：${data.fontWeight}），預期對比 ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "fgOnShadowColor": "元素的前景色與陰影顏色之間的 ${data.contrastRatio} 顏色對比不足（前景色：${data.fgColor}，文字陰影顏色：${data.shadowColor}，字體大小：${data.fontSize} ，字型粗細：${data.fontWeight}），預期對比 ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "shadowOnBgColor": "元素的陰影顏色和背景顏色之間的 ${data.contrastRatio} 顏色對比不足（文字陰影顏色：${data.shadowColor}，背景顏色：${data.bgColor}，字體大小：${data.fontSize } ，字型粗細：${data.fontWeight}），預期對比 ${data.expectedContrastRatio}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "無法確定對比度",
+        "bgImage": "由於背景圖像而無法確定元素的背景顏色",
+        "bgGradient": "由於背景漸變，無法確定元素的背景顏色",
+        "imgNode": "無法確定元素的背景顏色，因為元素包含影像節點",
+        "bgOverlap": "無法確定元素的背景顏色，因為它與另一個元素重疊",
+        "fgAlpha": "由於 Alpha 透明度，無法確定元素的前景色",
+        "elmPartiallyObscured": "無法確定元素的背景顏色，因為它被另一個元素部分遮擋",
+        "elmPartiallyObscuring": "無法確定元素的背景顏色，因為它與其他元素部分重疊",
+        "outsideViewport": "無法確定元素的背景顏色，因為它位於視窗之外",
+        "equalRatio": "元素與背景的對比為 1:1",
+        "shortTextContent": "元素內容太短，無法判斷是否為實際文字內容",
+        "nonBmp": "元素內容僅包含非文字字符",
+        "pseudoContent": "由於偽元素，無法確定元素的背景顏色"
+      }
+    },
+    "color-contrast": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "元素具有足夠的顏色對比 ${data.contrastRatio}",
+        "hidden": "元素被隱藏"
+      },
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "元素的 ${data.contrastRatio} 顏色對比不足（前景色：${data.fgColor}，背景色：${data.bgColor}，字體大小：${data.fontSize}，字體粗細：${data.fontWeight}），預期對比 ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "fgOnShadowColor": "元素的前景色與陰影顏色之間的 ${data.contrastRatio} 顏色對比不足（前景色：${data.fgColor}，文字陰影顏色：${data.shadowColor}，字體大小：${data.fontSize} ，字型粗細：${data.fontWeight}），預期對比 ${data.expectedContrastRatio}",
+        "shadowOnBgColor": "元素的陰影顏色和背景顏色之間的 ${data.contrastRatio} 顏色對比不足（文字陰影顏色：${data.shadowColor}，背景顏色：${data.bgColor}，字體大小：${data.fontSize} ，字型粗細：${data.fontWeight}），預期對比 ${data.expectedContrastRatio}"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "無法確定對比度",
+        "bgImage": "由於背景圖像而無法確定元素的背景顏色",
+        "bgGradient": "由於背景漸變，無法確定元素的背景顏色",
+        "imgNode": "無法確定元素的背景顏色，因為元素包含影像節點",
+        "bgOverlap": "無法確定元素的背景顏色，因為它與另一個元素重疊",
+        "complexTextShadows": "無法確定元素的對比度，因為它使用複雜的文字陰影",
+        "fgAlpha": "由於 Alpha 透明度，無法確定元素的前景色",
+        "elmPartiallyObscured": "無法確定元素的背景顏色，因為它被另一個元素部分遮擋",
+        "elmPartiallyObscuring": "無法確定元素的背景顏色，因為它與其他元素部分重疊",
+        "outsideViewport": "無法確定元素的背景顏色，因為它位於視窗之外",
+        "equalRatio": "元素與背景的對比為 1:1",
+        "shortTextContent": "元素內容太短，無法判斷是否為實際文字內容",
+        "nonBmp": "元素內容僅包含非文字字符",
+        "pseudoContent": "由於偽元素，無法確定元素的背景顏色"
+      }
+    },
+    "link-in-text-block-style": {
+      "pass": "可以透過視覺樣式將連結與周圍的文字區分開來",
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "檢查連結是否需要樣式以將其與附近的文字區分開",
+        "pseudoContent": "檢查連結的偽樣式是否足以將其與周圍的文字區分開來"
+      },
+      "fail": "該連結沒有樣式（例如下劃線）來將其與周圍的文字區分開來"
+    },
+    "link-in-text-block": {
+      "pass": "連結可以透過顏色以外的其他方式與周圍的文字區分開來",
+      "fail": {
+        "fgContrast": "此連結與周圍文字的顏色對比 ${data.contrastRatio}:1 不足，(最小對比為 ${data.requiredContrastRatio}:1，連結文字：${data.nodeColor}，周圍文字：${data.parentColor}）",
+        "bgContrast": "連結背景的顏色對比 ${data.contrastRatio} 不足（最小對比為 ${data.requiredContrastRatio}:1，連結背景顏色：${data.nodeBackgroundColor}，周圍背景顏色：${data.parentBackgroundColor}）"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "無法確定元素的前景對比度",
+        "bgContrast": "無法確定元素的背景對比度",
+        "bgImage": "由於背景影像而無法確定元素的對比度",
+        "bgGradient": "由於背景漸變，無法確定元素的對比",
+        "imgNode": "無法確定元素的對比度，因為元素包含影像節點",
+        "bgOverlap": "由於元素重疊，無法確定元素的對比"
+      }
+    },
+    "autocomplete-appropriate": {
+      "pass": "autocomplete 值位於適當的元素上",
+      "fail": "autocomplete 值不適合此類輸入"
+    },
+    "autocomplete-valid": {
+      "pass": "autocomplete 屬性的格式正確",
+      "fail": "autocomplete 屬性的格式不正確"
+    },
+    "accesskeys": {
+      "pass": "accesskey 屬性值是唯一的",
+      "fail": "頁面有多個元素具有相同的 accesskey"
+    },
+    "focusable-content": {
+      "pass": "元素包含可聚焦元素",
+      "fail": "元素應該具有可聚焦的內容"
+    },
+    "focusable-disabled": {
+      "pass": "元素內不包含可聚焦元素",
+      "incomplete": "檢查可聚焦元素是否立即移動焦點指示器",
+      "fail": "應停用可聚焦內容或從 DOM 中刪除可聚焦內容"
+    },
+    "focusable-element": {
+      "pass": "元素可聚焦",
+      "fail": "元素應該是可聚焦的"
+    },
+    "focusable-modal-open": {
+      "pass": "模式開啟時沒有可聚焦的元素",
+      "incomplete": "檢查可聚焦元素在目前狀態下是否無法選項"
+    },
+    "focusable-no-name": {
+      "pass": "元素未按 Tab 鍵順序或具有無障礙的文字",
+      "fail": "元素按 Tab 鍵順序排列，並且沒有可訪問的文字",
+      "incomplete": "無法確定元素是否具有無障礙的名稱"
+    },
+    "focusable-not-tabbable": {
+      "pass": "元素內不包含可聚焦元素",
+      "incomplete": "檢查可聚焦元素是否立即移動焦點指示器",
+      "fail": "可聚焦內容應具有 tabindex=\"-1\" 或從 DOM 中刪除"
+    },
+    "frame-focusable-content": {
+      "pass": "元素沒有可聚焦的後代",
+      "fail": "元素具有可聚焦的後代",
+      "incomplete": "無法確定元素是否有後代"
+    },
+    "landmark-is-top-level": {
+      "pass": "${data.role} landmark 位於頂層",
+      "fail": "${data.role} landmark 包含在另一個 landmark"
+    },
+    "no-focusable-content": {
+      "pass": "元素沒有可聚焦的後代",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "元素具有可聚焦的後代",
+        "notHidden": "在互動式控制項內的元素上使用負 tabindex 不會阻止輔助軟體聚焦該元素（即使使用 aria-hidden=\"true\"）"
+      },
+      "incomplete": "無法確定元素是否有後代"
+    },
+    "page-has-heading-one": {
+      "pass": "頁面至少有一個一級標題",
+      "fail": "頁面必須有一級標題"
+    },
+    "page-has-main": {
+      "pass": "頁面至少有一個主要 landmark",
+      "fail": "頁面沒有主要 landmark"
+    },
+    "page-no-duplicate-banner": {
+      "pass": "頁面不包含超過一個橫幅 landmark",
+      "fail": "頁面具有多個橫幅 landmark"
+    },
+    "page-no-duplicate-contentinfo": {
+      "pass": "頁面不包含多個 contentinfo landmark",
+      "fail": "頁面具有多個 contentinfo landmark"
+    },
+    "page-no-duplicate-main": {
+      "pass": "頁面沒有超過一個主要 landmark",
+      "fail": "頁面有多個主要 landmark"
+    },
+    "tabindex": {
+      "pass": "元素的 tabindex 不大於 0",
+      "fail": "元素的 tabindex 大於 0"
+    },
+    "alt-space-value": {
+      "pass": "元素具有有效的 alt 屬性值",
+      "fail": "元素具有僅包含空格字元的 alt 屬性，所有螢幕閱讀器都不會忽略該屬性"
+    },
+    "duplicate-img-label": {
+      "pass": "元素內的文字沒有和元素內的 <img> 替代文字重複",
+      "fail": "元素內的文字和元素內的 <img> 替代文字重複"
+    },
+    "explicit-label": {
+      "pass": "表單有一個明確的標籤文字 <label>",
+      "fail": "表單沒有明確的標籤文字 <label>",
+      "incomplete": "無法確定表單是否具有明確的標籤文字 <label>"
+    },
+    "help-same-as-label": {
+      "pass": "說明文字（title 或 aria-describedby） 不重複標籤文字",
+      "fail": "說明文字（title 或 aria-describedby） 文字與標籤文字相同"
+    },
+    "hidden-explicit-label": {
+      "pass": "表單有一個可見且明確的標籤文字 <label>",
+      "fail": "表單具有隱藏且明確的標籤文字 <label>",
+      "incomplete": "無法確定表單是否具有隱藏且明確的標籤文字 <label>"
+    },
+    "implicit-label": {
+      "pass": "表單有隱藏標籤文字 <label>",
+      "fail": "表單沒有隱藏標籤文字 <label>",
+      "incomplete": "無法確定表單是否具有隱藏標籤文字 <label>"
+    },
+    "label-content-name-mismatch": {
+      "pass": "元素包含可見文字作為其無障礙名稱的一部分",
+      "fail": "元素內的文字不包含在無障礙名稱中"
+    },
+    "multiple-label": {
+      "pass": "表單欄位沒有多個標籤元素",
+      "incomplete": "輔助軟體並未廣泛支援多個標籤元素，確保第一個標籤包含所有必要的資訊"
+    },
+    "title-only": {
+      "pass": "表單不僅僅使用 title 屬性作為其標籤",
+      "fail": "僅使用標題來產生表單的標籤"
+    },
+    "landmark-is-unique": {
+      "pass": "landmark 必須具有唯一的角色或由角色/標籤/標題（即無障礙的名稱）組合成唯一",
+      "fail": "landmark 必須具有唯一的 aria-label、aria-labelledby 或標題，以使 landmark 易於區分"
+    },
+    "has-lang": {
+      "pass": "<html> 元素有一個 lang 屬性",
+      "fail": {
+        "noXHTML": "xml:lang 屬性在 HTML 頁面上無效，請使用 lang 屬性",
+        "noLang": "<html> 元素沒有 lang 屬性"
+      }
+    },
+    "valid-lang": {
+      "pass": "lang 屬性的值包含在有效語言清單中",
+      "fail": "lang 屬性的值未包含在有效語言清單中"
+    },
+    "xml-lang-mismatch": {
+      "pass": "Lang 和 xml:lang 屬性具有相同的基本語言",
+      "fail": "Lang 和 xml:lang 屬性沒有相同的基本語言"
+    },
+    "dlitem": {
+      "pass": "描述列表項目有一個 <dl> 父元素",
+      "fail": "說明清單項目沒有 <dl> 父元素"
+    },
+    "listitem": {
+      "pass": "列表項目具有 <ul>、<ol> 或 role=\"list\" 父元素",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "列表項目的父元素不是 <ul> 或 <ol>",
+        "roleNotValid": "列表項目的父元素不是 <ul> 或 <ol> ，且列表項目的父元素沒有屬性 role=\"list\""
+      }
+    },
+    "only-dlitems": {
+      "pass": "dl 元素僅具有允許在內部的直接子元素； <dt>、<dd> 或 <div> 元素",
+      "fail": "dl 元素有不允許的直接子元素：${data.values}"
+    },
+    "only-listitems": {
+      "pass": "列表元素僅允許在 <li> 元素內具有直接子元素",
+      "fail": "列表元素具有不允許的直接子元素：${data.values}"
+    },
+    "structured-dlitems": {
+      "pass": "當不為空時，元素同時具有 <dt> 和 <dd> 元素",
+      "fail": "當不為空時，元素沒有至少一個 <dt> 元素後面跟著至少一個 <dd> 元素"
+    },
+    "caption": {
+      "pass": "多媒體元素有一個字幕軌道",
+      "incomplete": "檢查標題是否適用於該元素"
+    },
+    "frame-tested": {
+      "pass": "iframe 使用 axe-core 進行了測試",
+      "fail": "iframe 無法使用 axe-core 進行測試",
+      "incomplete": "iframe 仍需使用 axe-core 進行測試"
+    },
+    "no-autoplay-audio": {
+      "pass": "<video> 或 <audio> 輸出音訊的時間不會超過允許的持續時間或具有控制機制",
+      "fail": "<video> 或 <audio> 輸出音訊的時間超過允許的持續時間，且沒有控制機制",
+      "incomplete": "檢查 <video> 或 <audio> 輸出音訊的時間是否超過允許的持續時間或提供控制機制"
+    },
+    "css-orientation-lock": {
+      "pass": "顯示可操作，方向鎖定不存在",
+      "fail": "CSS 方向鎖定已套用，導致顯示無法操作",
+      "incomplete": "CSS 方向鎖定無法確定"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport-large": {
+      "pass": "<meta> 標籤不會阻止行動裝置上的顯著縮放",
+      "fail": "<meta> 標籤限制行動裝置上的縮放"
+    },
+    "meta-viewport": {
+      "pass": "<meta> 標籤不會停用行動裝置上的縮放",
+      "fail": "<meta> 標記上的 ${data} 停用行動裝置上的縮放"
+    },
+    "target-offset": {
+      "pass": "目標與其最近的鄰近的元素有足夠的空間，安全可點選空間的距離為 ${data.closestOffset}px，至少為 ${data.minOffset}px",
+      "fail": "目標與其最近鄰近的元素之間的空間不足，安全可點擊空間的距離為 ${data.closestOffset}px，而不是至少 ${data.minOffset}px",
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "tabindex 為負的元素與其最近鄰近的元素的空間不足，安全可點擊空間的距離為 ${data.closestOffset}px，而不是至少 ${data.minOffset}px，這是一個目標嗎？",
+        "nonTabbableNeighbor": "目標與其最近鄰近的元素之間的空間不足，安全可點擊空間的距離為 ${data.closestOffset}px，而不是至少 ${data.minOffset}px，鄰近的元素是目標嗎？"
+      }
+    },
+    "target-size": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "控制的內容具有足夠的大小（${data.width}px x ${data.height}px，應至少為 ${data.minSize}px x ${data.minSize}px）",
+        "obscured": "控制的內容被忽略，因為它被完全遮擋，因此不可點擊"
+      },
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "目標大小不足（${data.width}px x ${data.height}px，應至少為 ${data.minSize}px x ${data.minSize}px）",
+        "partiallyObscured": "目標尺寸不足，因為它被部分遮蔽（最小空間為 ${data.width}px x ${data.height}px，應至少為 ${data.minSize}px x ${data.minSize}px）"
+      },
+      "incomplete": {
+        "default": "tabindex 為負的元素大小不足（${data.width}px x ${data.height}px，應至少為 ${data.minSize}px x ${data.minSize}px），這是一個目標嗎？",
+        "contentOverflow": "由於內容溢出，無法準確確定元素大小",
+        "partiallyObscured": "tabindex 為負的元素大小不足，因為它被部分遮蔽（最小空間為 ${data.width}px x ${data.height}px，應至少為 ${data.minSize}px x ${data.minSize}像素），這是一個目標嗎？",
+        "partiallyObscuredNonTabbable": "目標大小不足，因為它被負 tabindex 的鄰近的元素部分遮擋（最小空間為 ${data.width}px x ${data.height}px，應至少為 ${data.minSize}px x ${data .minSize }px），相鄰的元素是目標嗎？"
+      }
+    },
+    "header-present": {
+      "pass": "頁面有標題",
+      "fail": "頁面沒有標題"
+    },
+    "heading-order": {
+      "pass": "標題順序有效",
+      "fail": "標題順序無效",
+      "incomplete": "無法確定前一個標題"
+    },
+    "identical-links-same-purpose": {
+      "pass": "沒有其他具有相同名稱且轉到不同 URL 連結",
+      "incomplete": "檢查連結是否有相同的目的，或是否故意含糊不清"
+    },
+    "internal-link-present": {
+      "pass": "找到有效的跳過連結",
+      "fail": "找不到有效的跳過連結"
+    },
+    "landmark": {
+      "pass": "頁面有一個 landmark 區域",
+      "fail": "頁面沒有 landmark 區域"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh-no-exceptions": {
+      "pass": "<meta> 標籤不會立即重新整理頁面",
+      "fail": "<meta> 標籤強制頁面定時刷新"
+    },
+    "meta-refresh": {
+      "pass": "<meta> 標籤不會立即重新整理頁面",
+      "fail": "<meta> 標籤強制頁面定時刷新（小於20小時）"
+    },
+    "p-as-heading": {
+      "pass": "<p> 元素的樣式不為標題",
+      "fail": "應使用標題元素而不是樣式化的 <p> 元素",
+      "incomplete": "無法確定 <p> 元素是否設定為標題樣式"
+    },
+    "region": {
+      "pass": "所有頁面內容均包含在 landmark 中",
+      "fail": "某些頁面內容不包含在 landmark 中"
+    },
+    "skip-link": {
+      "pass": "跳過連結目標存在",
+      "incomplete": "跳過連結目標在啟動時應該變得可見",
+      "fail": "無跳過連結目標"
+    },
+    "unique-frame-title": {
+      "pass": "元素的標題屬性是唯一的",
+      "fail": "元素的 title 屬性不唯一"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-active": {
+      "pass": "頁面沒有共用相同 id 屬性的活動元素",
+      "fail": "頁面具有相同 id 屬性的活動元素：${data}"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id-aria": {
+      "pass": "頁面沒有使用 ARIA 引用的元素或共享相同 id 屬性的標籤",
+      "fail": "頁面具有使用 ARIA 引用的多個具有相同 id 屬性的元素：${data}"
+    },
+    "duplicate-id": {
+      "pass": "頁面沒有共享相同 id 屬性的靜態元素",
+      "fail": "頁面有多個具有相同 id 屬性的靜態元素：${data}"
+    },
+    "aria-label": {
+      "pass": "aria-label 屬性存在且不為空",
+      "fail": "aria-label 屬性不存在或為空"
+    },
+    "aria-labelledby": {
+      "pass": "aria-labelledby 屬性存在並引用螢幕閱讀器可見的元素",
+      "fail": "aria-labelledby 屬性不存在、引用不存在的元素或引用為空的元素",
+      "incomplete": "確保 aria-labelledby 引用現有元素"
+    },
+    "avoid-inline-spacing": {
+      "pass": "未指定影響文字間距的帶有「!important」的內聯樣式",
+      "fail": {
+        "singular": "從內聯樣式 ${data.values} 中刪除 '!important'，因為大多數瀏覽器不支援覆寫它",
+        "plural": "從內聯樣式 ${data.values} 中刪除 '!important'，因為大多數瀏覽器不支援覆寫它"
+      }
+    },
+    "button-has-visible-text": {
+      "pass": "元素具有螢幕閱讀器可見的內部文字",
+      "fail": "元素沒有螢幕閱讀器可見的內部文字",
+      "incomplete": "無法確定元素是否有子元素"
+    },
+    "doc-has-title": {
+      "pass": "文檔有一個非空的 <title> 元素",
+      "fail": "頁面沒有非空 <title> 元素"
+    },
+    "exists": {
+      "pass": "元素不存在",
+      "incomplete": "元素存在"
+    },
+    "has-alt": {
+      "pass": "元素具有 alt 屬性",
+      "fail": "元素沒有 alt 屬性"
+    },
+    "has-visible-text": {
+      "pass": "元素具有螢幕閱讀器可見的文字",
+      "fail": "元素沒有螢幕閱讀器可見的文字",
+      "incomplete": "無法確定元素是否有子元素"
+    },
+    "important-letter-spacing": {
+      "pass": "style 屬性中的字母間距未設定為 !important，或滿足最小值",
+      "fail": "樣式屬性中的字母間距不得使用 !important，或位於 ${data.minValue}em（目前 ${data.value}em）"
+    },
+    "important-line-height": {
+      "pass": "style 屬性中的line-height沒有設定為!important，或滿足最小值",
+      "fail": "style 屬性中的 line-height 不得使用 !important，或位於 ${data.minValue}em（目前 ${data.value}em）"
+    },
+    "important-word-spacing": {
+      "pass": "style 屬性中的 word-spacing 未設定為 !important，或滿足最小值",
+      "fail": "style 屬性中的字間距不得使用 !important，或位於 ${data.minValue}em（目前 ${data.value}em）"
+    },
+    "is-on-screen": {
+      "pass": "元素不可見",
+      "fail": "元素可見"
+    },
+    "non-empty-alt": {
+      "pass": "元素具有非空 alt 屬性",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "元素沒有 alt 屬性",
+        "emptyAttr": "元素具有空的 alt 屬性"
+      }
+    },
+    "non-empty-if-present": {
+      "pass": {
+        "default": "元素沒有 value 屬性",
+        "has-label": "元素具有非空值屬性"
+      },
+      "fail": "元素有 value 屬性且 value 屬性為空"
+    },
+    "non-empty-placeholder": {
+      "pass": "元素具有佔位符屬性",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "元素沒有佔位符屬性",
+        "emptyAttr": "元素具有空佔位符屬性"
+      }
+    },
+    "non-empty-title": {
+      "pass": "元素有一個標題屬性",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "元素沒有 title 屬性",
+        "emptyAttr": "元素的標題屬性為空"
+      }
+    },
+    "non-empty-value": {
+      "pass": "元素具有非空值屬性",
+      "fail": {
+        "noAttr": "元素沒有 value 屬性",
+        "emptyAttr": "元素具有空值屬性"
+      }
+    },
+    "presentational-role": {
+      "pass": "元素的預設語意被 role=\"${data.role}\" 覆蓋",
+      "fail": {
+        "default": "元素的預設語意未被 role=\"none\" 或 role=\"presentation\" 覆蓋",
+        "globalAria": "元素的角色不是表現性的，因為它具有全域 ARIA 屬性",
+        "focusable": "元素的作用不是表現性的，因為它是可聚焦的",
+        "both": "元素的角色不是表現性的，因為它具有全局 ARIA 屬性並且可聚焦",
+        "iframe": "在具有演示角色的 ${data.nodeName} 元素上使用「title」屬性在螢幕閱讀器之間的行為不一致"
+      }
+    },
+    "role-none": {
+      "pass": "元素的預設語意被 role=\"none\" 覆蓋",
+      "fail": "元素的預設語意未被 role=\"none\" 覆蓋"
+    },
+    "role-presentation": {
+      "pass": "元素的預設語意被 role=\"presentation\" 覆蓋",
+      "fail": "元素的預設語意未被 role=\"presentation\" 覆蓋"
+    },
+    "svg-non-empty-title": {
+      "pass": "元素有一個子元素，它是標題",
+      "fail": {
+        "noTitle": "元素沒有作為標題的子元素",
+        "emptyTitle": "元素子標題為空"
+      },
+      "incomplete": "無法確定元素的子元素是標題"
+    },
+    "caption-faked": {
+      "pass": "表格的第一行不作為標題",
+      "fail": "表格的第一個子項目應該是標題而不是表格儲存格"
+    },
+    "html5-scope": {
+      "pass": "範圍屬性僅用於表頭元素（<th>）",
+      "fail": "在 HTML 5 中，範圍屬性只能用在表頭元素（<th>） 上"
+    },
+    "same-caption-summary": {
+      "pass": "摘要屬性和 <caption> 的內容不重複",
+      "fail": "摘要屬性和 <caption> 元素的內容相同",
+      "incomplete": "無法確定 <table> 元素是否有標題"
+    },
+    "scope-value": {
+      "pass": "範圍屬性使用正確",
+      "fail": "scope 屬性的值只能是 'row' 或 'col'"
+    },
+    "td-has-header": {
+      "pass": "所有非空資料儲存格都有表格標題",
+      "fail": "某些非空資料儲存格沒有表頭"
+    },
+    "td-headers-attr": {
+      "pass": "headers 屬性專門用於引用表格中的其他儲存格",
+      "incomplete": "headers 屬性為空",
+      "fail": "headers 屬性不僅僅用於引用表中的其他單元格"
+    },
+    "th-has-data-cells": {
+      "pass": "所有表格標題儲存格均引用資料儲存格",
+      "fail": "並非所有表格標題儲存格都引用資料儲存格",
+      "incomplete": "表格資料單元格缺失或為空"
+    },
+    "hidden-content": {
+      "pass": "頁面上的所有內容都已分析",
+      "fail": "分析此頁面上的內容時出現問題",
+      "incomplete": "頁面上存在未分析的隱藏內容，您將需要觸發此內容的顯示才能對其進行分析"
+    }
+  },
+  "failureSummaries": {
+    "any": {
+      "failureMessage": "修正以下任一問題：{{~it:value}}\n {{=value.split('\\n').join('\\n ')}}{{~}}"
+    },
+    "none": {
+      "failureMessage": "修正以下所有問題：{{~it:value}}\n {{=value.split('\\n').join('\\n ')}}{{~}}"
+    }
+  },
+  "incompleteFallbackMessage": "axe 也說不出原因，該使用元素檢查器了！"
+}
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index a8c5d932f..cfd8fddfd 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -1,332 +1,13684 @@
 {
   "name": "axe-core",
-  "version": "4.4.2",
-  "lockfileVersion": 1,
+  "version": "4.9.0",
+  "lockfileVersion": 2,
   "requires": true,
+  "packages": {
+    "": {
+      "name": "axe-core",
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+            "is-fullwidth-code-point": "^3.0.0",
+            "strip-ansi": "^6.0.1"
           }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "wrap-ansi-cjs": {
+      "version": "npm:wrap-ansi@7.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/wrap-ansi/-/wrap-ansi-7.0.0.tgz",
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+      "dev": true,
+      "requires": {
+        "ansi-styles": "^4.0.0",
+        "string-width": "^4.1.0",
+        "strip-ansi": "^6.0.0"
+      },
+      "dependencies": {
+        "emoji-regex": {
+          "version": "8.0.0",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/emoji-regex/-/emoji-regex-8.0.0.tgz",
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+          "dev": true
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-        "color-convert": {
-          "version": "2.0.1",
-          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/color-convert/-/color-convert-2.0.1.tgz",
-          "integrity": "sha512-RRECPsj7iu/xb5oKYcsFHSppFNnsj/52OVTRKb4zP5onXwVF3zVmmToNcOfGC+CRDpfK/U584fMg38ZHCaElKQ==",
+        "is-fullwidth-code-point": {
+          "version": "3.0.0",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/is-fullwidth-code-point/-/is-fullwidth-code-point-3.0.0.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha512-zymm5+u+sCsSWyD9qNaejV3DFvhCKclKdizYaJUuHA83RLjb7nSuGnddCHGv0hk+KY7BMAlsWeK4Ueg6EV6XQg==",
+          "dev": true
+        },
+        "string-width": {
+          "version": "4.2.3",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/string-width/-/string-width-4.2.3.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha512-wKyQRQpjJ0sIp62ErSZdGsjMJWsap5oRNihHhu6G7JVO/9jIB6UyevL+tXuOqrng8j/cxKTWyWUwvSTriiZz/g==",
           "dev": true,
           "requires": {
-            "color-name": "~1.1.4"
+            "emoji-regex": "^8.0.0",
+            "is-fullwidth-code-point": "^3.0.0",
+            "strip-ansi": "^6.0.1"
           }
-        },
-        "color-name": {
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-          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/color-name/-/color-name-1.1.4.tgz",
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       }
     },
     "wrappy": {
       "version": "1.0.2",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/wrappy/-/wrappy-1.0.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha1-tSQ9jz7BqjXxNkYFvA0QNuMKtp8=",
+      "integrity": "sha512-l4Sp/DRseor9wL6EvV2+TuQn63dMkPjZ/sp9XkghTEbV9KlPS1xUsZ3u7/IQO4wxtcFB4bgpQPRcR3QCvezPcQ==",
       "dev": true
     },
     "ws": {
-      "version": "7.5.6",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ws/-/ws-7.5.6.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-6GLgCqo2cy2A2rjCNFlxQS6ZljG/coZfZXclldI8FB/1G3CCI36Zd8xy2HrFVACi8tfk5XrgLQEk+P0Tnz9UcA==",
-      "dev": true
-    },
-    "xml-name-validator": {
-      "version": "3.0.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/xml-name-validator/-/xml-name-validator-3.0.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-A5CUptxDsvxKJEU3yO6DuWBSJz/qizqzJKOMIfUJHETbBw/sFaDxgd6fxm1ewUaM0jZ444Fc5vC5ROYurg/4Pw==",
-      "dev": true
-    },
-    "xml2js": {
-      "version": "0.4.23",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/xml2js/-/xml2js-0.4.23.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-ySPiMjM0+pLDftHgXY4By0uswI3SPKLDw/i3UXbnO8M/p28zqexCUoPmQFrYD+/1BzhGJSs2i1ERWKJAtiLrug==",
+      "version": "8.16.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ws/-/ws-8.16.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-HS0c//TP7Ina87TfiPUz1rQzMhHrl/SG2guqRcTOIUYD2q8uhUdNHZYJUaQ8aTGPzCh+c6oawMKW35nFl1dxyQ==",
       "dev": true,
-      "requires": {
-        "sax": ">=0.6.0",
-        "xmlbuilder": "~11.0.0"
-      }
+      "requires": {}
     },
-    "xmlbuilder": {
-      "version": "11.0.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/xmlbuilder/-/xmlbuilder-11.0.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-fDlsI/kFEx7gLvbecc0/ohLG50fugQp8ryHzMTuW9vSa1GJ0XYWKnhsUx7oie3G98+r56aTQIUB4kht42R3JvA==",
+    "xml-name-validator": {
+      "version": "5.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/xml-name-validator/-/xml-name-validator-5.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-EvGK8EJ3DhaHfbRlETOWAS5pO9MZITeauHKJyb8wyajUfQUenkIg2MvLDTZ4T/TgIcm3HU0TFBgWWboAZ30UHg==",
       "dev": true
     },
     "xmlchars": {
@@ -9489,9 +23046,9 @@
       "dev": true
     },
     "yaml": {
-      "version": "1.10.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/yaml/-/yaml-1.10.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-r3vXyErRCYJ7wg28yvBY5VSoAF8ZvlcW9/BwUzEtUsjvX/DKs24dIkuwjtuprwJJHsbyUbLApepYTR1BN4uHrg==",
+      "version": "2.3.4",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/yaml/-/yaml-2.3.4.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-8aAvwVUSHpfEqTQ4w/KMlf3HcRdt50E5ODIQJBw1fQ5RL34xabzxtUlzTXVqc4rkZsPbvrXKWnABCD7kWSmocA==",
       "dev": true
     },
     "yargs": {
@@ -9507,6 +23064,31 @@
         "string-width": "^4.2.0",
         "y18n": "^5.0.5",
         "yargs-parser": "^20.2.2"
+      },
+      "dependencies": {
+        "emoji-regex": {
+          "version": "8.0.0",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/emoji-regex/-/emoji-regex-8.0.0.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha512-MSjYzcWNOA0ewAHpz0MxpYFvwg6yjy1NG3xteoqz644VCo/RPgnr1/GGt+ic3iJTzQ8Eu3TdM14SawnVUmGE6A==",
+          "dev": true
+        },
+        "is-fullwidth-code-point": {
+          "version": "3.0.0",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/is-fullwidth-code-point/-/is-fullwidth-code-point-3.0.0.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha512-zymm5+u+sCsSWyD9qNaejV3DFvhCKclKdizYaJUuHA83RLjb7nSuGnddCHGv0hk+KY7BMAlsWeK4Ueg6EV6XQg==",
+          "dev": true
+        },
+        "string-width": {
+          "version": "4.2.3",
+          "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/string-width/-/string-width-4.2.3.tgz",
+          "integrity": "sha512-wKyQRQpjJ0sIp62ErSZdGsjMJWsap5oRNihHhu6G7JVO/9jIB6UyevL+tXuOqrng8j/cxKTWyWUwvSTriiZz/g==",
+          "dev": true,
+          "requires": {
+            "emoji-regex": "^8.0.0",
+            "is-fullwidth-code-point": "^3.0.0",
+            "strip-ansi": "^6.0.1"
+          }
+        }
       }
     },
     "yargs-parser": {
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 870c4d6fa..6c9a3e1fa 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 {
   "name": "axe-core",
   "description": "Accessibility engine for automated Web UI testing",
-  "version": "4.4.2",
+  "version": "4.9.0",
   "license": "MPL-2.0",
   "engines": {
-    "node": ">=12"
+    "node": ">=4"
   },
   "contributors": [
     {
@@ -55,7 +55,8 @@
     "axe.min.js",
     "axe.d.ts",
     "sri-history.json",
-    "locales/"
+    "locales/",
+    "LICENSE-3RD-PARTY.txt"
   ],
   "standard-version": {
     "scripts": {
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@
     }
   },
   "scripts": {
-    "start": "http-server -p 9876 --silent",
+    "start": "http-server -a \"\" -p 9876 --silent",
     "develop": "grunt dev --force",
     "api-docs": "jsdoc --configure .jsdoc.json",
     "build": "grunt",
@@ -83,101 +84,100 @@
     "test:unit:integration": "npm run test:unit -- testDirs=integration",
     "test:unit:virtual-rules": "npm run test:unit -- testDirs=virtual-rules",
     "integration": "node test/integration/full/test-webdriver.js",
-    "integration:apg": "mocha test/aria-practices/*.spec.js",
+    "integration:apg": "mocha --fail-zero test/aria-practices/*.spec.js",
     "integration:chrome": "npm run integration -- browser=Chrome",
     "integration:firefox": "npm run integration -- browser=Firefox",
-    "integration:ie": "npm run integration -- browser=IE",
     "test:integration": "npm run test:integration:chrome",
     "test:integration:chrome": "start-server-and-test 9876 integration:chrome",
     "test:integration:firefox": "start-server-and-test 9876 integration:firefox",
-    "test:integration:ie": "start-server-and-test 9876 integration:ie",
     "test:examples": "node ./doc/examples/test-examples",
-    "test:act": "karma start test/act-mapping/karma.config.js",
-    "test:act:debug": "npm run test:act -- --no-single-run --browsers=Chrome",
+    "test:act": "mocha --fail-zero test/act-rules/*.spec.js",
     "test:apg": "start-server-and-test 9876 integration:apg",
     "test:locales": "mocha test/test-locales.js",
     "test:virtual-rules": "mocha test/test-virtual-rules.js",
     "test:rule-help-version": "mocha test/test-rule-help-version.js",
-    "test:node": "mocha test/node/*.js",
+    "test:node": "node test/node/node.js",
+    "test:jsdom": "mocha test/node/jsdom.js",
     "version": "echo \"use 'npm run release' to bump axe-core version\" && exit 1",
     "release": "git fetch origin --tags --force && standard-version -a",
     "rule-gen": "node build/rule-generator",
     "next-release": "standard-version --scripts.prebump=./build/next-version.js --skip.commit=true --skip.tag=true",
     "sri-update": "grunt build && node build/sri-update && git add sri-history.json",
     "sri-validate": "node build/sri-update --validate",
-    "fmt": "prettier --write .*.json *.{json,md,js} **/*.ts './{.circleci,.github,build,doc,lib,locales,test,typings}/**/*.{json,md,js,ts,html}'"
+    "fmt": "prettier --write .",
+    "prepare": "husky",
+    "prebuild": "node ./build/check-node-version.js",
+    "pretest": "node ./build/check-node-version.js",
+    "postbuild": "prettier --write ./locales/_template.json ./doc/rule-descriptions.md"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
-    "@axe-core/webdriverjs": "^4.3.2",
-    "@babel/core": "^7.5.4",
-    "@babel/plugin-proposal-object-rest-spread": "^7.5.4",
-    "@babel/polyfill": "^7.4.4",
-    "@babel/preset-env": "^7.5.4",
+    "@axe-core/webdriverjs": "^4.5.2",
+    "@babel/core": "^7.20.12",
+    "@babel/plugin-proposal-object-rest-spread": "^7.20.7",
+    "@babel/preset-env": "^7.20.2",
+    "@babel/runtime-corejs3": "^7.20.7",
     "@deque/dot": "^1.1.5",
-    "act-rules.github.io": "github:act-rules/act-rules.github.io#a5d7336e020fd04fd429f94c651102f8ab255f01",
-    "aria-practices": "github:w3c/aria-practices#f7de7ec3a53534018237f24cb9e610f26c30c367",
-    "aria-query": "^3.0.0",
-    "browser-driver-manager": "1.0.3",
-    "chai": "~4.2.0",
-    "chalk": "^4.1.0",
+    "aria-practices": "github:w3c/aria-practices#ce0336bd82d7d3651abcbde86af644197ddbc629",
+    "aria-query": "^5.1.3",
+    "browser-driver-manager": "1.0.4",
+    "chai": "^4.3.7",
+    "chalk": "^4.x",
     "chromedriver": "latest",
+    "clean-jsdoc-theme": "^4.2.17",
     "clone": "^2.1.2",
-    "conventional-commits-parser": "^3.1.0",
-    "css-selector-parser": "^1.3.0",
-    "emoji-regex": "8.0.0",
-    "es6-promise": "^4.2.6",
-    "esbuild": "^0.8.0",
-    "eslint": "^7.27.0",
-    "eslint-config-prettier": "^6.2.0",
+    "colorjs.io": "^0.5.0",
+    "conventional-commits-parser": "^5.0.0",
+    "core-js": "^3.27.1",
+    "css-selector-parser": "^1.4.1",
+    "emoji-regex": "^10.2.1",
+    "es6-promise": "^4.2.8",
+    "esbuild": "^0.10.x",
+    "eslint": "^8.31.0",
+    "eslint-config-prettier": "^9.0.0",
     "eslint-plugin-mocha-no-only": "^1.1.1",
-    "execa": "^2.0.2",
-    "globby": "^10.0.0",
-    "grunt": "^1.0.3",
+    "execa": "5.x",
+    "glob": "^10.3.10",
+    "grunt": "^1.5.3",
     "grunt-babel": "^8.0.0",
     "grunt-bytesize": "^0.2.0",
-    "grunt-contrib-clean": "^2.0.0",
-    "grunt-contrib-concat": "^1.0.1",
-    "grunt-contrib-uglify": "^4.0.0",
+    "grunt-contrib-clean": "^2.0.1",
+    "grunt-contrib-concat": "^2.1.0",
+    "grunt-contrib-uglify": "^5.2.2",
     "grunt-contrib-watch": "^1.1.0",
-    "html-entities": "^1.2.0",
-    "http-server": "^14.1.0",
-    "husky": "^3.1.0",
-    "jquery": "^3.0.0",
-    "jsdoc": "^3.6.10",
-    "jsdom": "^16.3.0",
-    "karma": "^6.3.16",
+    "html-entities": "^2.4.0",
+    "http-server": "^14.1.1",
+    "husky": "^9.0.7",
+    "inquirer": "^8.2.5",
+    "jquery": "^3.6.3",
+    "jsdoc": "^4.0.2",
+    "jsdom": "^24.0.0",
+    "karma": "^6.4.1",
     "karma-chai": "^0.1.0",
-    "karma-chrome-launcher": "^3.1.0",
-    "karma-firefox-launcher": "^2.1.0",
+    "karma-chrome-launcher": "^3.1.1",
+    "karma-firefox-launcher": "^2.1.2",
     "karma-ie-launcher": "^1.0.0",
     "karma-mocha": "^2.0.1",
     "karma-sinon": "^1.0.5",
-    "karma-spec-reporter": "0.0.33",
-    "lint-staged": "^11.2.6",
-    "make-dir": "^3.0.0",
-    "markdown-table": "^1.1.2",
-    "memoizee": "^0.4.14",
-    "minami": "^1.2.3",
-    "mocha": "^9.2.0",
-    "node-notifier": "^8.0.1",
+    "karma-spec-reporter": "^0.0.36",
+    "lint-staged": "^15.0.2",
+    "memoizee": "^0.4.15",
+    "mocha": "^10.2.0",
+    "node-notifier": "^10.0.1",
     "npm-run-all": "^4.1.5",
-    "prettier": "^1.17.1",
-    "proxyquire": "^2.1.3",
-    "revalidator": "~0.3.1",
-    "selenium-webdriver": "~3.6.0",
-    "sinon": "^7.5.0",
+    "outdent": "^0.8.0",
+    "prettier": "^3.0.3",
+    "revalidator": "^0.3.1",
+    "selenium-webdriver": "^4.7.1",
+    "serve-handler": "^6.1.5",
+    "sinon": "^17.0.0",
     "sri-toolbox": "^0.2.0",
-    "standard-version": "^9.0.0",
-    "start-server-and-test": "^1.11.7",
-    "typedarray": "^0.0.6",
-    "typescript": "^3.5.3",
-    "uglify-js": "^3.4.4",
-    "weakmap-polyfill": "^2.0.0"
-  },
-  "husky": {
-    "hooks": {
-      "pre-commit": "grunt configure && lint-staged"
-    }
+    "standard-version": "^9.5.0",
+    "start-server-and-test": "^2.0.1",
+    "typedarray": "^0.0.7",
+    "typescript": "^5.2.2",
+    "uglify-js": "^3.17.4",
+    "wcag-act-rules": "github:w3c/wcag-act-rules#dc90495a5533d326b300ee5a9487afdfc6d493c0",
+    "weakmap-polyfill": "^2.0.4"
   },
   "lint-staged": {
     "*.{md,json,ts,html}": [
diff --git a/sri-history.json b/sri-history.json
index 3953f58e9..dea6ac5f9 100644
--- a/sri-history.json
+++ b/sri-history.json
@@ -306,5 +306,73 @@
   "4.4.2": {
     "axe.js": "sha256-s3Ip/Rm7jkD6tDMBfUvDdj1Okyjm+wMBKf60/39jaug=",
     "axe.min.js": "sha256-LPnPAiGlol21Bn7pq9yM1TkCvztX37pp59UhYeSwShM="
+  },
+  "4.4.3": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-R+pmfA40BsLNJsCD6FrO4KRXoV2mV3NKNUZuxFSJk6g=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-aX6mx+3/D+KJt7vs8f97kBUkm8g0tAmjSM0GDfgK66A="
+  },
+  "4.5.0": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-AYLBIQscniY92RkIlsESUAIu3cOplhUmJ3Y4/DKR4SE=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-cdG6H1F9kSiSIpyWgjGYXkbV3mcfc6/SvE7Zbq2km/A="
+  },
+  "4.5.1": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-IkK+029qUdULyO88zkDU2TeO5kQB8AjncJvjmFKqBHQ=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-Ost3Bp9ymk0FCZFL9pOU2g/ph8u06GuVCm8go6W+THw="
+  },
+  "4.5.2": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-GY6QNA/wTZYR80KdSFkH5BevH8QfsZGGbJ9qFzCkneY=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-4Jw5rCVL57KrRYPfrx9AC87f3txwWIpgTM5n/LbSPTQ="
+  },
+  "4.6.0": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-THkPfmokl4bJu3OupcpOt0ndrVCtSuKHPAbmah9KOfI=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-14jwyUq9PSLhUTnee2RUaKm1i5z93fVEhUTgPCLzGO0="
+  },
+  "4.6.1": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-5YoRtLPmXJjZaeVXOVTTPf6DtevHdYBfD4oxaCBDCXw=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-8CV1yJR7ZBS/j8HkUf1OwOEib+WUH+QovSg8xOh9MVI="
+  },
+  "4.6.2": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-6BCLF6TcLdHG7Ok3yyV7HOKF/Se1yJQgzgAiz3AnzX0=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-US+MWxPC7r+aFzKfSCl+effrzN0Qoz4tS2wxlIpmsCM="
+  },
+  "4.6.3": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-N8N7PwDRFNyzsL80UoXAE5ibkfu/KJ71Ixw0zWYX+yM=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-vOhlk9sgryrpUZOv6801a9uYhuG6Z/NBJmOJb0aAQQQ="
+  },
+  "4.7.0": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-JxLtVRh3EvdwPhr6ipXNnoN2ugUYvpwIAx4usr5jKcU=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-q5YvHv5paIlrWyys5xKDb79XtmXYpiAHFVZcg61Qick="
+  },
+  "4.7.1": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-1ruJfhOP+fO+uuQiIs1U9P4ILYOxnFc5MCH7LzaH+Lc=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-ReDVBpTYnDCOjYC3eTfhCwsWtAcleTtuoekVW8eoU38="
+  },
+  "4.7.2": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-EE+7F84cDAG4yvmWb/Cbb3WmQaNAGj4FwU4cKxJZqjg=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-VTWaX4yE65/ofnyeohwMLLKvU1GEYDoWOCbKlcqFMs8="
+  },
+  "4.8.0": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-Rd1U88z7mahhAvxYhchoCfwWxV8R/H+BcSoX6XTQ0gY=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-1oZiCfWnUt2rwqLWzpkoxlcEaOH53/QFYke0jo+KecA="
+  },
+  "4.8.1": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-xAiDRfIT8BFIcORsehvJYCROe4K+U0Ak5MVJMaCvn9k=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-EkEySwRAuCQljOYWJ29XQp4s80KPPlsmKwFtKFn6Vr0="
+  },
+  "4.8.2": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-VZuuruUDDRwfzCo4ZDDzXiVefuy4pSW6BlGx+D/ucC0=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-O9U055OcfxyKV61g3Qn7N9mvpJNht0RCPcFw+QjWTG4="
+  },
+  "4.8.3": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-YWpAAdIo7fwKmLq8nJx1f6pwt7HAXwWm15RSGJKbxhw=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-/mct+I/4SJnZ30Ce+j9T7ll9zPwzbJVrjdKpbKIP+NA="
+  },
+  "4.8.4": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-RRn+EjX3fX893zHeLzMQebvK4/HR3yZpVFNxsV3Pbm0=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-HXl1GEx0+LwVB27fLmwgdXCmeTM2beVwwFosWvFzLmo="
+  },
+  "4.9.0": {
+    "axe.js": "sha256-76H9rp5bFFzCQrHiNlIEZniM30DftZzZ5pUJd/ZG4Qg=",
+    "axe.min.js": "sha256-leYBst5Y3dlncZ2YVBpe5s//BhrMC7XbK9yhUCAyPNA="
   }
 }
diff --git a/test/act-mapping/karma.config.js b/test/act-mapping/karma.config.js
index 8ad4effaf..d22085d68 100644
--- a/test/act-mapping/karma.config.js
+++ b/test/act-mapping/karma.config.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-module.exports = function(config) {
+module.exports = function (config) {
   config.set({
     basePath: '../../',
     singleRun: true,
diff --git a/test/act-mapping/preprocessor.js b/test/act-mapping/preprocessor.js
index e77883f10..8b6e90960 100644
--- a/test/act-mapping/preprocessor.js
+++ b/test/act-mapping/preprocessor.js
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ createActPreprocessor.$inject = ['logger'];
 function createActPreprocessor(logger) {
   var log = logger.create('preprocessor.act');
 
-  return function(actRuleJson, file, done) {
+  return function (actRuleJson, file, done) {
     try {
       log.debug('Processing "%s".', file.originalPath);
       file.path = file.originalPath.replace(/\.json$/, '.js');
@@ -37,10 +37,10 @@ module.exports = {
 function applyTestCases(actRule) {
   actRule = Object.assign({}, actRule);
 
-  actRule.testcases = testcases.filter(function(testcase) {
+  actRule.testcases = testcases.filter(function (testcase) {
     return testcase.ruleId === actRule.id;
   });
-  actRule.testcases.forEach(function(testcase) {
+  actRule.testcases.forEach(function (testcase) {
     var testcasePath = path.resolve(actRepoDir, testcase.relativePath);
     testcase.html = fs.readFileSync(testcasePath, 'utf-8');
   });
diff --git a/test/act-mapping/runner.js b/test/act-mapping/runner.js
index 7ea17817f..19cb0a1ed 100644
--- a/test/act-mapping/runner.js
+++ b/test/act-mapping/runner.js
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-(function() {
+(function () {
   // this line is replaced with the test object in preprocessor.js
   var actRule = {}; /*tests*/
 
-  describe(actRule.title + ' (' + actRule.id + ')', function() {
+  describe(actRule.title + ' (' + actRule.id + ')', function () {
     var bodyContent;
-    before(function() {
+    before(function () {
       var title = document.querySelector('title');
       if (title) {
         document.head.removeChild(title);
@@ -13,16 +13,16 @@
       bodyContent = document.body.innerHTML;
     });
 
-    afterEach(function() {
+    afterEach(function () {
       document.body.innerHTML = bodyContent;
       document.head.innerHTML = '';
       var htmlAttrs = Array.from(document.documentElement.attributes);
-      htmlAttrs.forEach(function(attr) {
+      htmlAttrs.forEach(function (attr) {
         document.documentElement.removeAttribute(attr.name);
       });
     });
 
-    actRule.testcases.forEach(function(testcase) {
+    actRule.testcases.forEach(function (testcase) {
       runTestCase(testcase, {
         runOnly: actRule.axeRules
       });
@@ -31,11 +31,11 @@
 
   function runTestCase(testcase, axeOptions) {
     var test = shouldSkip(testcase) ? xit : it;
-    test(testcase.testcaseTitle, function(done) {
+    test(testcase.testcaseTitle, function (done) {
       exampleSetup(testcase.html);
       axe
         .run(axeOptions)
-        .then(function(result) {
+        .then(function (result) {
           assertResultsCorrect(testcase, result);
           done();
         })
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
     document.head.innerHTML = newDoc.head.innerHTML;
     document.body.innerHTML += newDoc.body.innerHTML;
     var htmlAttrs = Array.from(newDoc.documentElement.attributes);
-    htmlAttrs.forEach(function(attr) {
+    htmlAttrs.forEach(function (attr) {
       document.documentElement.setAttribute(attr.name, attr.value);
     });
   }
diff --git a/test/act-rules/README.md b/test/act-rules/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb4b2a32f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# ACT Rules
+
+Each ACT rule that axe-core is consistent with has a test file in this directory named [after the ACT rule](https://github.com/act-rules/act-rules.github.io/tree/develop/_rules). These tests use the `act-runner.js` script, which loads the test cases from `node_modules/wcag-act-rules`. The ACT runner accepts a `id` and `title` from the ACT rule, and an array of `axeRules` that map to this ACT rule.
+
+To run all tests, use `npm run test:act`. To test individual files, you can use Mocha's --grep argument: `npm run test:act -- --grep=afw4f7`.
diff --git a/test/act-rules/act-runner.js b/test/act-rules/act-runner.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..238e96175
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/act-runner.js
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+const path = require('path');
+const fs = require('fs');
+const http = require('http');
+const handler = require('serve-handler');
+const { AxeBuilder } = require('@axe-core/webdriverjs');
+const { getWebdriver } = require('../get-webdriver');
+const { assert } = require('chai');
+
+const serverPort = 9898;
+const axePath = require.resolve('../../axe.js');
+const axeSource = fs.readFileSync(axePath, 'utf8');
+const actPath = path.resolve(__dirname, '../../node_modules/wcag-act-rules/');
+const testCaseJsonPath = path.resolve(
+  actPath,
+  './content-assets/wcag-act-rules/testcases.json'
+);
+
+const addr = `http://localhost:${serverPort}/WAI/content-assets/wcag-act-rules/`;
+const testCaseJson = require(testCaseJsonPath);
+
+module.exports = ({ id, title, axeRules, skipTests = [] }) => {
+  describe(`${title} (${id})`, function () {
+    let driver, server;
+    const testcases = testCaseJson.testcases.filter(
+      ({ ruleId }) => ruleId === id
+    );
+
+    this.timeout(50000);
+    this.retries(3);
+
+    before(async () => {
+      driver = getWebdriver();
+    });
+
+    before(done => {
+      server = http.createServer((request, response) => {
+        return handler(request, response, {
+          cleanUrls: false,
+          rewrites: [
+            {
+              source:
+                '/WAI/content-assets/wcag-act-rules/:dir?/:subDir?/:file?',
+              destination:
+                '/node_modules/wcag-act-rules/content-assets/wcag-act-rules/:dir?/:subDir?/:file?'
+            }
+          ]
+        });
+      });
+      server.listen(serverPort, done);
+    });
+
+    after(async () => {
+      await driver.close();
+      await new Promise(r => server.close(r));
+    });
+
+    testcases.forEach(testcase => {
+      const shouldRun =
+        testcase.relativePath.match(/\.(xhtml|html?)$/) &&
+        !skipTests.includes(testcase.testcaseId);
+
+      (shouldRun ? it : xit)(testcase.testcaseTitle, async () => {
+        await driver.get(`${addr}/${testcase.relativePath}`);
+
+        const builder = new AxeBuilder(driver, axeSource);
+        builder.withRules(axeRules);
+        const results = await builder.analyze();
+
+        if (testcase.expected !== 'failed') {
+          assert.lengthOf(
+            results.violations,
+            0,
+            `Expected 0 violations for testcase ${testcase.testcaseId}`
+          );
+        } else {
+          var issues = results.violations[0] || results.incomplete[0];
+          assert.isDefined(
+            issues,
+            `Expected violations or incomplete for testcase ${testcase.testcaseId}`
+          );
+          assert.isAtLeast(issues.nodes.length, 1);
+        }
+      });
+    });
+  });
+};
diff --git a/test/act-rules/aria-attr-defined-5f99a7.spec.js b/test/act-rules/aria-attr-defined-5f99a7.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb5fd0425
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/aria-attr-defined-5f99a7.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: '5f99a7',
+  title: 'ARIA attribute is defined in WAI-ARIA',
+  axeRules: ['aria-valid-attr']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/aria-hidden-no-focusable-content-6cfa84.spec.js b/test/act-rules/aria-hidden-no-focusable-content-6cfa84.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..74493d2f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/aria-hidden-no-focusable-content-6cfa84.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: '6cfa84',
+  title:
+    'Element with aria-hidden has no content in sequential focus navigation',
+  axeRules: ['aria-hidden-focus']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/aria-required-context-ff89c9.spec.js b/test/act-rules/aria-required-context-ff89c9.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d4e6a5de4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/aria-required-context-ff89c9.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: 'ff89c9',
+  title: 'ARIA required context role',
+  axeRules: ['aria-required-parent', 'aria-required-children'],
+  // See https://github.com/act-rules/act-rules.github.io/pull/1973
+  skipTests: ['c18579dc18aaebf7eeaa4e24e4bc199d77c432bc']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/aria-required-id-references-in6db8.spec.js b/test/act-rules/aria-required-id-references-in6db8.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7ad958bda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/aria-required-id-references-in6db8.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: 'in6db8',
+  title: 'ARIA required ID references exist',
+  axeRules: ['aria-valid-attr-value'],
+  // See: https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4202
+  skipTests: ['97bd98302238b32e9131d042174502a83db2a4b2']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/aria-required-owned-element-bc4a75.spec.js b/test/act-rules/aria-required-owned-element-bc4a75.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b5faa0d2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/aria-required-owned-element-bc4a75.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: 'bc4a75',
+  title: 'ARIA required owned elements',
+  axeRules: ['aria-required-children']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/aria-state-or-property-permitted-5c01ea.spec.js b/test/act-rules/aria-state-or-property-permitted-5c01ea.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..10b74e3fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/aria-state-or-property-permitted-5c01ea.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: '5c01ea',
+  title: 'ARIA state or property is permitted',
+  axeRules: ['aria-allowed-attr', 'aria-prohibited-attr']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/autocomplete-valid-value-73f2c2.spec.js b/test/act-rules/autocomplete-valid-value-73f2c2.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fc925902c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/autocomplete-valid-value-73f2c2.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: '73f2c2',
+  title: 'autocomplete attribute has valid value',
+  axeRules: ['autocomplete-valid']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/button-non-empty-accessible-name-97a4e1.spec.js b/test/act-rules/button-non-empty-accessible-name-97a4e1.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0f68d8ddc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/button-non-empty-accessible-name-97a4e1.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: '97a4e1',
+  title: 'Button has non-empty accessible name',
+  axeRules: ['button-name', 'aria-command-name']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/css-restrict-orientation-b33eff.spec.js b/test/act-rules/css-restrict-orientation-b33eff.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7f30a6fe2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/css-restrict-orientation-b33eff.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: 'b33eff',
+  title:
+    'Orientation of the page is not restricted using CSS transform property',
+  axeRules: ['css-orientation-lock']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/element-lang-valid-de46e4.spec.js b/test/act-rules/element-lang-valid-de46e4.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9cc15e9c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/element-lang-valid-de46e4.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: 'de46e4',
+  title: 'Element with lang attribute has valid language tag',
+  axeRules: ['valid-lang']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/element-marked-decorative-is-not-exposed-46ca7f.spec.js b/test/act-rules/element-marked-decorative-is-not-exposed-46ca7f.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6a60358b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/element-marked-decorative-is-not-exposed-46ca7f.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: '46ca7f',
+  title: 'Element marked as decorative is not exposed',
+  axeRules: ['presentation-role-conflict']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/explicit-SVG-image-non-empty-accessible-name-7d6734.spec.js b/test/act-rules/explicit-SVG-image-non-empty-accessible-name-7d6734.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..573b131bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/explicit-SVG-image-non-empty-accessible-name-7d6734.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: '7d6734',
+  title: 'svg element with explicit role has non-empty accessible name',
+  axeRules: ['svg-img-alt']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/form-field-non-empty-accessible-name-e086e5.spec.js b/test/act-rules/form-field-non-empty-accessible-name-e086e5.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6bbd2b4d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/form-field-non-empty-accessible-name-e086e5.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: 'e086e5',
+  title: 'Form field has non-empty accessible name',
+  axeRules: [
+    'label',
+    'select-name',
+    'aria-input-field-name',
+    'aria-toggle-field-name'
+  ],
+  // See: https://github.com/act-rules/act-rules.github.io/pull/1974
+  skipTests: ['b8e68dccf37727dd39af9fca76a8371a8ec5a81f']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/heading-non-empty-accessible-name-ffd0e9.spec.js b/test/act-rules/heading-non-empty-accessible-name-ffd0e9.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..189c52e93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/heading-non-empty-accessible-name-ffd0e9.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: 'ffd0e9',
+  title: 'Heading has non-empty accessible name',
+  axeRules: ['empty-heading']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/html-page-lang-b5c3f8.spec.js b/test/act-rules/html-page-lang-b5c3f8.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..499ea1aa1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/html-page-lang-b5c3f8.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: 'b5c3f8',
+  title: 'HTML page has lang attribute',
+  axeRules: ['html-has-lang']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/html-page-lang-valid-bf051a.spec.js b/test/act-rules/html-page-lang-valid-bf051a.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8a7e303af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/html-page-lang-valid-bf051a.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: 'bf051a',
+  title: 'HTML page lang attribute has valid language tag',
+  axeRules: ['html-lang-valid']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/html-page-lang-xml-lang-match-5b7ae0.spec.js b/test/act-rules/html-page-lang-xml-lang-match-5b7ae0.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..27284bc96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/html-page-lang-xml-lang-match-5b7ae0.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: '5b7ae0',
+  title: 'HTML page lang and xml:lang attributes have matching values',
+  axeRules: ['html-xml-lang-mismatch']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/html-page-non-empty-title-2779a5.spec.js b/test/act-rules/html-page-non-empty-title-2779a5.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e940013d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/html-page-non-empty-title-2779a5.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: '2779a5',
+  title: 'HTML page has non-empty title',
+  axeRules: ['document-title']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/id-value-unique-3ea0c8.spec.js b/test/act-rules/id-value-unique-3ea0c8.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d83e86d0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/id-value-unique-3ea0c8.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: '3ea0c8',
+  title: 'id attribute value is unique',
+  axeRules: ['duplicate-id', 'duplicate-id-aria', 'duplicate-id-active']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/iframe-non-empty-accessible-name-cae760.spec.js b/test/act-rules/iframe-non-empty-accessible-name-cae760.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..787276746
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/iframe-non-empty-accessible-name-cae760.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: 'cae760',
+  title: 'Iframe element has non-empty accessible name',
+  axeRules: ['frame-title']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/image-button-non-empty-accessible-name-59796f.spec.js b/test/act-rules/image-button-non-empty-accessible-name-59796f.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..82901ffd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/image-button-non-empty-accessible-name-59796f.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: '59796f',
+  title: 'Image button has non-empty accessible name',
+  axeRules: ['input-image-alt']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/image-non-empty-accessible-name-23a2a8.spec.js b/test/act-rules/image-non-empty-accessible-name-23a2a8.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aa5594224
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/image-non-empty-accessible-name-23a2a8.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: '23a2a8',
+  title: 'Image has non-empty accessible name',
+  axeRules: ['image-alt', 'role-img-alt']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/letter-spacing-not-important-24afc2.spec.js b/test/act-rules/letter-spacing-not-important-24afc2.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..46809876d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/letter-spacing-not-important-24afc2.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: '24afc2',
+  title: 'Letter spacing in style attributes is not !important',
+  axeRules: ['avoid-inline-spacing'],
+  // See: https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4232
+  skipTests: [
+    '9af5662e9957191c22c558a1a8511bae709a2b36',
+    'd6d5bf7c081939e64d10022dd29f5e31d2153d50'
+  ]
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/line-height-not-important-78fd32.spec.js b/test/act-rules/line-height-not-important-78fd32.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8ffbaa2d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/line-height-not-important-78fd32.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: '78fd32',
+  title: 'Line height in style attributes is not !important',
+  axeRules: ['avoid-inline-spacing']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/link-non-empty-accessible-name-c487ae.spec.js b/test/act-rules/link-non-empty-accessible-name-c487ae.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..012de523b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/link-non-empty-accessible-name-c487ae.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: 'c487ae',
+  title: 'Link has non-empty accessible name',
+  axeRules: ['link-name', 'area-alt']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/links-identical-name-equivalent-purpose-b20e66.spec.js b/test/act-rules/links-identical-name-equivalent-purpose-b20e66.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c894d4fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/links-identical-name-equivalent-purpose-b20e66.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: 'b20e66',
+  title: 'Links with identical accessible names have equivalent purpose',
+  axeRules: ['identical-links-same-purpose']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/links-with-identical-names-and-context-serve-equivalent-purpose-fd3a94.spec.js b/test/act-rules/links-with-identical-names-and-context-serve-equivalent-purpose-fd3a94.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..03050b549
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/links-with-identical-names-and-context-serve-equivalent-purpose-fd3a94.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: 'fd3a94',
+  title:
+    'Links with identical accessible names and context serve equivalent purpose',
+  axeRules: ['identical-links-same-purpose']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/menuitem-non-empty-name-m6b1q3.spec.js b/test/act-rules/menuitem-non-empty-name-m6b1q3.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..538f7d73e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/menuitem-non-empty-name-m6b1q3.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: 'm6b1q3',
+  title: 'Menuitem has non-empty accessible name',
+  axeRules: ['aria-command-name', 'button-name', 'link-name']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/meta-viewport-b4f0c3.spec.js b/test/act-rules/meta-viewport-b4f0c3.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..82e0bd19d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/meta-viewport-b4f0c3.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: 'b4f0c3',
+  title: 'meta viewport allows for zoom',
+  axeRules: ['meta-viewport'],
+  // See: https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4231
+  skipTests: [
+    '9f288c284df9ade53aa33e50ec50c879d5aba4ef',
+    'c94a59f8c3b17d722781af36da3556ff4b418776'
+  ]
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/object-has-acessible-name-8fc3b6.spec.js b/test/act-rules/object-has-acessible-name-8fc3b6.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7a3b9c929
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/object-has-acessible-name-8fc3b6.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: '8fc3b6',
+  title:
+    'Object element rendering non-text content has non-empty accessible name',
+  axeRules: ['object-alt']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/presentational-children-no-focusable-content-307n5z.spec.js b/test/act-rules/presentational-children-no-focusable-content-307n5z.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c103854c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/presentational-children-no-focusable-content-307n5z.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: '307n5z',
+  title: 'Element with presentational children has no focusable content',
+  axeRules: ['nested-interactive']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/role-required-states-and-properties-4e8ab6.spec.js b/test/act-rules/role-required-states-and-properties-4e8ab6.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..53057372a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/role-required-states-and-properties-4e8ab6.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: '4e8ab6',
+  title: 'Element with role attribute has required states and properties',
+  axeRules: ['aria-required-attr']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/scrollable-element-keyboard-accessible-0ssw9k.spec.js b/test/act-rules/scrollable-element-keyboard-accessible-0ssw9k.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f86fea7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/scrollable-element-keyboard-accessible-0ssw9k.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: '0ssw9k',
+  title: 'Scrollable element is keyboard accessible',
+  axeRules: ['scrollable-region-focusable']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/table-headers-attribute-refer-to-data-cells-a25f45.spec.js b/test/act-rules/table-headers-attribute-refer-to-data-cells-a25f45.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..994497658
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/table-headers-attribute-refer-to-data-cells-a25f45.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: 'a25f45',
+  title:
+    'Headers attribute specified on a cell refers to cells in the same table element',
+  axeRules: ['td-headers-attr']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/text-contrast-afw4f7.spec.js b/test/act-rules/text-contrast-afw4f7.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f4f0d43a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/text-contrast-afw4f7.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: 'afw4f7',
+  title: 'Text has minimum contrast',
+  axeRules: ['color-contrast']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/text-contrast-enhanced-09o5cg.spec.js b/test/act-rules/text-contrast-enhanced-09o5cg.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8a0657d9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/text-contrast-enhanced-09o5cg.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: '09o5cg',
+  title: 'Text has enhanced contrast',
+  axeRules: ['color-contrast', 'color-contrast-enhanced']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/visible-label-in-accessible-name-2ee8b8.spec.js b/test/act-rules/visible-label-in-accessible-name-2ee8b8.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..26d886f44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/visible-label-in-accessible-name-2ee8b8.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: '2ee8b8',
+  title: 'Visible label is part of accessible name',
+  axeRules: ['label-content-name-mismatch'],
+  // See: https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4311
+  skipTests: ['e9bbdbec137223e2973c6d2896050770c84c26e5']
+});
diff --git a/test/act-rules/word-spacing-not-important-9e45ec.spec.js b/test/act-rules/word-spacing-not-important-9e45ec.spec.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb395f82f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/act-rules/word-spacing-not-important-9e45ec.spec.js
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+require('./act-runner.js')({
+  id: '9e45ec',
+  title: 'Word spacing in style attributes is not !important',
+  axeRules: ['avoid-inline-spacing'],
+  // See: https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/4232
+  skipTests: [
+    '15905a239d6755102be6a60aa152ad963d5b1dbb',
+    '8d2baed183149375922c23a9a5f42b52b627d713',
+    'fdd3c30f28464b32eb8a1397f70a41dfd3b2cb1c'
+  ]
+});
diff --git a/test/aria-practices/README.md b/test/aria-practices/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4555c4ead
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/aria-practices/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# ARIA Practices
+
+Runs axe-core on the examples provided in the [ARIA Practices](https://www.w3.org/WAI/ARIA/apg/). To run the tests, run `npm run test:apg`.
+
+If certain axe-core rules should not be run on certain pages, you can disable those rules using the `disabledRules` object in [apg.spec.js](./apg.spec.js). Please be sure to add a comment as to why the rule should not be run. If applicable, please open an issue in either axe-core or [aria-practices](https://github.com/w3c/aria-practices) and link to the issue in the code so that we can track the issue and know when we can run the rule again.
diff --git a/test/aria-practices/apg.spec.js b/test/aria-practices/apg.spec.js
index 524568d9d..f7da83253 100644
--- a/test/aria-practices/apg.spec.js
+++ b/test/aria-practices/apg.spec.js
@@ -1,19 +1,20 @@
 const path = require('path');
 const fs = require('fs');
-const chromedriver = require('chromedriver');
-const AxeBuilder = require('@axe-core/webdriverjs');
-const { getWebdriver, connectToChromeDriver } = require('./run-server');
+const { AxeBuilder } = require('@axe-core/webdriverjs');
+const { getWebdriver } = require('../get-webdriver');
 const { assert } = require('chai');
-const globby = require('globby');
+const { globSync } = require('glob');
 
-describe('aria-practices', function() {
-  // Use path.resolve rather than require.resolve because APG has no package.json
+describe('aria-practices', function () {
+  // Use path.resolve rather than require.resolve because APG package.json main file does not exist
   const apgPath = path.resolve(__dirname, '../../node_modules/aria-practices/');
-  const filePaths = globby.sync(`${apgPath}/examples/**/*.html`);
+  const filePaths = globSync(
+    `${apgPath}/content/patterns/*/**/examples/*.html`
+  );
   const testFiles = filePaths.map(
-    fileName => fileName.split('/aria-practices/examples/')[1]
+    fileName => fileName.split('/aria-practices/content/patterns/')[1]
   );
-  const port = 9515;
+
   const addr = `http://localhost:9876/node_modules/aria-practices/`;
   let driver, axeSource;
   this.timeout(50000);
@@ -22,66 +23,52 @@ describe('aria-practices', function() {
   before(async () => {
     const axePath = require.resolve('../../axe.js');
     axeSource = fs.readFileSync(axePath, 'utf8');
-    chromedriver.start([`--port=${port}`]);
-    await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, 500));
-    await connectToChromeDriver(port);
     driver = getWebdriver();
   });
 
   after(async () => {
     await driver.close();
-    chromedriver.stop();
   });
 
   const disabledRules = {
     '*': [
       'color-contrast',
+      'target-size',
       'heading-order', // w3c/aria-practices#2119
-      'list', // w3c/aria-practices#2118
       'scrollable-region-focusable' // w3c/aria-practices#2114
-    ],
-    'feed/feedDisplay.html': ['page-has-heading-one'], // w3c/aria-practices#2120
-    // "page within a page" type thing going on
-    'menubar/menubar-navigation.html': [
-      'aria-allowed-role',
-      'landmark-banner-is-top-level',
-      'landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level'
-    ],
-    // "page within a page" type thing going on
-    'treeview/treeview-navigation.html': [
-      'aria-allowed-role',
-      'landmark-banner-is-top-level',
-      'landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level'
-    ],
-    //https://github.com/w3c/aria-practices/issues/2199
-    'button/button_idl.html': ['aria-allowed-attr']
+    ]
   };
 
   // Not an actual content file
   const skippedPages = [
-    'index.html', // Not an example, just an index file
-    'js/notice.html', // Embedded into another page
-    'toolbar/help.html' // Embedded into another page
+    'toolbar/examples/help.html' // Embedded into another page
   ];
 
+  it('finds examples', () => {
+    assert.isTrue(testFiles.length > 0);
+  });
+
   testFiles
     .filter(filePath => !skippedPages.includes(filePath))
     .forEach(filePath => {
       it(`finds no issue in "${filePath}"`, async () => {
-        await driver.get(`${addr}/examples/${filePath}`);
+        await driver.get(`${addr}content/patterns/${filePath}`);
 
-        const builder = new AxeBuilder(driver, axeSource);
-        builder.disableRules([
-          ...disabledRules['*'],
-          ...(disabledRules[filePath] || [])
-        ]);
+        const builder = new AxeBuilder(driver, axeSource)
+          // Support table has no title and has duplicate ids
+          .exclude('#at-support')
+          .withTags(['wcag2a', 'wcag2aa', 'wcag21a', 'wcag21aa'])
+          .disableRules([
+            ...disabledRules['*'],
+            ...(disabledRules[filePath] || [])
+          ]);
 
         const { violations } = await builder.analyze();
         const issues = violations.map(({ id, nodes }) => ({
           id,
           issues: nodes.length
         }));
-        assert.lengthOf(issues, 0);
+        assert.lengthOf(issues, 0, issues.map(({ id }) => id).join(', '));
       });
     });
 });
diff --git a/test/aria-practices/run-server.js b/test/aria-practices/run-server.js
index 06ebebce9..7ff38e4ec 100644
--- a/test/aria-practices/run-server.js
+++ b/test/aria-practices/run-server.js
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ const getWebdriver = () => {
   return webdriver;
 };
 
-const connectToChromeDriver = (port) => {
+const connectToChromeDriver = port => {
   let socket;
   return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
     // Give up after 1s
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ const connectToChromeDriver = (port) => {
     );
 
     // Fail on error
-    socket.once('error', (err) => {
+    socket.once('error', err => {
       clearTimeout(timer);
       socket.destroy();
       return reject(err);
@@ -39,5 +39,5 @@ const connectToChromeDriver = (port) => {
   });
 };
 
-module.exports.getWebdriver = getWebdriver
-module.exports.connectToChromeDriver = connectToChromeDriver
+module.exports.getWebdriver = getWebdriver;
+module.exports.connectToChromeDriver = connectToChromeDriver;
diff --git a/test/assets/ZeroWidth0Char.woff b/test/assets/ZeroWidth0Char.woff
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c26a6e1e
Binary files /dev/null and b/test/assets/ZeroWidth0Char.woff differ
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/allowed-attr.js b/test/checks/aria/allowed-attr.js
index 177e7bda8..4725c4645 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/allowed-attr.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/allowed-attr.js
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-describe('aria-allowed-attr', function() {
+describe('aria-allowed-attr', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should detect incorrectly used attributes', function() {
+  it('should detect incorrectly used attributes', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div role="link" id="target" tabindex="1" aria-selected="true"></div>'
     );
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['aria-selected="true"']);
   });
 
-  it('should not report on required attributes', function() {
+  it('should not report on required attributes', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div role="checkbox" id="target" tabindex="1" aria-checked="true"></div>'
     );
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should detect incorrectly used attributes - implicit role', function() {
+  it('should detect incorrectly used attributes - implicit role', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<a href="#" id="target" tabindex="1" aria-selected="true"></a>'
     );
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['aria-selected="true"']);
   });
 
-  it('should return true for global attributes if there is no role', function() {
+  it('should return true for global attributes if there is no role', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" tabindex="1" aria-busy="true" aria-owns="foo"></div>'
     );
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr', function() {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should return false for non-global attributes if there is no role', function() {
+  it('should return false for non-global attributes if there is no role', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" tabindex="1" aria-selected="true" aria-owns="foo"></div>'
     );
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['aria-selected="true"']);
   });
 
-  it('should not report on invalid attributes', function() {
+  it('should not report on invalid attributes', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div role="dialog" id="target" tabindex="1" aria-cats="true"></div>'
     );
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr', function() {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should not report on allowed attributes', function() {
+  it('should not report on allowed attributes', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div role="radio" id="target" tabindex="1" aria-required="true" aria-checked="true"></div>'
     );
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr', function() {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined for custom element that has no role and is not focusable', function() {
+  it('should return undefined for custom element that has no role and is not focusable', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<my-custom-element id="target" aria-expanded="true"></my-custom-element>'
     );
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr', function() {
     assert.isNotNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it("should return false for custom element that has a role which doesn't allow the attribute", function() {
+  it("should return false for custom element that has a role which doesn't allow the attribute", function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<my-custom-element role="insertion" id="target" aria-expanded="true"></my-custom-element>'
     );
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr', function() {
     assert.isNotNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should return false for custom element that is focusable', function() {
+  it('should return false for custom element that is focusable', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<my-custom-element tabindex="1" id="target" aria-expanded="true"></my-custom-element>'
     );
@@ -137,18 +137,18 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr', function() {
     assert.isNotNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  describe('invalid aria-attributes when used on role=row as a descendant of a table or a grid', function() {
+  describe('invalid aria-attributes when used on role=row as a descendant of a table or a grid', function () {
     [
       'aria-posinset="1"',
       'aria-setsize="1"',
       'aria-expanded="true"',
       'aria-level="1"'
-    ].forEach(function(attrName) {
+    ].forEach(function (attrName) {
       it(
         'should return false when ' +
           attrName +
           ' is used on role=row thats parent is a table',
-        function() {
+        function () {
           var vNode = queryFixture(
             ' <div role="table">' +
               '<div  id="target" role="row" ' +
@@ -171,12 +171,12 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr', function() {
       'aria-setsize="1"',
       'aria-expanded="true"',
       'aria-level="1"'
-    ].forEach(function(attrName) {
+    ].forEach(function (attrName) {
       it(
         'should return false when ' +
           attrName +
           ' is used on role=row thats parent is a grid',
-        function() {
+        function () {
           var vNode = queryFixture(
             ' <div role="grid">' +
               '<div  id="target" role="row" ' +
@@ -195,8 +195,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('options.invalidRowAttrs on role=row when a descendant of a table or a grid', function() {
-    it('should return false when provided a single aria-attribute is provided for a table', function() {
+  describe('options.invalidRowAttrs on role=row when a descendant of a table or a grid', function () {
+    it('should return false when provided a single aria-attribute is provided for a table', function () {
       axe.configure({
         checks: [
           {
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr', function() {
       assert.isNotNull(checkContext._data);
     });
 
-    it('should return false when provided a single aria-attribute is provided for a grid', function() {
+    it('should return false when provided a single aria-attribute is provided for a grid', function () {
       axe.configure({
         checks: [
           {
@@ -255,8 +255,8 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('options', function() {
-    it('should allow provided attribute names for a role', function() {
+  describe('options', function () {
+    it('should allow provided attribute names for a role', function () {
       axe.configure({
         standards: {
           ariaRoles: {
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should handle multiple roles provided in options', function() {
+    it('should handle multiple roles provided in options', function () {
       axe.configure({
         standards: {
           ariaRoles: {
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/aria-allowed-attr.js b/test/checks/aria/aria-allowed-attr.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b1a0d5933
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/checks/aria/aria-allowed-attr.js
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+describe('aria-allowed-attr', function () {
+  'use strict';
+
+  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+
+  afterEach(function () {
+    checkContext.reset();
+  });
+
+  it('should detect incorrectly used attributes', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div role="link" id="target" tabindex="1" aria-selected="true"></div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isFalse(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-attr')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['aria-selected="true"']);
+  });
+
+  it('should not report on required attributes', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div role="checkbox" id="target" tabindex="1" aria-checked="true"></div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-attr')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should detect incorrectly used attributes - implicit role', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<a href="#" id="target" tabindex="1" aria-selected="true"></a>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isFalse(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-attr')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['aria-selected="true"']);
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for global attributes if there is no role', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" tabindex="1" aria-busy="true" aria-owns="foo"></div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-attr')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+    );
+    assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for non-global attributes if there is no role', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" tabindex="1" aria-selected="true" aria-owns="foo"></div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isFalse(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-attr')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['aria-selected="true"']);
+  });
+
+  it('should not report on invalid attributes', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div role="dialog" id="target" tabindex="1" aria-cats="true"></div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-attr')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+    );
+    assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+  });
+
+  it('should not report on allowed attributes', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div role="radio" id="target" tabindex="1" aria-required="true" aria-checked="true"></div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-attr')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+    );
+    assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+  });
+
+  it('should return undefined for custom element that has no role and is not focusable', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<my-custom-element id="target" aria-expanded="true"></my-custom-element>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isUndefined(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-attr')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+    );
+    assert.isNotNull(checkContext._data);
+  });
+
+  it("should return false for custom element that has a role which doesn't allow the attribute", function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<my-custom-element role="insertion" id="target" aria-expanded="true"></my-custom-element>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isFalse(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-attr')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+    );
+    assert.isNotNull(checkContext._data);
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for custom element that is focusable', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<my-custom-element tabindex="1" id="target" aria-expanded="true"></my-custom-element>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isFalse(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-attr')
+        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+    );
+    assert.isNotNull(checkContext._data);
+  });
+
+  describe('options', function () {
+    it('should allow provided attribute names for a role', function () {
+      axe.configure({
+        standards: {
+          ariaRoles: {
+            mccheddarton: {
+              allowedAttrs: ['aria-checked']
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      });
+
+      var vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div role="mccheddarton" id="target" aria-checked="true" aria-selected="true"></div>'
+      );
+
+      assert.isFalse(
+        axe.testUtils
+          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-attr')
+          .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+      );
+
+      assert.isTrue(
+        axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-attr').call(
+          checkContext,
+          null,
+          {
+            mccheddarton: ['aria-checked', 'aria-selected']
+          },
+          vNode
+        )
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('should handle multiple roles provided in options', function () {
+      axe.configure({
+        standards: {
+          ariaRoles: {
+            mcheddarton: {
+              allowedAttrs: ['aria-checked']
+            },
+            bagley: {
+              allowedAttrs: ['aria-checked']
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      });
+
+      var vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div role="bagley" id="target" aria-selected="true"></div>'
+      );
+      var options = {
+        mccheddarton: ['aria-selected'],
+        bagley: ['aria-selected']
+      };
+
+      assert.isFalse(
+        axe.testUtils
+          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-attr')
+          .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+      );
+
+      assert.isTrue(
+        axe.testUtils
+          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-attr')
+          .call(checkContext, null, options, vNode)
+      );
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/aria-allowed-role.js b/test/checks/aria/aria-allowed-role.js
index 605d595eb..7c062b89a 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/aria-allowed-role.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/aria-allowed-role.js
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
+describe('aria-allowed-role', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns true if given element is an ignoredTag in options', function() {
+  it('returns true if given element is an ignoredTag in options', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<article id="target" role="presentation"></article>'
     );
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns false with implicit role of row for TR when allowImplicit is set to false via options', function() {
+  it('returns false with implicit role of row for TR when allowImplicit is set to false via options', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<table role="grid"><tr id="target" role="row"></tr></table>'
     );
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['row']);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined (needs review) when element is hidden and has unallowed role', function() {
+  it('returns undefined (needs review) when element is hidden and has unallowed role', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" type="button" aria-hidden="true"' +
         'role="presentation"></button>'
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined (needs review) when element is with in hidden parent and has unallowed role', function() {
+  it('returns undefined (needs review) when element is with in hidden parent and has unallowed role', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div style="display:none">' +
         '<button id="target" class="mm-tabstart" type="button"' +
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when BUTTON has type menu and role as menuitem', function() {
+  it('returns true when BUTTON has type menu and role as menuitem', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" type="menu" role="menuitem"></button>'
     );
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when img has no alt and role="presentation"', function() {
+  it('returns true when img has no alt and role="presentation"', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<img id="target" role="presentation"/>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when img has no alt and role="none"', function() {
+  it('returns true when img has no alt and role="none"', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<img id="target" role="none"/>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when img has empty alt and role="presentation"', function() {
+  it('returns true when img has empty alt and role="presentation"', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<img id="target" alt="" role="presentation"/>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when img has empty alt and role="none"', function() {
+  it('returns true when img has empty alt and role="none"', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<img id="target" alt="" role="none"/>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when img has alt and role="presentation"', function() {
+  it('returns false when img has alt and role="presentation"', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<img id="target" alt="not empty" role="presentation"/>'
     );
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['presentation']);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when img has alt and role="none"', function() {
+  it('returns false when img has alt and role="none"', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<img id="target" alt="not empty" role="none"/>');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['none']);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when img has aria-label and a valid role, role="button"', function() {
+  it('returns true when img has aria-label and a valid role, role="button"', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<img id="target" aria-label="foo" role="button"/>'
     );
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when img has aria-label and a invalid role, role="alert"', function() {
+  it('returns false when img has aria-label and a invalid role, role="alert"', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<img id="target" aria-label="foo" role="alert"/>'
     );
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['alert']);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when img has aria-labelledby and a valid role, role="menuitem"', function() {
+  it('returns true when img has aria-labelledby and a valid role, role="menuitem"', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="foo">hello world</div>' +
         '<img id="target" aria-labelledby="foo" role="menuitem"/>'
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when img has aria-labelledby and a invalid role, role="rowgroup"', function() {
+  it('returns false when img has aria-labelledby and a invalid role, role="rowgroup"', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="foo">hello world</div>' +
         '<img id="target" aria-labelledby="foo" role="rowgroup"/>'
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['rowgroup']);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when img has title and a valid role, role="link"', function() {
+  it('returns true when img has title and a valid role, role="link"', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="foo">hello world</div>' +
         '<img id="target" title="foo" role="link"/>'
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when img has title and a invalid role, role="radiogroup"', function() {
+  it('returns false when img has title and a invalid role, role="radiogroup"', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="foo">hello world</div>' +
         '<img id="target" title="foo" role="radiogroup"/>'
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['radiogroup']);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when input of type image and no role', function() {
+  it('returns true when input of type image and no role', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="image"/>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when INPUT type is checkbox and has aria-pressed attribute', function() {
+  it('returns true when INPUT type is checkbox and has aria-pressed attribute', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<input id="target" type="checkbox" aria-pressed="">'
     );
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when INPUT type is text with role combobox', function() {
+  it('returns true when INPUT type is text with role combobox', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="text" role="combobox">');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when INPUT type is tel with role combobox', function() {
+  it('returns true when INPUT type is tel with role combobox', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="tel" role="combobox">');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when INPUT type is url with role combobox', function() {
+  it('returns true when INPUT type is url with role combobox', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="url" role="combobox">');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when INPUT type is search with role combobox', function() {
+  it('returns true when INPUT type is search with role combobox', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<input id="target" type="search" role="combobox">'
     );
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when INPUT type is email with role combobox', function() {
+  it('returns true when INPUT type is email with role combobox', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<input id="target" type="email" role="combobox">'
     );
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when INPUT type is text with role spinbutton', function() {
+  it('returns true when INPUT type is text with role spinbutton', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<input id="target" type="text" role="spinbutton">'
     );
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when INPUT type is number with role spinbutton', function() {
+  it('returns true when INPUT type is number with role spinbutton', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<input id="target" type="number" role="spinbutton">'
     );
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when INPUT type is tel with role spinbutton', function() {
+  it('returns true when INPUT type is tel with role spinbutton', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<input id="target" type="tel" role="spinbutton">'
     );
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when INPUT type is text with role searchbox', function() {
+  it('returns true when INPUT type is text with role searchbox', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<input id="target" type="text" role="searchbox">'
     );
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false when a role is set on an element that does not allow any role', function() {
+  it('returns false when a role is set on an element that does not allow any role', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<dd id="target" role="link">');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['link']);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when a role is set on an element that can have any role', function() {
+  it('returns true when a role is set on an element that can have any role', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="link"></dd>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true an <a> without a href to have any role', function() {
+  it('returns true an <a> without a href to have any role', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<a id="target" role="presentation"></a>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true <a> with a empty href to have any valid role', function() {
+  it('returns true <a> with a empty href to have any valid role', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<a id="target" role="link" href=""></a>');
     var actual = axe.testUtils
       .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-role')
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true <img> with a non-empty alt', function() {
+  it('returns true <img> with a non-empty alt', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<img id="target" role="button" alt="some text">');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should allow <select> without a multiple and size attribute to have a menu role', function() {
+  it('should allow <select> without a multiple and size attribute to have a menu role', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<select id="target" role="menu">');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns true custom element <my-navbar> with a role of navigation', function() {
+  it('returns true custom element <my-navbar> with a role of navigation', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<my-navbar id="target" role="navigation">');
     var actual = axe.testUtils
       .getCheckEvaluate('aria-allowed-role')
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if a dpub role’s type is not the element’s implicit role', function() {
+  it('returns false if a dpub role’s type is not the element’s implicit role', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<article id="target" role="doc-biblioref">');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true if a dpub role’s type is the element’s implicit role', function() {
+  it('returns true if a dpub role’s type is the element’s implicit role', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<a id="target" href="foo" role="doc-biblioref">');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/aria-busy.js b/test/checks/aria/aria-busy.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..166faec83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/checks/aria/aria-busy.js
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+describe('aria-busy', function () {
+  'use strict';
+
+  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-busy');
+
+  afterEach(function () {
+    checkContext.reset();
+  });
+
+  it('should return false if no aria-busy tag on element', function () {
+    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" role="list"></div>');
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false if aria-busy is set to false', function () {
+    var params = checkSetup(
+      '<div id="target" role="list" aria-busy="false"></div>'
+    );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true if aria-busy is set to true', function () {
+    var params = checkSetup(
+      '<div id="target" role="list" aria-busy="true"></div>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/aria-conditional-attr.js b/test/checks/aria/aria-conditional-attr.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2a3f6dc4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/checks/aria/aria-conditional-attr.js
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+describe('aria-conditional-attr', () => {
+  const { checkSetup, getCheckEvaluate } = axe.testUtils;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const ariaConditionalCheck = getCheckEvaluate('aria-conditional-attr');
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    checkContext.reset();
+  });
+
+  it('is true for non-conditional roles', () => {
+    const roles = ['main', 'button', 'radiogroup', 'tree', 'none'];
+    for (const role of roles) {
+      const params = checkSetup(`<div id="target" role="${role}"></div>`);
+      assert.isTrue(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+    }
+  });
+
+  describe('ariaConditionalRoleAttr', () => {
+    const treeGridRowProps = [
+      'aria-posinset="1"',
+      'aria-setsize="1"',
+      'aria-expanded="true"',
+      'aria-level="1"'
+    ];
+
+    it('returns true when valid ARIA props are used on table', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        `<div role="treegrid">
+          <div id="target" role="row" aria-rowindex="1" aria-label="hello world"></div>
+        </div>`
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+      assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+    });
+
+    it('returns true when treegrid row props are used on a treegrid row', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        `<div role="treegrid">
+          <div id="target" role="row" ${treeGridRowProps.join(' ')}></div>
+        </div>`
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+      assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+    });
+
+    it('returns true when the row is not in a table, grid, or treegrid', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        `<div id="target" role="row" ${treeGridRowProps.join(' ')}></div>`
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+      assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+    });
+
+    it('returns false when treegrid row props are used on an ARIA table row', () => {
+      for (const prop of treeGridRowProps) {
+        const params = checkSetup(
+          `<div role="table">
+            <div id="target" role="row" ${prop}></div>
+          </div>`
+        );
+        assert.isFalse(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+        assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+          messageKey: 'rowSingular',
+          invalidAttrs: [prop.split('=')[0]],
+          ownerRole: 'table'
+        });
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('returns false when treegrid row props are used on a grid row', () => {
+      for (const prop of treeGridRowProps) {
+        const params = checkSetup(
+          `<div role="grid">
+            <div id="target" role="row" ${prop}></div>
+          </div>`
+        );
+        assert.isFalse(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+        assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+          messageKey: 'rowSingular',
+          invalidAttrs: [prop.split('=')[0]],
+          ownerRole: 'grid'
+        });
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('returns false when treegrid row props are used on a native table row', () => {
+      for (const prop of treeGridRowProps) {
+        const params = checkSetup(
+          `<table> <tr id="target" ${prop}> <td></td> </tr> </table>`
+        );
+        assert.isFalse(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+        assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+          messageKey: 'rowSingular',
+          invalidAttrs: [prop.split('=')[0]],
+          ownerRole: 'table'
+        });
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('sets messageKey to rowPlural with multiple bad attributes', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        `<div role="table">
+          <div id="target" role="row" aria-expanded="false" aria-level="1"></div>
+        </div>`
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        messageKey: 'rowPlural',
+        invalidAttrs: ['aria-expanded', 'aria-level'],
+        ownerRole: 'table'
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('options.invalidTableRowAttrs', function () {
+      it('returns false for removed attribute', () => {
+        const options = { invalidTableRowAttrs: ['aria-rowindex'] };
+        const params = checkSetup(
+          `<table> <tr id="target" aria-rowindex="1"> <td></td> </tr> </table>`,
+          options
+        );
+        assert.isFalse(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+      });
+
+      it('returns true for additional attribute', () => {
+        const options = { invalidTableRowAttrs: ['aria-level'] };
+        const params = checkSetup(
+          `<table>
+            <tr id="target" aria-expanded="true" aria-setsize="1" aria-posinset="1"> <td></td> </tr>
+          </table>`,
+          options
+        );
+        assert.isTrue(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('ariaConditionalCheckboxAttr', () => {
+    it('returns true for non-native checkbox', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        `<div id="target" role="checkbox" aria-checked="true"></div>`
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+      assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+    });
+
+    it('returns true for checkbox without aria-checked value', () => {
+      for (const prop of ['', 'aria-checked', 'aria-checked=""']) {
+        const params = checkSetup(
+          `<input id="target" type="checkbox" ${prop}>`
+        );
+        assert.isTrue(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+        assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+      }
+    });
+
+    describe('checked state', () => {
+      const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+
+      it('returns true for aria-checked="true" on a [checked] checkbox', () => {
+        fixture.innerHTML = `<input type="checkbox" aria-checked="true" checked>`;
+        const root = axe.setup(fixture);
+        const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(root, 'input')[0];
+
+        assert.isTrue(
+          ariaConditionalCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+        );
+        assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+      });
+
+      it('returns true for aria-checked="true" on a clicked checkbox', () => {
+        fixture.innerHTML = `<input type="checkbox" aria-checked="true">`;
+        fixture.firstChild.click(); // set checked state
+        const root = axe.setup(fixture);
+        const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(root, 'input')[0];
+
+        assert.isTrue(
+          ariaConditionalCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+        );
+        assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+      });
+
+      it('returns false for other aria-checked values', () => {
+        for (const prop of ['  ', 'false', 'mixed', 'incorrect', '  true  ']) {
+          const params = checkSetup(
+            `<input type="checkbox" aria-checked="${prop}" checked id="target">`
+          );
+          assert.isFalse(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+          assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+            messageKey: 'checkbox',
+            checkState: 'true'
+          });
+        }
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('unchecked state', () => {
+      it('returns true for aria-checked="false"', () => {
+        const params = checkSetup(
+          `<input id="target" type="checkbox" aria-checked="false">`
+        );
+        assert.isTrue(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+        assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+      });
+
+      it('returns true for aria-checked with an invalid value', () => {
+        for (const prop of ['  ', 'invalid', 'FALSE', 'nope']) {
+          const params = checkSetup(
+            `<input type="checkbox" aria-checked="${prop}" id="target">`
+          );
+          assert.isTrue(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+          assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+        }
+      });
+
+      it('returns false for other aria-checked values', () => {
+        for (const prop of ['true', 'TRUE', 'mixed', 'MiXeD']) {
+          const params = checkSetup(
+            `<input type="checkbox" aria-checked="${prop}" id="target">`
+          );
+          assert.isFalse(ariaConditionalCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+          assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+            messageKey: 'checkbox',
+            checkState: 'false'
+          });
+        }
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('indeterminate state', () => {
+      function asIndeterminateVirtualNode(html) {
+        const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+        fixture.innerHTML = html;
+        fixture.querySelector('input').indeterminate = true;
+        const root = axe.setup(fixture);
+        return axe.utils.querySelectorAll(root, 'input')[0];
+      }
+
+      it('returns true for aria-checked="mixed"', () => {
+        const vNode = asIndeterminateVirtualNode(
+          `<input type="checkbox" aria-checked="mixed">`
+        );
+        assert.isTrue(
+          ariaConditionalCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+        );
+      });
+
+      it('returns false for other aria-checked values', () => {
+        for (const prop of ['true', 'TRUE', 'false', 'invalid']) {
+          const vNode = asIndeterminateVirtualNode(
+            `<input type="checkbox" aria-checked="${prop}" id="target">`
+          );
+          assert.isFalse(
+            ariaConditionalCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+          );
+          assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+            messageKey: 'checkbox',
+            checkState: 'mixed'
+          });
+          axe.teardown(); // Reset for the next iteration
+        }
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/aria-hidden-body.js b/test/checks/aria/aria-hidden-body.js
index a3c2932e3..a84f86e57 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/aria-hidden-body.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/aria-hidden-body.js
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-describe('aria-hidden', function() {
+describe('aria-hidden', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   var body = document.body;
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
     body.removeAttribute('aria-hidden');
   });
 
-  it('should not be present on document.body', function() {
+  it('should not be present on document.body', function () {
     var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(body);
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe('aria-hidden', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('fails appropriately if aria-hidden=true on document.body', function() {
+  it('fails appropriately if aria-hidden=true on document.body', function () {
     body.setAttribute('aria-hidden', true);
     var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(body);
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ describe('aria-hidden', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('passes if aria-hidden=false on document.body', function() {
+  it('passes if aria-hidden=false on document.body', function () {
     body.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'false');
     var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(body);
     assert.isTrue(
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/aria-level.js b/test/checks/aria/aria-level.js
index 349985531..6ac88a4ea 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/aria-level.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/aria-level.js
@@ -1,35 +1,35 @@
-describe('aria-prohibited-attr', function() {
+describe('aria-prohibited-attr', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
   var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-level');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if aria-level is less than 6', function() {
+  it('should return true if aria-level is less than 6', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" aria-level="2">Contents</div>');
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if aria-level is 6', function() {
+  it('should return true if aria-level is 6', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" aria-level="6">Contents</div>');
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if aria-level is negative', function() {
+  it('should return true if aria-level is negative', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" aria-level="-2">Contents</div>');
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if there is no aria-level', function() {
+  it('should return true if there is no aria-level', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<div id="target">Contents</div>');
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if aria-level is greater than 6', function() {
+  it('should return undefined if aria-level is greater than 6', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" aria-level="8">Contents</div>');
     assert.isUndefined(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/aria-prohibited-attr.js b/test/checks/aria/aria-prohibited-attr.js
index c373bb521..4ae70f6bb 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/aria-prohibited-attr.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/aria-prohibited-attr.js
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-describe('aria-prohibited-attr', function() {
+describe('aria-prohibited-attr', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
   var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-prohibited-attr');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true for prohibited attributes and no content', function() {
+  it('should return true for prohibited attributes and no content', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" role="code" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="foo"></div>'
     );
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ describe('aria-prohibited-attr', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined for prohibited attributes and content', function() {
+  it('should return undefined for prohibited attributes and content', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" role="code" aria-hidden="false" aria-label="foo">Contents</div>'
     );
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ describe('aria-prohibited-attr', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return true for multiple prohibited attributes', function() {
+  it('should return true for multiple prohibited attributes', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" role="code" aria-hidden="false"  aria-label="foo" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>'
     );
@@ -45,17 +45,12 @@ describe('aria-prohibited-attr', function() {
       role: 'code',
       messageKey: 'hasRolePlural',
       // attribute order not important
-      prohibited: [
-        'aria-label',
-        'aria-labelledby'
-      ]
+      prohibited: ['aria-label', 'aria-labelledby']
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if element has no role and has text content (singular)', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div id="target" aria-label="foo">Contents</div>'
-    );
+  it('should return undefined if element has no role and has text content (singular)', function () {
+    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" aria-label="foo">Contents</div>');
     assert.isUndefined(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
       nodeName: 'div',
@@ -65,7 +60,7 @@ describe('aria-prohibited-attr', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if element has no role and has text content (plural)', function() {
+  it('should return undefined if element has no role and has text content (plural)', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-label="foo" aria-labelledby="foo">Contents</div>'
     );
@@ -74,17 +69,12 @@ describe('aria-prohibited-attr', function() {
       nodeName: 'div',
       role: null,
       messageKey: 'noRolePlural',
-      prohibited: [
-        'aria-label',
-        'aria-labelledby'
-      ]
+      prohibited: ['aria-label', 'aria-labelledby']
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return true if element has no role and no text content (singular)', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div id="target" aria-label="foo"></div>'
-    );
+  it('should return true if element has no role and no text content (singular)', function () {
+    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" aria-label="foo"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
       nodeName: 'div',
@@ -94,7 +84,7 @@ describe('aria-prohibited-attr', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return true if element has no role and no text content (plural)', function() {
+  it('should return true if element has no role and no text content (plural)', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-label="foo" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>'
     );
@@ -103,35 +93,32 @@ describe('aria-prohibited-attr', function() {
       nodeName: 'div',
       role: null,
       messageKey: 'noRolePlural',
-      prohibited: [
-        'aria-label',
-        'aria-labelledby'
-      ]
+      prohibited: ['aria-label', 'aria-labelledby']
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return false if all attributes are allowed', function() {
+  it('should return false if all attributes are allowed', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" role="button" aria-label="foo" aria-labelledby="foo">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if no prohibited attributes are used', function() {
+  it('should return false if no prohibited attributes are used', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" role="code" aria-selected="true">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if prohibited attributes have no value', function() {
+  it('should return false if prohibited attributes have no value', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" role="code" aria-label="  " aria-labelledby="  ">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should allow `elementsAllowedAriaLabel` nodes to have aria-label', function() {
+  it('should allow `elementsAllowedAriaLabel` nodes to have aria-label', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-label="hello world"></div>',
       { elementsAllowedAriaLabel: ['div'] }
@@ -139,7 +126,7 @@ describe('aria-prohibited-attr', function() {
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should not allow `elementsAllowedAriaLabel` nodes with a prohibited role', function() {
+  it('should not allow `elementsAllowedAriaLabel` nodes with a prohibited role', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" role="code" aria-label="hello world"></div>',
       { elementsAllowedAriaLabel: ['div'] }
@@ -147,7 +134,7 @@ describe('aria-prohibited-attr', function() {
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should allow elements that have an implicit role in chromium', function() {
+  it('should allow elements that have an implicit role in chromium', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<svg id="target" aria-label="hello world"></svg>');
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/aria-required-attr.js b/test/checks/aria/aria-required-attr.js
index 8c50ff3ea..a18a96e42 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/aria-required-attr.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/aria-required-attr.js
@@ -1,122 +1,120 @@
-describe('aria-required-attr', function() {
-  'use strict';
+describe('aria-required-attr', () => {
+  const { queryFixture, checkSetup } = axe.testUtils;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const requiredAttrCheck =
+    axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-attr');
 
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var options = undefined;
-
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
-    axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should detect missing attributes', function() {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="switch" tabindex="1">');
-
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-attr')
-        .call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode, options, vNode)
+  it('returns true for valid attributes', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<div id="target" role="switch" tabindex="1" aria-checked="false">'
     );
+    assert.isTrue(requiredAttrCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+    assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for missing attributes', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div id="target" role="switch" tabindex="1">');
+    assert.isFalse(requiredAttrCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['aria-checked']);
   });
 
-  it('should return true if there is no role', function() {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">');
+  it('returns false for null attributes', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<div id="target" role="switch" tabindex="1" aria-checked>'
+    );
+    assert.isFalse(requiredAttrCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['aria-checked']);
+  });
 
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-attr')
-        .call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode, options, vNode)
+  it('returns false for empty attributes', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<div id="target" role="switch" tabindex="1" aria-checked="">'
     );
-    assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+    assert.isFalse(requiredAttrCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['aria-checked']);
   });
 
-  it('should pass aria-valuenow if element has value property', function() {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="range" role="slider">');
+  it('returns true if there is no role', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div id="target"></div>');
+    assert.isTrue(requiredAttrCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+    assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+  });
 
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-attr')
-        .call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode, options, vNode)
-    );
+  it('passes aria-valuenow if element has value property', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<input id="target" type="range" role="slider">');
+    assert.isTrue(requiredAttrCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should pass aria-checkbox if element has checked property', function() {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('passes aria-checkbox if element has checked property', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<input id="target" type="checkbox" role="switch">'
     );
+    assert.isTrue(requiredAttrCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+  });
 
-    assert.isTrue(
-      checks['aria-required-attr'].evaluate.call(
-        checkContext,
-        vNode.actualNode,
-        options,
-        vNode
-      )
-    );
+  describe('separator', () => {
+    it('fails a focusable separator', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<div id="target" role="separator" tabindex="0"></div>'
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(requiredAttrCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+    });
+
+    it('passes a non-focusable separator', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup('<div id="target" role="separator"></div>');
+      assert.isTrue(requiredAttrCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+    });
   });
 
-  describe('combobox special case', function() {
-    it('should pass comboboxes that have aria-expanded="false"', function() {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+  describe('combobox', () => {
+    it('passes comboboxes that have aria-expanded="false"', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
         '<div id="target" role="combobox" aria-expanded="false"></div>'
       );
+      assert.isTrue(requiredAttrCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+    });
 
-      assert.isTrue(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-attr')
-          .call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode, options, vNode)
+    it('fails comboboxes without aria-controls and with an invalid aria-expanded', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<div id="target" role="combobox" aria-expanded="invalid-value"></div>'
       );
+      assert.isFalse(requiredAttrCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('should pass comboboxes that have aria-owns and aria-expanded', function() {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('fails comboboxes that has aria-owns without aria-controls', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
         '<div id="target" role="combobox" aria-expanded="true" aria-owns="ownedchild"></div>'
       );
-
-      assert.isTrue(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-attr')
-          .call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode, options, vNode)
-      );
+      assert.isFalse(requiredAttrCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('should pass comboboxes that have aria-controls and aria-expanded', function() {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('passes comboboxes that have aria-controls and aria-expanded', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
         '<div id="target" role="combobox" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="test"></div>'
       );
 
-      assert.isTrue(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-attr')
-          .call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode, options, vNode)
-      );
+      assert.isTrue(requiredAttrCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('should fail comboboxes that have no required attributes', function() {
-      var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="combobox"></div>');
+    it('fails comboboxes that have no required attributes', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup('<div id="target" role="combobox"></div>');
 
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-attr')
-          .call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode, options, vNode)
-      );
+      assert.isFalse(requiredAttrCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('should fail comboboxes that have aria-expanded only', function() {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
+    it('fails comboboxes that have aria-expanded only', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
         '<div id="target" role="combobox" aria-expanded="true"></div>'
       );
 
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-attr')
-          .call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode, options, vNode)
-      );
+      assert.isFalse(requiredAttrCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('should report missing of multiple attributes correctly', function() {
+    it('reports missing of multiple attributes correctly', () => {
       axe.configure({
         standards: {
           ariaRoles: {
@@ -127,20 +125,16 @@ describe('aria-required-attr', function() {
         }
       });
 
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
-        '<div id="target" role="combobox" aria-expanded="false"></div>'
-      );
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-attr')
-          .call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode, options, vNode)
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<div id="target" role="combobox" aria-expanded="true"></div>'
       );
-      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['aria-label']);
+      assert.isFalse(requiredAttrCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['aria-label', 'aria-controls']);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('options', function() {
-    it('should require provided attribute names for a role', function() {
+  describe('options', () => {
+    it('requires provided attribute names for a role', () => {
       axe.configure({
         standards: {
           ariaRoles: {
@@ -151,14 +145,12 @@ describe('aria-required-attr', function() {
         }
       });
 
-      var vNode = queryFixture('<div role="mccheddarton" id="target"></div>');
-      var options = {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<div role="mccheddarton" id="target"></div>');
+      const options = {
         mccheddarton: ['aria-snuggles']
       };
       assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-attr')
-          .call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode, options, vNode)
+        requiredAttrCheck.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode, options, vNode)
       );
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['aria-snuggles', 'aria-valuemax']);
     });
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/aria-roledescription.js b/test/checks/aria/aria-roledescription.js
index 35f64f107..b62ae4433 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/aria-roledescription.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/aria-roledescription.js
@@ -1,81 +1,86 @@
-describe('aria-roledescription', function() {
+describe('aria-roledescription', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns true for elements with an implicit supported role', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<button aria-roledescription="Awesome Button">Click</button>';
-    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.testUtils
-      .getCheckEvaluate('aria-roledescription')
-      .call(checkContext, fixture.firstChild, {
+  it('returns true for elements with an implicit supported role', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<button aria-roledescription="Awesome Button" id="target">Click</button>'
+    );
+    var actual = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-roledescription').call(
+      checkContext,
+      null,
+      {
         supportedRoles: ['button']
-      });
+      },
+      vNode
+    );
     assert.equal(actual, true);
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns true for elements with an explicit supported role', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div role="radio" aria-roledescription="Awesome Radio">Click</div>';
-    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var actual = axe.testUtils
-      .getCheckEvaluate('aria-roledescription')
-      .call(checkContext, fixture.firstChild, {
+  it('returns true for elements with an explicit supported role', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div role="radio" aria-roledescription="Awesome Radio" id="target">Click</div>'
+    );
+    var actual = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-roledescription').call(
+      checkContext,
+      null,
+      {
         supportedRoles: ['radio']
-      });
+      },
+      vNode
+    );
     assert.equal(actual, true);
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined for elements with an unsupported role', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div role="main" aria-roledescription="Awesome Main">The main element</div>';
-    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+  it('returns undefined for elements with an unsupported role', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div role="main" aria-roledescription="Awesome Main" id="target">The main element</div>'
+    );
     var actual = axe.testUtils
       .getCheckEvaluate('aria-roledescription')
-      .call(checkContext, fixture.firstChild);
+      .call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode);
     assert.equal(actual, undefined);
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for elements without role', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div aria-roledescription="Awesome Main">The main element</div>';
-    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+  it('returns false for elements without role', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div aria-roledescription="Awesome Main" id="target">The main element</div>'
+    );
     var actual = axe.testUtils
       .getCheckEvaluate('aria-roledescription')
-      .call(checkContext, fixture.firstChild);
+      .call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode);
     assert.equal(actual, false);
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for elements with role=presentation', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div role="presentation" aria-roledescription="Awesome Main">The main element</div>';
-    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+  it('returns false for elements with role=presentation', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div role="presentation" aria-roledescription="Awesome Main" id="target">The main element</div>'
+    );
     var actual = axe.testUtils
       .getCheckEvaluate('aria-roledescription')
-      .call(checkContext, fixture.firstChild);
+      .call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode);
     assert.equal(actual, false);
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data, null);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for elements with role=none', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div role="none" aria-roledescription="Awesome Main">The main element</div>';
-    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+  it('returns false for elements with role=none', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div role="none" aria-roledescription="Awesome Main" id="target">The main element</div>'
+    );
+
     var actual = axe.testUtils
       .getCheckEvaluate('aria-roledescription')
-      .call(checkContext, fixture.firstChild);
+      .call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode);
     assert.equal(actual, false);
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data, null);
   });
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/braille-label-equivalent.js b/test/checks/aria/braille-label-equivalent.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b98439bc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/checks/aria/braille-label-equivalent.js
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+describe('braille-label-equivalent tests', () => {
+  const { checkSetup, getCheckEvaluate } = axe.testUtils;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkEvaluate = getCheckEvaluate('braille-label-equivalent');
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    checkContext.reset();
+  });
+
+  it('returns true without aria-braillelabel', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt="" />');
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true when aria-braillelabel is empty', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<img id="target" alt="" aria-braillelabel="" />'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true when aria-braillelabel is whitespace-only', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<img id="target" alt="" aria-braillelabel=" \r\t\n " />'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+  });
+
+  describe('when aria-braillelabel has text', () => {
+    it('returns false when the accessible name is empty', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(`
+        <img id="target" alt="" aria-braillelabel="foo" />
+      `);
+      assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+    });
+
+    it('returns false when the accessible name has only whitespace', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(`
+        <img id="target" alt=" \r\t\n " aria-braillelabel="foo" />
+      `);
+      assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+    });
+
+    it('returns true when the accessible name is not empty', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(`
+        <img id="target" alt="foo" aria-braillelabel="foo" />
+      `);
+      assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/braille-roledescription-equivalent.js b/test/checks/aria/braille-roledescription-equivalent.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3dda24c32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/checks/aria/braille-roledescription-equivalent.js
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+describe('braille-roledescription-equivalent tests', () => {
+  const { checkSetup, getCheckEvaluate } = axe.testUtils;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkEvaluate = getCheckEvaluate('braille-roledescription-equivalent');
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    checkContext.reset();
+  });
+
+  it('returns true without aria-brailleroledescription', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div id="target"></div>');
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true when aria-brailleroledecription is empty', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<div id="target" aria-brailleroledescription=""></div>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true when aria-brailleroledecription is whitespace-only', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<div id="target" aria-brailleroledescription=" \r\t\n "></div>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+  });
+
+  describe('when aria-brailleroledescription has text', () => {
+    it('returns false without aria-roledescription', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(`
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          aria-brailleroledescription="foo"
+        ></div>
+      `);
+      assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { messageKey: 'noRoleDescription' });
+    });
+
+    it('returns false when aria-roledescription is empty', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(`
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          aria-roledescription=""
+          aria-brailleroledescription="foo"
+        ></div>
+      `);
+      assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        messageKey: 'emptyRoleDescription'
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('returns false when aria-roledescription has only whitespace', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(`
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          aria-roledescription=" \r\t\n "
+          aria-brailleroledescription="foo"
+        ></div>
+      `);
+      assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        messageKey: 'emptyRoleDescription'
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('returns true when aria-roledescription is not empty', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(`
+        <div
+          id="target"
+          aria-roledescription="foo"
+          aria-brailleroledescription="foo"
+        ></div>
+      `);
+      assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/deprecatedrole.js b/test/checks/aria/deprecatedrole.js
index d57a34836..5151974ab 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/deprecatedrole.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/deprecatedrole.js
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-describe('deprecatedrole', function() {
+describe('deprecatedrole', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
   var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('deprecatedrole');
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns true if applied to a deprecated role', function() {
+  it('returns true if applied to a deprecated role', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ describe('deprecatedrole', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, 'melon');
   });
 
-  it('returns true if applied to a deprecated DPUB role', function() {
+  it('returns true if applied to a deprecated DPUB role', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ describe('deprecatedrole', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, 'doc-fizzbuzz');
   });
 
-  it('returns false if applied to a non-deprecated role', function() {
+  it('returns false if applied to a non-deprecated role', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" role="button">Contents</div>');
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
@@ -53,14 +53,14 @@ describe('deprecatedrole', function() {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if applied to an invalid role', function() {
+  it('returns false if applied to an invalid role', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<input id="target" role="foo">');
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  describe('with fallback roles', function() {
-    it('returns true if the deprecated role is the first valid role', function() {
+  describe('with fallback roles', function () {
+    it('returns true if the deprecated role is the first valid role', function () {
       axe.configure({
         standards: {
           ariaRoles: {
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ describe('deprecatedrole', function() {
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, 'melon');
     });
 
-    it('returns false if the deprecated role is not the first valid role', function() {
+    it('returns false if the deprecated role is not the first valid role', function () {
       axe.configure({
         standards: {
           ariaRoles: {
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/errormessage.js b/test/checks/aria/errormessage.js
index e54f44ffe..fd95256b2 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/errormessage.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/errormessage.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('aria-errormessage', function() {
+describe('aria-errormessage', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function() {
   var shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return false if aria-errormessage value is invalid', function() {
+  it('should return false if aria-errormessage value is invalid', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" aria-errormessage="plain" aria-invalid="true">' +
         '<div id="plain"></div>'
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if aria-errormessage references an element that does not exist', function() {
+  it('should return undefined if aria-errormessage references an element that does not exist', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" aria-errormessage="plain" aria-invalid="true">' +
         '<div></div>'
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if aria-errormessage id is alert', function() {
+  it('should return true if aria-errormessage id is alert', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" aria-errormessage="alert" aria-invalid="true">' +
         '<div id="alert" role="alert"></div>'
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if aria-errormessage id is aria-live=assertive', function() {
+  it('should return true if aria-errormessage id is aria-live=assertive', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" aria-errormessage="live" aria-invalid="true">' +
         '<div id="live" aria-live="assertive"></div>'
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if aria-errormessage id is aria-describedby', function() {
+  it('should return true if aria-errormessage id is aria-describedby', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" aria-errormessage="plain" aria-describedby="plain" aria-invalid="true">' +
         '<div id="plain"></div>'
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('sets an array of IDs in data', function() {
+  it('sets an array of IDs in data', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" aria-errormessage=" foo  bar \tbaz  " aria-invalid="true">' +
         '<div id="plain"></div>'
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when aria-errormessage is empty, if that is allowed', function() {
+  it('returns true when aria-errormessage is empty, if that is allowed', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaAttrs: {
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true when aria-invalid is not set', function() {
+  it('should return true when aria-invalid is not set', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" aria-errormessage="plain">' + '<div id="plain"></div>'
     );
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true when aria-invalid=false', function() {
+  it('should return true when aria-invalid=false', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" aria-errormessage="plain" aria-invalid="false">' +
         '<div id="plain"></div>'
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false when aria-errormessage is empty, if that is not allowed', function() {
+  it('returns false when aria-errormessage is empty, if that is not allowed', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaAttrs: {
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false when hidden attribute is used', function() {
+  it('should return false when hidden attribute is used', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<input type="text" id="target" aria-invalid="true" aria-errormessage="id-message-1">' +
         '<div id="id-message-1" hidden>Error message 1</div>'
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return false when display: "none" is used', function() {
+  it('should return false when display: "none" is used', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<input type="text" id="target" aria-invalid="true" aria-errormessage="id-message-1">' +
         '<div id="id-message-1" style="display: none">Error message 1</div>'
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return false when visibility: "hidden" is used', function() {
+  it('should return false when visibility: "hidden" is used', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<input type="text" id="target" aria-invalid="true" aria-errormessage="id-message-1">' +
         '<div id="id-message-1" style="visibility: hidden">Error message 1</div>'
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return false when aria-hidden=true is used', function() {
+  it('should return false when aria-hidden=true is used', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<input type="text" id="target" aria-invalid="true" aria-errormessage="id-message-1">' +
         '<div id="id-message-1" aria-hidden="true">Error message 1</div>'
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return true when aria-hidden=false is used', function() {
+  it('should return true when aria-hidden=false is used', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<input type="text" id="target" aria-invalid="true" aria-errormessage="id-message-1">' +
         '<div id="id-message-1" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="false">Error message 1</div>'
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true when no hidden functionality is used', function() {
+  it('should return true when no hidden functionality is used', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<input type="text" id="target" aria-invalid="true" aria-errormessage="id-message-1">' +
         '<div id="id-message-1" aria-live="assertive">Error message 1</div>'
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'should return undefined if aria-errormessage value crosses shadow boundary',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var params = shadowCheckSetup(
         '<div id="target" aria-errormessage="live" aria-invalid="true"></div>',
         '<div id="live" aria-live="assertive"></div>'
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'should return false if aria-errormessage and invalid reference are both inside shadow dom',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var params = shadowCheckSetup(
         '<div></div>',
         '<div id="target" aria-errormessage="live" aria-invalid="true"></div>' +
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'should return true if aria-errormessage and valid reference are both inside shadow dom',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var params = shadowCheckSetup(
         '<div></div>',
         '<div id="target" aria-errormessage="live" aria-invalid="true"></div>' +
@@ -279,8 +279,8 @@ describe('aria-errormessage', function() {
     }
   );
 
-  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
-    it('should return undefined', function() {
+  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
+    it('should return undefined', function () {
       var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/fallbackrole.js b/test/checks/aria/fallbackrole.js
index 999f333e3..b40a29e36 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/fallbackrole.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/fallbackrole.js
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-describe('fallbackrole', function() {
+describe('fallbackrole', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true if fallback role is used', function() {
+  it('should return true if fallback role is used', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="button foobar">Foo</div>'
     );
@@ -17,28 +17,28 @@ describe('fallbackrole', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if fallback role is not used', function() {
+  it('should return false if fallback role is not used', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="button">Foo</div>');
     assert.isFalse(
       checks.fallbackrole.evaluate(virtualNode.actualNode, null, virtualNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if applied to an invalid role', function() {
+  it('should return false if applied to an invalid role', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="foobar">Foo</div>');
     assert.isFalse(
       checks.fallbackrole.evaluate(virtualNode.actualNode, null, virtualNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if applied to an invalid role', function() {
+  it('should return false if applied to an invalid role', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="foobar">Foo</div>');
     assert.isFalse(
       checks.fallbackrole.evaluate(virtualNode.actualNode, null, virtualNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined/needs review if an element with no implicit role uses both none and presentation', function() {
+  it('should return undefined/needs review if an element with no implicit role uses both none and presentation', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="none presentation">Foo</div>'
     );
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ describe('fallbackrole', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined/needs review if an element with no implicit role uses both presentation and none', function() {
+  it('should return undefined/needs review if an element with no implicit role uses both presentation and none', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="presentation none">Foo</div>'
     );
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ describe('fallbackrole', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if an element with an implicit role uses both presentation and none', function() {
+  it('should return true if an element with an implicit role uses both presentation and none', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<input type="text" id="target" role="presentation none"/>'
     );
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/has-global-aria-attribute.js b/test/checks/aria/has-global-aria-attribute.js
index 1be99296a..199ebbe89 100755
--- a/test/checks/aria/has-global-aria-attribute.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/has-global-aria-attribute.js
@@ -1,31 +1,23 @@
-describe('has-global-aria-attribute', function() {
+describe('has-global-aria-attribute', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var evaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-global-aria-attribute');
+  var hasGlobalAriaAttribute = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate(
+    'has-global-aria-attribute'
+  );
 
-  afterEach(function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
-    axe._tree = undefined;
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if any global ARIA attributes are found', function() {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.id = 'test';
-    node.setAttribute('aria-label', 'hello');
-    var params = checkSetup(node);
-    assert.isTrue(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+  it('should return true if any global ARIA attributes are found', function () {
+    var params = checkSetup('<div aria-label="hello" id="target"></div>');
+    assert.isTrue(hasGlobalAriaAttribute.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if no valid ARIA attributes are found', function() {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.id = 'test';
-    node.setAttribute('aria-random', 'hello');
-    var params = checkSetup(node);
-    assert.isFalse(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+  it('should return false if no valid ARIA attributes are found', function () {
+    var params = checkSetup('<div aria-random="hello" id="target"></div>');
+    assert.isFalse(hasGlobalAriaAttribute.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/has-widget-role.js b/test/checks/aria/has-widget-role.js
index ab71bb6ef..f7324cadc 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/has-widget-role.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/has-widget-role.js
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-describe('has-widget-role', function() {
+describe('has-widget-role', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var node;
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     node.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext._data = null;
   });
 
-  it('should return false for elements with no role', function() {
+  it('should return false for elements with no role', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for elements with nonsensical roles', function() {
+  it('should return false for elements with nonsensical roles', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'buttonbuttonbutton');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
   });
 
   // Widget roles
-  it('should return true for role=button', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=button', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'button');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=checkbox', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=checkbox', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'checkbox');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=gridcell', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=gridcell', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'gridcell');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=link', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=link', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'link');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=menuitem', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=menuitem', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'menuitem');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=menuitemcheckbox', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=menuitemcheckbox', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'menuitemcheckbox');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=menuitemradio', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=menuitemradio', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'menuitemradio');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=option', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=option', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'option');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=progressbar', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=progressbar', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'progressbar');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=radio', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=radio', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'radio');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=scrollbar', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=scrollbar', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'scrollbar');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=searchbox', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=searchbox', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'searchbox');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=slider', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=slider', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'slider');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=spinbutton', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=spinbutton', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'spinbutton');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=switch', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=switch', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'switch');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=tab', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=tab', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'tab');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=tabpanel', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=tabpanel', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'tabpanel');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=textbox', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=textbox', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'textbox');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=treeitem', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=treeitem', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'treeitem');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
   });
 
   // Composite widget roles
-  it('should return true for role=combobox', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=combobox', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'combobox');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=grid', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=grid', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'grid');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=listbox', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=listbox', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'listbox');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=menu', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=menu', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'menu');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=menubar', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=menubar', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'menubar');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=radiogroup', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=radiogroup', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'radiogroup');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=tablist', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=tablist', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'tablist');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=tree', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=tree', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'tree');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=treegrid', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=treegrid', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'treegrid');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=application', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=application', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'application');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=article', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=article', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'article');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=cell', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=cell', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'cell');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=columnheader', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=columnheader', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'columnheader');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=definition', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=definition', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'definition');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=directory', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=directory', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'directory');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=document', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=document', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'document');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=feed', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=feed', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'feed');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=figure', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=figure', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'figure');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=group', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=group', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'group');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=heading', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=heading', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'heading');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=img', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=img', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'img');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=list', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=list', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'list');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=listitem', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=listitem', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'listitem');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=math', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=math', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'math');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=none', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=none', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'none');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=note', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=note', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'note');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=presentation', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=presentation', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'presentation');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=row', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=row', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'row');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=rowgroup', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=rowgroup', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'rowgroup');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=rowheader', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=rowheader', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'rowheader');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=table', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=table', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'table');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=term', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=term', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'term');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=toolbar', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=toolbar', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'toolbar');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
   });
 
   // Landmark Roles
-  it('should return false for role=banner', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=banner', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'banner');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=complementary', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=complementary', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'complementary');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=contentinfo', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=contentinfo', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'contentinfo');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=form', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=form', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'form');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -534,7 +534,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=main', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=main', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'main');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=navigation', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=navigation', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'navigation');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=region', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=region', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'region');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ describe('has-widget-role', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=search', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=search', function () {
     node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'search');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/is-element-focusable.js b/test/checks/aria/is-element-focusable.js
index 5f1b9255d..740270716 100755
--- a/test/checks/aria/is-element-focusable.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/is-element-focusable.js
@@ -1,41 +1,21 @@
-describe('is-element-focusable', function() {
+describe('is-element-focusable', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  var isFocusable = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('is-element-focusable');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true for div with a tabindex', function() {
-    var node = document.createElement('div');
-    node.id = 'target';
-    node.tabIndex = 1;
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
-    axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
-
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('is-element-focusable')
-        .call(checkContext, node, {}, virtualNode)
-    );
+  it('should return true for div with a tabindex', function () {
+    var params = checkSetup('<div tabIndex="1" id="target"></div>');
+    assert.isTrue(isFocusable.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for natively unfocusable element', function() {
-    var node = document.createElement('span');
-    node.id = 'target';
-    node.role = 'link';
-    node.href = '#';
-    fixture.appendChild(node);
-    axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
-    var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('is-element-focusable')
-        .call(checkContext, node, {}, virtualNode)
-    );
+  it('should return false for natively unfocusable element', function () {
+    var params = checkSetup('<span role="link" href="#" id="target"></span>');
+    assert.isFalse(isFocusable.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/no-implicit-explicit-label.js b/test/checks/aria/no-implicit-explicit-label.js
index 2be4ba1c6..62d860deb 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/no-implicit-explicit-label.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/no-implicit-explicit-label.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('no-implicit-explicit-label', function() {
+describe('no-implicit-explicit-label', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ describe('no-implicit-explicit-label', function() {
   var check = checks['no-implicit-explicit-label'];
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns false when there is no label text or accessible text', function() {
+  it('returns false when there is no label text or accessible text', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="searchbox" contenteditable="true"></div>'
     );
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ describe('no-implicit-explicit-label', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when there is no accessible text', function() {
+  it('returns undefined when there is no accessible text', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<label for="target">Choose currency:</label><div id="target" role="searchbox" contenteditable="true"></div>'
     );
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ describe('no-implicit-explicit-label', function() {
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when accessible text does not contain label text', function() {
+  it('returns undefined when accessible text does not contain label text', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<label for="target">Choose country:</label><div id="target" aria-label="country" role="combobox">England</div>'
     );
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ describe('no-implicit-explicit-label', function() {
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when accessible text contains label text', function() {
+  it('returns false when accessible text contains label text', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<label for="target">Country</label><div id="target" aria-label="Choose country" role="combobox">England</div>'
     );
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ describe('no-implicit-explicit-label', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
-    it('should return false if there is no parent', function() {
+  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
+    it('should return false if there is no parent', function () {
       var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ describe('no-implicit-explicit-label', function() {
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('should return undefined if incomplete tree', function() {
+    it('should return undefined if incomplete tree', function () {
       var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/required-children.js b/test/checks/aria/required-children.js
index c5fba9de1..faf68eb71 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/required-children.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/required-children.js
@@ -1,488 +1,528 @@
-describe('aria-required-children', function() {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+describe('aria-required-children', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const requiredChildrenCheck = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate(
+    'aria-required-children'
+  );
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should detect missing sole required child', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should detect missing sole required child', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="list" id="target"><p>Nothing here.</p></div>'
     );
 
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-        .apply(checkContext, params)
-    );
-    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['group', 'listitem']);
+    assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['listitem']);
   });
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'should detect missing sole required child in shadow tree',
-    function() {
+    () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" role="list"></div>';
 
-      var target = document.querySelector('#target');
-      var shadowRoot = target.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      const target = document.querySelector('#target');
+      const shadowRoot = target.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadowRoot.innerHTML = '<p>Nothing here.</p>';
 
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var virtualTarget = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target);
-
-      var params = [target, undefined, virtualTarget];
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-          .apply(checkContext, params)
-      );
-      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['group', 'listitem']);
+      const virtualTarget = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target);
+
+      const params = [target, undefined, virtualTarget];
+      assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['listitem']);
     }
   );
 
-  it('should detect multiple missing required children when one required', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should detect multiple missing required children when one required', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="grid" id="target"><p>Nothing here.</p></div>'
     );
 
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-        .apply(checkContext, params)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['rowgroup', 'row']);
   });
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'should detect missing multiple required children in shadow tree when one required',
-    function() {
+    () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="grid" id="target"></div>';
 
-      var target = document.querySelector('#target');
-      var shadowRoot = target.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      const target = document.querySelector('#target');
+      const shadowRoot = target.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadowRoot.innerHTML = '<p>Nothing here.</p>';
 
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var virtualTarget = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target);
-
-      var params = [target, undefined, virtualTarget];
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-          .apply(checkContext, params)
-      );
+      const virtualTarget = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target);
+
+      const params = [target, undefined, virtualTarget];
+      assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['rowgroup', 'row']);
     }
   );
 
-  it('should pass all existing required children when all required', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div id="target" role="menu"><li role="none"></li><li role="menuitem">Item 1</li><div role="menuitemradio">Item 2</div><div role="menuitemcheckbox">Item 3</div></div>'
-    );
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-        .apply(checkContext, params)
+  it('should pass all existing required children when all required', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      `<div id="target" role="menu">
+        <li role="none"></li>
+        <li role="menuitem">Item 1</li>
+        <div role="menuitemradio">Item 2</div>
+        <div role="menuitemcheckbox">Item 3</div>
+      </div>`
     );
+    assert.isTrue(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined when element is empty and is in reviewEmpty options', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div role="list" id="target"></div>', {
+  it('should return undefined when element is empty and is in reviewEmpty options', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div role="list" id="target"></div>', {
       reviewEmpty: ['list']
     });
-    assert.isUndefined(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-        .apply(checkContext, params)
-    );
+    assert.isUndefined(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when children do not have correct role and is in reviewEmpty options', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false when children do not have correct role and is in reviewEmpty options', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="list" id="target"><div role="menuitem"></div></div>',
       { reviewEmpty: ['list'] }
     );
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-        .apply(checkContext, params)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when owned children do not have correct role and is in reviewEmpty options', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false when owned children do not have correct role and is in reviewEmpty options', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="list" id="target" aria-owns="ownedchild"></div><div id="ownedchild" role="menuitem"></div>',
       { reviewEmpty: ['list'] }
     );
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-        .apply(checkContext, params)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should fail when list does not have required children listitem', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should fail when list does not have required children listitem', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" role="list"><span>Item 1</span></div>'
     );
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-        .apply(checkContext, params)
+    assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['listitem']);
+  });
+
+  it('should pass when missing required children but aria-busy', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<div id="target" role="list" aria-busy="true"><span>Item 1</span></div>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { messageKey: 'aria-busy' });
+  });
+
+  it('should treat aria-busy="false" as not aria-busy', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<div id="target" role="list" aria-busy="false"><span>Item 1</span></div>'
+    );
+    assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+  });
+
+  it('should treat valueless aria-busy as not aria-busy', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<div id="target" role="list" aria-busy><span>Item 1</span></div>'
     );
+    assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+  });
 
-    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['group', 'listitem']);
+  it('should fail list with an unallowed child', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(`
+      <div id="target" role="list"><div role="tabpanel"></div></div>
+    `);
+    assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      messageKey: 'unallowed',
+      values: '[role=tabpanel]'
+    });
   });
 
-  it('should fail when list has intermediate child with role that is not a required role', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should fail list with an unallowed child, even if aria-busy="true"', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(`
+      <div id="target" role="list" aria-busy="true"><div role="tabpanel"></div></div>
+    `);
+    assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      messageKey: 'unallowed',
+      values: '[role=tabpanel]'
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should fail when list has intermediate child with role that is not a required role', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" role="list"><div role="tabpanel"><div role="listitem">List item 1</div></div></div>'
     );
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-        .apply(checkContext, params)
+    assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+
+    const unallowed = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(
+      axe._tree,
+      '[role="tabpanel"]'
+    )[0];
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      messageKey: 'unallowed',
+      values: '[role=tabpanel]'
+    });
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [unallowed]);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail when list has child with global aria attribute but no role', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<div id="target" role="list"><div aria-live="polite"><div role="listitem">List item 1</div></div></div>'
     );
+    assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
 
-    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['group', 'listitem']);
+    const unallowed = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(
+      axe._tree,
+      '[aria-live="polite"]'
+    )[0];
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      messageKey: 'unallowed',
+      values: 'div[aria-live]'
+    });
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [unallowed]);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when nested child with role row  does not have required child role cell', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div  role="grid"><div role="row" id="target"><span>Item 1</span></div></div>'
+  it('should fail when list has child with tabindex but no role', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<div id="target" role="list"><div tabindex="0"><div role="listitem">List item 1</div></div></div>'
     );
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-        .apply(checkContext, params)
+    assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+
+    const unallowed = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(
+      axe._tree,
+      '[tabindex="0"]'
+    )[0];
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      messageKey: 'unallowed',
+      values: 'div[tabindex]'
+    });
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [unallowed]);
+  });
+
+  it('should remove duplicate unallowed selectors', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(`
+      <div id="target" role="list">
+        <div role="tabpanel"></div>
+        <div role="listitem">List item 1</div>
+        <div role="tabpanel"></div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      messageKey: 'unallowed',
+      values: '[role=tabpanel]'
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should pass when list has child with aria-hidden', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<div id="target" role="list">' +
+        '<div aria-hidden="true">Ignore item</div>' +
+        '<div role="listitem">List item 1</div>' +
+        '</div>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+  });
+
+  it('should pass when list has child with aria-hidden and is focusable', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<div id="target" role="list">' +
+        '<div aria-hidden="true" tabindex="0">Ignore item</div>' +
+        '<div role="listitem">List item 1</div>' +
+        '</div>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+  });
+
+  it('should fail when nested child with role row does not have required child role cell', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<div  role="grid"><div role="row" id="target"><span>Item 1</span></div></div>'
     );
+    assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
 
     assert.includeMembers(checkContext._data, ['cell']);
   });
 
-  it('should pass one indirectly aria-owned child when one required', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should pass one indirectly aria-owned child when one required', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="grid" id="target" aria-owns="r"></div><div id="r"><div role="row">Nothing here.</div></div>'
     );
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-        .apply(checkContext, params)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should not break if aria-owns points to non-existent node', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div role="grid" id="target" aria-owns="nonexistent"></div>'
-    );
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-        .apply(checkContext, params)
+  it('should not break if aria-owns points to non-existent node', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<div role="row" id="target" aria-owns="nonexistent"></div>'
     );
+    assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should pass one existing aria-owned child when one required', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should pass one existing aria-owned child when one required', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="grid" id="target" aria-owns="r"></div><p id="r" role="row">Nothing here.</p>'
     );
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-        .apply(checkContext, params)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should fail one existing aria-owned child when an intermediate child with role that is not a required role exists', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should fail one existing aria-owned child when an intermediate child with role that is not a required role exists', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" role="list" aria-owns="list"></div><div id="list"><div role="tabpanel"><div role="listitem"></div></div></div>'
     );
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-        .apply(checkContext, params)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should pass one existing required child when one required (has explicit role of tab)', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should pass one existing required child when one required (has explicit role of tab)', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<ul id="target" role="tablist"><li role="tab">Tab 1</li><li role="tab">Tab 2</li></ul>'
     );
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-        .apply(checkContext, params)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should pass required child roles (grid contains row, which contains cell)', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should pass required child roles (grid contains row, which contains cell)', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<table id="target" role="grid"><tr role="row"><td role="cell">Item 1</td></tr></table>'
     );
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-        .apply(checkContext, params)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should pass one existing required child when one required', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should pass one existing required child when one required', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="grid" id="target"><p role="row">Nothing here.</p></div>'
     );
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-        .apply(checkContext, params)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should pass one existing required child when one required because of implicit role', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should pass one existing required child when one required because of implicit role', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<table id="target"><p role="row">Nothing here.</p></table>'
     );
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-        .apply(checkContext, params)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should pass when a child with an implicit role is present', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should pass when a child with an implicit role is present', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<table role="grid" id="target"><tr><td>Nothing here.</td></tr></table>'
     );
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-        .apply(checkContext, params)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should pass direct existing required children', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should pass direct existing required children', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="list" id="target"><p role="listitem">Nothing here.</p></div>'
     );
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-        .apply(checkContext, params)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should pass indirect required children', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should pass indirect required children', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="list" id="target"><p>Just a regular ol p that contains a... <p role="listitem">Nothing here.</p></p></div>'
     );
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-        .apply(checkContext, params)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return true when a role has no required owned', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true when a role has no required owned', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="listitem" id="target"><p>Nothing here.</p></div>'
     );
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-        .apply(checkContext, params)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should pass when role allows group and group has required child', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should pass when role allows group and group has required child', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="menu" id="target"><ul role="group"><li role="menuitem">Menuitem</li></ul></div>'
     );
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-        .apply(checkContext, params)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+  });
+
+  it('should ignore hidden children inside the group', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(`
+      <div role="menu" id="target">
+        <ul role="group">
+          <li style="display: none">hidden</li>
+          <li aria-hidden="true">hidden</li>
+          <li style="visibility: hidden" aria-hidden="true">hidden</li>
+          <li role="menuitem">Menuitem</li>
+        </ul>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    assert.isTrue(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should fail when role allows group and group does not have required child', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should fail when role allows group and group does not have required child', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="menu" id="target"><ul role="group"><li>Menuitem</li></ul></div>'
     );
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-        .apply(checkContext, params)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should fail when role does not allow group', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup(
-      '<div role="table" id="target"><ul role="group"><li role="row">Option</li></ul></div>'
-    );
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-        .apply(checkContext, params)
+  it('should fail when role does not allow group', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<div role="list" id="target"><ul role="group"><li role="listitem">Item</li></ul></div>'
     );
+    assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should pass when role allows rowgroup and rowgroup has required child', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should pass when role allows rowgroup and rowgroup has required child', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="table" id="target"><ul role="rowgroup"><li role="row">Row</li></ul></div>'
     );
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-        .apply(checkContext, params)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should fail when role allows rowgroup and rowgroup does not have required child', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should fail when role allows rowgroup and rowgroup does not have required child', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="table" id="target"><ul role="rowgroup"><li>Row</li></ul></div>'
     );
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-        .apply(checkContext, params)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should fail when role does not allow rowgroup', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup(
+  it('should fail when role does not allow rowgroup', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="listbox" id="target"><ul role="rowgroup"><li role="option">Option</li></ul></div>'
     );
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-        .apply(checkContext, params)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  describe('options', function() {
-    it('should return undefined instead of false when the role is in options.reviewEmpty', function() {
-      var params = checkSetup('<div role="grid" id="target"></div>', {
-        reviewEmpty: []
-      });
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-          .apply(checkContext, params)
-      );
-
-      // Options:
-      params[1] = {
-        reviewEmpty: ['grid']
-      };
-      assert.isUndefined(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-          .apply(checkContext, params)
-      );
-    });
-
-    it('should not throw when options is incorrect', function() {
-      var params = checkSetup('<div role="menu" id="target"></div>');
+  describe('options', () => {
+    it('should not throw when options is incorrect', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup('<div role="row" id="target"></div>');
 
       // Options: (incorrect)
       params[1] = ['menu'];
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-          .apply(checkContext, params)
-      );
+      assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
 
       // Options: (incorrect)
       params[1] = null;
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-          .apply(checkContext, params)
-      );
+      assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
 
       // Options: (incorrect)
       params[1] = 'menu';
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-          .apply(checkContext, params)
-      );
+      assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('should return undefined when the element has empty children', function() {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div role="listbox" id="target"><div></div></div>'
-      );
-      params[1] = {
-        reviewEmpty: ['listbox']
-      };
-      assert.isUndefined(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-          .apply(checkContext, params)
-      );
-    });
+    describe('reviewEmpty', () => {
+      it('should return undefined instead of false when the role is in options.reviewEmpty', () => {
+        const params = checkSetup('<div role="grid" id="target"></div>', {
+          reviewEmpty: []
+        });
+        assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+
+        // Options:
+        params[1] = {
+          reviewEmpty: ['grid']
+        };
+        assert.isUndefined(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+      });
 
-    it('should return false when the element has empty child with role', function() {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div role="listbox" id="target"><div role="grid"></div></div>'
-      );
-      params[1] = {
-        reviewEmpty: ['listbox']
-      };
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-          .apply(checkContext, params)
-      );
-    });
+      it('should return true if aria-busy preempts a reviewEmpty case', () => {
+        const params = checkSetup(
+          '<div role="grid" id="target" aria-busy="true"></div>',
+          { reviewEmpty: ['grid'] }
+        );
+        assert.isTrue(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+      });
 
-    it('should return undefined when the element has empty child with role=presentation', function() {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div role="listbox" id="target"><div role="presentation"></div></div>'
-      );
-      params[1] = {
-        reviewEmpty: ['listbox']
-      };
-      assert.isUndefined(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-          .apply(checkContext, params)
-      );
-    });
+      it('should return undefined when the element has empty children', () => {
+        const params = checkSetup(
+          '<div role="listbox" id="target"><div></div></div>',
+          { reviewEmpty: ['listbox'] }
+        );
+        assert.isUndefined(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+      });
 
-    it('should return undefined when the element has empty child with role=none', function() {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div role="listbox" id="target"><div role="none"></div></div>'
-      );
-      params[1] = {
-        reviewEmpty: ['listbox']
-      };
-      assert.isUndefined(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-          .apply(checkContext, params)
-      );
-    });
+      it('should return false when the element has empty child with role', () => {
+        const params = checkSetup(
+          '<div role="listbox" id="target"><div role="grid"></div></div>',
+          { reviewEmpty: ['listbox'] }
+        );
+        assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+      });
+
+      it('should return undefined when there is a empty text node', () => {
+        const params = checkSetup(
+          '<div role="listbox" id="target"> &nbsp; <!-- empty --> \n\t </div>',
+          { reviewEmpty: ['listbox'] }
+        );
+        assert.isUndefined(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+      });
+
+      it('should return false when there is a non-empty text node', () => {
+        const params = checkSetup(
+          '<div role="listbox" id="target">  hello  </div>',
+          { reviewEmpty: ['listbox'] }
+        );
+        assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+      });
 
-    it('should return undefined when the element has empty child and aria-label', function() {
-      var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div role="listbox" id="target" aria-label="listbox"><div></div></div>'
-      );
-      params[1] = {
-        reviewEmpty: ['listbox']
-      };
-      assert.isUndefined(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-children')
-          .apply(checkContext, params)
-      );
+      it('should return undefined when the element has empty child with role=presentation', () => {
+        const params = checkSetup(
+          '<div role="listbox" id="target"><div role="presentation"></div></div>',
+          { reviewEmpty: ['listbox'] }
+        );
+        assert.isUndefined(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+      });
+
+      it('should return false when role=none child has visible content', () => {
+        const params = checkSetup(
+          '<div role="listbox" id="target"><div role="none">hello</div></div>',
+          { reviewEmpty: ['listbox'] }
+        );
+        assert.isFalse(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+      });
+
+      it('should return undefined when role=none child has hidden content', () => {
+        const params = checkSetup(
+          `<div role="listbox" id="target">
+            <div role="none">
+              <h1 style="display:none">hello</h1>
+              <h1 aria-hidden="true">hello</h1>
+              <h1 style="visibility:hidden" aria-hidden="true">hello</h1>
+            </div>
+          </div>`,
+          { reviewEmpty: ['listbox'] }
+        );
+
+        assert.isUndefined(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+      });
+
+      it('should return undefined when the element has empty child with role=none', () => {
+        const params = checkSetup(
+          '<div role="listbox" id="target"><div role="none"></div></div>',
+          { reviewEmpty: ['listbox'] }
+        );
+        assert.isUndefined(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+      });
+
+      it('should return undefined when the element has hidden children', () => {
+        const params = checkSetup(
+          `<div role="menu" id="target">
+            <div role="menuitem" hidden></div>
+            <div role="none" hidden></div>
+            <div role="list" hidden></div>
+          </div>`,
+          { reviewEmpty: ['menu'] }
+        );
+        assert.isUndefined(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+      });
+
+      it('should return undefined when the element has empty child and aria-label', () => {
+        const params = checkSetup(
+          '<div role="listbox" id="target" aria-label="listbox"><div></div></div>',
+          { reviewEmpty: ['listbox'] }
+        );
+        assert.isUndefined(requiredChildrenCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
+      });
     });
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/required-parent.js b/test/checks/aria/required-parent.js
index 1933be599..8f3601c8c 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/required-parent.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/required-parent.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('aria-required-parent', function() {
+describe('aria-required-parent', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function() {
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should detect missing required parent', function() {
+  it('should detect missing required parent', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div><p role="listitem" id="target">Nothing here.</p></div>'
     );
@@ -21,12 +21,12 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function() {
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-parent')
         .apply(checkContext, params)
     );
-    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['list', 'group']);
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['list']);
   });
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'should detect missing required parent across shadow boundary',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div>';
 
       var shadowRoot = document
@@ -44,11 +44,11 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function() {
           .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-parent')
           .apply(checkContext, params)
       );
-      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['list', 'group']);
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['list']);
     }
   );
 
-  it('should pass when required parent is present in an ancestral aria-owns context', function() {
+  it('should pass when required parent is present in an ancestral aria-owns context', function () {
     var snippet =
       '<div role="list"><div aria-owns="parent"></div></div>' +
       '<div id="parent"><p role="listitem" id="target">Nothing here.</p></div>';
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should fail when wrong role is present in an aria-owns context', function() {
+  it('should fail when wrong role is present in an aria-owns context', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="menu"><div aria-owns="target"></div></div>' +
         '<div><p role="listitem" id="target">Nothing here.</p></div>'
@@ -70,10 +70,10 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function() {
         .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-parent')
         .apply(checkContext, params)
     );
-    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['list', 'group']);
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['list']);
   });
 
-  it('should pass when required parent is present in an aria-owns context', function() {
+  it('should pass when required parent is present in an aria-owns context', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="list" aria-owns="target"></div><div><p role="listitem" id="target">Nothing here.</p></div>'
     );
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should pass when at least one required parent of multiple is present', function() {
+  it('should pass when at least one required parent of multiple is present', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="grid"><p role="row" id="target">Nothing here.</p></div>'
     );
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should pass when required parent is present', function() {
+  it('should pass when required parent is present', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="list"><p role="listitem" id="target">Nothing here.</p></div>'
     );
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should fail when there is an intermediate role between the child and parent', function() {
+  it('should fail when there is an intermediate role between the child and parent', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="list"><div role="tabpanel"><p role="listitem" id="target">Nothing here.</p></div></div>'
     );
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should pass when intermediate node is role=presentation', function() {
+  it('should pass when intermediate node is role=presentation', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="list"><div role="presentation"><p role="listitem" id="target">Nothing here.</p></div></div>'
     );
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should pass when intermediate node is role=group and required parent is present', function() {
+  it('should pass when intermediate node is role=group and required parent is present', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<ul role="menu"><li role="group"><button role="menuitem" id="target">Nothing here.</button></li></ul>'
     );
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should fail when intermediate node is role=group but required parent is missing', function() {
+  it('should fail when intermediate node is role=group but required parent is missing', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<ul role="none"><li role="group"><button role="menuitem" id="target">Nothing here.</button></li></ul>'
     );
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['menu', 'menubar']);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when intermediate node is role=group but this not an allowed context', function() {
+  it('should fail when intermediate node is role=group but this not an allowed context', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="menu"><div role="group"><p role="listitem" id="target">Nothing here.</p></div></div>'
     );
@@ -162,16 +162,16 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  describe('group with ownGroupRoles', function() {
-    it('should pass when the role and grand parent role is in ownGroupRoles', function() {
+  describe('group with ownGroupRoles', function () {
+    it('should pass when the role and grand parent role is in ownGroupRoles', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
-        '<div role="list">' +
-          '<div role="listitem">' +
+        '<div role="tree">' +
+          '<div role="treeitem">' +
           '<div role="group">' +
-          '<div role="listitem" id="target">' +
+          '<div role="treeitem" id="target">' +
           '</div></div></div></div>',
         {
-          ownGroupRoles: ['listitem']
+          ownGroupRoles: ['treeitem']
         }
       );
 
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should fail when the role and grand parent role is in ownGroupRoles', function() {
+    it('should fail when the role and grand parent role is in ownGroupRoles', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div role="menu">' +
           '<div role="menuitem">' +
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should fail when the role is not in a group', function() {
+    it('should fail when the role is not in a group', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div role="list">' +
           '<div role="listitem">' +
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should pass when intermediate node is role=none', function() {
+  it('should pass when intermediate node is role=none', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="list"><div role="none"><p role="listitem" id="target">Nothing here.</p></div></div>'
     );
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should pass when intermediate node is not owned by parent', function() {
+  it('should pass when intermediate node is not owned by parent', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="list" aria-owns="target"><div role="navigation"><p role="listitem" id="target">Nothing here.</p></div></div>'
     );
@@ -243,9 +243,20 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function() {
     );
   });
 
+  it('should pass for multiple group and presentational roles', function () {
+    var params = checkSetup(
+      '<div role="tree"><div role="none"><div role="group"><div role="none"><div role="group"><div role="treeitem" id="target">Nothing here.</div></div></div></div></div></div>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-required-parent')
+        .apply(checkContext, params)
+    );
+  });
+
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'should pass when required parent is present across shadow boundary',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="list" id="parent"></div>';
 
       var shadowRoot = document
@@ -268,7 +279,7 @@ describe('aria-required-parent', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'should fail when aria-owns context crosses shadow boundary',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="parent"><div role="list" aria-owns="target"></div></div>';
 
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/unsupportedattr.js b/test/checks/aria/unsupportedattr.js
index 472afb79a..0b564ad78 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/unsupportedattr.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/unsupportedattr.js
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-describe('unsupportedattr', function() {
+describe('unsupportedattr', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
   var check = checks['aria-unsupported-attr'];
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if applied to an unsupported attribute', function() {
+  it('should return true if applied to an unsupported attribute', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaAttrs: {
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ describe('unsupportedattr', function() {
     assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return true with multiple unsupported and supported attributes', function() {
+  it('should return true with multiple unsupported and supported attributes', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaAttrs: {
@@ -50,21 +50,21 @@ describe('unsupportedattr', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if applied to a supported attribute', function() {
+  it('should return false if applied to a supported attribute', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-label="This is fine">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if all ARIA attributes are supported', function() {
+  it('should return false if all ARIA attributes are supported', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-label="This is fine" aria-haspopup="true">Contents</div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if applied to an element that matches the unsupported "exceptions" list', function() {
+  it('should return false if applied to an element that matches the unsupported "exceptions" list', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaAttrs: {
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ describe('unsupportedattr', function() {
     assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if applied to an element that matches the unsupported "exceptions" list using complex conditions', function() {
+  it('should return false if applied to an element that matches the unsupported "exceptions" list using complex conditions', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaAttrs: {
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ describe('unsupportedattr', function() {
     assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if applied to an element that does not match the unsupported "exceptions" list', function() {
+  it('should return true if applied to an element that does not match the unsupported "exceptions" list', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaAttrs: {
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ describe('unsupportedattr', function() {
     assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if applied to an element that does not match the unsupported "exceptions" list using complex conditions', function() {
+  it('should return true if applied to an element that does not match the unsupported "exceptions" list using complex conditions', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaAttrs: {
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/unsupportedrole.js b/test/checks/aria/unsupportedrole.js
index 2fcf4613b..08a10980b 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/unsupportedrole.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/unsupportedrole.js
@@ -1,9 +1,15 @@
-describe('unsupportedrole', function() {
+describe('unsupportedrole', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  var check = checks.unsupportedrole;
+  afterEach(function () {
+    checkContext.reset();
+    axe.reset();
+  });
 
-  it('should return true if applied to an unsupported role', function() {
+  it('should return true if applied to an unsupported role', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -15,22 +21,64 @@ describe('unsupportedrole', function() {
       }
     });
 
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+    var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" role="mccheddarton">Contents</div>'
     );
-    assert.isTrue(checks.unsupportedrole.evaluate(null, null, vNode));
+    assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, 'mccheddarton');
+  });
+
+  it('should return false if applied to a supported role', function () {
+    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" role="alert">Contents</div>');
+    assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+    assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+
+    var params = checkSetup('<button id="target">Contents</button>');
+    assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+    assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if applied to a supported role', function() {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="alert">Contents</div>');
-    assert.isFalse(checks.unsupportedrole.evaluate(null, null, vNode));
+  it('should return false if applied to an invalid role', function () {
+    var params = checkSetup('<input id="target" role="foo">');
+    assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+    assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+  });
+
+  it('should return true if applied to an unsupported dpub role', function () {
+    axe.configure({
+      standards: {
+        ariaRoles: {
+          'doc-abstract': {
+            type: 'section',
+            unsupported: true
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    });
 
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target">Contents</button>');
-    assert.isFalse(checks.unsupportedrole.evaluate(null, null, vNode));
+    var params = checkSetup(
+      '<div id="target" role="doc-abstract">Contents</div>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, 'doc-abstract');
   });
 
-  it('should return false if applied to an invalid role', function() {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" role="foo">');
-    assert.isFalse(checks.unsupportedrole.evaluate(null, null, vNode));
+  it('should return true if applied to an unsupported fallback role', function () {
+    axe.configure({
+      standards: {
+        ariaRoles: {
+          alert: {
+            type: 'widget',
+            unsupported: true
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    });
+
+    var params = checkSetup(
+      '<div id="target" role="unsupported alert">Contents</div>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, 'alert');
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/valid-attr-value.js b/test/checks/aria/valid-attr-value.js
index 8ad93a95e..a9e3a3afc 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/valid-attr-value.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/valid-attr-value.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('aria-valid-attr-value', function() {
+describe('aria-valid-attr-value', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -7,210 +7,143 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr-value', function() {
   var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
   var shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
   var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+  var validAttrValueCheck = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate(
+    'aria-valid-attr-value'
+  );
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should not check the validity of attribute names', function() {
+  it('should not check the validity of attribute names', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" aria-cats="true" aria-selected="true"></div>'
     );
 
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-valid-attr-value')
-        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should return true if all values are valid', function() {
+  it('should return true if all values are valid', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" aria-selected="true" aria-checked="true" aria-relevant="additions removals"></div>'
     );
 
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-valid-attr-value')
-        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should return true if idref(s) values are valid', function() {
+  it('should return true if idref(s) values are valid', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" aria-owns="test_tgt1 test_tgt2" aria-activedescendant="test_tgt1"></div>' +
         '<div id="test_tgt1"></div>' +
         '<div id="test_tgt2"></div>'
     );
 
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-valid-attr-value')
-        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if any values are invalid', function() {
+  it('should return false if any values are invalid', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" aria-live="polite" aria-selected="0"></div>'
     );
 
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-valid-attr-value')
-        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['aria-selected="0"']);
   });
 
-  it('should allow empty strings rather than idref', function() {
+  it('should allow empty strings rather than idref', function () {
     var tree = fixtureSetup(
       '<button aria-controls="">Button</button>' +
         '<div aria-activedescendant=""></div>'
     );
     var passing1 = tree.children[0];
     var passing2 = tree.children[1];
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-valid-attr-value')
-        .call(checkContext, null, null, passing1)
-    );
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-valid-attr-value')
-        .call(checkContext, null, null, passing2)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, passing1));
+    assert.isTrue(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, passing2));
   });
 
-  it('should allow empty strings rather than idrefs', function() {
+  it('should allow empty strings rather than idrefs', function () {
     var tree = fixtureSetup(
       '<button aria-labelledby="">Button</button>' + '<div aria-owns=""></div>'
     );
     var passing1 = tree.children[0];
     var passing2 = tree.children[1];
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-valid-attr-value')
-        .call(checkContext, null, null, passing1)
-    );
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-valid-attr-value')
-        .call(checkContext, null, null, passing2)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, passing1));
+    assert.isTrue(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, passing2));
   });
 
-  it('should pass on aria-controls and aria-expanded=false when the element is not in the DOM', function() {
+  it('should pass on aria-controls and aria-expanded=false when the element is not in the DOM', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-controls="test" aria-expanded="false">Button</button>'
     );
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-valid-attr-value')
-        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should pass on aria-controls and aria-selected=false when the element is not in the DOM', function() {
+  it('should pass on aria-controls and aria-selected=false when the element is not in the DOM', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-controls="test" aria-selected="false">Button</button>'
     );
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-valid-attr-value')
-        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should fail on aria-controls and aria-expanded=true when the element is not in the DOM', function() {
+  it('should fail on aria-controls and aria-expanded=true when the element is not in the DOM', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-controls="test" aria-expanded="true">Button</button>'
     );
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-valid-attr-value')
-        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should fail on aria-controls and aria-selected=true when the element is not in the DOM', function() {
+  it('should fail on aria-controls and aria-selected=true when the element is not in the DOM', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-controls="test" aria-selected="true">Button</button>'
     );
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-valid-attr-value')
-        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should fail on aria-controls when the element is not in the DOM', function() {
+  it('should fail on aria-controls when the element is not in the DOM', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-controls="test">Button</button>'
     );
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-valid-attr-value')
-        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should pass on aria-owns and aria-expanded=false when the element is not in the DOM', function() {
+  it('should pass on aria-owns and aria-expanded=false when the element is not in the DOM', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-owns="test" aria-expanded="false">Button</button>'
     );
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-valid-attr-value')
-        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should fail on aria-owns and aria-expanded=true when the element is not in the DOM', function() {
+  it('should fail on aria-owns and aria-expanded=true when the element is not in the DOM', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-owns="test" aria-expanded="true">Button</button>'
     );
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-valid-attr-value')
-        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should fail on aria-owns when the element is not in the DOM', function() {
+  it('should fail on aria-owns when the element is not in the DOM', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-owns="test">Button</button>'
     );
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-valid-attr-value')
-        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should fail on aria-level when the value is less than 1', function() {
+  it('should fail on aria-level when the value is less than 1', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="heading" aria-level="0">Heading</div>'
     );
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-valid-attr-value')
-        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined on aria-describedby when the element is not in the DOM', function() {
+  it('should return undefined on aria-describedby when the element is not in the DOM', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-describedby="test">Button</button>'
     );
     assert.isUndefined(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-valid-attr-value')
-        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+      validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
       messageKey: 'noId',
@@ -220,16 +153,12 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr-value', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'should return undefined on aria-describedby when the element is in a different shadow tree',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var params = shadowCheckSetup(
         '<div></div>',
         '<button id="target" aria-describedby="test">Button</button>'
       );
-      assert.isUndefined(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-valid-attr-value')
-          .apply(checkContext, params)
-      );
+      assert.isUndefined(validAttrValueCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
         messageKey: 'noIdShadow',
         needsReview: 'aria-describedby="test"'
@@ -237,14 +166,12 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr-value', function() {
     }
   );
 
-  it('should return undefined on aria-labelledby when the element is not in the DOM', function() {
+  it('should return undefined on aria-labelledby when the element is not in the DOM', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-labelledby="test">Button</button>'
     );
     assert.isUndefined(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-valid-attr-value')
-        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+      validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
       messageKey: 'noId',
@@ -254,16 +181,12 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr-value', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'should return undefined on aria-labelledby when the element is in a different shadow tree',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var params = shadowCheckSetup(
         '<div></div>',
         '<button id="target" aria-labelledby="test">Button</button>'
       );
-      assert.isUndefined(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-valid-attr-value')
-          .apply(checkContext, params)
-      );
+      assert.isUndefined(validAttrValueCheck.apply(checkContext, params));
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
         messageKey: 'noIdShadow',
         needsReview: 'aria-labelledby="test"'
@@ -271,66 +194,116 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr-value', function() {
     }
   );
 
-  it('should return undefined on aria-current with invalid value', function() {
+  it('should return undefined on aria-current with invalid value', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-current="test">Button</button>'
     );
     assert.isUndefined(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-valid-attr-value')
-        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+      validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true on valid aria-labelledby value within img elm', function() {
+  it('should return true on valid aria-labelledby value within img elm', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="foo">hello world</div>' +
         '<img id="target" role="button" aria-labelledby="foo"/>'
     );
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-valid-attr-value')
-        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined on invalid aria-labelledby value within img elm', function() {
+  it('should return undefined on invalid aria-labelledby value within img elm', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="foo">hello world</div>' +
         '<img id="target" role="button" aria-labelledby="hazaar"/>'
     );
     assert.isUndefined(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('aria-valid-attr-value')
-        .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+      validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
     );
   });
 
-  describe('options', function() {
-    it('should exclude supplied attributes', function() {
+  describe('null values', function () {
+    afterEach(() => {
+      axe.reset();
+    });
+
+    it('returns undefined when a boolean attribute is null', function () {
+      var vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" role="checkbox" aria-checked></div>'
+      );
+      assert.isUndefined(
+        validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+      );
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        messageKey: 'empty',
+        needsReview: 'aria-checked'
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('returns undefined when a boolean attribute is empty', function () {
+      var vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" role="checkbox" aria-checked=""></div>'
+      );
+      assert.isUndefined(
+        validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+      );
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        messageKey: 'empty',
+        needsReview: 'aria-checked'
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for empty string values that are not allowed to be empty', function () {
+      axe.configure({
+        standards: {
+          ariaAttrs: {
+            'aria-valuetext': {
+              allowEmpty: false
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      });
+      var vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" aria-valuetext="" role="range"></div>'
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('returns false if there are other issues', function () {
+      var vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" role="checkbox" aria-checked aria-invalid="none"></div>'
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['aria-invalid="none"']);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('options', function () {
+    it('should exclude supplied attributes', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<div id="target" aria-live="nope" aria-describedby="no exist k thx"></div>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-valid-attr-value')
-          .call(checkContext, null, ['aria-live', 'aria-describedby'], vNode)
+        validAttrValueCheck.call(
+          checkContext,
+          null,
+          ['aria-live', 'aria-describedby'],
+          vNode
+        )
       );
     });
   });
 
-  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
-    it('should return undefined for idref attribute', function() {
+  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
+    it('should return undefined for idref attribute', function () {
       var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'button',
         attributes: {
           'aria-owns': 'test'
         }
       });
+
       assert.isUndefined(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-valid-attr-value')
-          .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
+        validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
       );
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
         messageKey: 'idrefs',
@@ -338,18 +311,14 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr-value', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should return true for empty idref attribute', function() {
+    it('should return true for empty idref attribute', function () {
       var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'button',
         attributes: {
           'aria-owns': ''
         }
       });
-      assert.isTrue(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('aria-valid-attr-value')
-          .call(checkContext, null, null, vNode)
-      );
+      assert.isTrue(validAttrValueCheck.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
     });
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/valid-attr.js b/test/checks/aria/valid-attr.js
index 3b41a344c..691a9efe4 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/valid-attr.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/valid-attr.js
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-describe('aria-valid-attr', function() {
+describe('aria-valid-attr', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return false if any invalid ARIA attributes are found', function() {
+  it('should return false if any invalid ARIA attributes are found', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" tabindex="1" aria-cats="true" aria-dogs="true"></div>'
     );
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['aria-cats', 'aria-dogs']);
   });
 
-  it('should return true if no invalid ARIA attributes are found', function() {
+  it('should return true if no invalid ARIA attributes are found', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" tabindex="1" aria-selected="true"></div>'
     );
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr', function() {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should return true for unsupported ARIA attributes', function() {
+  it('should return true for unsupported ARIA attributes', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaAttrs: {
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr', function() {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  describe('options', function() {
-    it('should exclude provided attribute names', function() {
+  describe('options', function () {
+    it('should exclude provided attribute names', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<div id="target" aria-bats="cat" aria-puppies="2"></div>'
       );
diff --git a/test/checks/aria/valid-scrollable-semantics.js b/test/checks/aria/valid-scrollable-semantics.js
index ffe1f9536..26ea72533 100644
--- a/test/checks/aria/valid-scrollable-semantics.js
+++ b/test/checks/aria/valid-scrollable-semantics.js
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function() {
+describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext._data = null;
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=banner', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=banner', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', '"banner');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false for role=search', function() {
+  it('should return false for role=search', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'search');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=form', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=form', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'form');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=navigation', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=navigation', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'navigation');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=complementary', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=complementary', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'complementary');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=contentinfo', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=contentinfo', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'contentinfo');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=main', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=main', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'main');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=region', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=region', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'region');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -106,7 +106,19 @@ describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for nav elements', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=article', function () {
+    var node = document.createElement('div');
+    node.setAttribute('role', 'article');
+    fixture.appendChild(node);
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('valid-scrollable-semantics')
+        .call(checkContext, node)
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for nav elements', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('nav');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -117,7 +129,7 @@ describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for section elements', function() {
+  it('should return true for section elements', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('section');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -128,7 +140,7 @@ describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for article elements', function() {
+  it('should return true for article elements', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('article');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -139,7 +151,7 @@ describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for aside elements', function() {
+  it('should return true for aside elements', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('aside');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -150,7 +162,7 @@ describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true for role=tooltip', function() {
+  it('should return true for role=tooltip', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'tooltip');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -162,8 +174,8 @@ describe('valid-scrollable-semantics', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  describe('options', function() {
-    it('should allow options.roles to return true for role', function() {
+  describe('options', function () {
+    it('should allow options.roles to return true for role', function () {
       var node = document.createElement('div');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'banner');
       fixture.appendChild(node);
diff --git a/test/checks/color/color-contrast.js b/test/checks/color/color-contrast.js
index c165796f5..312674d66 100644
--- a/test/checks/color/color-contrast.js
+++ b/test/checks/color/color-contrast.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('color-contrast', function() {
+describe('color-contrast', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -6,17 +6,16 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
   var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
   var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
   var shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
-  var isIE11 = axe.testUtils.isIE11;
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   var contrastEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('color-contrast');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should return true for hidden element', function() {
+  it('should return true for hidden element', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 100;">' +
         '<span  id="target" style="font-weight:bolder; opacity: 0;">My text</span></div>'
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return true for child of hidden element', function() {
+  it('should return true for child of hidden element', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 100; overflow: scroll; height: 0">' +
         '<span id="target" style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span></div>'
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return the proper values stored in data', function() {
+  it('should return the proper values stored in data', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="parent" style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt">' +
         '<b id="target">My text</b></div>'
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast because of bold tag', function() {
+  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast because of bold tag', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="parent" style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt">' +
         '<b id="target">My text</b></div>'
@@ -63,7 +62,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast because of font weight', function() {
+  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast because of font weight', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 900" id="target">' +
         '<span style="font-weight:lighter">My text</span></div>'
@@ -73,7 +72,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return false when there is not sufficient contrast because of font weight', function() {
+  it('should return false when there is not sufficient contrast because of font weight', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 100" id="target">' +
         '<span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span></div>'
@@ -83,7 +82,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [params[0]]);
   });
 
-  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast because of font size', function() {
+  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast because of font size', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 18pt;" id="target">' +
         'My text</div>'
@@ -92,7 +91,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return false when there is not sufficient contrast because of font size', function() {
+  it('should return false when there is not sufficient contrast because of font size', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 8pt; -webkit-text-size-adjust: none;" id="target">' +
         'My text</div>'
@@ -102,7 +101,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [params[0]]);
   });
 
-  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast with explicit transparency', function() {
+  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast with explicit transparency', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="parent" style="color: white; background-color: white;">' +
         '<span style="color: black; background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0)" id="target">My text</span></div>'
@@ -112,7 +111,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast with implicit transparency', function() {
+  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast with implicit transparency', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="parent" style="color: white; background-color: white;">' +
         '<span style="color: black;" id="target">My text</span></div>'
@@ -122,7 +121,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast', function() {
+  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div style="color: black; background-color: white;" id="target">' +
         'My text</div>'
@@ -132,7 +131,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return true for inline elements with sufficient contrast spanning multiple lines', function() {
+  it('should return true for inline elements with sufficient contrast spanning multiple lines', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<p>Text oh heyyyy <a href="#" id="target">and here\'s <br>a link</a></p>'
     );
@@ -140,7 +139,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined for inline elements spanning multiple lines that are overlapped', function() {
+  it('should return undefined for inline elements spanning multiple lines that are overlapped', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div style="position:relative;"><div style="background-color:rgba(0,0,0,1);position:absolute;width:300px;height:200px;"></div>' +
         '<p>Text oh heyyyy <a href="#" id="target">and here\'s <br>a link</a></p></div>'
@@ -149,7 +148,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return true for truncated inline elements', function() {
+  it('should return true for truncated inline elements', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<p>Text oh heyyyy <b id="target" style="display: block;overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; width: 100px;">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed et sollicitudin quam. Fusce mi odio, egestas pulvinar erat eget, vehicula tempus est. Proin vitae ullamcorper velit. Donec sagittis est justo, mattis iaculis arcu facilisis id. Proin pulvinar ornare arcu a fermentum. Quisque et dignissim nulla, sit amet consectetur ipsum. Donec in libero porttitor, dapibus neque imperdiet, aliquam est. Vivamus blandit volutpat fringilla. In mi magna, mollis sit amet imperdiet eu, rutrum ut tellus. Mauris vel condimentum nibh, quis ultricies nisi. Vivamus accumsan quam mauris, id iaculis quam fringilla ac. Curabitur pulvinar dolor ac magna vehicula, non auctor ligula dignissim. Nam ac nibh porttitor, malesuada tortor varius, feugiat turpis. Mauris dapibus, tellus ut viverra porta, ipsum turpis bibendum ligula, at tempor felis ante non libero. Donec dapibus, diam sit amet posuere commodo, magna orci hendrerit ipsum, eu egestas mauris nulla ut ipsum. Sed luctus, orci in fringilla finibus, odio leo porta dolor, eu dignissim risus eros eget erat</b></p>'
     );
@@ -157,7 +156,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return true for inline elements with sufficient contrast', function() {
+  it('should return true for inline elements with sufficient contrast', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<p>Text oh heyyyy <b id="target">and here\'s bold text</b></p>'
     );
@@ -165,7 +164,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return false when there is not sufficient contrast between foreground and background', function() {
+  it('should return false when there is not sufficient contrast between foreground and background', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div style="color: yellow; background-color: white;" id="target">' +
         'My text</div>'
@@ -176,7 +175,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data.messageKey, null);
   });
 
-  it('should ignore position:fixed elements above the target', function() {
+  it('should ignore position:fixed elements above the target', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div style="background-color: #e5f1e5;" id="background">' +
         '<div style="width:100%; position:fixed; top:0; height:50px; background: #F0F0F0; z-index: 200; color:#fff" >header</div>' +
@@ -190,7 +189,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [expectedRelatedNodes]);
   });
 
-  it('should ignore position:fixed elements directly above the target', function() {
+  it('should ignore position:fixed elements directly above the target', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div style="background-color: #e5f1e5;" id="background">' +
         '<div style="width:100%; position:fixed; top:0; height:400px; background: #F0F0F0; z-index: 200; color:#fff" >header</div>' +
@@ -204,7 +203,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [expectedRelatedNodes]);
   });
 
-  it('should find contrast issues on position:fixed elements', function() {
+  it('should find contrast issues on position:fixed elements', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div style="background-color: #e5f1e5;" id="background">' +
         '<div style="width:100%; position:fixed; top:0; height:50px; background: #F0F0F0; z-index: 200; color:#fff" id="target">header</div>' +
@@ -217,7 +216,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [params[0]]);
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined for background-image elements', function() {
+  it('should return undefined for background-image elements', function () {
     var dataURI =
       'data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAQAMQAAORHHOVSKudfOulrSOp3WOyDZu6QdvCchPGolfO0o/' +
       'XBs/fNwfjZ0frl3/zy7////wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAkA' +
@@ -238,7 +237,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'bgImage');
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined for background-gradient elements', function() {
+  it('should return undefined for background-gradient elements', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="background" style="background-image:linear-gradient(red, orange);">' +
         '<p id="target">Text 2</p>' +
@@ -251,9 +250,9 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.contrastRatio, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined when there are elements overlapping', function(done) {
+  it('should return undefined when there are elements overlapping', function (done) {
     // Give Edge time to scroll... :/
-    setTimeout(function() {
+    setTimeout(function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div style="color: black; background-color: white; width: 200px; height: 100px; position: relative;" id="target">' +
           'My text <div style="position: absolute; top:0; left: 0; background-color: white; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div>'
@@ -267,14 +266,14 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     }, 10);
   });
 
-  it('should return true when a form wraps mixed content', function() {
+  it('should return true when a form wraps mixed content', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<form id="target"><p>Some text</p><label for="input6">Text</label><input id="input6"></form>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return true when a label wraps a text input', function() {
+  it('should return true when a label wraps a text input', function () {
     fixtureSetup('<label id="target">My text <input type="text"></label>');
     var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target);
@@ -282,7 +281,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it("should return true when a label wraps a text input but doesn't overlap", function() {
+  it("should return true when a label wraps a text input but doesn't overlap", function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<label id="target">' +
         'My text <input type="text" style="position: absolute; top: 200px;"></label>'
@@ -291,7 +290,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast based on thead', function() {
+  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast based on thead', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<table><thead style="background: #d00d2c"><tr><th id="target" style="color: #fff; padding: .5em">Col 1</th></tr></thead></table>'
     );
@@ -299,7 +298,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast based on tbody', function() {
+  it('should return true when there is sufficient contrast based on tbody', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<table><tbody style="background: #d00d2c"><tr><td id="target" style="color: #fff; padding: .5em">Col 1</td></tr></tbody></table>'
     );
@@ -307,9 +306,9 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if element overlaps text content', function(done) {
+  it('should return undefined if element overlaps text content', function (done) {
     // Give Edge time to scroll
-    setTimeout(function() {
+    setTimeout(function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div style="background-color: white; height: 60px; width: 80px; border:1px solid;position: relative;">' +
           '<div id="target" style="color: white; height: 40px; width: 60px; border:1px solid red;">Hi</div>' +
@@ -324,7 +323,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     }, 10);
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if element has same color as background', function() {
+  it('should return undefined if element has same color as background', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div style="background-color: white;">' +
         '<div style="color:white;" id="target">Text</div>' +
@@ -336,7 +335,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.contrastRatio, 1);
   });
 
-  it('returns relatedNodes with undefined', function() {
+  it('returns relatedNodes with undefined', function () {
     var dataURI =
       'data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAQAMQAAORHHOVSKudfOulrSOp3WOyDZu6QdvCchPGolfO0o/' +
       'XBs/fNwfjZ0frl3/zy7////wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAkA' +
@@ -358,7 +357,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should not error if client rects do not fill entire bounding rect', function() {
+  it('should not error if client rects do not fill entire bounding rect', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<pre style="overflow-x: auto; background-color: #333"><span id="target" style="color: #000">' +
         '\nx x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x ' +
@@ -395,13 +394,39 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
         '\nx' +
         '\n</span></pre>'
     );
-    assert.doesNotThrow(function() {
+    assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
       contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('with pseudo elements', function() {
-    it('should return undefined if :before pseudo element has a background color', function() {
+  it('passes for element outside overflow:hidden', function () {
+    var params = checkSetup(`
+      <style>
+        .container {
+          width: 200px;
+          height: 200px;
+          overflow: hidden;
+        }
+        .foo * {
+          width: 200px;
+          height: 200px;
+        }
+        #target {
+          color: #eee;
+        }
+      </style>
+      <div class="container">
+        <div class="foo" id="foo">
+          <div id="one">hello</div>
+          <div id="target">goodbye</div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+  });
+
+  describe('with pseudo elements', function () {
+    it('should return undefined if :before pseudo element has a background color', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<style>.foo { position: relative; } .foo:before { content: ""; position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; background: red; }</style>' +
           '<div id="background" class="foo"><p id="target" style="#000">Content</p></div>'
@@ -420,7 +445,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return undefined if :after pseudo element has a background color', function() {
+    it('should return undefined if :after pseudo element has a background color', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<style>.foo { position: relative; } .foo:after { content: ""; position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; background: red; }</style>' +
           '<div id="background" class="foo"><p id="target" style="#000">Content</p></div>'
@@ -439,7 +464,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return undefined if pseudo element has a background image', function() {
+    it('should return undefined if pseudo element has a background image', function () {
       var dataURI =
         'data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAQAMQAAORHHOVSKudfOulrSOp3WOyDZu6QdvCchPGolfO0o/' +
         'XBs/fNwfjZ0frl3/zy7////wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAkA' +
@@ -466,7 +491,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should not return undefined if pseudo element has no content', function() {
+    it('should not return undefined if pseudo element has no content', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<style>.foo { position: relative; } .foo:before { position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; background: red; }</style>' +
           '<div id="background" class="foo"><p id="target" style="#000">Content</p></div>'
@@ -475,7 +500,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('should not return undefined if pseudo element is not absolutely positioned no content', function() {
+    it('should not return undefined if pseudo element is not absolutely positioned no content', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<style>.foo { position: relative; } .foo:before { content: ""; width: 100%; height: 100%; background: red; }</style>' +
           '<div id="background" class="foo"><p id="target" style="#000">Content</p></div>'
@@ -484,7 +509,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('should not return undefined if pseudo element is has zero dimension', function() {
+    it('should not return undefined if pseudo element is has zero dimension', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<style>.foo { position: relative; } .foo:before { content: ""; position: absolute; width: 0; height: 100%; background: red; }</style>' +
           '<div id="background" class="foo"><p id="target" style="#000">Content</p></div>'
@@ -493,7 +518,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it("should not return undefined if pseudo element doesn't have a background", function() {
+    it("should not return undefined if pseudo element doesn't have a background", function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<style>.foo { position: relative; } .foo:before { content: ""; position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; }</style>' +
           '<div id="background" class="foo"><p id="target" style="#000">Content</p></div>'
@@ -502,7 +527,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('should not return undefined if pseudo element has visibility: hidden', function() {
+    it('should not return undefined if pseudo element has visibility: hidden', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<style>.foo { position: relative; } .foo:before { content: ""; position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: red; visibility: hidden; }</style>' +
           '<div id="background" class="foo"><p id="target" style="#000">Content</p></div>'
@@ -511,7 +536,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('should not return undefined if pseudo element has display: none', function() {
+    it('should not return undefined if pseudo element has display: none', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<style>.foo { position: relative; } .foo:before { content: ""; position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: red; display: none; }</style>' +
           '<div id="background" class="foo"><p id="target" style="#000">Content</p></div>'
@@ -520,7 +545,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('should return undefined if pseudo element is more than 25% of the element', function() {
+    it('should return undefined if pseudo element is more than 25% of the element', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<style>.foo { position: relative; width: 100px; height: 100px; } ' +
           '.foo:before { content: ""; position: absolute; width: 26px; height: 100px; background: red; }</style>' +
@@ -529,7 +554,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       assert.isUndefined(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('should not return undefined if pseudo element is 25% of the element', function() {
+    it('should not return undefined if pseudo element is 25% of the element', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<style>.foo { position: relative; width: 100px; height: 100px; } ' +
           '.foo:before { content: ""; position: absolute; width: 25px; height: 100px; background: red; }</style>' +
@@ -537,22 +562,10 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       );
       assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
-
-    (isIE11 ? it : xit)(
-      'should return undefined if the unit is not in px',
-      function() {
-        var params = checkSetup(
-          '<style>.foo { position: relative; } ' +
-            '.foo:before { content: ""; position: absolute; width: 25%; height: 100%; background: red; }</style>' +
-            '<p id="target" class="foo">Content</p>'
-        );
-        assert.isUndefined(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
-      }
-    );
   });
 
-  describe('with special texts', function() {
-    it('should return undefined for a single character text with insufficient contrast', function() {
+  describe('with special texts', function () {
+    it('should return undefined for a single character text with insufficient contrast', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div style="background-color: #FFF;">' +
           '<div style="color:#DDD;" id="target">X</div>' +
@@ -564,7 +577,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'shortTextContent');
     });
 
-    it('should return true for a single character text with insufficient contrast', function() {
+    it('should return true for a single character text with insufficient contrast', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div style="background-color: #FFF;">' +
           '<div style="color:#DDD;" id="target">X</div>' +
@@ -576,7 +589,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'shortTextContent');
     });
 
-    it('should return undefined when the text only contains nonBmp unicode when the ignoreUnicode option is true', function() {
+    it('should return undefined when the text only contains nonBmp unicode when the ignoreUnicode option is true', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div style="background-color: #FFF;">' +
           '<div style="color:#DDD;" id="target">&#x20A0; &#x20A1; &#x20A2; &#x20A3;</div>' +
@@ -591,7 +604,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'nonBmp');
     });
 
-    it('should return true when the text only contains nonBmp unicode when the ignoreUnicode option is false, and there is sufficient contrast', function() {
+    it('should return true when the text only contains nonBmp unicode when the ignoreUnicode option is false, and there is sufficient contrast', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div style="background-color: #FFF;">' +
           '<div style="color:#000;" id="target">◓</div>' +
@@ -605,7 +618,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
 
-    it('should return undefined when the text only contains nonBmp unicode when the ignoreUnicode option is false and the ignoreLength option is default, and there is insufficient contrast', function() {
+    it('should return undefined when the text only contains nonBmp unicode when the ignoreUnicode option is false and the ignoreLength option is default, and there is insufficient contrast', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div style="background-color: #FFF;">' +
           '<div style="color:#DDD;" id="target">◓</div>' +
@@ -620,7 +633,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'shortTextContent');
     });
 
-    it('should return false when the text only contains nonBmp unicode when the ignoreUnicode option is false and the ignoreLength option is true, and there is insufficient contrast', function() {
+    it('should return false when the text only contains nonBmp unicode when the ignoreUnicode option is false and the ignoreLength option is true, and there is insufficient contrast', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div style="background-color: #FFF;">' +
           '<div style="color:#DDD;" id="target">◓</div>' +
@@ -636,8 +649,8 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('options', function() {
-    it('should support options.boldValue', function() {
+  describe('options', function () {
+    it('should support options.boldValue', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 100" id="target">' +
           '<span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span></div>',
@@ -650,7 +663,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
     });
 
-    it('should support options.boldTextPt', function() {
+    it('should support options.boldTextPt', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 6pt; font-weight: 700" id="target">' +
           '<span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span></div>',
@@ -663,7 +676,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
     });
 
-    it('should support options.largeTextPt', function() {
+    it('should support options.largeTextPt', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div style="color: gray; background-color: white; font-size: 6pt; font-weight: 100" id="target">' +
           '<span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span></div>',
@@ -676,7 +689,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
     });
 
-    it('should support options.contrastRatio.normal.expected', function() {
+    it('should support options.contrastRatio.normal.expected', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div style="color: #999; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 100" id="target">' +
           '<span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span></div>',
@@ -693,7 +706,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
     });
 
-    it('should support options.contrastRatio.normal.minThreshold', function() {
+    it('should support options.contrastRatio.normal.minThreshold', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div style="color: #999; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 100" id="target">' +
           '<span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span></div>',
@@ -710,7 +723,26 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
     });
 
-    it('should support options.contrastRatio.normal.maxThreshold', function() {
+    it('should not report incomplete when  options.contrastRatio.normal.minThreshold is set', function () {
+      var params = checkSetup(
+        `
+        <p id="target" style="color: #666; background: linear-gradient(to right, #FFF, #0FF); width: 300px">
+          Some text in English
+        </p>`,
+        {
+          contrastRatio: {
+            normal: {
+              minThreshold: 3
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      );
+
+      assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+      assert.isUndefined(checkContext._data.messageKey);
+    });
+
+    it('should support options.contrastRatio.normal.maxThreshold', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div style="color: #999; background-color: white; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 100" id="target">' +
           '<span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span></div>',
@@ -727,7 +759,26 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
     });
 
-    it('should support options.contrastRatio.large.expected', function() {
+    it('should not report incomplete when  options.contrastRatio.normal.maxThreshold is set', function () {
+      var params = checkSetup(
+        `
+        <p id="target" style="color: #666; background: linear-gradient(to right, #FFF, #0FF); width: 300px">
+          Some text in English
+        </p>`,
+        {
+          contrastRatio: {
+            normal: {
+              maxThreshold: 2
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      );
+
+      assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+      assert.isUndefined(checkContext._data.messageKey);
+    });
+
+    it('should support options.contrastRatio.large.expected', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div style="color: #ccc; background-color: white; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: 100" id="target">' +
           '<span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span></div>',
@@ -744,7 +795,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
     });
 
-    it('should support options.contrastRatio.large.minThreshold', function() {
+    it('should support options.contrastRatio.large.minThreshold', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div style="color: #ccc; background-color: white; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: 100" id="target">' +
           '<span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span></div>',
@@ -761,7 +812,26 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
     });
 
-    it('should support options.contrastRatio.large.maxThreshold', function() {
+    it('should not report incomplete when  options.contrastRatio.large.minThreshold is set', function () {
+      var params = checkSetup(
+        `
+        <p id="target" style="color: #666; background: linear-gradient(to right, #FFF, #0FF); width: 300px; font-size: 18pt;">
+          Some text in English
+        </p>`,
+        {
+          contrastRatio: {
+            large: {
+              minThreshold: 2
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      );
+
+      assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+      assert.isUndefined(checkContext._data.messageKey);
+    });
+
+    it('should support options.contrastRatio.large.maxThreshold', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div style="color: #ccc; background-color: white; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: 100" id="target">' +
           '<span style="font-weight:bolder">My text</span></div>',
@@ -778,7 +848,26 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
     });
 
-    it('should ignore pseudo element with options.ignorePseudo', function() {
+    it('should not report incomplete when  options.contrastRatio.large.maxThreshold is set', function () {
+      var params = checkSetup(
+        `
+        <p id="target" style="color: #666; background: linear-gradient(to right, #FFF, #0FF); width: 300px; font-size: 18pt;">
+          Some text in English
+        </p>`,
+        {
+          contrastRatio: {
+            large: {
+              maxThreshold: 2
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      );
+
+      assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+      assert.isUndefined(checkContext._data.messageKey);
+    });
+
+    it('should ignore pseudo element with options.ignorePseudo', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<style>.foo { position: relative; } .foo:after { content: ""; position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; background: red; }</style>' +
           '<div id="background" class="foo"><p id="target" style="#000">Content</p></div>',
@@ -790,7 +879,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('should adjust the pseudo element minimum size with the options.pseudoSizeThreshold', function() {
+    it('should adjust the pseudo element minimum size with the options.pseudoSizeThreshold', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<style>.foo { position: relative; width: 100px; height: 100px }' +
           '.foo:before { content: ""; position: absolute; width: 22%; height: 100%; background: red; }</style>' +
@@ -805,7 +894,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'returns colors across Shadow DOM boundaries',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var params = shadowCheckSetup(
         '<div id="container" style="background-color:black;"></div>',
         '<p style="color: #333;" id="target">Text</p>'
@@ -817,8 +906,31 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
     }
   );
 
-  describe('with text-shadow', function() {
-    it('passes if thin text shadows have sufficient contrast with the text', function() {
+  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)('handles <slot> elements', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<div id="container" style="height: 100px;"><p id="target" style="color: #333;">Slotted text</p></div>';
+    const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+    const shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+
+    shadow.innerHTML =
+      '<div id="shadowContainer" style="position: absolute; background: black;"><slot></slot></div>';
+    const shadowContainer = shadow.querySelector('#shadowContainer');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const vNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target);
+    const result = contrastEvaluate.call(
+      checkContext,
+      vNode.actualNode,
+      null,
+      vNode
+    );
+    assert.isFalse(result);
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [shadowContainer]);
+  });
+
+  describe('with text-shadow', function () {
+    it('passes if thin text shadows have sufficient contrast with the text', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div id="target" style="background-color: #666; color:#aaa; ' +
           'text-shadow: 0 0 0.09em #000, 0 0 0.09em #000, 0 0 0.09em #000;">' +
@@ -828,7 +940,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('does not count text shadows of offset 0, blur 0 as part of the background color', function() {
+    it('does not count text shadows of offset 0, blur 0 as part of the background color', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div id="target" style="background-color: #fff; color:#0f833e; ' +
           'text-shadow: 0 0 0 #000">' +
@@ -844,7 +956,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       assert.equal(checkContext._data.contrastRatio, '4.84');
     });
 
-    it('passes if thin text shadows have sufficient contrast with the background', function() {
+    it('passes if thin text shadows have sufficient contrast with the background', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div id="target" style="background-color: #aaa; color:#666; ' +
           'text-shadow: 0 0 0.09em #000, 0 0 0.09em #000, 0 0 0.09em #000;">' +
@@ -854,7 +966,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('fails if text shadows have sufficient contrast with the background if its width is thicker than `shadowOutlineEmMax`', function() {
+    it('fails if text shadows have sufficient contrast with the background if its width is thicker than `shadowOutlineEmMax`', function () {
       var checkOptions = { shadowOutlineEmMax: 0.05 };
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div id="target" style="background-color: #aaa; color:#666; ' +
@@ -867,7 +979,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, null);
     });
 
-    it('fails if text shadows do not have sufficient contrast with the foreground', function() {
+    it('fails if text shadows do not have sufficient contrast with the foreground', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div id="target" style="background-color: #aaa; color:#666; ' +
           'text-shadow: 1px 1px 0.01em #000">' +
@@ -878,7 +990,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       assert.isNull(checkContext._data.messageKey);
     });
 
-    it('fails if text shadows do not have sufficient contrast with the background', function() {
+    it('fails if text shadows do not have sufficient contrast with the background', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div id="target" style="background-color: #aaa; color:#666; ' +
           'text-shadow: 0 0 0.01em #000">' +
@@ -889,7 +1001,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'shadowOnBgColor');
     });
 
-    it("fails if thick text shadows don't have sufficient contrast", function() {
+    it("fails if thick text shadows don't have sufficient contrast", function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div id="target" style="background-color: #aaa; color:#666; ' +
           'text-shadow: 0 0 0.09em #000, 0 0 0.09em #000, 0 0 0.09em #000;">' +
@@ -899,7 +1011,7 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it("passes if thin text shadows don't have sufficient contrast, but the text and background do", function() {
+    it("passes if thin text shadows don't have sufficient contrast, but the text and background do", function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div id="target" style="background-color: #aaa; color:#666; ' +
           'text-shadow: 0 0 0.09em #000, 0 0 0.09em #000, 0 0 0.09em #000;">' +
@@ -908,5 +1020,21 @@ describe('color-contrast', function() {
       );
       assert.isTrue(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
+
+    it('incompletes if text-shadow is only on part of the text', function () {
+      var params = checkSetup(`
+        <div id="target" style="
+          background-color: #aaa;
+          color:#666; 
+          text-shadow: 1px 1px #000;
+        "> Hello world </div>
+      `);
+
+      assert.isUndefined(contrastEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        messageKey: 'complexTextShadows'
+      });
+    });
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/color/link-in-text-block-style.js b/test/checks/color/link-in-text-block-style.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc8e3d812
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/checks/color/link-in-text-block-style.js
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+describe('link-in-text-block-style', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
+  let styleElm;
+
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+
+  const { queryFixture } = axe.testUtils;
+  const linkInBlockStyleCheck = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate(
+    'link-in-text-block-style'
+  );
+
+  before(() => {
+    styleElm = document.createElement('style');
+    document.head.appendChild(styleElm);
+  });
+
+  const defaultStyle = {
+    color: 'black',
+    textDecoration: 'none'
+  };
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    createStyleString('p', defaultStyle);
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '';
+    styleElm.innerHTML = '';
+    checkContext.reset();
+  });
+
+  after(() => {
+    styleElm.parentNode.removeChild(styleElm);
+  });
+
+  function createStyleString(selector, outerStyle) {
+    // Merge style with the default
+    const styleObj = {};
+    for (const prop in defaultStyle) {
+      if (defaultStyle.hasOwnProperty(prop)) {
+        styleObj[prop] = defaultStyle[prop];
+      }
+    }
+    for (const prop in outerStyle) {
+      if (outerStyle.hasOwnProperty(prop)) {
+        styleObj[prop] = outerStyle[prop];
+      }
+    }
+
+    const cssLines = Object.keys(styleObj)
+      .map(prop => {
+        // Make camelCase prop dash separated
+        const cssPropName = prop
+          .trim()
+          .split(/(?=[A-Z])/g)
+          .reduce((name, propPiece) => {
+            if (!name) {
+              return propPiece;
+            } else {
+              return name + '-' + propPiece.toLowerCase();
+            }
+          }, null);
+
+        // Return indented line of style code
+        return '  ' + cssPropName + ':' + styleObj[prop] + ';';
+      })
+      .join('\n');
+
+    // Add to the style element
+    styleElm.innerHTML += selector + ' {\n' + cssLines + '\n}\n';
+  }
+
+  function getLinkElm(linkStyle) {
+    // Get a random id and build the style strings
+    const linkId = 'linkid-' + Math.floor(Math.random() * 100000);
+    const parId = 'parid-' + Math.floor(Math.random() * 100000);
+
+    createStyleString('#' + linkId, linkStyle);
+    createStyleString('#' + parId, {});
+
+    fixture.innerHTML +=
+      '<p id="' +
+      parId +
+      '"> Text ' +
+      '<a href="/" id="' +
+      linkId +
+      '">link</a>' +
+      '</p>';
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    return document.getElementById(linkId);
+  }
+
+  describe('link default state', () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      createStyleString('a', {
+        textDecoration: 'none'
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('passes the selected node and closest ancestral block element', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML =
+        '<div> <span style="display:block; id="parent">' +
+        '	<p style="display:inline"><a href="" id="link">' +
+        '		 link text ' +
+        '	</a> inside block </p> inside block' +
+        '</span> outside block </div>';
+
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const linkElm = document.getElementById('link');
+
+      assert.isFalse(linkInBlockStyleCheck.call(checkContext, linkElm));
+    });
+
+    (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
+      'works with the block outside the shadow tree',
+      () => {
+        const parentElm = document.createElement('div');
+        const shadow = parentElm.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+        shadow.innerHTML =
+          '<a href="" style="text-decoration:underline;">Link</a>';
+        const linkElm = shadow.querySelector('a');
+        fixture.appendChild(parentElm);
+
+        axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+        assert.isTrue(linkInBlockStyleCheck.call(checkContext, linkElm));
+      }
+    );
+
+    (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
+      'works with the link inside the shadow tree slot',
+      () => {
+        const div = document.createElement('div');
+        div.setAttribute('style', 'text-decoration:none;');
+        div.innerHTML =
+          '<a href="" style="text-decoration:underline;">Link</a>';
+        const shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+        shadow.innerHTML = '<p><slot></slot></p>';
+        fixture.appendChild(div);
+
+        axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+        const linkElm = div.querySelector('a');
+
+        assert.isTrue(linkInBlockStyleCheck.call(checkContext, linkElm));
+      }
+    );
+  });
+
+  describe('links distinguished through style', () => {
+    it('returns false if link style matches parent', () => {
+      const linkElm = getLinkElm({});
+      assert.isFalse(linkInBlockStyleCheck.call(checkContext, linkElm));
+      assert.equal(checkContext._relatedNodes[0], linkElm.parentNode);
+      assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+    });
+
+    it('returns true if link has underline', () => {
+      const linkElm = getLinkElm({
+        textDecoration: 'underline'
+      });
+      assert.isTrue(linkInBlockStyleCheck.call(checkContext, linkElm));
+      assert.equal(checkContext._relatedNodes[0], linkElm.parentNode);
+      assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+    });
+
+    it('returns undefined when the link has a :before pseudo element', () => {
+      const link = queryFixture(`
+        <style>
+          a:before { content: '🔗'; }
+          a { text-decoration: none; }
+        </style>
+        <p>A <a href="#" id="target">link</a> inside a block of text</p>
+      `).actualNode;
+      const result = linkInBlockStyleCheck.call(checkContext, link);
+      assert.isUndefined(result);
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { messageKey: 'pseudoContent' });
+      assert.equal(checkContext._relatedNodes[0], link.parentNode);
+    });
+
+    it('returns undefined when the link has a :after pseudo element', () => {
+      const link = queryFixture(`
+        <style>
+          a:after { content: ""; }
+          a { text-decoration: none; }
+        </style>
+        <p>A <a href="#" id="target">link</a> inside a block of text</p>
+      `).actualNode;
+      const result = linkInBlockStyleCheck.call(checkContext, link);
+      assert.isUndefined(result);
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { messageKey: 'pseudoContent' });
+      assert.equal(checkContext._relatedNodes[0], link.parentNode);
+    });
+
+    it('does not return undefined when the pseudo element content is none', () => {
+      const link = queryFixture(`
+        <style>
+          a:after { content: none; position: absolute; }
+          a { text-decoration: none; }
+        </style>
+        <p>A <a href="#" id="target">link</a> inside a block of text</p>
+      `).actualNode;
+      const result = linkInBlockStyleCheck.call(checkContext, link);
+      assert.isFalse(result);
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/checks/color/link-in-text-block.js b/test/checks/color/link-in-text-block.js
index 8dd264262..027d05579 100644
--- a/test/checks/color/link-in-text-block.js
+++ b/test/checks/color/link-in-text-block.js
@@ -1,62 +1,59 @@
-describe('link-in-text-block', function() {
-  'use strict';
+describe('link-in-text-block', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
+  let styleElm;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
-  var styleElm;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-
-  before(function() {
+  before(() => {
     styleElm = document.createElement('style');
     document.head.appendChild(styleElm);
   });
 
-  var defaultStyle = {
+  const defaultStyle = {
     color: '#000',
     textDecoration: 'none'
   };
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     createStyleString('p', defaultStyle);
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     styleElm.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  after(function() {
+  after(() => {
     styleElm.parentNode.removeChild(styleElm);
   });
 
   function createStyleString(selector, outerStyle) {
     // Merge style with the default
-    var prop;
-    var styleObj = {};
-    for (prop in defaultStyle) {
+    const styleObj = {};
+    for (const prop in defaultStyle) {
       if (defaultStyle.hasOwnProperty(prop)) {
         styleObj[prop] = defaultStyle[prop];
       }
     }
-    for (prop in outerStyle) {
+    for (const prop in outerStyle) {
       if (outerStyle.hasOwnProperty(prop)) {
         styleObj[prop] = outerStyle[prop];
       }
     }
 
-    var cssLines = Object.keys(styleObj)
-      .map(function(prop) {
+    const cssLines = Object.keys(styleObj)
+      .map(prop => {
         // Make camelCase prop dash separated
-        var cssPropName = prop
+        const cssPropName = prop
           .trim()
           .split(/(?=[A-Z])/g)
-          .reduce(function(prop, propPiece) {
-            if (!prop) {
+          .reduce((name, propPiece) => {
+            if (!name) {
               return propPiece;
             } else {
-              return prop + '-' + propPiece.toLowerCase();
+              return name + '-' + propPiece.toLowerCase();
             }
           }, null);
 
@@ -70,9 +67,9 @@ describe('link-in-text-block', function() {
   }
 
   function getLinkElm(linkStyle, paragraphStyle) {
-    // Get a random id and build the style string
-    var linkId = 'linkid-' + Math.floor(Math.random() * 100000);
-    var parId = 'parid-' + Math.floor(Math.random() * 100000);
+    // Get a random id and build the style strings
+    const linkId = 'linkid-' + Math.floor(Math.random() * 100000);
+    const parId = 'parid-' + Math.floor(Math.random() * 100000);
 
     createStyleString('#' + linkId, linkStyle);
     createStyleString('#' + parId, paragraphStyle);
@@ -89,103 +86,98 @@ describe('link-in-text-block', function() {
     return document.getElementById(linkId);
   }
 
-  it('returns true if links have the exact same color', function() {
-    var linkElm = getLinkElm(
-      {
-        color: 'black'
-      },
-      {
-        color: '#000'
-      }
-    );
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('link-in-text-block')
-        .call(checkContext, linkElm)
-    );
-  });
-
-  describe('link default state', function() {
-    beforeEach(function() {
+  describe('link default state', () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
       createStyleString('a', {
-        color: '#100' // insufficeint contrast
+        color: '#100' // insufficient contrast
       });
     });
 
-    it('passes the selected node and closest ancestral block element', function() {
+    it('passes the selected node and closest ancestral block element', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div> <span style="display:block; color: #100" id="parent">' +
+        '<div> <span style="display:block; color: #010" id="parent">' +
         '	<p style="display:inline"><a href="" id="link">' +
         '		 link text ' +
         '	</a> inside block </p> inside block' +
         '</span> outside block </div>';
 
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var linkElm = document.getElementById('link');
+      const linkElm = document.getElementById('link');
 
-      assert.isTrue(
+      assert.isFalse(
         axe.testUtils
           .getCheckEvaluate('link-in-text-block')
           .call(checkContext, linkElm)
       );
+      assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'fgContrast');
     });
 
     (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
       'works with the block outside the shadow tree',
-      function() {
-        var parentElm = document.createElement('div');
-        parentElm.setAttribute('style', 'color:#100;');
-        var shadow = parentElm.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-        shadow.innerHTML = '<a href="" style="color:#100;">Link</a>';
-        var linkElm = shadow.querySelector('a');
+      () => {
+        const parentElm = document.createElement('div');
+        parentElm.setAttribute(
+          'style',
+          'color:#100; background-color:#FFFFFF;'
+        );
+        const shadow = parentElm.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+        shadow.innerHTML =
+          '<a href="" style="color:#000; background-color:#FFFFFF; text-decoration:none;">Link</a>';
+        const linkElm = shadow.querySelector('a');
         fixture.appendChild(parentElm);
 
         axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-        assert.isTrue(
+        assert.isFalse(
           axe.testUtils
             .getCheckEvaluate('link-in-text-block')
             .call(checkContext, linkElm)
         );
+        assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'fgContrast');
       }
     );
 
     (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
       'works with the link inside the shadow tree slot',
-      function() {
-        var div = document.createElement('div');
-        div.setAttribute('style', 'color:#100;');
-        div.innerHTML = '<a href="" style="color:#100;">Link</a>';
-        var shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      () => {
+        const div = document.createElement('div');
+        div.setAttribute('style', 'color:#100; background-color:#FFFFFF;');
+        div.innerHTML =
+          '<a href="" style="color:#000;background-color:#FFFFFF;">Link</a>';
+        const shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
         shadow.innerHTML = '<p><slot></slot></p>';
         fixture.appendChild(div);
 
         axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-        var linkElm = div.querySelector('a');
+        const linkElm = div.querySelector('a');
 
-        assert.isTrue(
+        assert.isFalse(
           axe.testUtils
             .getCheckEvaluate('link-in-text-block')
             .call(checkContext, linkElm)
         );
+        assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'fgContrast');
       }
     );
   });
 
-  describe('links distinguished through color', function() {
-    beforeEach(function() {
+  describe('links distinguished through color', () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
       createStyleString('a:active, a:focus', {
         textDecoration: 'underline'
       });
     });
 
-    it('returns undefined if text contrast >= 3:0', function() {
-      var linkElm = getLinkElm(
+    it('returns undefined if the background contrast can not be determined', () => {
+      const linkElm = getLinkElm(
+        {},
         {
-          color: 'cyan'
+          color: '#000010',
+          backgroundImage:
+            'url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAQAMQAAORHHOVSKudfOulrSOp3WOyDZu6QdvCchPGolfO0o/XBs/fNwfjZ0frl3/zy7////wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAkAABAALAAAAAAQABAAAAVVICSOZGlCQAosJ6mu7fiyZeKqNKToQGDsM8hBADgUXoGAiqhSvp5QAnQKGIgUhwFUYLCVDFCrKUE1lBavAViFIDlTImbKC5Gm2hB0SlBCBMQiB0UjIQA7)'
         },
         {
-          color: 'black'
+          color: '#000000'
         }
       );
       assert.isUndefined(
@@ -193,15 +185,17 @@ describe('link-in-text-block', function() {
           .getCheckEvaluate('link-in-text-block')
           .call(checkContext, linkElm)
       );
+      assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'bgImage');
+      assert.equal(checkContext._relatedNodes[0], linkElm.parentNode);
     });
 
-    it('returns false if text contrast < 3:0', function() {
-      var linkElm = getLinkElm(
+    it('returns false with fgContrast key if nodes have insufficient foreground contrast and same background color', () => {
+      const linkElm = getLinkElm(
         {
-          color: '#000010'
+          color: 'black'
         },
         {
-          color: '#000000'
+          color: '#100'
         }
       );
       assert.isFalse(
@@ -209,83 +203,171 @@ describe('link-in-text-block', function() {
           .getCheckEvaluate('link-in-text-block')
           .call(checkContext, linkElm)
       );
+      assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'fgContrast');
     });
 
-    it('returns undefined if background contrast >= 3:0', function() {
-      var linkElm = getLinkElm(
+    it('returns false with fgContrast key if nodes have insufficient foreground contrast and insufficient background color', () => {
+      const linkElm = getLinkElm(
         {
-          color: '#000010',
-          backgroundColor: 'purple'
+          color: 'black',
+          backgroundColor: 'white'
         },
         {
-          color: '#000000',
+          color: '#100',
+          backgroundColor: '#F0F0F0'
+        }
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(
+        axe.testUtils
+          .getCheckEvaluate('link-in-text-block')
+          .call(checkContext, linkElm)
+      );
+      assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'fgContrast');
+    });
+
+    it('returns false with bgContrast key if nodes have same foreground color and insufficient background contrast', () => {
+      const linkElm = getLinkElm(
+        {
+          color: 'black',
           backgroundColor: 'white'
+        },
+        {
+          color: 'black',
+          backgroundColor: '#F0F0F0'
         }
       );
-      assert.isUndefined(
+      assert.isFalse(
         axe.testUtils
           .getCheckEvaluate('link-in-text-block')
           .call(checkContext, linkElm)
       );
       assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'bgContrast');
+      assert.equal(checkContext._relatedNodes[0], linkElm.parentNode);
     });
 
-    it('returns false if background contrast < 3:0', function() {
-      var linkElm = getLinkElm(
+    it('returns true if nodes have sufficient foreground contrast and insufficient background contrast', () => {
+      const linkElm = getLinkElm(
         {
-          color: '#000010',
-          backgroundColor: '#FFE'
+          color: 'black',
+          backgroundColor: 'white'
         },
         {
-          color: '#000000',
-          backgroundColor: '#FFF'
+          color: '#606060',
+          backgroundColor: '#F0F0F0'
         }
       );
-      assert.isFalse(
+      assert.isTrue(
         axe.testUtils
           .getCheckEvaluate('link-in-text-block')
           .call(checkContext, linkElm)
       );
+      assert.equal(checkContext._relatedNodes[0], linkElm.parentNode);
     });
 
-    it('returns undefined if the background contrast can not be determined', function() {
-      var linkElm = getLinkElm(
-        {},
+    it('returns true if nodes have insufficient foreground contrast and sufficient background contrast', () => {
+      const linkElm = getLinkElm(
         {
-          color: '#000010',
-          backgroundImage:
-            'url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAQAMQAAORHHOVSKudfOulrSOp3WOyDZu6QdvCchPGolfO0o/XBs/fNwfjZ0frl3/zy7////wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAkAABAALAAAAAAQABAAAAVVICSOZGlCQAosJ6mu7fiyZeKqNKToQGDsM8hBADgUXoGAiqhSvp5QAnQKGIgUhwFUYLCVDFCrKUE1lBavAViFIDlTImbKC5Gm2hB0SlBCBMQiB0UjIQA7)'
+          color: 'black',
+          backgroundColor: 'white'
         },
         {
-          color: '#000000'
+          color: '#100',
+          backgroundColor: '#808080'
         }
       );
-      assert.isUndefined(
+      assert.isTrue(
         axe.testUtils
           .getCheckEvaluate('link-in-text-block')
           .call(checkContext, linkElm)
       );
-      assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'bgImage');
+      assert.equal(checkContext._relatedNodes[0], linkElm.parentNode);
     });
-  });
 
-  it('returns relatedNodes with undefined', function() {
-    var linkElm = getLinkElm(
-      {},
-      {
-        color: '#000010',
-        backgroundImage:
-          'url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAQAMQAAORHHOVSKudfOulrSOp3WOyDZu6QdvCchPGolfO0o/XBs/fNwfjZ0frl3/zy7////wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAkAABAALAAAAAAQABAAAAVVICSOZGlCQAosJ6mu7fiyZeKqNKToQGDsM8hBADgUXoGAiqhSvp5QAnQKGIgUhwFUYLCVDFCrKUE1lBavAViFIDlTImbKC5Gm2hB0SlBCBMQiB0UjIQA7)'
-      },
-      {
-        color: '#000000'
-      }
-    );
-    assert.isUndefined(
+    it('should return the proper values stored in data (fgContrast)', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML =
+        '<div> <span style="display:block; color: #100" id="parent">' +
+        ' <p style="display:inline"><a href="" id="link">' +
+        '    link text ' +
+        ' </a> inside block </p> inside block' +
+        '</span> outside block </div>';
+
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const linkElm = document.getElementById('link');
+
       axe.testUtils
         .getCheckEvaluate('link-in-text-block')
-        .call(checkContext, linkElm)
-    );
-    assert.equal(checkContext._relatedNodes[0], linkElm.parentNode);
+        .call(checkContext, linkElm);
+
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        messageKey: 'fgContrast',
+        contrastRatio: 2.18,
+        requiredContrastRatio: 3,
+        nodeColor: '#0000ee',
+        parentColor: '#110000'
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should return the proper values stored in data (bgContrast)', () => {
+      const linkElm = getLinkElm(
+        {
+          color: 'black',
+          backgroundColor: 'white'
+        },
+        {
+          color: 'black',
+          backgroundColor: '#F0F0F0'
+        }
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(
+        axe.testUtils
+          .getCheckEvaluate('link-in-text-block')
+          .call(checkContext, linkElm)
+      );
+
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        messageKey: 'bgContrast',
+        contrastRatio: 1.13,
+        requiredContrastRatio: 3,
+        nodeBackgroundColor: '#ffffff',
+        parentBackgroundColor: '#f0f0f0'
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('options.allowSameColor', () => {
+      it('when true, passes when link and text colors are identical', () => {
+        const linkElm = getLinkElm(
+          {
+            color: 'black'
+          },
+          {
+            color: '#000'
+          }
+        );
+        assert.isTrue(
+          axe.testUtils
+            .getCheckEvaluate('link-in-text-block')
+            .call(checkContext, linkElm, { allowSameColor: true })
+        );
+        assert.equal(checkContext._relatedNodes[0], linkElm.parentNode);
+      });
+
+      it('when false, fails when link and text colors are identical', () => {
+        const linkElm = getLinkElm(
+          {
+            color: 'black'
+          },
+          {
+            color: '#000'
+          }
+        );
+        assert.isFalse(
+          axe.testUtils
+            .getCheckEvaluate('link-in-text-block')
+            .call(checkContext, linkElm, { allowSameColor: false })
+        );
+        assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'fgContrast');
+        assert.equal(checkContext._relatedNodes[0], linkElm.parentNode);
+      });
+    });
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/forms/autocomplete-appropriate.js b/test/checks/forms/autocomplete-appropriate.js
index 39ab73ffa..96fd80255 100644
--- a/test/checks/forms/autocomplete-appropriate.js
+++ b/test/checks/forms/autocomplete-appropriate.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('autocomplete-appropriate', function() {
+describe('autocomplete-appropriate', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ describe('autocomplete-appropriate', function() {
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   var evaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('autocomplete-appropriate');
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ describe('autocomplete-appropriate', function() {
     );
   }
 
-  it('returns true for non-select elements', function() {
-    ['div', 'button', 'select', 'textarea'].forEach(function(tagName) {
+  it('returns true for non-select elements', function () {
+    ['div', 'button', 'select', 'textarea'].forEach(function (tagName) {
       var elm = document.createElement(tagName);
       elm.setAttribute('autocomplete', 'foo');
       elm.setAttribute('type', 'email');
@@ -36,61 +36,61 @@ describe('autocomplete-appropriate', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the input type is in the map', function() {
+  it('returns true if the input type is in the map', function () {
     var options = { foo: ['url'] };
     var params = autocompleteCheckParams('foo', 'url', options);
     assert.isTrue(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the input type is not in the map', function() {
+  it('returns false if the input type is not in the map', function () {
     var options = { foo: ['url'] };
     var params = autocompleteCheckParams('foo', 'email', options);
     assert.isFalse(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the input type is text and the term is undefined', function() {
+  it('returns true if the input type is text and the term is undefined', function () {
     var options = {};
     var params = autocompleteCheckParams('foo', 'text', options);
     assert.isTrue(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the input type is tel and the term is off', function() {
+  it('returns true if the input type is tel and the term is off', function () {
     var options = {};
     var params = autocompleteCheckParams('off', 'tel', options);
     assert.isTrue(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the input type is url and the term is on', function() {
+  it('returns true if the input type is url and the term is on', function () {
     var options = {};
     var params = autocompleteCheckParams('on', 'url', options);
     assert.isTrue(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the input type is foobar and the term is undefined', function() {
+  it('returns true if the input type is foobar and the term is undefined', function () {
     var options = {};
     var params = autocompleteCheckParams('foo', 'foobar', options);
     assert.isTrue(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the input type is email and the term is username', function() {
+  it('returns true if the input type is email and the term is username', function () {
     var options = {};
     var params = autocompleteCheckParams('username', 'email', options);
     assert.isTrue(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the input type is text and the term maps to an empty array', function() {
+  it('returns false if the input type is text and the term maps to an empty array', function () {
     var options = { foo: [] };
     var params = autocompleteCheckParams('foo', 'text', options);
     assert.isFalse(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the input type is month and term is bday-month', function() {
+  it('returns false if the input type is month and term is bday-month', function () {
     var options = {};
     var params = autocompleteCheckParams('bday-month', 'month', options);
     assert.isFalse(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the input type is MONTH (case-insensitive & sanitized) and term is bday-month', function() {
+  it('returns false if the input type is MONTH (case-insensitive & sanitized) and term is bday-month', function () {
     var options = {};
     var params = autocompleteCheckParams('bday-month', '   MONTH    ', options);
     assert.isFalse(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
diff --git a/test/checks/forms/autocomplete-valid.js b/test/checks/forms/autocomplete-valid.js
index 999b5acb3..10f5432a5 100644
--- a/test/checks/forms/autocomplete-valid.js
+++ b/test/checks/forms/autocomplete-valid.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('autocomplete-valid', function() {
+describe('autocomplete-valid', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -6,24 +6,24 @@ describe('autocomplete-valid', function() {
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   var evaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('autocomplete-valid');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
   // original axe-core's check test
 
-  it('returns true if autocomplete is valid', function() {
+  it('returns true if autocomplete is valid', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<input autocomplete="on" id="target" />');
     assert.isTrue(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if autocomplete is not valid', function() {
+  it('returns false if autocomplete is not valid', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<input autocomplete="foo" id="target" />');
     assert.isFalse(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('uses options to change what is valid autocomplete', function() {
+  it('uses options to change what is valid autocomplete', function () {
     var options = { stateTerms: ['foo'] };
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<input autocomplete="foo" id="target" />',
diff --git a/test/checks/keyboard/accesskeys.js b/test/checks/keyboard/accesskeys.js
index cd770f55d..5b99213f8 100644
--- a/test/checks/keyboard/accesskeys.js
+++ b/test/checks/keyboard/accesskeys.js
@@ -1,33 +1,62 @@
-describe('accesskeys', function() {
+describe('accesskeys', () => {
   'use strict';
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('accesskeys');
 
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-
-  afterEach(function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true and record accesskey', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" accesskey="A"></div>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    assert.isTrue(checks.accesskeys.evaluate.call(checkContext, node));
+  it('should return true and record accesskey', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<div id="target" accesskey="A"></div>');
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+
+    assert.equal(checkContext._data, 'A');
+    assert.lengthOf(checkContext._relatedNodes, 1);
+    assert.equal(checkContext._relatedNodes[0], params[0]);
+  });
+
+  it('ignores hidden nodes', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<div id="target" accesskey="A" style="display: none"></div>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+
+    assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+  });
+
+  it('does not ignore visibly hidden nodes', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<div id="target" accesskey="A" style="opacity: 0"></div>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+
+    assert.equal(checkContext._data, 'A');
+    assert.lengthOf(checkContext._relatedNodes, 1);
+    assert.equal(checkContext._relatedNodes[0], params[0]);
+  });
+
+  it('does not ignore screen reader hidden nodes', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<div id="target" accesskey="A" aria-hidden="true"></div>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
 
-    assert.equal(checkContext._data, node.getAttribute('accesskey'));
+    assert.equal(checkContext._data, 'A');
     assert.lengthOf(checkContext._relatedNodes, 1);
-    assert.equal(checkContext._relatedNodes[0], node);
+    assert.equal(checkContext._relatedNodes[0], params[0]);
   });
 
-  describe('after', function() {
-    it('should push duplicates onto relatedNodes', function() {
-      var results = [
+  describe('after', () => {
+    it('should push duplicates onto relatedNodes', () => {
+      const results = [
         { data: 'A', relatedNodes: ['bob'] },
         { data: 'A', relatedNodes: ['fred'] }
       ];
 
-      var result = checks.accesskeys.after(results);
+      const result = checks.accesskeys.after(results);
 
       assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
       assert.equal(result[0].data, 'A');
@@ -35,22 +64,22 @@ describe('accesskeys', function() {
       assert.equal(result[0].relatedNodes[0], 'fred');
     });
 
-    it('should remove non-unique accesskeys and toggle result', function() {
-      var results = [
+    it('should remove non-unique accesskeys and toggle result', () => {
+      const results = [
         { data: 'A', relatedNodes: ['bob'] },
         { data: 'A', relatedNodes: ['joe'] },
         { data: 'B', relatedNodes: ['fred'] }
       ];
 
-      var result = checks.accesskeys.after(results);
+      const result = checks.accesskeys.after(results);
 
       assert.lengthOf(result, 2);
       assert.isTrue(result[0].result);
       assert.isFalse(result[1].result);
     });
 
-    it('should consider accesskeys with different cases as the same result', function() {
-      var result = checks.accesskeys.after([
+    it('should consider accesskeys with different cases as the same result', () => {
+      const result = checks.accesskeys.after([
         { data: 'A', relatedNodes: ['bob'] },
         { data: 'a', relatedNodes: ['fred'] }
       ]);
diff --git a/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-content.js b/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-content.js
index ea706e688..3650cf831 100644
--- a/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-content.js
+++ b/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-content.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('focusable-content tests', function() {
+describe('focusable-content tests', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var check;
@@ -8,17 +8,17 @@ describe('focusable-content tests', function() {
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
 
-  before(function() {
+  before(function () {
     check = checks['focusable-content'];
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns false when there are no focusable content elements (content element `div` is not focusable)', function() {
+  it('returns false when there are no focusable content elements (content element `div` is not focusable)', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target">' + '<div> Content </div>' + '</div>'
     );
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ describe('focusable-content tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when content element is taken out of focusable order (tabindex = -1)', function() {
+  it('returns false when content element is taken out of focusable order (tabindex = -1)', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target">' + '<input type="text" tabindex="-1">' + '</div>'
     );
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ describe('focusable-content tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element is focusable (only checks if contents are focusable)', function() {
+  it('returns false when element is focusable (only checks if contents are focusable)', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" tabindex="0">' +
         '<p style="height: 200px;"></p>' +
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ describe('focusable-content tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when all content elements are not focusable', function() {
+  it('returns false when all content elements are not focusable', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target">' +
         '<input type="text" tabindex="-1">' +
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ describe('focusable-content tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when one deeply nested content element is focusable', function() {
+  it('returns true when one deeply nested content element is focusable', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target">' +
         '<div style="height: 200px"> ' +
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ describe('focusable-content tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when content element can be focused', function() {
+  it('returns true when content element can be focused', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target">' + '<input type="text">' + '</div>'
     );
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ describe('focusable-content tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when any one of the many content elements can be focused', function() {
+  it('returns true when any one of the many content elements can be focused', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target">' +
         '<input type="text" tabindex="-1">' +
@@ -91,14 +91,14 @@ describe('focusable-content tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  describe('shadowDOM - focusable content', function() {
-    before(function() {
+  describe('shadowDOM - focusable content', function () {
+    before(function () {
       if (!shadowSupported) {
         this.skip();
       }
     });
 
-    it('returns true when content element can be focused', function() {
+    it('returns true when content element can be focused', function () {
       fixtureSetup('<div id="target">' + '</div>');
       var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ describe('focusable-content tests', function() {
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns false when no focusable content', function() {
+    it('returns false when no focusable content', function () {
       fixtureSetup('<div id="target">' + '</div>');
       var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
diff --git a/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-disabled.js b/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-disabled.js
index 96f9537de..ffe1536f9 100644
--- a/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-disabled.js
+++ b/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-disabled.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('focusable-disabled', function() {
+describe('focusable-disabled', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var check;
@@ -8,24 +8,24 @@ describe('focusable-disabled', function() {
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
 
-  before(function() {
+  before(function () {
     check = checks['focusable-disabled'];
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
     axe._selectorData = undefined;
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns true when content not focusable by default (no tabbable elements)', function() {
+  it('returns true when content not focusable by default (no tabbable elements)', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<p id="target" aria-hidden="true">Some text</p>');
     var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when content hidden through CSS (no tabbable elements)', function() {
+  it('returns true when content hidden through CSS (no tabbable elements)', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true"><a href="/" style="display:none">Link</a></div>'
     );
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ describe('focusable-disabled', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when content made unfocusable through disabled (no tabbable elements)', function() {
+  it('returns true when content made unfocusable through disabled (no tabbable elements)', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<input id="target" disabled aria-hidden="true" />'
     );
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ describe('focusable-disabled', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when content made unfocusable through disabled fieldset', function() {
+  it('returns true when content made unfocusable through disabled fieldset', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<fieldset id="target" disabled aria-hidden="true"><input /></fieldset>'
     );
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ describe('focusable-disabled', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'returns false when content is in a disabled fieldset but in another shadow tree',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var fieldset = document.createElement('fieldset');
       fieldset.setAttribute('disabled', 'true');
       fieldset.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true');
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ describe('focusable-disabled', function() {
     }
   );
 
-  it('returns false when content is in the legend of a disabled fieldset', function() {
+  it('returns false when content is in the legend of a disabled fieldset', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<fieldset id="target" disabled aria-hidden="true"><legend><input /></legend></fieldset>'
     );
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ describe('focusable-disabled', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when content is in an aria-hidden but not disabled fieldset', function() {
+  it('returns false when content is in an aria-hidden but not disabled fieldset', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<fieldset id="target" aria-hidden="true"><input /></fieldset>'
     );
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ describe('focusable-disabled', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when focusable off screen link (cannot be disabled)', function() {
+  it('returns true when focusable off screen link (cannot be disabled)', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true"><a href="/" style="position:absolute; top:-999em">Link</a></div>'
     );
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ describe('focusable-disabled', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(checkContext._relatedNodes, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when focusable form field only disabled through ARIA', function() {
+  it('returns false when focusable form field only disabled through ARIA', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true"><input type="text" aria-disabled="true"/></div>'
     );
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ describe('focusable-disabled', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false when focusable SELECT element that can be disabled', function() {
+  it('returns false when focusable SELECT element that can be disabled', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">' +
         '<label>Choose:' +
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ describe('focusable-disabled', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when focusable AREA element (cannot be disabled)', function() {
+  it('returns true when focusable AREA element (cannot be disabled)', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<main id="target" aria-hidden="true">' +
         '<map name="infographic">' +
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ describe('focusable-disabled', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'returns false when focusable content inside shadowDOM, that can be disabled',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       // Note:
       // `testUtils.checkSetup` does not work for shadowDOM
       // as `axe._tree` and `axe._selectorData` needs to be updated after shadowDOM construction
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ describe('focusable-disabled', function() {
     }
   );
 
-  it('returns true when focusable target that cannot be disabled', function() {
+  it('returns true when focusable target that cannot be disabled', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div aria-hidden="true"><a id="target" href="">foo</a><button>bar</button></div>'
     );
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ describe('focusable-disabled', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when focusable target that can be disabled', function() {
+  it('returns false when focusable target that can be disabled', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div aria-hidden="true"><a href="">foo</a><button id="target">bar</button></div>'
     );
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ describe('focusable-disabled', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true if there is a focusable element and modal is open', function() {
+  it('returns true if there is a focusable element and modal is open', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">' +
         '<button>Some button</button>' +
@@ -194,19 +194,28 @@ describe('focusable-disabled', function() {
   });
 
   it('returns undefined when all focusable controls have onfocus events', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div aria-hidden="true" id="target">' +
-      '  <button onfocus="redirectFocus()">button</button>' +
-      '</div>'
+    var params = checkSetup(
+      '<div aria-hidden="true" id="target">' +
+        '  <button onfocus="redirectFocus()">button</button>' +
+        '</div>'
     );
     assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
   it('returns false when some, but not all focusable controls have onfocus events', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div aria-hidden="true" id="target">' +
-      '  <button onfocus="redirectFocus()">button</button>' +
-      '  <button>button</button>' +
-      '</div>'
+    var params = checkSetup(
+      '<div aria-hidden="true" id="target">' +
+        '  <button onfocus="redirectFocus()">button</button>' +
+        '  <button>button</button>' +
+        '</div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
+
+  it('returns undefined when control has 0 width and height and pointer events: none (focus trap bumper)', () => {
+    var params = checkSetup(
+      '<button id="target" aria-hidden="true" style="pointer-events: none; width: 0; height: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0"></button>'
+    );
+    assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-element.js b/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-element.js
index 843665231..d0d1cd5a0 100644
--- a/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-element.js
+++ b/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-element.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('focusable-element tests', function() {
+describe('focusable-element tests', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var check;
@@ -6,23 +6,23 @@ describe('focusable-element tests', function() {
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
 
-  before(function() {
+  before(function () {
     check = checks['focusable-element'];
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element is focusable', function() {
+  it('returns true when element is focusable', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<input id="target" type="radio">');
     var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element made not focusable by tabindex', function() {
+  it('returns false when element made not focusable by tabindex', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<input id="target" type="checkbox" tabindex="-1">'
     );
@@ -30,13 +30,13 @@ describe('focusable-element tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element is not focusable by default', function() {
+  it('returns false when element is not focusable by default', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<p id="target">I hold some text </p>');
     var actual = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element made focusable by tabindex', function() {
+  it('returns true when element made focusable by tabindex', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target" tabindex="0">I hold some text </p>'
     );
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ describe('focusable-element tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element made focusable by contenteditable', function() {
+  it('returns true when element made focusable by contenteditable', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target" contenteditable>I hold some text </p>'
     );
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ describe('focusable-element tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element made focusable by contenteditable="true"', function() {
+  it('returns true when element made focusable by contenteditable="true"', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target" contenteditable="true">I hold some text </p>'
     );
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ describe('focusable-element tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element made focusable by contenteditable="false"', function() {
+  it('returns false when element made focusable by contenteditable="false"', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target" contenteditable="false">I hold some text </p>'
     );
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ describe('focusable-element tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element made focusable by contenteditable="invalid" and parent is contenteditable', function() {
+  it('returns true when element made focusable by contenteditable="invalid" and parent is contenteditable', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div contenteditable><p id="target" contenteditable="invalid">I hold some text </p></div>'
     );
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ describe('focusable-element tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element made focusable by contenteditable="invalid" and parent is not contenteditable', function() {
+  it('returns false when element made focusable by contenteditable="invalid" and parent is not contenteditable', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div><p id="target" contenteditable="invalid">I hold some text </p></div>'
     );
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ describe('focusable-element tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element made focusable by contenteditable="invalid" and parent is contenteditable="false"', function() {
+  it('returns false when element made focusable by contenteditable="invalid" and parent is contenteditable="false"', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div contenteditable="false"><p id="target" contenteditable="invalid">I hold some text </p></div>'
     );
diff --git a/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-modal-open.js b/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-modal-open.js
index cc0b11a48..bb7693573 100644
--- a/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-modal-open.js
+++ b/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-modal-open.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('focusable-modal-open', function() {
+describe('focusable-modal-open', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var check;
@@ -6,18 +6,18 @@ describe('focusable-modal-open', function() {
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
 
-  before(function() {
+  before(function () {
     check = checks['focusable-modal-open'];
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
     axe._selectorData = undefined;
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns true when no modal is open', function() {
+  it('returns true when no modal is open', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">' +
         '<button>Some button</button>' +
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ describe('focusable-modal-open', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined if a modal is open', function() {
+  it('returns undefined if a modal is open', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">' +
         '<button>Some button</button>' +
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ describe('focusable-modal-open', function() {
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('sets the tabbable elements as related nodes', function() {
+  it('sets the tabbable elements as related nodes', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">' +
         '<button>Some button</button>' +
diff --git a/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-no-name.js b/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-no-name.js
index 80badd20a..e170eb838 100644
--- a/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-no-name.js
+++ b/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-no-name.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('focusable-no-name', function() {
+describe('focusable-no-name', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ describe('focusable-no-name', function() {
 
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should pass if tabindex < 0', function() {
+  it('should pass if tabindex < 0', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<a href="#" tabindex="-1" id="target"></a>');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ describe('focusable-no-name', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should pass element is not natively focusable', function() {
+  it('should pass element is not natively focusable', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<span role="link" href="#" id="target"></span>');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ describe('focusable-no-name', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should fail if element is tabbable with no name - native', function() {
+  it('should fail if element is tabbable with no name - native', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<a href="#" id="target"></a>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ describe('focusable-no-name', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should fail if element is tabbable with no name - ARIA', function() {
+  it('should fail if element is tabbable with no name - ARIA', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<span tabindex="0" role="link" id="target" href="#"></spam>'
     );
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ describe('focusable-no-name', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should pass if the element is tabbable but has an accessible name', function() {
+  it('should pass if the element is tabbable but has an accessible name', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<a href="#" title="Hello" id="target"></a>');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ describe('focusable-no-name', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should pass if the content is passed in with shadow DOM',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var params = shadowCheckSetup(
         '<div>Content!</div>',
         '<a href="#" id="target"><slot></slot></a>'
@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ describe('focusable-no-name', function() {
     }
   );
 
-  describe('Serial Virtual Node', function() {
-    it('should pass if tabindex < 0', function() {
+  describe('Serial Virtual Node', function () {
+    it('should pass if tabindex < 0', function () {
       var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'a',
         attributes: {
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ describe('focusable-no-name', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should pass element is not natively focusable', function() {
+    it('should pass element is not natively focusable', function () {
       var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'span',
         attributes: {
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ describe('focusable-no-name', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should fail if element is tabbable with no name - native', function() {
+    it('should fail if element is tabbable with no name - native', function () {
       var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'a',
         attributes: {
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ describe('focusable-no-name', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return undefined if element is tabbable with no name nor children - native', function() {
+    it('should return undefined if element is tabbable with no name nor children - native', function () {
       var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'a',
         attributes: {
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ describe('focusable-no-name', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should pass if the element is tabbable but has an accessible name', function() {
+    it('should pass if the element is tabbable but has an accessible name', function () {
       var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'a',
         attributes: {
diff --git a/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-not-tabbable.js b/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-not-tabbable.js
index e8bcc89d6..60bd891d1 100644
--- a/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-not-tabbable.js
+++ b/test/checks/keyboard/focusable-not-tabbable.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('focusable-not-tabbable', function() {
+describe('focusable-not-tabbable', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var check;
@@ -8,18 +8,18 @@ describe('focusable-not-tabbable', function() {
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
 
-  before(function() {
+  before(function () {
     check = checks['focusable-not-tabbable'];
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
     axe._selectorData = undefined;
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns true when BUTTON removed from tab order through tabindex', function() {
+  it('returns true when BUTTON removed from tab order through tabindex', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">' +
         '<button tabindex="-1">Some button</button>' +
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ describe('focusable-not-tabbable', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when LINK is in tab order', function() {
+  it('returns false when LINK is in tab order', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">' +
         '<a href="abc.html">ABC Site</a>' +
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ describe('focusable-not-tabbable', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when focusable SUMMARY element, that cannot be disabled', function() {
+  it('returns true when focusable SUMMARY element, that cannot be disabled', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<details id="target" aria-hidden="true"><summary>Some button</summary><p>Some details</p></details>'
     );
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ describe('focusable-not-tabbable', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when TEXTAREA is in tab order, but 0 related nodes as TEXTAREA can be disabled', function() {
+  it('returns true when TEXTAREA is in tab order, but 0 related nodes as TEXTAREA can be disabled', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">' +
         '<label>Enter your comments:' +
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ describe('focusable-not-tabbable', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when focusable AREA element', function() {
+  it('returns false when focusable AREA element', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<main id="target" aria-hidden="true">' +
         '<map name="infographic">' +
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ describe('focusable-not-tabbable', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when aria-hidden=false does not negate aria-hidden true', function() {
+  it('returns true when aria-hidden=false does not negate aria-hidden true', function () {
     // Note: aria-hidden can't be reset once you've set it to true on an ancestor
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true"><div aria-hidden="false"><button tabindex="-1">Some button</button></div></div>'
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ describe('focusable-not-tabbable', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'returns false when focusable text in shadowDOM',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       // Note:
       // `testUtils.checkSetup` does not work for shadowDOM
       // as `axe._tree` and `axe._selectorData` needs to be updated after shadowDOM construction
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ describe('focusable-not-tabbable', function() {
     }
   );
 
-  it('returns false when focusable content through tabindex', function() {
+  it('returns false when focusable content through tabindex', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target" tabindex="0" aria-hidden="true">Some text</p>'
     );
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ describe('focusable-not-tabbable', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when focusable target that cannot be disabled', function() {
+  it('returns false when focusable target that cannot be disabled', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div aria-hidden="true"><a id="target" href="">foo</a><button>bar</button></div>'
     );
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ describe('focusable-not-tabbable', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when focusable target that can be disabled', function() {
+  it('returns true when focusable target that can be disabled', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div aria-hidden="true"><a href="">foo</a><button id="target">bar</button></div>'
     );
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ describe('focusable-not-tabbable', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true if there is a focusable element and modal is open', function() {
+  it('returns true if there is a focusable element and modal is open', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">' +
         '<a href="">foo</a>' +
@@ -153,20 +153,29 @@ describe('focusable-not-tabbable', function() {
   });
 
   it('returns undefined when all focusable controls have onfocus events', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div aria-hidden="true" id="target">' +
-      '  <a href="/" onfocus="redirectFocus()">First link</a>' +
-      '  <a href="/" onfocus="redirectFocus()">Second link</a>' +
-      '</div>'
+    var params = checkSetup(
+      '<div aria-hidden="true" id="target">' +
+        '  <a href="/" onfocus="redirectFocus()">First link</a>' +
+        '  <a href="/" onfocus="redirectFocus()">Second link</a>' +
+        '</div>'
     );
     assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
   it('returns false when some, but not all focusable controls have onfocus events', function () {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div aria-hidden="true" id="target">' +
-      '  <a href="/" onfocus="redirectFocus()">First link</a>' +
-      '  <a href="/"">Second link</a>' +
-      '</div>'
+    var params = checkSetup(
+      '<div aria-hidden="true" id="target">' +
+        '  <a href="/" onfocus="redirectFocus()">First link</a>' +
+        '  <a href="/"">Second link</a>' +
+        '</div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
+
+  it('returns undefined when control has 0 width and height and pointer events: none (focus trap bumper)', () => {
+    var params = checkSetup(
+      '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="0" style="pointer-events: none"></div>'
+    );
+    assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/keyboard/frame-focusable-content.js b/test/checks/keyboard/frame-focusable-content.js
index 224667aa6..450645191 100644
--- a/test/checks/keyboard/frame-focusable-content.js
+++ b/test/checks/keyboard/frame-focusable-content.js
@@ -1,41 +1,54 @@
-describe('frame-focusable-content tests', function() {
+describe('frame-focusable-content tests', function () {
   var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var frameFocusableContent = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate(
     'frame-focusable-content'
   );
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true if element has no focusable content', function() {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target"><span>Hello</span></button>');
+  it('should return true if element has no focusable content', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"><span>Hello</span></div>');
     assert.isTrue(frameFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if element is empty', function() {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target"></button>');
+  it('should return true if element is empty', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(frameFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if element only has text content', function() {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target">Hello</button>');
+  it('should return true if element only has text content', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">Hello</div>');
     assert.isTrue(frameFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if element has focusable content', function() {
+  it('should return false if element has focusable content', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<button id="target"><span tabindex="0">Hello</span></button>'
+      '<div id="target"><span tabindex="0">Hello</span></div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(frameFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if element has natively focusable content', function() {
+  it('should return false if element has natively focusable content', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<button id="target"><a href="foo.html">Hello</a></button>'
+      '<div id="target"><a href="foo.html">Hello</a></div>'
+    );
+    assert.isFalse(frameFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true if element is natively focusable but has tabindex=-1', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target"><button tabindex="-1">Hello</button></div>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(frameFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false if element is natively focusable but has tabindex=0', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target"><button tabindex="0">Hello</button></div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(frameFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
   });
-  
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/keyboard/landmark-is-top-level.js b/test/checks/keyboard/landmark-is-top-level.js
index 095582fce..c9fff1564 100644
--- a/test/checks/keyboard/landmark-is-top-level.js
+++ b/test/checks/keyboard/landmark-is-top-level.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('landmark-is-top-level', function() {
+describe('landmark-is-top-level', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ describe('landmark-is-top-level', function() {
   var check = checks['landmark-is-top-level'];
   var checkContext = new axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the main landmark is in another landmark', function() {
+  it('should return false if the main landmark is in another landmark', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="banner"><main id="target"></main></div>'
     );
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ describe('landmark-is-top-level', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { role: 'main' });
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the complementary landmark is in another landmark', function() {
+  it('should return false if the complementary landmark is in another landmark', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<nav><div role="complementary" id="target"></div></nav>'
     );
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ describe('landmark-is-top-level', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { role: 'complementary' });
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the complementary landmark is in main landmark', function() {
+  it('should return true if the complementary landmark is in main landmark', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<main><div role="complementary" id="target"></div></main>'
     );
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ describe('landmark-is-top-level', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { role: 'complementary' });
   });
 
-  it('should return false if div with role set to main is in another landmark', function() {
+  it('should return false if div with role set to main is in another landmark', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="navigation"><div role="main" id="target"></div></div>'
     );
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ describe('landmark-is-top-level', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { role: 'main' });
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the landmark is not in another landmark', function() {
+  it('should return true if the landmark is not in another landmark', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div><footer id="target"></footer><div role="banner"></div></div>'
     );
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ describe('landmark-is-top-level', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { role: 'contentinfo' });
   });
 
-  it('should return true if div with role set to main is not in another landmark', function() {
+  it('should return true if div with role set to main is not in another landmark', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div><div role="main" id="target"></div><div role="navigation"></div></div>'
     );
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ describe('landmark-is-top-level', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { role: 'main' });
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the banner landmark is not in form landmark', function() {
+  it('should return true if the banner landmark is not in form landmark', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div><div role="banner" id="target"></div><div role="form"></div></div>'
     );
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ describe('landmark-is-top-level', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'should test if the landmark in shadow DOM is top level',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var params = shadowCheckSetup(
         '<div></div>',
         '<main id="target">Main content</main>'
diff --git a/test/checks/keyboard/no-focusable-content.js b/test/checks/keyboard/no-focusable-content.js
index d642bbd15..e30841b41 100644
--- a/test/checks/keyboard/no-focusable-content.js
+++ b/test/checks/keyboard/no-focusable-content.js
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-describe('no-focusable-content tests', function() {
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+describe('no-focusable-content tests', function () {
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var noFocusableContent = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate(
     'no-focusable-content'
@@ -8,27 +7,26 @@ describe('no-focusable-content tests', function() {
   var check = checks['no-focusable-content'];
   var checkContext = new axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if element has no focusable content', function() {
+  it('should return true if element has no focusable content', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target"><span>Hello</span></button>');
     assert.isTrue(noFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if element is empty', function() {
+  it('should return true if element is empty', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target"></button>');
     assert.isTrue(noFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if element only has text content', function() {
+  it('should return true if element only has text content', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target">Hello</button>');
     assert.isTrue(noFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if element has content which is focusable (tabindex=0) and does not have a widget role', function() {
+  it('should return true if element has content which is focusable (tabindex=0) and does not have a widget role', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<button id="target"><span tabindex="0">Hello</span></button>'
     );
@@ -36,24 +34,24 @@ describe('no-focusable-content tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(noFocusableContent.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if element has content which has negative tabindex and non-widget role', function() {
+  it('should return true if element has content which has negative tabindex and non-widget role', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target"><span tabindex="-1">Hello</span></button>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(noFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if element has content which has negative tabindex and an explicit widget role', function() {
+  it('should return false if element has content which has negative tabindex and an explicit widget role', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<button id="target"><span role="link" tabindex="-1">Hello</span></button>'
     );
-    axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document.documentElement);
+
     assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { messageKey: 'notHidden' });
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [params[2].children[0]]);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if element has content which is natively focusable and has a widget role', function() {
+  it('should return false if element has content which is natively focusable and has a widget role', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<button id="target"><a href="foo.html">Hello</a></button>'
     );
@@ -63,7 +61,7 @@ describe('no-focusable-content tests', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [params[2].children[0]]);
   });
 
-  it('should add each focusable child as related nodes', function() {
+  it('should add each focusable child as related nodes', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<button id="target"><input type="checkbox"><a href="foo.html">Hello</a></button>'
     );
@@ -76,42 +74,53 @@ describe('no-focusable-content tests', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if element has natively focusable widget role content with negative tabindex', function() {
+  it('should return false if element has natively focusable widget role content with negative tabindex', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<button id="target"><a href="foo.html" tabindex="-1">Hello</a></button>'
     );
-    axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document.documentElement);
     assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { messageKey: 'notHidden' });
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [params[2].children[0]]);
   });
 
-  it('should return true if element has content which is natively focusable and has a widget role but is disabled', function() {
+  it('should return true if element has content which is natively focusable and has a widget role but is disabled', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target"><input value="hello" disabled></button>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(noFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true on span with negative tabindex (focusable, does not have a widget role)', function() {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<span id="target" role="text"> some text '
-        +'<span tabIndex="-1">JavaScript is able to focus this</span> '
-        +'</span>');
-    assert.isTrue(noFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
+  it('should return false if "disabled" is specified on an element which doesn\'t allow it', function () {
+    var params = checkSetup(
+      '<button id="target"><a href="foo.html" disabled>Hello</a></button>'
+    );
+    assert.isFalse(noFocusableContent.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return true on aria-hidden span with negative tabindex (focusable, does not have a widget role)', function() {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<span id="target" role="text"> some text '
-        +'<span tabIndex="-1" aria-hidden="true">JavaScript is able to focus this</span> '
-        +'</span>');
+  it('should return true on span with negative tabindex (focusable, does not have a widget role)', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<span id="target" role="text"> some text ' +
+        '<span tabIndex="-1">JavaScript is able to focus this</span> ' +
+        '</span>'
+    );
     assert.isTrue(noFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true on nested span with tabindex=0 (focusable, does not have a widget role)', function() {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<span id="target" role="text"> some text '
-        +'<span tabIndex="0">anyone is able to focus this</span> '
-        +'</span>');
+  it('should return true on aria-hidden span with negative tabindex (focusable, does not have a widget role)', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<span id="target" role="text"> some text ' +
+        '<span tabIndex="-1" aria-hidden="true">JavaScript is able to focus this</span> ' +
+        '</span>'
+    );
     assert.isTrue(noFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
+  it('should return true on nested span with tabindex=0 (focusable, does not have a widget role)', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<span id="target" role="text"> some text ' +
+        '<span tabIndex="0">anyone is able to focus this</span> ' +
+        '</span>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(noFocusableContent(null, null, vNode));
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/keyboard/page-has-elm.js b/test/checks/keyboard/page-has-elm.js
index e53558c68..20e629516 100644
--- a/test/checks/keyboard/page-has-elm.js
+++ b/test/checks/keyboard/page-has-elm.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('page-has-*', function() {
+describe('page-has-*', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -7,46 +7,46 @@ describe('page-has-*', function() {
   var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
   var shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  describe('evaluate', function() {
+  describe('evaluate', function () {
     var evaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('page-has-main');
 
-    it('throws if there is no selector', function() {
-      assert.throws(function() {
+    it('throws if there is no selector', function () {
+      assert.throws(function () {
         var params = checkSetup('<div id="target">No role</div>', undefined);
         checks['page-has-main'].evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       });
 
-      assert.throws(function() {
+      assert.throws(function () {
         var params = checkSetup('<div id="target">No role</div>', {});
         checks['page-has-main'].evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       });
 
-      assert.throws(function() {
+      assert.throws(function () {
         var badOptions = { selector: [] };
         var params = checkSetup('<div id="target">No role</div>', badOptions);
         checks['page-has-main'].evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       });
     });
 
-    it('returns true if there are any matching elements', function() {
+    it('returns true if there are any matching elements', function () {
       var options = { selector: 'b' };
       var params = checkSetup('<div id="target"><b>No role</b></div>', options);
       assert.isTrue(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if there are no matching elements', function() {
+    it('returns false if there are no matching elements', function () {
       var options = { selector: 'i' };
       var params = checkSetup('<div id="target"><b>No role</b></div>', options);
       assert.isFalse(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('does not find hidden elements', function() {
+    it('does not find hidden elements', function () {
       var options = { selector: 'b' };
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div id="target"><b style="display: none;">No role</b></div>',
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ describe('page-has-*', function() {
       assert.isFalse(evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('does find screen-reader only elements', function() {
+    it('does find screen-reader only elements', function () {
       var options = { selector: 'b' };
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<style type="text/css">' +
@@ -80,10 +80,10 @@ describe('page-has-*', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('after', function() {
+  describe('after', function () {
     var after = checks['page-has-main'].after;
 
-    it('sets all results to true if any are true', function() {
+    it('sets all results to true if any are true', function () {
       var results = [
         { result: true },
         { result: false },
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ describe('page-has-*', function() {
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('Leave the results as is if none of them were true', function() {
+    it('Leave the results as is if none of them were true', function () {
       var results = [
         { result: false },
         { result: false },
@@ -106,16 +106,16 @@ describe('page-has-*', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('page-has-main', function() {
+  describe('page-has-main', function () {
     var check = checks['page-has-main'];
 
-    it('should return false if no div has role property', function() {
+    it('should return false if no div has role property', function () {
       var params = checkSetup('<div id="target">No role</div>', check.options);
       var mainIsFound = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       assert.isFalse(mainIsFound);
     });
 
-    it('should return false if div has role not equal to main', function() {
+    it('should return false if div has role not equal to main', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div id="target" role="bananas">Wrong role</div>',
         check.options
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ describe('page-has-*', function() {
       assert.isFalse(mainIsFound);
     });
 
-    it('should return true if main landmark exists', function() {
+    it('should return true if main landmark exists', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<main id="target">main landmark</main>',
         check.options
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ describe('page-has-*', function() {
       assert.isTrue(mainIsFound);
     });
 
-    it('should return true if one div has role equal to main', function() {
+    it('should return true if one div has role equal to main', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div id="target" role="main">Div with role main</div>',
         check.options
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ describe('page-has-*', function() {
 
     (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
       'should return true if main is inside of shadow dom',
-      function() {
+      function () {
         var params = shadowCheckSetup(
           '<div id="target"></div>',
           '<main>main landmark</main>',
@@ -156,10 +156,10 @@ describe('page-has-*', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  describe('page-has-heading-one', function() {
+  describe('page-has-heading-one', function () {
     var check = checks['page-has-heading-one'];
 
-    it('should return false if div has role not equal to heading', function() {
+    it('should return false if div has role not equal to heading', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div id="target" role="bananas">Wrong role</div>',
         check.options
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ describe('page-has-*', function() {
       assert.isFalse(h1IsFound);
     });
 
-    it('should return false if div has role heading but not aria-level=1', function() {
+    it('should return false if div has role heading but not aria-level=1', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div id="target" role="heading" aria-level="one">Wrong role</div>',
         check.options
@@ -177,13 +177,13 @@ describe('page-has-*', function() {
       assert.isFalse(h1IsFound);
     });
 
-    it('should return true if h1 exists', function() {
+    it('should return true if h1 exists', function () {
       var params = checkSetup('<h1 id="target">My heading</h1>', check.options);
       var h1IsFound = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
       assert.isTrue(h1IsFound);
     });
 
-    it('should return true if a div has role=heading and aria-level=1', function() {
+    it('should return true if a div has role=heading and aria-level=1', function () {
       var params = checkSetup(
         '<div id="target" role="heading" aria-level="1">Diversity heading</div>',
         check.options
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ describe('page-has-*', function() {
 
     (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
       'should return true if h1 is inside of shadow dom',
-      function() {
+      function () {
         var params = shadowCheckSetup(
           '<div id="target"></div>',
           '<h1>Shady Heading</h1>',
diff --git a/test/checks/keyboard/page-no-duplicate.js b/test/checks/keyboard/page-no-duplicate.js
index 44f82ccef..a54677e7e 100644
--- a/test/checks/keyboard/page-no-duplicate.js
+++ b/test/checks/keyboard/page-no-duplicate.js
@@ -1,29 +1,26 @@
-describe('page-no-duplicate', function() {
-  'use strict';
+describe('page-no-duplicate', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkContext = new axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var checkContext = new axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+  const check = checks['page-no-duplicate-main'];
 
-  var check = checks['page-no-duplicate-main'];
-
-  afterEach(function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  describe('options.selector', function() {
-    it('throws if there is no selector', function() {
-      assert.throws(function() {
-        var params = checkSetup('<div id="target"></div>', undefined);
+  describe('options.selector', () => {
+    it('throws if there is no selector', () => {
+      assert.throws(() => {
+        const params = checkSetup('<div id="target"></div>', undefined);
         assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
       });
     });
 
-    it('should return false if there is more than one element matching the selector', function() {
-      var options = { selector: 'main' };
-      var params = checkSetup(
+    it('should return false if there is more than one element matching the selector', () => {
+      const options = { selector: 'main' };
+      const params = checkSetup(
         '<div><main id="target"></main><main id="dup"></main></div>',
         options
       );
@@ -35,33 +32,33 @@ describe('page-no-duplicate', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return true if there is only one element matching the selector', function() {
-      var options = { selector: 'main' };
-      var params = checkSetup('<div role="main" id="target"></div>', options);
+    it('should return true if there is only one element matching the selector', () => {
+      const options = { selector: 'main' };
+      const params = checkSetup('<div role="main" id="target"></div>', options);
       assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('should return true if there are no element matching the selector', function() {
-      var options = { selector: 'footer' };
-      var params = checkSetup(
+    it('should return true if there are no element matching the selector', () => {
+      const options = { selector: 'footer' };
+      const params = checkSetup(
         '<div><main id="target"></main><main></main></div>',
         options
       );
       assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('should return true if there is more than one element matching the selector but only one is visible', function() {
-      var options = { selector: 'main' };
-      var params = checkSetup(
+    it('should return true if there is more than one element matching the selector but only one is visible', () => {
+      const options = { selector: 'main' };
+      const params = checkSetup(
         '<div><main id="target"></main><main id="dup" style="display:none;"></main></div>',
         options
       );
       assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('should return true if there is more than one element matching the selector but only one is visible to screenreaders', function() {
-      var options = { selector: 'main' };
-      var params = checkSetup(
+    it('should return true if there is more than one element matching the selector but only one is visible to screenreaders', () => {
+      const options = { selector: 'main' };
+      const params = checkSetup(
         '<div><main id="target" aria-hidden="true"></main><main id="dup"></main></div>',
         options
       );
@@ -70,17 +67,17 @@ describe('page-no-duplicate', function() {
 
     (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
       'should return false if there is a second matching element inside the shadow dom',
-      function() {
-        var options = { selector: 'main' };
-        var div = document.createElement('div');
+      () => {
+        const options = { selector: 'main' };
+        const div = document.createElement('div');
         div.innerHTML = '<div id="shadow"></div><main id="target"></main>';
 
-        var shadow = div
+        const shadow = div
           .querySelector('#shadow')
           .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
         shadow.innerHTML = '<main></main>';
         axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup(div);
-        var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
+        const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
 
         assert.isFalse(
           check.evaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode, options, vNode)
@@ -93,18 +90,18 @@ describe('page-no-duplicate', function() {
 
     (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
       'should return true if there is a second matching element inside the shadow dom but only one is visible to screenreaders',
-      function() {
-        var options = { selector: 'main' };
-        var div = document.createElement('div');
+      () => {
+        const options = { selector: 'main' };
+        const div = document.createElement('div');
         div.innerHTML =
           '<div id="shadow"></div><main id="target" aria-hidden="true"></main>';
 
-        var shadow = div
+        const shadow = div
           .querySelector('#shadow')
           .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
         shadow.innerHTML = '<main></main>';
         axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup(div);
-        var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
+        const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
 
         assert.isTrue(
           check.evaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode, options, vNode)
@@ -116,13 +113,13 @@ describe('page-no-duplicate', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  describe('option.nativeScopeFilter', function() {
-    it('should ignore element contained in a nativeScopeFilter match', function() {
-      var options = {
+  describe('option.nativeScopeFilter', () => {
+    it('should ignore element contained in a nativeScopeFilter match', () => {
+      const options = {
         selector: 'footer',
         nativeScopeFilter: 'main'
       };
-      var params = checkSetup(
+      const params = checkSetup(
         '<div><footer id="target"></footer>' +
           '<main><footer></footer></main>' +
           '</div>',
@@ -131,12 +128,12 @@ describe('page-no-duplicate', function() {
       assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('should not ignore element contained in a nativeScopeFilter match with their roles redefined', function() {
-      var options = {
+    it('should not ignore element contained in a nativeScopeFilter match with their roles redefined', () => {
+      const options = {
         selector: 'footer, [role="contentinfo"]',
         nativeScopeFilter: 'main'
       };
-      var params = checkSetup(
+      const params = checkSetup(
         '<div><footer id="target"></footer>' +
           '<main><div role="contentinfo"></div></main>' +
           '</div>',
@@ -145,12 +142,12 @@ describe('page-no-duplicate', function() {
       assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     });
 
-    it('should pass when there are two elements and the first is contained within a nativeSccopeFilter', function() {
-      var options = {
+    it('should pass when there are two elements and the first is contained within a nativeSccopeFilter', () => {
+      const options = {
         selector: 'footer, [role="contentinfo"]',
         nativeScopeFilter: 'article'
       };
-      var params = checkSetup(
+      const params = checkSetup(
         '<article>' +
           '<footer id="target">Article footer</footer>' +
           '</article>' +
@@ -162,19 +159,95 @@ describe('page-no-duplicate', function() {
 
     (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
       'elements if its ancestor is outside the shadow DOM tree',
-      function() {
-        var options = {
+      () => {
+        const options = {
           selector: 'footer',
           nativeScopeFilter: 'header'
         };
 
-        var div = document.createElement('div');
+        const div = document.createElement('div');
         div.innerHTML =
           '<header id="shadow"></header><footer id="target"></footer>';
         div.querySelector('#shadow').attachShadow({ mode: 'open' }).innerHTML =
           '<footer></footer>';
         axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup(div);
-        var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
+        const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
+
+        assert.isTrue(
+          check.evaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode, options, vNode)
+        );
+      }
+    );
+  });
+
+  describe('options.role', () => {
+    it('should pass when element does not match the role', () => {
+      const options = {
+        selector: 'footer',
+        role: 'contentinfo'
+      };
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        `<div>
+          <footer id="target"></footer>
+          <div role="main">
+            <footer></footer>
+          </div>
+        </div>`,
+        options
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+    });
+
+    it('should fail when element matches the role', () => {
+      const options = {
+        selector: 'footer',
+        role: 'contentinfo'
+      };
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        `<div>
+          <footer id="target"></footer>
+          <div>
+            <footer id="fail"></footer>
+          </div>
+        </div>`,
+        options
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [
+        fixture.querySelector('#fail')
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it('should pass when there are two elements and the first does not match the role', () => {
+      const options = {
+        selector: 'footer, [role="contentinfo"]',
+        role: 'contentinfo'
+      };
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        `<article>
+          <footer id="target">Article footer</footer>
+        </article>
+        <footer>Body footer</footer>`,
+        options
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+    });
+
+    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
+      "should pass if element's ancestor is outside the shadow DOM tree",
+      () => {
+        const options = {
+          selector: 'footer',
+          role: 'contentinfo'
+        };
+
+        const div = document.createElement('div');
+        div.innerHTML =
+          '<article id="shadow"></article><footer id="target"></footer>';
+        div.querySelector('#shadow').attachShadow({ mode: 'open' }).innerHTML =
+          '<footer></footer>';
+        axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup(div);
+        const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
 
         assert.isTrue(
           check.evaluate.call(checkContext, vNode.actualNode, options, vNode)
diff --git a/test/checks/keyboard/tabindex.js b/test/checks/keyboard/tabindex.js
index 4e83d1a34..1a32f9c34 100644
--- a/test/checks/keyboard/tabindex.js
+++ b/test/checks/keyboard/tabindex.js
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-describe('tabindex', function() {
+describe('tabindex', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should fail if the testutils.jstabindex is >= 0', function() {
+  it('should fail if the testutils.jstabindex is >= 0', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="1"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe('tabindex', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should pass if the tabindex is <= 0', function() {
+  it('should pass if the tabindex is <= 0', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="0"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ describe('tabindex', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should look at the attribute and not the property', function() {
+  it('should look at the attribute and not the property', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('tabindex', '1');
     node.tabindex = null;
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ describe('tabindex', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should pass if tabindex is NaN', function() {
+  it('should pass if tabindex is NaN', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="foobar"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
diff --git a/test/checks/label/alt-space-value.js b/test/checks/label/alt-space-value.js
index 1256b3069..603a811ad 100644
--- a/test/checks/label/alt-space-value.js
+++ b/test/checks/label/alt-space-value.js
@@ -1,30 +1,30 @@
-describe('alt-space-value', function() {
+describe('alt-space-value', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   var check = checks['alt-space-value'];
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if alt contains a space character', function() {
+  it('should return true if alt contains a space character', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt=" " />');
     assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if alt contains a non-breaking space character', function() {
+  it('should return true if alt contains a non-breaking space character', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt="&nbsp;" />');
     assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if alt attribute is empty', function() {
+  it('should return false if alt attribute is empty', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt="" />');
     assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if alt attribute has a proper text value', function() {
+  it('should return false if alt attribute has a proper text value', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt="text content" />');
     assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
diff --git a/test/checks/label/duplicate-img-label.js b/test/checks/label/duplicate-img-label.js
index f39e7fc04..1a1de7d12 100644
--- a/test/checks/label/duplicate-img-label.js
+++ b/test/checks/label/duplicate-img-label.js
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-describe('duplicate-img-label', function() {
+describe('duplicate-img-label', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
   var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should return false if no text is present', function() {
+  it('should return false if no text is present', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<button><img id="target" alt="Plain text"></button>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ describe('duplicate-img-label', function() {
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if aria-label duplicates img alt', function() {
+  it('should return false if aria-label duplicates img alt', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<button aria-label="Plain text"><img id="target" alt="Plain text"></button>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ describe('duplicate-img-label', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if img and text have different text', function() {
+  it('should return false if img and text have different text', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<button><img id="target" alt="Alt text">Plain text</button>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ describe('duplicate-img-label', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if img and text have the same text', function() {
+  it('should return true if img and text have the same text', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<button><img id="target" alt="Plain text">Plain text</button>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ describe('duplicate-img-label', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if img has ARIA label with the same text', function() {
+  it('should return true if img has ARIA label with the same text', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<button><img id="target" aria-label="Plain text">Plain text</button>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ describe('duplicate-img-label', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if img and text are both blank', function() {
+  it('should return false if img and text are both blank', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<button><img id="target" alt=""></button>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ describe('duplicate-img-label', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if img and text have superset/subset text', function() {
+  it('should return false if img and text have superset/subset text', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<button><img id="target" alt="Plain text and more">Plain text</button>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ describe('duplicate-img-label', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if img does not have required parent', function() {
+  it('should return false if img does not have required parent', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<main><img id="target" alt="Plain text and more"><p>Plain text</p></main>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ describe('duplicate-img-label', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should support options.parentSelector', function() {
+  it('should support options.parentSelector', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div aria-label="Plain text"><img id="target" alt="Plain text"></div>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ describe('duplicate-img-label', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should return true if the img is part of a shadow tree',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var button = document.createElement('div');
       button.setAttribute('role', 'button');
       button.innerHTML = 'My button';
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ describe('duplicate-img-label', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should return true if the img is a slotted element',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var button = document.createElement('div');
       button.setAttribute('role', 'button');
       button.innerHTML = '<img id="target" alt="My button">';
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ describe('duplicate-img-label', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should return false if the shadow img has a different text',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var button = document.createElement('div');
       button.setAttribute('role', 'button');
       button.innerHTML = 'My button';
diff --git a/test/checks/label/explicit.js b/test/checks/label/explicit.js
index d26703672..eafb00119 100644
--- a/test/checks/label/explicit.js
+++ b/test/checks/label/explicit.js
@@ -1,136 +1,167 @@
-describe('explicit-label', function() {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
-
-  afterEach(function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
+describe('explicit-label', () => {
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('explicit-label');
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return false if an empty label is present', function() {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns false if an empty label is present', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<label for="target"></label><input type="text" id="target">'
     );
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('explicit-label')(null, {}, vNode)
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false if the label is empty except for the target value', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<label for="target"> <input type="text" id="target" value="snacks"> </label>'
     );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if a non-empty label is present', function() {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<label for="target">Text</label><input type="text" id="target">'
+  it('returns false if an empty label is present that uses aria-labelledby', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<input type="text" id="target">' +
+        '<label for="target" aria-labelledby="lbl"></label>' +
+        '<span id="lbl">aria label</span>'
     );
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('explicit-label')(null, {}, vNode)
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true if a non-empty label is present', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<label for="target">Text</label><input type="text" id="target">'
     );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if an invisible non-empty label is present, to defer to hidden-explicit-label', function() {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('returns true if an invisible non-empty label is present, to defer to hidden-explicit-label', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<label for="target" style="display: none;">Text</label><input type="text" id="target">'
     );
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('explicit-label')(null, {}, vNode)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if a label is not present', function() {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<input type="text" id="target" />');
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('explicit-label')(null, {}, vNode)
-    );
+  it('returns false if a label is not present', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<input type="text" id="target" />');
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should work for multiple labels', function() {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
+  it('should work for multiple labels', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<label for="target"></label><label for="target">Text</label><input type="text" id="target">'
     );
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('explicit-label')(null, {}, vNode)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should return true if input and label are in the same shadow root',
-    function() {
-      var root = document.createElement('div');
-      var shadow = root.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+  describe('.data', () => {
+    it('is null if there is no label', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup('<input type="text" id="target" />');
+      checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+    });
+
+    it('includes the `explicitLabel` text of the first non-empty label', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<label for="target">  </label>' +
+          '<label for="target"> text </label>' +
+          '<label for="target"> more text </label>' +
+          '<input type="text" id="target" />'
+      );
+      checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { explicitLabel: 'text' });
+    });
+
+    it('is empty { explicitLabel: "" } if the label is empty', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<label for="target">  </label>' +
+          '<label for="target"></label>' +
+          '<input type="text" id="target" />'
+      );
+      checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { explicitLabel: '' });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('related nodes', () => {
+    it('is empty when there are no labels', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup('<input type="text" id="target" />');
+      checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.isEmpty(checkContext._relatedNodes);
+    });
+
+    it('includes each associated label', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<label for="target" id="lbl1"></label>' +
+          '<label for="target" id="lbl2"></label>' +
+          '<input type="text" id="target" />'
+      );
+      checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      const ids = checkContext._relatedNodes.map(node => '#' + node.id);
+      assert.deepEqual(ids, ['#lbl1', '#lbl2']);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('with shadow DOM', () => {
+    it('returns true if input and label are in the same shadow root', () => {
+      const root = document.createElement('div');
+      const shadow = root.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadow.innerHTML =
         '<label for="target">American band</label><input id="target">';
       fixtureSetup(root);
 
-      var vNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(shadow.querySelector('#target'));
-      assert.isTrue(
-        axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('explicit-label')(null, {}, vNode)
-      );
-    }
-  );
+      const vNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(shadow.querySelector('#target'));
+      assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode));
+    });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should return true if label content is slotted',
-    function() {
-      var root = document.createElement('div');
+    it('returns true if label content is slotted', () => {
+      const root = document.createElement('div');
       root.innerHTML = 'American band';
-      var shadow = root.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      const shadow = root.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadow.innerHTML =
         '<label for="target"><slot></slot></label><input id="target">';
       fixtureSetup(root);
 
-      var vNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(shadow.querySelector('#target'));
-      assert.isTrue(
-        axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('explicit-label')(null, {}, vNode)
-      );
-    }
-  );
+      const vNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(shadow.querySelector('#target'));
+      assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode));
+    });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should return false if input is inside shadow DOM and the label is not',
-    function() {
-      var root = document.createElement('div');
+    it('returns false if input is inside shadow DOM and the label is not', () => {
+      const root = document.createElement('div');
       root.innerHTML = '<label for="target">American band</label>';
-      var shadow = root.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      const shadow = root.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadow.innerHTML = '<slot></slot><input id="target">';
       fixtureSetup(root);
 
-      var vNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(shadow.querySelector('#target'));
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('explicit-label')(null, {}, vNode)
-      );
-    }
-  );
+      const vNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(shadow.querySelector('#target'));
+      assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode));
+    });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should return false if label is inside shadow DOM and the input is not',
-    function() {
-      var root = document.createElement('div');
+    it('returns false if label is inside shadow DOM and the input is not', () => {
+      const root = document.createElement('div');
       root.innerHTML = '<input id="target">';
-      var shadow = root.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      const shadow = root.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadow.innerHTML =
         '<label for="target">American band</label><slot></slot>';
       fixtureSetup(root);
 
-      var vNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(root.querySelector('#target'));
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('explicit-label')(null, {}, vNode)
-      );
-    }
-  );
+      const vNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(root.querySelector('#target'));
+      assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode));
+    });
+  });
 
-  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
-    it('should return undefined', function() {
-      var virtualNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  describe('SerialVirtualNode', () => {
+    it('returns undefined', () => {
+      const virtualNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'input',
         attributes: {
           type: 'text'
         }
       });
-
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('explicit-label')(null, {}, virtualNode)
-      );
+      assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, null, {}, virtualNode));
     });
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/label/help-same-as-label.js b/test/checks/label/help-same-as-label.js
index 6e991db86..8361c91bc 100644
--- a/test/checks/label/help-same-as-label.js
+++ b/test/checks/label/help-same-as-label.js
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-describe('help-same-as-label', function() {
+describe('help-same-as-label', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should return true if an element has a label and a title with the same text', function() {
+  it('should return true if an element has a label and a title with the same text', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('input');
     node.type = 'text';
     node.title = 'Duplicate';
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ describe('help-same-as-label', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if an element has a label and aria-describedby with the same text', function() {
+  it('should return true if an element has a label and aria-describedby with the same text', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('input');
     node.type = 'text';
     node.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Duplicate');
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ describe('help-same-as-label', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if input only has a title', function() {
+  it('should return false if input only has a title', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('input');
     node.type = 'text';
     node.title = 'Duplicate';
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ describe('help-same-as-label', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if an input only has aria-describedby', function() {
+  it('should return true if an input only has aria-describedby', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('input');
     node.type = 'text';
     node.setAttribute('aria-describedby', 'dby');
diff --git a/test/checks/label/hidden-explicit-label.js b/test/checks/label/hidden-explicit-label.js
index 0962dc4fe..dfb87f059 100644
--- a/test/checks/label/hidden-explicit-label.js
+++ b/test/checks/label/hidden-explicit-label.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('hidden-explicit-label', function() {
+describe('hidden-explicit-label', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ describe('hidden-explicit-label', function() {
   var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
   var check = checks['hidden-explicit-label'];
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if a hidden non-empty label is present', function() {
+  it('should return true if a hidden non-empty label is present', function () {
     var args = checkSetup(
       '<label for="target" style="display:none">Text</label><input type="text" id="target">',
       {},
@@ -20,14 +20,14 @@ describe('hidden-explicit-label', function() {
     assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(check, args));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if a visible non-empty label is present', function() {
+  it('should return false if a visible non-empty label is present', function () {
     var args = checkSetup(
       '<label for="target">Label</label><input type="text" id="target">'
     );
     assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(check, args));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if an invisible empty label is present', function() {
+  it('should return true if an invisible empty label is present', function () {
     var args = checkSetup(
       '<label for="target" style="display: none;"></label><input type="text" id="target">'
     );
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ describe('hidden-explicit-label', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should return true if content is inside of shadow DOM',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var params = shadowCheckSetup(
         '<div></div>',
         '<label for="target" style="display:none">Text</label><input type="text" id="target">'
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ describe('hidden-explicit-label', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should return false if part of the pairing is inside of shadow DOM',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var params = shadowCheckSetup(
         '<div><label for="target" style="display:none">Text</label></div>',
         '<input type="text" id="target">'
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ describe('hidden-explicit-label', function() {
     }
   );
 
-  it('should fail when the label has aria-hidden=true', function() {
+  it('should fail when the label has aria-hidden=true', function () {
     var html = '';
     html += '<div>';
     html += '  <label for="target" aria-hidden="true">';
@@ -70,9 +70,9 @@ describe('hidden-explicit-label', function() {
     assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(check, args));
   });
 
-  describe('if the label is hidden', function() {
-    describe('and the element has an accessible name', function() {
-      it('should not fail', function() {
+  describe('if the label is hidden', function () {
+    describe('and the element has an accessible name', function () {
+      it('should not fail', function () {
         var html = '';
 
         html += '<div>';
@@ -88,8 +88,8 @@ describe('hidden-explicit-label', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
-    it('should return false if no id', function() {
+  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
+    it('should return false if no id', function () {
       var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'input',
         attributes: {
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ describe('hidden-explicit-label', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return undefined if it has id', function() {
+    it('should return undefined if it has id', function () {
       var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'input',
         attributes: {
diff --git a/test/checks/label/implicit.js b/test/checks/label/implicit.js
index 60aa16860..83eae364b 100644
--- a/test/checks/label/implicit.js
+++ b/test/checks/label/implicit.js
@@ -1,79 +1,109 @@
-describe('implicit-label', function() {
-  'use strict';
+describe('implicit-label', () => {
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('implicit-label');
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  afterEach(() => {
+    checkContext.reset();
+  });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
-    axe._tree = undefined;
+  it('returns false if an empty label is present', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup('<label><input type="text" id="target"></label>');
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if an empty label is present', function() {
-    fixtureSetup('<label><input type="text" id="target"></label>');
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(node);
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('implicit-label')(null, {}, virtualNode)
+  it('returns false on an empty label when then control has a value', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<label><input type="text" id="target" value="snacks"></label>'
     );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if an invisible non-empty label is present', function() {
-    fixtureSetup(
+  it('returns false if an invisible non-empty label is present', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
       '<label><span style="display: none">Text</span> <input type="text" id="target"></label>'
     );
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(node);
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('implicit-label')(null, {}, virtualNode)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if a non-empty label is present', function() {
-    fixtureSetup('<label>Text <input type="text" id="target"></label>');
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(node);
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('implicit-label')(null, {}, virtualNode)
+  it('returns true if a non-empty label is present', () => {
+    const params = checkSetup(
+      '<label>Text <input type="text" id="target"></label>'
     );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if a label is not present', function() {
-    var node = document.createElement('input');
+  it('returns false if a label is not present', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('input');
     node.type = 'text';
     fixtureSetup(node);
+    const virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(node);
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, null, {}, virtualNode));
+  });
 
-    var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(node);
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('implicit-label')(null, {}, virtualNode)
-    );
+  describe('data', () => {
+    it('is null if there is no label', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup('<input type="text" id="target">');
+      checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+    });
+
+    it('includes the implicit label if one is set', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<label>Some <input type="text" id="target"> text</label>'
+      );
+      checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { implicitLabel: 'Some text' });
+    });
+
+    it('has { implicitLabel: "" } when the label is empty', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<label> <input type="text" id="target"> </label>'
+      );
+      checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { implicitLabel: '' });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('relatedNodes', () => {
+    it('is null if there is no label', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup('<input type="text" id="target">');
+      checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.isEmpty(checkContext._relatedNodes);
+    });
+
+    it('includes the nearest label as its related node', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<label id="lbl"> <input type="text" id="target"> </label>'
+      );
+      checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      const ids = checkContext._relatedNodes.map(node => '#' + node.id);
+      assert.deepEqual(ids, ['#lbl']);
+    });
   });
 
-  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
-    it('should return false if no implicit label', function() {
-      var virtualNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  describe('SerialVirtualNode', () => {
+    it('returns false if no implicit label', () => {
+      const virtualNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'input',
         attributes: {
           type: 'text'
         }
       });
       virtualNode.parent = null;
-
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('implicit-label')(null, {}, virtualNode)
-      );
+      assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, null, {}, virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return undefined if tree is not complete', function() {
-      var virtualNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('returns undefined if tree is not complete', () => {
+      const virtualNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'input',
         attributes: {
           type: 'text'
         }
       });
-
       assert.isUndefined(
-        axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('implicit-label')(null, {}, virtualNode)
+        checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, null, {}, virtualNode)
       );
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/checks/label/label-content-name-mismatch.js b/test/checks/label/label-content-name-mismatch.js
index 7e3b23517..76b25bdb5 100644
--- a/test/checks/label/label-content-name-mismatch.js
+++ b/test/checks/label/label-content-name-mismatch.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('label-content-name-mismatch tests', function() {
+describe('label-content-name-mismatch tests', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch tests', function() {
 
   var fontApiSupport = !!document.fonts;
 
-  before(function(done) {
+  before(function (done) {
     if (!fontApiSupport) {
       done();
     }
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch tests', function() {
       'Material Icons',
       'url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/materialicons/v48/flUhRq6tzZclQEJ-Vdg-IuiaDsNcIhQ8tQ.woff2)'
     );
-    materialFont.load().then(function() {
+    materialFont.load().then(function () {
       document.fonts.add(materialFont);
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns true when visible text and accessible name (`aria-label`) matches (text sanitized)', function() {
+  it('returns true when visible text and accessible name (`aria-label`) matches (text sanitized)', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="link" aria-label="next page &nbsp ">next page</div>'
     );
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when visible text and accessible name (`aria-label`) matches (character insensitive)', function() {
+  it('returns true when visible text and accessible name (`aria-label`) matches (character insensitive)', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="link" aria-label="Next Page">next pAge</div>'
     );
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when visible text and accessible name (`aria-labelledby`) matches (character insensitive & text sanitized)', function() {
+  it('returns true when visible text and accessible name (`aria-labelledby`) matches (character insensitive & text sanitized)', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" aria-labelledby="yourLabel">UNTIL THE VeRy EnD</div>' +
         '<div id="yourLabel">uNtIl the very end  &nbsp</div>'
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when visible text is contained in the accessible name', function() {
+  it('returns true when visible text is contained in the accessible name', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" name="link" aria-label="Next Page in the list">Next Page</button>'
     );
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when visible text doesn’t match accessible name', function() {
+  it('returns false when visible text doesn’t match accessible name', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="link" aria-label="OK">Next</div>'
     );
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when not all of visible text is included in accessible name', function() {
+  it('returns false when not all of visible text is included in accessible name', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" name="link" aria-label="the full">The full label</button>'
     );
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element has non-matching accessible name (`aria-labelledby`) and text content', function() {
+  it('returns false when element has non-matching accessible name (`aria-labelledby`) and text content', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div role="button" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo">some content</div>' +
         '<div id="foo">123</div>'
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when visible text excluding emoji is part of accessible name', function() {
+  it('returns true when visible text excluding emoji is part of accessible name', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="I would like a burger">I would like a 🍔 </button>'
     );
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when visible text excluding punctuations/ symbols is part of accessible name', function() {
+  it('returns true when visible text excluding punctuations/ symbols is part of accessible name', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="next page">next page &gt;&gt;</button>'
     );
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch tests', function() {
 
   (fontApiSupport ? it : it.skip)(
     'returns true when visible text excluding ligature icon is part of accessible name',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<button id="target" aria-label="next page">next page <span style="font-family: \'Material Icons\'">delete</span></button>'
       );
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch tests', function() {
     }
   );
 
-  it('returns true when visible text excluding private use unicode is part of accessible name', function() {
+  it('returns true when visible text excluding private use unicode is part of accessible name', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="Favorites"> Favorites</button>'
     );
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined (needs review) when visible text name is only an emoji', function() {
+  it('returns undefined (needs review) when visible text name is only an emoji', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="comet">☄️</button>'
     );
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch tests', function() {
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined (needs review) when accessible name is an emoji', function() {
+  it('returns undefined (needs review) when accessible name is an emoji', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="☄️">shooting star</button>'
     );
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch tests', function() {
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined (needs review) for visible text is single characters (punctuation) used as icon', function() {
+  it('returns undefined (needs review) for visible text is single characters (punctuation) used as icon', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="help">?</button>'
     );
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch tests', function() {
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined (needs review) for unicode as accessible name and text content', function() {
+  it('returns undefined (needs review) for unicode as accessible name and text content', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="&#x1F354">&#x1F354</button>'
     );
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch tests', function() {
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined (needs review) for unicode text content', function() {
+  it('returns undefined (needs review) for unicode text content', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="close">&#10060;</button>'
     );
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch tests', function() {
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined (needs review) when punctuation is used as text content', function() {
+  it('returns undefined (needs review) when punctuation is used as text content', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="wink">;)</button>'
     );
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch tests', function() {
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when normal text content which is punctuated', function() {
+  it('returns true when normal text content which is punctuated', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="I like football but I prefer cycling more">I like football, but I prefer cycling more.</button>'
     );
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when normal puntuated text content is not contained in accessible name is punctuated', function() {
+  it('returns false when normal puntuated text content is not contained in accessible name is punctuated', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="I like football">I like cycling more!!!</button>'
     );
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when text contains <br/>', function() {
+  it('returns true when text contains <br/>', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="button label">button<br>label</button>'
     );
diff --git a/test/checks/label/multiple-label.js b/test/checks/label/multiple-label.js
index 55a411855..3e40cb97d 100644
--- a/test/checks/label/multiple-label.js
+++ b/test/checks/label/multiple-label.js
@@ -1,18 +1,19 @@
-describe('multiple-label', function() {
+describe('multiple-label', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if there are multiple implicit labels', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<label id="l2"><label id="l1"><input type="text" id="target"></label></label>';
+  it('should return undefined if there are multiple implicit labels', function () {
+    fixtureSetup(
+      '<label id="l2"><label id="l1"><input type="text" id="target"></label></label>'
+    );
     var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     var l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
     var l2 = fixture.querySelector('#l2');
@@ -24,9 +25,8 @@ describe('multiple-label', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [l1, l2]);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if there is only one implicit label', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<label id="l1"><input type="text" id="target"></label>';
+  it('should return false if there is only one implicit label', function () {
+    fixtureSetup('<label id="l1"><input type="text" id="target"></label>');
     var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     var l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -37,12 +37,13 @@ describe('multiple-label', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [l1]);
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if there are multiple explicit labels', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
+  it('should return undefined if there are multiple explicit labels', function () {
+    fixtureSetup(
       '<label id="l1" for="target">Foo</label>' +
-      '<label id="l2" for="target">Bar</label>' +
-      '<label id="l3" for="target">Bat</label>' +
-      '<input type="text" id="target">';
+        '<label id="l2" for="target">Bar</label>' +
+        '<label id="l3" for="target">Bat</label>' +
+        '<input type="text" id="target">'
+    );
     var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     var l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
     var l2 = fixture.querySelector('#l2');
@@ -55,9 +56,10 @@ describe('multiple-label', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [l1, l2, l3]);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if there is only one explicit label', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<label id="l1" for="target">Foo</label><input type="text" id="target">';
+  it('should return false if there is only one explicit label', function () {
+    fixtureSetup(
+      '<label id="l1" for="target">Foo</label><input type="text" id="target">'
+    );
     var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     var l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -68,11 +70,12 @@ describe('multiple-label', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [l1]);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if there are multiple explicit labels but one is hidden', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
+  it('should return false if there are multiple explicit labels but one is hidden', function () {
+    fixtureSetup(
       '<label for="test-input2" id="l1">label one</label>' +
-      '<label for="test-input2" style="display:none" id="lnone">label two</label>' +
-      '<input id="test-input2" type="text">';
+        '<label for="test-input2" style="display:none" id="lnone">label two</label>' +
+        '<input id="test-input2" type="text">'
+    );
     var target = fixture.querySelector('#test-input2');
     var l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -83,12 +86,28 @@ describe('multiple-label', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [l1]);
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if there are multiple explicit labels but some are hidden', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
+  it('should return undefined if there are multiple implicit labels and one is visually hidden', function () {
+    fixtureSetup(
+      '<label id="l2"><label id="l1" style="opacity: 0"><input type="text" id="target"></label></label>'
+    );
+    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    var l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
+    var l2 = fixture.querySelector('#l2');
+    assert.isUndefined(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('multiple-label')
+        .call(checkContext, target)
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [l1, l2]);
+  });
+
+  it('should return undefined if there are multiple explicit labels but some are hidden', function () {
+    fixtureSetup(
       '<label for="me" id="l1">visible</label>' +
-      '<label for="me" style="display:none;" id="l2">hidden</label>' +
-      '<label for="me" id="l3">visible</label>' +
-      '<input id="me" type="text">';
+        '<label for="me" style="display:none;" id="l2">hidden</label>' +
+        '<label for="me" id="l3">visible</label>' +
+        '<input id="me" type="text">'
+    );
     var target = fixture.querySelector('#me');
     var l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
     var l3 = fixture.querySelector('#l3');
@@ -100,9 +119,44 @@ describe('multiple-label', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [l1, l3]);
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if there are implicit and explicit labels', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<label id="l1" for="target">Foo</label><label id="l2"><input type="text" id="target"></label>';
+  it('should return undefined if there are multiple explicit labels and one is visually hidden', function () {
+    fixtureSetup(
+      '<label for="me" id="l1">visible</label>' +
+        '<label for="me" id="l2" style="opacity: 0">visible</label>' +
+        '<input id="me" type="text">'
+    );
+    var target = fixture.querySelector('#me');
+    var l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
+    var l2 = fixture.querySelector('#l2');
+    assert.isUndefined(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('multiple-label')
+        .call(checkContext, target)
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [l1, l2]);
+  });
+
+  it('should return undefined if there are multiple explicit labels and one is screen reader hidden', function () {
+    fixtureSetup(
+      '<label for="me" id="l1">visible</label>' +
+        '<label for="me" id="l2" aria-hidden="true">visible</label>' +
+        '<input id="me" type="text">'
+    );
+    var target = fixture.querySelector('#me');
+    var l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
+    var l2 = fixture.querySelector('#l2');
+    assert.isUndefined(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('multiple-label')
+        .call(checkContext, target)
+    );
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [l1, l2]);
+  });
+
+  it('should return undefined if there are implicit and explicit labels', function () {
+    fixtureSetup(
+      '<label id="l1" for="target">Foo</label><label id="l2"><input type="text" id="target"></label>'
+    );
     var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     var l1 = fixture.querySelector('#l1');
     var l2 = fixture.querySelector('#l2');
@@ -114,9 +168,10 @@ describe('multiple-label', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [l1, l2]);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if there an implicit label uses for attribute', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<label for="target">Foo<input type="text" id="target"></label>';
+  it('should return false if there an implicit label uses for attribute', function () {
+    fixtureSetup(
+      '<label for="target">Foo<input type="text" id="target"></label>'
+    );
     var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -125,14 +180,16 @@ describe('multiple-label', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined given multiple labels and no aria-labelledby', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="checkbox" id="A">';
-    fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="A">Please</label>';
-    fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="A">Excuse</label>';
-    fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="A">My</label>';
-    fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="A">Dear</label>';
-    fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="A">Aunt</label>';
-    fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="A">Sally</label>';
+  it('should return undefined given multiple labels and no aria-labelledby', function () {
+    fixtureSetup(
+      '<input type="checkbox" id="A">' +
+        '<label for="A">Please</label>' +
+        '<label for="A">Excuse</label>' +
+        '<label for="A">My</label>' +
+        '<label for="A">Dear</label>' +
+        '<label for="A">Aunt</label>' +
+        '<label for="A">Sally</label>'
+    );
     var target = fixture.querySelector('#A');
     assert.isUndefined(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -141,14 +198,16 @@ describe('multiple-label', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined given multiple labels, one label AT visible, and no aria-labelledby', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="checkbox" id="B">';
-    fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="B">Please</label>';
-    fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="B" aria-hidden="true">Excuse</label>';
-    fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="B" aria-hidden="true">My</label>';
-    fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="B" aria-hidden="true">Dear</label>';
-    fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="B" aria-hidden="true">Aunt</label>';
-    fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="B" aria-hidden="true">Sally</label>';
+  it('should return undefined given multiple labels, one label AT visible, and no aria-labelledby', function () {
+    fixtureSetup(
+      '<input type="checkbox" id="B">' +
+        '<label for="B">Please</label>' +
+        '<label for="B" aria-hidden="true">Excuse</label>' +
+        '<label for="B" aria-hidden="true">My</label>' +
+        '<label for="B" aria-hidden="true">Dear</label>' +
+        '<label for="B" aria-hidden="true">Aunt</label>' +
+        '<label for="B" aria-hidden="true">Sally</label>'
+    );
     var target = fixture.querySelector('#B');
     assert.isUndefined(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -157,10 +216,12 @@ describe('multiple-label', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false given multiple labels, one label AT visible, and aria-labelledby for AT visible', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="checkbox" id="D" aria-labelledby="E"/>';
-    fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="D" aria-hidden="true">Please</label>';
-    fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="D" id="E">Excuse</label>';
+  it('should return false given multiple labels, one label AT visible, and aria-labelledby for AT visible', function () {
+    fixtureSetup(
+      '<input type="checkbox" id="D" aria-labelledby="E"/>' +
+        '<label for="D" aria-hidden="true">Please</label>' +
+        '<label for="D" id="E">Excuse</label>'
+    );
     var target = fixture.querySelector('#D');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -169,11 +230,12 @@ describe('multiple-label', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false given multiple labels, one label AT visible, and aria-labelledby for all', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="checkbox" id="F" aria-labelledby="G H"/>';
-    fixture.innerHTML +=
-      '<label for="F" id="G" aria-hidden="true">Please</label>';
-    fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="F" id="H">Excuse</label>';
+  it('should return false given multiple labels, one label AT visible, and aria-labelledby for all', function () {
+    fixtureSetup(
+      '<input type="checkbox" id="F" aria-labelledby="G H"/>' +
+        '<label for="F" id="G" aria-hidden="true">Please</label>' +
+        '<label for="F" id="H">Excuse</label>'
+    );
     var target = fixture.querySelector('#F');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -182,10 +244,12 @@ describe('multiple-label', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false given multiple labels, one label visible, and no aria-labelledby', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="checkbox" id="I"/>';
-    fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="I" style="display:none">Please</label>';
-    fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="I" >Excuse</label>';
+  it('should return false given multiple labels, one label visible, and no aria-labelledby', function () {
+    fixtureSetup(
+      '<input type="checkbox" id="I"/>' +
+        '<label for="I" style="display:none">Please</label>' +
+        '<label for="I" >Excuse</label>'
+    );
     var target = fixture.querySelector('#I');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -194,15 +258,16 @@ describe('multiple-label', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined given multiple labels, all visible, aria-labelledby for all', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<input type="checkbox" id="J" aria-labelledby="K L M N O P">';
-    fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="J" id="K">Please</label>';
-    fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="J" id="L">Excuse</label>';
-    fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="J" id="M">My</label>';
-    fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="J" id="N">Dear</label>';
-    fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="J" id="O">Aunt</label>';
-    fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="J" id="P">Sally</label>';
+  it('should return undefined given multiple labels, all visible, aria-labelledby for all', function () {
+    fixtureSetup(
+      '<input type="checkbox" id="J" aria-labelledby="K L M N O P">' +
+        '<label for="J" id="K">Please</label>' +
+        '<label for="J" id="L">Excuse</label>' +
+        '<label for="J" id="M">My</label>' +
+        '<label for="J" id="N">Dear</label>' +
+        '<label for="J" id="O">Aunt</label>' +
+        '<label for="J" id="P">Sally</label>'
+    );
     var target = fixture.querySelector('#J');
     assert.isUndefined(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -211,10 +276,12 @@ describe('multiple-label', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined given multiple labels, one AT visible, no aria-labelledby', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="checkbox" id="Q"/>';
-    fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="Q" aria-hidden="true"></label>';
-    fixture.innerHTML += '<label for="Q" >Excuse</label>';
+  it('should return undefined given multiple labels, one AT visible, no aria-labelledby', function () {
+    fixtureSetup(
+      '<input type="checkbox" id="Q"/>' +
+        '<label for="Q" aria-hidden="true"></label>' +
+        '<label for="Q" >Excuse</label>'
+    );
     var target = fixture.querySelector('#Q');
     assert.isUndefined(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -225,13 +292,14 @@ describe('multiple-label', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'should consider labels in the same document/shadow tree',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div>';
       var target = document.querySelector('#target');
       var shadowRoot = target.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadowRoot.innerHTML =
         '<input id="myinput" /><label for="myinput">normal</label>';
       var shadowTarget = target.shadowRoot;
+      fixtureSetup();
       assert.isFalse(
         axe.testUtils
           .getCheckEvaluate('multiple-label')
@@ -242,7 +310,7 @@ describe('multiple-label', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'should return false for valid multiple labels in the same document/shadow tree',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div>';
       var target = document.querySelector('#target');
       var shadowRoot = target.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
@@ -250,6 +318,7 @@ describe('multiple-label', function() {
       innerHTML += '<label for="D" aria-hidden="true">Please</label>';
       innerHTML += '<label for="D" id="E">Excuse</label>';
       shadowRoot.innerHTML = innerHTML;
+      fixtureSetup();
       var shadowTarget = target.shadowRoot;
       assert.isFalse(
         axe.testUtils
@@ -261,7 +330,7 @@ describe('multiple-label', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'should return undefined for invalid multiple labels in the same document/shadow tree',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div>';
       var target = document.querySelector('#target');
       var shadowRoot = target.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
@@ -269,6 +338,7 @@ describe('multiple-label', function() {
       innerHTML += '<label for="Q" aria-hidden="true"></label>';
       innerHTML += '<label for="Q" >Excuse</label>';
       shadowRoot.innerHTML = innerHTML;
+      fixtureSetup();
       var shadowTarget = target.shadowRoot;
       assert.isUndefined(
         axe.testUtils
diff --git a/test/checks/label/title-only.js b/test/checks/label/title-only.js
index 553bb4275..e1439650c 100644
--- a/test/checks/label/title-only.js
+++ b/test/checks/label/title-only.js
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-describe('title-only', function() {
+describe('title-only', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should return true if an element only has a title', function() {
+  it('should return true if an element only has a title', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('input');
     node.type = 'text';
     node.title = 'Duplicate';
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ describe('title-only', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if an element only has aria-describedby', function() {
+  it('should return true if an element only has aria-describedby', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('input');
     node.type = 'text';
     node.setAttribute('aria-describedby', 'dby');
diff --git a/test/checks/landmarks/landmark-is-unique-after.js b/test/checks/landmarks/landmark-is-unique-after.js
index 4e77546d1..81eb404d3 100644
--- a/test/checks/landmarks/landmark-is-unique-after.js
+++ b/test/checks/landmarks/landmark-is-unique-after.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('landmark-is-unique-after', function() {
+describe('landmark-is-unique-after', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
@@ -21,12 +21,12 @@ describe('landmark-is-unique-after', function() {
     });
   }
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     axe._tree = undefined;
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should update duplicate landmarks with failed result', function() {
+  it('should update duplicate landmarks with failed result', function () {
     var result = checks['landmark-is-unique'].after([
       createResultWithSameRelatedNodes(true, {
         role: 'some role',
diff --git a/test/checks/landmarks/landmark-is-unique.js b/test/checks/landmarks/landmark-is-unique.js
index 145aef7a8..9351b3d53 100644
--- a/test/checks/landmarks/landmark-is-unique.js
+++ b/test/checks/landmarks/landmark-is-unique.js
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
-describe('landmark-is-unique', function() {
+describe('landmark-is-unique', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var checkContext = new axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   var fixture;
   var axeFixtureSetup;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
     axeFixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     axe._tree = undefined;
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true, with correct role and no accessible text', function() {
+  it('should return true, with correct role and no accessible text', function () {
     axeFixtureSetup('<div role="main">test</div>');
     var node = fixture.querySelector('div');
     var expectedData = {
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ describe('landmark-is-unique', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [node]);
   });
 
-  it('should return true, with correct role and the accessible text lowercased', function() {
+  it('should return true, with correct role and the accessible text lowercased', function () {
     axeFixtureSetup('<div role="main" aria-label="TEST text">test</div>');
     var node = fixture.querySelector('div');
     var expectedData = {
diff --git a/test/checks/language/has-lang.js b/test/checks/language/has-lang.js
index edc786977..7d8c18c62 100644
--- a/test/checks/language/has-lang.js
+++ b/test/checks/language/has-lang.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('has-lang', function() {
+describe('has-lang', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -6,25 +6,25 @@ describe('has-lang', function() {
   var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
   var hasLangEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-lang');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if a lang attribute is present', function() {
+  it('should return true if a lang attribute is present', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="woohoo"></div>');
 
     assert.isTrue(hasLangEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if only `xml:lang` attribute is present', function() {
+  it('should return false if only `xml:lang` attribute is present', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" xml:lang="cats"></div>');
 
     assert.isFalse(hasLangEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'noXHTML');
   });
 
-  it('should return true if both `lang` and `xml:lang` attribute is present', function() {
+  it('should return true if both `lang` and `xml:lang` attribute is present', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" lang="cats" xml:lang="cats"></div>'
     );
@@ -32,21 +32,21 @@ describe('has-lang', function() {
     assert.isTrue(hasLangEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if xml:lang and lang attributes are not present', function() {
+  it('should return false if xml:lang and lang attributes are not present', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<div id="target"></div>');
 
     assert.isFalse(hasLangEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'noLang');
   });
 
-  it('should return false if lang is left empty', function() {
+  it('should return false if lang is left empty', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang=""></div>');
 
     assert.isFalse(hasLangEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'noLang');
   });
 
-  it('should support options.attributes', function() {
+  it('should support options.attributes', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" foo="cats"></div>', {
       attributes: ['foo']
     });
diff --git a/test/checks/language/valid-lang.js b/test/checks/language/valid-lang.js
index f4f553e77..a42baa206 100644
--- a/test/checks/language/valid-lang.js
+++ b/test/checks/language/valid-lang.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('valid-lang', function() {
+describe('valid-lang', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -6,61 +6,61 @@ describe('valid-lang', function() {
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   var validLangEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('valid-lang');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return false if a lang attribute is present in options', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="woohoo"></div>', {
+  it('should return false if a lang attribute is present in options', function () {
+    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="woohoo">text</div>', {
       value: ['blah', 'blah', 'woohoo']
     });
 
     assert.isFalse(validLangEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should lowercase options and attribute first', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="wooHOo"></div>', {
+  it('should lowercase options and attribute first', function () {
+    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="wooHOo">text</div>', {
       value: ['blah', 'blah', 'wOohoo']
     });
 
     assert.isFalse(validLangEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if a lang attribute is not present in options', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="FOO"></div>');
+  it('should return true if a lang attribute is not present in options', function () {
+    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="FOO">text</div>');
 
     assert.isTrue(validLangEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['lang="FOO"']);
   });
 
-  it('should return false (and not throw) when given no present in options', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="en"></div>');
+  it('should return false (and not throw) when given no present in options', function () {
+    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="en">text</div>');
 
     assert.isFalse(validLangEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the language is badly formatted', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="en_US"></div>');
+  it('should return true if the language is badly formatted', function () {
+    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="en_US">text</div>');
 
     assert.isTrue(validLangEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['lang="en_US"']);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if it matches a substring proceeded by -', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="en-LOL"></div>');
+  it('should return false if it matches a substring proceeded by -', function () {
+    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="en-LOL">text</div>');
 
     assert.isFalse(validLangEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should work with xml:lang', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" xml:lang="en-LOL"></div>');
+  it('should work with xml:lang', function () {
+    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" xml:lang="en-LOL">text</div>');
 
     assert.isFalse(validLangEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should accept options.attributes', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" custom-lang="en_US"></div>', {
+  it('should accept options.attributes', function () {
+    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" custom-lang="en_US">text</div>', {
       attributes: ['custom-lang']
     });
 
@@ -68,9 +68,16 @@ describe('valid-lang', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['custom-lang="en_US"']);
   });
 
-  it('should return true if lang value is just whitespace', function() {
-    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="  "></div>');
+  it('should return true if lang value is just whitespace', function () {
+    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="  ">text</div>');
 
     assert.isTrue(validLangEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
+
+  it('should return false if a lang attribute element has no content', function () {
+    var params = checkSetup('<div id="target" lang="FOO"></div>');
+
+    assert.isFalse(validLangEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, null);
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/language/xml-lang-mismatch.js b/test/checks/language/xml-lang-mismatch.js
index 8d7cdf334..7c47213cf 100644
--- a/test/checks/language/xml-lang-mismatch.js
+++ b/test/checks/language/xml-lang-mismatch.js
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-describe('xml-lang-mismatch', function() {
+describe('xml-lang-mismatch', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     // using a div element (instead of html), as the check is agnostic of element type
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ describe('xml-lang-mismatch', function() {
   // hence below tests are only for HTML element, although the logic in the check looks for matches in value os lang and xml:lang
   // rather than node type match - hence the check can be re-used.
 
-  it('should return false if a only lang is supplied', function() {
+  it('should return false if a only lang is supplied', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" lang="en"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ describe('xml-lang-mismatch', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if a only xml:lang is supplied albeit with region', function() {
+  it('should return false if a only xml:lang is supplied albeit with region', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" xml:lang="fr-FR"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ describe('xml-lang-mismatch', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if lang is undefined', function() {
+  it('should return false if lang is undefined', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('lang', undefined);
     var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(node);
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ describe('xml-lang-mismatch', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if lang and xml:lang is identical', function() {
+  it('should return true if lang and xml:lang is identical', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" xml:lang="en-GB" lang="en-GB"></div>'
     );
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ describe('xml-lang-mismatch', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if lang and xml:lang have identical primary sub tag', function() {
+  it('should return true if lang and xml:lang have identical primary sub tag', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-GB"></div>'
     );
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ describe('xml-lang-mismatch', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if lang and xml:lang are not identical', function() {
+  it('should return false if lang and xml:lang are not identical', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" xml:lang="fr-FR" lang="en"></div>'
     );
diff --git a/test/checks/lists/dlitem.js b/test/checks/lists/dlitem.js
index a58fdefc8..f9853dfd6 100644
--- a/test/checks/lists/dlitem.js
+++ b/test/checks/lists/dlitem.js
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
-describe('dlitem', function() {
+describe('dlitem', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
   var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should pass if the dlitem has a parent <dl>', function() {
+  it('should pass if the dlitem has a parent <dl>', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup('<dl><dt id="target">My list item</dt></dl>');
 
     assert.isTrue(checks.dlitem.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should fail if the dt element has an incorrect parent', function() {
+  it('should fail if the dt element has an incorrect parent', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<video><dt id="target">My list item</dt></video>'
     );
@@ -23,51 +23,51 @@ describe('dlitem', function() {
     assert.isFalse(checks.dlitem.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should pass if the dt element has a parent <dl> with role="list"', function() {
+  it('should pass if the dt element has a parent <dl> with role="list"', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl role="list"><dt id="target">My list item</dt></dl>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checks.dlitem.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should pass if the dt element has a parent <dl> with role="presentation"', function() {
+  it('should pass if the dt element has a parent <dl> with role="presentation"', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl role="presentation"><dt id="target">My list item</dt></dl>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checks.dlitem.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should fail if the dt element has a parent <dl> with a changed role', function() {
+  it('should fail if the dt element has a parent <dl> with a changed role', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl role="menubar"><dt id="target">My list item<</dt>/dl>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(checks.dlitem.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should pass if the dt element has a parent <dl> with an abstract role', function() {
+  it('should pass if the dt element has a parent <dl> with an abstract role', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl role="section"><dt id="target">My list item</dt></dl>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checks.dlitem.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should pass if the dt element has a parent <dl> with an invalid role', function() {
+  it('should pass if the dt element has a parent <dl> with an invalid role', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl role="invalid-role"><dt id="target">My list item</dt></dl>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checks.dlitem.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should fail if the dt element has a parent <dl> with a changed role', function() {
+  it('should fail if the dt element has a parent <dl> with a changed role', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl role="menubar"><dt id="target">My list item</dt></dl>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(checks.dlitem.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the dd/dt is in a div with a dl as grandparent', function() {
+  it('returns true if the dd/dt is in a div with a dl as grandparent', function () {
     var nodeNames = ['dd', 'dt'];
-    nodeNames.forEach(function(nodeName) {
+    nodeNames.forEach(function (nodeName) {
       var checkArgs = checkSetup(
         '<dl><div><' +
           nodeName +
@@ -79,9 +79,9 @@ describe('dlitem', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the dd/dt is in a div with a role with a dl as grandparent with a list role', function() {
+  it('returns false if the dd/dt is in a div with a role with a dl as grandparent with a list role', function () {
     var nodeNames = ['dd', 'dt'];
-    nodeNames.forEach(function(nodeName) {
+    nodeNames.forEach(function (nodeName) {
       var checkArgs = checkSetup(
         '<dl><div role="list"><' +
           nodeName +
@@ -93,9 +93,9 @@ describe('dlitem', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the dd/dt is in a div[role=presentation] with a dl as grandparent', function() {
+  it('returns false if the dd/dt is in a div[role=presentation] with a dl as grandparent', function () {
     var nodeNames = ['dd', 'dt'];
-    nodeNames.forEach(function(nodeName) {
+    nodeNames.forEach(function (nodeName) {
       var checkArgs = checkSetup(
         '<dl><div role="presentation"><' +
           nodeName +
@@ -107,9 +107,9 @@ describe('dlitem', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the dd/dt is in a div[role=none] with a dl as grandparent', function() {
+  it('returns false if the dd/dt is in a div[role=none] with a dl as grandparent', function () {
     var nodeNames = ['dd', 'dt'];
-    nodeNames.forEach(function(nodeName) {
+    nodeNames.forEach(function (nodeName) {
       var checkArgs = checkSetup(
         '<dl><div role="none"><' +
           nodeName +
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ describe('dlitem', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should return true in a shadow DOM pass',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var node = document.createElement('div');
       node.innerHTML = '<dt>My list item </dt>';
       var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ describe('dlitem', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should return false in a shadow DOM fail',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var node = document.createElement('div');
       node.innerHTML = '<dt>My list item </dt>';
       var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ describe('dlitem', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should return true when the item is grouped in dl > div in a shadow DOM',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var node = document.createElement('div');
       node.innerHTML = '<dt>My list item </dt>';
       var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
diff --git a/test/checks/lists/listitem.js b/test/checks/lists/listitem.js
index b9045e393..24b6adeb5 100644
--- a/test/checks/lists/listitem.js
+++ b/test/checks/lists/listitem.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('listitem', function() {
+describe('listitem', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
@@ -7,80 +7,80 @@ describe('listitem', function() {
   var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
   var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('listitem');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should pass if the listitem has a parent <ol>', function() {
+  it('should pass if the listitem has a parent <ol>', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<ol><li id="target">My list item</li></ol>');
-    var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params)
+    var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it('should pass if the listitem has a parent <ul>', function() {
+  it('should pass if the listitem has a parent <ul>', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<ul><li id="target">My list item</li></ul>');
-    var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params)
+    var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it('should pass if the listitem has a parent role=list', function() {
+  it('should pass if the listitem has a parent role=list', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div role="list"><li id="target">My list item</li></div>'
     );
-    var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params)
+    var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it('should pass if the listitem has a parent role=none', function() {
+  it('should pass if the listitem has a parent role=none', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<ul role="none"><li id="target">My list item</li></ul>'
     );
-    var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params)
+    var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it('should pass if the listitem has a parent role=presentation', function() {
+  it('should pass if the listitem has a parent role=presentation', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<ul role="presentation"><li id="target">My list item</li></ul>'
     );
-    var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params)
+    var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it('should fail if the listitem has an incorrect parent', function() {
+  it('should fail if the listitem has an incorrect parent', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<div><li id="target">My list item</li></div>');
-    var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params)
+    var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('should fail if the listitem has a parent <ol> with changed role', function() {
+  it('should fail if the listitem has a parent <ol> with changed role', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<ol role="menubar"><li id="target">My list item</li></ol>'
     );
-    var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params)
+    var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isFalse(result);
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'roleNotValid');
   });
 
-  it('should pass if the listitem has a parent <ol> with an invalid role', function() {
+  it('should pass if the listitem has a parent <ol> with an invalid role', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<ol role="invalid-role"><li id="target">My list item</li></ol>'
     );
-    var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params)
+    var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it('should pass if the listitem has a parent <ol> with an abstract role', function() {
+  it('should pass if the listitem has a parent <ol> with an abstract role', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<ol role="section"><li id="target">My list item</li></ol>'
     );
-    var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params)
+    var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should return true in a shadow DOM pass',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var node = document.createElement('div');
       node.innerHTML = '<li id="target">My list item </li>';
       var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
@@ -88,14 +88,18 @@ describe('listitem', function() {
       fixtureSetup(node);
       var target = node.querySelector('#target');
       var virtualTarget = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target);
-      var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, [target, {}, virtualTarget])
+      var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, [
+        target,
+        {},
+        virtualTarget
+      ]);
       assert.isTrue(result);
     }
   );
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should return false in a shadow DOM fail',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var node = document.createElement('div');
       node.innerHTML = '<li id="target">My list item </li>';
       var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
@@ -103,7 +107,11 @@ describe('listitem', function() {
       fixtureSetup(node);
       var target = node.querySelector('#target');
       var virtualTarget = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target);
-      var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, [target, {}, virtualTarget])
+      var result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, [
+        target,
+        {},
+        virtualTarget
+      ]);
       assert.isFalse(result);
     }
   );
diff --git a/test/checks/lists/only-dlitems.js b/test/checks/lists/only-dlitems.js
index 6021e857f..fd7af0dc0 100644
--- a/test/checks/lists/only-dlitems.js
+++ b/test/checks/lists/only-dlitems.js
@@ -1,355 +1,227 @@
-describe('only-dlitems', function() {
-  'use strict';
+describe('only-dlitems', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems');
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
-  var isIE11 = axe.testUtils.isIE11;
-
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-
-  afterEach(function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the list has no contents', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<dl id="target"></dl>');
-
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+  it('should return false if the list has no contents', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<dl id="target"></dl>');
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the list has non-dd/dt contents', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<dl id="target"><p>Not a list</p></dl>');
+  it('should return true if the list has non-dd/dt contents', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<dl id="target"><p>Not a list</p></dl>');
 
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [fixture.querySelector('p')]);
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { values: 'p' });
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the list has non-dd content through role change', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true if the list has non-dd content through role change', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl id="target"><dd role="menuitem">Not a list</dd></dl>'
     );
 
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { values: '[role=menuitem]' });
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the list has non-dt content through role change', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true if the list has non-dt content through role change', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl id="target"><dt role="menuitem">Not a list</dt></dl>'
     );
-
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { values: '[role=menuitem]' });
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the list has only a dd', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<dl id="target"><dd>A list</dd></dl>');
-
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+  it('should return false if the list has only a dd', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<dl id="target"><dd>A list</dd></dl>');
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if <link> is used along side dt with its role changed', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true if <link> is used along side dt with its role changed', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl id="target"><link rel="stylesheet" href="theme.css"><dt role="menuitem">A list</dt></dl>'
     );
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { values: '[role=menuitem]' });
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the list has only a dt', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<dl id="target"><dt>A list</dt></dl>');
-
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+  it('should return false if the list has only a dt', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<dl id="target"><dt>A list</dt></dl>');
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the list has dt and dd with child content', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if the list has dt and dd with child content', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl id="target"><dt><p>An item</p></dt><dd>A list</dd></dl>'
     );
-
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the list has dt and dd', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if the list has dt and dd', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl id="target"><dt>An item</dt><dd>A list</dd></dl>'
     );
-
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the list has dt, dd and a comment', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if the list has dt, dd and a comment', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl id="target"><dt>An item</dt><dd>A list</dd><!-- foo --></dl>'
     );
-
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the list has a dt and dd with other content', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true if the list has a dt and dd with other content', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl id="target"><dt>Item one</dt><dd>Description</dd><p>Not a list</p></dl>'
     );
-
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [fixture.querySelector('p')]);
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { values: 'p' });
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the list has a textNode as a child', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true if the list has a textNode as a child', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl id="target"><!--hi--><dt>hi</dt>hello<dd>hi</dd></dl>'
     );
 
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { values: '#text' });
   });
 
-  // This currently breaks in IE11
-  (isIE11 ? it.skip : it)(
-    'should return false if <link> is used along side dt',
-    function() {
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-        '<dl id="target"><link rel="stylesheet" href="theme.css"><dt>A list</dt></dl>'
-      );
-
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems')
-          .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-      );
-    }
-  );
-
-  it('should return false if <meta> is used along side dt', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-      '<dl id="target"><meta name="description" content=""><dt>A list</dt></dl>'
+  it('should return false if <link> is used along side dt', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      '<dl id="target"><link rel="stylesheet" href="theme.css"><dt>A list</dt></dl>'
     );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+  });
 
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
+  it('should return false if <meta> is used along side dt', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      '<dl id="target"><meta name="description" content=""><dt>A list</dt></dl>'
     );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if <script> is used along side dt', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if <script> is used along side dt', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl id="target"><script src="script.js"></script><dt>A list</dt></dl>'
     );
-
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if <style> is used along side dt', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if <style> is used along side dt', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl id="target"><style></style><dt>A list</dt></dl>'
     );
-
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if <template> is used along side dt', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if <template> is used along side dt', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl id="target"><template></template><dt>A list</dt></dl>'
     );
-
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the list has dt and dd inside a div group', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if the list has dt and dd inside a div group', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl id="target"><div><dt>An item</dt><dd>A list</dd></div></dl>'
     );
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the list has dt and dd inside a div group with a role', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-      '<dl id="target"><div role="listitem"><dt>An item</dt><dd>A list</dd></div></dl>'
-    );
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
+  it('should return true if the list has dt and dd inside a div group with a role', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      '<dl id="target"><div role="list"><dt>An item</dt><dd>A list</dd></div></dl>'
     );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { values: '[role=list]' });
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the list mixed items inside a div group with a role', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true if the list mixed items inside a div group with a role', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl id="target"><div><dt>An item</dt><dd>A list</dd><p>Not a list</p></div></dl>'
     );
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { values: 'div > p' });
   });
 
-  it('should return false if there is an empty div', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<dl id="target"><div></div></dl>');
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+  it('should return false if there is an empty div', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<dl id="target"><div></div></dl>');
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if there are display:none elements that normally would not be allowed', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('returns false if there are display:none elements that normally would not be allowed', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl id="target"> <dt>An item</dt> <dd>A list</dd> <h1 style="display:none">heading</h1> </dl>'
     );
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if there is a div with text', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<dl id="target"><div>text</div></dl>');
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+  it('should return true if there is a div with text', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<dl id="target"><div>text</div></dl>');
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { values: 'div > #text' });
   });
 
-  it('returns false if there are visibility:hidden elements that normally would not be allowed', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('returns false if there are visibility:hidden elements that normally would not be allowed', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl id="target"> <dt>An item</dt> <dd>A list</dd> <h1 style="visibility:hidden">heading</h1> </dl>'
     );
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if there is a div with non-dd / dt elements', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<dl id="target"><div> <p>text</p> </div></dl>');
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
+  it('should return true if there is a div with non-dd / dt elements', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      '<dl id="target"><div> <p>text</p> </div></dl>'
     );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { values: 'div > p' });
   });
 
-  it('returns false if there are aria-hidden=true elements that normally would not be allowed', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('returns false if there are aria-hidden=true elements that normally would not be allowed', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl id="target"> <dt>An item</dt> <dd>A list</dd> <h1 aria-hidden="true">heading</h1> </dl>'
     );
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if there are aria-hidden=false elements that normally would not be allowed', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('returns true if there are aria-hidden=false elements that normally would not be allowed', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl id="target"> <dt>An item</dt> <dd>A list</dd> <h1 aria-hidden="false">heading</h1> </dl>'
     );
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { values: 'h1' });
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should return false in a shadow DOM pass',
-    function() {
-      var node = document.createElement('div');
+  describe('shadow DOM', () => {
+    it('should return false in a shadow DOM pass', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('div');
       node.innerHTML = '<dt>My list item </dt>';
-      var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      const shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadow.innerHTML = '<dl><slot></slot></dl>';
 
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(node, 'dl');
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems')
-          .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-      );
-    }
-  );
-
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should return true in a shadow DOM fail',
-    function() {
-      var node = document.createElement('div');
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(node, 'dl');
+      assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    });
+
+    it('should return true in a shadow DOM fail', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('div');
       node.innerHTML = '<p>Not a list</p>';
-      var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      const shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadow.innerHTML = '<dl><slot></slot></dl>';
 
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(node, 'dl');
-      assert.isTrue(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('only-dlitems')
-          .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-      );
-    }
-  );
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(node, 'dl');
+      assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { values: 'p' });
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/lists/only-listitems.js b/test/checks/lists/only-listitems.js
index 8eb4b4e01..29e59c4de 100644
--- a/test/checks/lists/only-listitems.js
+++ b/test/checks/lists/only-listitems.js
@@ -1,162 +1,114 @@
-describe('only-listitems', function() {
-  'use strict';
+describe('only-listitems', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('only-listitems');
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
-  var isIE11 = axe.testUtils.isIE11;
-
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-
-  afterEach(function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
+  afterEach(() => {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the list has no contents', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<ol id="target"></ol>');
-
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-listitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+  it('should return false if the list has no contents', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<ol id="target"></ol>');
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the list has only spaces as content', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<ol id="target">   </ol>');
-
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-listitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+  it('should return false if the list has only spaces as content', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<ol id="target">   </ol>');
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the list has whitespace', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<ol id="target"><li>Item</li>    </ol>');
-
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-listitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+  it('should return false if the list has whitespace', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<ol id="target"><li>Item</li>    </ol>');
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the list has only an element with role listitem', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if the list has only an element with role listitem', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<ol id="target"><div role="listitem">A list</div></ol>'
     );
 
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-listitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the list has only multiple mixed elements with role listitem', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if the list has only multiple mixed elements with role listitem', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<ol id="target"><div role="listitem">list</div><li role="listitem">list</li><div role="listitem">list</div></ol>'
     );
 
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-listitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the list has non-li comments', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if the list has non-li comments', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<ol id="target"><li>Item</li><!--comment--></ol>'
     );
 
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-listitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the list has non-li text contents', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<ol id="target"><li>Item</li>Not an item</ol>');
-
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-listitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
+  it('should return true if the list has non-li text contents', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      '<ol id="target"><li>Item</li>Not an item</ol>'
     );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      values: '#text'
+    });
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the list has non-li contents', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<ol id="target"><p>Not a list</p></ol>');
-
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-listitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+  it('should return true if the list has non-li contents', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<ol id="target"><p>Not a list</p></ol>');
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [fixture.querySelector('p')]);
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      values: 'p'
+    });
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the list has only an li with child content', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<ol id="target"><li>A <i>list</i></li></ol>');
-
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-listitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+  it('should return false if the list has only an li with child content', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<ol id="target"><li>A <i>list</i></li></ol>');
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the list has only an li', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<ol id="target"><li>A list</li></ol>');
-
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-listitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+  it('should return false if the list has only an li', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup('<ol id="target"><li>A list</li></ol>');
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the list has an li with other content', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true if the list has an li with other content', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<ol id="target"><li>A list</li><p>Not a list</p></ol>'
     );
 
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-listitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [fixture.querySelector('p')]);
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      values: 'p'
+    });
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the list has at least one li while others have their roles changed', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true if the list has at least one li while others have their roles changed', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<ol id="target"><li >A list item</li><li role="menuitem">Not a list item</li></ol>'
     );
 
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-listitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [
+      fixture.querySelector('[role="menuitem"]')
+    ]);
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      values: '[role=menuitem]'
+    });
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the list has only li items with their roles changed', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true if the list has only li items with their roles changed', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<ol id="target"><li id="fail1" role="menuitem">Not a list item</li><li id="fail2" role="menuitem">Not a list item</li></ol>'
     );
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-listitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
-      messageKey: 'roleNotValid',
-      roles: 'menuitem'
+      values: '[role=menuitem]'
     });
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [
       fixture.querySelector('#fail1'),
@@ -164,157 +116,132 @@ describe('only-listitems', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should return true if <link> is used along side only li items with their roles changed', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return true if <link> is used along side only li items with their roles changed', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<ol id="target"><link rel="stylesheet" href="theme.css"><li role="menuitem">Not a list item</li></ol>'
     );
 
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-listitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      values: '[role=menuitem]'
+    });
   });
 
-  // This currently breaks in IE11
-  (isIE11 ? it.skip : it)(
-    'should return false if <link> is used along side li',
-    function() {
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-        '<ol id="target"><link rel="stylesheet" href="theme.css"><li>A list</li></ol>'
-      );
+  it('should return false if <link> is used along side li', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      '<ol id="target"><link rel="stylesheet" href="theme.css"><li>A list</li></ol>'
+    );
 
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('only-listitems')
-          .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-      );
-    }
-  );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+  });
 
-  it('should return false if <meta> is used along side li', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if <meta> is used along side li', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<ol id="target"><meta name="description" content=""><li>A list</li></ol>'
     );
 
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-listitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if <script> is used along side li', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if <script> is used along side li', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<ol id="target"><script src="script.js"></script><li>A list</li></ol>'
     );
 
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-listitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if <style> is used along side li', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if <style> is used along side li', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<ol id="target"><style></style><li>A list</li></ol>'
     );
 
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-listitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if <template> is used along side li', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('should return false if <template> is used along side li', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<ol id="target"><template></template><li>A list</li></ol>'
     );
 
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-listitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if there are display:none elements that normally would not be allowed', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('returns false if there are display:none elements that normally would not be allowed', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<ul id="target"> <li>An item</li> <h1 style="display:none">heading</h1> </ul>'
     );
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-listitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if there are visibility:hidden elements that normally would not be allowed', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('returns false if there are visibility:hidden elements that normally would not be allowed', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<ul id="target"> <li>An item</li> <h1 style="visibility:hidden">heading</h1> </ul>'
     );
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-listitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if there are aria-hidden=true elements that normally would not be allowed', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('returns false if there are aria-hidden=true elements that normally would not be allowed', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<ul id="target"> <li>An item</li> <h1 aria-hidden="true">heading</h1> </ul>'
     );
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-listitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if there are aria-hidden=false elements that normally would not be allowed', function() {
-    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+  it('returns true if there are aria-hidden=false elements that normally would not be allowed', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<ul id="target"> <li>An item</li> <h1 aria-hidden="false">heading</h1> </ul>'
     );
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('only-listitems')
-        .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      values: 'h1'
+    });
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should return false in a shadow DOM pass',
-    function() {
-      var node = document.createElement('div');
+  describe('nodeNames', () => {
+    it('returns multiple node names', () => {
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        '<ul id="target"> <a></a><b></b><s></s> </ul>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        values: 'a, b, s'
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('does only shows unique nodes names', () => {
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        '<ul id="target"> <a></a><b></b><a></a> </ul>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        values: 'a, b'
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('shadow DOM', () => {
+    it('should return false in a shadow DOM pass', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('div');
       node.innerHTML = '<li>My list item </li>';
-      var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      const shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadow.innerHTML = '<ul><slot></slot></ul>';
 
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(node, 'ul');
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('only-listitems')
-          .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-      );
-    }
-  );
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(node, 'ul');
+      assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
-    'should return true in a shadow DOM fail',
-    function() {
-      var node = document.createElement('div');
+    it('should return true in a shadow DOM fail', () => {
+      const node = document.createElement('div');
       node.innerHTML = '<p>Not a list item</p>';
-      var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      const shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadow.innerHTML = '<ul><slot></slot></ul>';
 
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup(node, 'ul');
-      assert.isTrue(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('only-listitems')
-          .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
-      );
-    }
-  );
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(node, 'ul');
+      assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        values: 'p'
+      });
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/lists/structured-dlitems.js b/test/checks/lists/structured-dlitems.js
index 01efc0852..4060fb8dc 100644
--- a/test/checks/lists/structured-dlitems.js
+++ b/test/checks/lists/structured-dlitems.js
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-describe('structured-dlitems', function() {
+describe('structured-dlitems', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
   var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the list has no contents', function() {
+  it('should return false if the list has no contents', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup('<dl id="target"></dl>');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ describe('structured-dlitems', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the list has only a dd', function() {
+  it('should return true if the list has only a dd', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup('<dl id="target"><dd>A list</dd></dl>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ describe('structured-dlitems', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the list has only a dt', function() {
+  it('should return true if the list has only a dt', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup('<dl id="target"><dt>A list</dt></dl>');
 
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ describe('structured-dlitems', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the list has dt and dd in the incorrect order', function() {
+  it('should return true if the list has dt and dd in the incorrect order', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl id="target"><dd>A list</dd><dt>An item</dt></dl>'
     );
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ describe('structured-dlitems', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the list has dt and dd in the correct order as non-child descendants', function() {
+  it('should return true if the list has dt and dd in the correct order as non-child descendants', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl id="target"><dd><dl><dt>An item</dt><dd>A list</dd></dl></dd></dl>'
     );
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ describe('structured-dlitems', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the list has dt and dd in the correct order', function() {
+  it('should return false if the list has dt and dd in the correct order', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl id="target"><dt>An item</dt><dd>A list</dd></dl>'
     );
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ describe('structured-dlitems', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the list has a correctly-ordered dt and dd with other content', function() {
+  it('should return false if the list has a correctly-ordered dt and dd with other content', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<dl id="target"><dt>Stuff</dt><dt>Item one</dt><dd>Description</dd><p>Not a list</p></dl>'
     );
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ describe('structured-dlitems', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should return false in a shadow DOM pass',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var node = document.createElement('div');
       node.innerHTML = '<dt>Grayhound bus</dt><dd>at dawn</dd>';
       var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ describe('structured-dlitems', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should return true in a shadow DOM fail',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var node = document.createElement('div');
       node.innerHTML = '<dd>Galileo</dd><dt>Figaro</dt>';
       var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
diff --git a/test/checks/media/caption.js b/test/checks/media/caption.js
index f83e4b874..88fce5310 100644
--- a/test/checks/media/caption.js
+++ b/test/checks/media/caption.js
@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
-describe('caption', function() {
+describe('caption', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
   var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if there is no track element', function() {
+  it('should return undefined if there is no track element', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup('<audio></audio>', 'audio');
     assert.isUndefined(checks.caption.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if there is no kind=captions attribute', function() {
+  it('should return undefined if there is no kind=captions attribute', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<audio><track kind=descriptions></audio>',
       'audio'
@@ -22,14 +22,14 @@ describe('caption', function() {
     assert.isUndefined(checks.caption.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should pass if there is a kind=captions attribute', function() {
+  it('should pass if there is a kind=captions attribute', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup('<audio><track kind=captions></audio>', 'audio');
     assert.isFalse(checks.caption.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
   });
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should get track from composed tree',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var node = document.createElement('div');
       node.innerHTML = '<track kind=captions>';
       var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
diff --git a/test/checks/media/frame-tested.js b/test/checks/media/frame-tested.js
index 82f1004ac..9addbfdcc 100644
--- a/test/checks/media/frame-tested.js
+++ b/test/checks/media/frame-tested.js
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
-describe('frame-tested', function() {
+describe('frame-tested', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('frame-tested');
   var frameTestedAfter = checks['frame-tested'].after;
 
-  describe('evaluate', function() {
-    it('returns undefined', function() {
+  describe('evaluate', function () {
+    it('returns undefined', function () {
       assert.isUndefined(checkEvaluate());
     });
 
-    it('returns false if passed isViolation:true', function() {
+    it('returns false if passed isViolation:true', function () {
       assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate(null, { isViolation: true }));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('after', function() {
-    it('changes result to true if frame has been tested', function() {
+  describe('after', function () {
+    it('changes result to true if frame has been tested', function () {
       var results = [
         {
           result: undefined,
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ describe('frame-tested', function() {
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('does not change result when iframe has not been tested', function() {
+    it('does not change result when iframe has not been tested', function () {
       var results = [
         {
           result: undefined,
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ describe('frame-tested', function() {
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('works with shadow DOM', function() {
+    it('works with shadow DOM', function () {
       var results = [
         {
           result: undefined,
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ describe('frame-tested', function() {
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('works with nested shadow DOM and iframes', function() {
+    it('works with nested shadow DOM and iframes', function () {
       var results = [
         {
           result: undefined,
diff --git a/test/checks/media/no-autoplay-audio.js b/test/checks/media/no-autoplay-audio.js
index 402ee5190..24277ce4d 100644
--- a/test/checks/media/no-autoplay-audio.js
+++ b/test/checks/media/no-autoplay-audio.js
@@ -1,82 +1,72 @@
-describe('no-autoplay-audio', function() {
+describe('no-autoplay-audio', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var check;
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var isIE11 = axe.testUtils.isIE11;
   var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   var preloadOptions = { preload: { assets: ['media'] } };
 
-  before(function() {
-    // our circle ci windows machine cannot play audio elements
-    // (mp3 nor wav formats). setting an onerror event handler
-    // resulted in error code 4: MEDIA_ERR_SRC_NOT_SUPPORTED.
-    // looking around it might be due to a setting in ie11 that
-    // prevents audio from playing
-    // @see https://stackoverflow.com/questions/34802319/audio-tag-is-not-working-in-ie11/41172831
-    if (isIE11) {
-      this.skip();
-    }
+  before(function () {
     check = checks['no-autoplay-audio'];
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when <audio> has no source (duration cannot be interpreted)', function(done) {
+  it('returns undefined when <audio> has no source (duration cannot be interpreted)', function (done) {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup('<audio id="target"></audio>');
-    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function() {
+    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function () {
       assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when <video> has no source (duration cannot be interpreted)', function(done) {
+  it('returns undefined when <video> has no source (duration cannot be interpreted)', function (done) {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup('<video id="target"><source src=""/></video>');
-    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function() {
+    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function () {
       assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false when <audio> can autoplay and has no controls mechanism', function(done) {
+  it('returns false when <audio> can autoplay and has no controls mechanism', function (done) {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<audio id="target" src="/test/assets/moon-speech.mp3" autoplay="true"></audio>'
     );
-    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function() {
+    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function () {
       assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false when <video> can autoplay and has no controls mechanism', function(done) {
+  it('returns false when <video> can autoplay and has no controls mechanism', function (done) {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<video id="target" autoplay="true">' +
         '<source src="/test/assets/video.webm" type="video/webm" />' +
         '<source src="/test/assets/video.mp4" type="video/mp4" />' +
         '</video>'
     );
-    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function() {
+    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function () {
       assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false when <audio> plays less than allowed dutation but loops', function(done) {
+  it('returns false when <audio> plays less than allowed dutation but loops', function (done) {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<audio id="target" src="/test/assets/moon-speech.mp3#t=2,4" autoplay="true" loop="true"></audio>'
     );
-    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function() {
+    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function () {
       assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns true when <video> can autoplay and duration is below allowed duration (by passing options)', function(done) {
+  it('returns true when <video> can autoplay and duration is below allowed duration (by passing options)', function (done) {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<video id="target" autoplay="true">' +
         '<source src="/test/assets/video.webm" type="video/webm" />' +
@@ -84,13 +74,13 @@ describe('no-autoplay-audio', function() {
         '</video>',
       { allowedDuration: 15 }
     );
-    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function() {
+    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function () {
       assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns true when <video> can autoplay and duration is below allowed duration (by setting playback range)', function(done) {
+  it('returns true when <video> can autoplay and duration is below allowed duration (by setting playback range)', function (done) {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<video id="target" autoplay="true">' +
         '<source src="/test/assets/video.webm#t=7,9" type="video/webm" />' +
@@ -98,30 +88,30 @@ describe('no-autoplay-audio', function() {
         '</video>'
       // Note: default allowed duration is 3s
     );
-    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function() {
+    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function () {
       assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns true when <audio> can autoplay but has controls mechanism', function(done) {
+  it('returns true when <audio> can autoplay but has controls mechanism', function (done) {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<audio id="target" src="/test/assets/moon-speech.mp3" autoplay="true" controls></audio>'
     );
-    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function() {
+    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function () {
       assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns true when <video> can autoplay and has controls mechanism', function(done) {
+  it('returns true when <video> can autoplay and has controls mechanism', function (done) {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<video id="target" autoplay="true" controls>' +
         '<source src="/test/assets/video.webm" type="video/webm" />' +
         '<source src="/test/assets/video.mp4" type="video/mp4" />' +
         '</video>'
     );
-    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function() {
+    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function () {
       assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(null, checkArgs));
       done();
     });
diff --git a/test/checks/mobile/css-orientation-lock.js b/test/checks/mobile/css-orientation-lock.js
index 67a38e59c..62175eccc 100644
--- a/test/checks/mobile/css-orientation-lock.js
+++ b/test/checks/mobile/css-orientation-lock.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function() {
+describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function() {
     'Dynamic document for CSS Orientation Lock tests'
   );
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
@@ -19,19 +19,19 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function() {
     return style.sheet;
   }
 
-  it('returns undefined when CSSOM is undefined', function() {
+  it('returns undefined when CSSOM is undefined', function () {
     var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document);
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when CSSOM is empty', function() {
+  it('returns undefined when CSSOM is empty', function () {
     var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [] // pass context with cssom as empty
     });
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when CSSOM has no rules', function() {
+  it('returns true when CSSOM has no rules', function () {
     var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when CSSOM has no CSS media features', function() {
+  it('returns true when CSSOM has no CSS media features', function () {
     var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when CSSOM has no CSS media features targeting orientation', function() {
+  it('returns true when CSSOM has no CSS media features targeting orientation', function () {
     var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when CSSOM has empty Orientation CSS media features', function() {
+  it('returns true when CSSOM has empty Orientation CSS media features', function () {
     var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features that does not target transform property', function() {
+  it('returns true when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features that does not target transform property', function () {
     var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and transformation function of translateX, which does not affect rotation', function() {
+  it('returns true when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and transformation function of translateX, which does not affect rotation', function () {
     var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and tranformation function of rotate, which affects rotation but does not lock orientation (rotate(180deg))', function() {
+  it('returns true when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and tranformation function of rotate, which affects rotation but does not lock orientation (rotate(180deg))', function () {
     var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and tranformation function of rotate, which affects rotation but does not lock orientation (rotate(-178deg))', function() {
+  it('returns true when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and tranformation function of rotate, which affects rotation but does not lock orientation (rotate(-178deg))', function () {
     var actual = check.evaluate.call(
       checkContext,
       document,
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and tranformation function of rotateZ, which affects rotation but does not lock orientation (rotateZ(1turn))', function() {
+  it('returns true when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and tranformation function of rotateZ, which affects rotation but does not lock orientation (rotateZ(1turn))', function () {
     var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and tranformation function of rotate3d, which affects rotation but does not lock orientation (rotate3d(0,0,0,400grad))', function() {
+  it('returns true when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and tranformation function of rotate3d, which affects rotation but does not lock orientation (rotate3d(0,0,0,400grad))', function () {
     var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and tranformation function of matrix3d, which affects rotation but does not lock orientation (matrix3d(-1,0,0.00,0,0.00,-1,0.00,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1))', function() {
+  it('returns true when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and tranformation function of matrix3d, which affects rotation but does not lock orientation (matrix3d(-1,0,0.00,0,0.00,-1,0.00,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1))', function () {
     var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and transformation function of rotate, which affects rotation and locks orientation (rotate(270deg))', function() {
+  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and transformation function of rotate, which affects rotation and locks orientation (rotate(270deg))', function () {
     var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and transformation function of rotate3d, which affects rotation and locks orientation (rotate3d(0,0,1,90deg))', function() {
+  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and transformation function of rotate3d, which affects rotation and locks orientation (rotate3d(0,0,1,90deg))', function () {
     var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and transformation function of rotate3d, which affects rotation and locks orientation (rotate3d(0,0,1,93deg))', function() {
+  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and transformation function of rotate3d, which affects rotation and locks orientation (rotate3d(0,0,1,93deg))', function () {
     var actual = check.evaluate.call(
       checkContext,
       document,
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and transformation function of rotate3d, which affects rotation and locks orientation (rotate3d(0,0,1,1.5708rad))', function() {
+  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and transformation function of rotate3d, which affects rotation and locks orientation (rotate3d(0,0,1,1.5708rad))', function () {
     var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and transformation function of matrix, which affects rotation and locks orientation (matrix(0.00,1.00,-1.00,0.00,0,0))', function() {
+  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and transformation function of matrix, which affects rotation and locks orientation (matrix(0.00,1.00,-1.00,0.00,0,0))', function () {
     var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and transformation function of matrix3d, which affects rotation and locks orientation (matrix3d(0,-1,0.00,0,1.00,0,0.00,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1);)', function() {
+  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform property and transformation function of matrix3d, which affects rotation and locks orientation (matrix3d(0,-1,0.00,0,1.00,0,0.00,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1);)', function () {
     var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
       cssom: [
         {
@@ -302,6 +302,51 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
+  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with rotate property', function () {
+    var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
+      cssom: [
+        {
+          shadowId: 'a',
+          root: document,
+          sheet: getSheet(
+            '@media screen and (min-width: 1px) and (max-width: 3000px) and (orientation: landscape) { body { rotate: 90deg; } }'
+          )
+        }
+      ]
+    });
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with rotate property matrix', function () {
+    var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
+      cssom: [
+        {
+          shadowId: 'a',
+          root: document,
+          sheet: getSheet(
+            '@media screen and (min-width: 1px) and (max-width: 3000px) and (orientation: landscape) { body { rotate: 0 0 1 1.5708rad; } }'
+          )
+        }
+      ]
+    });
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('returns false when CSSOM has Orientation CSS media features with transform: rotate and rotate property', function () {
+    var actual = check.evaluate.call(checkContext, document, {}, undefined, {
+      cssom: [
+        {
+          shadowId: 'a',
+          root: document,
+          sheet: getSheet(
+            '@media screen and (min-width: 1px) and (max-width: 3000px) and (orientation: landscape) { body { rotate: 45deg; transform: rotate(45deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); } }'
+          )
+        }
+      ]
+    });
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
   // Note:
   // external stylesheets is tested in integration tests
   // shadow DOM is tested in integration tests
diff --git a/test/checks/mobile/meta-viewport-scale.js b/test/checks/mobile/meta-viewport-scale.js
index c1b8e5611..5ffbad9d6 100644
--- a/test/checks/mobile/meta-viewport-scale.js
+++ b/test/checks/mobile/meta-viewport-scale.js
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-describe('meta-viewport', function() {
+describe('meta-viewport', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  describe('; separator', function() {
-    it('should return false on user-scalable=no', function() {
+  describe('; separator', function () {
+    it('should return false on user-scalable=no', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, cats=dogs, user-scalable=no">'
       );
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function() {
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, 'user-scalable=no');
     });
 
-    it('should return false on user-scalable=no', function() {
+    it('should return false on user-scalable=no', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, cats=dogs, user-scalable=no, more-stuff=ok">'
       );
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return false on user-scalable in the range <-1, 1>', function() {
+    it('should return false on user-scalable in the range <-1, 1>', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, cats=dogs, user-scalable=0, more-stuff=ok">'
       );
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return false on user-scalable in the range <-1, 1>', function() {
+    it('should return false on user-scalable in the range <-1, 1>', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, cats=dogs, user-scalable=-0.5, more-stuff=ok">'
       );
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return true on user-scalable=yes', function() {
+    it('should return true on user-scalable=yes', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, cats=dogs, user-scalable=yes, more-stuff=ok">'
       );
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return false on maximum-scale=yes (translates to 1)', function() {
+    it('should return false on maximum-scale=yes (translates to 1)', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="maximum-scale=yes">'
       );
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return true on negative maximum scale (should be ignored)', function() {
+    it('should return true on negative maximum scale (should be ignored)', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="maximum-scale=-1">'
       );
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return true if maximum-scale >= options.scaleMinimum', function() {
+    it('should return true if maximum-scale >= options.scaleMinimum', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, maximum-scale=5, cats=dogs">'
       );
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return false on maximum-scale < options.scaleMinimum', function() {
+    it('should return false on maximum-scale < options.scaleMinimum', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, cats=dogs, user-scalable=yes, maximum-scale=1.5">'
       );
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function() {
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, 'maximum-scale');
     });
 
-    it('should return true if neither user-scalable or maximum-scale are set', function() {
+    it('should return true if neither user-scalable or maximum-scale are set', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, cats=dogs">'
       );
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should not crash if viewport property does not have a value', function() {
+    it('should not crash if viewport property does not have a value', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="user-scalable=1, minimal-ui">'
       );
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should not crash if viewport property does not have a value', function() {
+    it('should not crash if viewport property does not have a value', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="user-scalable=1, minimal-ui">'
       );
@@ -168,8 +168,8 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe(', separator', function() {
-    it('should return false on user-scalable=no', function() {
+  describe(', separator', function () {
+    it('should return false on user-scalable=no', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, cats=dogs, user-scalable=no">'
       );
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function() {
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, 'user-scalable=no');
     });
 
-    it('should return false on user-scalable=no', function() {
+    it('should return false on user-scalable=no', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, cats=dogs, user-scalable=no, more-stuff=ok">'
       );
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function() {
       assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, 'user-scalable=no');
     });
 
-    it('should return false on user-scalable in the range <-1, 1>', function() {
+    it('should return false on user-scalable in the range <-1, 1>', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, cats=dogs, user-scalable=0, more-stuff=ok">'
       );
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return false on user-scalable in the range <-1, 1>', function() {
+    it('should return false on user-scalable in the range <-1, 1>', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, cats=dogs, user-scalable=-0.5, more-stuff=ok">'
       );
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return true on user-scalable=yes', function() {
+    it('should return true on user-scalable=yes', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, cats=dogs, user-scalable=yes, more-stuff=ok">'
       );
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return true if maximum-scale >= options.scaleMinimum', function() {
+    it('should return true if maximum-scale >= options.scaleMinimum', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, maximum-scale=5, cats=dogs">'
       );
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return false on maximum-scale < options.scaleMinimum', function() {
+    it('should return false on maximum-scale < options.scaleMinimum', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, cats=dogs, user-scalable=yes, maximum-scale=1.5">'
       );
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ describe('meta-viewport', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return true if neither user-scalable or maximum-scale are set', function() {
+    it('should return true if neither user-scalable or maximum-scale are set', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<meta id="target" name="viewport" content="foo=bar, cats=dogs">'
       );
diff --git a/test/checks/mobile/target-offset.js b/test/checks/mobile/target-offset.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..367968f44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/checks/mobile/target-offset.js
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+describe('target-offset tests', () => {
+  const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  const { checkSetup, getCheckEvaluate } = axe.testUtils;
+  const checkEvaluate = getCheckEvaluate('target-offset');
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    checkContext.reset();
+  });
+
+  it('returns true when there are no other nearby targets', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      '<a href="#" id="target" style="' +
+        'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;' +
+        '">x</a>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    assert.equal(checkContext._data.minOffset, 24);
+    assert.closeTo(checkContext._data.closestOffset, 24, 0.2);
+  });
+
+  it('returns true when the offset is 24px', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      '<a href="#" id="target" style="' +
+        'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px; margin-right: 8px' +
+        '">x</a>' +
+        '<a href="#" style="' +
+        'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;' +
+        '">x</a>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    assert.equal(checkContext._data.minOffset, 24);
+    assert.closeTo(checkContext._data.closestOffset, 24, 0.2);
+  });
+
+  describe('when the offset is insufficient', () => {
+    it('returns false for targets in the tab order', () => {
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        '<a href="#" id="target" style="' +
+          'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px; margin-right: 7px' +
+          '">x</a>' +
+          '<a href="#" style="' +
+          'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;' +
+          '">x</a>'
+      );
+
+      assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+      assert.isUndefined(checkContext._data.messageKey);
+      assert.equal(checkContext._data.minOffset, 24);
+      assert.closeTo(checkContext._data.closestOffset, 22, 0.2);
+    });
+
+    it('returns undefined for targets not in the tab order', () => {
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        '<a href="#" id="target" tabindex="-1" style="' +
+          'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px; margin-right: 7px' +
+          '">x</a>' +
+          '<a href="#" style="' +
+          'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;' +
+          '">x</a>'
+      );
+
+      assert.isUndefined(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+      assert.isUndefined(checkContext._data.messageKey);
+      assert.equal(checkContext._data.minOffset, 24);
+      assert.closeTo(checkContext._data.closestOffset, 22, 0.2);
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('ignores non-widget elements as neighbors', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      '<a href="#" id="target" style="' +
+        'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px; margin-right: 7px' +
+        '">x</a>' +
+        '<div style="' +
+        'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;' +
+        '">x</div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    assert.equal(checkContext._data.minOffset, 24);
+    assert.closeTo(checkContext._data.closestOffset, 24, 0.2);
+  });
+
+  it('ignores non-focusable widget elements as neighbors', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      '<a href="#" id="target" style="' +
+        'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px; margin-right: 7px' +
+        '">x</a>' +
+        '<button disabled style="' +
+        'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;' +
+        '">x</button>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    assert.equal(checkContext._data.minOffset, 24);
+    assert.closeTo(checkContext._data.closestOffset, 24, 0.2);
+  });
+
+  it('sets all elements that are too close as related nodes', () => {
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      '<a href="#" id="left" style="' +
+        'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;' +
+        '">x</a>' +
+        '<a href="#" id="target" style="' +
+        'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px; margin-right: 4px' +
+        '">x</a>' +
+        '<a href="#" id="right" style="' +
+        'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;' +
+        '">x</a>'
+    );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    assert.equal(checkContext._data.minOffset, 24);
+    assert.closeTo(checkContext._data.closestOffset, 8, 0.2);
+
+    const relatedIds = checkContext._relatedNodes.map(function (node) {
+      return '#' + node.id;
+    });
+    assert.deepEqual(relatedIds, ['#left', '#right']);
+  });
+
+  it('returns false if there are too many focusable widgets', () => {
+    let html = '';
+    for (let i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+      html += `
+        <tr>
+          <td><a href="#">A</a></td>
+          <td><button>B</button></td>
+          <td><button>C</button></td>
+          <td><button>D</button></td>
+        </tr>
+      `;
+    }
+    const checkArgs = checkSetup(`
+      <div id="target" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0" style="display:inline-block">
+        <table id="tab-table">${html}</table>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      closestOffset: 0,
+      minOffset: 24
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('when neighbors are focusable but not tabbable', () => {
+    it('returns undefined if all neighbors are not tabbable', () => {
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        '<a href="#" id="left" tabindex="-1" style="' +
+          'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;' +
+          '">x</a>' +
+          '<a href="#" id="target" style="' +
+          'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px; margin-right: 4px' +
+          '">x</a>' +
+          '<a href="#" id="right" tabindex="-1" style="' +
+          'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;' +
+          '">x</a>'
+      );
+      assert.isUndefined(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+      assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'nonTabbableNeighbor');
+      assert.equal(checkContext._data.minOffset, 24);
+      assert.closeTo(checkContext._data.closestOffset, 8, 0.2);
+
+      const relatedIds = checkContext._relatedNodes.map(function (node) {
+        return '#' + node.id;
+      });
+      assert.deepEqual(relatedIds, ['#left', '#right']);
+    });
+
+    it('returns false if some but not all neighbors are not tabbable', () => {
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        '<a href="#" id="left" style="' +
+          'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;' +
+          '">x</a>' +
+          '<a href="#" id="target" style="' +
+          'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px; margin-right: 4px' +
+          '">x</a>' +
+          '<a href="#" id="right" tabindex="-1" style="' +
+          'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;' +
+          '">x</a>'
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+      assert.isUndefined(checkContext._data.messageKey);
+      assert.equal(checkContext._data.minOffset, 24);
+      assert.closeTo(checkContext._data.closestOffset, 8, 0.2);
+
+      const relatedIds = checkContext._relatedNodes.map(function (node) {
+        return '#' + node.id;
+      });
+      assert.deepEqual(relatedIds, ['#left', '#right']);
+    });
+
+    it('returns true if the target is 10x the minOffset', () => {
+      const checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        '<a href="#" id="left" style="' +
+          'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;' +
+          '">x</a>' +
+          '<a href="#" id="target" style="' +
+          'display: inline-block; width:240px; height:240px; margin-right: 4px' +
+          '">x</a>' +
+          '<a href="#" id="right" style="' +
+          'display: inline-block; width:16px; height:16px;' +
+          '">x</a>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+      assert.equal(checkContext._data.minOffset, 24);
+      assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'large');
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/checks/mobile/target-size.js b/test/checks/mobile/target-size.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..688f80975
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/checks/mobile/target-size.js
@@ -0,0 +1,414 @@
+describe('target-size tests', function () {
+  'use strict';
+
+  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  var shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
+  var check = checks['target-size'];
+
+  function elmIds(elms) {
+    return Array.from(elms).map(function (elm) {
+      return '#' + elm.id;
+    });
+  }
+
+  afterEach(function () {
+    checkContext.reset();
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for targets smaller than minSize', function () {
+    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      '<button id="target" style="' +
+        'display: inline-block; width:20px; height:30px;' +
+        '">x</button>'
+    );
+    assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      minSize: 24,
+      width: 20,
+      height: 30
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('returns undefined for non-tabbable targets smaller than minSize', function () {
+    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      '<button id="target" tabindex="-1" style="' +
+        'display: inline-block; width:20px; height:30px;' +
+        '">x</button>'
+    );
+    assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      minSize: 24,
+      width: 20,
+      height: 30
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('returns true for unobscured targets larger than minSize', function () {
+    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      '<button id="target" style="' +
+        'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px;' +
+        '">x</button>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      minSize: 24,
+      width: 40,
+      height: 30
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('returns true for very large targets', function () {
+    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      '<button id="target" style="' +
+        'display: inline-block; width:240px; height:300px;' +
+        '">x</button>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { messageKey: 'large', minSize: 24 });
+  });
+
+  describe('when fully obscured', function () {
+    it('returns true, regardless of size', function () {
+      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        '<a href="#" id="target" style="' +
+          'display: inline-block; width:20px; height:20px;' +
+          '">x</a>' +
+          '<div id="obscurer" style="' +
+          'display: inline-block; width:20px; height:20px; margin-left: -20px;' +
+          '">x</div>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { messageKey: 'obscured' });
+      assert.deepEqual(elmIds(checkContext._relatedNodes), ['#obscurer']);
+    });
+
+    it('returns true when obscured by another focusable widget', function () {
+      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        '<a href="#" id="target" style="' +
+          'display: inline-block; width:20px; height:20px;' +
+          '">x</a>' +
+          '<a href="#" id="obscurer" style="' +
+          'display: inline-block; width:20px; height:20px; margin-left: -20px;' +
+          '">x</a>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, { messageKey: 'obscured' });
+      assert.deepEqual(elmIds(checkContext._relatedNodes), ['#obscurer']);
+    });
+
+    it('ignores obscuring element has pointer-events:none', function () {
+      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        '<a href="#" id="target" style="' +
+          'display: inline-block; width:20px; height:20px;' +
+          '">x</a>' +
+          '<span style="' +
+          'display: inline-block; pointer-events: none; width:20px; height:20px; margin-left: -20px;' +
+          '">x</span>'
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        minSize: 24,
+        width: 20,
+        height: 20
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('when partially obscured', function () {
+    it('returns true for focusable non-widgets', function () {
+      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        '<button id="target" style="' +
+          'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left:30px;' +
+          '">x</button>' +
+          '<button id="obscurer" style="' +
+          'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -10px;' +
+          '">x</button>' +
+          '<span tabindex="0" style="' +
+          'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -100px;' +
+          '">x</span>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        minSize: 24,
+        width: 30,
+        height: 30
+      });
+      assert.deepEqual(elmIds(checkContext._relatedNodes), ['#obscurer']);
+    });
+
+    it('returns true for non-focusable widgets', function () {
+      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        '<button id="target" style="' +
+          'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left:30px;' +
+          '">x</button>' +
+          '<button id="obscurer" style="' +
+          'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -10px;' +
+          '">x</button>' +
+          '<button disabled style="' +
+          'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -100px;' +
+          '">x</button>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        minSize: 24,
+        width: 30,
+        height: 30
+      });
+      assert.deepEqual(elmIds(checkContext._relatedNodes), ['#obscurer']);
+    });
+
+    describe('by a focusable widget', function () {
+      it('returns true for obscured targets with sufficient space', function () {
+        var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+          '<button id="target" style="' +
+            'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px;' +
+            '">x</button>' +
+            '<button id="obscurer" style="' +
+            'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -10px;' +
+            '">x</button>'
+        );
+        assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+        assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+          minSize: 24,
+          width: 30,
+          height: 30
+        });
+        assert.deepEqual(elmIds(checkContext._relatedNodes), ['#obscurer']);
+      });
+
+      it('returns undefined if there are too many focusable widgets', () => {
+        let html = '';
+        for (let i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+          html += `
+            <tr>
+              <td><a href="#">A</a></td>
+              <td><button>B</button></td>
+              <td><button>C</button></td>
+              <td><button>D</button></td>
+            </tr>
+          `;
+        }
+        const checkArgs = checkSetup(`
+          <div id="target" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0" style="display:inline-block">
+            <table id="tab-table">${html}</table>
+          </div>
+        `);
+        assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+        assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+          messageKey: 'tooManyRects',
+          minSize: 24
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('for obscured targets with insufficient space', () => {
+        it('returns false if all elements are tabbable', function () {
+          var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+            '<button id="target" style="' +
+              'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left:30px;' +
+              '">x</button>' +
+              '<button id="obscurer1" style="' +
+              'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -10px;' +
+              '">x</button>' +
+              '<button id="obscurer2" style="' +
+              'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -100px;' +
+              '">x</button>'
+          );
+          assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+          assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+            messageKey: 'partiallyObscured',
+            minSize: 24,
+            width: 20,
+            height: 30
+          });
+          assert.deepEqual(elmIds(checkContext._relatedNodes), [
+            '#obscurer1',
+            '#obscurer2'
+          ]);
+        });
+
+        it('returns undefined if the target is not tabbable', function () {
+          var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+            '<button id="target" tabindex="-1" style="' +
+              'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left:30px;' +
+              '">x</button>' +
+              '<button id="obscurer1" style="' +
+              'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -10px;' +
+              '">x</button>' +
+              '<button id="obscurer2" style="' +
+              'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -100px;' +
+              '">x</button>'
+          );
+          assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+          assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+            messageKey: 'partiallyObscured',
+            minSize: 24,
+            width: 20,
+            height: 30
+          });
+          assert.deepEqual(elmIds(checkContext._relatedNodes), [
+            '#obscurer1',
+            '#obscurer2'
+          ]);
+        });
+
+        it('returns undefined if the obscuring node is not tabbable', function () {
+          var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+            '<button id="target" style="' +
+              'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left:30px;' +
+              '">x</button>' +
+              '<button id="obscurer1" tabindex="-1" style="' +
+              'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -10px;' +
+              '">x</button>' +
+              '<button id="obscurer2" style="' +
+              'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -100px;' +
+              '">x</button>'
+          );
+          assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+          assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+            messageKey: 'partiallyObscuredNonTabbable',
+            minSize: 24,
+            width: 20,
+            height: 30
+          });
+          assert.deepEqual(elmIds(checkContext._relatedNodes), [
+            '#obscurer1',
+            '#obscurer2'
+          ]);
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('that is a descendant', () => {
+        it('returns false if the widget is tabbable', function () {
+          var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+            `<a role="link" aria-label="play" tabindex="0" style="display:inline-block" id="target">
+              <button style="margin:1px; line-height:20px">Play</button>
+            </a>`
+          );
+          const out = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs);
+          assert.isFalse(out);
+        });
+
+        it('returns true if the widget is not tabbable', function () {
+          var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+            `<a role="link" aria-label="play" tabindex="0" style="display:inline-block" id="target">
+              <button tabindex="-1" style="margin:1px; line-height:20px">Play</button>
+            </a>`
+          );
+          const out = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs);
+          assert.isTrue(out);
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('that is a descendant', () => {
+        it('returns false if the widget is tabbable', function () {
+          var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+            `<a role="link" aria-label="play" tabindex="0" style="display:inline-block" id="target">
+              <button style="margin:1px; line-height:20px">Play</button>
+            </a>`
+          );
+          const out = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs);
+          assert.isFalse(out);
+        });
+
+        it('returns true if the widget is not tabbable', function () {
+          var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+            `<a role="link" aria-label="play" tabindex="0" style="display:inline-block" id="target">
+              <button tabindex="-1" style="margin:1px; line-height:20px">Play</button>
+            </a>`
+          );
+          const out = check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs);
+          assert.isTrue(out);
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('with overflowing content', function () {
+    it('returns undefined target is too small', () => {
+      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        '<a href="#" id="target"><img width="24" height="24"></a>'
+      );
+      assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        minSize: 24,
+        messageKey: 'contentOverflow'
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('returns true if target has sufficient size', () => {
+      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        '<a href="#" id="target" style="font-size:24px;"><img width="24" height="24"></a>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    });
+
+    describe('and partially obscured', () => {
+      it('is undefined when unobscured area is too small', () => {
+        var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+          '<a href="#" id="target" style="font-size:24px;">' +
+            '  <img width="24" height="36" style="vertical-align: bottom;">' +
+            '</a><br>' +
+            '<a href="" style="margin-top:-10px; position:absolute; width:24px;">&nbsp;</a>'
+        );
+        assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+        assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+          minSize: 24,
+          messageKey: 'contentOverflow'
+        });
+      });
+
+      it('is true when unobscured area is sufficient', () => {
+        var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+          '<a href="#" id="target" style="font-size:24px;">' +
+            '  <img width="24" height="36" style="vertical-align: bottom;">' +
+            '</a><br>' +
+            '<a href="" style="margin-top:-2px; position:absolute; width:24px;">&nbsp;</a>'
+        );
+        assert.isTrue(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('and fully obscured', () => {
+      it('is undefined', () => {
+        var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+          '<a href="#" id="target" style="font-size:24px;">' +
+            '  <img width="24" height="36" style="vertical-align: bottom;">' +
+            '</a><br>' +
+            '<a href="" style="margin-top:-40px; position:absolute; width:100px; height:100px;">&nbsp;</a>'
+        );
+        assert.isUndefined(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+        assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+          minSize: 24,
+          messageKey: 'contentOverflow'
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('works across shadow boundaries', function () {
+    var checkArgs = shadowCheckSetup(
+      '<span id="shadow"></span>' +
+        '<button id="obscurer1" style="' +
+        'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -10px;' +
+        '">x</button>' +
+        '<button id="obscurer2" style="' +
+        'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left: -100px;' +
+        '">x</button>',
+      '<button id="target" style="' +
+        'display: inline-block; width:40px; height:30px; margin-left:30px;' +
+        '">x</button>'
+    );
+    assert.isFalse(check.evaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      messageKey: 'partiallyObscured',
+      minSize: 24,
+      width: 20,
+      height: 30
+    });
+    assert.deepEqual(elmIds(checkContext._relatedNodes), [
+      '#obscurer1',
+      '#obscurer2'
+    ]);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/checks/navigation/header-present.js b/test/checks/navigation/header-present.js
index 2b905e5f7..4d28e87ae 100644
--- a/test/checks/navigation/header-present.js
+++ b/test/checks/navigation/header-present.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('header-present', function() {
+describe('header-present', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ describe('header-present', function() {
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   var shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if h1-h6 is found', function() {
+  it('should return true if h1-h6 is found', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<h1 id="target">Hi</h1>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ describe('header-present', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if role=heading is found', function() {
+  it('should return true if role=heading is found', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<div role="heading" id="target">Hi</div>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ describe('header-present', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should otherwise return false', function() {
+  it('should otherwise return false', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<p id="target">Some stuff and stuff</p>');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ describe('header-present', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if heading has a different role', function() {
+  it('should return false if heading has a different role', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<h1 role="none" id="target">Some stuff and stuff</h1>'
     );
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ describe('header-present', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'should return true if heading is in shadow dom',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var params = shadowCheckSetup('<div id="target"><div>', '<h1></h1>');
       assert.isTrue(
         axe.testUtils
diff --git a/test/checks/navigation/heading-order.js b/test/checks/navigation/heading-order.js
index 9d056573e..779b62604 100644
--- a/test/checks/navigation/heading-order.js
+++ b/test/checks/navigation/heading-order.js
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-describe('heading-order', function() {
+describe('heading-order', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should store the heading order path and level for [role=heading] elements and return true', function() {
+  it('should store the heading order path and level for [role=heading] elements and return true', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div role="heading" aria-level="1" id="target">One</div><div role="heading" aria-level="3">Three</div>'
     );
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ describe('heading-order', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should handle incorrect aria-level values', function() {
+  it('should handle incorrect aria-level values', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div role="heading" aria-level="-1" id="target">One</div><div role="heading">Two</div>'
     );
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ describe('heading-order', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should allow high aria-level values', function() {
+  it('should allow high aria-level values', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div role="heading" aria-level="12" id="target">One</div>'
     );
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ describe('heading-order', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should store the correct header level for hn tags and return true', function() {
+  it('should store the correct header level for hn tags and return true', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">One</h1><h3>Three</h3>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ describe('heading-order', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should allow aria-level to override semantic level for hn tags and return true', function() {
+  it('should allow aria-level to override semantic level for hn tags and return true', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<h1 aria-level="2" id="target">Two</h1><h3 aria-level="4">Four</h3>'
     );
@@ -117,8 +117,8 @@ describe('heading-order', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should ignore aria-level on iframe when not used with role=heading', function() {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<iframe aria-level="2"></iframe>');
+  it('should ignore aria-level on iframe when not used with role=heading', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture('<iframe aria-level="2" id="target"></iframe>');
     axe.testUtils
       .getCheckEvaluate('heading-order')
       .call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode, { initiator: true });
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ describe('heading-order', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should correctly give level on hn tag with role=heading', function() {
+  it('should correctly give level on hn tag with role=heading', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<h1 role="heading" id="target">One</h1><h3 role="heading">Three</h3>'
     );
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ describe('heading-order', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return the heading level when an hn tag has an invalid aria-level', function() {
+  it('should return the heading level when an hn tag has an invalid aria-level', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<h1 aria-level="-1" id="target">One</h1>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ describe('heading-order', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should store the location of iframes', function() {
+  it('should store the location of iframes', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<h1 id="target">One</h1><iframe></iframe><h3>Three</h3>'
     );
@@ -197,8 +197,8 @@ describe('heading-order', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('after', function() {
-    it('should return false when header level increases by 2', function() {
+  describe('after', function () {
+    it('should return false when header level increases by 2', function () {
       var results = [
         {
           data: {
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ describe('heading-order', function() {
       assert.isFalse(checks['heading-order'].after(results)[1].result);
     });
 
-    it('should return true when header level decreases by 1', function() {
+    it('should return true when header level decreases by 1', function () {
       var results = [
         {
           data: {
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ describe('heading-order', function() {
       assert.isTrue(checks['heading-order'].after(results)[1].result);
     });
 
-    it('should return true when header level decreases by 2', function() {
+    it('should return true when header level decreases by 2', function () {
       var results = [
         {
           data: {
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ describe('heading-order', function() {
       assert.isTrue(checks['heading-order'].after(results)[1].result);
     });
 
-    it('should return true when there is only one header', function() {
+    it('should return true when there is only one header', function () {
       var results = [
         {
           data: {
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ describe('heading-order', function() {
       assert.isTrue(checks['heading-order'].after(results)[0].result);
     });
 
-    it('should return true when header level increases by 1', function() {
+    it('should return true when header level increases by 1', function () {
       var results = [
         {
           data: {
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ describe('heading-order', function() {
       assert.isTrue(checks['heading-order'].after(results)[1].result);
     });
 
-    it('should return true if heading levels are correct across iframes', function() {
+    it('should return true if heading levels are correct across iframes', function () {
       var results = [
         {
           data: {
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ describe('heading-order', function() {
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[2].result);
     });
 
-    it('should return false if heading levels are incorrect across iframes', function() {
+    it('should return false if heading levels are incorrect across iframes', function () {
       var results = [
         {
           data: {
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ describe('heading-order', function() {
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[2].result);
     });
 
-    it('should handle nested iframes', function() {
+    it('should handle nested iframes', function () {
       var results = [
         {
           data: {
@@ -493,7 +493,7 @@ describe('heading-order', function() {
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[3].result);
     });
 
-    it('sets the result to undefined when the heading is not in the map', function() {
+    it('sets the result to undefined when the heading is not in the map', function () {
       var results = [
         {
           data: {
@@ -522,7 +522,7 @@ describe('heading-order', function() {
       assert.isUndefined(afterResults[1].result);
     });
 
-    it('ignores frames for which there are no results', function() {
+    it('ignores frames for which there are no results', function () {
       var results = [
         {
           data: {
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@ describe('heading-order', function() {
       assert.isFalse(afterResults[2].result);
     });
 
-    it('should not error if iframe is first result', function() {
+    it('should not error if iframe is first result', function () {
       var results = [
         {
           data: {
@@ -624,7 +624,7 @@ describe('heading-order', function() {
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[2].result);
     });
 
-    it('runs when the top frame has no heading', function() {
+    it('runs when the top frame has no heading', function () {
       var results = [
         {
           data: {
@@ -657,7 +657,7 @@ describe('heading-order', function() {
       assert.isFalse(afterResults[1].result);
     });
 
-    it('understand shadow DOM in ancestries', function() {
+    it('understand shadow DOM in ancestries', function () {
       var results = [
         {
           data: {
@@ -720,7 +720,7 @@ describe('heading-order', function() {
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[3].result);
     });
 
-    it('run when an in-between frame has no heading', function() {
+    it('run when an in-between frame has no heading', function () {
       var results = [
         {
           data: {
@@ -779,7 +779,7 @@ describe('heading-order', function() {
       assert.isTrue(afterResults[3].result);
     });
 
-    it('can fail the second heading, if the first is excluded', function() {
+    it('can fail the second heading, if the first is excluded', function () {
       var results = [
         {
           data: {
diff --git a/test/checks/navigation/identical-links-same-purpose-after.js b/test/checks/navigation/identical-links-same-purpose-after.js
index 5de0c929b..cd8ff1e81 100644
--- a/test/checks/navigation/identical-links-same-purpose-after.js
+++ b/test/checks/navigation/identical-links-same-purpose-after.js
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-describe('identical-links-same-purpose-after tests', function() {
+describe('identical-links-same-purpose-after tests', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var check = checks['identical-links-same-purpose'];
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns results by clearing relatedNodes after ignoring nodes which has no data (or result is undefined)', function() {
+  it('returns results by clearing relatedNodes after ignoring nodes which has no data (or result is undefined)', function () {
     var nodeOneData = {
       data: null,
       relatedNodes: ['nodeOne'],
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose-after tests', function() {
     assert.equal(result.result, true);
   });
 
-  it('sets results of check result to `undefined` one of the native links do not have `urlProps` (and therefore removed as relatedNode)', function() {
+  it('sets results of check result to `undefined` one of the native links do not have `urlProps` (and therefore removed as relatedNode)', function () {
     var nodeOneData = {
       data: {
         name: 'read more',
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose-after tests', function() {
     assert.equal(result.result, undefined);
   });
 
-  it('sets results of check result to `undefined` if native links do not have same `urlProps` (values are different)', function() {
+  it('sets results of check result to `undefined` if native links do not have same `urlProps` (values are different)', function () {
     var nodeOneData = {
       data: {
         name: 'follow us',
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose-after tests', function() {
     assert.equal(result.result, undefined);
   });
 
-  it('sets results of check result to `undefined` if native links do not have same `urlProps` (keys are different)', function() {
+  it('sets results of check result to `undefined` if native links do not have same `urlProps` (keys are different)', function () {
     var nodeOneData = {
       data: {
         name: 'follow us',
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose-after tests', function() {
     assert.equal(result.result, undefined);
   });
 
-  it('sets results of check result to `true` if native links serve identical purpose', function() {
+  it('sets results of check result to `true` if native links serve identical purpose', function () {
     var nodeOneData = {
       data: {
         name: 'Axe Core',
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose-after tests', function() {
     assert.equal(result.result, true);
   });
 
-  it('sets results of check result to `true` if ARIA links have different accessible names', function() {
+  it('sets results of check result to `true` if ARIA links have different accessible names', function () {
     var nodeOneData = {
       data: {
         name: 'earth',
diff --git a/test/checks/navigation/identical-links-same-purpose.js b/test/checks/navigation/identical-links-same-purpose.js
index dcaf6de8e..8e6a9d20a 100644
--- a/test/checks/navigation/identical-links-same-purpose.js
+++ b/test/checks/navigation/identical-links-same-purpose.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('identical-links-same-purpose tests', function() {
+describe('identical-links-same-purpose tests', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose tests', function() {
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   var options = {};
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined for native link with `href` but no accessible name', function() {
+  it('returns undefined for native link with `href` but no accessible name', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<a id="target" href="/home/#/foo"></a>');
     var actual = check.evaluate.call(
       checkContext,
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose tests', function() {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when ARIA link that has no accessible name', function() {
+  it('returns undefined when ARIA link that has no accessible name', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<span role="link" id="target"></span>');
     var actual = check.evaluate.call(
       checkContext,
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose tests', function() {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when ARIA link has only any combination of unicode (emoji, punctuations, nonBmp) characters as accessible name', function() {
+  it('returns undefined when ARIA link has only any combination of unicode (emoji, punctuations, nonBmp) characters as accessible name', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" role="link">☀️!!!₨   </button>'
     );
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose tests', function() {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('returns true for native links with `href` and accessible name', function() {
+  it('returns true for native links with `href` and accessible name', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<a id="target" href="/home/#/foo">Pass 1</a>');
     var actual = check.evaluate.call(
       checkContext,
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose tests', function() {
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.urlProps.pathname, '/home/');
   });
 
-  it('returns true for ARIA links has accessible name (AREA with `MAP` which is used in `IMG`)', function() {
+  it('returns true for ARIA links has accessible name (AREA with `MAP` which is used in `IMG`)', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<map name="infographic">' +
         '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(!!checkContext._data.resource);
   });
 
-  it('returns true for native links with `href` and accessible name (that also has emoji, nonBmp and punctuation characters)', function() {
+  it('returns true for native links with `href` and accessible name (that also has emoji, nonBmp and punctuation characters)', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<a id="target" href="/contact/foo.html">The ☀️ is orange, the ◓ is white.</a>'
     );
diff --git a/test/checks/navigation/internal-link-present.js b/test/checks/navigation/internal-link-present.js
index 2f3d34d56..62df2ec73 100644
--- a/test/checks/navigation/internal-link-present.js
+++ b/test/checks/navigation/internal-link-present.js
@@ -1,78 +1,78 @@
-describe('internal-link-present', function() {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
-  var shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-
-  afterEach(function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
-    axe._tree = undefined;
-    checkContext.reset();
-  });
-
-  it('should return true when an internal link is found', function() {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"><a href="#haha">hi</a></div>');
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('internal-link-present')
-        .call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode)
-    );
-  });
-
-  it('should return false when a hashbang URL was used', function() {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"><a href="#!foo">hi</a></div>');
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('internal-link-present')
-        .call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode)
-    );
-  });
-
-  it('should return false when a hash route URL was used', function() {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"><a href="#/home">hi</a></div>');
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('internal-link-present')
-        .call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode)
-    );
-  });
-
-  it('should return false when a hashbang + slash route URL was used', function() {
-    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"><a href="#!/home">hi</a></div>');
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('internal-link-present')
-        .call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode)
-    );
-  });
-
-  it('should otherwise return false', function() {
-    var vNode = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target"><a href="http://www.deque.com/#haha">hi</a></div>'
-    );
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils
-        .getCheckEvaluate('internal-link-present')
-        .call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode)
-    );
-  });
-
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should return true when internal link is found in shadow dom',
-    function() {
-      var params = shadowCheckSetup(
-        '<div id="target"></div>', 
-        '<a href="#haha">hi</a>'
-      );
-	  var vNode = params[2];
-      assert.isTrue(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('internal-link-present')
-          .call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode)
-      );
-    }
-  );
-});
+describe('internal-link-present', function () {
+  'use strict';
+
+  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+  var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  var shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
+  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+
+  afterEach(function () {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '';
+    axe._tree = undefined;
+    checkContext.reset();
+  });
+
+  it('should return true when an internal link is found', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"><a href="#haha">hi</a></div>');
+    assert.isTrue(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('internal-link-present')
+        .call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode)
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should return false when a hashbang URL was used', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"><a href="#!foo">hi</a></div>');
+    assert.isFalse(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('internal-link-present')
+        .call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode)
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should return false when a hash route URL was used', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"><a href="#/home">hi</a></div>');
+    assert.isFalse(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('internal-link-present')
+        .call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode)
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should return false when a hashbang + slash route URL was used', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"><a href="#!/home">hi</a></div>');
+    assert.isFalse(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('internal-link-present')
+        .call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode)
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('should otherwise return false', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target"><a href="http://www.deque.com/#haha">hi</a></div>'
+    );
+    assert.isFalse(
+      axe.testUtils
+        .getCheckEvaluate('internal-link-present')
+        .call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode)
+    );
+  });
+
+  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
+    'should return true when internal link is found in shadow dom',
+    function () {
+      var params = shadowCheckSetup(
+        '<div id="target"></div>',
+        '<a href="#haha">hi</a>'
+      );
+      var vNode = params[2];
+      assert.isTrue(
+        axe.testUtils
+          .getCheckEvaluate('internal-link-present')
+          .call(checkContext, null, {}, vNode)
+      );
+    }
+  );
+});
diff --git a/test/checks/navigation/landmark.js b/test/checks/navigation/landmark.js
index 972426410..e031ee1bb 100644
--- a/test/checks/navigation/landmark.js
+++ b/test/checks/navigation/landmark.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('landmark', function() {
+describe('landmark', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -7,29 +7,29 @@ describe('landmark', function() {
   var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('landmark');
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true when role=main is found', function() {
+  it('should return true when role=main is found', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup('<div role="main"></div>', '#fixture');
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return true when <main> is found', function() {
+  it('should return true when <main> is found', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup('<main></main>', '#fixture');
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should otherwise return false', function() {
+  it('should otherwise return false', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup('<div role="contentinfo"></div>', '#fixture');
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should not automatically pass if there is a shadow tree',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var node = document.createElement('div');
       var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadow.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ describe('landmark', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should find elements inside shadow trees',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var node = document.createElement('div');
       var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadow.innerHTML = '<main></main>';
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ describe('landmark', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should find elements slotted in shadow trees',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var node = document.createElement('div');
       node.innerHTML = '<main></main>';
       var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
diff --git a/test/checks/navigation/meta-refresh.js b/test/checks/navigation/meta-refresh.js
index d328c6dbd..c782dfed3 100644
--- a/test/checks/navigation/meta-refresh.js
+++ b/test/checks/navigation/meta-refresh.js
@@ -1,70 +1,189 @@
-describe('meta-refresh', function() {
+describe('meta-refresh', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+  var metaRefreshCheck = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('meta-refresh');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  describe('; separator', function() {
-    it('should return false if content value is not 0', function() {
+  it('returns false if there is a number', function () {
+    var checkArgs = checkSetup('<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3">');
+    assert.isFalse(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+  });
+
+  describe('returns false when valid', function () {
+    it('there is a decimal', function () {
       var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-        '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="300">'
+        '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3.1">'
       );
+      assert.isFalse(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    });
 
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('meta-refresh')
-          .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
+    it('there is a number followed by a dot', function () {
+      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3.">'
       );
+      assert.isFalse(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     });
 
-    it('should return false if content value does not start with 0', function() {
+    it('there is a dot followed by a number', function () {
       var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-        '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="300;URL=something.html">'
+        '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content=".5">'
       );
+      assert.isFalse(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    });
 
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('meta-refresh')
-          .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
+    it('there is whitespace before the number', function () {
+      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="  \n\t3">'
       );
+      assert.isFalse(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    });
+
+    describe('with a valid separator', function () {
+      it('the number is followed by a semicolon', function () {
+        var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+          '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3;">'
+        );
+        assert.isFalse(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+      });
+
+      it('the number is followed by a comma', function () {
+        var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+          '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3,">'
+        );
+        assert.isFalse(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+      });
+
+      it('the number is followed spaces, and then a separator', function () {
+        var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+          '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3 \t\n;">'
+        );
+        assert.isFalse(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+      });
+
+      it('the separator is followed by non-separator characters', function () {
+        var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+          '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3; https://deque.com/">'
+        );
+        assert.isFalse(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+      });
+
+      it('the separator is a space', function () {
+        var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+          '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3 https://deque.com/">'
+        );
+        assert.isFalse(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+      });
     });
+  });
 
-    it('should return true if content value starts with 0', function() {
+  describe('returns true when invalid', function () {
+    it('the number is prefaced with a plus', function () {
       var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-        '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="0;URL=something.html">'
+        '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="+3">'
       );
+      assert.isTrue(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    });
 
-      assert.isTrue(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('meta-refresh')
-          .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
+    it('the number is prefaced with a minus', function () {
+      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="-3">'
       );
+      assert.isTrue(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     });
 
-    it('should return true if content value is 0', function() {
+    it('the number is prefaced with a letter', function () {
       var checkArgs = checkSetup(
-        '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="0">'
+        '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="a3">'
       );
+      assert.isTrue(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    });
 
-      assert.isTrue(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('meta-refresh')
-          .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
+    it('the number is followed by an invalid separator character', function () {
+      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3: https://deque.com/">'
       );
+      assert.isTrue(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     });
+  });
 
-    it('should return true if there is no content value', function() {
-      var checkArgs = checkSetup('<meta id="target" name="refresh">');
+  describe('options.minDelay', function () {
+    it('returns false when the redirect number is greater than minDelay', function () {
+      var options = { minDelay: 2 };
+      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3">',
+        options
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    });
 
-      assert.isTrue(
-        axe.testUtils
-          .getCheckEvaluate('meta-refresh')
-          .apply(checkContext, checkArgs)
+    it('returns true when the redirect number equals minDelay', function () {
+      var options = { minDelay: 3 };
+      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3">',
+        options
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    });
+
+    it('returns true when the redirect number is less than minDelay', function () {
+      var options = { minDelay: 4 };
+      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3">',
+        options
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    });
+
+    it('ignores minDelay when set to false', function () {
+      var options = { minDelay: false };
+      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="0">',
+        options
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('options.maxDelay', function () {
+    it('returns true when the redirect number is greater than maxDelay', function () {
+      var options = { maxDelay: 2 };
+      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3">',
+        options
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    });
+
+    it('returns false when the redirect number equals maxDelay', function () {
+      var options = { maxDelay: 3 };
+      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3">',
+        options
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    });
+
+    it('returns false when the redirect number is less than maxDelay', function () {
+      var options = { maxDelay: 4 };
+      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="3">',
+        options
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+    });
+
+    it('ignores maxDelay when set to false', function () {
+      var options = { maxDelay: false };
+      var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+        '<meta id="target" name="refresh" content="9999">',
+        options
       );
+      assert.isFalse(metaRefreshCheck.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     });
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/navigation/p-as-heading.js b/test/checks/navigation/p-as-heading.js
index 40edbfef0..f4dd79015 100644
--- a/test/checks/navigation/p-as-heading.js
+++ b/test/checks/navigation/p-as-heading.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('p-as-heading', function() {
+describe('p-as-heading', function () {
   'use strict';
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function() {
     margins: [{ weight: 100 }, { italic: true }, { size: 1.2 }]
   };
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the styles are identical', function() {
+  it('returns true if the styles are identical', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target">elm 1</p> <p>elm 2</p>',
       testOptions
@@ -27,14 +27,14 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true if there is no p element following it', function() {
+  it('returns true if there is no p element following it', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<p id="target">lone elm</p>', testOptions);
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('p-as-heading').apply(checkContext, params)
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the font-weight is heavier', function() {
+  it('returns false if the font-weight is heavier', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target" style="font-weight:bold">elm 1</p>' + '<p>elm 2elm 2</p>',
       testOptions
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the font-size is bigger', function() {
+  it('returns false if the font-size is bigger', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target" style="font-size:150%">elm 1</p> <p>elm 2elm 2</p>',
       testOptions
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the fake heading is italic and the text is not', function() {
+  it('returns false if the fake heading is italic and the text is not', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target" style="font-style:italic">elm 1</p> <p>elm 2elm 2</p>',
       testOptions
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true if both texts are bold, italic and larger', function() {
+  it('returns true if both texts are bold, italic and larger', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:120%; font-style:italic">elm 1</p>' +
         '<p style="font: italic bold 120% bold">elm 2elm 2</p>',
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('considers styles of elements inside the paragraph', function() {
+  it('considers styles of elements inside the paragraph', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target"><b>elm 1</b></p> <p>elm 2elm 2</p>',
       testOptions
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('ignores empty child element for style', function() {
+  it('ignores empty child element for style', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target"><span> </span><b>elm 1</b></p> <p>elm 2elm 2</p>',
       testOptions
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('considers styles of elements that do not contain all the text', function() {
+  it('considers styles of elements that do not contain all the text', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target"><b>elm</b> 1</p> <p>elm 2elm 2</p>',
       testOptions
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined instead of false if the element is inside a blockquote', function() {
+  it('returns undefined instead of false if the element is inside a blockquote', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<blockquote>' +
         '<p style="font-weight:bold" id="target">elm 1</p> <p>elm 2elm 2</p>' +
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true over undefined from within a blockquote', function() {
+  it('returns true over undefined from within a blockquote', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<blockquote>' +
         '<p id="target">elm 1</p> <p>elm 2elm 2</p>' +
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined if a previous sibling has a similar font-weight', function() {
+  it('returns undefined if a previous sibling has a similar font-weight', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<p><b>elm 1</b></p>' +
         '<p id="target"><b>elm 2</b></p>' +
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the heading is greater than the paragraph', function() {
+  it('returns true if the heading is greater than the paragraph', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target">elm1elm1</p>' + '<p>elm2</p>',
       testOptions
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined if the heading is twice as long but not greater than the length of the pararaph', function() {
+  it('returns undefined if the heading is twice as long but not greater than the length of the pararaph', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target" style="font-weight:bold">elm1elm</p>' + '<p>elm2elm2</p>',
       testOptions
@@ -161,8 +161,8 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  describe('options.passLength and options.failLength', function() {
-    it('returns true if the heading is greater than the paragraph using options.passLength', function() {
+  describe('options.passLength and options.failLength', function () {
+    it('returns true if the heading is greater than the paragraph using options.passLength', function () {
       var options = {
         margins: [{ weight: 100 }, { italic: true }, { size: 1.2 }],
         passLength: 2
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('returns undefined if the heading is twice as long but not greater than the length of the pararaph using options.failLength ', function() {
+    it('returns undefined if the heading is twice as long but not greater than the length of the pararaph using options.failLength ', function () {
       var options = {
         margins: [{ weight: 100 }, { italic: true }, { size: 1.2 }],
         failLength: 0.6
@@ -197,8 +197,8 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('option.margin', function() {
-    it('passes if no margins are set', function() {
+  describe('option.margin', function () {
+    it('passes if no margins are set', function () {
       var options = {};
 
       var params = checkSetup(
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('takes an array of margins', function() {
+    it('takes an array of margins', function () {
       var options = {
         margins: [{ size: 1.2 }]
       };
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('returns false if all values in the margin are passed', function() {
+    it('returns false if all values in the margin are passed', function () {
       var options = {
         margins: [{ size: 1.2, weight: 100 }]
       };
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('returns true if any of the values is not passed', function() {
+    it('returns true if any of the values is not passed', function () {
       var options = {
         margins: [{ size: 1.2, weight: 100 }]
       };
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('returns false if any of the margins is passed', function() {
+    it('returns false if any of the margins is passed', function () {
       var options = {
         margins: [{ size: 1.2, weight: 100 }, { size: 1.5 }, { italic: true }]
       };
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('returns true if none of the set margins is passed', function() {
+    it('returns true if none of the set margins is passed', function () {
       /*eslint indent: 0*/
       var options = {
         margins: [
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'returns undefined instead of false if the element is inside a blockquote in light dom',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var params = shadowCheckSetup(
         '<blockquote></blockquote>',
         '<p style="font-weight:bold" id="target">elm 1</p> <p>elm 2</p>',
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ describe('p-as-heading', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'returns true over undefined from within a blockquote in light dom',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var params = shadowCheckSetup(
         '<blockquote></blockquote>',
         '<p id="target">elm 1</p> <p>elm 2</p>',
diff --git a/test/checks/navigation/region-after.js b/test/checks/navigation/region-after.js
index 0cdf01aa6..95f976623 100644
--- a/test/checks/navigation/region-after.js
+++ b/test/checks/navigation/region-after.js
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-describe('region-after', function() {
+describe('region-after', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should always pass iframes', function() {
+  it('should always pass iframes', function () {
     var results = checks.region.after([
       {
         data: { isIframe: true },
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ describe('region-after', function() {
     assert.equal(results[1].result, false);
   });
 
-  it('should pass children of iframes if the iframe contained in it is in a region', function() {
+  it('should pass children of iframes if the iframe contained in it is in a region', function () {
     var results = checks.region.after([
       {
         data: { isIframe: true },
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ describe('region-after', function() {
     assert.equal(results[1].result, true);
   });
 
-  it('should pass nested iframes', function() {
+  it('should pass nested iframes', function () {
     var results = checks.region.after([
       {
         data: { isIframe: true },
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ describe('region-after', function() {
     assert.equal(results[2].result, false);
   });
 
-  it('should pass children of nested iframes if the nested iframe is in a region', function() {
+  it('should pass children of nested iframes if the nested iframe is in a region', function () {
     var results = checks.region.after([
       {
         data: { isIframe: true },
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ describe('region-after', function() {
     assert.equal(results[2].result, true);
   });
 
-  it('should pass content if a grandparent frame passes', function() {
+  it('should pass content if a grandparent frame passes', function () {
     var results = checks.region.after([
       {
         data: { isIframe: true },
diff --git a/test/checks/navigation/region.js b/test/checks/navigation/region.js
index 3ad50bae9..fb4d13b3e 100644
--- a/test/checks/navigation/region.js
+++ b/test/checks/navigation/region.js
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 // in order for the check to not give false positives/negatives.
 // adding the region node forces the check to not return the #fixture
 // as the top-most element but instead use the #target element.
-describe('region', function() {
+describe('region', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -15,12 +15,13 @@ describe('region', function() {
 
   var checkContext = new axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
+    axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true when content is inside the region', function() {
+  it('should return true when content is inside the region', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div role="main"><a id="target" href="a.html#mainheader">Click Here</a><div><h1 id="mainheader" tabindex="0">Introduction</h1></div></div>'
     );
@@ -28,7 +29,24 @@ describe('region', function() {
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when img content is outside the region', function() {
+  it('should return true when a region role is added to standards', () => {
+    axe.configure({
+      standards: {
+        ariaRoles: {
+          feed: {
+            type: 'landmark'
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      '<div role="feed" id="target">This is random content.</div>' +
+        '<div role="main"><h1 id="mainheader">Introduction</h1></div>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false when img content is outside the region', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<img id="target" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAQAMQAAORHHOVSKudfOulrSOp3WOyDZu6QdvCchPGolfO0o/XBs/fNwfjZ0frl3/zy7////wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAkAABAALAAAAAAQABAAAAVVICSOZGlCQAosJ6mu7fiyZeKqNKToQGDsM8hBADgUXoGAiqhSvp5QAnQKGIgUhwFUYLCVDFCrKUE1lBavAViFIDlTImbKC5Gm2hB0SlBCBMQiB0UjIQA7"><div role="main"><h1 id="mainheader" tabindex="0">Introduction</h1></div>'
     );
@@ -36,7 +54,7 @@ describe('region', function() {
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return true when textless text content is outside the region', function() {
+  it('should return true when textless text content is outside the region', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target"></p><div role="main"><h1 id="mainheader" tabindex="0">Introduction</h1></div>'
     );
@@ -44,7 +62,7 @@ describe('region', function() {
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return true when wrapper content is outside the region', function() {
+  it('should return true when wrapper content is outside the region', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target"><div role="main"><h1 id="mainheader" tabindex="0">Introduction</h1></div></div>'
     );
@@ -52,7 +70,7 @@ describe('region', function() {
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return true when invisible content is outside the region', function() {
+  it('should return true when invisible content is outside the region', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target" style="display: none">Click Here</p><div role="main"><h1 id="mainheader" tabindex="0">Introduction</h1></div>'
     );
@@ -60,7 +78,7 @@ describe('region', function() {
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return true when there is a skiplink', function() {
+  it('should return true when there is a skiplink', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<a id="target" href="#mainheader">Click Here</a><div role="main"><h1 id="mainheader" tabindex="0">Introduction</h1></div>'
     );
@@ -68,7 +86,7 @@ describe('region', function() {
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return true when there is an Angular skiplink', function() {
+  it('should return true when there is an Angular skiplink', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<a id="target" href="/#mainheader">Click Here</a><div role="main"><h1 id="mainheader" tabindex="0">Introduction</h1></div>'
     );
@@ -76,7 +94,7 @@ describe('region', function() {
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when there is a non-region element', function() {
+  it('should return false when there is a non-region element', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target">This is random content.</div><div role="main"><h1 id="mainheader">Introduction</h1></div>'
     );
@@ -84,7 +102,7 @@ describe('region', function() {
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when there is a non-skiplink', function() {
+  it('should return false when there is a non-skiplink', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<a id="target" href="something.html#mainheader">Click Here</a><div role="main"><h1 id="mainheader">Introduction</h1></div>'
     );
@@ -92,7 +110,7 @@ describe('region', function() {
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the non-region element is a script', function() {
+  it('should return true if the non-region element is a script', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<script id="target">axe.run()</script><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
@@ -100,7 +118,7 @@ describe('region', function() {
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should considered aria labelled elements as content', function() {
+  it('should considered aria labelled elements as content', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-label="axe-core logo" role="img"></div><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
@@ -108,7 +126,7 @@ describe('region', function() {
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should allow native header elements', function() {
+  it('should allow native header elements', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<header id="target">branding</header><main>Content </main><aside>stuff</aside><footer>copyright</footer>'
     );
@@ -116,7 +134,7 @@ describe('region', function() {
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should allow native main elements', function() {
+  it('should allow native main elements', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<header>branding</header><main id="target">Content </main><aside>stuff</aside><footer>copyright</footer>'
     );
@@ -124,7 +142,7 @@ describe('region', function() {
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should allow native aside elements', function() {
+  it('should allow native aside elements', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<header>branding</header><main>Content </main><aside id="target">stuff</aside><footer>copyright</footer>'
     );
@@ -132,7 +150,7 @@ describe('region', function() {
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should allow native footer elements', function() {
+  it('should allow native footer elements', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<header>branding</header><main>Content </main><aside>stuff</aside><footer id="target">copyright</footer>'
     );
@@ -140,7 +158,7 @@ describe('region', function() {
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('ignores native landmark elements with an overwriting role', function() {
+  it('ignores native landmark elements with an overwriting role', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<main id="target" role="none">Content</main><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
@@ -148,7 +166,7 @@ describe('region', function() {
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for content outside of form tags with accessible names', function() {
+  it('returns false for content outside of form tags with accessible names', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target">Text</p><form aria-label="form"></form>'
     );
@@ -156,7 +174,7 @@ describe('region', function() {
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('ignores unlabeled forms as they are not landmarks', function() {
+  it('ignores unlabeled forms as they are not landmarks', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<form id="target"><fieldset>foo</fieldset></form><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
@@ -164,21 +182,21 @@ describe('region', function() {
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('treats <forms> with aria label as landmarks', function() {
+  it('treats <forms> with aria label as landmarks', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<form id="target" aria-label="foo"><p>This is random content.</p></form><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('treats role=forms with aria label as landmarks', function() {
+  it('treats role=forms with aria label as landmarks', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div role="form" id="target" aria-label="foo"><p>This is random content.</p></div><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('treats forms without aria label as not a landmarks', function() {
+  it('treats forms without aria label as not a landmarks', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<form id="target"><p>This is random content.</p></form><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
@@ -186,7 +204,7 @@ describe('region', function() {
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('treats forms with an empty aria label as not a landmarks', function() {
+  it('treats forms with an empty aria label as not a landmarks', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<form id="target" aria-label=" "><p>This is random content.</p></form><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
@@ -194,7 +212,7 @@ describe('region', function() {
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('treats forms with empty titles not as landmarks', function() {
+  it('treats forms with empty titles not as landmarks', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<form id="target" title=""><p>This is random content.</p></form><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
@@ -202,7 +220,7 @@ describe('region', function() {
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('treats ARIA forms with no label or title as landmarks', function() {
+  it('treats ARIA forms with no label or title as landmarks', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div role="form" id="target"><p>This is random content.</p></div><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
@@ -210,63 +228,63 @@ describe('region', function() {
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('allows content in aria-live=assertive', function() {
+  it('allows content in aria-live=assertive', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div aria-live="assertive" id="target"><p>This is random content.</p></div><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('allows content in aria-live=polite', function() {
+  it('allows content in aria-live=polite', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div aria-live="polite" id="target"><p>This is random content.</p></div><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('does not allow content in aria-live=off', function() {
+  it('does not allow content in aria-live=off', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div aria-live="off" id="target"><p>This is random content.</p></div><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('allows content in aria-live=assertive with explicit role set', function() {
+  it('allows content in aria-live=assertive with explicit role set', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div aria-live="assertive" role="alert" id="target"><p>This is random content.</p></div><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('allows content in aria-live=polite with explicit role set', function() {
+  it('allows content in aria-live=polite with explicit role set', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div aria-live="polite" role="status" id="target"><p>This is random content.</p></div><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('allows content in implicit aria-live role alert', function() {
+  it('allows content in implicit aria-live role alert', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div role="alert" id="target"><p>This is random content.</p></div><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('allows content in implicit aria-live role log', function() {
+  it('allows content in implicit aria-live role log', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div role="log" id="target"><p>This is random content.</p></div><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('allows content in implicit aria-live role status', function() {
+  it('allows content in implicit aria-live role status', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div role="status" id="target"><p>This is random content.</p></div><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('treats role=dialog elements as regions', function() {
+  it('treats role=dialog elements as regions', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div role="dialog" id="target"><p>This is random content.</p></div><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
@@ -274,7 +292,7 @@ describe('region', function() {
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('treats role=alertdialog elements as regions', function() {
+  it('treats role=alertdialog elements as regions', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div role="alertdialog" id="target"><p>This is random content.</p></div><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
@@ -282,7 +300,7 @@ describe('region', function() {
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('treats svg elements as regions', function() {
+  it('treats svg elements as regions', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<svg id="target"></svg><div role="main">Content</div>'
     );
@@ -290,7 +308,7 @@ describe('region', function() {
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('returns the outermost element as the error', function() {
+  it('returns the outermost element as the error', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target"><p>This is random content.</p></div><div role="main"><h1 id="mainheader" tabindex="0">Introduction</h1></div>'
     );
@@ -298,7 +316,7 @@ describe('region', function() {
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('supports options.regionMatcher', function() {
+  it('supports options.regionMatcher', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div aria-live="off" id="target"><p>This is random content.</p></div><div role="main">Content</div>',
       {
@@ -313,7 +331,7 @@ describe('region', function() {
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('should return true when there is a button', function() {
+  it('should return true when there is a button', function () {
     // Some pages have a skiplink menu, that opens through a button
     // ARIA practices is an example of this.
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
@@ -322,7 +340,7 @@ describe('region', function() {
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)('should test Shadow tree content', function() {
+  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)('should test Shadow tree content', function () {
     var div = document.createElement('div');
     var shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
     shadow.innerHTML = 'Some text';
@@ -340,7 +358,7 @@ describe('region', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)('should test slotted content', function() {
+  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)('should test slotted content', function () {
     var div = document.createElement('div');
     div.innerHTML = 'Some content';
     var shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
@@ -352,7 +370,7 @@ describe('region', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should ignore skiplink targets inside shadow trees',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var div = document.createElement('div');
       div.innerHTML =
         '<a id="target" href="#foo">skiplink</a><div>Content</div>';
@@ -375,7 +393,7 @@ describe('region', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should find the skiplink in shadow DOM',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var div = document.createElement('div');
       div.innerHTML = '<span id="foo">Content!</span>';
       var shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
diff --git a/test/checks/navigation/skip-link.js b/test/checks/navigation/skip-link.js
index 59cf3b9db..c8571c7c4 100644
--- a/test/checks/navigation/skip-link.js
+++ b/test/checks/navigation/skip-link.js
@@ -1,13 +1,9 @@
-describe('skip-link', function() {
+describe('skip-link', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
-  });
-
-  it('should return true if the href points to an element with an ID', function() {
+  it('should return true if the href points to an element with an ID', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<a href="#target">Click Here</a><h1 id="target">Introduction</h1>';
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
@@ -15,32 +11,35 @@ describe('skip-link', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('skip-link')(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the href points to an element with an name', function() {
+  it('should return true if the href points to an element with an name', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="#target">Click Here</a><a name="target"></a>';
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
     var node = fixture.querySelector('a');
     assert.isTrue(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('skip-link')(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the href points to a non-existent element', function() {
+  it('should return false if the href points to a non-existent element', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<a href="#spacecamp">Click Here</a><h1 id="mainheader">Introduction</h1>';
+    axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
     var node = fixture.querySelector('a');
     assert.isFalse(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('skip-link')(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if the target has display:none', function() {
+  it('should return undefined if the target has display:none', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<a href="#target">Click Here</a>' +
       '<h1 id="target" style="display:none">Introduction</h1>';
+    axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
     var node = fixture.querySelector('a');
     assert.isUndefined(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('skip-link')(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if the target has aria-hidden=true', function() {
+  it('should return undefined if the target has aria-hidden=true', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<a href="#target">Click Here</a>' +
       '<h1 id="target" aria-hidden="true">Introduction</h1>';
+    axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
     var node = fixture.querySelector('a');
     assert.isUndefined(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('skip-link')(node));
   });
diff --git a/test/checks/navigation/unique-frame-title-after.js b/test/checks/navigation/unique-frame-title-after.js
index 83b0c6fd7..02e6e10a7 100644
--- a/test/checks/navigation/unique-frame-title-after.js
+++ b/test/checks/navigation/unique-frame-title-after.js
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 /*eslint indent: 0*/
-describe('unique-frame-title-after', function() {
+describe('unique-frame-title-after', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should remove any check whose data only appears once', function() {
+  it('should remove any check whose data only appears once', function () {
     var result = checks['unique-frame-title'].after([
       {
         data: 'bananas'
diff --git a/test/checks/navigation/unique-frame-title.js b/test/checks/navigation/unique-frame-title.js
index 4f72f9cc0..ff8beee79 100644
--- a/test/checks/navigation/unique-frame-title.js
+++ b/test/checks/navigation/unique-frame-title.js
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-describe('unique-frame-title', function() {
+describe('unique-frame-title', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should log title to data and return true', function() {
+  it('should log title to data and return true', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<iframe id="target" title="bananas"></iframe>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ describe('unique-frame-title', function() {
     assert.equal(checkContext._data, 'bananas');
   });
 
-  it('should convert text to lower case', function() {
+  it('should convert text to lower case', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<iframe id="target" title="\t  app\t \n \rle  "></iframe>'
     );
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ describe('unique-frame-title', function() {
     assert.equal(checkContext._data, 'app le');
   });
 
-  it('should take out space differences', function() {
+  it('should take out space differences', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<iframe id="target" title="APPLE"></iframe>');
     axe.testUtils
       .getCheckEvaluate('unique-frame-title')
diff --git a/test/checks/parser/duplicate-id.js b/test/checks/parser/duplicate-id.js
index 4fc8ab9ec..f48b8e520 100644
--- a/test/checks/parser/duplicate-id.js
+++ b/test/checks/parser/duplicate-id.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('duplicate-id', function() {
+describe('duplicate-id', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ describe('duplicate-id', function() {
 
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if there is only one element with an ID', function() {
+  it('should return true if there is only one element with an ID', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ describe('duplicate-id', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if there are multiple elements with an ID', function() {
+  it('should return false if there are multiple elements with an ID', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div><div id="target"></div>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ describe('duplicate-id', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._relatedNodes, [node.nextSibling]);
   });
 
-  it('should return remove duplicates', function() {
+  it('should return remove duplicates', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(
       checks['duplicate-id'].after([
         { data: 'a' },
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ describe('duplicate-id', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should ignore empty ids', function() {
+  it('should ignore empty ids', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div data-testelm="1" id=""></div><div data-testelm="2"  id=""></div>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('[data-testelm="1"]');
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ describe('duplicate-id', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should allow overwrote ids', function() {
+  it('should allow overwrote ids', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<form data-testelm="1" id="target"><label>mylabel' +
       '<input name="id">' +
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ describe('duplicate-id', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should find duplicate IDs in the same shadow DOM',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var div = document.createElement('div');
       div.id = 'target';
       var shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ describe('duplicate-id', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should ignore duplicate IDs if they are in different document roots',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var node = document.createElement('div');
       node.id = 'target';
       var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ describe('duplicate-id', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should ignore same IDs outside shadow trees',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var div = document.createElement('div');
       div.id = 'target';
       var shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ describe('duplicate-id', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should compare slotted content with the light DOM',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var node = document.createElement('div');
       node.id = 'target';
       node.innerHTML = '<p id="target">text</p>';
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/abstractrole.js b/test/checks/shared/abstractrole.js
index 49a93309a..8b0a639dd 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/abstractrole.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/abstractrole.js
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-describe('abstractrole', function() {
+describe('abstractrole', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return false if applied to a concrete role', function() {
+  it('should return false if applied to a concrete role', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="alert">Contents</div>'
     );
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ describe('abstractrole', function() {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if applied to a nonsensical role', function() {
+  it('should return false if applied to a nonsensical role', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="foo">Contents</div>'
     );
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ describe('abstractrole', function() {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should return true if applied to an abstract role', function() {
+  it('should return true if applied to an abstract role', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="widget">Contents</div>'
     );
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ describe('abstractrole', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['widget']);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if applied to multiple concrete roles', function() {
+  it('should return false if applied to multiple concrete roles', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="alert button">Contents</div>'
     );
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ describe('abstractrole', function() {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should return true if applied to at least one abstract role', function() {
+  it('should return true if applied to at least one abstract role', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="alert widget structure">Contents</div>'
     );
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/aria-label.js b/test/checks/shared/aria-label.js
index 7d72c18c4..95a0c96e6 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/aria-label.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/aria-label.js
@@ -1,35 +1,35 @@
-describe('aria-label', function() {
+describe('aria-label', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true if an aria-label is present', function() {
+  it('should return true if an aria-label is present', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup('<div id="target" aria-label="woohoo"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-label').apply(null, checkArgs)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if an aria-label is not present', function() {
+  it('should return false if an aria-label is not present', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup('<div id="target"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-label').apply(null, checkArgs)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if an aria-label is present, but empty', function() {
+  it('should return false if an aria-label is present, but empty', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup('<div id="target" aria-label=" "></div>');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-label').apply(null, checkArgs)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should collapse whitespace', function() {
+  it('should collapse whitespace', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-label=" \t \n \r \t  \t\r\n "></div>'
     );
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/aria-labelledby.js b/test/checks/shared/aria-labelledby.js
index 7a58680af..5ec6549fd 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/aria-labelledby.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/aria-labelledby.js
@@ -1,103 +1,84 @@
-describe('aria-labelledby', function() {
-  'use strict';
+describe('aria-labelledby', () => {
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-labelledby');
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-
-  afterEach(function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
-  });
-
-  it('should return true if an aria-labelledby and its target is present', function() {
-    var node = queryFixture(
+  it('should return true if an aria-labelledby and its target is present', () => {
+    const node = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" aria-labelledby="woohoo"></div><div id="woohoo">bananas</div>'
     );
-
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-labelledby')(null, {}, node)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate(null, {}, node));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if only one element referenced by aria-labelledby has visible text', function() {
-    var node = queryFixture(
+  it('should return true if only one element referenced by aria-labelledby has visible text', () => {
+    const node = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" aria-labelledby="woohoo noexist hehe"></div><div id="woohoo">bananas</div>'
     );
-
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-labelledby')(null, {}, node)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate(null, {}, node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if an aria-labelledby is not present', function() {
-    var node = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
-
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-labelledby')(null, {}, node)
-    );
+  it('should return false if an aria-labelledby is not present', () => {
+    const node = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate(null, {}, node));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if an aria-labelledby is present that references hidden elements', function() {
-    var node = queryFixture(
+  it('should return true if an aria-labelledby is present that references hidden elements', () => {
+    const node = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" aria-labelledby="woohoo noexist hehe"></div><div id="woohoo" style="display:none">bananas</div>'
     );
-
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-labelledby')(null, {}, node)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate(null, {}, node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if an aria-labelledby is present, but references an element with only hidden content', function() {
-    var node = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false if an aria-labelledby is present, but references an element with only hidden content', () => {
+    const node = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" aria-labelledby="woohoo noexist hehe"></div><div id="woohoo"><span style="display: none">bananas</span></div>'
     );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate(null, {}, node));
+  });
 
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-labelledby')(null, {}, node)
+  it('returns false if aria-labelledby refers to the own element', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<input aria-labelledby="target" value="in the sky" id="target">'
     );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate(null, {}, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if an aria-labelledby is present that references elements with has aria-hidden=true', function() {
-    var node = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target" aria-labelledby="woohoo"></div><div id="woohoo" aria-hidden="true">bananas</div>'
+  it('returns false if aria-labelledby refers to parent, and there are no sibling', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="lbl"> <input aria-labelledby="lbl" value="in the sky" id="target"> </div>'
     );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate(null, {}, vNode));
+  });
 
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-labelledby')(null, {}, node)
+  it('should return true if an aria-labelledby is present that references elements with has aria-hidden=true', () => {
+    const node = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" aria-labelledby="woohoo"></div><div id="woohoo" aria-hidden="true">bananas</div>'
     );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate(null, {}, node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if an aria-labelledby is present that references elements with has aria-hidden=true in the content', function() {
-    var node = queryFixture(
+  it('should return false if an aria-labelledby is present that references elements with has aria-hidden=true in the content', () => {
+    const node = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" aria-labelledby="woohoo"></div><div id="woohoo"><span aria-hidden="true">bananas</span></div>'
     );
-
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-labelledby')(null, {}, node)
-    );
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate(null, {}, node));
   });
 
-  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
-    it('should return false if an aria-labelledby is not present', function() {
-      var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+  describe('SerialVirtualNode', () => {
+    it('should return false if an aria-labelledby is not present', () => {
+      const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div'
       });
-
-      assert.isFalse(
-        axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-labelledby')(null, {}, node)
-      );
+      assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate(null, {}, node));
     });
 
-    it('should return undefined if an aria-labelledby is present', function() {
-      var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+    it('should return undefined if an aria-labelledby is present', () => {
+      const node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
           'aria-labelledby': 'woohoo'
         }
       });
-
-      assert.isUndefined(
-        axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('aria-labelledby')(null, {}, node)
-      );
+      assert.isUndefined(checkEvaluate(null, {}, node));
     });
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/avoid-inline-spacing.js b/test/checks/shared/avoid-inline-spacing.js
index cfc5f2185..87ce60431 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/avoid-inline-spacing.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/avoid-inline-spacing.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('avoid-inline-spacing tests', function() {
+describe('avoid-inline-spacing tests', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ describe('avoid-inline-spacing tests', function() {
   var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('avoid-inline-spacing');
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns true when no inline spacing styles are specified', function() {
+  it('returns true when no inline spacing styles are specified', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="font-size: 200%;">The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog</p>'
     );
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ describe('avoid-inline-spacing tests', function() {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when inline spacing styles has invalid value', function() {
+  it('returns true when inline spacing styles has invalid value', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="line-height: 5invalid;">The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog</p>'
     );
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ describe('avoid-inline-spacing tests', function() {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when inline spacing styles has invalid value and `!important` priority', function() {
+  it('returns true when inline spacing styles has invalid value and `!important` priority', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="line-height: invalid !important;">The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog</p>'
     );
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ describe('avoid-inline-spacing tests', function() {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when `line-height` style specified has no `!important` priority', function() {
+  it('returns true when `line-height` style specified has no `!important` priority', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="line-height: 1.5;">The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog</p>'
     );
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ describe('avoid-inline-spacing tests', function() {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when `letter-spacing` style specified has no `!important` priority', function() {
+  it('returns true when `letter-spacing` style specified has no `!important` priority', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="letter-spacing: 50px;">The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog</p>'
     );
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ describe('avoid-inline-spacing tests', function() {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when `word-spacing` style specified has no `!important` priority', function() {
+  it('returns true when `word-spacing` style specified has no `!important` priority', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="word-spacing: 10px;">The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog</p>'
     );
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ describe('avoid-inline-spacing tests', function() {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when none of the multiple inline spacing styles specified have priority of `!important`', function() {
+  it('returns true when none of the multiple inline spacing styles specified have priority of `!important`', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="word-spacing: 20ch; letter-spacing: 50rem; line-height: 3;">The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog</p>'
     );
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ describe('avoid-inline-spacing tests', function() {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when `line-height` style specified has `!important` priority', function() {
+  it('returns false when `line-height` style specified has `!important` priority', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="line-height: 1.5 !important;">The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog</p>'
     );
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ describe('avoid-inline-spacing tests', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['line-height']);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when `letter-spacing` style specified has `!important` priority', function() {
+  it('returns false when `letter-spacing` style specified has `!important` priority', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="letter-spacing: 100em !important;">The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog</p>'
     );
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ describe('avoid-inline-spacing tests', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['letter-spacing']);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when `word-spacing` style specified has `!important` priority', function() {
+  it('returns false when `word-spacing` style specified has `!important` priority', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="word-spacing: -.4ch !important;">The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog</p>'
     );
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ describe('avoid-inline-spacing tests', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['word-spacing']);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when any of the multiple inline spacing styles specifies priority of `!important`', function() {
+  it('returns false when any of the multiple inline spacing styles specifies priority of `!important`', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="word-spacing: 200%; letter-spacing: 50rem !important; line-height: 3;">The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog</p>'
     );
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ describe('avoid-inline-spacing tests', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['letter-spacing']);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when multiple inline spacing styles specifies priority of `!important`', function() {
+  it('returns false when multiple inline spacing styles specifies priority of `!important`', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="line-height: 3 !important; letter-spacing: 50rem !important;">The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog</p>'
     );
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ describe('avoid-inline-spacing tests', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['line-height', 'letter-spacing']);
   });
 
-  it('supports options.cssProperties', function() {
+  it('supports options.cssProperties', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="font-size: 14px !important; line-height: 3 !important; letter-spacing: 50rem !important">The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog</p>'
     );
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/button-has-visible-text.js b/test/checks/shared/button-has-visible-text.js
index 48891718e..92231549b 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/button-has-visible-text.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/button-has-visible-text.js
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-describe('button-has-visible-text', function() {
+describe('button-has-visible-text', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return false if button element is empty', function() {
+  it('should return false if button element is empty', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup('<button></button>', 'button');
 
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ describe('button-has-visible-text', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if a button element has text', function() {
+  it('should return true if a button element has text', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup('<button>Name</button>', 'button');
 
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ describe('button-has-visible-text', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if ARIA button has text', function() {
+  it('should return true if ARIA button has text', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<div role="button">Text</div>',
       '[role=button]'
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ describe('button-has-visible-text', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if ARIA button has no text', function() {
+  it('should return false if ARIA button has no text', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup('<div role="button"></div>', '[role=button]');
 
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ describe('button-has-visible-text', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
-    it('should return incomplete if no children are passed', function() {
+  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
+    it('should return incomplete if no children are passed', function () {
       var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'button'
       });
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ describe('button-has-visible-text', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return false if button element is empty', function() {
+    it('should return false if button element is empty', function () {
       var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'button'
       });
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ describe('button-has-visible-text', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return true if a button element has text', function() {
+    it('should return true if a button element has text', function () {
       var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'button'
       });
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/doc-has-title.js b/test/checks/shared/doc-has-title.js
index 7b57f9306..64048d917 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/doc-has-title.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/doc-has-title.js
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
-describe('doc-has-title', function() {
+describe('doc-has-title', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return false if title is empty', function() {
+  it('should return false if title is empty', function () {
     var orig = document.title;
     document.title = '';
     assert.isFalse(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('doc-has-title')(fixture));
     document.title = orig;
   });
 
-  it('should return false if title contains only whitespace', function() {
+  it('should return false if title contains only whitespace', function () {
     var orig = document.title;
     document.title = ' \t\r\n \n   \r \n\t';
     assert.isFalse(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('doc-has-title')(fixture));
     document.title = orig;
   });
 
-  it('should return true if title is non-empty', function() {
+  it('should return true if title is non-empty', function () {
     var orig = document.title;
     document.title = 'Bananas';
 
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/exists.js b/test/checks/shared/exists.js
index 8d67750c0..d2b4ad132 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/exists.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/exists.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-describe('exists', function() {
+describe('exists', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should return undefined', function() {
+  it('should return undefined', function () {
     assert.isUndefined(checks.exists.evaluate());
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/has-alt.js b/test/checks/shared/has-alt.js
index 539a31141..4f3c0060b 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/has-alt.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/has-alt.js
@@ -1,35 +1,35 @@
-describe('has-alt', function() {
+describe('has-alt', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true if an alt is present', function() {
+  it('should return true if an alt is present', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt="woohoo" />');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-alt').apply(null, checkArgs)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if an empty alt is present', function() {
+  it('should return true if an empty alt is present', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt="" />');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-alt').apply(null, checkArgs)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if a null alt is present', function() {
+  it('should return true if a null alt is present', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt />');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-alt').apply(null, checkArgs)
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if an alt is not present', function() {
+  it('should return false if an alt is not present', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup('<img id="target" />');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('has-alt').apply(null, checkArgs)
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/has-visible-text.js b/test/checks/shared/has-visible-text.js
index 77b188674..fedca81cb 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/has-visible-text.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/has-visible-text.js
@@ -1,18 +1,14 @@
-describe('has-visible-text', function() {
+describe('has-visible-text', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
-
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
-    axe._tree = undefined;
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return false if there is no visible text', function() {
+  it('should return false if there is no visible text', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<p id="target"></p>');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -21,7 +17,7 @@ describe('has-visible-text', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if there is text, but its hidden', function() {
+  it('should return false if there is text, but its hidden', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<p id="target"><span style="display:none">hello!</span></p>'
     );
@@ -32,7 +28,7 @@ describe('has-visible-text', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if there is visible text', function() {
+  it('should return true if there is visible text', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<p id="target">hello!</p>');
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.testUtils
@@ -41,8 +37,8 @@ describe('has-visible-text', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
-    it('should return false if element is not named from contents', function() {
+  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
+    it('should return false if element is not named from contents', function () {
       var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'article'
       });
@@ -52,7 +48,7 @@ describe('has-visible-text', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return incomplete if no other properties are set', function() {
+    it('should return incomplete if no other properties are set', function () {
       var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'button'
       });
@@ -62,7 +58,7 @@ describe('has-visible-text', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return false if there is no visible text', function() {
+    it('should return false if there is no visible text', function () {
       var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'button'
       });
@@ -73,7 +69,7 @@ describe('has-visible-text', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return true if there is visible text', function() {
+    it('should return true if there is visible text', function () {
       var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'p'
       });
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/inline-style-property.js b/test/checks/shared/inline-style-property.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9d93d30f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/checks/shared/inline-style-property.js
@@ -0,0 +1,448 @@
+describe('inline-style-property tests', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '';
+  });
+
+  describe('important-letter-spacing check', () => {
+    const checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate(
+      'important-letter-spacing'
+    );
+    const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+    afterEach(() => {
+      checkContext.reset();
+    });
+
+    it('is true when the property is not set in the style attribute', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<p style="width: 60%" id="target">Hello world</p>'
+      );
+      const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.isTrue(result);
+      assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+    });
+
+    it('is false when letter-spacing is less than 0.12em and !important', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<p style="letter-spacing: 0.1em !important" id="target">Hello world</p>'
+      );
+      const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.isFalse(result);
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        value: 0.1,
+        minValue: 0.12
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('is true when !important is not used', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<p style="letter-spacing: 0.1em" id="target">Hello world</p>'
+      );
+      const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.isTrue(result);
+      assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+    });
+
+    it('is true when letter-spacing is 0.15 times the font-size', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<p style="letter-spacing: 0.15em !important" id="target">Hello world</p>'
+      );
+      const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.isTrue(result);
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        value: 0.15,
+        minValue: 0.12
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('uses the highest priority value if multiple are set', () => {
+      const style = [
+        'letter-spacing: 0.15em !important',
+        'letter-spacing: 0.1em !important',
+        'letter-spacing: 0.2em'
+      ].join('; ');
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<p style="' + style + '" id="target">Hello world</p>'
+      );
+      const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.isFalse(result);
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        value: 0.1,
+        minValue: 0.12
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('handles different font-sizes', () => {
+      it('is true when the font is 0.15 time the spacing', () => {
+        const params = checkSetup(
+          '<p style="font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 3px !important" id="target">Hello world</p>'
+        );
+        const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+        assert.isTrue(result);
+        assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+          value: 0.15,
+          minValue: 0.12
+        });
+      });
+
+      it('is false when the font is 0.10 times the spacing', () => {
+        const params = checkSetup(
+          '<p style="font-size: 30px; letter-spacing: 3px !important" id="target">Hello world</p>'
+        );
+        const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+        assert.isFalse(result);
+        assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+          value: 0.1,
+          minValue: 0.12
+        });
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('with non-number values', () => {
+      it('is false when `normal` (which is 0) is used along with !important', () => {
+        const params = checkSetup(
+          '<p style="letter-spacing: normal !important" id="target">Hello world</p>'
+        );
+        const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+        assert.isFalse(result);
+        assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+          value: 0,
+          minValue: 0.12
+        });
+      });
+
+      it('is false when `initial` (meaning `normal`) is used along with !important', () => {
+        const params = checkSetup(
+          '<p style="letter-spacing: initial !important" id="target">Hello world</p>'
+        );
+        const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+        assert.isFalse(result);
+        assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+          value: 0,
+          minValue: 0.12
+        });
+      });
+
+      it('is true when `inherited` is used along with !important', () => {
+        const params = checkSetup(
+          '<p style="letter-spacing: 0.1em">' +
+            '<span style="letter-spacing: inherit !important;" id="target">Hello world</span</p>'
+        );
+        const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+        assert.isTrue(result);
+        assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+          value: 'inherit',
+          minValue: 0.12
+        });
+      });
+
+      it('is true when `unset` is used along with !important', () => {
+        const params = checkSetup(
+          '<p style="letter-spacing: 0.1em">' +
+            '<span style="letter-spacing: unset !important;" id="target">Hello world</span</p>'
+        );
+        const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+        assert.isTrue(result);
+        assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+          value: 'unset',
+          minValue: 0.12
+        });
+      });
+
+      it('is true when `revert` is used along with !important', () => {
+        const params = checkSetup(
+          '<p style="letter-spacing: 0.1em">' +
+            '<span style="letter-spacing: revert !important;" id="target">Hello world</span</p>'
+        );
+        const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+        assert.isTrue(result);
+        assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+          value: 'revert',
+          minValue: 0.12
+        });
+      });
+
+      it('is true when `revert-layer` is used along with !important', () => {
+        const params = checkSetup(
+          '<p style="letter-spacing: 0.1em">' +
+            '<span style="letter-spacing: revert-layer !important;" id="target">Hello world</span</p>'
+        );
+        const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+        assert.isTrue(result);
+        assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+          value: 'revert-layer',
+          minValue: 0.12
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('important-word-spacing check', () => {
+    const checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate(
+      'important-word-spacing'
+    );
+    const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+    afterEach(() => {
+      checkContext.reset();
+    });
+
+    it('is true when word-spacing is not set in the style attribute', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<p style="width: 60%" id="target">Hello world</p>'
+      );
+      const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.isTrue(result);
+      assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+    });
+
+    it('is true when below 0.16em and not !important', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<p style="word-spacing: 0.1em" id="target">Hello world</p>'
+      );
+      const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.isTrue(result);
+      assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+    });
+
+    it('is false when below 0.16em and !important', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<p style="word-spacing: 0.1em !important" id="target">Hello world</p>'
+      );
+      const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.isFalse(result);
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        value: 0.1,
+        minValue: 0.16
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('is true when 0.16em and !important', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<p style="word-spacing: 0.16em !important" id="target">Hello world</p>'
+      );
+      const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.isTrue(result);
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        value: 0.16,
+        minValue: 0.16
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('important-line-height check', () => {
+    const checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate(
+      'important-line-height'
+    );
+    const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+    afterEach(() => {
+      checkContext.reset();
+    });
+
+    it('is true when line-height is not set in the style attribute', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<p style="width: 60%" id="target">Hello world</p>'
+      );
+      const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.isTrue(result);
+      assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+    });
+
+    it('is true when below 1.5em and not !important', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<p style="line-height: 1.2em; max-width: 200px;" id="target">' +
+          '	The toy brought back fond memories of being lost in the rain forest.' +
+          '</p>'
+      );
+      const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.isTrue(result);
+      assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+    });
+
+    it('is false when below 1.5em and !important', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<p style="line-height: 1.2em !important; max-width: 200px;" id="target">' +
+          '	The toy brought back fond memories of being lost in the rain forest.' +
+          '</p>'
+      );
+      const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.isFalse(result);
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        value: 1.2,
+        minValue: 1.5
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('is true when 1.5em and !important', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<p style="line-height: 1.5em !important; max-width: 200px;" id="target">' +
+          '	The toy brought back fond memories of being lost in the rain forest.' +
+          '</p>'
+      );
+      const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.isTrue(result);
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        value: 1.5,
+        minValue: 1.5
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('returns the 1em for `normal !important`', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<p style="line-height: normal !important; max-width: 200px;" id="target">' +
+          '	The toy brought back fond memories of being lost in the rain forest.' +
+          '</p>'
+      );
+      const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.isFalse(result);
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        value: 1,
+        minValue: 1.5
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('is true for single line texts', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<p style="line-height: 1.2em !important; max-width: 200px;" id="target">' +
+          '	Short' +
+          '</p>'
+      );
+      const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.isTrue(result);
+      assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('With options configured for font-size', () => {
+    const checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate(
+      'important-letter-spacing'
+    );
+    const checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+    const options = {
+      cssProperty: 'font-size',
+      minValue: 16,
+      maxValue: 42,
+      absoluteValues: true,
+      noImportant: false
+    };
+
+    afterEach(() => {
+      checkContext.reset();
+    });
+
+    it('is false when !important and below the minValue', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<p style="font-size: 12px !important" id="target">Hello world</p>',
+        options
+      );
+      const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.isFalse(result);
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        value: 12,
+        minValue: 16,
+        maxValue: 42
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('is false when !important and above the maxValue', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<p style="font-size: 43px !important" id="target">Hello world</p>',
+        options
+      );
+      const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.isFalse(result);
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        value: 43,
+        minValue: 16,
+        maxValue: 42
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('is true when not !important', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<p style="font-size: 12px" id="target">Hello world</p>',
+        options
+      );
+      const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.isTrue(result);
+      assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
+    });
+
+    it('is false when not !important and {noImportant: true}', () => {
+      const opt = Object.assign({}, options, { noImportant: true });
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<p style="font-size: 12px" id="target">Hello world</p>',
+        opt
+      );
+      const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.isFalse(result);
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        value: 12,
+        minValue: 16,
+        maxValue: 42
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('returns the normal value when `normal` is used', () => {
+      // Using line-height, since font-size cannot be normal
+      const opts = {
+        cssProperty: 'line-height',
+        normalValue: 3,
+        minValue: 5
+      };
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<p style="line-height: normal !important" id="target">Hello world</p>',
+        opts
+      );
+      const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.isFalse(result);
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        value: 3,
+        minValue: 5
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('is true when above the minValue', () => {
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<p style="font-size: 16px !important" id="target">Hello world</p>',
+        options
+      );
+      const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.isTrue(result);
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        value: 16,
+        minValue: 16,
+        maxValue: 42
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('ignores minValue when not a number', () => {
+      const opt = Object.assign({}, options, { minValue: '16' });
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<p style="font-size: 12px !important" id="target">Hello world</p>',
+        opt
+      );
+      const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.isTrue(result);
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        value: 12,
+        maxValue: 42
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('ignores maxValue when not a number', () => {
+      const opt = Object.assign({}, options, { maxValue: '42' });
+      const params = checkSetup(
+        '<p style="font-size: 50px !important" id="target">Hello world</p>',
+        opt
+      );
+      const result = checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params);
+      assert.isTrue(result);
+      assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+        value: 50,
+        minValue: 16
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/invalidrole.js b/test/checks/shared/invalidrole.js
index 045cc9d3b..d9aa0a394 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/invalidrole.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/invalidrole.js
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-describe('invalidrole', function() {
+describe('invalidrole', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if applied to an empty role', function() {
+  it('should return true if applied to an empty role', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="">Contents</div>');
     assert.isTrue(
       checks.invalidrole.evaluate.call(
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ describe('invalidrole', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['']);
   });
 
-  it('should return true if applied to a nonsensical role', function() {
+  it('should return true if applied to a nonsensical role', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="foo">Contents</div>'
     );
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ describe('invalidrole', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, ['foo']);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if applied to a concrete role', function() {
+  it('should return false if applied to a concrete role', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="alert">Contents</div>'
     );
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ describe('invalidrole', function() {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if applied to an abstract role', function() {
+  it('should return false if applied to an abstract role', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="widget">Contents</div>'
     );
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ describe('invalidrole', function() {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if applied to multiple valid roles', function() {
+  it('should return false if applied to multiple valid roles', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="alert button">Contents</div>'
     );
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ describe('invalidrole', function() {
     assert.isNull(checkContext._data);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if atleast one role is valid', function() {
+  it('should return false if atleast one role is valid', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="alert button foo bar">Contents</div>'
     );
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ describe('invalidrole', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if all roles are invalid', function() {
+  it('should return true if all roles are invalid', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="foo bar">Contents</div>'
     );
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/is-on-screen.js b/test/checks/shared/is-on-screen.js
index e240edcc1..e82cb70de 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/is-on-screen.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/is-on-screen.js
@@ -1,34 +1,31 @@
-describe('is-on-screen', function() {
+describe('is-on-screen', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  it('should return true for visible elements', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target">elm</div>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+  it('should return true for visible elements', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">elm</div>');
 
-    assert.isTrue(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('is-on-screen')(node));
+    assert.isTrue(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('is-on-screen')(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true for aria-hidden=true elements', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">elm</div>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+  it('should return true for aria-hidden=true elements', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">elm</div>');
 
-    assert.isTrue(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('is-on-screen')(node));
+    assert.isTrue(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('is-on-screen')(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for display:none elements', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" style="display:none">elm</div>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+  it('should return false for display:none elements', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" style="display:none">elm</div>');
 
-    assert.isFalse(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('is-on-screen')(node));
+    assert.isFalse(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('is-on-screen')(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for off screen elements', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="target" style="position:absolute; top:-10000px">elm</div>';
-    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+  it('should return false for off screen elements', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="position:absolute; top:-10000px">elm</div>'
+    );
 
-    assert.isFalse(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('is-on-screen')(node));
+    assert.isFalse(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('is-on-screen')(vNode));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/non-empty-alt.js b/test/checks/shared/non-empty-alt.js
index e9756f856..cf5fe8f38 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/non-empty-alt.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/non-empty-alt.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('non-empty-alt', function() {
+describe('non-empty-alt', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -6,29 +6,29 @@ describe('non-empty-alt', function() {
   var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('non-empty-alt');
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if an alt is present', function() {
+  it('should return true if an alt is present', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt="woohoo" />');
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if an alt is not present', function() {
+  it('should return false if an alt is not present', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<img id="target" />');
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'noAttr');
   });
 
-  it('should return false if an alt is present, but empty', function() {
+  it('should return false if an alt is present, but empty', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt=" " />');
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'emptyAttr');
   });
 
-  it('should collapse whitespace', function() {
+  it('should collapse whitespace', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<img id="target" alt=" \t \n \r \t  \t\r\n " />');
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'emptyAttr');
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/non-empty-if-present.js b/test/checks/shared/non-empty-if-present.js
index ee0bf6ef3..7d25836d1 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/non-empty-if-present.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/non-empty-if-present.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('non-empty-if-present', function() {
+describe('non-empty-if-present', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@ describe('non-empty-if-present', function() {
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return false if a value is present', function() {
+  it('should return false if a value is present', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<input id="target" type="submit" value="woohoo" />'
     );
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ describe('non-empty-if-present', function() {
 
   (isEdgeOrIe ? xit : it)(
     'should return true if a value is not present',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="submit" />');
 
       assert.isTrue(
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ describe('non-empty-if-present', function() {
     }
   );
 
-  it('should return false if an value is present, but empty', function() {
+  it('should return false if an value is present, but empty', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="submit" value="" />');
 
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ describe('non-empty-if-present', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the element is not a submit or reset input', function() {
+  it('should return false if the element is not a submit or reset input', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="text" />');
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.testUtils
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/non-empty-placeholder.js b/test/checks/shared/non-empty-placeholder.js
index f6100f5ad..255c3c3fa 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/non-empty-placeholder.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/non-empty-placeholder.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('non-empty-placeholder', function() {
+describe('non-empty-placeholder', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -6,32 +6,32 @@ describe('non-empty-placeholder', function() {
   var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('non-empty-placeholder');
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if a placeholder is present', function() {
+  it('should return true if a placeholder is present', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<input id="target" placeholder="woohoo" />');
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if a placeholder is not present', function() {
+  it('should return false if a placeholder is not present', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<input id="target" />');
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'noAttr');
   });
 
-  it('should return false if a placeholder is present, but empty', function() {
+  it('should return false if a placeholder is present, but empty', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<input id="target" placeholder=" " />');
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'emptyAttr');
   });
 
-  it('should collapse whitespace', function() {
+  it('should collapse whitespace', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<input id="target" placeholder=" \t \n \r \t  \t\r\n " />'
     );
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/non-empty-title.js b/test/checks/shared/non-empty-title.js
index 4debd15f3..917d2c941 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/non-empty-title.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/non-empty-title.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('non-empty-title', function() {
+describe('non-empty-title', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -6,32 +6,32 @@ describe('non-empty-title', function() {
   var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('non-empty-title');
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if a title is present', function() {
+  it('should return true if a title is present', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<img id="target" title="woohoo" />');
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if a title is not present', function() {
+  it('should return false if a title is not present', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<img id="target" />');
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'noAttr');
   });
 
-  it('should return false if a title is present, but empty', function() {
+  it('should return false if a title is present, but empty', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<img id="target" title=" " />');
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'emptyAttr');
   });
 
-  it('should collapse whitespace', function() {
+  it('should collapse whitespace', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<img id="target" title=" \t \n \r \t  \t\r\n " />'
     );
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/non-empty-value.js b/test/checks/shared/non-empty-value.js
index 4111597fe..a28fb25c9 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/non-empty-value.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/non-empty-value.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('non-empty-value', function() {
+describe('non-empty-value', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -6,31 +6,31 @@ describe('non-empty-value', function() {
   var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('non-empty-value');
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true if an value is present', function() {
+  it('should return true if an value is present', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<input id="target" value="woohoo" />');
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if an value is not present', function() {
+  it('should return false if an value is not present', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<input id="target" />');
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'noAttr');
   });
 
-  it('should return false if an value is present, but empty', function() {
+  it('should return false if an value is present, but empty', function () {
     var params = checkSetup('<input id="target" value=" " />');
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, params));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'emptyAttr');
   });
 
-  it('should collapse whitespace', function() {
+  it('should collapse whitespace', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<input id="target" value=" \t \n \r \t  \t\r\n " />'
     );
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/presentational-role.js b/test/checks/shared/presentational-role.js
index 9f93f2af6..f9f9cd9e3 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/presentational-role.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/presentational-role.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('presentational-role', function() {
+describe('presentational-role', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -6,38 +6,38 @@ describe('presentational-role', function() {
   var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('presentational-role');
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should detect role="none" on the element', function() {
+  it('should detect role="none" on the element', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="none"></div>');
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data.role, 'none');
   });
 
-  it('should detect role="presentation" on the element', function() {
+  it('should detect role="presentation" on the element', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="presentation"></div>');
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data.role, 'presentation');
   });
 
-  it('should return false when role !== none', function() {
+  it('should return false when role !== none', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="cats"></div>');
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when there is no role attribute', function() {
+  it('should return false when there is no role attribute', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when the element is focusable', function() {
+  it('should return false when the element is focusable', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" role="none">Still a button</button>'
     );
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ describe('presentational-role', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'focusable');
   });
 
-  it('should return false when the element has global aria attributes', function() {
+  it('should return false when the element has global aria attributes', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<img id="target" role="none" aria-live="assertive" />'
     );
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ describe('presentational-role', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'globalAria');
   });
 
-  it('should return false when the element has global aria attributes and is focusable', function() {
+  it('should return false when the element has global aria attributes and is focusable', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" role="none" aria-live="assertive">Still a button</button>'
     );
@@ -63,4 +63,28 @@ describe('presentational-role', function() {
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
     assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'both');
   });
+
+  it('should return false for iframe element with role=none and title', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<iframe id="target" role="none" title="  "></iframe>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      messageKey: 'iframe',
+      nodeName: 'iframe'
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for iframe element with role=presentation and title', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<iframe id="target" role="presentation" title=""></iframe>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.call(checkContext, null, null, vNode));
+    assert.deepEqual(checkContext._data, {
+      messageKey: 'iframe',
+      nodeName: 'iframe'
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/role-none.js b/test/checks/shared/role-none.js
index ea850b5f4..aaff4011c 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/role-none.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/role-none.js
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
-describe('role-none', function() {
+describe('role-none', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('role-none');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should detect role="none" on the element', function() {
+  it('should detect role="none" on the element', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="none"></div>');
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when role !== none', function() {
+  it('should return false when role !== none', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="cats"></div>');
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when there is no role attribute', function() {
+  it('should return false when there is no role attribute', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate(null, null, vNode));
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/role-presentation.js b/test/checks/shared/role-presentation.js
index d8ec5eff7..bc779b42d 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/role-presentation.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/role-presentation.js
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
-describe('role-presentation', function() {
+describe('role-presentation', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('role-presentation');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should detect role="presentation" on the element', function() {
+  it('should detect role="presentation" on the element', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="presentation"></div>');
 
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when role !== presentation', function() {
+  it('should return false when role !== presentation', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="cats"></div>');
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate(null, null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when there is no role attribute', function() {
+  it('should return false when there is no role attribute', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
 
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate(null, null, vNode));
diff --git a/test/checks/shared/svg-non-empty-title.js b/test/checks/shared/svg-non-empty-title.js
index f4c11fae2..4ed56ac21 100644
--- a/test/checks/shared/svg-non-empty-title.js
+++ b/test/checks/shared/svg-non-empty-title.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('svg-non-empty-title tests', function() {
+describe('svg-non-empty-title tests', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -6,38 +6,45 @@ describe('svg-non-empty-title tests', function() {
   var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
   var checkEvaluate = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('svg-non-empty-title');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the element has a `title` child', function() {
+  it('returns true if the element has a `title` child', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<svg id="target"><title>Time II: Party</title></svg>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the `title` child has text nested in another element', function() {
+  it('returns true if the `title` child has text nested in another element', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<svg id="target"><title><g>Time II: Party</g></title></svg>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the element has no `title` child', function() {
+  it('returns true if the element has a `title` child with `display:none`', function () {
+    var checkArgs = checkSetup(
+      '<svg id="target"><title style="display: none;">Time II: Party</title></svg>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false if the element has no `title` child', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup('<svg id="target"></svg>');
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'noTitle');
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the `title` child is empty', function() {
+  it('returns false if the `title` child is empty', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup('<svg id="target"><title></title></svg>');
     assert.isFalse(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'emptyTitle');
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the `title` is a grandchild', function() {
+  it('returns false if the `title` is a grandchild', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<svg id="target"><circle><title>Time II: Party</title></circle></svg>'
     );
@@ -45,7 +52,7 @@ describe('svg-non-empty-title tests', function() {
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'noTitle');
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the `title` child has only whitespace', function() {
+  it('returns false if the `title` child has only whitespace', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<svg id="target"><title> \t\r\n </title></svg>'
     );
@@ -53,7 +60,7 @@ describe('svg-non-empty-title tests', function() {
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'emptyTitle');
   });
 
-  it('returns false if there are multiple titles, and the first is empty', function() {
+  it('returns false if there are multiple titles, and the first is empty', function () {
     var checkArgs = checkSetup(
       '<svg id="target"><title></title><title>Time II: Party</title></svg>'
     );
@@ -61,8 +68,8 @@ describe('svg-non-empty-title tests', function() {
     assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'emptyTitle');
   });
 
-  describe('Serial Virtual Node', function() {
-    it('returns true if the element has a `title` child', function() {
+  describe('Serial Virtual Node', function () {
+    it('returns true if the element has a `title` child', function () {
       var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'svg'
       });
@@ -82,7 +89,7 @@ describe('svg-non-empty-title tests', function() {
       assert.isTrue(checkEvaluate.apply(checkContext, checkArgs));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if the element has no `title` child', function() {
+    it('returns false if the element has no `title` child', function () {
       var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'svg'
       });
@@ -93,7 +100,7 @@ describe('svg-non-empty-title tests', function() {
       assert.equal(checkContext._data.messageKey, 'noTitle');
     });
 
-    it('returns undefined if the element has empty children', function() {
+    it('returns undefined if the element has empty children', function () {
       var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'svg'
       });
diff --git a/test/checks/tables/caption-faked.js b/test/checks/tables/caption-faked.js
index 77b21e478..b96fbd961 100644
--- a/test/checks/tables/caption-faked.js
+++ b/test/checks/tables/caption-faked.js
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
-describe('caption-faked', function() {
+describe('caption-faked', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
   var captionFaked;
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     captionFaked = checks['caption-faked'];
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the first row has multiple cells', function() {
+  it('returns true if the first row has multiple cells', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '  <tr> <td></td> <td></td> </tr>' +
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ describe('caption-faked', function() {
     assert.isTrue(captionFaked.evaluate(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the table has only one column', function() {
+  it('returns true if the table has only one column', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '  <tr> <td></td> </tr>' +
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ describe('caption-faked', function() {
     assert.isTrue(captionFaked.evaluate(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the table has only one <tr>', function() {
+  it('returns true if the table has only one <tr>', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       // Accessibility: Expect the unexpected
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ describe('caption-faked', function() {
     assert.isTrue(captionFaked.evaluate(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the first column does not span the entire table', function() {
+  it('returns true if the first column does not span the entire table', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '  <tr> <td></td> </tr>' +
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ describe('caption-faked', function() {
     assert.isTrue(captionFaked.evaluate(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the first is only a single td', function() {
+  it('returns false if the first is only a single td', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '  <tr> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr>' +
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ describe('caption-faked', function() {
     assert.isFalse(captionFaked.evaluate(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the first is only a single th', function() {
+  it('returns false if the first is only a single th', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '  <tr> <th colspan="2"></th> </tr>' +
diff --git a/test/checks/tables/html5-scope.js b/test/checks/tables/html5-scope.js
index 2e10bd9da..3a0ff265f 100644
--- a/test/checks/tables/html5-scope.js
+++ b/test/checks/tables/html5-scope.js
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
-describe('html5-scope', function() {
+describe('html5-scope', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true on THs', function() {
+  it('should return true on THs', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table><tr><th scope="col"></th></tr></table>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('th');
 
     assert.isTrue(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('html5-scope')(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false on TDs', function() {
+  it('should return false on TDs', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table><tr><td scope="col"></td></tr></table>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('td');
 
     assert.isFalse(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('html5-scope')(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return true on non-HTML5 documents', function() {
+  it('should return true on non-HTML5 documents', function () {
     var origPublicId = document.publicId;
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table><tr><th scope="col"></th></tr></table>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('th');
diff --git a/test/checks/tables/same-caption-summary.js b/test/checks/tables/same-caption-summary.js
index 1340235ba..495c4d364 100644
--- a/test/checks/tables/same-caption-summary.js
+++ b/test/checks/tables/same-caption-summary.js
@@ -1,20 +1,18 @@
-describe('same-caption-summary', function() {
+describe('same-caption-summary', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
   var shadowCheckSetup = axe.testUtils.shadowCheckSetup;
   var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
 
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should return false there is no caption', function() {
+  it('should return false there is no caption', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<table summary="hi" id="target"><tr><td></td></tr></table>'
     );
@@ -26,7 +24,7 @@ describe('same-caption-summary', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false there is no summary', function() {
+  it('should return false there is no summary', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<table id="target"><caption>Hi</caption><tr><td></td></tr></table>'
     );
@@ -38,7 +36,7 @@ describe('same-caption-summary', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if summary and caption are different', function() {
+  it('should return false if summary and caption are different', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<table summary="bye" id="target"><caption>Hi</caption><tr><td></td></tr></table>'
     );
@@ -50,7 +48,7 @@ describe('same-caption-summary', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if summary and caption are the same', function() {
+  it('should return true if summary and caption are the same', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<table summary="Hi" id="target"><caption>Hi</caption><tr><td></td></tr></table>'
     );
@@ -62,7 +60,7 @@ describe('same-caption-summary', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if summary and caption are the same with mixed casing', function() {
+  it('should return true if summary and caption are the same with mixed casing', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<table summary="My Table" id="target">' +
         '<caption> my table </caption>' +
@@ -84,7 +82,7 @@ describe('same-caption-summary', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should match slotted caption elements',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var params = shadowCheckSetup(
         '<div>' +
           '<span slot="caption">Caption</span>' +
diff --git a/test/checks/tables/scope-value.js b/test/checks/tables/scope-value.js
index 9e745309d..a7a21b57b 100644
--- a/test/checks/tables/scope-value.js
+++ b/test/checks/tables/scope-value.js
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
-describe('scope-value', function() {
+describe('scope-value', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true if scope is "col"', function() {
+  it('should return true if scope is "col"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table><tr><td scope="col"></td></tr></table>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('td');
 
     assert.isTrue(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('scope-value')(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if scope is "row"', function() {
+  it('should return true if scope is "row"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table><tr><td scope="row"></td></tr></table>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('td');
 
     assert.isTrue(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('scope-value')(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false otherwise', function() {
+  it('should return false otherwise', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table><tr><td scope="hahahahanothx"></td></tr></table>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('td');
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ describe('scope-value', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('scope-value')(node));
   });
 
-  it('should support options.values', function() {
+  it('should support options.values', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table><tr><td scope="hahahahanothx"></td></tr></table>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('td');
diff --git a/test/checks/tables/td-has-header.js b/test/checks/tables/td-has-header.js
index 1ff8674c9..5e6e6cf9c 100644
--- a/test/checks/tables/td-has-header.js
+++ b/test/checks/tables/td-has-header.js
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
-describe('td-has-header', function() {
+describe('td-has-header', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
     axe._tree = null;
   });
 
-  it('should not be fooled by rowspan and colspan', function() {
+  it('should not be fooled by rowspan and colspan', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<thead>' +
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ describe('td-has-header', function() {
     assert.equal(checkContext._relatedNodes.length, 4);
   });
 
-  it('should return true each non-empty cell has a row header', function() {
+  it('should return true each non-empty cell has a row header', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' + '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <td>hello</td> </tr>' + '</table>';
 
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ describe('td-has-header', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true each non-empty cell has a column header', function() {
+  it('should return true each non-empty cell has a column header', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <th>hello</th> </tr>' +
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ describe('td-has-header', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true each non-empty cell has aria-label', function() {
+  it('should return true each non-empty cell has aria-label', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '  <tr> <td aria-label="one">hi</td> <td aria-label="two">hello</td> </tr>' +
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ describe('td-has-header', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true each non-empty cell has aria-labelledby', function() {
+  it('should return true each non-empty cell has aria-labelledby', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="one">one</div><div id="two">two</div>' +
       '<table>' +
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ describe('td-has-header', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true each non-empty cell has a headers attribute', function() {
+  it('should return true each non-empty cell has a headers attribute', function () {
     // This will fail under td-headers-attr because the headers must be inside the table
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="one">one</div><div id="two">two</div>' +
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ describe('td-has-header', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true there is at least one non-empty header', function() {
+  it('should return true there is at least one non-empty header', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <th>hello</th> </tr>' +
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ describe('td-has-header', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the only data cells are empty', function() {
+  it('should return true if the only data cells are empty', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' + '  <tr> <td></td> <td></td> </tr>' + '</table>';
 
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ describe('td-has-header', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if a cell has no headers', function() {
+  it('should return false if a cell has no headers', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' + '  <tr> <td>hi</td> <td>hello</td> </tr>' + '</table>';
 
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ describe('td-has-header', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if a cell has no headers - complex table', function() {
+  it('should return false if a cell has no headers - complex table', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '  <tr> <td colspan="3">Psuedo-Caption</td> </tr>' +
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ describe('td-has-header', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the headers element is empty', function() {
+  it('should return true if the headers element is empty', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '  <tr> <th>Hello</th> <td headers="">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ describe('td-has-header', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the headers element refers to non-existing elements', function() {
+  it('should return true if the headers element refers to non-existing elements', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '  <tr> <th>Hello</th> <td headers="beatles">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ describe('td-has-header', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if all headers are empty', function() {
+  it('should return false if all headers are empty', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '  <tr> <th></th> <th></th> </tr>' +
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ describe('td-has-header', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('recognizes shadow tree content', function() {
+  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('recognizes shadow tree content', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="shadow"> <b>header</b> </div>';
     var shadow = fixture
       .querySelector('#shadow')
diff --git a/test/checks/tables/td-headers-attr.js b/test/checks/tables/td-headers-attr.js
index f9ba57dd8..4fe08bc0b 100644
--- a/test/checks/tables/td-headers-attr.js
+++ b/test/checks/tables/td-headers-attr.js
@@ -1,124 +1,136 @@
-describe('td-headers-attr', function() {
+describe('td-headers-attr', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
+  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  var check = axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('td-headers-attr');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
+  afterEach(function () {
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns true no headers attribute is present', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
+  it('returns true no headers attribute is present', function () {
+    fixtureSetup(
       '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <td>hello</td> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <td>hello</td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+        '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <td>hello</td> </tr>' +
+        '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <td>hello</td> </tr>' +
+        '</table>'
+    );
 
     var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('td-headers-attr').call(checkContext, node)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(check.call(checkContext, node));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if a valid header is present', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
+  it('returns true if a valid header is present', function () {
+    fixtureSetup(
       '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <th id="hi">hello</th> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <td headers="hi">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+        '  <tr> <th id="hi">hello</th> </tr>' +
+        '  <tr> <td headers="hi">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
+        '</table>'
+    );
 
     var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('td-headers-attr').call(checkContext, node)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(check.call(checkContext, node));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if multiple valid headers are present', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
+  it('returns true if multiple valid headers are present', function () {
+    fixtureSetup(
       '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <th id="hi1">hello</th> <th id="hi2">hello</th> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <td headers="hi1 \t\n hi2">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+        '  <tr> <th id="hi1">hello</th> <th id="hi2">hello</th> </tr>' +
+        '  <tr> <td headers="hi1 \t\n hi2">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
+        '</table>'
+    );
 
     var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('td-headers-attr').call(checkContext, node)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(check.call(checkContext, node));
   });
 
-  it('returns true with an empty header', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
+  it('returns true with an empty header', function () {
+    fixtureSetup(
       '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <th id="hi1"></th> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <td headers="hi1">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+        '  <tr> <th id="hi1"></th> </tr>' +
+        '  <tr> <td headers="hi1">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
+        '</table>'
+    );
 
     var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    assert.isTrue(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('td-headers-attr').call(checkContext, node)
-    );
+    assert.isTrue(check.call(checkContext, node));
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined if headers is empty', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
+  it('returns undefined if headers is empty', function () {
+    fixtureSetup(
       '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <th id="hi"> </th> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <td headers="">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+        '  <tr> <th id="hi"> </th> </tr>' +
+        '  <tr> <td headers="">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
+        '</table>'
+    );
 
     var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    assert.isUndefined(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('td-headers-attr').call(checkContext, node)
-    );
+    assert.isUndefined(check.call(checkContext, node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the header is a table cell', function() {
+  it('returns false if the header is a table cell', function () {
     var node;
 
-    fixture.innerHTML =
+    fixtureSetup(
       '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <th> <span id="hi">hello</span> </th> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <td headers="h1">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-    node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('td-headers-attr').call(checkContext, node)
+        '  <tr> <th> <span id="hi">hello</span> </th> </tr>' +
+        '  <tr> <td headers="h1">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
+        '</table>'
     );
+    node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    assert.isFalse(check.call(checkContext, node));
 
-    fixture.innerHTML =
+    fixtureSetup(
       '<span id="hi">hello</span>' +
-      '<table>' +
-      '  <tr> <th></th> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <td headers="h1">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-    node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('td-headers-attr').call(checkContext, node)
+        '<table>' +
+        '  <tr> <th></th> </tr>' +
+        '  <tr> <td headers="h1">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
+        '</table>'
     );
+    node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    assert.isFalse(check.call(checkContext, node));
 
-    fixture.innerHTML =
+    fixtureSetup(
       '<table id="hi">' +
-      '  <tr> <th>hello</th> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <td headers="h1">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
-    node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('td-headers-attr').call(checkContext, node)
+        '  <tr> <th>hello</th> </tr>' +
+        '  <tr> <td headers="h1">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
+        '</table>'
     );
+    node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    assert.isFalse(check.call(checkContext, node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the header refers to the same cell', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
+  it('returns false if the header refers to the same cell', function () {
+    fixtureSetup(
       '<table id="hi">' +
-      '  <tr> <th>hello</th> </tr>' +
-      '  <tr> <td id="bye" headers="bye">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
-      '</table>';
+        '  <tr> <th>hello</th> </tr>' +
+        '  <tr> <td id="bye" headers="bye">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
+        '</table>'
+    );
 
     var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
-    assert.isFalse(
-      axe.testUtils.getCheckEvaluate('td-headers-attr').call(checkContext, node)
+    assert.isFalse(check.call(checkContext, node));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true if td[headers] is hidden', function () {
+    fixtureSetup(
+      '<table>' +
+        '  <tr> <th>Hello</th> <td headers="h1" hidden>goodbye</td> </tr>' +
+        '</table>'
     );
+    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    assert.isTrue(check.call(checkContext, node));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true if td[headers] has aria-hidden=true', function () {
+    fixtureSetup(
+      '<table>' +
+        '  <tr> <th>Hello</th> <td headers="h1" aria-hidden="true">goodbye</td> </tr>' +
+        '</table>'
+    );
+    var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
+    assert.isTrue(check.call(checkContext, node));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/checks/tables/th-has-data-cells.js b/test/checks/tables/th-has-data-cells.js
index db161abf7..37058aea6 100644
--- a/test/checks/tables/th-has-data-cells.js
+++ b/test/checks/tables/th-has-data-cells.js
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-describe('th-has-data-cells', function() {
+describe('th-has-data-cells', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true each row header has a non-empty cell', function() {
+  it('should return true each row header has a non-empty cell', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <td>hello</td> </tr>' +
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ describe('th-has-data-cells', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true each non-empty column header has a cell', function() {
+  it('should return true each non-empty column header has a cell', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '  <tr> <th>H</th> <th>H</th> </tr>' +
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ describe('th-has-data-cells', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if referred to with headers attr', function() {
+  it('should return true if referred to with headers attr', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '  <tr> <td headers="a">hi</td> <td headers="b">hello</td></tr>' +
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ describe('th-has-data-cells', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if referred to with aria-labelledby', function() {
+  it('should return true if referred to with aria-labelledby', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '  <tr> <td aria-labelledby="a">hi</td> <td aria-labelledby="b">hello</td></tr>' +
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ describe('th-has-data-cells', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the th element is empty', function() {
+  it('should return true if the th element is empty', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '  <tr> <th></th> <th></th> </tr>' +
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ describe('th-has-data-cells', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true when the td has a content element', function() {
+  it('should return true when the td has a content element', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <td><input type="text"></td> </tr>' +
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ describe('th-has-data-cells', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if a th has no data cells', function() {
+  it('should return undefined if a th has no data cells', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '  <tr> <th>hi</th> </tr>' +
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ describe('th-has-data-cells', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if all data cells are empty', function() {
+  it('should return true if all data cells are empty', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <td></td> </tr>' +
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ describe('th-has-data-cells', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if a td with role=columnheader is used that has no data cells', function() {
+  it('should return undefined if a td with role=columnheader is used that has no data cells', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table id="fail4">' +
       '  <tr> <td>axe</td> <td role="columnheader">AXE</th> </tr>' +
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ describe('th-has-data-cells', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined if table cell points to a different header', function() {
+  it('should return undefined if table cell points to a different header', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr>' +
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ describe('th-has-data-cells', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('recognizes shadow tree content', function() {
+  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('recognizes shadow tree content', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="shadow"> <b>data</b> </div>';
     var shadow = fixture
       .querySelector('#shadow')
diff --git a/test/checks/visibility/hidden-content.js b/test/checks/visibility/hidden-content.js
index 82cd1580c..41211b94f 100644
--- a/test/checks/visibility/hidden-content.js
+++ b/test/checks/visibility/hidden-content.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /* global xit */
-describe('hidden content', function() {
+describe('hidden content', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ describe('hidden content', function() {
   var checkSetup = axe.testUtils.checkSetup;
   var checkContext = axe.testUtils.MockCheckContext();
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     checkContext.reset();
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined with display:none and children', function() {
+  it('should return undefined with display:none and children', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" style="display: none;"><p>Some paragraph text.</p></div>'
     );
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ describe('hidden content', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined with visibility:hidden and children', function() {
+  it('should return undefined with visibility:hidden and children', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div id="target" style="visibility: hidden;"><p>Some paragraph text.</p></div>'
     );
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ describe('hidden content', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true with visibility:hidden and parent with visibility:hidden', function() {
+  it('should return true with visibility:hidden and parent with visibility:hidden', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<div style="visibility: hidden;"><p id="target" style="visibility: hidden;">Some paragraph text.</p></div>'
     );
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ describe('hidden content', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true with aria-hidden and no content', function() {
+  it('should return true with aria-hidden and no content', function () {
     var params = checkSetup(
       '<span id="target" class="icon" aria-hidden="true"></span>'
     );
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ describe('hidden content', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should skip whitelisted elements', function() {
+  it('should skip whitelisted elements', function () {
     var node = document.querySelector('head');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.documentElement);
     var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(node);
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ describe('hidden content', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('works on elements in a shadow DOM', function() {
+  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('works on elements in a shadow DOM', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="shadow"> <div id="content">text</div> </div>';
     var shadowRoot = document
       .getElementById('shadow')
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/allowed-attr.js b/test/commons/aria/allowed-attr.js
index 9a6050a90..575b3e427 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/allowed-attr.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/allowed-attr.js
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
-describe('aria.allowedAttr', function() {
+describe('aria.allowedAttr', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var globalAttrs;
-  before(function() {
+  before(function () {
     axe._load({});
     globalAttrs = axe.commons.standards.getGlobalAriaAttrs();
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should returned the attributes property for the proper role', function() {
+  it('should returned the attributes property for the proper role', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ describe('aria.allowedAttr', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should also check required attributes', function() {
+  it('should also check required attributes', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ describe('aria.allowedAttr', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return an array with globally allowed attributes', function() {
+  it('should return an array with globally allowed attributes', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.aria.allowedAttr('cats'), globalAttrs);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/arialabel-text.js b/test/commons/aria/arialabel-text.js
index 1211e97af..d29a8bc55 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/arialabel-text.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/arialabel-text.js
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-describe('aria.arialabelText', function() {
+describe('aria.arialabelText', function () {
   'use strict';
   var aria = axe.commons.aria;
 
-  it('returns "" if there is no aria-label', function() {
+  it('returns "" if there is no aria-label', function () {
     var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'div' });
     assert.equal(aria.arialabelText(vNode), '');
   });
 
-  it('returns the aria-label attribute', function() {
+  it('returns the aria-label attribute', function () {
     var label = ' my label ';
     var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@ describe('aria.arialabelText', function() {
     assert.equal(aria.arialabelText(vNode), label);
   });
 
-  it('returns "" if there is no aria-label', function() {
+  it('returns "" if there is no aria-label', function () {
     var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'div' });
     assert.equal(aria.arialabelText(vNode), '');
   });
 
-  it('looks up the node in the flat tree', function() {
+  it('looks up the node in the flat tree', function () {
     var label = 'harambe';
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('aria-label', label);
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ describe('aria.arialabelText', function() {
     assert.equal(aria.arialabelText(node), label);
   });
 
-  it('returns "" if the node is not an element', function() {
+  it('returns "" if the node is not an element', function () {
     var node = document.createTextNode('my text node');
     assert.equal(aria.arialabelText(node), '');
   });
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/arialabelledby-text.js b/test/commons/aria/arialabelledby-text.js
index 69add8cbe..49161d702 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/arialabelledby-text.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/arialabelledby-text.js
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-describe('aria.arialabelledbyText', function() {
+describe('aria.arialabelledbyText', function () {
   'use strict';
   var aria = axe.commons.aria;
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  it('returns the accessible name of the aria-labelledby references', function() {
+  it('returns the accessible name of the aria-labelledby references', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
         '<div id="foo">Foo text</div>'
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ describe('aria.arialabelledbyText', function() {
     assert.equal(accName, 'Foo text');
   });
 
-  it('works with virtual nodes', function() {
+  it('works with virtual nodes', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
         '<div id="foo">Foo text</div>'
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ describe('aria.arialabelledbyText', function() {
     assert.equal(accName, 'Foo text');
   });
 
-  it('returns references in order', function() {
+  it('returns references in order', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="bar baz foo"></div>' +
         '<div id="foo">Foo</div>' +
@@ -32,13 +32,13 @@ describe('aria.arialabelledbyText', function() {
     assert.equal(accName, 'Bar Baz Foo');
   });
 
-  it('returns "" if the node is not an element', function() {
+  it('returns "" if the node is not an element', function () {
     var target = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
     var accName = aria.arialabelledbyText(target.actualNode.firstChild);
     assert.equal(accName, '');
   });
 
-  it('returns "" with context.inLabelledByContext: true', function() {
+  it('returns "" with context.inLabelledByContext: true', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
         '<div id="foo">Foo text</div>'
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ describe('aria.arialabelledbyText', function() {
     assert.equal(accName, '');
   });
 
-  it('returns "" with context.inControlContext: true', function() {
+  it('returns "" with context.inControlContext: true', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
         '<div id="foo">Foo text</div>'
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ describe('aria.arialabelledbyText', function() {
     assert.equal(accName, '');
   });
 
-  it('returns content of a aria-hidden reference', function() {
+  it('returns content of a aria-hidden reference', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
         '<div id="foo" aria-hidden="true">Foo text</div>'
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ describe('aria.arialabelledbyText', function() {
     assert.equal(accName, 'Foo text');
   });
 
-  it('returns content of a `display:none` reference', function() {
+  it('returns content of a `display:none` reference', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
         '<div id="foo" style="display:none">Foo text</div>'
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ describe('aria.arialabelledbyText', function() {
     assert.equal(accName, 'Foo text');
   });
 
-  it('returns does not return hidden content of a visible reference', function() {
+  it('returns does not return hidden content of a visible reference', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
         '<div id="foo"><div style="display:none">Foo text</div></div>'
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ describe('aria.arialabelledbyText', function() {
     assert.equal(accName, '');
   });
 
-  it('does not follow more than one aria-labelledy reference', function() {
+  it('does not follow more than one aria-labelledy reference', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
         '<div id="foo"><div aria-labelledby="bar" role="heading"></div></div>' +
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ describe('aria.arialabelledbyText', function() {
     assert.equal(accName, '');
   });
 
-  it('preserves spacing', function() {
+  it('preserves spacing', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div role="heading" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
         '<div id="foo"> \t Foo \n text \t </div>'
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/get-accessible-refs.js b/test/commons/aria/get-accessible-refs.js
index 541d8fc4a..00820526e 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/get-accessible-refs.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/get-accessible-refs.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('aria.getAccessibleRefs', function() {
+describe('aria.getAccessibleRefs', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -13,22 +13,22 @@ describe('aria.getAccessibleRefs', function() {
     });
   }
 
-  before(function() {
+  before(function () {
     axe._load({});
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns empty array by default', function() {
+  it('returns empty array by default', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"><div>';
     var node = document.getElementById('foo');
     assert.lengthOf(getAccessibleRefs(node), 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns array of nodes for IDs used in aria IDREF attributes', function() {
+  it('returns array of nodes for IDs used in aria IDREF attributes', function () {
     setLookup({ 'aria-foo': { type: 'idref' } });
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="ref" aria-foo="foo"></div><i id="foo"></i>';
     var node = document.getElementById('foo');
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ describe('aria.getAccessibleRefs', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(getAccessibleRefs(node), [ref]);
   });
 
-  it('returns array of nodes for IDs used in aria IDREFS attributes', function() {
+  it('returns array of nodes for IDs used in aria IDREFS attributes', function () {
     setLookup({ 'aria-bar': { type: 'idrefs' } });
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="ref" aria-bar="foo bar"></div><i id="foo"></i><b id="bar"></b>';
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ describe('aria.getAccessibleRefs', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(getAccessibleRefs(node2), [ref]);
   });
 
-  it('returns array of nodes for IDs used in label[for] attributes', function() {
+  it('returns array of nodes for IDs used in label[for] attributes', function () {
     setLookup({ 'aria-foo': { type: 'idref' } });
     fixture.innerHTML = '<label id="ref" for="baz">baz</label><input id="baz">';
     var node = document.getElementById('baz');
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ describe('aria.getAccessibleRefs', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(getAccessibleRefs(node), [ref]);
   });
 
-  it('returns all nodes used in aria IDREF attributes', function() {
+  it('returns all nodes used in aria IDREF attributes', function () {
     setLookup({ 'aria-bar': { type: 'idrefs' } });
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="ref1" aria-bar="foo"><div id="ref2" aria-bar="foo"></div><i id="foo"></i>';
@@ -68,19 +68,47 @@ describe('aria.getAccessibleRefs', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(getAccessibleRefs(node), [ref1, ref2]);
   });
 
-  it('does not break on a custom .children property', function() {
+  it('does not break on a custom .children property', function () {
     setLookup({ 'aria-foo': { type: 'idref' } });
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="ref" aria-foo="foo"></div><i id="foo"></i>';
     var node = document.getElementById('foo');
     var ref = document.getElementById('ref');
-    
+
     Object.defineProperty(node, 'children', {
       value: ['#ref']
     });
     assert.deepEqual(getAccessibleRefs(node), [ref]);
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('works inside shadow DOM', function() {
+  describe('when JavaScript object names are used as IDs', function () {
+    const ids = [
+      'prototype',
+      'constructor',
+      '__proto__',
+      'Element',
+      'nodeName',
+      'valueOf',
+      'toString'
+    ];
+    for (const id of ids) {
+      it(`does not break with id="${id}"`, function () {
+        setLookup({ 'aria-bar': { type: 'idrefs' } });
+        fixture.innerHTML = `<div id="ref" aria-bar="${ids.join(
+          ' '
+        )}"></div><i id="${id}"></i>`;
+
+        var node = document.getElementById(id);
+        var ref = document.getElementById('ref');
+        assert.deepEqual(
+          getAccessibleRefs(node),
+          [ref],
+          `Not equal for ID ${id}`
+        );
+      });
+    }
+  });
+
+  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('works inside shadow DOM', function () {
     setLookup({ 'aria-bar': { type: 'idref' } });
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"></div>';
 
@@ -94,7 +122,7 @@ describe('aria.getAccessibleRefs', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport ? it : xit)(
     'returns empty array for IDREFs inside shadow DOM',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       setLookup({ 'aria-foo': { type: 'idrefs' } });
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"><div id="bar"></div></div>';
       var node1 = document.getElementById('foo');
@@ -110,7 +138,7 @@ describe('aria.getAccessibleRefs', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport ? it : xit)(
     'returns empty array for IDREFs outside shadow DOM',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       setLookup({ 'aria-bar': { type: 'idref' } });
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="foo" aria-bar="bar"><div aria-bar="bar"></div></div>';
@@ -125,7 +153,7 @@ describe('aria.getAccessibleRefs', function() {
     }
   );
 
-  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('separates IDREFs by roots', function() {
+  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('separates IDREFs by roots', function () {
     setLookup({ 'aria-bar': { type: 'idref' } });
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="foo"></div><div id="outside" aria-bar="foo"></div><div id="shadow"></div>';
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/get-element-unallowed-roles.js b/test/commons/aria/get-element-unallowed-roles.js
index a899e3705..f234abb64 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/get-element-unallowed-roles.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/get-element-unallowed-roles.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-describe('aria.getElementUnallowedRoles', function() {
+describe('aria.getElementUnallowedRoles', function () {
   var flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
   var getElementUnallowedRoles = axe.commons.aria.getElementUnallowedRoles;
 
-  it('returns unallowed role=application when used on a input elm', function() {
+  it('returns unallowed role=application when used on a input elm', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('input');
     var role = 'application';
     node.setAttribute('type', '');
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ describe('aria.getElementUnallowedRoles', function() {
     assert.include(actual, role);
   });
 
-  it('returns empty on type=checkbox and aria-pressed attr on input elm', function() {
+  it('returns empty on type=checkbox and aria-pressed attr on input elm', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('input');
     node.setAttribute('type', 'checkbox');
     node.setAttribute('aria-pressed', '');
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ describe('aria.getElementUnallowedRoles', function() {
     assert.isEmpty(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns unallowed role=menubar when used on a li elm', function() {
+  it('returns unallowed role=menubar when used on a li elm', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('li');
     var role = 'menubar';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ describe('aria.getElementUnallowedRoles', function() {
     assert.isNotEmpty(actual, role);
   });
 
-  it('returns empty on role=menuitemcheckbox with type=button on input elm', function() {
+  it('returns empty on role=menuitemcheckbox with type=button on input elm', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('input');
     var role = 'menuitemcheckbox';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ describe('aria.getElementUnallowedRoles', function() {
     assert.isEmpty(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns unallowed role=option when used on section elm', function() {
+  it('returns unallowed role=option when used on section elm', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('section');
     var role = 'option';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ describe('aria.getElementUnallowedRoles', function() {
     assert.include(actual, role);
   });
 
-  it('returns empty on role=menuitemradio and type=radio on input elm', function() {
+  it('returns empty on role=menuitemradio and type=radio on input elm', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('input');
     var role = 'menuitemradio';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ describe('aria.getElementUnallowedRoles', function() {
     assert.isEmpty(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns unallowed role=textbox on a input elm and  allowImplicit is true (default)', function() {
+  it('returns unallowed role=textbox on a input elm and  allowImplicit is true (default)', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('input');
     var role = 'textbox';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ describe('aria.getElementUnallowedRoles', function() {
     assert.isEmpty(actual, role);
   });
 
-  it('returns empty on role=button on div elm when role is not implicit and allowImplicit: false', function() {
+  it('returns empty on role=button on div elm when role is not implicit and allowImplicit: false', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'button');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ describe('aria.getElementUnallowedRoles', function() {
     assert.isEmpty(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns unallowed role=contentinfo on footer elm and allowImplicit: false', function() {
+  it('returns unallowed role=contentinfo on footer elm and allowImplicit: false', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('footer');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'contentinfo');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ describe('aria.getElementUnallowedRoles', function() {
     assert.isNotEmpty(actual, 'contentinfo');
   });
 
-  it('returns unallowed role=banner on header elm and allowImplicit:false', function() {
+  it('returns unallowed role=banner on header elm and allowImplicit:false', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('header');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'banner');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ describe('aria.getElementUnallowedRoles', function() {
     assert.isNotEmpty(actual, 'banner');
   });
 
-  it('returns empty on role=contentinfo on footer elm when allowImplicit:true', function() {
+  it('returns empty on role=contentinfo on footer elm when allowImplicit:true', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('footer');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'contentinfo');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ describe('aria.getElementUnallowedRoles', function() {
     assert.isEmpty(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns empty on role=banner on header elm when allowImplicit:true', function() {
+  it('returns empty on role=banner on header elm when allowImplicit:true', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('header');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'banner');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ describe('aria.getElementUnallowedRoles', function() {
     assert.isEmpty(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns empty role=doc-backlink on anchor elm and allowImplicit:false', function() {
+  it('returns empty role=doc-backlink on anchor elm and allowImplicit:false', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('a');
     node.setAttribute('href', '#');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-backlink');
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ describe('aria.getElementUnallowedRoles', function() {
     assert.isEmpty(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns empty on role=doc-backlink on anchor elm when allowImplicit:true', function() {
+  it('returns empty on role=doc-backlink on anchor elm when allowImplicit:true', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('a');
     node.setAttribute('href', '#');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-backlink');
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ describe('aria.getElementUnallowedRoles', function() {
     assert.isEmpty(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns unallowed role=doc-backlink on anchor elm without href attr and allowImplicit:false', function() {
+  it('returns unallowed role=doc-backlink on anchor elm without href attr and allowImplicit:false', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('a');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-backlink');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ describe('aria.getElementUnallowedRoles', function() {
     assert.isNotEmpty(actual, 'doc-backlink');
   });
 
-  it('returns unallowed role=doc-backlink on anchor elm without href attr and allowImplicit:true', function() {
+  it('returns unallowed role=doc-backlink on anchor elm without href attr and allowImplicit:true', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('a');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-backlink');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ describe('aria.getElementUnallowedRoles', function() {
     assert.isNotEmpty(actual, 'doc-backlink');
   });
 
-  it('returns empty role=banner on header elm when using axe.configure and allowImplicit:false', function() {
+  it('returns empty role=banner on header elm when using axe.configure and allowImplicit:false', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         htmlElms: {
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ describe('aria.getElementUnallowedRoles', function() {
     assert.isEmpty(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns empty role=contentinfo on footer elm when using axe.configure and allowImplicit:false', function() {
+  it('returns empty role=contentinfo on footer elm when using axe.configure and allowImplicit:false', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         htmlElms: {
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ describe('aria.getElementUnallowedRoles', function() {
     assert.isEmpty(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns unallowed role=row when when used on TR element and allowImplicit:false', function() {
+  it('returns unallowed role=row when when used on TR element and allowImplicit:false', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('tr');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'row');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ describe('aria.getElementUnallowedRoles', function() {
     assert.isNotEmpty(actual, 'row');
   });
 
-  it('returns empty on type=checkbox and aria-pressed attr on SerialVirtualNode with a input elm', function() {
+  it('returns empty on type=checkbox and aria-pressed attr on SerialVirtualNode with a input elm', function () {
     var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ describe('aria.getElementUnallowedRoles', function() {
     assert.isEmpty(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns unallowed role=application for a SerialVirtualNode with a input elm', function() {
+  it('returns unallowed role=application for a SerialVirtualNode with a input elm', function () {
     var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/get-explicit-role.js b/test/commons/aria/get-explicit-role.js
index fd12964a2..b657248d2 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/get-explicit-role.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/get-explicit-role.js
@@ -1,58 +1,58 @@
-describe('aria.getExplicitRole', function() {
+describe('aria.getExplicitRole', function () {
   'use strict';
   var aria = axe.commons.aria;
   var roleDefinitions = aria.lookupTable.role;
   var flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
 
-  it('returns valid roles', function() {
+  it('returns valid roles', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'button');
     var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
     assert.equal(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode), 'button');
   });
 
-  it('handles case sensitivity', function() {
+  it('handles case sensitivity', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'BUTTON');
     var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
     assert.equal(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode), 'button');
   });
 
-  it('handles whitespacing', function() {
+  it('handles whitespacing', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', ' button  ');
     var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
     assert.equal(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode), 'button');
   });
 
-  it('returns null when there is no role', function() {
+  it('returns null when there is no role', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
     assert.isNull(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns the explicit role if it is valid and non-abstract', function() {
+  it('returns the explicit role if it is valid and non-abstract', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('li');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'menuitem');
     var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
     assert.equal(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode), 'menuitem');
   });
 
-  it('ignores fallback roles by default', function() {
+  it('ignores fallback roles by default', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'spinbutton button');
     var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
     assert.isNull(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns null if the node is not an element', function() {
+  it('returns null if the node is not an element', function () {
     var node = document.createTextNode('foo bar baz');
     var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
     assert.isNull(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode));
   });
 
-  describe('abstracts', function() {
-    it('ignores abstract roles by default', function() {
+  describe('abstracts', function () {
+    it('ignores abstract roles by default', function () {
       var node = document.createElement('li');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'section');
       var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ describe('aria.getExplicitRole', function() {
       assert.isNull(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode));
     });
 
-    it('returns abstract roles with `abstracts: true`', function() {
+    it('returns abstract roles with `abstracts: true`', function () {
       var node = document.createElement('li');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'section');
       var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ describe('aria.getExplicitRole', function() {
       assert.equal(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode, { abstracts: true }), 'section');
     });
 
-    it('does not returns abstract roles with `abstracts: false`', function() {
+    it('does not returns abstract roles with `abstracts: false`', function () {
       var node = document.createElement('li');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'section');
       var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
@@ -77,22 +77,22 @@ describe('aria.getExplicitRole', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('dpub', function() {
-    it('ignores DPUB roles by default', function() {
+  describe('dpub', function () {
+    it('ignores DPUB roles by default', function () {
       var node = document.createElement('section');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-chapter');
       var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
       assert.isNull(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode));
     });
 
-    it('returns DPUB roles with `dpub: true`', function() {
+    it('returns DPUB roles with `dpub: true`', function () {
       var node = document.createElement('section');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-chapter');
       var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
       assert.equal(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode, { dpub: true }), 'doc-chapter');
     });
 
-    it('does not returns DPUB roles with `dpub: false`', function() {
+    it('does not returns DPUB roles with `dpub: false`', function () {
       var node = document.createElement('section');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-chapter');
       var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
@@ -100,29 +100,29 @@ describe('aria.getExplicitRole', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('fallback', function() {
-    it('returns the first valid item in the list', function() {
+  describe('fallback', function () {
+    it('returns the first valid item in the list', function () {
       var node = document.createElement('div');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'link button');
       var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
       assert.equal(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode, { fallback: true }), 'link');
     });
 
-    it('skips over invalid roles', function() {
+    it('skips over invalid roles', function () {
       var node = document.createElement('div');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'foobar button');
       var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
       assert.equal(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode, { fallback: true }), 'button');
     });
 
-    it('returns the null if all roles are invalid and there is no implicit role', function() {
+    it('returns the null if all roles are invalid and there is no implicit role', function () {
       var node = document.createElement('div');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'foo bar baz');
       var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
       assert.isNull(aria.getExplicitRole(vNode, { fallback: true }));
     });
 
-    it('respect the `abstracts` option', function() {
+    it('respect the `abstracts` option', function () {
       var node = document.createElement('li');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-chapter section');
       var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ describe('aria.getExplicitRole', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('respect the `dpub` option', function() {
+    it('respect the `dpub` option', function () {
       var node = document.createElement('li');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-chapter section');
       var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/get-owned-virtual.js b/test/commons/aria/get-owned-virtual.js
index cc3e54ede..6011c16af 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/get-owned-virtual.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/get-owned-virtual.js
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-describe('aria.getOwnedVirtual', function() {
+describe('aria.getOwnedVirtual', function () {
   'use strict';
   var aria = axe.commons.aria;
   var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
 
-  it('returns a list of children in order', function() {
+  it('returns a list of children in order', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<div id="target">' +
         '<h1>heading 1</h1>' +
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ describe('aria.getOwnedVirtual', function() {
     assert.equal(owned[2].actualNode.nodeName.toUpperCase(), 'H3');
   });
 
-  it('adds aria-owned reffed elements to the children', function() {
+  it('adds aria-owned reffed elements to the children', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-owns="hdr3 hdr4">' +
         '<h1>heading 1</h1>' +
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ describe('aria.getOwnedVirtual', function() {
     assert.equal(owned[3].actualNode.nodeName.toUpperCase(), 'H4');
   });
 
-  it('ignores whitespace-only aria-owned', function() {
+  it('ignores whitespace-only aria-owned', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-owns="  ">' +
         '<h1>heading 1</h1>' +
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ describe('aria.getOwnedVirtual', function() {
     assert.equal(owned[2].actualNode.nodeName.toUpperCase(), 'H3');
   });
 
-  it('ignores broken aria-owned refs', function() {
+  it('ignores broken aria-owned refs', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-owns="nonexisting reference">' +
         '<h1>heading 1</h1>' +
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ describe('aria.getOwnedVirtual', function() {
     assert.equal(owned[2].actualNode.nodeName.toUpperCase(), 'H3');
   });
 
-  it('includes text nodes', function() {
+  it('includes text nodes', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<div id="target" aria-owns="nonexisting reference">' +
         'text 1' +
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ describe('aria.getOwnedVirtual', function() {
     assert.equal(owned[4].actualNode.textContent, ' \t\n');
   });
 
-  it('returns an empty array if there are no owned elements', function() {
+  it('returns an empty array if there are no owned elements', function () {
     fixtureSetup('<div id="target" aria-owns="nonexisting reference"></div>');
     var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
     var owned = aria.getOwnedVirtual(target);
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/get-role-type.js b/test/commons/aria/get-role-type.js
index 21edca619..6b6a4ea4d 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/get-role-type.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/get-role-type.js
@@ -1,15 +1,10 @@
-describe('aria.getRoleType', function() {
+describe('aria.getRoleType', function () {
   'use strict';
+  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  var getRoleType = axe.commons.aria.getRoleType;
 
-  before(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     axe._load({});
-  });
-
-  afterEach(function() {
-    axe.reset();
-  });
-
-  it('should return true if role is found in the lookup table', function() {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -19,10 +14,37 @@ describe('aria.getRoleType', function() {
         }
       }
     });
-    assert.equal(axe.commons.aria.getRoleType('cats'), 'stuff');
   });
 
-  it('should return null if role is not found in the lookup table', function() {
-    assert.isNull(axe.commons.aria.getRoleType('cats'));
+  afterEach(function () {
+    axe.reset();
+  });
+
+  it('should return the type from the lookup table', function () {
+    assert.equal(getRoleType('cats'), 'stuff');
+  });
+
+  it('should return null if role is not found in the lookup table', function () {
+    assert.isNull(getRoleType('dogs'));
+  });
+
+  it('should return null when passed null', function () {
+    assert.isNull(getRoleType(null));
+  });
+
+  it('should return null when passed undefined', function () {
+    assert.isNull(getRoleType(undefined));
+  });
+
+  it('returns the type from the role of a virtual node', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture('<span id="target" role="cats"></span>');
+    assert.equal(getRoleType(vNode), 'stuff');
+  });
+
+  it('returns the type from the role of a DOM node', function () {
+    var domNode = queryFixture(
+      '<span id="target" role="cats"></span>'
+    ).actualNode;
+    assert.equal(getRoleType(domNode), 'stuff');
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/get-role.js b/test/commons/aria/get-role.js
index 166f78e3b..340c90a88 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/get-role.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/get-role.js
@@ -1,75 +1,75 @@
-describe('aria.getRole', function() {
+describe('aria.getRole', function () {
   'use strict';
   var aria = axe.commons.aria;
   var flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
   var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns valid roles', function() {
+  it('returns valid roles', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'button');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'button');
   });
 
-  it('handles case sensitivity', function() {
+  it('handles case sensitivity', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'BUTTON');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'button');
   });
 
-  it('handles whitespacing', function() {
+  it('handles whitespacing', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', ' button  ');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'button');
   });
 
-  it('returns null when there is no role', function() {
+  it('returns null when there is no role', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isNull(aria.getRole(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns the explit role if it is valid and non-abstract', function() {
+  it('returns the explit role if it is valid and non-abstract', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('li');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'menuitem');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'menuitem');
   });
 
-  it('returns the implicit role if the explicit is invalid', function() {
+  it('returns the implicit role if the explicit is invalid', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<ul><li id="target" role="foobar"></li></ul>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'listitem');
   });
 
-  it('ignores fallback roles by default', function() {
+  it('ignores fallback roles by default', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'spinbutton button');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isNull(aria.getRole(node));
   });
 
-  it('accepts virtualNode objects', function() {
+  it('accepts virtualNode objects', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'button');
     var vNode = flatTreeSetup(node)[0];
     assert.equal(aria.getRole(vNode), 'button');
   });
 
-  it('returns null if the node is not an element', function() {
+  it('returns null if the node is not an element', function () {
     var node = document.createTextNode('foo bar baz');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isNull(aria.getRole(node));
   });
 
-  it('runs role resolution with role=none', function() {
+  it('runs role resolution with role=none', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<ul><li id="target" role="none" aria-label="foo"></li></ul>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function() {
     assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'listitem');
   });
 
-  it('runs role resolution with role=presentation', function() {
+  it('runs role resolution with role=presentation', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<ul><li id="target" role="presentation" aria-label="foo"></li></ul>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -85,15 +85,15 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function() {
     assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'listitem');
   });
 
-  it('handles focusable element with role="none"', function() {
-    var node = document.createElement('button');
-    node.setAttribute('role', 'none');
-    flatTreeSetup(node);
+  it('handles focusable element with role="none"', function () {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<button id="target" role="none"></button>';
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'button');
   });
 
-  describe('presentational role inheritance', function() {
-    it('handles presentation role inheritance for ul', function() {
+  describe('presentational role inheritance', function () {
+    it('handles presentation role inheritance for ul', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<ul role="presentation"><li id="target">foo</li></ul>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function() {
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'presentation');
     });
 
-    it('handles presentation role inheritance for ol', function() {
+    it('handles presentation role inheritance for ol', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<ol role="presentation"><li id="target">foo</li></ol>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function() {
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'presentation');
     });
 
-    it('handles presentation role inheritance for dt', function() {
+    it('handles presentation role inheritance for dt', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<dl role="presentation"><dt id="target">foo</dt><dd>bar></dd></dl>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function() {
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'presentation');
     });
 
-    it('handles presentation role inheritance for dd', function() {
+    it('handles presentation role inheritance for dd', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<dl role="presentation"><dt>foo</dt><dd id="target">bar></dd></dl>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function() {
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'presentation');
     });
 
-    it('handles presentation role inheritance for dt with div wrapper', function() {
+    it('handles presentation role inheritance for dt with div wrapper', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<dl role="presentation"><div><dt id="target">foo</dt><dd>bar></dd></div></dl>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function() {
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'presentation');
     });
 
-    it('handles presentation role inheritance for dd with div wrapper', function() {
+    it('handles presentation role inheritance for dd with div wrapper', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<dl role="presentation"><div><dt>foo</dt><dd id="target">bar></dd></div></dl>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function() {
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'presentation');
     });
 
-    it('handles presentation role inheritance for thead', function() {
+    it('handles presentation role inheritance for thead', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table role="presentation"><thead id="target"><tr><th>hi</th><th>goodbye</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>hi</th><td>foo</td></tr></tbody></table>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function() {
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'presentation');
     });
 
-    it('handles presentation role inheritance for td', function() {
+    it('handles presentation role inheritance for td', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table role="presentation"><thead><tr><th>hi</th><th>goodbye</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>hi</th><td id="target">foo</td></tr></tbody></table>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function() {
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'presentation');
     });
 
-    it('handles presentation role inheritance for th', function() {
+    it('handles presentation role inheritance for th', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table role="presentation"><thead><tr><th>hi</th><th>goodbye</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th id="target">hi</th><td>foo</td></tr></tbody></table>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function() {
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'presentation');
     });
 
-    it('handles presentation role inheritance for tbody', function() {
+    it('handles presentation role inheritance for tbody', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table role="presentation"><thead><tr><th>hi</th><th>goodbye</th></tr></thead><tbody id="target"><tr><th>hi</th><td>foo</td></tr></tbody></table>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function() {
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'presentation');
     });
 
-    it('handles presentation role inheritance for tr', function() {
+    it('handles presentation role inheritance for tr', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table role="presentation"><thead><tr id="target"><th>hi</th><th>goodbye</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>hi</th><td>foo</td></tr></tbody></table>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function() {
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'presentation');
     });
 
-    it('handles presentation role inheritance for tfoot', function() {
+    it('handles presentation role inheritance for tfoot', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table role="presentation"><thead><tr><th>hi</th><th>goodbye</th></tr></thead><tfoot id="target"><tr><th>hi</th><td>foo</td></tr></tfoot></table>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function() {
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'presentation');
     });
 
-    it('returns implicit role for presentation role inheritance if ancestor is not the required ancestor', function() {
+    it('returns implicit role for presentation role inheritance if ancestor is not the required ancestor', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table role="presentation"><tr><td><ul><li id="target">foo</li></ul></td></tr></table>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function() {
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'listitem');
     });
 
-    it('does not override explicit role with presentation role inheritance', function() {
+    it('does not override explicit role with presentation role inheritance', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<ul role="presentation"><li id="target" role="listitem">foo</li></ul>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function() {
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'listitem');
     });
 
-    it('does not continue presentation role with explicit role in between', function() {
+    it('does not continue presentation role with explicit role in between', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table role="presentation"><tr role="row"><td id="target">foo</td></tr></table>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function() {
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'cell');
     });
 
-    it('handles presentation role inheritance with invalid role in between', function() {
+    it('handles presentation role inheritance with invalid role in between', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table role="presentation"><tr role="tablerow"><td id="target">foo</td></tr></table>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function() {
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'presentation');
     });
 
-    it('does not continue presentation role through nested layers', function() {
+    it('does not continue presentation role through nested layers', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<ul role="presentation"><li><ul><li id="target">foo</li></ul></li></ul>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -229,32 +229,32 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function() {
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'listitem');
     });
 
-    it('throws an error if the tree is incomplete', function() {
+    it('throws an error if the tree is incomplete', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<ul role="presentation"><li id="target">foo</li></ul>';
       var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
-      assert.throws(function() {
+      assert.throws(function () {
         aria.getRole(node);
       });
     });
   });
 
-  describe('noImplicit', function() {
-    it('returns the implicit role by default', function() {
+  describe('noImplicit', function () {
+    it('returns the implicit role by default', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<ul><li id="target"></li></ul>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'listitem');
     });
 
-    it('returns null rather than the implicit role with `noImplicit: true`', function() {
+    it('returns null rather than the implicit role with `noImplicit: true`', function () {
       var node = document.createElement('li');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
       assert.isNull(aria.getRole(node, { noImplicit: true }));
     });
 
-    it('does not do role resolution if noImplicit: true', function() {
+    it('does not do role resolution if noImplicit: true', function () {
       var node = document.createElement('li');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'none');
       node.setAttribute('aria-label', 'foo');
@@ -262,14 +262,14 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function() {
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node, { noImplicit: true }), null);
     });
 
-    it('still returns the explicit role', function() {
+    it('still returns the explicit role', function () {
       var node = document.createElement('li');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'button');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node, { noImplicit: true }), 'button');
     });
 
-    it('returns the implicit role with `noImplicit: false`', function() {
+    it('returns the implicit role with `noImplicit: false`', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<ul><li id="target"></li></ul>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
@@ -277,22 +277,22 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('abstracts', function() {
-    it('ignores abstract roles by default', function() {
+  describe('abstracts', function () {
+    it('ignores abstract roles by default', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<ul><li id="target" role="section"></li></ul>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node), 'listitem');
     });
 
-    it('returns abstract roles with `abstracts: true`', function() {
+    it('returns abstract roles with `abstracts: true`', function () {
       var node = document.createElement('li');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'section');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node, { abstracts: true }), 'section');
     });
 
-    it('does not returns abstract roles with `abstracts: false`', function() {
+    it('does not returns abstract roles with `abstracts: false`', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<ul><li id="target" role="section"></li></ul>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
@@ -300,22 +300,22 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('dpub', function() {
-    it('ignores DPUB roles by default', function() {
+  describe('dpub', function () {
+    it('ignores DPUB roles by default', function () {
       var node = document.createElement('section');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-chapter');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
       assert.isNull(aria.getRole(node));
     });
 
-    it('returns DPUB roles with `dpub: true`', function() {
+    it('returns DPUB roles with `dpub: true`', function () {
       var node = document.createElement('section');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-chapter');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node, { dpub: true }), 'doc-chapter');
     });
 
-    it('does not returns DPUB roles with `dpub: false`', function() {
+    it('does not returns DPUB roles with `dpub: false`', function () {
       var node = document.createElement('section');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-chapter');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
@@ -323,29 +323,29 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('fallback', function() {
-    it('returns the first valid item in the list', function() {
+  describe('fallback', function () {
+    it('returns the first valid item in the list', function () {
       var node = document.createElement('div');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'link button');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node, { fallback: true }), 'link');
     });
 
-    it('skips over invalid roles', function() {
+    it('skips over invalid roles', function () {
       var node = document.createElement('div');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'foobar button');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node, { fallback: true }), 'button');
     });
 
-    it('returns the null if all roles are invalid and there is no implicit role', function() {
+    it('returns the null if all roles are invalid and there is no implicit role', function () {
       var node = document.createElement('div');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'foo bar baz');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
       assert.isNull(aria.getRole(node, { fallback: true }));
     });
 
-    it('respects the defaults', function() {
+    it('respects the defaults', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<ul><li id="target" role="doc-chapter section"></li></ul>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -353,14 +353,14 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function() {
       assert.equal(aria.getRole(node, { fallback: true }), 'listitem');
     });
 
-    it('respect the `noImplicit` option', function() {
+    it('respect the `noImplicit` option', function () {
       var node = document.createElement('li');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-chapter section');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
       assert.isNull(aria.getRole(node, { fallback: true, noImplicit: true }));
     });
 
-    it('respect the `abstracts` option', function() {
+    it('respect the `abstracts` option', function () {
       var node = document.createElement('li');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-chapter section');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('respect the `dpub` option', function() {
+    it('respect the `dpub` option', function () {
       var node = document.createElement('li');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'doc-chapter section');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
@@ -381,8 +381,8 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('noPresentational is honored', function() {
-    it('handles no inheritance role = presentation', function() {
+  describe('noPresentational is honored', function () {
+    it('handles no inheritance role = presentation', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<ul role="presentation" id="target"><li>foo</li></ul>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function() {
       assert.isNull(aria.getRole(node, { noPresentational: true }));
     });
 
-    it('handles inheritance role = presentation', function() {
+    it('handles inheritance role = presentation', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<ul role="presentation"><li id="target">foo</li></ul>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -398,18 +398,40 @@ describe('aria.getRole', function() {
       assert.isNull(aria.getRole(node, { noPresentational: true }));
     });
 
-    it('handles implicit role', function() {
+    it('handles implicit role', function () {
       var node = document.createElement('img');
       node.setAttribute('alt', '');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
       assert.isNull(aria.getRole(node, { noPresentational: true }));
     });
 
-    it('handles role = none', function() {
+    it('handles role = none', function () {
       var node = document.createElement('div');
       node.setAttribute('role', 'none');
       flatTreeSetup(node);
       assert.isNull(aria.getRole(node, { noPresentational: true }));
     });
   });
+
+  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
+    it('works with the SerialVirtualNode', function () {
+      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+        nodeName: 'div',
+        attributes: {
+          role: 'button'
+        }
+      });
+      assert.equal(aria.getRole(vNode), 'button');
+    });
+
+    it('does not throw for missing parent in presentational role inheritance', function () {
+      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+        nodeName: 'li'
+      });
+
+      assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
+        assert.equal(aria.getRole(vNode), 'listitem');
+      });
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/get-roles-by-type.js b/test/commons/aria/get-roles-by-type.js
index 417294599..0174b2da3 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/get-roles-by-type.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/get-roles-by-type.js
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-describe('aria.getRolesByType', function() {
+describe('aria.getRolesByType', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  before(function() {
+  before(function () {
     axe._load({});
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return array if roletype is found in the lookup table', function() {
+  it('should return array if roletype is found in the lookup table', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ describe('aria.getRolesByType', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.aria.getRolesByType('stuff'), ['cats']);
   });
 
-  it('should return empty array if role is not found in the lookup table', function() {
+  it('should return empty array if role is not found in the lookup table', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.aria.getRolesByType('blahblahblah'), []);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/get-roles-with-name-from-contents.js b/test/commons/aria/get-roles-with-name-from-contents.js
index 8e5476cce..fc5b56fbe 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/get-roles-with-name-from-contents.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/get-roles-with-name-from-contents.js
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-describe('aria.getRolesWithNameFromContents', function() {
+describe('aria.getRolesWithNameFromContents', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  before(function() {
+  before(function () {
     axe._load({});
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return array if nameFrom contents is found in the lookup table', function() {
+  it('should return array if nameFrom contents is found in the lookup table', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/implicit-role.js b/test/commons/aria/implicit-role.js
index fddb4a684..03b6ed56f 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/implicit-role.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/implicit-role.js
@@ -1,87 +1,87 @@
-describe('aria.implicitRole', function() {
+describe('aria.implicitRole', function () {
   'use strict';
   var implicitRole = axe.commons.aria.implicitRole;
   var flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
   var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
   // test string role (don't need to test all of them just that
   // one works)
-  it('should return button for button', function() {
+  it('should return button for button', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<button id="target"></button>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'button');
   });
 
-  it('should error if element is not in the tree', function() {
+  it('should error if element is not in the tree', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<button id="target"></button>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    assert.throws(function() {
+    assert.throws(function () {
       implicitRole(node);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return null if there is no implicit role', function() {
+  it('should return null if there is no implicit role', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isNull(implicitRole(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return null if there is no implicit role when not considering chromium', function() {
+  it('should return null if there is no implicit role when not considering chromium', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<canvas id="target" aria-label="hello"></canvas>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isNull(implicitRole(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return the chromium implicit role for elements that have one', function() {
+  it('should return the chromium implicit role for elements that have one', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<canvas id="target" aria-label="hello"></canvas>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node, { chromium: true }), 'Canvas');
   });
 
-  it('should return link for "a[href]"', function() {
+  it('should return link for "a[href]"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<a id="target" href>link</a>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'link');
   });
 
-  it('should return null for "a:not([href])"', function() {
+  it('should return null for "a:not([href])"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<a id="target">link</a>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isNull(implicitRole(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return link for "area[href]"', function() {
+  it('should return link for "area[href]"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<area id="target" href>link</area>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'link');
   });
 
-  it('should return null for "area:not([href])"', function() {
+  it('should return null for "area:not([href])"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<area id="target">link</area>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isNull(implicitRole(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return contentinfo for "body footer"', function() {
+  it('should return contentinfo for "body footer"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<footer id="target"></footer>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'contentinfo');
   });
 
-  it('should return null for footer with sectioning parent', function() {
+  it('should return null for footer with sectioning parent', function () {
     var nodes = ['article', 'aside', 'main', 'nav', 'section'];
     var roles = ['article', 'complementary', 'main', 'navigation', 'region'];
 
@@ -102,14 +102,14 @@ describe('aria.implicitRole', function() {
     }
   });
 
-  it('should return form for form with accessible name aria-label', function() {
+  it('should return form for form with accessible name aria-label', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<form id="target" aria-label="foo"></form>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'form');
   });
 
-  it('should return form for form with accessible name aria-labelledby', function() {
+  it('should return form for form with accessible name aria-labelledby', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="foo">foo</div><form id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></form>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
@@ -117,28 +117,28 @@ describe('aria.implicitRole', function() {
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'form');
   });
 
-  it('should return null for form with accessible name title', function() {
+  it('should return null for form with accessible name title', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<form id="target" title="foo"></form>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isNull(implicitRole(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return null for form without accessible name', function() {
+  it('should return null for form without accessible name', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<form id="target"></form>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isNull(implicitRole(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return banner for "body header"', function() {
+  it('should return banner for "body header"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<header id="target"></header>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'banner');
   });
 
-  it('should return null for header with sectioning parent', function() {
+  it('should return null for header with sectioning parent', function () {
     var nodes = ['article', 'aside', 'main', 'nav', 'section'];
     var roles = ['article', 'complementary', 'main', 'navigation', 'region'];
 
@@ -159,133 +159,133 @@ describe('aria.implicitRole', function() {
     }
   });
 
-  it('should return img for "img[alt]"', function() {
+  it('should return img for "img[alt]"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<img id="target" alt="value"></img>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'img');
   });
 
-  it('should return img for "img:not([alt])"', function() {
+  it('should return img for "img:not([alt])"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<img id="target"></img>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'img');
   });
 
-  it('should return presentation for "img" with empty alt', function() {
+  it('should return presentation for "img" with empty alt', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<img id="target" alt=""></img>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'presentation');
   });
 
-  it('should return img for "img" with empty alt and global aria attribute', function() {
+  it('should return img for "img" with empty alt and global aria attribute', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<img id="target" alt="" aria-label></img>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'img');
   });
 
-  it('should return img for "img" with empty alt and focusable', function() {
+  it('should return img for "img" with empty alt and focusable', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<img id="target" alt="" tabindex="0"></img>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'img');
   });
 
-  it('should return button for "input[type=button]"', function() {
+  it('should return button for "input[type=button]"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="button"/>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'button');
   });
 
-  it('should return button for "input[type=image]"', function() {
+  it('should return button for "input[type=image]"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="image"/>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'button');
   });
 
-  it('should return button for "input[type=reset]"', function() {
+  it('should return button for "input[type=reset]"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="reset"/>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'button');
   });
 
-  it('should return button for "input[type=submit]"', function() {
+  it('should return button for "input[type=submit]"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="submit"/>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'button');
   });
 
-  it('should return checkbox for "input[type=checkbox]"', function() {
+  it('should return checkbox for "input[type=checkbox]"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="checkbox"/>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'checkbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return textbox for "input[type=email]"', function() {
+  it('should return textbox for "input[type=email]"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="email"/>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'textbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return textbox for "input[type=tel]"', function() {
+  it('should return textbox for "input[type=tel]"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="tel"/>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'textbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return textbox for "input[type=text]"', function() {
+  it('should return textbox for "input[type=text]"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="text"/>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'textbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return textbox for "input[type=url]"', function() {
+  it('should return textbox for "input[type=url]"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="url"/>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'textbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return textbox for "input[type=password]"', function() {
+  it('should return textbox for "input[type=password]"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="password"/>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'textbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return textbox for "input[type=time]"', function() {
+  it('should return textbox for "input[type=time]"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="time"/>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'textbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return textbox for "input[type=date]"', function() {
+  it('should return textbox for "input[type=date]"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="date"/>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'textbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return textbox for "input:not([type])"', function() {
+  it('should return textbox for "input:not([type])"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target"/>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'textbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return combobox for "input[list]" that points to a datalist', function() {
+  it('should return combobox for "input[list]" that points to a datalist', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<input id="target" list="list"/><datalist id="list"></datalist>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
@@ -293,14 +293,14 @@ describe('aria.implicitRole', function() {
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'combobox');
   });
 
-  it('should return textbox for "input[list]" that does not point to a datalist', function() {
+  it('should return textbox for "input[list]" that does not point to a datalist', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" list="list"/><div id="list"></div>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'textbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return textbox for "input[type=password][list]"', function() {
+  it('should return textbox for "input[type=password][list]"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<input id="target" type="password" list="list"/>' +
       '<datalist id="list"></datalist>';
@@ -309,35 +309,35 @@ describe('aria.implicitRole', function() {
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'textbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return spinbutton for "input[type=number]"', function() {
+  it('should return spinbutton for "input[type=number]"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="number"/>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'spinbutton');
   });
 
-  it('should return radio for "input[type=radio]"', function() {
+  it('should return radio for "input[type=radio]"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="radio"/>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'radio');
   });
 
-  it('should return slider for "input[type=range]"', function() {
+  it('should return slider for "input[type=range]"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="range"/>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'slider');
   });
 
-  it('should return searchbox for "input[type=search]"', function() {
+  it('should return searchbox for "input[type=search]"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="search"/>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'searchbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return combobox for "input[type=search][list]"', function() {
+  it('should return combobox for "input[type=search][list]"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<input id="target" type="search" list="list"/><datalist id="list"></datalist>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
@@ -345,21 +345,21 @@ describe('aria.implicitRole', function() {
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'combobox');
   });
 
-  it('should return textbox for "input[type=invalid]"', function() {
+  it('should return textbox for "input[type=invalid]"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" type="invalid"/>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'textbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return region for "section" with accessible name aria-label', function() {
+  it('should return region for "section" with accessible name aria-label', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<section id="target" aria-label="foo"></section>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'region');
   });
 
-  it('should return region for section with accessible name aria-labelledby', function() {
+  it('should return region for section with accessible name aria-labelledby', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="foo">foo</div><section id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></section>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
@@ -367,28 +367,28 @@ describe('aria.implicitRole', function() {
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'region');
   });
 
-  it('should return null for section with accessible name title', function() {
+  it('should return null for section with accessible name title', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<section id="target" title="foo"></section>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isNull(implicitRole(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return null for "section" without accessible name', function() {
+  it('should return null for "section" without accessible name', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<section id="target"></section>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isNull(implicitRole(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return null for "section" with empty aria-label', function() {
+  it('should return null for "section" with empty aria-label', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<section id="target" aria-label=" "></section>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isNull(implicitRole(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return null for "section" with empty aria-labelledby', function() {
+  it('should return null for "section" with empty aria-labelledby', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="foo"> </div><section id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></section>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
@@ -396,70 +396,70 @@ describe('aria.implicitRole', function() {
     assert.isNull(implicitRole(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return null for "section" with empty title', function() {
+  it('should return null for "section" with empty title', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<section id="target" title=" "></section>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isNull(implicitRole(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return listbox for "select[multiple]"', function() {
+  it('should return listbox for "select[multiple]"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<select id="target" multiple></select>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'listbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return listbox for "select[size]" > 1', function() {
+  it('should return listbox for "select[size]" > 1', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<select id="target" size="3"></select>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'listbox');
   });
 
-  it('should return combobox for "select[size]" <= 1', function() {
+  it('should return combobox for "select[size]" <= 1', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<select id="target" size="1"></select>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'combobox');
   });
 
-  it('should return combobox for "select"', function() {
+  it('should return combobox for "select"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<select id="target"></select>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'combobox');
   });
 
-  it('should return cell for "td"', function() {
+  it('should return cell for "td"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table><td id="target"></td></table>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'cell');
   });
 
-  it('should return gridcell for "td" with grid parent', function() {
+  it('should return gridcell for "td" with grid parent', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table role="grid"><td id="target"></td></table>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'gridcell');
   });
 
-  it('should return gridcell for "td" with treegrid parent', function() {
+  it('should return gridcell for "td" with treegrid parent', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table role="treegrid"><td id="target"></td></table>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'gridcell');
   });
 
-  it('should return rowheader for "th[scope=row]"', function() {
+  it('should return rowheader for "th[scope=row]"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table><th id="target" scope="row"></th></table>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.equal(implicitRole(node), 'rowheader');
   });
 
-  it('should return columnheader for "th[scope=col]"', function() {
+  it('should return columnheader for "th[scope=col]"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table><th id="target" scope="col"></th></table>';
     var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/is-accessible-ref.js b/test/commons/aria/is-accessible-ref.js
index df5948d9a..91394cab6 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/is-accessible-ref.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/is-accessible-ref.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('aria.isAccessibleRef', function() {
+describe('aria.isAccessibleRef', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -13,29 +13,29 @@ describe('aria.isAccessibleRef', function() {
     });
   }
 
-  before(function() {
+  before(function () {
     axe._load({});
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('returns false by default', function() {
+  it('returns false by default', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"><div>';
     var node = document.getElementById('foo');
     assert.isFalse(isAccessibleRef(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for IDs used in aria IDREF attributes', function() {
+  it('returns true for IDs used in aria IDREF attributes', function () {
     setLookup({ 'aria-foo': { type: 'idref' } });
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div aria-foo="foo"></div><i id="foo"></i>';
     var node = document.getElementById('foo');
     assert.isTrue(isAccessibleRef(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for IDs used in aria IDREFS attributes', function() {
+  it('returns true for IDs used in aria IDREFS attributes', function () {
     setLookup({ 'aria-bar': { type: 'idrefs' } });
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div aria-bar="foo bar"></div><i id="foo"></i><b id="bar"></b>';
@@ -46,14 +46,14 @@ describe('aria.isAccessibleRef', function() {
     assert.isTrue(isAccessibleRef(node2));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for IDs used in label[for] attributes', function() {
+  it('returns true for IDs used in label[for] attributes', function () {
     setLookup({ 'aria-foo': { type: 'idref' } });
     fixture.innerHTML = '<label for="baz">baz</label><input id="baz">';
     var node = document.getElementById('baz');
     assert.isTrue(isAccessibleRef(node));
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('works inside shadow DOM', function() {
+  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('works inside shadow DOM', function () {
     setLookup({ 'aria-bar': { type: 'idref' } });
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"></div>';
 
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ describe('aria.isAccessibleRef', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport ? it : xit)(
     'returns false for IDREFs inside shadow DOM',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       setLookup({ 'aria-foo': { type: 'idrefs' } });
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"><div id="bar"></div></div>';
       var node1 = document.getElementById('foo');
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ describe('aria.isAccessibleRef', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport ? it : xit)(
     'returns false for IDREFs outside shadow DOM',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       setLookup({ 'aria-bar': { type: 'idref' } });
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="foo" aria-bar="bar"><div aria-bar="bar"></div></div>';
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/is-aria-role-allowed-on-element.js b/test/commons/aria/is-aria-role-allowed-on-element.js
index 1f71bc0c4..5a884f07e 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/is-aria-role-allowed-on-element.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/is-aria-role-allowed-on-element.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-describe('aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement', function() {
+describe('aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement', function () {
   'use strict';
   var flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
 
-  it('returns true for SECTION with role alert', function() {
+  it('returns true for SECTION with role alert', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('section');
     var role = 'alert';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ describe('aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement', function() {
     assert.equal(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for SECTION with role checkbox', function() {
+  it('returns false for SECTION with role checkbox', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('section');
     var role = 'checkbox';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ describe('aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement', function() {
     assert.equal(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('returns true for SVG with role alertdialog', function() {
+  it('returns true for SVG with role alertdialog', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('svg');
     var role = 'alertdialog';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ describe('aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for OBJECT with role application', function() {
+  it('returns true for OBJECT with role application', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('object');
     var role = 'application';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ describe('aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for A with role button', function() {
+  it('returns false for A with role button', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('a');
     var role = 'button';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ describe('aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for ARTICLE with role cell', function() {
+  it('returns false for ARTICLE with role cell', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('article');
     var role = 'cell';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ describe('aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for BUTTON with role checkbox', function() {
+  it('returns true for BUTTON with role checkbox', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('button');
     var role = 'checkbox';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ describe('aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for IFRAME with role document', function() {
+  it('returns true for IFRAME with role document', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('iframe');
     var role = 'document';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ describe('aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for ASIDE with role feed', function() {
+  it('returns true for ASIDE with role feed', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('aside');
     var role = 'feed';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ describe('aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for FIGURE with role group', function() {
+  it('returns true for FIGURE with role group', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('figure');
     var role = 'group';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ describe('aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for SVG with role img', function() {
+  it('returns true for SVG with role img', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('svg');
     var role = 'img';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ describe('aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for INPUT with type image and role link', function() {
+  it('returns true for INPUT with type image and role link', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('input');
     var role = 'link';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ describe('aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for HEADER with role none', function() {
+  it('returns true for HEADER with role none', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('header');
     var role = 'none';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ describe('aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for LI with role option', function() {
+  it('returns true for LI with role option', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('li');
     var role = 'option';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ describe('aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for H1 with role tab', function() {
+  it('returns true for H1 with role tab', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('h1');
     var role = 'tab';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ describe('aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for OL with role tablist', function() {
+  it('returns true for OL with role tablist', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('ol');
     var role = 'tablist';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ describe('aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true when A has namespace as svg and role menuitem', function() {
+  it('returns true when A has namespace as svg and role menuitem', function () {
     var node = document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'a');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ describe('aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when BUTTON has type menu and role as menuitem', function() {
+  it('returns true when BUTTON has type menu and role as menuitem', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('button');
     var role = 'menuitem';
     node.setAttribute('type', 'menu');
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ describe('aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns false when MENU has type context and role navigation', function() {
+  it('returns false when MENU has type context and role navigation', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('menu');
     var role = 'navigation';
     node.setAttribute('type', 'context');
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ describe('aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true when B has role navigation', function() {
+  it('returns true when B has role navigation', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('b');
     var role = 'navigation';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ describe('aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true when NAV has role menubar', function() {
+  it('returns true when NAV has role menubar', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('nav');
     var role = 'menubar';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ describe('aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true when NAV has role tablist', function() {
+  it('returns true when NAV has role tablist', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('nav');
     var role = 'tablist';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ describe('aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns false when PROGRESS has role button', function() {
+  it('returns false when PROGRESS has role button', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('progress');
     var role = 'button';
     node.setAttribute('role', role);
@@ -194,28 +194,28 @@ describe('aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, role));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if given element can have any role', function() {
+  it('returns true if given element can have any role', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     var actual = axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, 'link');
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if given element cannot have any role', function() {
+  it('returns false if given element cannot have any role', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('main');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     var actual = axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, 'alert'); // changed this
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if given element cannot have any role', function() {
+  it('returns false if given element cannot have any role', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('track');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     var actual = axe.commons.aria.isAriaRoleAllowedOnElement(node, 'banner');
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if elements implicit role matches the role', function() {
+  it('returns false if elements implicit role matches the role', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('area');
     node.setAttribute('href', '#yay');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'link');
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/is-combobox-popup.js b/test/commons/aria/is-combobox-popup.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..65ff04ac2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/aria/is-combobox-popup.js
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+describe('isComboboxPopup', () => {
+  const { isComboboxPopup } = axe.commons.aria;
+  const { queryFixture } = axe.testUtils;
+
+  it('does not match non-popup roles', () => {
+    const roles = ['main', 'combobox', 'textbox', 'button'];
+    for (const role of roles) {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        `<div role="combobox" aria-controls="target"></div>
+        <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>`
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(isComboboxPopup(vNode));
+    }
+  });
+
+  for (const role of ['menu', 'listbox', 'tree', 'grid', 'dialog']) {
+    describe(role, () => {
+      it('is false when not related to the combobox', () => {
+        const vNode = queryFixture(
+          `<div role="combobox"></div>
+          <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>`
+        );
+        assert.isFalse(isComboboxPopup(vNode));
+      });
+
+      describe('using aria-controls (ARIA 1.2 pattern)', () => {
+        it('is true when referenced', () => {
+          const vNode = queryFixture(
+            `<div role="combobox" aria-controls="target"></div>
+            <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>`
+          );
+          assert.isTrue(isComboboxPopup(vNode));
+        });
+
+        it('is false when controlled by a select element', () => {
+          const vNode = queryFixture(
+            `<select role="combobox" aria-controls="target"></select>
+            <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>`
+          );
+          assert.isFalse(isComboboxPopup(vNode));
+        });
+
+        it('is false when not controlled by a combobox', () => {
+          const vNode = queryFixture(
+            `<div role="button combobox" aria-controls="target"></div>
+            <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>`
+          );
+          assert.isFalse(isComboboxPopup(vNode));
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('using parent owned (ARIA 1.1 pattern)', () => {
+        it('is true when its a child of the combobox', () => {
+          const vNode = queryFixture(
+            `<div role="combobox">
+              <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>
+            </div>`
+          );
+          assert.isTrue(isComboboxPopup(vNode));
+        });
+
+        it('is false when its not a child of a real combobox', () => {
+          const vNode = queryFixture(
+            `<div role="button combobox">
+              <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>
+            </div>`
+          );
+          assert.isFalse(isComboboxPopup(vNode));
+        });
+
+        it('is false when its nearest parent with a role is not a combobox', () => {
+          const vNode = queryFixture(
+            `<div role="combobox">
+              <div role="region">
+                <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>
+              </div>
+            </div>`
+          );
+          assert.isFalse(isComboboxPopup(vNode));
+        });
+
+        it('is true when its nearest parent with a role is not a combobox', () => {
+          const vNode = queryFixture(
+            `<div role="combobox">
+              <div>
+                <div role="none">
+                  <div role="presentation">
+                    <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>
+                  </div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            </div>`
+          );
+          assert.isTrue(isComboboxPopup(vNode));
+        });
+      });
+
+      describe('when using aria-owns (ARIA 1.0 pattern)', () => {
+        it('is true when referenced', () => {
+          const vNode = queryFixture(
+            `<div role="combobox" aria-owns="target"></div>
+            <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>`
+          );
+          assert.isTrue(isComboboxPopup(vNode));
+        });
+
+        it('is false when owned by a select element', () => {
+          const vNode = queryFixture(
+            `<select role="combobox" aria-owns="target"></select>
+            <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>`
+          );
+          assert.isFalse(isComboboxPopup(vNode));
+        });
+
+        it('is false when not owned by a combobox', () => {
+          const vNode = queryFixture(
+            `<div role="button combobox" aria-owns="target"></div>
+            <div role="${role}" id="target"></div>`
+          );
+          assert.isFalse(isComboboxPopup(vNode));
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  }
+
+  describe('options.popupRoles', () => {
+    it('allows custom popup roles', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        `<div role="combobox" aria-controls="target"></div>
+        <div role="button" id="target"></div>`
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(isComboboxPopup(vNode));
+      assert.isTrue(isComboboxPopup(vNode, { popupRoles: ['button'] }));
+    });
+
+    it('overrides the default popup roles', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        `<div role="combobox" aria-controls="target"></div>
+        <div role="listbox" id="target"></div>`
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(isComboboxPopup(vNode));
+      assert.isFalse(isComboboxPopup(vNode, { popupRoles: ['button'] }));
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/is-unsupported-role.js b/test/commons/aria/is-unsupported-role.js
index 18f049c8c..44e499f63 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/is-unsupported-role.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/is-unsupported-role.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('aria.isUnsupportedRole', function() {
+describe('aria.isUnsupportedRole', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  after(function() {
+  after(function () {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the role is unsupported', function() {
+  it('should return true if the role is unsupported', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ describe('aria.isUnsupportedRole', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isUnsupportedRole('cats'));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the role is supported', function() {
+  it('should return false if the role is supported', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ describe('aria.isUnsupportedRole', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.isUnsupportedRole('cats'));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the role is invalid', function() {
+  it('should return false if the role is invalid', function () {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.isUnsupportedRole('cats'));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/is-valid-role.js b/test/commons/aria/is-valid-role.js
index e5072c9ce..3893e26d4 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/is-valid-role.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/is-valid-role.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('aria.isValidRole', function() {
+describe('aria.isValidRole', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if role is found in the lookup table', function() {
+  it('should return true if role is found in the lookup table', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -16,15 +16,15 @@ describe('aria.isValidRole', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.isValidRole('cats'));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if role is not found in the lookup table', function() {
+  it('should return false if role is not found in the lookup table', function () {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.isValidRole('cats'));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for abstract roles by default', function() {
+  it('returns false for abstract roles by default', function () {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.isValidRole('input'));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for abstract roles with { allowAbstract: true } ', function() {
+  it('returns true for abstract roles with { allowAbstract: true } ', function () {
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.commons.aria.isValidRole('input', { allowAbstract: true })
     );
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/label-virtual.js b/test/commons/aria/label-virtual.js
index aff95d2a7..4389bd3cd 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/label-virtual.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/label-virtual.js
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-describe('aria.labelVirtual', function() {
+describe('aria.labelVirtual', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('is called through aria.label with a DOM node', function() {
+  it('is called through aria.label with a DOM node', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<div id="monkeys">monkeys</div><div id="bananas">bananas</div>' +
         '<input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas">'
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ describe('aria.labelVirtual', function() {
     assert.equal(axe.commons.aria.label(target), 'monkeys bananas');
   });
 
-  describe('aria-labelledby', function() {
-    it('should join text with a single space', function() {
+  describe('aria-labelledby', function () {
+    it('should join text with a single space', function () {
       fixtureSetup(
         '<div id="monkeys">monkeys</div><div id="bananas">bananas</div>' +
           '<input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas">'
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ describe('aria.labelVirtual', function() {
       assert.equal(axe.commons.aria.labelVirtual(target), 'monkeys bananas');
     });
 
-    it('should filter invisible elements', function() {
+    it('should filter invisible elements', function () {
       fixtureSetup(
         '<div id="monkeys">monkeys</div><div id="bananas" style="display: none">bananas</div>' +
           '<input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas">'
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ describe('aria.labelVirtual', function() {
       assert.equal(axe.commons.aria.labelVirtual(target), 'monkeys');
     });
 
-    it('should take precedence over aria-label', function() {
+    it('should take precedence over aria-label', function () {
       fixtureSetup(
         '<div id="monkeys">monkeys</div><div id="bananas">bananas</div>' +
           '<input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas" aria-label="nope">'
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ describe('aria.labelVirtual', function() {
       assert.equal(axe.commons.aria.labelVirtual(target), 'monkeys bananas');
     });
 
-    it('should ignore whitespace only labels', function() {
+    it('should ignore whitespace only labels', function () {
       fixtureSetup(
         '<div id="monkeys">	\n  </div><div id="bananas"></div>' +
           '<input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas">'
@@ -61,15 +61,15 @@ describe('aria.labelVirtual', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('aria-label', function() {
-    it('should detect it', function() {
+  describe('aria-label', function () {
+    it('should detect it', function () {
       fixtureSetup('<input id="target" aria-label="monkeys">');
       var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
 
       assert.equal(axe.commons.aria.labelVirtual(target), 'monkeys');
     });
 
-    it('should ignore whitespace only labels', function() {
+    it('should ignore whitespace only labels', function () {
       fixtureSetup('<input id="target" aria-label="   \n	">');
       var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#target')[0];
 
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/named-from-contents.js b/test/commons/aria/named-from-contents.js
index 336552fa3..d69ed9a8c 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/named-from-contents.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/named-from-contents.js
@@ -1,93 +1,93 @@
-describe('aria.namedFromContents', function() {
+describe('aria.namedFromContents', function () {
   var aria = axe.commons.aria;
   var namedFromContents = aria.namedFromContents;
   var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
   var flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns true when the element has an explicit role named from content', function() {
+  it('returns true when the element has an explicit role named from content', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="foo"></div>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(namedFromContents(fixture.firstChild));
   });
 
-  it('works on virtual nodes', function() {
+  it('works on virtual nodes', function () {
     var vNode = axe.testUtils.queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="foo"></div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(namedFromContents(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true when the element has an implicit role named from content', function() {
+  it('returns true when the element has an implicit role named from content', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<h1>foo</h1>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(namedFromContents(fixture.firstChild));
   });
 
-  it('returns false when the element has a role not named from content', function() {
+  it('returns false when the element has a role not named from content', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<main role="main"></main>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(namedFromContents(fixture.firstChild));
   });
 
-  it('returns false node is not a DOM element', function() {
+  it('returns false node is not a DOM element', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = 'text node';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(namedFromContents(fixture.firstChild));
   });
 
-  describe('{ strict: false }', function() {
-    it('returns true when the element has no role named from content', function() {
+  describe('{ strict: false }', function () {
+    it('returns true when the element has no role named from content', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div>foo</div>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isNull(aria.getRole(fixture.firstChild));
       assert.isTrue(namedFromContents(fixture.firstChild, { strict: false }));
     });
 
-    it('is default for aria.namedFromContents', function() {
+    it('is default for aria.namedFromContents', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div>foo</div>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isNull(aria.getRole(fixture.firstChild));
       assert.isTrue(namedFromContents(fixture.firstChild));
     });
 
-    it('returns true when the element has role=presentation', function() {
+    it('returns true when the element has role=presentation', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="presentation">foo</div>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isTrue(namedFromContents(fixture.firstChild, { strict: false }));
     });
 
-    it('returns true when the element has role=none', function() {
+    it('returns true when the element has role=none', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="none">foo</div>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isTrue(namedFromContents(fixture.firstChild, { strict: false }));
     });
 
-    it('returns true when the implicit role is null', function() {
+    it('returns true when the implicit role is null', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="bar">foo</div>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isTrue(namedFromContents(fixture.firstChild, { strict: false }));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('{ strict: true }', function() {
-    it('returns false when the element has no role named from content', function() {
+  describe('{ strict: true }', function () {
+    it('returns false when the element has no role named from content', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div>foo</div>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isNull(aria.getRole(fixture.firstChild));
       assert.isFalse(namedFromContents(fixture.firstChild, { strict: true }));
     });
 
-    it('returns false when the element has role=presentation', function() {
+    it('returns false when the element has role=presentation', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="presentation">foo</div>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isFalse(namedFromContents(fixture.firstChild, { strict: true }));
     });
 
-    it('returns false when the element has role=none', function() {
+    it('returns false when the element has role=none', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="none">foo</div>';
       flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isFalse(namedFromContents(fixture.firstChild, { strict: true }));
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/required-attr.js b/test/commons/aria/required-attr.js
index 7bee5fff3..5c83ab566 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/required-attr.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/required-attr.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('aria.requiredAttr', function() {
+describe('aria.requiredAttr', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should returned the attributes property for the proper role', function() {
+  it('should returned the attributes property for the proper role', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ describe('aria.requiredAttr', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.aria.requiredAttr('cats'), ['yes']);
   });
 
-  it('should returned empty array if the required attributes is not an array', function() {
+  it('should returned empty array if the required attributes is not an array', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -32,13 +32,13 @@ describe('aria.requiredAttr', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.aria.requiredAttr('cats'), []);
   });
 
-  it('should return an empty array if there are no required attributes', function() {
+  it('should return an empty array if there are no required attributes', function () {
     var result = axe.commons.aria.requiredAttr('cats');
 
     assert.deepEqual(result, []);
   });
 
-  it('should return a unique copy of the attributes', function() {
+  it('should return a unique copy of the attributes', function () {
     var attrs = ['yes', 'no'];
 
     axe.configure({
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/required-context.js b/test/commons/aria/required-context.js
index 36d861791..7608df5bc 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/required-context.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/required-context.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('aria.requiredContext', function() {
+describe('aria.requiredContext', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should returned the context property for the proper role', function() {
+  it('should returned the context property for the proper role', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ describe('aria.requiredContext', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.aria.requiredContext('cats'), ['yes']);
   });
 
-  it('should returned null if the required context is not an array', function() {
+  it('should returned null if the required context is not an array', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -31,13 +31,13 @@ describe('aria.requiredContext', function() {
     assert.isNull(axe.commons.aria.requiredContext('cats'));
   });
 
-  it('should return null if there are no required context nodes', function() {
+  it('should return null if there are no required context nodes', function () {
     var result = axe.commons.aria.requiredContext('cats');
 
     assert.isNull(result);
   });
 
-  it('should return a unique copy of the context', function() {
+  it('should return a unique copy of the context', function () {
     var context = ['yes', 'no'];
 
     axe.configure({
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/required-owned.js b/test/commons/aria/required-owned.js
index 448949e39..5f63e79da 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/required-owned.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/required-owned.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('aria.requiredOwned', function() {
+describe('aria.requiredOwned', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should returned the context property for the proper role', function() {
+  it('should returned the context property for the proper role', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ describe('aria.requiredOwned', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.aria.requiredOwned('cats'), ['yes']);
   });
 
-  it('should returned null if the required context is not an array', function() {
+  it('should returned null if the required context is not an array', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -31,13 +31,13 @@ describe('aria.requiredOwned', function() {
     assert.isNull(axe.commons.aria.requiredOwned('cats'));
   });
 
-  it('should return null if there are no required context nodes', function() {
+  it('should return null if there are no required context nodes', function () {
     var result = axe.commons.aria.requiredOwned('cats');
 
     assert.isNull(result);
   });
 
-  it('should return a unique copy of the context', function() {
+  it('should return a unique copy of the context', function () {
     var context = ['yes', 'no'];
 
     axe.configure({
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/roles.js b/test/commons/aria/roles.js
index 8d137a3a3..99a59867b 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/roles.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/roles.js
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-describe('aria.implicitNodes', function() {
+describe('aria.implicitNodes', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var orig;
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     orig = axe.commons.aria.lookupTable.role;
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     axe.commons.aria.lookupTable.role = orig;
   });
 
-  it('should return the implicit property for the proper role', function() {
+  it('should return the implicit property for the proper role', function () {
     axe.commons.aria.lookupTable.role = {
       cats: {
         implicit: 'yes'
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ describe('aria.implicitNodes', function() {
     assert.equal(axe.commons.aria.implicitNodes('cats'), 'yes');
   });
 
-  it('should return null if there are no implicit roles', function() {
+  it('should return null if there are no implicit roles', function () {
     axe.commons.aria.lookupTable.role = {};
     var result = axe.commons.aria.implicitNodes('cats');
 
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/validate-attr-value.js b/test/commons/aria/validate-attr-value.js
index ec14b367b..c251fca15 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/validate-attr-value.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/validate-attr-value.js
@@ -1,31 +1,29 @@
-describe('aria.validateAttrValue', function() {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
-  var node;
+describe('aria.validateAttrValue', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
+  let node;
 
-  function setAttr(node, attrName, attrValue) {
-    node.setAttribute(attrName, attrValue);
+  function setAttr(elm, attrName, attrValue) {
+    elm.setAttribute(attrName, attrValue);
     axe.teardown();
-    return axe.setup(node);
+    return axe.setup(elm);
   }
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     node = document.createElement('div');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if there is no matching attribute (future-compat???)', function() {
+  it('should return true if there is no matching attribute (future-compat???)', () => {
     setAttr(node, 'unknown-attr', 'hello');
 
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'unknown-attr'));
   });
 
-  it('works on virtual nodes', function() {
+  it('works on virtual nodes', () => {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaAttrs: {
@@ -37,14 +35,14 @@ describe('aria.validateAttrValue', function() {
         }
       }
     });
-    var vNode = axe.testUtils.queryFixture(
+    const vNode = axe.testUtils.queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" cats="valid"></div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(vNode, 'cats'));
   });
 
-  describe('allowEmpty', function() {
-    beforeEach(function() {
+  describe('allowEmpty', () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
       axe.configure({
         standards: {
           ariaAttrs: {
@@ -82,7 +80,7 @@ describe('aria.validateAttrValue', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('returns true for empty attributes with allowEmpty:true', function() {
+    it('returns true for empty attributes with allowEmpty:true', () => {
       setAttr(node, 'cats', '');
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'cats'));
 
@@ -105,7 +103,7 @@ describe('aria.validateAttrValue', function() {
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'horses'));
     });
 
-    it('returns true for whitespace-only attributes with allowEmpty:true', function() {
+    it('returns true for whitespace-only attributes with allowEmpty:true', () => {
       setAttr(node, 'cats', '  \r\n\t  ');
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'cats'));
 
@@ -129,9 +127,9 @@ describe('aria.validateAttrValue', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('schema defintions', function() {
-    describe('enumerated values', function() {
-      beforeEach(function() {
+  describe('schema defintions', () => {
+    describe('enumerated values', () => {
+      beforeEach(() => {
         axe.configure({
           standards: {
             ariaAttrs: {
@@ -144,7 +142,7 @@ describe('aria.validateAttrValue', function() {
         });
       });
 
-      it('should validate against enumerated .values if present', function() {
+      it('should validate against enumerated .values if present', () => {
         setAttr(node, 'cats', 'valid');
 
         assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'cats'));
@@ -154,21 +152,21 @@ describe('aria.validateAttrValue', function() {
         assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'cats'));
       });
 
-      it('should be case-insensitive for enumerated values', function() {
+      it('should be case-insensitive for enumerated values', () => {
         setAttr(node, 'cats', 'vaLiD');
 
         assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'cats'));
       });
 
-      it('should reject empty strings', function() {
+      it('should reject empty strings', () => {
         setAttr(node, 'cats', '');
 
         assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'cats'));
       });
     });
 
-    describe('idref', function() {
-      beforeEach(function() {
+    describe('idref', () => {
+      beforeEach(() => {
         axe.configure({
           standards: {
             ariaAttrs: {
@@ -180,7 +178,7 @@ describe('aria.validateAttrValue', function() {
         });
       });
 
-      it('should validate the referenced node exists', function() {
+      it('should validate the referenced node exists', () => {
         fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div>';
         setAttr(node, 'dogs', 'target');
         assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'dogs'));
@@ -189,8 +187,8 @@ describe('aria.validateAttrValue', function() {
         assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'dogs'));
       });
 
-      it('should work in shadow DOM', function() {
-        var shadEl;
+      it('should work in shadow DOM', () => {
+        let shadEl;
 
         if (shadowSupport.v1) {
           // shadow DOM v1 - note: v0 is compatible with this code, so no need
@@ -209,14 +207,14 @@ describe('aria.validateAttrValue', function() {
         }
       });
 
-      it('returns false if empty without allowEmpty: true', function() {
+      it('returns false if empty without allowEmpty: true', () => {
         setAttr(node, 'dogs', '');
         assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'dogs'));
       });
     });
 
-    describe('idrefs', function() {
-      beforeEach(function() {
+    describe('idrefs', () => {
+      beforeEach(() => {
         axe.configure({
           standards: {
             ariaAttrs: {
@@ -228,46 +226,46 @@ describe('aria.validateAttrValue', function() {
         });
       });
 
-      it('should return false when a single referenced node is not found', function() {
+      it('should return false when a single referenced node is not found', () => {
         setAttr(node, 'goats', 'invalid');
         // target2 not found
         assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'goats'));
       });
 
-      it('should return false when no referenced element is found', function() {
+      it('should return false when no referenced element is found', () => {
         fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div>';
         setAttr(node, 'goats', 'target2 target3');
         // target2 not found
         assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'goats'));
       });
 
-      it('should return true when at least one referenced element is found', function() {
+      it('should return true when at least one referenced element is found', () => {
         fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div>';
         setAttr(node, 'goats', 'target target2');
         // target2 not found
         assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'goats'));
       });
 
-      it('should return true when all targets are found', function() {
+      it('should return true when all targets are found', () => {
         fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div><div id="target2"></div>';
         setAttr(node, 'goats', 'target target2');
         assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'goats'));
       });
 
-      it('should not fail on weird whitespace', function() {
+      it('should not fail on weird whitespace', () => {
         fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div><div id="target2"></div>';
         setAttr(node, 'goats', ' \t \ttarget   \t   target2      ');
         assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'goats'));
       });
 
-      it('returns false if empty without allowEmpty: true', function() {
+      it('returns false if empty without allowEmpty: true', () => {
         setAttr(node, 'goats', '');
         assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'goats'));
       });
     });
 
-    describe('string', function() {
-      beforeEach(function() {
+    describe('string', () => {
+      beforeEach(() => {
         axe.configure({
           standards: {
             ariaAttrs: {
@@ -279,19 +277,19 @@ describe('aria.validateAttrValue', function() {
         });
       });
 
-      it('returns true for non-empty strings', function() {
+      it('returns true for non-empty strings', () => {
         setAttr(node, 'cows', 'hi');
         assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'cows'));
       });
 
-      it('returns false for non-empty strings without allowEmpty:true', function() {
+      it('returns false for non-empty strings without allowEmpty:true', () => {
         setAttr(node, 'cows', '');
         assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'cows'));
       });
     });
 
-    describe('decimal', function() {
-      beforeEach(function() {
+    describe('decimal', () => {
+      beforeEach(() => {
         axe.configure({
           standards: {
             ariaAttrs: {
@@ -303,7 +301,7 @@ describe('aria.validateAttrValue', function() {
         });
       });
 
-      it('should allow, but not require, a preceeding sign', function() {
+      it('should allow, but not require, a preceeding sign', () => {
         setAttr(node, 'sheep', '+1.12');
         assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'sheep'));
 
@@ -314,7 +312,7 @@ describe('aria.validateAttrValue', function() {
         assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'sheep'));
       });
 
-      it('should make the decimal separator optional', function() {
+      it('should make the decimal separator optional', () => {
         setAttr(node, 'sheep', '+1');
         assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'sheep'));
 
@@ -325,7 +323,7 @@ describe('aria.validateAttrValue', function() {
         assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'sheep'));
       });
 
-      it('should make the whole number optional', function() {
+      it('should make the whole number optional', () => {
         setAttr(node, 'sheep', '+.1');
         assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'sheep'));
 
@@ -336,7 +334,7 @@ describe('aria.validateAttrValue', function() {
         assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'sheep'));
       });
 
-      it('should make the right-side optional', function() {
+      it('should make the right-side optional', () => {
         setAttr(node, 'sheep', '+1.');
         assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'sheep'));
 
@@ -347,7 +345,7 @@ describe('aria.validateAttrValue', function() {
         assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'sheep'));
       });
 
-      it('should validate the entire string', function() {
+      it('should validate the entire string', () => {
         setAttr(node, 'sheep', ' +1.12 ');
         assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'sheep'));
 
@@ -358,7 +356,7 @@ describe('aria.validateAttrValue', function() {
         assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'sheep'));
       });
 
-      it('should only allow for numbers', function() {
+      it('should only allow for numbers', () => {
         setAttr(node, 'sheep', '+a.12');
         assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'sheep'));
 
@@ -369,7 +367,7 @@ describe('aria.validateAttrValue', function() {
         assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'sheep'));
       });
 
-      it('should require at least one number', function() {
+      it('should require at least one number', () => {
         setAttr(node, 'sheep', '+.');
         assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'sheep'));
 
@@ -389,14 +387,14 @@ describe('aria.validateAttrValue', function() {
         assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'sheep'));
       });
 
-      it('returns false for empty strings without allowEmpty:true', function() {
+      it('returns false for empty strings without allowEmpty:true', () => {
         setAttr(node, 'sheep', '');
         assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'sheep'));
       });
     });
 
-    describe('int', function() {
-      beforeEach(function() {
+    describe('int', () => {
+      beforeEach(() => {
         axe.configure({
           standards: {
             ariaAttrs: {
@@ -408,7 +406,7 @@ describe('aria.validateAttrValue', function() {
         });
       });
 
-      it('should only allow for numbers by an optional preceding sign', function() {
+      it('should only allow for numbers by an optional preceding sign', () => {
         setAttr(node, 'pigs', '+1234234');
         assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'pigs'));
 
@@ -419,7 +417,7 @@ describe('aria.validateAttrValue', function() {
         assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'pigs'));
       });
 
-      it('should return true for value greater than or equal to minValue', function() {
+      it('should return true for value greater than or equal to minValue', () => {
         axe.configure({
           standards: {
             ariaAttrs: {
@@ -441,12 +439,12 @@ describe('aria.validateAttrValue', function() {
         assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'pigs'));
       });
 
-      it('returns false for empty strings without allowEmpty:true', function() {
+      it('returns false for empty strings without allowEmpty:true', () => {
         setAttr(node, 'pigs', '');
         assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'pigs'));
       });
 
-      it('should return false for value less than the minValue', function() {
+      it('should return false for value less than the minValue', () => {
         axe.configure({
           standards: {
             ariaAttrs: {
@@ -463,8 +461,8 @@ describe('aria.validateAttrValue', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('boolean', function() {
-      beforeEach(function() {
+    describe('boolean', () => {
+      beforeEach(() => {
         axe.configure({
           standards: {
             ariaAttrs: {
@@ -476,7 +474,7 @@ describe('aria.validateAttrValue', function() {
         });
       });
 
-      it('returns true for boolean value', function() {
+      it('returns true for boolean value', () => {
         setAttr(node, 'horses', 'true');
         assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'horses'));
 
@@ -484,13 +482,13 @@ describe('aria.validateAttrValue', function() {
         assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'horses'));
       });
 
-      it('should be case-insensitive', function() {
+      it('should be case-insensitive', () => {
         setAttr(node, 'horses', 'trUE');
 
         assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'horses'));
       });
 
-      it('returns false for non-boolean values', function() {
+      it('returns false for non-boolean values', () => {
         setAttr(node, 'horses', 'hi');
         assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'horses'));
 
@@ -498,7 +496,7 @@ describe('aria.validateAttrValue', function() {
         assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'horses'));
       });
 
-      it('returns false for non-empty strings without allowEmpty:true', function() {
+      it('returns false for non-empty strings without allowEmpty:true', () => {
         setAttr(node, 'horses', '');
         assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.validateAttrValue(node, 'horses'));
       });
@@ -508,8 +506,8 @@ describe('aria.validateAttrValue', function() {
 
 function makeShadowTreeVAV(node) {
   'use strict';
-  var root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-  var div = document.createElement('div');
+  const root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+  const div = document.createElement('div');
   div.className = 'parent';
   root.appendChild(div);
   div.appendChild(createContentVAV());
@@ -517,7 +515,7 @@ function makeShadowTreeVAV(node) {
 
 function createContentVAV() {
   'use strict';
-  var group = document.createElement('div');
+  const group = document.createElement('div');
   group.innerHTML =
     '<label id="mylabel">Label</label>' +
     '<input id="myinput" aria-labelledby="mylabel" type="text" />' +
diff --git a/test/commons/aria/validate-attr.js b/test/commons/aria/validate-attr.js
index 6f7c05960..fa25ce322 100644
--- a/test/commons/aria/validate-attr.js
+++ b/test/commons/aria/validate-attr.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('aria.validateAttr', function() {
+describe('aria.validateAttr', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return true if attribute is found in lut', function() {
+  it('should return true if attribute is found in lut', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaAttrs: {
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe('aria.validateAttr', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.aria.validateAttr('cats'));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if attribute is found in lut', function() {
+  it('should return false if attribute is found in lut', function () {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.aria.validateAttr('cats'));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/color/center-point-of-rect.js b/test/commons/color/center-point-of-rect.js
index ceb454b49..668594e04 100644
--- a/test/commons/color/center-point-of-rect.js
+++ b/test/commons/color/center-point-of-rect.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-describe('color.centerPointOfRect', function() {
+describe('color.centerPointOfRect', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('returns `undefined` when element is placed outside of viewport (left position > window dimension)', function() {
+  it('returns `undefined` when element is placed outside of viewport (left position > window dimension)', function () {
     var actual = axe.commons.color.centerPointOfRect({
       left: 9999,
       top: 0,
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ describe('color.centerPointOfRect', function() {
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns `{x,y}` when element is with in viewport', function() {
+  it('returns `{x,y}` when element is with in viewport', function () {
     var actual = axe.commons.color.centerPointOfRect({
       left: 0,
       top: 0,
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ describe('color.centerPointOfRect', function() {
     assert.hasAllKeys(actual, ['x', 'y']);
   });
 
-  it('returns `{x,y}` when element is with in viewport (check returned coordinate values)', function() {
+  it('returns `{x,y}` when element is with in viewport (check returned coordinate values)', function () {
     var actual = axe.commons.color.centerPointOfRect({
       left: 100,
       top: 100,
diff --git a/test/commons/color/color.js b/test/commons/color/color.js
index 56060b862..1c1230e7f 100644
--- a/test/commons/color/color.js
+++ b/test/commons/color/color.js
@@ -1,131 +1,294 @@
-describe('color.Color', function() {
+describe('color.Color', () => {
   'use strict';
-  var Color = axe.commons.color.Color;
-
-  describe('parseColorFnString', function() {
-    it('should set values properly via RGB', function() {
-      var c = new Color();
-      c.parseColorFnString('rgb(17, 34,  51)');
-      assert.equal(c.red, 17);
-      assert.equal(c.green, 34);
-      assert.equal(c.blue, 51);
-      assert.equal(c.alpha, 1);
-    });
+  const Color = axe.commons.color.Color;
 
-    it('should set values properly via RGBA', function() {
-      var c = new Color();
-      c.parseColorFnString('rgba(17, 34,51,  0.2)');
-      assert.equal(c.red, 17);
-      assert.equal(c.green, 34);
-      assert.equal(c.blue, 51);
-      assert.closeTo(c.alpha, 0.2, 0.01);
-    });
+  it('can be constructed without alpha', () => {
+    const c1 = new Color(4, 3, 2);
+    assert.equal(c1.red, 4);
+    assert.equal(c1.green, 3);
+    assert.equal(c1.blue, 2);
+    assert.equal(c1.alpha, 1);
+  });
 
-    it('allows decimal values, with and without the integer', function() {
-      var c = new Color();
-      c.parseColorFnString('rgba(.1, 23.4, 56.7,  .89)');
-      assert.closeTo(c.red, 0.1, 0.01);
-      assert.closeTo(c.green, 23.4, 0.01);
-      assert.closeTo(c.blue, 56.7, 0.01);
-      assert.closeTo(c.alpha, 0.89, 0.01);
-    });
+  it('can be constructed from a Color', () => {
+    const c1 = new Color(4, 3, 2, 0.5);
+    const c2 = new Color(c1);
+    assert.equal(c2.red, 4);
+    assert.equal(c2.green, 3);
+    assert.equal(c2.blue, 2);
+    assert.equal(c2.alpha, 0.5);
+  });
 
-    it('allows percentages', function() {
-      var c = new Color();
-      c.parseColorFnString('rgba(100%, 100%, 0%, 50%)');
-      assert.equal(c.red, 255);
-      assert.equal(c.green, 255);
-      assert.equal(c.blue, 0);
-      assert.equal(c.alpha, 0.5);
-    });
+  it('clamps out of gamut values for red, green, blue', () => {
+    const c1 = new Color(-255, 0, 510, 0.5);
+    assert.equal(c1.red, 0);
+    assert.equal(c1.green, 0);
+    assert.equal(c1.blue, 255);
+    assert.equal(c1.alpha, 0.5);
+  });
 
-    it('allows exponent numbers', function() {
-      var c = new Color();
-      c.parseColorFnString('rgb(2e0, 2e1, 2e2)');
-      assert.equal(c.red, 2);
-      assert.equal(c.green, 20);
-      assert.equal(c.blue, 200);
-      assert.equal(c.alpha, 1);
-    });
+  it('retains out of gamut values for r, g, b', () => {
+    const c1 = new Color(-255, 0, 510, 0.5);
+    assert.equal(c1.r, -1);
+    assert.equal(c1.g, 0);
+    assert.equal(c1.b, 2);
+    assert.equal(c1.alpha, 0.5);
+  });
 
-    it('supports space separated notation', function() {
-      var c = new Color();
-      c.parseColorFnString('rgba(255 128 0 / 50%)');
-      assert.equal(c.red, 255);
-      assert.equal(c.green, 128);
-      assert.equal(c.blue, 0);
-      assert.equal(c.alpha, 0.5);
+  it('can be constructed from a Color preserving out of gamut values', () => {
+    const c1 = new Color(-255, 0, 510, 0.5);
+    const c2 = new Color(c1);
+    assert.equal(c2.r, -1);
+    assert.equal(c2.g, 0);
+    assert.equal(c2.b, 2);
+    assert.equal(c2.alpha, 0.5);
+  });
+
+  it('has a toJSON method', () => {
+    const c1 = new Color(255, 128, 0);
+    assert.deepEqual(c1.toJSON(), {
+      red: 255,
+      green: 128,
+      blue: 0,
+      alpha: 1
     });
+  });
 
-    it('allows alpha values in rgb()', function() {
-      var c = new Color();
-      c.parseColorFnString('rgb(255 128 0 / 50%)');
-      assert.equal(c.red, 255);
-      assert.equal(c.green, 128);
-      assert.equal(c.blue, 0);
-      assert.equal(c.alpha, 0.5);
+  describe('parseColorFnString', () => {
+    describe('with rgb()', () => {
+      it('should set values properly via RGB', () => {
+        const c = new Color();
+        c.parseColorFnString('rgb(17, 34,  51)');
+        assert.equal(c.red, 17);
+        assert.equal(c.green, 34);
+        assert.equal(c.blue, 51);
+        assert.equal(c.alpha, 1);
+      });
+
+      it('should set values properly via RGBA', () => {
+        const c = new Color();
+        c.parseColorFnString('rgba(17, 34,51,  0.2)');
+        assert.equal(c.red, 17);
+        assert.equal(c.green, 34);
+        assert.equal(c.blue, 51);
+        assert.closeTo(c.alpha, 0.2, 0.01);
+      });
+
+      it('allows decimal values, with and without the integer', () => {
+        const c = new Color();
+        c.parseColorFnString('rgba(.1, 23.4, 56.7, .89)');
+        assert.equal(c.red, 0);
+        assert.equal(c.green, 23);
+        assert.equal(c.blue, 57);
+        assert.closeTo(c.alpha, 0.89, 0.01);
+      });
+
+      it('allows percentages', () => {
+        const c = new Color();
+        c.parseColorFnString('rgba(100%, 100%, 0%, 50%)');
+        assert.equal(c.red, 255);
+        assert.equal(c.green, 255);
+        assert.equal(c.blue, 0);
+        assert.equal(c.alpha, 0.5);
+      });
+
+      it.skip('allows exponent numbers', () => {
+        const c = new Color();
+        c.parseColorFnString('rgb(2e0, 2e1, 2e2)');
+        assert.equal(c.red, 2);
+        assert.equal(c.green, 20);
+        assert.equal(c.blue, 200);
+        assert.equal(c.alpha, 1);
+      });
+
+      it('supports space separated notation', () => {
+        const c = new Color();
+        c.parseColorFnString('rgba(255 128 0 / 50%)');
+        assert.equal(c.red, 255);
+        assert.equal(c.green, 128);
+        assert.equal(c.blue, 0);
+        assert.equal(c.alpha, 0.5);
+      });
+
+      it('allows alpha values', () => {
+        const c = new Color();
+        c.parseColorFnString('rgb(255 128 0 / 50%)');
+        assert.equal(c.red, 255);
+        assert.equal(c.green, 128);
+        assert.equal(c.blue, 0);
+        assert.equal(c.alpha, 0.5);
+      });
     });
 
-    describe('with hsl(a)', function() {
-      it('allows hsl', function() {
-        var c = new Color();
+    describe('with hsl(a)', () => {
+      it('allows hsl', () => {
+        const c = new Color();
         c.parseColorFnString('hsl(160, 40%, 50%)');
         assert.equal(c.red, 77);
         assert.equal(c.green, 179);
-        assert.equal(c.blue, 145);
+        assert.equal(c.blue, 144);
         assert.equal(c.alpha, 1);
       });
 
-      it('allows hsla', function() {
-        var c = new Color();
+      it('allows hsla', () => {
+        const c = new Color();
         c.parseColorFnString('hsla(160, 40%, 50%, .5)');
         assert.equal(c.red, 77);
         assert.equal(c.green, 179);
-        assert.equal(c.blue, 145);
+        assert.equal(c.blue, 144);
         assert.equal(c.alpha, 0.5);
       });
 
-      it('allows hsl with space notation', function() {
-        var c = new Color();
+      it('allows hsl with space notation', () => {
+        const c = new Color();
         c.parseColorFnString('hsl(160 40% 50% / 5%)');
         assert.equal(c.red, 77);
         assert.equal(c.green, 179);
-        assert.equal(c.blue, 145);
+        assert.equal(c.blue, 144);
         assert.equal(c.alpha, 0.05);
       });
 
-      it('supports deg on hue', function() {
-        var c = new Color();
+      it('supports deg on hue', () => {
+        const c = new Color();
         c.parseColorFnString('hsl(160deg, 40%, 50%)');
         assert.equal(c.red, 77);
         assert.equal(c.green, 179);
-        assert.equal(c.blue, 145);
+        assert.equal(c.blue, 144);
+        assert.equal(c.alpha, 1);
+      });
+
+      it('supports rad on hue', () => {
+        const c = new Color();
+        c.parseColorFnString('hsl(2.79rad, 40%, 50%)');
+        assert.equal(c.red, 77);
+        assert.equal(c.green, 179);
+        assert.equal(c.blue, 144);
+        assert.equal(c.alpha, 1);
+      });
+
+      it('supports turn on hue', () => {
+        const c = new Color();
+        c.parseColorFnString('hsl(0.444turn, 40%, 50%)');
+        assert.equal(c.red, 77);
+        assert.equal(c.green, 179);
+        assert.equal(c.blue, 144);
+        assert.equal(c.alpha, 1);
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('with hwb()', () => {
+      it('allows hwb', () => {
+        const c = new Color();
+        c.parseColorFnString('hwb(160, 40%, 50%)');
+        assert.equal(c.red, 102);
+        assert.equal(c.green, 128);
+        assert.equal(c.blue, 119);
+        assert.equal(c.alpha, 1);
+      });
+
+      it('allows alpha values', () => {
+        const c = new Color();
+        c.parseColorFnString('hwb(160, 40%, 50% / 50%)');
+        assert.equal(c.red, 102);
+        assert.equal(c.green, 128);
+        assert.equal(c.blue, 119);
+        assert.equal(c.alpha, 0.5);
+      });
+
+      it('allows hsl with space notation', () => {
+        const c = new Color();
+        c.parseColorFnString('hwb(160 40% 50% / 50%)');
+        assert.equal(c.red, 102);
+        assert.equal(c.green, 128);
+        assert.equal(c.blue, 119);
+        assert.equal(c.alpha, 0.5);
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('with lab()', () => {
+      it('allows lab', () => {
+        const c = new Color();
+        c.parseColorFnString('lab(66.26 -37.50 8.58)');
+        assert.equal(c.red, 77);
+        assert.equal(c.green, 179);
+        assert.equal(c.blue, 144);
         assert.equal(c.alpha, 1);
       });
 
-      it('supports rad on hue', function() {
-        var c = new Color();
-        c.parseColorFnString('hsl(2.8rad, 40%, 50%)');
+      it('allows alpha values', () => {
+        const c = new Color();
+        c.parseColorFnString('lab(66.26 -37.50 8.58 / 50%)');
         assert.equal(c.red, 77);
         assert.equal(c.green, 179);
-        assert.equal(c.blue, 145);
+        assert.equal(c.blue, 144);
+        assert.equal(c.alpha, 0.5);
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('with lch()', () => {
+      it('allows lch', () => {
+        const c = new Color();
+        c.parseColorFnString('lch(66.26 38.47 167.1)');
+        assert.equal(c.red, 77);
+        assert.equal(c.green, 179);
+        assert.equal(c.blue, 144);
         assert.equal(c.alpha, 1);
       });
 
-      it('supports turn on hue', function() {
-        var c = new Color();
-        c.parseColorFnString('hsl(0.446turn, 40%, 50%)');
+      it('allows alpha values', () => {
+        const c = new Color();
+        c.parseColorFnString('lch(66.26 38.47 167.1 / 50%)');
+        assert.equal(c.red, 77);
+        assert.equal(c.green, 179);
+        assert.equal(c.blue, 144);
+        assert.equal(c.alpha, 0.5);
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('with oklab()', () => {
+      it('allows oklab', () => {
+        const c = new Color();
+        c.parseColorFnString('oklab(0.697 -0.107 0.023)');
         assert.equal(c.red, 77);
         assert.equal(c.green, 179);
-        assert.equal(c.blue, 145);
+        assert.equal(c.blue, 144);
         assert.equal(c.alpha, 1);
       });
+
+      it('allows alpha values', () => {
+        const c = new Color();
+        c.parseColorFnString('oklab(0.697 -0.107 0.023 / 50%)');
+        assert.equal(c.red, 77);
+        assert.equal(c.green, 179);
+        assert.equal(c.blue, 144);
+        assert.equal(c.alpha, 0.5);
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('with oklch()', () => {
+      it('allows oklch', () => {
+        const c = new Color();
+        c.parseColorFnString('oklch(0.6967 0.109 167.711)');
+        assert.equal(c.red, 77);
+        assert.equal(c.green, 179);
+        assert.equal(c.blue, 144);
+        assert.equal(c.alpha, 1);
+      });
+
+      it('allows alpha values', () => {
+        const c = new Color();
+        c.parseColorFnString('oklch(0.6967 0.109 167.711 / 50%)');
+        assert.equal(c.red, 77);
+        assert.equal(c.green, 179);
+        assert.equal(c.blue, 144);
+        assert.equal(c.alpha, 0.5);
+      });
     });
   });
 
-  describe('parseHexString', function() {
-    it('returns values from a 6 digit hex string', function() {
-      var color = new Color();
+  describe('parseHexString', () => {
+    it('returns values from a 6 digit hex string', () => {
+      const color = new Color();
       color.parseHexString('#123Abc');
       assert.equal(color.red, 18);
       assert.equal(color.green, 58);
@@ -133,8 +296,8 @@ describe('color.Color', function() {
       assert.equal(color.alpha, 1);
     });
 
-    it('returns values from a 3 digit hex string', function() {
-      var color = new Color();
+    it('returns values from a 3 digit hex string', () => {
+      const color = new Color();
       color.parseHexString('#19E');
       assert.equal(color.red, 17);
       assert.equal(color.green, 153);
@@ -142,8 +305,8 @@ describe('color.Color', function() {
       assert.equal(color.alpha, 1);
     });
 
-    it('returns values from a 8 digit hex string', function() {
-      var color = new Color();
+    it('returns values from a 8 digit hex string', () => {
+      const color = new Color();
       color.parseHexString('#123ABCde');
       assert.equal(color.red, 18);
       assert.equal(color.green, 58);
@@ -151,8 +314,8 @@ describe('color.Color', function() {
       assert.closeTo(color.alpha, 222 / 255, 0.001);
     });
 
-    it('returns values from a 4 digit hex string', function() {
-      var color = new Color();
+    it('returns values from a 4 digit hex string', () => {
+      const color = new Color();
       color.parseHexString('#19EC');
       assert.equal(color.red, 17);
       assert.equal(color.green, 153);
@@ -160,10 +323,10 @@ describe('color.Color', function() {
       assert.closeTo(color.alpha, 204 / 255, 0.01);
     });
 
-    it('does nothing when passed an invalid string', function() {
-      var color = new Color(1, 2, 3, 0.4);
-      var values = ['abcdef', '#abcde', '#XYZ', '#0123456789'];
-      values.forEach(function(val) {
+    it('does nothing when passed an invalid string', () => {
+      const color = new Color(1, 2, 3, 0.4);
+      const values = ['abcdef', '#abcde', '#XYZ', '#0123456789'];
+      values.forEach(function (val) {
         color.parseHexString(val);
         assert.equal(color.red, 1);
         assert.equal(color.green, 2);
@@ -173,9 +336,9 @@ describe('color.Color', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('parseString', function() {
-    it('sets the value of a named color', function() {
-      var color = new Color();
+  describe('parseString', () => {
+    it('sets the value of a named color', () => {
+      const color = new Color();
       color.parseString('chocolate');
       assert.equal(color.red, 210);
       assert.equal(color.green, 105);
@@ -183,8 +346,8 @@ describe('color.Color', function() {
       assert.equal(color.alpha, 1);
     });
 
-    it('returns everything on 0 with transparent', function() {
-      var color = new Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
+    it('returns everything on 0 with transparent', () => {
+      const color = new Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
       color.parseString('transparent');
       assert.equal(color.red, 0);
       assert.equal(color.green, 0);
@@ -192,8 +355,8 @@ describe('color.Color', function() {
       assert.equal(color.alpha, 0);
     });
 
-    it('sets hex colors', function() {
-      var color = new Color();
+    it('sets hex colors', () => {
+      const color = new Color();
       color.parseString('#F00C');
       assert.equal(color.red, 255);
       assert.equal(color.green, 0);
@@ -201,8 +364,8 @@ describe('color.Color', function() {
       assert.closeTo(color.alpha, 204 / 255, 0.01);
     });
 
-    it('sets rgb colors', function() {
-      var color = new Color();
+    it('sets rgb colors', () => {
+      const color = new Color();
       color.parseString('rgb(10, 20, 30)');
       assert.equal(color.red, 10);
       assert.equal(color.green, 20);
@@ -210,8 +373,8 @@ describe('color.Color', function() {
       assert.equal(color.alpha, 1);
     });
 
-    it('sets rgba colors', function() {
-      var color = new Color();
+    it('sets rgba colors', () => {
+      const color = new Color();
       color.parseString('rgba(10, 20, 30, 0.4)');
       assert.equal(color.red, 10);
       assert.equal(color.green, 20);
@@ -219,32 +382,32 @@ describe('color.Color', function() {
       assert.equal(color.alpha, 0.4);
     });
 
-    it('allows hsl', function() {
-      var c = new Color();
+    it('allows hsl', () => {
+      const c = new Color();
       c.parseString('hsl(160, 40%, 50%)');
       assert.equal(c.red, 77);
       assert.equal(c.green, 179);
-      assert.equal(c.blue, 145);
+      assert.equal(c.blue, 144);
       assert.equal(c.alpha, 1);
     });
 
-    it('allows hsla', function() {
-      var c = new Color();
+    it('allows hsla', () => {
+      const c = new Color();
       c.parseString('hsla(160, 40%, 50%, .5)');
       assert.equal(c.red, 77);
       assert.equal(c.green, 179);
-      assert.equal(c.blue, 145);
+      assert.equal(c.blue, 144);
       assert.equal(c.alpha, 0.5);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('toHexString', function() {
-    it('should return hex values properly', function() {
-      var black = new Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
-      var white = new Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
-      var yellow = new Color(255, 255, 0, 1);
-      var darkyellow = new Color(128, 128, 0, 1);
-      var blue = new Color(0, 0, 255, 1);
+  describe('toHexString', () => {
+    it('should return hex values properly', () => {
+      const black = new Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
+      const white = new Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
+      const yellow = new Color(255, 255, 0, 1);
+      const darkyellow = new Color(128, 128, 0, 1);
+      const blue = new Color(0, 0, 255, 1);
       assert.equal(black.toHexString(), '#000000');
       assert.equal(white.toHexString(), '#ffffff');
       assert.equal(yellow.toHexString(), '#ffff00');
@@ -252,26 +415,26 @@ describe('color.Color', function() {
       assert.equal(blue.toHexString(), '#0000ff');
     });
 
-    it('should return hex values properly when they are non-integery', function() {
-      var black = new Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
-      var white = new Color(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
-      var grayish = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(white, black);
+    it('should return hex values properly when they are non-integery', () => {
+      const black = new Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
+      const white = new Color(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
+      const grayish = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(white, black);
       assert.equal(grayish.toHexString(), '#1a1a1a');
     });
   });
 
-  describe('getRelativeLuminance', function() {
-    it('should calculate luminance sensibly', function() {
-      var black = new Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
-      var white = new Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
-      var yellow = new Color(255, 255, 0, 1);
-      var darkyellow = new Color(128, 128, 0, 1);
-      var blue = new Color(0, 0, 255, 1);
-      var lBlack = black.getRelativeLuminance();
-      var lWhite = white.getRelativeLuminance();
-      var lYellow = yellow.getRelativeLuminance();
-      var lDarkyellow = darkyellow.getRelativeLuminance();
-      var lBlue = blue.getRelativeLuminance();
+  describe('getRelativeLuminance', () => {
+    it('should calculate luminance sensibly', () => {
+      const black = new Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
+      const white = new Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
+      const yellow = new Color(255, 255, 0, 1);
+      const darkyellow = new Color(128, 128, 0, 1);
+      const blue = new Color(0, 0, 255, 1);
+      const lBlack = black.getRelativeLuminance();
+      const lWhite = white.getRelativeLuminance();
+      const lYellow = yellow.getRelativeLuminance();
+      const lDarkyellow = darkyellow.getRelativeLuminance();
+      const lBlue = blue.getRelativeLuminance();
 
       //values range from zero to one
       assert.equal(lBlack, 0);
@@ -284,4 +447,83 @@ describe('color.Color', function() {
       assert.isTrue(lBlue > lBlack);
     });
   });
+
+  describe('getLuminosity', () => {
+    it('returns luminosity of the Color', () => {
+      const L = new Color(128, 128, 0, 1).getLuminosity();
+      assert.equal(L, 0.44674509803921564);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('setLuminosity', () => {
+    it('sets the luminosity of the Color', () => {
+      const color = new Color(0, 0, 0, 1).setLuminosity(0.5);
+      assert.deepEqual(color.toJSON(), {
+        red: 128,
+        green: 128,
+        blue: 128,
+        alpha: 1
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('returns a new Color', () => {
+      const black = new Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
+      const nBlack = black.setLuminosity(0.5);
+      assert.notEqual(black, nBlack);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('getSaturation', () => {
+    it('returns the saturation of the Color', () => {
+      const s = new Color(255, 128, 200, 1).getSaturation();
+      assert.equal(s, 0.4980392156862745);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('setSaturation', () => {
+    it('sets the saturation of the Color', () => {
+      const color = new Color(128, 100, 0, 1).setSaturation(0.8);
+      assert.deepEqual(color.toJSON(), {
+        red: 204,
+        green: 159,
+        blue: 0,
+        alpha: 1
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('returns a new Color', () => {
+      const black = new Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
+      const nBlack = black.setSaturation(0.5);
+      assert.notEqual(black, nBlack);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('clip', () => {
+    it('clips to the lower bound', () => {
+      const color = new Color(255, 0, -1, 1).clip();
+      assert.equal(color.r, 0.9909493297254295);
+      assert.equal(color.g, 0.003870895819239939);
+      assert.equal(color.b, 0);
+    });
+
+    it('clips to the upper bound', () => {
+      const color = new Color(255, 0, 256, 1).clip();
+      assert.equal(color.r, 0.9961043436801178);
+      assert.equal(color.g, 0.002711982110142841);
+      assert.equal(color.b, 1);
+    });
+
+    it('clips both the lower and upper bounds', () => {
+      const color = new Color(-1, 0, 256, 1).clip();
+      assert.equal(color.r, 0.00047889410870861904);
+      assert.equal(color.g, 0.004247986549875488);
+      assert.equal(color.b, 0.9691356514885925);
+    });
+
+    it('returns a new Color', () => {
+      const black = new Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
+      const nBlack = black.clip();
+      assert.notEqual(black, nBlack);
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/color/element-has-image.js b/test/commons/color/element-has-image.js
index d01c3b3a5..4b2c8e9fe 100644
--- a/test/commons/color/element-has-image.js
+++ b/test/commons/color/element-has-image.js
@@ -1,30 +1,33 @@
-describe('color.elementHasImage', function() {
+describe('color.elementHasImage', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var elementHasImage = axe.commons.color.elementHasImage;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
     axe.commons.color.incompleteData.clear();
   });
 
-  it('returns true when `HTMLElement` is of graphical type', function() {
-    ['img', 'canvas', 'object', 'iframe', 'video', 'svg'].forEach(function(
-      nodeName
-    ) {
-      var vNode = queryFixture(
-        '<' + nodeName + ' id="target"></' + nodeName + '>'
-      );
-      var actual = elementHasImage(vNode.actualNode);
-      assert.isTrue(actual);
-      assert.equal(axe.commons.color.incompleteData.get('bgColor'), 'imgNode');
-    });
+  it('returns true when `HTMLElement` is of graphical type', function () {
+    ['img', 'canvas', 'object', 'iframe', 'video', 'svg'].forEach(
+      function (nodeName) {
+        var vNode = queryFixture(
+          '<' + nodeName + ' id="target"></' + nodeName + '>'
+        );
+        var actual = elementHasImage(vNode.actualNode);
+        assert.isTrue(actual);
+        assert.equal(
+          axe.commons.color.incompleteData.get('bgColor'),
+          'imgNode'
+        );
+      }
+    );
   });
 
-  it('returns false when `HTMLElement` has no background-image style set', function() {
+  it('returns false when `HTMLElement` has no background-image style set', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="height: 40px; width: 30px;">No background style</div>'
     );
@@ -32,7 +35,7 @@ describe('color.elementHasImage', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when `HTMLElement` has background-image style set to none', function() {
+  it('returns false when `HTMLElement` has background-image style set to none', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-image: none "> Some text... </div>'
     );
@@ -40,7 +43,7 @@ describe('color.elementHasImage', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when `HTMLElement` has background-image (url)', function() {
+  it('returns true when `HTMLElement` has background-image (url)', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-image: url(london.png)"> Some text... </div>'
     );
@@ -49,7 +52,7 @@ describe('color.elementHasImage', function() {
     assert.equal(axe.commons.color.incompleteData.get('bgColor'), 'bgImage');
   });
 
-  it('returns true when `HTMLElement` has background-image (gradient)', function() {
+  it('returns true when `HTMLElement` has background-image (gradient)', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-image: linear-gradient(red, orange);"> Some text... </div>'
     );
diff --git a/test/commons/color/element-is-distinct.js b/test/commons/color/element-is-distinct.js
index d91e03df7..413482bb3 100644
--- a/test/commons/color/element-is-distinct.js
+++ b/test/commons/color/element-is-distinct.js
@@ -1,50 +1,49 @@
-describe('color.elementIsDistinct', function() {
-  'use strict';
-  var styleElm, elementIsDistinct;
+describe('color.elementIsDistinct', () => {
+  let styleElm;
+  let elementIsDistinct;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  before(function() {
+  before(() => {
     styleElm = document.createElement('style');
     document.head.appendChild(styleElm);
   });
 
-  var defaultStyle = {
+  const defaultStyle = {
     color: '#000',
     textDecoration: 'none'
   };
 
   function createStyleString(selector, outerStyle) {
     // Merge style with the default
-    var prop;
-    var styleObj = {};
-    for (prop in defaultStyle) {
+    const styleObj = {};
+    for (const prop in defaultStyle) {
       if (defaultStyle.hasOwnProperty(prop)) {
         styleObj[prop] = defaultStyle[prop];
       }
     }
-    for (prop in outerStyle) {
+    for (const prop in outerStyle) {
       if (outerStyle.hasOwnProperty(prop)) {
         styleObj[prop] = outerStyle[prop];
       }
     }
 
-    var cssLines = Object.keys(styleObj)
-      .map(function(prop) {
+    const cssLines = Object.keys(styleObj)
+      .map(prop => {
         // Make camelCase prop dash separated
-        var cssPropName = prop
+        const cssPropName = prop
           .trim()
           .split(/(?=[A-Z])/g)
-          .reduce(function(prop, propPiece) {
-            if (!prop) {
+          .reduce((name, propPiece) => {
+            if (!name) {
               return propPiece;
             } else {
-              return prop + '-' + propPiece.toLowerCase();
+              return name + '-' + propPiece.toLowerCase();
             }
           }, null);
 
         // Return indented line of style code
-        return '	' + cssPropName + ':' + styleObj[prop] + ';';
+        return '  ' + cssPropName + ':' + styleObj[prop] + ';';
       })
       .join('\n');
 
@@ -54,8 +53,8 @@ describe('color.elementIsDistinct', function() {
 
   function getLinkElm(linkStyle, paragraphStyle) {
     // Get a random id and build the style string
-    var linkId = 'linkid-' + Math.floor(Math.random() * 100000);
-    var parId = 'parid-' + Math.floor(Math.random() * 100000);
+    const linkId = 'linkid-' + Math.floor(Math.random() * 100000);
+    const parId = 'parid-' + Math.floor(Math.random() * 100000);
 
     createStyleString('#' + linkId, linkStyle);
     createStyleString('#' + parId, paragraphStyle);
@@ -74,92 +73,92 @@ describe('color.elementIsDistinct', function() {
     };
   }
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     createStyleString('p', defaultStyle);
     elementIsDistinct = axe.commons.color.elementIsDistinct;
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     styleElm.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  after(function() {
+  after(() => {
     styleElm.parentNode.removeChild(styleElm);
   });
 
-  it('returns false without style adjustments', function() {
-    var elms = getLinkElm({});
-    var result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
+  it('returns false without style adjustments', () => {
+    const elms = getLinkElm({});
+    const result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
 
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('returns true with background-image set', function() {
-    var elms = getLinkElm({
+  it('returns true with background-image set', () => {
+    const elms = getLinkElm({
       background: 'url(icon.png) no-repeat'
     });
 
-    var result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
+    const result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it('returns true with border: dashed 1px black', function() {
-    var elms = getLinkElm({
+  it('returns true with border: dashed 1px black', () => {
+    const elms = getLinkElm({
       border: 'dashed 1px black'
     });
 
-    var result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
+    const result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it('returns true with border-bottom: dashed 1px black', function() {
-    var elms = getLinkElm({
+  it('returns true with border-bottom: dashed 1px black', () => {
+    const elms = getLinkElm({
       borderBottom: 'dashed 1px black'
     });
 
-    var result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
+    const result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it('returns false with border: solid 0px black', function() {
-    var elms = getLinkElm({
+  it('returns false with border: solid 0px black', () => {
+    const elms = getLinkElm({
       border: 'solid 0px black'
     });
 
-    var result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
+    const result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('returns false with border: none 1px black', function() {
-    var elms = getLinkElm({
+  it('returns false with border: none 1px black', () => {
+    const elms = getLinkElm({
       border: 'none 1px black'
     });
 
-    var result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
+    const result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('returns false with border: solid 1px transparent', function() {
-    var elms = getLinkElm({
+  it('returns false with border: solid 1px transparent', () => {
+    const elms = getLinkElm({
       border: 'solid 1px transparent'
     });
 
-    var result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
+    const result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('returns true with outline: solid 1px black', function() {
-    var elms = getLinkElm({
+  it('returns true with outline: solid 1px black', () => {
+    const elms = getLinkElm({
       outline: 'solid 1px black'
     });
 
-    var result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
+    const result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it('returns true if font-weight is different', function() {
-    var elms = getLinkElm(
+  it('returns true if font-weight is different', () => {
+    const elms = getLinkElm(
       {
         fontWeight: 'bold'
       },
@@ -168,12 +167,12 @@ describe('color.elementIsDistinct', function() {
       }
     );
 
-    var result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
+    const result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if font-weight is the same', function() {
-    var elms = getLinkElm(
+  it('returns false if font-weight is the same', () => {
+    const elms = getLinkElm(
       {
         fontWeight: 'bold'
       },
@@ -182,12 +181,12 @@ describe('color.elementIsDistinct', function() {
       }
     );
 
-    var result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
+    const result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('compares font numbers and labels correctly', function() {
-    var elms = getLinkElm(
+  it('compares font numbers and labels correctly', () => {
+    const elms = getLinkElm(
       {
         fontWeight: 'bold'
       },
@@ -196,12 +195,12 @@ describe('color.elementIsDistinct', function() {
       }
     );
 
-    var result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
+    const result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('returns true if text-decoration is different', function() {
-    var elms = getLinkElm(
+  it('returns true if text-decoration is different', () => {
+    const elms = getLinkElm(
       {
         textDecoration: 'underline'
       },
@@ -210,12 +209,12 @@ describe('color.elementIsDistinct', function() {
       }
     );
 
-    var result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
+    const result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if text-decoration is the same', function() {
-    var elms = getLinkElm(
+  it('returns false if text-decoration is the same', () => {
+    const elms = getLinkElm(
       {
         textDecoration: 'underline'
       },
@@ -224,12 +223,12 @@ describe('color.elementIsDistinct', function() {
       }
     );
 
-    var result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
+    const result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('returns true if font-size is different', function() {
-    var elms = getLinkElm(
+  it('returns true if font-size is different', () => {
+    const elms = getLinkElm(
       {
         fontSize: '14px'
       },
@@ -238,12 +237,12 @@ describe('color.elementIsDistinct', function() {
       }
     );
 
-    var result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
+    const result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it('returns true if font-family is different', function() {
-    var elms = getLinkElm(
+  it('returns true if font-family is different', () => {
+    const elms = getLinkElm(
       {
         fontFamily: 'Arial'
       },
@@ -252,12 +251,12 @@ describe('color.elementIsDistinct', function() {
       }
     );
 
-    var result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
+    const result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the first font-family is identical', function() {
-    var elms = getLinkElm(
+  it('returns false if the first font-family is identical', () => {
+    const elms = getLinkElm(
       {
         fontFamily: 'Arial-black, Arial'
       },
@@ -266,7 +265,7 @@ describe('color.elementIsDistinct', function() {
       }
     );
 
-    var result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
+    const result = elementIsDistinct(elms.link, elms.par);
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/color/flatten-colors.js b/test/commons/color/flatten-colors.js
index 3343eda8b..0d152616b 100644
--- a/test/commons/color/flatten-colors.js
+++ b/test/commons/color/flatten-colors.js
@@ -1,51 +1,63 @@
-describe('color.flattenColors', function() {
-  'use strict';
+describe('color.flattenColors', function () {
+  const { Color, flattenColors } = axe.commons.color;
 
-  it('should flatten colors properly', function() {
-    var halfblack = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
-    var fullblack = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
-    var transparent = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 0);
-    var white = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
-    var gray = new axe.commons.color.Color(128, 128, 128, 1);
-    var halfRed = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 0, 0, 0.5);
-    var quarterLightGreen = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 128, 0, 0.25);
+  it('should flatten colors properly', function () {
+    const halfBlack = new Color(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
+    const fullBlack = new Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
+    const transparent = new Color(0, 0, 0, 0);
+    const white = new Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
+    const gray = new Color(128, 128, 128, 1);
+    const halfRed = new Color(255, 0, 0, 0.5);
+    const quarterLightGreen = new Color(0, 128, 0, 0.25);
 
-    var flat = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(halfblack, white);
+    const flat = flattenColors(halfBlack, white);
     assert.equal(flat.red, gray.red);
     assert.equal(flat.green, gray.green);
     assert.equal(flat.blue, gray.blue);
 
-    var flat2 = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(fullblack, white);
-    assert.equal(flat2.red, fullblack.red);
-    assert.equal(flat2.green, fullblack.green);
-    assert.equal(flat2.blue, fullblack.blue);
+    const flat2 = flattenColors(fullBlack, white);
+    assert.equal(flat2.red, fullBlack.red);
+    assert.equal(flat2.green, fullBlack.green);
+    assert.equal(flat2.blue, fullBlack.blue);
 
-    var flat3 = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(transparent, white);
+    const flat3 = flattenColors(transparent, white);
     assert.equal(flat3.red, white.red);
     assert.equal(flat3.green, white.green);
     assert.equal(flat3.blue, white.blue);
 
-    var flat4 = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(halfRed, white);
+    const flat4 = flattenColors(halfRed, white);
     assert.equal(flat4.red, 255);
     assert.equal(flat4.green, 128);
     assert.equal(flat4.blue, 128);
     assert.equal(flat4.alpha, 1);
 
-    var flat5 = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(quarterLightGreen, white);
+    const flat5 = flattenColors(quarterLightGreen, white);
     assert.equal(flat5.red, 191);
     assert.equal(flat5.green, 223);
     assert.equal(flat5.blue, 191);
     assert.equal(flat5.alpha, 1);
 
-    var flat6 = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(quarterLightGreen, halfRed);
+    const flat6 = flattenColors(quarterLightGreen, halfRed);
     assert.equal(flat6.red, 153);
     assert.equal(flat6.green, 51);
     assert.equal(flat6.blue, 0);
     assert.equal(flat6.alpha, 0.625);
   });
+
+  it('handles two colors with alpha:0', () => {
+    const transparent1 = new Color(0, 0, 0, 0);
+    const transparent2 = new Color(255, 255, 255, 0);
+    const transparent3 = flattenColors(transparent1, transparent2);
+    assert.deepEqual(transparent3.toJSON(), {
+      red: 0,
+      green: 0,
+      blue: 0,
+      alpha: 0
+    });
+  });
 });
 
-describe('color.flattenColors mix-blend-mode functions', function() {
+describe('color.flattenColors ', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var colourOne = new axe.commons.color.Color(216, 22, 22, 1);
@@ -54,7 +66,7 @@ describe('color.flattenColors mix-blend-mode functions', function() {
   var colourThree = new axe.commons.color.Color(211, 162, 180, 1);
   var colourFour = new axe.commons.color.Color(115, 255, 0, 0.5);
 
-  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: multiply', function() {
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: multiply', function () {
     var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourTwo,
       colourOne,
@@ -76,7 +88,7 @@ describe('color.flattenColors mix-blend-mode functions', function() {
     assert.equal(flattenTwo.alpha, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: screen', function() {
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: screen', function () {
     var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourTwo,
       colourOne,
@@ -98,7 +110,7 @@ describe('color.flattenColors mix-blend-mode functions', function() {
     assert.equal(flattenTwo.alpha, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: overlay', function() {
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: overlay', function () {
     var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourTwo,
       colourOne,
@@ -110,7 +122,7 @@ describe('color.flattenColors mix-blend-mode functions', function() {
     assert.equal(flatten.alpha, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: darken', function() {
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: darken', function () {
     var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourTwo,
       colourOne,
@@ -132,7 +144,7 @@ describe('color.flattenColors mix-blend-mode functions', function() {
     assert.equal(flattenTwo.alpha, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: lighten', function() {
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: lighten', function () {
     var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourTwo,
       colourOne,
@@ -154,7 +166,7 @@ describe('color.flattenColors mix-blend-mode functions', function() {
     assert.equal(flattenTwo.alpha, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: color-dodge', function() {
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: color-dodge', function () {
     var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourTwo,
       colourOne,
@@ -176,7 +188,7 @@ describe('color.flattenColors mix-blend-mode functions', function() {
     assert.equal(flattenTwo.alpha, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: color-burn', function() {
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: color-burn', function () {
     var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourTwo,
       colourOne,
@@ -198,7 +210,7 @@ describe('color.flattenColors mix-blend-mode functions', function() {
     assert.equal(flattenTwo.alpha, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: hard-light', function() {
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: hard-light', function () {
     var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourTwo,
       colourOne,
@@ -220,7 +232,7 @@ describe('color.flattenColors mix-blend-mode functions', function() {
     assert.equal(flattenTwo.alpha, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: soft-light', function() {
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: soft-light', function () {
     var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourTwo,
       colourOne,
@@ -242,7 +254,7 @@ describe('color.flattenColors mix-blend-mode functions', function() {
     assert.equal(flattenTwo.alpha, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: difference', function() {
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: difference', function () {
     var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourTwo,
       colourOne,
@@ -264,7 +276,7 @@ describe('color.flattenColors mix-blend-mode functions', function() {
     assert.equal(flattenTwo.alpha, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: exclusion', function() {
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: exclusion', function () {
     var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
       colourTwo,
       colourOne,
@@ -285,4 +297,88 @@ describe('color.flattenColors mix-blend-mode functions', function() {
     assert.equal(flattenTwo.blue, 180);
     assert.equal(flattenTwo.alpha, 1);
   });
+
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: hue', function () {
+    var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(colourTwo, colourOne, 'hue');
+    assert.equal(flatten.red, 162);
+    assert.equal(flatten.green, 50);
+    assert.equal(flatten.blue, 17);
+    assert.equal(flatten.alpha, 1);
+
+    var flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+      colourFour,
+      colourThree,
+      'hue'
+    );
+    assert.equal(flattenTwo.red, 188);
+    assert.equal(flattenTwo.green, 177);
+    assert.equal(flattenTwo.blue, 162);
+    assert.equal(flattenTwo.alpha, 1);
+  });
+
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: saturation', function () {
+    var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+      colourTwo,
+      colourOne,
+      'saturation'
+    );
+    assert.equal(flatten.red, 185);
+    assert.equal(flatten.green, 35);
+    assert.equal(flatten.blue, 35);
+    assert.equal(flatten.alpha, 1);
+
+    var flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+      colourFour,
+      colourThree,
+      'saturation'
+    );
+    assert.equal(flattenTwo.red, 233);
+    assert.equal(flattenTwo.green, 151);
+    assert.equal(flattenTwo.blue, 181);
+    assert.equal(flattenTwo.alpha, 1);
+  });
+
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: color', function () {
+    var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+      colourTwo,
+      colourOne,
+      'color'
+    );
+    assert.equal(flatten.red, 180);
+    assert.equal(flatten.green, 38);
+    assert.equal(flatten.blue, 34);
+    assert.equal(flatten.alpha, 1);
+
+    var flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+      colourFour,
+      colourThree,
+      'color'
+    );
+    assert.equal(flattenTwo.red, 161);
+    assert.equal(flattenTwo.green, 204);
+    assert.equal(flattenTwo.blue, 90);
+    assert.equal(flattenTwo.alpha, 1);
+  });
+
+  it('should flatten colors correctly using blend mode: luminosity', function () {
+    var flatten = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+      colourTwo,
+      colourOne,
+      'luminosity'
+    );
+    assert.equal(flatten.red, 226);
+    assert.equal(flatten.green, 33);
+    assert.equal(flatten.blue, 33);
+    assert.equal(flatten.alpha, 1);
+
+    var flattenTwo = axe.commons.color.flattenColors(
+      colourFour,
+      colourThree,
+      'luminosity'
+    );
+    assert.equal(flattenTwo.red, 214);
+    assert.equal(flattenTwo.green, 165);
+    assert.equal(flattenTwo.blue, 183);
+    assert.equal(flattenTwo.alpha, 1);
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/color/get-background-color.js b/test/commons/color/get-background-color.js
index b4fa85996..12852c69d 100644
--- a/test/commons/color/get-background-color.js
+++ b/test/commons/color/get-background-color.js
@@ -1,26 +1,42 @@
-describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
+describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
   var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var origBodyBg;
-  var origHtmlBg;
 
-  before(function() {
-    origBodyBg = document.body.style.background;
-    origHtmlBg = document.documentElement.style.background;
+  /**
+   * Assert that two Colors are close-to-equal.
+   * @param {axe.commons.color.Color[]} actual
+   * @param {axe.commons.color.Color[]} expected
+   * @param {number} threshold How much each RGB value may differ by
+   * @param {number} alphaThreshold How much the alpha channel may differ by
+   */
+  function assertColorsClose(
+    actual,
+    expected,
+    threshold = 0.5,
+    alphaThreshold = 0.1
+  ) {
+    assert.closeTo(actual.red, expected.red, threshold, 'red');
+    assert.closeTo(actual.green, expected.green, threshold, 'green');
+    assert.closeTo(actual.blue, expected.blue, threshold, 'blue');
+    assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, expected.alpha, alphaThreshold, 'alpha');
+  }
+
+  beforeEach(function () {
+    // This normalizes the default mocha behavior of setting a different background
+    // based on prefers-color-scheme settings.
+    document.body.style.background = '#fff';
+    document.documentElement.style.background = 'unset';
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
-    document.body.style.background = origBodyBg;
-    document.documentElement.style.background = origHtmlBg;
-
+  afterEach(function () {
     axe.commons.color.incompleteData.clear();
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should return the blended color if it has no background set', function() {
+  it('should return the blended color if it has no background set', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="parent" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: #800000;">' +
       '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px;">' +
@@ -31,14 +47,11 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
     var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(128, 0, 0, 1);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.red, expected.red, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.green, expected.green, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.blue, expected.blue, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, expected.alpha, 0.1);
+    assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [parent]);
   });
 
-  it('should return the blended color if it is transparent and positioned', function() {
+  it('should return the blended color if it is transparent and positioned', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; height: 100px; ' +
       'width: 90px; background-color: #000080;">' +
@@ -55,15 +68,11 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
     var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(64, 64, 0, 1);
-
-    assert.closeTo(actual.red, expected.red, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.green, expected.green, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.blue, expected.blue, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, expected.alpha, 0.1);
+    assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [target, pos]);
   });
 
-  it('should do alpha blending from the back forward', function() {
+  it('should do alpha blending from the back forward', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="under" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: #800000;">' +
       '<div id="transparent" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);">' +
@@ -75,14 +84,11 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
     var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(64, 64, 0, 1);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.red, expected.red, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.green, expected.green, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.blue, expected.blue, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, expected.alpha, 0.1);
+    assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [target, under]);
   });
 
-  it('should only look at what is underneath original element when blended and positioned', function() {
+  it('should only look at what is underneath original element when blended and positioned', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; height: 100px; ' +
       'width: 90px; background-color: #000080;">' +
@@ -101,15 +107,11 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
     var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(64, 64, 0, 1);
-
-    assert.closeTo(actual.red, expected.red, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.green, expected.green, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.blue, expected.blue, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, expected.alpha, 0.1);
+    assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [target, under]);
   });
 
-  it('should return the proper blended color if it has alpha set', function() {
+  it('should return the proper blended color if it has alpha set', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="parent" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: #800000;">' +
       '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);">' +
@@ -120,14 +122,11 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
     var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(64, 64, 0, 1);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.red, expected.red, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.green, expected.green, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.blue, expected.blue, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, expected.alpha, 0.1);
+    assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [target, parent]);
   });
 
-  it('should return the blended color if it has opacity set', function() {
+  it('should return the blended color if it has opacity set', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="parent" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: #800000;">' +
       '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; opacity: 0.5; background-color: green;">' +
@@ -138,14 +137,39 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
     var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(64, 64, 0, 1);
-    assert.equal(actual.red, expected.red);
-    assert.equal(actual.green, expected.green);
-    assert.equal(actual.blue, expected.blue);
-    assert.equal(actual.alpha, expected.alpha);
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [target, parent]);
   });
 
-  it('should return null if containing parent has a background image and is non-opaque', function() {
+  it('should apply opacity after blending', function () {
+    fixture.innerHTML = `
+      <div id="parent" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: rgba(128,0,0,1); opacity: 0.8;">
+        <div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: rgba(0,255,0,0.5);"></div>
+      </div>`;
+    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    var bgNodes = [];
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(102, 153, 51, 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
+  });
+
+  it('should apply opacity from an ancestor not in the element stack', function () {
+    fixture.innerHTML = `
+      <div style="opacity: 0.8;">
+        <div id="parent" style="position: absolute; height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: rgba(128,0,0,1);">
+          <div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: rgba(0,255,0,0.5);"></div>
+        </div>
+      </div>`;
+    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    var bgNodes = [];
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(102, 153, 51, 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
+  });
+
+  it('should return null if containing parent has a background image and is non-opaque', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="parent" style="height: 40px; width: 30px;' +
       'background-color: #800000; background-image: url(image.png);">' +
@@ -161,19 +185,16 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     assert.equal(axe.commons.color.incompleteData.get('bgColor'), 'bgImage');
   });
 
-  it('should return white if transparency goes all the way up to document', function() {
+  it('should return body color if transparency goes all the way up to document', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" style="height: 10px; width: 30px;">';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target);
     var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
-    assert.equal(actual.red, expected.red);
-    assert.equal(actual.green, expected.green);
-    assert.equal(actual.blue, expected.blue);
-    assert.equal(actual.alpha, expected.alpha);
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('should return null if there is a background image', function() {
+  it('should return null if there is a background image', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: #800000;">' +
       '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: green; background-image: url(image.png);">' +
@@ -187,7 +208,7 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     assert.equal(axe.commons.color.incompleteData.get('bgColor'), 'bgImage');
   });
 
-  it('should return null if something non-opaque is obscuring it', function() {
+  it('should return null if something non-opaque is obscuring it', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="width:100%; height: 100px; background: #000"></div>' +
       '<div id="target" style="position: relative; top: -50px; z-index:-1;color:#fff;">Hello</div>';
@@ -200,7 +221,7 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     assert.isNull(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return null if something non-opaque is obscuring it, scrolled out of view', function() {
+  it('should return null if something non-opaque is obscuring it, scrolled out of view', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="height: 1em; overflow: auto; position: relative;">' +
       '  <div style="background: rgba(0, 255, 255, 0.7); ' +
@@ -215,7 +236,7 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     assert.isNull(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return an actual if something opaque is obscuring it', function() {
+  it('should return an actual if something opaque is obscuring it', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="width:100%; height: 100px; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5)"></div>' +
       '<div id="target" style="position: relative; top: -50px; z-index:-1;color:#fff;">Hello</div>';
@@ -228,7 +249,7 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     assert.isNull(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return the bgcolor if it is solid', function() {
+  it('should return the bgcolor if it is solid', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: red;">' +
       '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: green;">' +
@@ -238,14 +259,11 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
     var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 128, 0, 1);
-    assert.equal(actual.red, expected.red);
-    assert.equal(actual.green, expected.green);
-    assert.equal(actual.blue, expected.blue);
-    assert.equal(actual.alpha, expected.alpha);
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [target]);
   });
 
-  it('should return a bgcolor for a multiline inline element fully covering the background', function() {
+  it('should return a bgcolor for a multiline inline element fully covering the background', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="position:relative;">' +
       '<div style="background-color:rgba(0,0,0,1);position:absolute;width:300px;height:200px;"></div>' +
@@ -262,7 +280,7 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     assert.equal(Math.round(actual.green), 0);
   });
 
-  it('should return null if a multiline inline element does not fully cover background', function() {
+  it('should return null if a multiline inline element does not fully cover background', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="position:relative;">' +
       '<div style="background-color:rgba(0,0,0,1);position:absolute;width:300px;height:20px;"></div>' +
@@ -280,7 +298,7 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return an actual if an absolutely positioned element does not cover background', function() {
+  it('should return an actual if an absolutely positioned element does not cover background', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="background-color:black; height:20px; position:relative;">' +
       '<div style="color:#333; position:absolute; top:21px;" id="target">Text</div>' +
@@ -290,12 +308,11 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
       document.getElementById('target'),
       []
     );
-    assert.equal(Math.round(actual.blue), 255);
-    assert.equal(Math.round(actual.red), 255);
-    assert.equal(Math.round(actual.green), 255);
+    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255);
+    assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('should return null if an absolutely positioned element partially obsures background', function() {
+  it('should return null if an absolutely positioned element partially obsures background', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="height:40px; position:relative;">' +
       '<div style="background-color:black; height:20px;"></div>' +
@@ -313,7 +330,7 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should count a TR as a background element for TD', function() {
+  it('should count a TR as a background element for TD', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="background-color:#007acc;">' +
       '<table style="width:100%">' +
@@ -328,14 +345,11 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
     var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(243, 243, 243, 1);
-    assert.equal(actual.red, expected.red);
-    assert.equal(actual.green, expected.green);
-    assert.equal(actual.blue, expected.blue);
-    assert.equal(actual.alpha, expected.alpha);
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [parent]);
   });
 
-  it('should count a TR as a background element for TH', function() {
+  it('should count a TR as a background element for TH', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="background-color:#007acc;">' +
       '<table style="width:100%">' +
@@ -350,14 +364,11 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
     var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(243, 243, 243, 1);
-    assert.equal(actual.red, expected.red);
-    assert.equal(actual.green, expected.green);
-    assert.equal(actual.blue, expected.blue);
-    assert.equal(actual.alpha, expected.alpha);
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [parent]);
   });
 
-  it('should count a TR as a background element for a child element', function() {
+  it('should count a TR as a background element for a child element', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="background-color:#007acc;">' +
       '<table style="width:100%">' +
@@ -372,14 +383,11 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
     var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(243, 243, 243, 1);
-    assert.equal(actual.red, expected.red);
-    assert.equal(actual.green, expected.green);
-    assert.equal(actual.blue, expected.blue);
-    assert.equal(actual.alpha, expected.alpha);
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [parent]);
   });
 
-  it('should count a THEAD as a background element for a child element', function() {
+  it('should count a THEAD as a background element for a child element', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="background-color:#007acc;">' +
       '<table style="width:100%">' +
@@ -394,14 +402,11 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
     var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(243, 243, 243, 1);
-    assert.equal(actual.red, expected.red);
-    assert.equal(actual.green, expected.green);
-    assert.equal(actual.blue, expected.blue);
-    assert.equal(actual.alpha, expected.alpha);
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [parent]);
   });
 
-  it('should count a TBODY as a background element for a child element', function() {
+  it('should count a TBODY as a background element for a child element', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="background-color:#007acc;">' +
       '<table style="width:100%">' +
@@ -416,14 +421,11 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
     var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(243, 243, 243, 1);
-    assert.equal(actual.red, expected.red);
-    assert.equal(actual.green, expected.green);
-    assert.equal(actual.blue, expected.blue);
-    assert.equal(actual.alpha, expected.alpha);
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [parent]);
   });
 
-  it('should count a TFOOT as a background element for a child element', function() {
+  it('should count a TFOOT as a background element for a child element', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="background-color:#007acc;">' +
       '<table style="width:100%">' +
@@ -438,14 +440,11 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
     var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(243, 243, 243, 1);
-    assert.equal(actual.red, expected.red);
-    assert.equal(actual.green, expected.green);
-    assert.equal(actual.blue, expected.blue);
-    assert.equal(actual.alpha, expected.alpha);
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [parent]);
   });
 
-  it("should ignore TR elements that don't overlap", function() {
+  it("should ignore TR elements that don't overlap", function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table style="position:relative; width:100%;">' +
       '<tr style="background-color:black; height:10px; width:100%;" id="parent">' +
@@ -457,14 +456,11 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
     var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
-    assert.equal(actual.red, expected.red);
-    assert.equal(actual.green, expected.green);
-    assert.equal(actual.blue, expected.blue);
-    assert.equal(actual.alpha, expected.alpha);
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     assert.notEqual(bgNodes, [parent]);
   });
 
-  it('should count an implicit label as a background element', function() {
+  it('should count an implicit label as a background element', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<label id="target" style="background-color: #000;">My label' +
       '<input type="text">' +
@@ -474,17 +470,14 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
     var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
-    assert.equal(actual.red, expected.red);
-    assert.equal(actual.green, expected.green);
-    assert.equal(actual.blue, expected.blue);
-    assert.equal(actual.alpha, expected.alpha);
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
   });
 
   it('handles nested inline elements in the middle of a text', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="height: 1em; overflow:auto; background: cyan">' +
       '  <br>' +
-      '  <b id="target">Text <i style="display: inline-block">'+
+      '  <b id="target">Text <i style="display: inline-block">' +
       '    <s><img width="100" height="16"></s>' +
       '  </i></b>' +
       '</div>';
@@ -493,10 +486,8 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     var bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
-    assert.equal(actual.red, 0);
-    assert.equal(actual.green, 255);
-    assert.equal(actual.blue, 255);
-    assert.equal(actual.alpha, 1);
+    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 255, 255, 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
   });
 
   it('should return null for inline elements with position:absolute', function () {
@@ -514,7 +505,7 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     assert.isNull(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should ignore inline ancestors of non-overlapping elements', function() {
+  it('should ignore inline ancestors of non-overlapping elements', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="position:relative;">' +
       '<label style="background-color:black;" id="parent">Label' +
@@ -526,14 +517,11 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
     var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
-    assert.equal(actual.red, expected.red);
-    assert.equal(actual.green, expected.green);
-    assert.equal(actual.blue, expected.blue);
-    assert.equal(actual.alpha, expected.alpha);
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     assert.notEqual(bgNodes, [parent]);
   });
 
-  it('should handle multiple ancestors of the same name', function() {
+  it('should handle multiple ancestors of the same name', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="background-color: #007acc;">' +
       '<table style="width: 100%;">' +
@@ -552,14 +540,11 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
     var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(243, 243, 243, 1);
-    assert.equal(actual.red, expected.red);
-    assert.equal(actual.green, expected.green);
-    assert.equal(actual.blue, expected.blue);
-    assert.equal(actual.alpha, expected.alpha);
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [parent]);
   });
 
-  it('should use hierarchical DOM traversal if possible', function() {
+  it('should use hierarchical DOM traversal if possible', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="parent" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; ' +
       ' background-color: white;">' +
@@ -575,14 +560,11 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
 
     var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.red, expected.red, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.green, expected.green, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.blue, expected.blue, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, expected.alpha, 0.1);
+    assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [parent]);
   });
 
-  it('should ignore 0-height elements', function() {
+  it('should ignore 0-height elements', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="parent" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; ' +
       'background-color: white; position: relative; z-index: 5">' +
@@ -596,14 +578,11 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
 
     var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.red, expected.red, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.green, expected.green, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.blue, expected.blue, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, expected.alpha, 0.1);
+    assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [parent]);
   });
 
-  it('should use visual traversal when needed', function() {
+  it('should use visual traversal when needed', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="parent" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; ' +
       ' background-color: white; position: relative; z-index: 5">' +
@@ -621,13 +600,10 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
 
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [shifted]);
 
-    assert.closeTo(actual.red, expected.red, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.green, expected.green, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.blue, expected.blue, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, expected.alpha, 0.1);
+    assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('should return null when encountering background images during visual traversal', function() {
+  it('should return null when encountering background images during visual traversal', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="parent" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; ' +
       ' background-color: white; position: relative; z-index: 5"> ' +
@@ -647,7 +623,7 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     assert.equal(axe.commons.color.incompleteData.get('bgColor'), 'bgImage');
   });
 
-  it('should return null when encountering image nodes during visual traversal', function() {
+  it('should return null when encountering image nodes during visual traversal', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="parent" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; ' +
       ' background-color: white; position: relative; z-index: 5"> ' +
@@ -667,7 +643,7 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     assert.equal(axe.commons.color.incompleteData.get('bgColor'), 'imgNode');
   });
 
-  it('returns elements with negative z-index', function() {
+  it('returns elements with negative z-index', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="sibling" ' +
       'style="z-index:-1; position:absolute; width:100%; height:2em; background: #000"></div>' +
@@ -681,13 +657,10 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
 
     var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
 
-    assert.closeTo(actual.red, expected.red, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.green, expected.green, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.blue, expected.blue, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, expected.alpha, 0.1);
+    assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('returns negative z-index elements when body has a background', function() {
+  it('returns negative z-index elements when body has a background', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="sibling" ' +
       'style="z-index:-1; position:absolute; width:100%; height:2em; background: #000"></div>' +
@@ -702,13 +675,10 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
 
     var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
 
-    assert.closeTo(actual.red, expected.red, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.green, expected.green, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.blue, expected.blue, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, expected.alpha, 0.1);
+    assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('should return null for negative z-index element when html and body have a background', function() {
+  it('should return null for negative z-index element when html and body have a background', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"></div>' +
       '<div id="target" ' +
@@ -725,7 +695,7 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     assert.isNull(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return background color for inline elements that do not fit the viewport', function() {
+  it('should return background color for inline elements that do not fit the viewport', function () {
     var html = '';
     for (var i = 0; i < 300; i++) {
       html += 'foo<br />';
@@ -734,14 +704,10 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(fixture, []);
     var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
-
-    assert.closeTo(actual.red, expected.red, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.green, expected.green, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.blue, expected.blue, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, expected.alpha, 0.1);
+    assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('should return the body bgColor when content does not overlap', function() {
+  it('should return the body bgColor when content does not overlap', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="height: 20px; width: 30px; background-color: red;">' +
       '<div id="target" style="height:20px; top: 25px; width: 45px; position:absolute;">Text' +
@@ -749,14 +715,11 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, []);
-
-    assert.closeTo(actual.red, 255, 0);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.green, 255, 0);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.blue, 255, 0);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, 1, 0);
+    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('should return the html canvas inherited from body bgColor when element content does not overlap with body', function() {
+  it('should return the html canvas inherited from body bgColor when element content does not overlap with body', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="position: relative; top: 2px; height: 10px;">Text</div>';
 
@@ -767,20 +730,19 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     document.body.style.background = '#000';
     document.body.style.margin = 0;
 
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, []);
-
-    assert.closeTo(actual.red, 0, 0);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.green, 0, 0);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.blue, 0, 0);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, 1, 0);
-
-    document.body.style.height = originalHeight;
-    document.body.style.margin = originalMargin;
+    try {
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, []);
+      var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
+      assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
+    } finally {
+      document.body.style.height = originalHeight;
+      document.body.style.margin = originalMargin;
+    }
   });
 
-  it('should return the html canvas bgColor when element content does not overlap with body', function() {
+  it('should return the html canvas bgColor when element content does not overlap with body', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="position: relative; top: 2px;">Text</div>';
 
@@ -790,40 +752,59 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     document.body.style.background = '#0f0';
     document.documentElement.style.background = '#f00';
 
+    try {
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, []);
+      var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 0, 0, 1);
+      assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
+    } finally {
+      document.body.style.height = originalHeight;
+    }
+  });
+
+  it('should apply mix-blend-mode', function () {
+    fixture.innerHTML = `
+      <div style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)">
+        <div style="background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.25)">
+          <div id="target" style="background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5); mix-blend-mode: exclusion;">exclusion1</div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
     var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, []);
 
-    assert.closeTo(actual.red, 255, 0);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.green, 0, 0);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.blue, 0, 0);
+    assert.closeTo(actual.red, 128, 0);
+    assert.closeTo(actual.green, 223, 0);
+    assert.closeTo(actual.blue, 191, 0);
     assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, 1, 0);
-
-    document.body.style.height = originalHeight;
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)('finds colors in shadow boundaries', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="container"></div>';
-    var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
-    var shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-    shadow.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="background-color: black;">' +
-      '<span id="shadowTarget" style="color: #ccc;">Text</span>' +
-      '</div>';
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
+    'finds colors in shadow boundaries',
+    function () {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="container"></div>';
+      var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+      var shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      shadow.innerHTML =
+        '<div style="background-color: black;">' +
+        '<span id="shadowTarget" style="color: #ccc;">Text</span>' +
+        '</div>';
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = shadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, []);
+      var target = shadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
+      var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, []);
 
-    assert.closeTo(actual.red, 0, 0);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.green, 0, 0);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.blue, 0, 0);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, 1, 0);
-  });
+      var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
+      assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
+    }
+  );
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'finds colors across shadow boundaries',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="container" style="background-color:black;"></div>';
       var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
@@ -834,17 +815,14 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
 
       var target = shadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
       var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, [], false);
-
-      assert.equal(actual.red, 0);
-      assert.equal(actual.green, 0);
-      assert.equal(actual.blue, 0);
-      assert.equal(actual.alpha, 1);
+      var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
+      assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     }
   );
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'should count an implicit label as a background element inside shadow dom',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="container"></div>';
       var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
       var shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
@@ -855,17 +833,13 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, []);
       var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
-
-      assert.equal(actual.red, expected.red);
-      assert.equal(actual.green, expected.green);
-      assert.equal(actual.blue, expected.blue);
-      assert.equal(actual.alpha, expected.alpha);
+      assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     }
   );
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'finds colors for absolutely positioned elements across shadow boundaries',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="container" style="background-color:black; height:20px; position:relative;"></div>';
       var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
@@ -877,16 +851,14 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
       var target = shadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, []);
-      assert.equal(actual.red, 255);
-      assert.equal(actual.green, 255);
-      assert.equal(actual.blue, 255);
-      assert.equal(actual.alpha, 1);
+      var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
+      assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     }
   );
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'finds a color for absolutely positioned content when background is in shadow dom',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="elm1" style="width:10em; height:0; position:absolute;"></div>' +
         '<div id="elm2" style="color:green; position:absolute;">Text</div>';
@@ -898,16 +870,14 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
       var elm2 = document.querySelector('#elm2');
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(elm2, []);
-      assert.equal(actual.red, 0);
-      assert.equal(actual.blue, 0);
-      assert.equal(actual.green, 0);
-      assert.equal(actual.alpha, 1);
+      var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
+      assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     }
   );
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'finds colors for content rendered across multiple shadow boundaries',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div style="position:relative;"><div id="elm1" style="width:10em;"></div>' +
         '<div id="elm2"></div></div>';
@@ -927,16 +897,14 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
       var elm3 = shadow2.querySelector('#elm3');
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(elm3, []);
-      assert.closeTo(actual.red, 128, 2);
-      assert.closeTo(actual.blue, 128, 2);
-      assert.closeTo(actual.green, 128, 2);
-      assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, 1, 0);
+      var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(128, 128, 128, 1);
+      assertColorsClose(actual, expected, 2, 0);
     }
   );
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'finds colors for multiline elements across shadow boundaries',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="container" style="background-color:black; height:40px;"></div>';
       var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
@@ -946,16 +914,14 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       var target = shadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
       var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, []);
-      assert.equal(actual.red, 0);
-      assert.equal(actual.green, 0);
-      assert.equal(actual.blue, 0);
-      assert.equal(actual.alpha, 1);
+      var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
+      assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     }
   );
 
   (shadowSupported ? xit : xit)(
     'returns null for multiline elements not fully covering parents across shadow boundaries',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="container" style="background-color:black; height:20px;"></div>';
       var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
@@ -971,7 +937,7 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'returns a color for slotted content',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="container"></div>';
       var div = fixture.querySelector('#container');
       div.innerHTML = '<a href="">Link</a>';
@@ -980,14 +946,12 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       var linkElm = div.querySelector('a');
       var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(linkElm, []);
-      assert.equal(actual.red, 0);
-      assert.equal(actual.green, 0);
-      assert.equal(actual.blue, 0);
-      assert.equal(actual.alpha, 1);
+      var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
+      assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     }
   );
 
-  it('should return the text-shadow mixed in with the background', function() {
+  it('should return the text-shadow mixed in with the background', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="parent" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: #800000;">' +
       '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; text-shadow: red 0 0 1em">foo' +
@@ -1000,14 +964,11 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
 
     // is 128 without the shadow
     var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(145, 0, 0, 1);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.red, expected.red, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.green, expected.green, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.blue, expected.blue, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, expected.alpha, 0.1);
+    assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
     assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [parent]);
   });
 
-  it('ignores thin text-shadows', function() {
+  it('ignores thin text-shadows', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="parent" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: #000;">' +
       '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; text-shadow: red 0 0 0.05em">foo' +
@@ -1016,14 +977,32 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
     var bgNodes = [];
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
+    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
+  });
+
+  it('filters small shadows, while keeping larger ones', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = `
+      <div id="parent" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: #800000;">
+      <div id="target" style="
+        height: 20px; 
+        width: 15px; 
+        text-shadow: red 0 0 1em, black 1px 1px 0;">foo
+      </div></div>
+    `;
+    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    var parent = fixture.querySelector('#parent');
+    var bgNodes = [];
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(target, bgNodes);
 
-    assert.equal(actual.red, 0);
-    assert.equal(actual.green, 0);
-    assert.equal(actual.blue, 0);
-    assert.equal(actual.alpha, 1);
+    // is 128 without the shadow
+    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(145, 0, 0, 1);
+    assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
+    assert.deepEqual(bgNodes, [parent]);
   });
 
-  it('ignores text-shadows thinner than shadowOutlineEmMax', function() {
+  it('ignores text-shadows thinner than shadowOutlineEmMax', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: #800000;">' +
       '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; text-shadow: red 0 0 1em, green 0 0 0.5em">foo' +
@@ -1035,14 +1014,11 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
 
     // is 128 without the shadow
     var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(145, 0, 0, 1);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.red, expected.red, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.green, expected.green, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.blue, expected.blue, 0.5);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, expected.alpha, 0.1);
+    assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  describe('body and document', function() {
-    it('returns the body background', function() {
+  describe('body and document', function () {
+    it('returns the body background', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target">elm</div>';
       document.body.style.background = '#F00';
 
@@ -1052,14 +1028,10 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
         []
       );
       var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 0, 0, 1);
-
-      assert.closeTo(actual.red, expected.red, 0.5);
-      assert.closeTo(actual.green, expected.green, 0.5);
-      assert.closeTo(actual.blue, expected.blue, 0.5);
-      assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, expected.alpha, 0.1);
+      assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
     });
 
-    it('returns the body background even when the body is MUCH larger than the screen', function() {
+    it('returns the body background even when the body is MUCH larger than the screen', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" style="height:20000px;">elm</div>';
       document.body.style.background = '#F00';
 
@@ -1070,30 +1042,26 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
       );
       var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 0, 0, 1);
 
-      assert.closeTo(actual.red, expected.red, 0.5);
-      assert.closeTo(actual.green, expected.green, 0.5);
-      assert.closeTo(actual.blue, expected.blue, 0.5);
-      assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, expected.alpha, 0.1);
+      assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
     });
 
-    it('returns the html background', function() {
+    it('returns the html background', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"><label>elm<input></label></div>';
       document.documentElement.style.background = '#0F0';
+      document.body.setAttribute('style', 'background: unset');
 
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       var actual = axe.commons.color.getBackgroundColor(
         document.getElementById('target'),
         []
       );
+      document.body.removeAttribute('style');
       var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 255, 0, 1);
 
-      assert.closeTo(actual.red, expected.red, 0.5);
-      assert.closeTo(actual.green, expected.green, 0.5);
-      assert.closeTo(actual.blue, expected.blue, 0.5);
-      assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, expected.alpha, 0.1);
+      assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
     });
 
-    it('returns the html background when body does not cover the element', function() {
+    it('returns the html background when body does not cover the element', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: 1000px;">elm<input></div>';
       document.documentElement.style.background = '#0F0';
@@ -1106,13 +1074,10 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
       );
       var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 255, 0, 1);
 
-      assert.closeTo(actual.red, expected.red, 0.5);
-      assert.closeTo(actual.green, expected.green, 0.5);
-      assert.closeTo(actual.blue, expected.blue, 0.5);
-      assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, expected.alpha, 0.1);
+      assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
     });
 
-    it('returns the body background when body does cover the element', function() {
+    it('returns the body background when body does cover the element', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"><label>elm<input></label></div>';
       document.documentElement.style.background = '#0F0';
       document.body.style.background = '#00F';
@@ -1124,13 +1089,10 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
       );
       var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 255, 1);
 
-      assert.closeTo(actual.red, expected.red, 0.5);
-      assert.closeTo(actual.green, expected.green, 0.5);
-      assert.closeTo(actual.blue, expected.blue, 0.5);
-      assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, expected.alpha, 0.1);
+      assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
     });
 
-    it('returns both the html and body background if the body has alpha', function() {
+    it('returns both the html and body background if the body has alpha', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"><label>elm<input></label></div>';
       document.documentElement.style.background = '#0F0';
       document.body.style.background = 'rgba(0, 0, 255, 0.5)';
@@ -1142,10 +1104,7 @@ describe('color.getBackgroundColor', function() {
       );
       var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 128, 128, 1);
 
-      assert.closeTo(actual.red, expected.red, 0.5);
-      assert.closeTo(actual.green, expected.green, 0.5);
-      assert.closeTo(actual.blue, expected.blue, 0.5);
-      assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, expected.alpha, 0.1);
+      assertColorsClose(actual, expected);
     });
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/color/get-contrast.js b/test/commons/color/get-contrast.js
index 7c1a72443..72919a3ac 100644
--- a/test/commons/color/get-contrast.js
+++ b/test/commons/color/get-contrast.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-describe('color.getContrast', function() {
+describe('color.getContrast', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should calculate contrast sensibly', function() {
+  it('should calculate contrast sensibly', function () {
     var black = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
     var transparent = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 0);
     var white = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
diff --git a/test/commons/color/get-foreground-color.js b/test/commons/color/get-foreground-color.js
index 3c2e1e738..06b31cc75 100644
--- a/test/commons/color/get-foreground-color.js
+++ b/test/commons/color/get-foreground-color.js
@@ -1,190 +1,222 @@
-describe('color.getForegroundColor', function() {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+describe('color.getForegroundColor', () => {
+  const { getForegroundColor, Color } = axe.commons.color;
+  const { queryFixture, queryShadowFixture } = axe.testUtils;
+
+  function assertSameColor(actual, expected, margin = 0) {
+    assert.closeTo(actual.red, expected.red, margin);
+    assert.closeTo(actual.green, expected.green, margin);
+    assert.closeTo(actual.blue, expected.blue, margin);
+    // RGB values are 0-255, alpha is 0-1, so divide margin by 255
+    assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, expected.alpha, margin / 255);
+  }
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    // This normalizes the default mocha behavior of setting a different background
+    // based on prefers-color-scheme settings.
+    document.body.style.background = '#fff';
+  });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
-    document.getElementById('fixture').innerHTML = '';
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe.commons.color.incompleteData.clear();
     document.body.scrollTop = 0;
   });
 
-  it('should return the blended color if it has alpha set', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="height: 40px; background-color: #800000;">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 40px; color: rgba(0, 0, 128, 0.5);' +
-      ' background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);">' +
-      'This is my text' +
-      '</div></div>';
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getForegroundColor(target);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(32, 32, 64, 1);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.red, expected.red, 0.8);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.green, expected.green, 0.8);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.blue, expected.blue, 0.8);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, expected.alpha, 0.1);
-  });
-
-  it('should return the blended color if it has opacity set', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="height: 40px; background-color: #800000;">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 40px; color: #000080;' +
-      ' background-color: green; opacity: 0.5;">' +
-      'This is my text' +
-      '</div></div>';
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getForegroundColor(target);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(32, 32, 64, 1);
-    assert.equal(actual.red, expected.red);
-    assert.equal(actual.green, expected.green);
-    assert.equal(actual.blue, expected.blue);
-    assert.equal(actual.alpha, expected.alpha);
+  it('returns the CSS color property', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="color: rgb(0 0 128)">Hello World</div>'
+    ).actualNode;
+    const fgColor = getForegroundColor(target);
+    assertSameColor(fgColor, new Color(0, 0, 128));
   });
 
-  it('should take into account parent opacity tree', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="background-color: #fafafa">' +
-      '<div style="height: 40px; opacity: 0.6">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 40px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87);">' +
-      'This is my text' +
-      '</div></div></div>';
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getForegroundColor(target);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(119.5, 119.5, 119.5, 1);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.red, expected.red, 0.8);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.green, expected.green, 0.8);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.blue, expected.blue, 0.8);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, expected.alpha, 0.1);
-  });
+  it('returns the CSS color from inside of Shadow DOM', () => {
+    const target = queryShadowFixture(
+      '<div id="shadow" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: red;"></div>',
+      '<div id="target" style="height:20px; width:15px; color:rgb(0 0 128); background-color:green;">Hello World</div>'
+    ).actualNode;
 
-  it('should take into account entire parent opacity tree', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="background-color: #fafafa">' +
-      '<div style="height: 40px; opacity: 0.75">' +
-      '<div style="height: 40px; opacity: 0.8">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 40px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87);">' +
-      'This is my text' +
-      '</div></div></div></div>';
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getForegroundColor(target);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(119.5, 119.5, 119.5, 1);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.red, expected.red, 0.8);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.green, expected.green, 0.8);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.blue, expected.blue, 0.8);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, expected.alpha, 0.1);
+    const fgColor = getForegroundColor(target);
+    assertSameColor(fgColor, new Color(0, 0, 128));
   });
 
-  it('should return null if containing parent has a background image and is non-opaque', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
+  it('returns null if containing parent has a background image and is non-opaque', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
       '<div style="height: 40px; width: 30px;' +
-      'background-color: #800000; background-image: url(image.png);">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; color: blue; background-color: green; opacity: 0.5;">' +
-      '</div></div>';
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getForegroundColor(target);
+        'background-color: #800000; background-image: url(image.png);">' +
+        '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; color: blue; background-color: green; opacity: 0.5;">' +
+        'Hello World' +
+        '</div></div>'
+    ).actualNode;
+    assert.isNull(getForegroundColor(target));
     assert.equal(axe.commons.color.incompleteData.get('fgColor'), 'bgImage');
-    assert.isNull(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return the fgcolor if it is solid', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: red;">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; color: #000080; background-color: green;">' +
-      '</div></div>';
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getForegroundColor(target);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 128, 1);
-    assert.equal(actual.red, expected.red);
-    assert.equal(actual.green, expected.green);
-    assert.equal(actual.blue, expected.blue);
-    assert.equal(actual.alpha, expected.alpha);
+  it('returns `-webkit-text-fill-color` over `color`', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="-webkit-text-fill-color: rgb(0 0 255); color: rgb(0 0 128)">Hello World</div>'
+    ).actualNode;
+    const fgColor = getForegroundColor(target);
+    assertSameColor(fgColor, new Color(0, 0, 255));
   });
 
-  it('should not recalculate bgColor if passed in', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="height: 40px; background-color: #000000;">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 40px; color: rgba(0, 0, 128, 0.5);">' +
-      'This is my text' +
-      '</div></div>';
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var bgColor = new axe.commons.color.Color(64, 64, 0, 1);
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getForegroundColor(target, false, bgColor);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(32, 32, 64, 1);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.red, expected.red, 0.8);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.green, expected.green, 0.8);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.blue, expected.blue, 0.8);
-    assert.closeTo(actual.alpha, expected.alpha, 0.1);
+  describe('text-stroke', () => {
+    it('ignores stroke when equal to 0', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(
+        '<div style="color: rgb(0 0 128); -webkit-text-stroke: 0 #CCC" id="target">Hello World</div>'
+      ).actualNode;
+      const options = { textStrokeEmMin: 0 };
+      const fgColor = getForegroundColor(target, null, null, options);
+      assertSameColor(fgColor, new Color(0, 0, 128));
+    });
+
+    it('ignores stroke when less then the minimum', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(
+        '<div style="color: rgb(0 0 128); -webkit-text-stroke: 0.1em #CCC" id="target">Hello World</div>'
+      ).actualNode;
+      const options = { textStrokeEmMin: 0.2 };
+      const fgColor = getForegroundColor(target, null, null, options);
+      assertSameColor(fgColor, new Color(0, 0, 128));
+    });
+
+    it('uses stroke color when thickness is equal to the minimum', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(
+        '<div style="color: #CCC; -webkit-text-stroke: 0.2em rgb(0 0 128);" id="target">Hello World</div>'
+      ).actualNode;
+      const options = { textStrokeEmMin: 0.2 };
+      const fgColor = getForegroundColor(target, null, null, options);
+      assertSameColor(fgColor, new Color(0, 0, 128));
+    });
+
+    it('blends the stroke color with `color`', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(
+        '<div style="color: rgb(0 0 55); -webkit-text-stroke: 0.2em rgb(0 0 255 / 50%);" id="target">Hello World</div>'
+      ).actualNode;
+      const options = { textStrokeEmMin: 0.1 };
+      const fgColor = getForegroundColor(target, null, null, options);
+      assertSameColor(fgColor, new Color(0, 0, 155), 0.8);
+    });
   });
 
-  it('should return text shadow color if foreground is transparent', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="height: 40px; width: 120px; background-color: white;">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 120px; color: rgba(0,0,0,0); text-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(32, 32, 64, 1)">' +
-      'This is my text' +
-      '</div></div>';
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getForegroundColor(target);
-    var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(32, 32, 64, 1);
-    assert.equal(actual.red, expected.red);
-    assert.equal(actual.green, expected.green);
-    assert.equal(actual.blue, expected.blue);
-    assert.equal(actual.alpha, expected.alpha);
+  describe('with transparency', () => {
+    it('returns the blended color if it has alpha set', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(
+        '<div style="height: 40px; background-color: #800000;">' +
+          '<div id="target" style="height: 40px; color: rgba(0, 0, 128, 0.5);' +
+          ' background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);">' +
+          'This is my text' +
+          '</div></div>'
+      ).actualNode;
+      const fgColor = getForegroundColor(target);
+      assertSameColor(fgColor, new Color(32, 32, 64), 0.8);
+    });
+
+    it('returns the blended color if it has opacity set', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(
+        '<div style="height: 40px; background-color: #800000;">' +
+          '<div id="target" style="height: 40px; color: #000080;' +
+          ' background-color: green; opacity: 0.5;">' +
+          'This is my text' +
+          '</div></div>'
+      ).actualNode;
+      const fgColor = getForegroundColor(target);
+      assertSameColor(fgColor, new Color(64, 0, 64));
+    });
+
+    it('does not apply opacity to node background', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="color: #fff; background-color: #00633D; opacity: 0.65"><span>Hello World</span></div>'
+      ).actualNode;
+      const fgColor = getForegroundColor(target);
+      assertSameColor(fgColor, new Color(255, 255, 255));
+    });
+
+    it('combines opacity with text stroke alpha color', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(
+        `<div id="target" style="
+          opacity: 0.5;
+          color: transparent;
+          -webkit-text-stroke: 0.05em rgb(0 255 255 / 50%);
+        ">Hello world</div>`
+      ).actualNode;
+      const fgColor = getForegroundColor(target);
+      assertSameColor(fgColor, new Color(191, 255, 255), 0.8);
+    });
+
+    it('takes into account parent opacity tree', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(
+        '<div style="background-color: #fafafa">' +
+          '<div style="height: 40px; opacity: 0.6">' +
+          '<div id="target" style="height: 40px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87);">' +
+          'This is my text' +
+          '</div></div></div>'
+      ).actualNode;
+      const fgColor = getForegroundColor(target);
+      assertSameColor(fgColor, new Color(119.5, 119.5, 119.5), 0.8);
+    });
+
+    it('takes into account entire parent opacity tree', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(
+        '<div style="background-color: #fafafa">' +
+          '<div style="height: 40px; opacity: 0.75">' +
+          '<div style="height: 40px; opacity: 0.8">' +
+          '<div id="target" style="height: 40px; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87);">' +
+          'This is my text' +
+          '</div></div></div></div>'
+      ).actualNode;
+      const fgColor = getForegroundColor(target);
+      assertSameColor(fgColor, new Color(119.5, 119.5, 119.5), 0.8);
+    });
   });
 
-  it('should return a mix of colors if there is a shadow, foreground with alpha < 1, and background color', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div style="height: 40px; width: 120px; background-color: white;">' +
-      '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 120px; color: rgba(128, 0, 0, .5); text-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(32, 32, 64, 1)">' +
-      'This is my text' +
-      '</div></div>';
-    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-    var actual = axe.commons.color.getForegroundColor(target);
-    var shadowExpected = new axe.commons.color.Color(32, 32, 64, 1);
-    var bgExpected = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
-    var fgExpected = new axe.commons.color.Color(128, 0, 0, 0.5);
-    assert.notEqual(actual.red, shadowExpected.red);
-    assert.notEqual(actual.green, shadowExpected.green);
-    assert.notEqual(actual.blue, shadowExpected.blue);
-
-    assert.notEqual(actual.red, bgExpected.red);
-    assert.notEqual(actual.green, bgExpected.green);
-    assert.notEqual(actual.blue, bgExpected.blue);
-
-    assert.notEqual(actual.red, fgExpected.red);
-    assert.notEqual(actual.green, fgExpected.green);
-    assert.notEqual(actual.blue, fgExpected.blue);
+  describe('test-shadow', () => {
+    it('returns text shadow color if foreground is transparent', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(
+        `<div style="height: 40px; width: 120px; background-color: white;">
+          <div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 120px; color: rgba(0,0,0,0); text-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(32, 32, 64, 1)">
+            This is my text
+          </div>
+        </div>`
+      ).actualNode;
+      const fgColor = getForegroundColor(target);
+      assertSameColor(fgColor, new Color(32, 32, 64));
+    });
+
+    it('returns a mix of colors if there is a shadow, foreground with alpha < 1, and background color', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(
+        `<div style="height: 40px; width: 120px; background-color: white;">
+          <div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 120px; color: rgba(128, 0, 0, .5); text-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(32, 32, 64, 1)">
+            This is my text
+          </div>
+        </div>`
+      ).actualNode;
+
+      const actual = getForegroundColor(target);
+      const shadowExpected = new Color(32, 32, 64, 1);
+      assert.notEqual(actual.red, shadowExpected.red);
+      assert.notEqual(actual.green, shadowExpected.green);
+      assert.notEqual(actual.blue, shadowExpected.blue);
+
+      const bgExpected = new Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
+      assert.notEqual(actual.red, bgExpected.red);
+      assert.notEqual(actual.green, bgExpected.green);
+      assert.notEqual(actual.blue, bgExpected.blue);
+
+      const fgExpected = new Color(128, 0, 0, 0.5);
+      assert.notEqual(actual.red, fgExpected.red);
+      assert.notEqual(actual.green, fgExpected.green);
+      assert.notEqual(actual.blue, fgExpected.blue);
+    });
+
+    it('applies opacity to text-shadow', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(
+        `<div id="target" style="
+            color: transparent;
+            opacity: 0.5;
+            text-shadow: 0 0 0 rgb(0 255 255 / 50%)
+          ">Hello world</div>`
+      ).actualNode;
+      const fgColor = getForegroundColor(target);
+      assertSameColor(fgColor, new Color(191, 255, 255), 0.8);
+    });
   });
-
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should return the fgcolor from inside of Shadow DOM',
-    function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="container" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: red;">' +
-        '</div>';
-      var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
-      var shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="target" style="height:20px;width:15px;color:#000080;background-color:green;"></div>';
-
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = shadow.querySelector('#target');
-      var actual = axe.commons.color.getForegroundColor(target);
-      var expected = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 128, 1);
-
-      assert.equal(actual.red, expected.red);
-      assert.equal(actual.green, expected.green);
-      assert.equal(actual.blue, expected.blue);
-      assert.equal(actual.alpha, expected.alpha);
-    }
-  );
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/color/get-own-background-color.js b/test/commons/color/get-own-background-color.js
index 71498b273..b93deac16 100644
--- a/test/commons/color/get-own-background-color.js
+++ b/test/commons/color/get-own-background-color.js
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-describe('color.getOwnBackgroundColor', function() {
+describe('color.getOwnBackgroundColor', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var getOwnBackgroundColor = axe.commons.color.getOwnBackgroundColor;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('returns `new axe.commons.color.Color` instance when no background is set', function() {
+  it('returns `new axe.commons.color.Color` instance when no background is set', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="height: 40px; width: 30px;">' + '</div>'
     );
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ describe('color.getOwnBackgroundColor', function() {
     assert.equal(actual.alpha, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns color with rgba values of specified background-color value', function() {
+  it('returns color with rgba values of specified background-color value', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: pink;">' +
         '</div>'
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ describe('color.getOwnBackgroundColor', function() {
     assert.equal(actual.alpha, 1);
   });
 
-  it('returns color with rgba values and alpha', function() {
+  it('returns color with rgba values and alpha', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);">' +
         '</div>'
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ describe('color.getOwnBackgroundColor', function() {
     assert.equal(actual.alpha, 0.5);
   });
 
-  it('returns color with rgba values and opacity (for blending)', function() {
+  it('returns color with rgba values and opacity (for blending)', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; opacity: 0.5; background-color: green;">' +
         '</div>'
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ describe('color.getOwnBackgroundColor', function() {
     assert.equal(actual.alpha, 0.5);
   });
 
-  it('returns color with rgba values, alpha and opacity', function() {
+  it('returns color with rgba values, alpha and opacity', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; opacity: 0.5; background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);">' +
         '</div>'
diff --git a/test/commons/color/get-stroke-colors-from-shadows.js b/test/commons/color/get-stroke-colors-from-shadows.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ef7e51abd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/color/get-stroke-colors-from-shadows.js
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+describe('axe.commons.color.getStrokeColorsFromShadow', () => {
+  const { getStrokeColorsFromShadows, parseTextShadows } = axe.commons.color;
+
+  it('should return an empty array if no shadows are passed', () => {
+    const colors = getStrokeColorsFromShadows([]);
+    assert.deepEqual(colors, []);
+  });
+
+  it('combines multiple shadows without blur into a single stroke', () => {
+    const shadows = parseTextShadows(`
+      0 -2px #F00,
+      2px 0 #F00, 
+      0 2px #F00,
+      -2px 0 #F00
+    `);
+    const shadowColors = getStrokeColorsFromShadows(shadows);
+    assert.lengthOf(shadowColors, 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(shadowColors[0].toJSON(), {
+      red: 255,
+      green: 0,
+      blue: 0,
+      alpha: 1
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('returns empty when only one side is covered by the shadow', () => {
+    const shadows = parseTextShadows(`0 1px #000`);
+    const shadowColors = getStrokeColorsFromShadows(shadows);
+    assert.lengthOf(shadowColors, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('returns null when two sides is covered by the shadow', () => {
+    const shadows = parseTextShadows(`1px 0 #000, 0 1px #000`);
+    const shadowColors = getStrokeColorsFromShadows(shadows);
+    assert.isNull(shadowColors);
+  });
+
+  it('returns null when three sides is covered by the shadow', () => {
+    const shadows = parseTextShadows(`1px 0 #000, 0 1px #000, -1px 0 #000`);
+    const shadowColors = getStrokeColorsFromShadows(shadows);
+    assert.isNull(shadowColors);
+  });
+
+  it('skips shadows offset with 0.5px or less', () => {
+    const shadows = parseTextShadows(`
+      .5px 0 #000,
+      0 .4px #000,
+      -0.3px 0 #000,
+      0 -0.2px #000
+    `);
+    const shadowColors = getStrokeColorsFromShadows(shadows);
+    assert.lengthOf(shadowColors, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('applies an alpha value to shadows of 1.5px or less', () => {
+    const shadows = parseTextShadows(`
+      0 -1.5px #000,
+      1.4px 0 #000,
+      0 1.3px #000,
+      -1.2px 0 #000
+    `);
+    const shadowColors = getStrokeColorsFromShadows(shadows);
+    assert.lengthOf(shadowColors, 1);
+    assert.equal(shadowColors[0].red, 0);
+    assert.equal(shadowColors[0].green, 0);
+    assert.equal(shadowColors[0].blue, 0);
+    assert.closeTo(shadowColors[0].alpha, 0.46, 0.01);
+  });
+
+  it('applies an alpha value if not all shadows are offset by more than 1.5px', () => {
+    const shadows = parseTextShadows(`
+      0 -2px #000,
+      2px 0 #000,
+      0 1.5px #000,
+      -1.5px 0 #000
+    `);
+    const shadowColors = getStrokeColorsFromShadows(shadows);
+    assert.lengthOf(shadowColors, 1);
+    assert.equal(shadowColors[0].red, 0);
+    assert.equal(shadowColors[0].green, 0);
+    assert.equal(shadowColors[0].blue, 0);
+    assert.closeTo(shadowColors[0].alpha, 0.46, 0.01);
+  });
+
+  it('multiplies alpha value for each shadow', () => {
+    const shadows = parseTextShadows(`
+      0 -1px #000,
+      0 -1px #000,
+      1px 0 #000,
+      1px 0 #000,
+      0 1px #000,
+      0 1px #000,
+      -1px 0 #000,
+      -1px 0 #000
+    `);
+    const shadowColors = getStrokeColorsFromShadows(shadows);
+    assert.lengthOf(shadowColors, 1);
+    assert.equal(shadowColors[0].red, 0);
+    assert.equal(shadowColors[0].green, 0);
+    assert.equal(shadowColors[0].blue, 0);
+    assert.closeTo(shadowColors[0].alpha, 0.7, 0.01);
+  });
+
+  it('double-counts shadows on corners', () => {
+    // Corner-shadows overlap on the sides of letters, increasing alpha
+    const shadows = parseTextShadows(`
+      -1px -1px #000,
+      1px -1px #000,
+      1px 1px #000,
+      -1px 1px #000
+    `);
+    const shadowColors = getStrokeColorsFromShadows(shadows);
+    assert.lengthOf(shadowColors, 1);
+    assert.equal(shadowColors[0].red, 0);
+    assert.equal(shadowColors[0].green, 0);
+    assert.equal(shadowColors[0].blue, 0);
+    assert.closeTo(shadowColors[0].alpha, 0.7, 0.01);
+  });
+
+  it('applies an alpha value if not all sides are offset by more than 1.5px', () => {
+    const shadows = parseTextShadows(`
+      -1.5px -2px #000,
+      2px 1.5px #000
+    `);
+    const shadowColors = getStrokeColorsFromShadows(shadows);
+    assert.lengthOf(shadowColors, 1);
+    assert.equal(shadowColors[0].red, 0);
+    assert.equal(shadowColors[0].green, 0);
+    assert.equal(shadowColors[0].blue, 0);
+    assert.closeTo(shadowColors[0].alpha, 0.46, 0.01);
+  });
+
+  describe('options.ignoreEdgeCount: true', () => {
+    it('returns empty when two sides is covered by the shadow', () => {
+      const shadows = parseTextShadows(`1px 0 #000, 0 1px #000`);
+      const shadowColors = getStrokeColorsFromShadows(shadows, {
+        ignoreEdgeCount: true
+      });
+      assert.deepEqual(shadowColors, []);
+    });
+
+    it('returns empty when three sides is covered by the shadow', () => {
+      const shadows = parseTextShadows(`1px 0 #000, 0 1px #000, -1px 0 #000`);
+      const shadowColors = getStrokeColorsFromShadows(shadows, {
+        ignoreEdgeCount: true
+      });
+      assert.deepEqual(shadowColors, []);
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/color/get-text-shadow-colors.js b/test/commons/color/get-text-shadow-colors.js
index c5e89fde8..a9a790016 100644
--- a/test/commons/color/get-text-shadow-colors.js
+++ b/test/commons/color/get-text-shadow-colors.js
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
-describe('axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors', function() {
+describe('axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var getTextShadowColors = axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns an empty array when there is no text-shadow', function() {
+  it('returns an empty array when there is no text-shadow', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<span>Hello world</span>';
     var span = fixture.querySelector('span');
     var shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(span);
     assert.lengthOf(shadowColors, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns a rgb values of each text-shadow color', function() {
+  it('returns a rgb values of each text-shadow color', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<span style="text-shadow: ' +
       '1px 1px 2px #F00, rgb(0, 0, 255) 0 0 1em, \n0\t 0  0.2em green;' +
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ describe('axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors', function() {
     assert.equal(shadowColors[2].blue, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns transparent if the blur radius is greater than the offset', function() {
+  it('returns transparent if the blur radius is greater than the offset', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<span style="text-shadow: ' +
       '1px 3px 2px red, blue 10px 0 9px, 20px 20px 18px green;' +
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ describe('axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors', function() {
     assert.equal(shadowColors[2].alpha, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns an estimated alpha value based on blur radius', function() {
+  it('returns an estimated alpha value based on blur radius', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<span style="text-shadow: ' +
       '1px 1px 2px red, blue 0 0 10px, \n0\t 0  18px green;' +
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ describe('axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors', function() {
     assert.closeTo(shadowColors[2].alpha, expected2, 0.05);
   });
 
-  it('returns an alpha of 1 if blur radius is 0', function() {
+  it('returns an alpha of 1 if blur radius is 0', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<span style="text-shadow: ' +
       '0px 0px 0 red, blue 0 0 0, \n0\t 0  0 green, 0px 0px red;' +
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ describe('axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors', function() {
     assert.equal(shadowColors[3].alpha, 1);
   });
 
-  it('handles floating point values', function() {
+  it('handles floating point values', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<span style="text-shadow: ' +
       '0 0.1px .2px red' +
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ describe('axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors', function() {
     assert.closeTo(shadowColors[0].alpha, expectedAlpha, 0.01);
   });
 
-  it('combines the blur radius alpha with the alpha of the text-shadow color', function() {
+  it('combines the blur radius alpha with the alpha of the text-shadow color', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<span style="text-shadow: ' +
       'rgba(255, 0, 0, 0) 0 0 2px, rgba(255,0,0,0.5) 0 0 2px, rgba(255,0,0,0.8) 0 0 2px' +
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ describe('axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors', function() {
     assert.closeTo(shadowColors[2].alpha, expected2, 0.05);
   });
 
-  it('treats the blur radius as 0 when left undefined', function() {
+  it('treats the blur radius as 0 when left undefined', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<span style="text-shadow: ' + '1px 2px red' + '">Hello world</span>';
 
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ describe('axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors', function() {
     assert.equal(shadowColors[0].alpha, 0);
   });
 
-  it('uses text color if text-shadow color is ommitted', function() {
+  it('uses text color if text-shadow color is ommitted', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<span style="color: red;' +
       'text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px;' +
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ describe('axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors', function() {
     assert.equal(shadowColors[0].blue, 0);
   });
 
-  it('does not return shadows with a ratio less than minRatio', function() {
+  it('returns null if a shadows has a ratio less than minRatio', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<span style="text-shadow: ' +
       '0 0 1em #F00, 0 0 0.5em #0F0, 1px 1px 0.2em #00F;' +
@@ -150,13 +150,10 @@ describe('axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors', function() {
 
     var span = fixture.querySelector('span');
     var shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(span, { minRatio: 0.5 });
-
-    assert.lengthOf(shadowColors, 2);
-    assert.equal(shadowColors[0].red, 255);
-    assert.equal(shadowColors[1].green, 255);
+    assert.isNull(shadowColors);
   });
 
-  it('does not return shadows with a ratio less than maxRatio', function() {
+  it('does not return shadows with a ratio less than maxRatio', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<span style="text-shadow: ' +
       '0 0 1em #F00, 0 0 0.5em #0F0, 1px 1px 0.2em #00F;' +
@@ -169,7 +166,7 @@ describe('axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors', function() {
     assert.equal(shadowColors[0].blue, 255);
   });
 
-  it('returns a transparent shadow when x offset is greater than blur', function() {
+  it('returns a transparent shadow when x offset is greater than blur', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<span style="text-shadow: 1px 0 0 #F00">Hello world</span>';
     var span = fixture.querySelector('span');
@@ -181,7 +178,7 @@ describe('axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors', function() {
     assert.equal(shadowColors[0].alpha, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns a transparent shadow when y offset is greater than blur', function() {
+  it('returns a transparent shadow when y offset is greater than blur', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<span style="text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #F00">Hello world</span>';
     var span = fixture.querySelector('span');
@@ -192,4 +189,85 @@ describe('axe.commons.color.getTextShadowColors', function() {
     assert.equal(shadowColors[0].blue, 0);
     assert.equal(shadowColors[0].alpha, 0);
   });
+
+  describe('with shadows that combine to a stroke', () => {
+    const opt = { minRatio: 0.01 };
+    it('combines multiple shadows without blur into a single stroke', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = `
+        <span style="text-shadow:
+          0 -2px #F00,
+          2px 0 #F00,
+          0 2px #F00,
+          -2px 0 #F00;
+        ">Hello world</span>
+      `;
+      const shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(fixture.firstElementChild, opt);
+      assert.lengthOf(shadowColors, 1);
+      assert.deepEqual(shadowColors[0].toJSON(), {
+        red: 255,
+        green: 0,
+        blue: 0,
+        alpha: 1
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('only combines shadows thinner than minRatio', () => {
+      const minRatio = 0.1; // .1em (has to be greater than 1px, or this will be null)
+      fixture.innerHTML = `
+        <span style="text-shadow:
+          0 -2px ${minRatio}em #000,
+          2px 0 ${minRatio}em #000,
+          0 2px ${minRatio}em #000,
+          -2px 0 ${minRatio}em #000;
+        ">Hello wold</span>
+      `;
+      const shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(fixture.firstElementChild, {
+        minRatio
+      });
+      assert.lengthOf(shadowColors, 4);
+    });
+
+    it('places the combined shadow in the correct order with shadows', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = `
+        <span style="text-shadow:
+          0 -1px #000, 1px 0 #000, 0 1px #000, -1px 0 #000,
+          0 0 1em #111,
+          0 -1px #222, 1px 0 #222, 0 1px #222, -1px 0 #222,
+          1px 1px 0.2em #333;
+        ">Hello wold</span>
+      `;
+      const shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(fixture.firstElementChild, opt);
+      const hexColors = shadowColors.map(color => color.toHexString()[1]);
+      assert.deepEqual(['0', '1', '2', '3'], hexColors);
+    });
+
+    it('returns null when when thin shadows are not all the way around the text', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = `
+        <span style="text-shadow:
+          0 -2px #000,
+          2px 0 #000,
+          0 2px #000;
+        ">Hello wold</span>
+      `;
+      const shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(fixture.firstElementChild, opt);
+      assert.isNull(shadowColors);
+    });
+
+    it('ignores partial strokes with ignoreEdgeCount: true', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = `
+        <span style="text-shadow:
+          2px 1px 2px #F00,
+          0 -2px #000,
+          2px 0 #000,
+          0 2px #000;
+        ">Hello wold</span>
+      `;
+      const shadowColors = getTextShadowColors(fixture.firstElementChild, {
+        ...opt,
+        ignoreEdgeCount: true
+      });
+      assert.lengthOf(shadowColors, 1);
+      assert.equal(shadowColors[0].red, 255);
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/color/has-valid-contrast-ratio.js b/test/commons/color/has-valid-contrast-ratio.js
index acb100c2e..45768af4a 100644
--- a/test/commons/color/has-valid-contrast-ratio.js
+++ b/test/commons/color/has-valid-contrast-ratio.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-describe('color.Color', function() {
+describe('color.Color', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should give sensible results for WCAG compliance', function() {
+  it('should give sensible results for WCAG compliance', function () {
     var black = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
     var white = new axe.commons.color.Color(255, 255, 255, 1);
     var gray = new axe.commons.color.Color(128, 128, 128, 1);
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ describe('color.Color', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should count 1-1 ratios as visually hidden', function() {
+  it('should count 1-1 ratios as visually hidden', function () {
     var black = new axe.commons.color.Color(0, 0, 0, 1);
 
     assert.isFalse(
diff --git a/test/commons/color/incomplete-data.js b/test/commons/color/incomplete-data.js
index 496c99684..d7d0ed738 100644
--- a/test/commons/color/incomplete-data.js
+++ b/test/commons/color/incomplete-data.js
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
-describe('axe.commons.color.incompleteData', function() {
+describe('axe.commons.color.incompleteData', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should be an object', function() {
+  it('should be an object', function () {
     assert.isObject(axe.commons.color.incompleteData);
   });
 
-  it('should store a string with a key for the incomplete check', function() {
+  it('should store a string with a key for the incomplete check', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
     axe.commons.color.incompleteData.set('fgColor', 'bgImage');
@@ -19,18 +19,18 @@ describe('axe.commons.color.incompleteData', function() {
     assert.equal(axe.commons.color.incompleteData.get('fgColor'), 'bgImage');
   });
 
-  it('should throw an error if key is not a string', function() {
-    assert.throws(function() {
+  it('should throw an error if key is not a string', function () {
+    assert.throws(function () {
       axe.commons.color.incompleteData.set();
     }, /key must be a string/);
   });
 
-  it('should store a reason that matches a list of possibilities', function() {
+  it('should store a reason that matches a list of possibilities', function () {
     axe.commons.color.incompleteData.set('bgColor', 'bgImage');
     assert.equal(axe.commons.color.incompleteData.get('bgColor'), 'bgImage');
   });
 
-  it('should clear the data object on request', function() {
+  it('should clear the data object on request', function () {
     axe.commons.color.incompleteData.set('fgColor', 'bgOverlap');
     axe.commons.color.incompleteData.clear();
     assert.isUndefined(
diff --git a/test/commons/color/parse-text-shadows.js b/test/commons/color/parse-text-shadows.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6452ca9e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/color/parse-text-shadows.js
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+describe('axe.commons.color.parseTextShadows', () => {
+  const { parseTextShadows } = axe.commons.color;
+
+  it('should return an empty array if no text-shadow is provided', () => {
+    const shadows = parseTextShadows(' \t\n');
+    assert.equal(shadows.length, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should return an array of objects with `pixels` and `colorStr` properties', () => {
+    const shadows = parseTextShadows('1px 2px 3px #000, 4px 5px 6px #fff');
+    assert.equal(shadows.length, 2);
+
+    assert.deepEqual(shadows[0], {
+      pixels: [1, 2, 3],
+      colorStr: '#000'
+    });
+
+    assert.deepEqual(shadows[1], {
+      pixels: [4, 5, 6],
+      colorStr: '#fff'
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('accepts color at the start of the shadow', () => {
+    const shadows = parseTextShadows('#000 1px 2px 3px, #fff 4px 5px 6px');
+    assert.deepEqual(shadows[0], {
+      pixels: [1, 2, 3],
+      colorStr: '#000'
+    });
+    assert.deepEqual(shadows[1], {
+      pixels: [4, 5, 6],
+      colorStr: '#fff'
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('accepts named colors', () => {
+    const shadows = parseTextShadows('red 1px 2px 3px, blue 4px 5px 6px');
+    assert.deepEqual(shadows[0], {
+      pixels: [1, 2, 3],
+      colorStr: 'red'
+    });
+    assert.deepEqual(shadows[1], {
+      pixels: [4, 5, 6],
+      colorStr: 'blue'
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('accepts different color functions', () => {
+    const shadows = parseTextShadows(`
+      rgb(0, 202, 148) 0px 0px,
+      hsl(165.58deg 100% 35.07% / .5) 0px 0px,
+      lch(65 49.19 167.45) 0px 0px,
+      oklch(60% 0.57 181) 0px 0px,
+      lab(65 -48.01 10.69) 0px 0px,
+      color(xyz-d65 0.26 0.44 0.35 / 1) 0px 0px,
+    `);
+    assert.equal(shadows[0].colorStr, 'rgb(0, 202, 148)');
+    assert.equal(shadows[1].colorStr, 'hsl(165.58deg 100% 35.07% / .5)');
+    assert.equal(shadows[2].colorStr, 'lch(65 49.19 167.45)');
+    assert.equal(shadows[3].colorStr, 'oklch(60% 0.57 181)');
+    assert.equal(shadows[4].colorStr, 'lab(65 -48.01 10.69)');
+    assert.equal(shadows[5].colorStr, 'color(xyz-d65 0.26 0.44 0.35 / 1)');
+  });
+
+  it('sets default blur to 0 when omitted', () => {
+    const shadows = parseTextShadows('1px 2px #000, 4px 5px #fff');
+    assert.deepEqual(shadows[0], {
+      pixels: [1, 2, 0],
+      colorStr: '#000'
+    });
+    assert.deepEqual(shadows[1], {
+      pixels: [4, 5, 0],
+      colorStr: '#fff'
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/color/stacking-context.js b/test/commons/color/stacking-context.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d02d62e48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/color/stacking-context.js
@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+describe('color.stackingContext', () => {
+  const { Color, getStackingContext, stackingContextToColor } =
+    axe.commons.color;
+  const { getElementStack } = axe.commons.dom;
+  const { querySelectorAll } = axe.utils;
+  const { queryFixture } = axe.testUtils;
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    // remove html, body, and fixture from the
+    // element stack to make testing easier
+    document.documentElement.style.height = 0;
+    document.body.style.height = 0;
+    fixture.style.height = 0;
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    document.documentElement.removeAttribute('style');
+    document.body.removeAttribute('style');
+    fixture.removeAttribute('style');
+  });
+
+  describe('color.getStackingContexts', () => {
+    it('creates a context for a single element', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">Hello World</div>');
+      // html is always added as the last element
+      // so we'll remove it to make testing easier
+      const elmStack = getElementStack(vNode.actualNode).slice(0, -1);
+      const stackingContext = getStackingContext(vNode.actualNode, elmStack);
+
+      assert.deepEqual(stackingContext, [
+        {
+          vNode,
+          ancestor: undefined,
+          opacity: 1,
+          bgColor: new Color(0, 0, 0, 0),
+          blendMode: 'normal',
+          descendants: []
+        }
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it('creates a context for every node in the element stack', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+        <div id="elm1">
+          <div id="elm2">
+            <div id="target">Hello World</div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      const elmStack = getElementStack(vNode.actualNode).slice(0, -1);
+      const stackingContext = getStackingContext(vNode.actualNode, elmStack);
+
+      assert.deepEqual(stackingContext, [
+        {
+          vNode: querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#elm1')[0],
+          ancestor: undefined,
+          opacity: 1,
+          bgColor: new Color(0, 0, 0, 0),
+          blendMode: 'normal',
+          descendants: []
+        },
+        {
+          vNode: querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#elm2')[0],
+          ancestor: undefined,
+          opacity: 1,
+          bgColor: new Color(0, 0, 0, 0),
+          blendMode: 'normal',
+          descendants: []
+        },
+        {
+          vNode,
+          ancestor: undefined,
+          opacity: 1,
+          bgColor: new Color(0, 0, 0, 0),
+          blendMode: 'normal',
+          descendants: []
+        }
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it('nests contexts', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+        <div id="elm1" style="position: absolute; z-index: 2">
+          <div id="elm2">
+            <div id="target">Hello World</div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      const elmStack = getElementStack(vNode.actualNode).slice(0, -1);
+      const stackingContext = getStackingContext(vNode.actualNode, elmStack);
+
+      assert.deepEqual(stackingContext, [
+        {
+          vNode: querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#elm1')[0],
+          ancestor: undefined,
+          opacity: 1,
+          bgColor: new Color(0, 0, 0, 0),
+          blendMode: 'normal',
+          descendants: [
+            {
+              vNode: querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#elm2')[0],
+              ancestor: stackingContext[0],
+              opacity: 1,
+              bgColor: new Color(0, 0, 0, 0),
+              blendMode: 'normal',
+              descendants: []
+            },
+            {
+              vNode,
+              ancestor: stackingContext[0],
+              opacity: 1,
+              bgColor: new Color(0, 0, 0, 0),
+              blendMode: 'normal',
+              descendants: []
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it('sets context properties', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="background-color: rgba(255,0,0,0.5); opacity: 0.8; mix-blend-mode: difference;">Hello World</div>'
+      );
+      const elmStack = getElementStack(vNode.actualNode).slice(0, -1);
+      const stackingContext = getStackingContext(vNode.actualNode, elmStack);
+
+      assert.deepEqual(stackingContext, [
+        {
+          vNode,
+          ancestor: undefined,
+          opacity: 0.8,
+          bgColor: new Color(255, 0, 0, 0.5),
+          blendMode: 'difference',
+          descendants: []
+        }
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it('creates a context for ancestors that create a stacking context but are not in the element stack', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+        <div id="elm1" style="opacity: 0.8">
+          <div id="target" style="position: absolute; z-index: 2">Hello World</div>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      const elmStack = getElementStack(vNode.actualNode).slice(0, -1);
+      const stackingContext = getStackingContext(vNode.actualNode, elmStack);
+
+      assert.lengthOf(elmStack, 1);
+      assert.deepEqual(stackingContext, [
+        {
+          vNode: querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#elm1')[0],
+          ancestor: undefined,
+          opacity: 0.8,
+          bgColor: new Color(0, 0, 0, 0),
+          blendMode: 'normal',
+          descendants: [
+            {
+              vNode,
+              ancestor: stackingContext[0],
+              opacity: 1,
+              bgColor: new Color(0, 0, 0, 0),
+              blendMode: 'normal',
+              descendants: []
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ]);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('color.stackingContextToColor', () => {
+    it('reduces a context to a color', () => {
+      const context = {
+        opacity: 1,
+        bgColor: new Color(255, 128, 0, 1),
+        blendMode: 'normal',
+        descendants: []
+      };
+
+      assert.deepEqual(stackingContextToColor(context), {
+        color: new Color(255, 128, 0, 1),
+        blendMode: 'normal'
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('reduces a nested context to a color', () => {
+      const context = {
+        opacity: 1,
+        bgColor: new Color(255, 128, 0, 1),
+        blendMode: 'normal',
+        descendants: [
+          {
+            opacity: 1,
+            bgColor: new Color(0, 255, 128, 0.5),
+            blendMode: 'normal',
+            descendants: []
+          }
+        ]
+      };
+
+      assert.deepEqual(stackingContextToColor(context), {
+        color: new Color(128, 192, 64, 1),
+        blendMode: 'normal'
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('applies opacity after blending', () => {
+      const context = {
+        opacity: 0.8,
+        bgColor: new Color(255, 128, 0, 1),
+        blendMode: 'normal',
+        descendants: [
+          {
+            opacity: 1,
+            bgColor: new Color(0, 255, 128, 0.5),
+            blendMode: 'normal',
+            descendants: []
+          }
+        ]
+      };
+
+      assert.deepEqual(stackingContextToColor(context), {
+        color: new Color(128, 192, 64, 0.8),
+        blendMode: 'normal'
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('applies mix-blend-mode from a sibling context', () => {
+      const context = {
+        opacity: 1,
+        bgColor: new Color(0, 0, 0, 0),
+        blendMode: 'normal',
+        descendants: [
+          {
+            opacity: 1,
+            bgColor: new Color(255, 128, 0, 1),
+            blendMode: 'normal',
+            descendants: []
+          },
+          {
+            opacity: 1,
+            bgColor: new Color(0, 255, 128, 0.5),
+            blendMode: 'difference',
+            descendants: []
+          }
+        ]
+      };
+
+      assert.deepEqual(stackingContextToColor(context), {
+        color: new Color(255, 128, 64, 1),
+        blendMode: 'normal'
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('applies mix-blend-mode from a nested context', () => {
+      const context = {
+        opacity: 1,
+        bgColor: new Color(255, 128, 0, 1),
+        blendMode: 'normal',
+        descendants: [
+          {
+            opacity: 1,
+            bgColor: new Color(0, 255, 128, 0.5),
+            blendMode: 'difference',
+            descendants: []
+          }
+        ]
+      };
+
+      assert.deepEqual(stackingContextToColor(context), {
+        color: new Color(255, 128, 64, 1),
+        blendMode: 'normal'
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/create-grid.js b/test/commons/dom/create-grid.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6073a3357
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/dom/create-grid.js
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+// Additional tests for createGrid are part of createRectStack tests,
+// which is what createGrid was originally part of
+describe('create-grid', () => {
+  let fixture;
+  const createGrid = axe.commons.dom.createGrid;
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const gridSize = axe.constants.gridSize;
+
+  function findPositions(grid, vNode) {
+    const positions = [];
+    grid.loopGridPosition(grid.boundaries, (cell, position) => {
+      if (cell.includes(vNode)) {
+        positions.push(position);
+      }
+    });
+    return positions;
+  }
+
+  it('returns the grid size', () => {
+    axe.setup();
+    assert.equal(createGrid(), axe.constants.gridSize);
+  });
+
+  it('sets ._grid to nodes in the grid', () => {
+    fixture = fixtureSetup('<span>Hello world</span>');
+    assert.isUndefined(fixture._grid);
+    assert.isUndefined(fixture.children[0]._grid);
+
+    createGrid();
+    assert.isDefined(fixture._grid);
+    assert.equal(fixture._grid, fixture.children[0]._grid);
+  });
+
+  it('adds elements to the correct cell in the grid', () => {
+    fixture = fixtureSetup('<span>Hello world</span>');
+    createGrid();
+    const positions = findPositions(fixture._grid, fixture.children[0]);
+    assert.deepEqual(positions, [{ col: 0, row: 0 }]);
+  });
+
+  it('adds large elements to multiple cell', () => {
+    fixture = fixtureSetup(
+      '<span style="display: inline-block; width: 300px; height: 300px;">' +
+        'Hello world</span>'
+    );
+    createGrid();
+
+    const positions = findPositions(fixture._grid, fixture.children[0]);
+    assert.deepEqual(positions, [
+      { col: 0, row: 0 },
+      { col: 1, row: 0 },
+      { col: 0, row: 1 },
+      { col: 1, row: 1 }
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('only adds the visible non-overflow area of large elements', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 300px; height: 300px;">
+        <span id="target" style="display: inline-block; width: 1000px; height: 1000px;">' +
+        'Hello world</span>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    createGrid();
+
+    const positions = findPositions(vNode._grid, vNode);
+    assert.deepEqual(positions, [
+      { col: 0, row: 0 },
+      { col: 1, row: 0 },
+      { col: 0, row: 1 },
+      { col: 1, row: 1 }
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  describe('stackingOrder', () => {
+    it('adds stacking context information', () => {
+      fixture = fixtureSetup('<span>Hello world</span>');
+      createGrid();
+      const vNode = fixture.children[0];
+      assert.lengthOf(vNode._stackingOrder, 1);
+      // purposefully do not test stackLevel and treeOrder values as they are
+      // implementation details that can easily change
+      assert.hasAllKeys(vNode._stackingOrder[0], [
+        'stackLevel',
+        'treeOrder',
+        'vNode'
+      ]);
+      assert.typeOf(vNode._stackingOrder[0].stackLevel, 'number');
+      assert.typeOf(vNode._stackingOrder[0].treeOrder, 'number');
+      assert.isNull(vNode._stackingOrder[0].vNode); // root stack
+    });
+
+    // when to use z-index values can be tested though
+    it('sets the stack level equal to the z-index of positioned elements', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; z-index: 100">Hello world</div>'
+      );
+      createGrid();
+      assert.equal(vNode._stackingOrder[0].stackLevel, 100);
+    });
+
+    it("ignores z-index on elements that aren't positioned", () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="opacity: 0.2; z-index: 100">Hello world</div>'
+      );
+      createGrid();
+      assert.notEqual(vNode._stackingOrder[0].stackLevel, 100);
+    });
+
+    it('uses z-index on children of flex elements', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div style="display: flex"><div id="target" style="z-index: 100">Hello world</div></div>'
+      );
+      createGrid();
+      assert.equal(vNode._stackingOrder[0].stackLevel, 100);
+    });
+
+    it('creates multiple stacking context when they are nested', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+        <div style="opacity: 0.2">
+          <div style="transform: translate(42px, 18px);">
+            <div id="target">Hello world</div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      createGrid();
+      assert.lengthOf(vNode._stackingOrder, 2);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('hidden elements', () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      // Ensure the fixture itself is part of the grid, even if its content isn't
+      document
+        .querySelector('#fixture')
+        .setAttribute('style', 'min-height: 10px');
+    });
+
+    it('does not add hidden elements', () => {
+      fixture = fixtureSetup('<div style="display: none">hidden</div>');
+      createGrid();
+      const position = findPositions(fixture._grid, fixture.children[0]);
+      assert.isEmpty(position);
+      assert.isUndefined(fixture.children[0]._grid);
+    });
+
+    it('does not add off screen elements', () => {
+      fixture = fixtureSetup(
+        '<div style="position: fixed; top: -3em">off screen</div>'
+      );
+      createGrid();
+      const position = findPositions(fixture._grid, fixture.children[0]);
+      assert.isEmpty(position);
+      assert.isUndefined(fixture.children[0]._grid);
+    });
+
+    it('does add partially on screen elements', () => {
+      fixture = fixtureSetup(
+        '<div style="position: fixed; top: -1em; min-height: 2em">off screen</div>'
+      );
+      createGrid();
+      const position = findPositions(fixture._grid, fixture.children[0]);
+      assert.deepEqual(position, [
+        { col: 0, row: -1 },
+        { col: 0, row: 0 }
+      ]);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('when scrolled', () => {
+    before(() => {
+      document.body.setAttribute('style', 'margin: 0');
+    });
+
+    after(() => {
+      document.body.removeAttribute('style');
+    });
+
+    it('adds elements vertically scrolled out of view', () => {
+      const gridScroll = 2;
+      fixture =
+        fixtureSetup(`<div id="scroller" style="height: ${gridSize}px; width: ${gridSize}px; overflow: scroll">
+          <div style="height: ${gridSize}px">V1</div>
+          <div style="height: ${gridSize}px">V2</div>
+          <div style="height: ${gridSize}px">V3</div>
+          <div style="height: ${gridSize}px">V4</div>
+          <div style="height: ${gridSize}px">V5</div>
+        </div>`);
+      const scroller = fixture.children[0];
+      scroller.actualNode.scroll(0, gridSize * gridScroll);
+      const childElms = scroller.children.filter(
+        ({ props }) => props.nodeName === 'div'
+      );
+
+      createGrid();
+      childElms.forEach((child, index) => {
+        assert.isDefined(child._grid, `Expect child ${index} to be defined`);
+        const position = findPositions(child._grid, child);
+        assert.deepEqual(position, [{ col: 0, row: index - gridScroll }]);
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('adds elements horizontally scrolled out of view', () => {
+      const gridScroll = 2;
+      fixture =
+        fixtureSetup(`<div id="scroller" style="width: ${gridSize}px; overflow: scroll">
+        <div style="width: ${gridSize * 6}px;">
+          <div style="width: ${gridSize}px; float: left;">H1</div>
+          <div style="width: ${gridSize}px; float: left;">H2</div>
+          <div style="width: ${gridSize}px; float: left;">H3</div>
+          <div style="width: ${gridSize}px; float: left;">H4</div>
+          <div style="width: ${gridSize}px; float: left;">H5</div>
+        </div>
+      </div>`);
+      const scroller = fixture.children[0];
+      scroller.actualNode.scroll(gridSize * gridScroll, 0);
+      const childElms = scroller.children[0].children.filter(
+        ({ props }) => props.nodeName === 'span'
+      );
+
+      createGrid();
+      childElms.forEach((child, index) => {
+        assert.isDefined(child._grid, `Expect child ${index} to be defined`);
+        const position = findPositions(child._grid, child);
+        assert.deepEqual(position, [{ col: index - gridScroll, row: 0 }]);
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('subGrids', () => {
+    it('sets the .subGrid property', () => {
+      fixture = fixtureSetup(
+        '<div style="overflow: scroll; height: 100px;">' +
+          '<span style="display: inline-block; height: 300px" id="x">x</span>' +
+          '</div>'
+      );
+      const vOverflow = fixture.children[0];
+      assert.isUndefined(vOverflow._subGrid);
+      createGrid();
+      assert.isDefined(vOverflow._subGrid);
+      assert.notEqual(vOverflow._grid, vOverflow._subGrid);
+    });
+
+    it('sets the ._grid of children as the subGrid', () => {
+      fixture = fixtureSetup(
+        '<div style="overflow: scroll; height: 100px;">' +
+          '<span style="display: inline-block; height: 300px" id="x">x</span>' +
+          '</div>'
+      );
+      createGrid();
+      const vOverflow = fixture.children[0];
+      const vSpan = vOverflow.children[0];
+      assert.equal(vOverflow._subGrid, vSpan._grid);
+    });
+
+    it('does not add scrollable children to the root grid', () => {
+      fixture = fixtureSetup(
+        '<div style="overflow: scroll; height: 100px;">' +
+          '<span style="display: inline-block; height: 300px" id="x">x</span>' +
+          '</div>'
+      );
+      createGrid();
+      const vSpan = fixture.children[0].children[0];
+      const position = findPositions(fixture._grid, vSpan);
+      assert.isEmpty(position);
+    });
+
+    it('adds scrollable children to the subGrid', () => {
+      fixture = fixtureSetup(
+        '<div style="overflow: scroll; height: 100px;">' +
+          '<span style="display: inline-block; height: 300px" id="x">x</span>' +
+          '</div>'
+      );
+      createGrid();
+      const vOverflow = fixture.children[0];
+      const vSpan = vOverflow.children[0];
+      const position = findPositions(vOverflow._subGrid, vSpan);
+      assert.deepEqual(position, [
+        { col: 0, row: 0 },
+        { col: 0, row: 1 }
+      ]);
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/find-elms-in-context.js b/test/commons/dom/find-elms-in-context.js
index 16bbb7ef6..508b5e538 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/find-elms-in-context.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/find-elms-in-context.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('dom.findElmsInContext', function() {
+describe('dom.findElmsInContext', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
   var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
   var findElmsInContext = axe.commons.dom.findElmsInContext;
 
-  it('returns an array or elements in the same context', function() {
+  it('returns an array or elements in the same context', function () {
     var rootNode = fixtureSetup(
       '<b name="foo">1</b>' +
         '<b name="foo">2</b>' +
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ describe('dom.findElmsInContext', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'ignores elements inside shadow tree',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var node = document.createElement('div');
       node.innerHTML = '<b name="foo">1</b>';
       var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ describe('dom.findElmsInContext', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'can search elements limited to the shadow tree',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var node = document.createElement('div');
       node.innerHTML = '<b name="foo">1</b>';
       var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/find-nearby-elms.js b/test/commons/dom/find-nearby-elms.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2bc46b92f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/dom/find-nearby-elms.js
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+describe('findNearbyElms', () => {
+  let fixture;
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  const findNearbyElms = axe.commons.dom.findNearbyElms;
+
+  function getIds(vNodeList) {
+    const ids = [];
+    vNodeList.forEach(function (vNode) {
+      if (vNode.props.id && vNode.props.id !== 'fixture') {
+        ids.push(vNode.props.id);
+      }
+    });
+    return ids;
+  }
+
+  describe('in the viewport', () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      fixture = fixtureSetup(
+        '<div id="n0" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">0</div>' +
+          '<div id="n1" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">1</div>' +
+          '<div id="n2" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">2</div>' +
+          '<div id="n3" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">3</div>' +
+          '<div id="n4" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">4</div>' +
+          '<div id="n5" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">5</div>' +
+          '<div id="n6" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">6</div>' +
+          '<div id="n7" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">7</div>' +
+          '<div id="n8" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">8</div>' +
+          '<div id="n9" style="height:30px; margin-bottom:30px;">9</div>'
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('returns node from the same grid cell', () => {
+      const nearbyElms = findNearbyElms(fixture.children[1]);
+      assert.deepEqual(getIds(nearbyElms), ['n0', 'n2', 'n3']);
+    });
+
+    it('returns node from multiple grid cells when crossing a boundary', () => {
+      const nearbyElms = findNearbyElms(fixture.children[5]);
+      assert.deepEqual(getIds(nearbyElms), ['n3', 'n4', 'n6']);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('on the edge', () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      fixture = fixtureSetup(
+        '<div id="n0" style="position: fixed; top:-31px; height: 60px">0</div>' +
+          '<div id="n1" style="position: fixed; top:-31px; height: 30px">1</div>' +
+          '<div id="n2" style="position: fixed; top:0; height: 30px">2</div>'
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('ignores cells outside the document boundary', () => {
+      const nearbyElms = findNearbyElms(fixture.children[0]);
+      assert.deepEqual(getIds(nearbyElms), ['n2']);
+    });
+
+    it('returns no neighbors for off-screen elements', () => {
+      const nearbyElms = findNearbyElms(fixture.children[1]);
+      assert.deepEqual(getIds(nearbyElms), []);
+    });
+
+    it('returns element partially on screen as neighbors', () => {
+      const nearbyElms = findNearbyElms(fixture.children[2]);
+      assert.deepEqual(getIds(nearbyElms), ['n0']);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('when some nodes are fixed', () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      fixture = fixtureSetup(
+        '<div style=" position: fixed;" id="n0">' +
+          '  <div id="n1" style="height:30px;">1</div>' +
+          '  <div id="n2" style="height:30px;">2</div>' +
+          '</div>' +
+          '<div id="n3" style="height:30px;">3</div>' +
+          '<div id="n4" style="height:30px;">4</div>'
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('skips fixed position neighbors when not fixed', () => {
+      const n3 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(fixture, '#n3')[0];
+      const nearbyElms = findNearbyElms(n3);
+      assert.deepEqual(getIds(nearbyElms), ['n4']);
+    });
+
+    it('includes only fixed position neighbors when fixed', () => {
+      const n1 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(fixture, '#n1')[0];
+      const nearbyElms = findNearbyElms(n1);
+      assert.deepEqual(getIds(nearbyElms), ['n0', 'n2']);
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/find-up.js b/test/commons/dom/find-up.js
index e5ad1c173..13c5d939a 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/find-up.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/find-up.js
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 /* global xit */
-describe('dom.findUp', function() {
+describe('dom.findUp', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should find parents based on selector', function() {
+  it('should find parents based on selector', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div class="target"><div id="target" class="target"><span><span><span><div>' +
       '<div><div id="start"></div></div></div></span></span></span></div></div>';
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ describe('dom.findUp', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return null if it cant find a match anywhere in the document', function() {
+  it('should return null if it cant find a match anywhere in the document', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="start"></div>';
     var start = document.getElementById('start');
 
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ describe('dom.findUp', function() {
     assert.isNull(axe.commons.dom.findUp(start, '.nomatchyplzkthx'));
   });
 
-  it('should return null if it cant find a match anywhere above the start', function() {
+  it('should return null if it cant find a match anywhere above the start', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="start"></div><div class="target"></div>';
     var start = document.getElementById('start');
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ describe('dom.findUp', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v0 ? it : xit)(
     'should walk up the assigned content (v0)',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       function createContentSlotted() {
         var group = document.createElement('div');
         group.innerHTML =
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ describe('dom.findUp', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v0 ? it : xit)(
     'should walk down the shadow DOM v0',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       function createContent() {
         var group = document.createElement('div');
         group.innerHTML = '<a>thing</a>';
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ describe('dom.findUp', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v0 ? it : xit)(
     'should work on shadow root children',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="list" id="something"></div>';
       var shadow = fixture.querySelector('#something').createShadowRoot();
 
@@ -112,33 +112,36 @@ describe('dom.findUp', function() {
     }
   );
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)('should walk up the assigned slot', function() {
-    function createContentSlotted() {
-      var group = document.createElement('div');
-      group.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="target" style="display:none;">Stuff<slot></slot></div>';
-      return group;
-    }
-    function makeShadowTree(node) {
-      var root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      var div = document.createElement('div');
-      root.appendChild(div);
-      div.appendChild(createContentSlotted());
-    }
+  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
+    'should walk up the assigned slot',
+    function () {
+      function createContentSlotted() {
+        var group = document.createElement('div');
+        group.innerHTML =
+          '<div id="target" style="display:none;">Stuff<slot></slot></div>';
+        return group;
+      }
+      function makeShadowTree(node) {
+        var root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+        var div = document.createElement('div');
+        root.appendChild(div);
+        div.appendChild(createContentSlotted());
+      }
 
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<label><div><p><a>hello</a></p></div></label>';
-    makeShadowTree(fixture.querySelector('div'));
-    var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
-    var el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'a')[0];
-    assert.equal(
-      axe.commons.dom.findUp(el.actualNode, 'label'),
-      fixture.firstChild
-    );
-  });
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<label><div><p><a>hello</a></p></div></label>';
+      makeShadowTree(fixture.querySelector('div'));
+      var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
+      var el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'a')[0];
+      assert.equal(
+        axe.commons.dom.findUp(el.actualNode, 'label'),
+        fixture.firstChild
+      );
+    }
+  );
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should find element in assigned slot, not in the host document',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       function createContentSlotted() {
         var group = document.createElement('div');
         group.className = 'target';
@@ -165,7 +168,7 @@ describe('dom.findUp', function() {
     }
   );
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)('should walk up the shadow DOM', function() {
+  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)('should walk up the shadow DOM', function () {
     function createContent() {
       var group = document.createElement('div');
       group.innerHTML = '<a>thing</a>';
@@ -190,7 +193,7 @@ describe('dom.findUp', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should work on shadow root children',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="list" id="something"></div>';
       var shadow = fixture
         .querySelector('#something')
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/focus-disabled.js b/test/commons/dom/focus-disabled.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..998dd60f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/dom/focus-disabled.js
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+describe('dom.focus-disabled', () => {
+  const focusDisabled = axe.commons.dom.focusDisabled;
+  const { queryFixture, queryShadowFixture } = axe.testUtils;
+
+  it('returns false for non-disabled element', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<span id="target"></span>');
+
+    assert.isFalse(focusDisabled(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true for disabled element which is allowed to be disabled', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target" disabled></button>');
+
+    assert.isTrue(focusDisabled(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for disabled element which is not allowed to be disabled', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<span id="target" disabled></span>');
+
+    assert.isFalse(focusDisabled(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true if parent fieldset is disabled', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<fieldset disabled><input id="target"/></fieldset>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isTrue(focusDisabled(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false if element is inside a legend inside a disabled fieldset', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<fieldset disabled><legend><input id="target"/></legend></fieldset>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isFalse(focusDisabled(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for disabled fieldset outside shadow tree', () => {
+    const vNode = queryShadowFixture(
+      '<fieldset disabled><div id="shadow"></div></fieldset>',
+      '<input id="target"/>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isFalse(focusDisabled(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true if element is hidden for everyone', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target" hidden></button>');
+
+    assert.isTrue(focusDisabled(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true for element with inert', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target" inert></button>');
+
+    assert.isTrue(focusDisabled(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true for ancestor with inert', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div inert><div><button id="target"></button></div></div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isTrue(focusDisabled(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true for ancestor with inert outside shadow tree', () => {
+    const vNode = queryShadowFixture(
+      '<div inert><div id="shadow"></div></div>',
+      '<input id="target"/>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isTrue(focusDisabled(vNode));
+  });
+
+  describe('SerialVirtualNode', () => {
+    it('returns false if element is hidden for everyone', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+        nodeName: 'button',
+        attributes: {
+          hidden: true
+        }
+      });
+
+      assert.isFalse(focusDisabled(vNode));
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/get-composed-parent.js b/test/commons/dom/get-composed-parent.js
index bebba5a3a..bf71d0e54 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/get-composed-parent.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/get-composed-parent.js
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 /* global xit */
-describe('dom.getComposedParent', function() {
+describe('dom.getComposedParent', function () {
   'use strict';
   var getComposedParent = axe.commons.dom.getComposedParent;
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns the parentNode normally', function() {
+  it('returns the parentNode normally', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="parent"><div id="target"></div></div>';
 
     var actual = getComposedParent(document.getElementById('target'));
@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@ describe('dom.getComposedParent', function() {
     assert.equal(actual, document.getElementById('parent'));
   });
 
-  it('returns null from the documentElement', function() {
+  it('returns null from the documentElement', function () {
     assert.isNull(getComposedParent(document.documentElement));
   });
 
   (shadowSupport ? it : xit)(
     'skip the slot node for slotted content',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="shadow"><div id="target"></div></div>';
       var shadowRoot = document
         .getElementById('shadow')
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ describe('dom.getComposedParent', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport ? it : xit)(
     'understands explicitly slotted nodes',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="shadow"><div id="target" slot="bar"></div></div>';
       var shadowRoot = document
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ describe('dom.getComposedParent', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport ? it : xit)(
     'returns elements within a shadow tree',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="shadow"> content </div>';
       var shadowRoot = document
         .getElementById('shadow')
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ describe('dom.getComposedParent', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport ? it : xit)(
     'returns the host when it reaches the shadow root',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="parent"> content </div>';
       var shadowRoot = document
         .getElementById('parent')
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/get-element-by-reference.js b/test/commons/dom/get-element-by-reference.js
index 9baa412cf..6097d0c33 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/get-element-by-reference.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/get-element-by-reference.js
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-describe('dom.getElementByReference', function() {
+describe('dom.getElementByReference', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return null if the attribute is not found', function() {
+  it('should return null if the attribute is not found', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<a id="link" href="#target">Hi</a>';
     var node = document.getElementById('link'),
       result = axe.commons.dom.getElementByReference(node, 'usemap');
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ describe('dom.getElementByReference', function() {
     assert.isNull(result);
   });
 
-  it('should return null if the attribute does not start with "#"', function() {
+  it('should return null if the attribute does not start with "#"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<a id="link" usemap="target">Hi</a>';
     var node = document.getElementById('link'),
       result = axe.commons.dom.getElementByReference(node, 'href');
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ describe('dom.getElementByReference', function() {
     assert.isNull(result);
   });
 
-  it('should return null if no targets are found', function() {
+  it('should return null if no targets are found', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<a id="link" href="#target">Hi</a>';
     var node = document.getElementById('link'),
       result = axe.commons.dom.getElementByReference(node, 'href');
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ describe('dom.getElementByReference', function() {
     assert.isNull(result);
   });
 
-  it('should return node if target is found (href)', function() {
+  it('should return node if target is found (href)', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<a id="link" href="#target">Hi</a>' + '<a id="target"></a>';
 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ describe('dom.getElementByReference', function() {
     assert.equal(result, expected);
   });
 
-  it('should return node if target is found (usemap)', function() {
+  it('should return node if target is found (usemap)', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<img id="link" usemap="#target">Hi</a>' + '<map id="target"></map>';
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ describe('dom.getElementByReference', function() {
     assert.equal(result, expected);
   });
 
-  it('should prioritize ID', function() {
+  it('should prioritize ID', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<a id="link" href="#target">Hi</a>' +
       '<a id="target"></a>' +
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ describe('dom.getElementByReference', function() {
     assert.equal(result, expected);
   });
 
-  it('should fallback to name', function() {
+  it('should fallback to name', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<a id="link" href="#target">Hi</a>' +
       '<a name="target" id="target0"></a>';
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ describe('dom.getElementByReference', function() {
     assert.equal(result, expected);
   });
 
-  it('should return the first matching element with name', function() {
+  it('should return the first matching element with name', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<a id="link" href="#target">Hi</a>' +
       '<a name="target" id="target0"></a>' +
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ describe('dom.getElementByReference', function() {
     assert.equal(result, expected);
   });
 
-  it('returns the first matching element using Angular skiplinks', function() {
+  it('returns the first matching element using Angular skiplinks', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<a id="link" href="/#target">Hi</a>' +
       '<a name="target" id="target0"></a>' +
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ describe('dom.getElementByReference', function() {
     assert.equal(result, expected);
   });
 
-  it('should work with absolute links', function() {
+  it('should work with absolute links', function () {
     var currentPage = window.location.origin + window.location.pathname;
 
     fixture.innerHTML =
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/get-element-coordinates.js b/test/commons/dom/get-element-coordinates.js
index 223815ef1..26b9efc9b 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/get-element-coordinates.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/get-element-coordinates.js
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 //@todo better coverage
-describe('dom.getElementCoordinates', function() {
+describe('dom.getElementCoordinates', function () {
   'use strict';
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should calculate bounding box based on element position', function() {
+  it('should calculate bounding box based on element position', function () {
     var el, coords;
 
     fixture.innerHTML =
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ describe('dom.getElementCoordinates', function() {
     assert.equal(Math.round(coords.top), -1);
   });
 
-  it('should take into account scroll offsets', function() {
+  it('should take into account scroll offsets', function () {
     var el,
       coords,
       offset = axe.commons.dom.getScrollOffset(window.document);
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/get-element-stack.js b/test/commons/dom/get-element-stack.js
index 589d43d98..3b045f787 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/get-element-stack.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/get-element-stack.js
@@ -1,27 +1,26 @@
-describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
+describe('dom.getElementStack', () => {
   'use strict';
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var getElementStack = axe.commons.dom.getElementStack;
-  var isIE11 = axe.testUtils.isIE11;
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const getElementStack = axe.commons.dom.getElementStack;
+  const shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
 
   function mapToIDs(stack) {
     return stack
-      .map(function(node) {
+      .map(function (node) {
         return node.id;
       })
-      .filter(function(id) {
+      .filter(function (id) {
         return !!id;
       });
   }
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  describe('stack order', function() {
-    it('should return stack in DOM order of non-positioned elements', function() {
+  describe('stack order', () => {
+    it('should return stack in DOM order of non-positioned elements', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<main id="1">' +
         '<div id="2">' +
@@ -29,12 +28,12 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
         '</div>' +
         '</main>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       assert.deepEqual(stack, ['target', '2', '1', 'fixture']);
     });
 
-    it('should not return elements outside of the stack', function() {
+    it('should not return elements outside of the stack', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<main id="1">' +
         '<div id="2">' +
@@ -43,12 +42,12 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
         '</div>' +
         '</main>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       assert.deepEqual(stack, ['target', '2', '1', 'fixture']);
     });
 
-    it('should return stack in DOM order of non-positioned elements with z-index', function() {
+    it('should return stack in DOM order of non-positioned elements with z-index', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="1" style=";width:40px;height:40px;">' +
         '<div id="target" style="width:40px;height:40px;z-index:100">hello world</div>' +
@@ -57,15 +56,15 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
         '<div id="3" style="width:40px;height:40px;">Some text</div>' +
         '</div>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       // Browsers seem to be buggy, which suggest  [3, target, 2, 1, fixture]
       // We're following the spec in this.
       // @see https://codepen.io/straker/pen/gOxpJyE
       assert.deepEqual(stack, ['3', '2', 'target', '1', 'fixture']);
     });
 
-    it('should should handle positioned elements without z-index', function() {
+    it('should should handle positioned elements without z-index', () => {
       // see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Positioning/Understanding_z_index/Stacking_without_z-index
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="1" style="width:40px;height:40px;position:absolute;top:0;">' +
@@ -79,12 +78,12 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
         '<div id="target" style="width:40px;height:40px;margin-top:-80px;">' +
         'DIV #5<br />position:static;</div>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       assert.deepEqual(stack, ['4', '3', '2', '1', 'target', 'fixture']);
     });
 
-    it('should handle floating and positioned elements without z-index', function() {
+    it('should handle floating and positioned elements without z-index', () => {
       // see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Positioning/Understanding_z_index/Stacking_and_float
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="1" style="width:40px;height:40px;position:absolute;top:0;">' +
@@ -96,12 +95,12 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
         '<div id="4" style="width:40px;height:40px;position:absolute;top:0;">' +
         'DIV #4<br />position:absolute;</div>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       assert.deepEqual(stack, ['4', '1', '2', 'target', 'fixture']);
     });
 
-    it('should handle floating parent elements', function() {
+    it('should handle floating parent elements', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="1" style="float: left; background: #000000; color: #fff;">' +
         '<div id="2"><span id="target">whole picture</span></div>' +
@@ -111,12 +110,12 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
         '</div>';
 
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       assert.deepEqual(stack, ['target', '2', '1', '4', '3', 'fixture']);
     });
 
-    it('should handle z-index positioned elements in the same stacking context', function() {
+    it('should handle z-index positioned elements in the same stacking context', () => {
       // see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Positioning/Understanding_z_index/Stacking_context_example_1
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="width:40px;height:40px;position:relative;">' +
@@ -139,12 +138,12 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
         '</div>' +
         '</div>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       assert.deepEqual(stack, ['4', '2', '3', 'target', 'fixture']);
     });
 
-    it('should handle z-index positioned elements in different stacking contexts', function() {
+    it('should handle z-index positioned elements in different stacking contexts', () => {
       // see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Positioning/Understanding_z_index/Stacking_context_example_2
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="width:40px;height:40px;position:relative;">' +
@@ -167,12 +166,12 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
         '</div>' +
         '</div>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       assert.deepEqual(stack, ['2', '4', '3', 'target', 'fixture']);
     });
 
-    it('should handle complex stacking context', function() {
+    it('should handle complex stacking context', () => {
       // see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Positioning/Understanding_z_index/The_stacking_context
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="1" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:40px;height:40px;z-index:5;">' +
@@ -207,34 +206,49 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
         '</div>' +
         '</div>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       assert.deepEqual(stack, ['1', '4', 'target', '5', '3', '2']);
     });
 
-    it('should correctly order children of position elements without z-index', function() {
+    it('should correctly order children of position elements without z-index', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="1" style="position:relative;width:40px;height:40px;">' +
         '<div id="target" style="width:40px;height:40px;"></div>' +
         '</div>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       assert.deepEqual(stack, ['target', '1', 'fixture']);
     });
 
-    it('should correctly order children of position elements with z-index', function() {
+    it('should correctly order children of position elements with z-index', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="1" style="position:relative;width:40px;height:40px;z-index:1">' +
         '<div id="target" style="width:40px;height:40px;"></div>' +
         '</div>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       assert.deepEqual(stack, ['target', '1', 'fixture']);
     });
 
-    it('should handle modals on top of the stack', function() {
+    ['flex', 'inline-flex', 'grid', 'inline-grid'].forEach(type => {
+      it(`should correctly order "${type}" items with z-index`, () => {
+        fixture.innerHTML = `
+          <div id="1" style="position:absolute;width:40px;height:40px;z-index:1"></div>
+          <div id="2" style="display: ${type}">
+            <div id="target" style="width:40px;height:40px;z-index:1"></div>
+          </div>
+        `;
+        axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+        const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+        const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+        assert.deepEqual(stack, ['target', '1', '2', 'fixture']);
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should handle modals on top of the stack', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<main id="1">' +
         '<div id="2">' +
@@ -243,12 +257,12 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
         '</main>' +
         '<div id="3" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:100px"></div>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       assert.deepEqual(stack, ['3', 'target', '2', '1', 'fixture']);
     });
 
-    it('should handle "pointer-events:none"', function() {
+    it('should handle "pointer-events:none"', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<main id="1">' +
         '<div id="2">' +
@@ -257,12 +271,12 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
         '</main>' +
         '<div id="3" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:100px;pointer-events:none"></div>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       assert.deepEqual(stack, ['3', 'target', '2', '1', 'fixture']);
     });
 
-    it('should return elements left out by document.elementsFromPoint', function() {
+    it('should return elements left out by document.elementsFromPoint', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<main id="1">' +
         '<div id="2">' +
@@ -270,47 +284,47 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
         '</div>' +
         '</main>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       assert.deepEqual(stack, ['target', '3', '2', '1', 'fixture']);
     });
 
-    it('should not return elements that do not fully cover the target', function() {
+    it('should not return elements that do not fully cover the target', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="1" style="position:relative;">' +
         '<div id="2" style="position:absolute;width:300px;height:19px;"></div>' +
         '<p id="target" style="position:relative;z-index:1;width:300px;height:40px;">Text oh heyyyy <a href="#" id="target">and here\'s <br>a link</a></p>' +
         '</div>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       assert.deepEqual(stack, ['target', '1', 'fixture']);
     });
 
-    it('should not return parent elements that do not fully cover the target', function() {
+    it('should not return parent elements that do not fully cover the target', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="1" style="height:20px;position:relative;">' +
         '<div id="target" style="position:absolute;top:21px;">Text</div>' +
         '</div>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       assert.deepEqual(stack, ['target']);
     });
 
-    it('should return elements that partially cover the target', function() {
+    it('should return elements that partially cover the target', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="1" style="height:40px;position:relative;">' +
         '<div id="2" style="height:20px;"></div>' +
         '<div id="target" style="position:absolute;margin-top:-11px;">Text</div>' +
         '</div>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       assert.deepEqual(stack, ['target', '2', '1', 'fixture']);
     });
 
-    it('should handle negative z-index', function() {
+    it('should handle negative z-index', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<main id="1">' +
         '<div id="2" style="position:relative;z-index:-10">' +
@@ -318,12 +332,12 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
         '</div>' +
         '</main>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       assert.deepEqual(stack, ['1', 'fixture', 'target', '2']);
     });
 
-    it('should not add hidden elements', function() {
+    it('should not add hidden elements', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<main id="1">' +
         '<div id="2" style="position: absolute; display: none;">Some text</div>' +
@@ -332,12 +346,12 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
         '<span id="target">Hello World</span>' +
         '</main>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       assert.deepEqual(stack, ['target', '1', 'fixture']);
     });
 
-    it('should correctly position children of positioned parents', function() {
+    it('should correctly position children of positioned parents', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="1" style="position: relative; padding: 60px 0;">Some text</div>' +
         '<section id="2" style="position: relative; padding: 60px 0;">' +
@@ -346,12 +360,12 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
         '</div>' +
         '</section>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       assert.deepEqual(stack, ['target', '3', '1', 'fixture']);
     });
 
-    it('should correctly position siblings with positioned children correctly', function() {
+    it('should correctly position siblings with positioned children correctly', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="1">Some text</div>' +
         '<div id="2" style="position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0;">Some text</div>' +
@@ -362,12 +376,12 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
         '</div>' +
         '</div>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       assert.deepEqual(stack, ['4', 'target', '5', '3', '2', '1', 'fixture']);
     });
 
-    it('should correctly position children of float elements with position elements', function() {
+    it('should correctly position children of float elements with position elements', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="1" style="width: 50px; height: 50px; position: relative;">' +
         '<div id="2" style="width: 50px; height: 50px; float: left;">' +
@@ -380,12 +394,50 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
         '</div>' +
         '</div>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       assert.deepEqual(stack, ['5', 'target', '4', '3', '2', '1', 'fixture']);
     });
 
-    it('should return empty array for hidden elements', function() {
+    it('should correctly position opacity elements and positioned elements', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = `
+        <div id="1" style="opacity: 0.9;">
+          <div id="2" style="position: relative; z-index: 2">
+           <h1 id="target">Hello World</h1>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        <div id="3" style="opacity: 0.8;">
+          <div id="4" style="position: absolute; top: 20px; z-index: -1;">
+            <div id="5" style="height: 40px; width: 100vw; background: red"></div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      assert.deepEqual(stack, ['5', '4', 'target', '2', '1', 'fixture']);
+    });
+
+    it('should correctly order elements outside of the axe tree', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = `
+        <div id="1" style="opacity: 0.9;">
+          <div id="2" style="position: relative; z-index: 2">
+           <h1 id="target">Hello World</h1>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        <div id="tree" style="opacity: 0.8;">
+          <div id="4" style="position: absolute; top: 20px; z-index: -1;">
+            <div id="5" style="height: 40px; width: 100vw; background: red"></div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.querySelector('#tree'));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      assert.deepEqual(stack, ['5', '4', 'target', '2', '1', 'fixture']);
+    });
+
+    it('should return empty array for hidden elements', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<main id="1">' +
         '<div id="2" style="position: absolute; display: none">' +
@@ -394,12 +446,12 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
         '</div>' +
         '</main>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       assert.deepEqual(stack, []);
     });
 
-    it('should return empty array for children of 0 height scrollable regions', function() {
+    it('should return empty array for children of 0 height scrollable regions', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<main id="1">' +
         '<div id="2" style="overflow: scroll; height: 0">' +
@@ -408,18 +460,40 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
         '</div>' +
         '</main>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       assert.deepEqual(stack, []);
     });
 
-    it('should throw error if element midpoint-x exceeds the grid', function() {
+    it('should correctly position children of different stacking contexts', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = `
+        <header id="1" style="position: absolute; z-index: 999; height: 50px; width: 100%; top: 0">
+          <div id="2" style="display: flex; position: relative; height: 50px;">
+            <div id="3" style="position: relative; height: 50px; width: 100%;"></div>
+          </div>
+          <div id="4" style="display: flex; position: absolute; height: 50px; width: 100%; top: 0;">
+            <div id="5" style="position: absolute; transform: translate(0, -50%);">
+              <div id="6" style="display: flex;">
+                <span id="target">Hello World</span>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </header>
+      `;
+
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      assert.deepEqual(stack, ['target', '6', '5', '4', '3', '2', '1']);
+    });
+
+    it('should throw error if element midpoint-x exceeds the grid', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target">Hello World</div>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var vNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const vNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target);
       Object.defineProperty(vNode, 'boundingClientRect', {
-        get: function() {
+        get: () => {
           return {
             left: 0,
             top: 10,
@@ -428,18 +502,18 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
           };
         }
       });
-      assert.throws(function() {
+      assert.throws(() => {
         getElementStack(target);
       }, 'Element midpoint exceeds the grid bounds');
     });
 
-    it('should throw error if element midpoint-y exceeds the grid', function() {
+    it('should throw error if element midpoint-y exceeds the grid', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target">Hello World</div>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var vNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const vNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target);
       Object.defineProperty(vNode, 'boundingClientRect', {
-        get: function() {
+        get: () => {
           return {
             left: 0,
             top: 10,
@@ -448,59 +522,69 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
           };
         }
       });
-      assert.throws(function() {
+      assert.throws(() => {
         getElementStack(target);
       }, 'Element midpoint exceeds the grid bounds');
     });
 
+    it('should ignore element which exactly overlaps midpoint of target element', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML =
+        '<div id="target" style="width: 100%; height: 50px;">' +
+        '<h4 id="1" style="margin: 0; width: 100%; height: 25px;">Foo</h4>' +
+        'Bar' +
+        '</div>';
+
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      assert.deepEqual(stack, ['target', 'fixture']);
+    });
+
     // IE11 either only supports clip paths defined by url() or not at all,
     // MDN and caniuse.com give different results...
-    (isIE11 ? it.skip : it)(
-      'should not add hidden elements using clip-path',
-      function() {
-        fixture.innerHTML =
-          '<main id="1">' +
-          '<div id="2" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);">Some text</div>' +
-          '<span id="target">Hello World</span>' +
-          '</main>';
-        axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-        var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-        var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
-        assert.deepEqual(stack, ['target', '1', 'fixture']);
-      }
-    );
+    it('should not add hidden elements using clip-path', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML =
+        '<main id="1">' +
+        '<div id="2" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);">Some text</div>' +
+        '<span id="target">Hello World</span>' +
+        '</main>';
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      assert.deepEqual(stack, ['target', '1', 'fixture']);
+    });
 
     (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
       'should sort shadow dom elements correctly',
-      function() {
+      () => {
         fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="container"></div>';
-        var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
-        var shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+        const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+        const shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
         shadow.innerHTML = '<span id="shadowTarget">Text</span>';
         axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-        var target = shadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
-        var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+        const target = shadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
+        const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
         assert.deepEqual(stack, ['shadowTarget', 'container', 'fixture']);
       }
     );
 
     (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
       'should sort nested shadow dom elements correctly',
-      function() {
+      () => {
         fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="container"></div>';
-        var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
-        var shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+        const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+        const shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
 
         shadow.innerHTML = '<div id="shadowContainer"></div>';
-        var nestedContainer = shadow.querySelector('#shadowContainer');
-        var nestedShadow = nestedContainer.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+        const nestedContainer = shadow.querySelector('#shadowContainer');
+        const nestedShadow = nestedContainer.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
 
         nestedShadow.innerHTML = '<span id="shadowTarget">Text</span>';
         axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-        var target = nestedShadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
-        var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+        const target = nestedShadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
+        const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
         assert.deepEqual(stack, [
           'shadowTarget',
           'shadowContainer',
@@ -512,21 +596,21 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
 
     (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
       'should sort positioned shadow elements correctly',
-      function() {
+      () => {
         fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="container"></div>';
-        var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
-        var shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+        const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+        const shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
 
         shadow.innerHTML =
           '<div id="shadowContainer" style="position: relative; z-index: -1;"></div>';
-        var nestedContainer = shadow.querySelector('#shadowContainer');
-        var nestedShadow = nestedContainer.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+        const nestedContainer = shadow.querySelector('#shadowContainer');
+        const nestedShadow = nestedContainer.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
 
         nestedShadow.innerHTML = '<span id="shadowTarget">Text</span>';
         axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-        var target = nestedShadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
-        var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+        const target = nestedShadow.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
+        const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
         assert.deepEqual(stack, [
           'container',
           'fixture',
@@ -538,20 +622,20 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
 
     (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
       'should sort shadow elements with different trees correctly',
-      function() {
+      () => {
         fixture.innerHTML =
           '<div id="container1"></div><div id="container2"  style="position: absolute; top: 0;">';
-        var container1 = fixture.querySelector('#container1');
-        var shadow1 = container1.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+        const container1 = fixture.querySelector('#container1');
+        const shadow1 = container1.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
         shadow1.innerHTML = '<span id="shadowTarget">Text</span>';
 
-        var container2 = fixture.querySelector('#container2');
-        var shadow2 = container2.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+        const container2 = fixture.querySelector('#container2');
+        const shadow2 = container2.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
         shadow2.innerHTML = '<span id="1">Container 2 text</span>';
         axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-        var target = shadow1.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
-        var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+        const target = shadow1.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
+        const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
         assert.deepEqual(stack, [
           '1',
           'container2',
@@ -561,18 +645,38 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
         ]);
       }
     );
+
+    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)('should sort <slot> elements', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML =
+        '<div id="container" style="height: 100px;"><p id="target">Slotted text</p></div>';
+      const container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+      const shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+
+      shadow.innerHTML =
+        '<div id="shadowContainer" style="position: absolute;"><slot></slot></div>';
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      assert.deepEqual(stack, [
+        'target',
+        'shadowContainer',
+        'container',
+        'fixture'
+      ]);
+    });
   });
 
-  describe('scroll regions', function() {
-    var origHeight = document.documentElement.style.height;
-    var origOverflow = document.documentElement.style.overflowY;
+  describe('scroll regions', () => {
+    const origHeight = document.documentElement.style.height;
+    const origOverflow = document.documentElement.style.overflowY;
 
-    afterEach(function() {
+    afterEach(() => {
       document.documentElement.style.height = origHeight;
       document.documentElement.style.overflowY = origOverflow;
     });
 
-    it('should return stack of scroll regions', function() {
+    it('should return stack of scroll regions', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<main id="1">' +
         '<div id="2" style="overflow:auto">' +
@@ -582,12 +686,12 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
         '</div>' +
         '</main>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       assert.deepEqual(stack, ['target', '3', '2', '1', 'fixture']);
     });
 
-    it('should return stack when scroll region is larger than parent', function() {
+    it('should return stack when scroll region is larger than parent', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<main id="1">' +
         '<div id="2" style="overflow:auto;height:40px">' +
@@ -597,12 +701,12 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
         '</div>' +
         '</main>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       assert.deepEqual(stack, ['target', '3', '2', '1', 'fixture']);
     });
 
-    it('should return stack of recursive scroll regions', function() {
+    it('should return stack of recursive scroll regions', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<main id="1">' +
         '<div id="2" style="overflow:auto;height:40px">' +
@@ -616,12 +720,12 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
         '</div>' +
         '</main>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       assert.deepEqual(stack, ['target', '5', '4', '3', '2', '1', 'fixture']);
     });
 
-    it('should handle html as a scroll region', function() {
+    it('should handle html as a scroll region', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<main id="1">' +
         '<div id="2" style="overflow:auto">' +
@@ -633,12 +737,12 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
       document.documentElement.style.height = '5000px';
       document.documentElement.style.overflowY = 'scroll';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       assert.deepEqual(stack, ['target', '3', '2', '1', 'fixture']);
     });
 
-    it('should use correct scroll region parent', function() {
+    it('should use correct scroll region parent', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="1" style="overflow: scroll; height: 50px;">' +
         '<div id="2" style="overflow: scroll; height: 100px;">' +
@@ -648,8 +752,8 @@ describe('dom.getElementStack', function() {
         '</div>' +
         '</div>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
-      var stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      const stack = mapToIDs(getElementStack(target));
       assert.deepEqual(stack, ['target', '3', '2', '1', 'fixture']);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/get-modal-dialog.js b/test/commons/dom/get-modal-dialog.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..08a5a09c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/dom/get-modal-dialog.js
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+describe('dom.getModalDialog', () => {
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  const getModalDialog = axe.commons.dom.getModalDialog;
+  const { flatTreeSetup } = axe.testUtils;
+
+  it('returns a modal dialog', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = `
+      <dialog id="target"><span>Hello</span></dialog>
+    `;
+    document.querySelector('#target').showModal();
+    const tree = flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+
+    assert.equal(getModalDialog(), vNode);
+  });
+
+  it('returns null for an opened dialog', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = `
+      <dialog open><span>Hello</span></dialog>
+    `;
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isNull(getModalDialog());
+  });
+
+  it('returns null for a closed dialog', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = `
+      <dialog><span>Hello</span></dialog>
+    `;
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isNull(getModalDialog());
+  });
+
+  it('returns null when there is no dialog', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = `
+      <div>World</div>
+    `;
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isNull(getModalDialog());
+  });
+
+  it('returns null if the modal dialog is not visible', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = `
+      <style>dialog[open] { display: none }</style>
+      <dialog id="target"><span>Hello</span></dialog>
+    `;
+    document.querySelector('#target').showModal();
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isNull(getModalDialog());
+  });
+
+  describe('fallback', () => {
+    it('returns true for modal dialog when elementsFromPoint does not return the dialog', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = `
+        <style>dialog::backdrop { display: none; }</style>
+        <dialog id="target"><span>Hello</span></dialog>
+        <div>World</div>
+      `;
+      document.querySelector('#target').showModal();
+      const tree = flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+
+      assert.equal(getModalDialog(), vNode);
+    });
+
+    it('skips checking elements with pointer-events: none', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = `
+        <style>body { pointer-events: none; } dialog::backdrop { display: none; }</style>
+        <dialog id="target"><span>Hello</span></dialog>
+        <div>World</div>
+      `;
+      document.querySelector('#target').showModal();
+      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+      assert.isNull(getModalDialog());
+    });
+
+    it('takes into account a scrolled page', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = `
+        <style>
+          dialog::backdrop { display: none; }
+          #large-scroll { height: 200vh; margin-bottom: 100px; }
+        </style>
+        <div id="large-scroll"></div>
+        <dialog id="target"><span>Hello</span></dialog>
+        <div id="scroll-target">World</div>
+      `;
+      document.querySelector('#scroll-target').scrollIntoView();
+      document.querySelector('#target').showModal();
+      const tree = flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+
+      assert.equal(getModalDialog(), vNode);
+    });
+
+    it('returns the modal dialog when two dialogs are open', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = `
+        <style>dialog::backdrop { display: none; }</style>
+        <dialog id="not-modal" open><span>Hello</span></dialog>
+        <dialog id="target"><span>Hello</span></dialog>
+        <div>World</div>
+      `;
+      document.querySelector('#target').showModal();
+      const tree = flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+
+      assert.equal(getModalDialog(), vNode);
+    });
+
+    it('returns the outer modal when a dialog modal contains a non-dialog modal', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = `
+        <style>dialog::backdrop { display: none; }</style>
+        <dialog id="target">
+          <span>Hello</span>
+          <dialog open>Open modal</dialog>
+        </dialog>
+        <div>World</div>
+      `;
+      document.querySelector('#target').showModal();
+      const tree = flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+
+      assert.equal(getModalDialog(), vNode);
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/get-overflow-hidden-ancestors.js b/test/commons/dom/get-overflow-hidden-ancestors.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..429c67ce4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/dom/get-overflow-hidden-ancestors.js
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+describe('dom.getOverflowHiddenAncestors', () => {
+  const { getOverflowHiddenAncestors } = axe.commons.dom;
+  const { queryFixture } = axe.testUtils;
+
+  function ids(vNodes) {
+    return vNodes.map(vNode => vNode.props.id);
+  }
+
+  it('returns parent node', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      <div style="overflow: hidden">
+        <div id="target"></div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+
+    const actual = getOverflowHiddenAncestors(vNode);
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, [vNode.parent]);
+  });
+
+  it('returns ancestor node', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      <div style="overflow: hidden">
+        <div>
+          <div id="target"></div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+
+    const actual = getOverflowHiddenAncestors(vNode);
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, [vNode.parent.parent]);
+  });
+
+  it('returns itself', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      `<div id="target" style="overflow: hidden"></div>`
+    );
+
+    const actual = getOverflowHiddenAncestors(vNode);
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, [vNode]);
+  });
+
+  it('returns all nodes with overflow:hidden', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      <div id="1" style="overflow: hidden">
+        <div>
+          <div>
+            <div id="2" style="overflow: hidden">
+              <div id="target" style="overflow: hidden"></div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = getOverflowHiddenAncestors(vNode);
+    assert.deepEqual(ids(actual), ['target', '2', '1']);
+  });
+
+  it('ignores other overflow types', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      <div id="1" style="overflow: visible">
+        <div>
+          <div>
+            <div id="2" style="overflow: hidden">
+              <div id="target" style="overflow: auto"></div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const actual = getOverflowHiddenAncestors(vNode);
+    assert.deepEqual(ids(actual), ['2']);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/get-scroll-offset.js b/test/commons/dom/get-scroll-offset.js
index 6c83215d2..5445ff4af 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/get-scroll-offset.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/get-scroll-offset.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-describe('dom.getScrollOffset', function() {
+describe('dom.getScrollOffset', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should return scrollTop and scrollLeft for normal nodes', function() {
+  it('should return scrollTop and scrollLeft for normal nodes', function () {
     var offset = axe.commons.dom.getScrollOffset({
       nodeType: 3,
       scrollTop: 42,
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ describe('dom.getScrollOffset', function() {
     assert.equal(offset.top, 42);
   });
 
-  it('should get the scroll from the documentElement if a document is passed in', function() {
+  it('should get the scroll from the documentElement if a document is passed in', function () {
     var offset = axe.commons.dom.getScrollOffset({
       nodeType: 9,
       documentElement: {
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ describe('dom.getScrollOffset', function() {
     assert.equal(offset.top, 42);
   });
 
-  it('should get the scroll from the document.body if a document is passed in and it has no documentElement', function() {
+  it('should get the scroll from the document.body if a document is passed in and it has no documentElement', function () {
     var offset = axe.commons.dom.getScrollOffset({
       nodeType: 9,
       body: {
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ describe('dom.getScrollOffset', function() {
     assert.equal(offset.top, 42);
   });
 
-  it('should work on a window object', function() {
+  it('should work on a window object', function () {
     var offset = axe.commons.dom.getScrollOffset({
       document: {
         nodeType: 9,
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/get-tabbable-elements.js b/test/commons/dom/get-tabbable-elements.js
index 59605b279..08254191e 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/get-tabbable-elements.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/get-tabbable-elements.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('dom.getTabbableElements', function() {
+describe('dom.getTabbableElements', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ describe('dom.getTabbableElements', function() {
   var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
   var getTabbableElementsFn = axe.commons.dom.getTabbableElements;
 
-  it('returns tabbable elms when node contains tabbable element', function() {
+  it('returns tabbable elms when node contains tabbable element', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target">' +
         '<label>Enter description:' +
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ describe('dom.getTabbableElements', function() {
     assert.equal(actual[0].actualNode.nodeName.toUpperCase(), 'TEXTAREA');
   });
 
-  it('returns empty [] when element does not contains tabbable element (using tabindex to take element out of tab-order)', function() {
+  it('returns empty [] when element does not contains tabbable element (using tabindex to take element out of tab-order)', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target">' + '<input tabindex="-1">' + '</div>'
     );
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ describe('dom.getTabbableElements', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(actual, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns empty [] when element contains disabled (tabbable) element', function() {
+  it('returns empty [] when element contains disabled (tabbable) element', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target">' + '<button disabled>Submit Me</button>' + '</div>'
     );
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ describe('dom.getTabbableElements', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(actual, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns empty [] when element does not contain tabbable element', function() {
+  it('returns empty [] when element does not contain tabbable element', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target">' + '<p>Some text</p>' + '</div>'
     );
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ describe('dom.getTabbableElements', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'returns tabbable elms when element contains tabbable element inside shadowDOM',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var fixture = injectIntoFixture('<div id="target"></div>`');
       var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ describe('dom.getTabbableElements', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'returns empty [] when element contains disabled (tabbable) element inside shadowDOM',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var fixture = injectIntoFixture('<div id="target"></div>`');
       var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ describe('dom.getTabbableElements', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'returns empty [] when element does not contain tabbable element inside shadowDOM',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var fixture = injectIntoFixture('<div id="target"></div>`');
       var node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
       var shadow = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/get-target-rects.js b/test/commons/dom/get-target-rects.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f25abe291
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/dom/get-target-rects.js
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+describe('get-target-rects', () => {
+  const getTargetRects = axe.commons.dom.getTargetRects;
+  const { queryFixture } = axe.testUtils;
+
+  it('returns the bounding rect when unobscured', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target">x</button>');
+    const rects = getTargetRects(vNode);
+    assert.deepEqual(rects, [vNode.actualNode.getBoundingClientRect()]);
+  });
+
+  it('returns subset rect when obscured', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      <button id="target" style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px">x</button>
+      <div style="position: absolute; left: 30px; top: 0; width: 50px; height: 50px;"></div>
+    `);
+    const rects = getTargetRects(vNode);
+    assert.deepEqual(rects, [new DOMRect(10, 5, 20, 40)]);
+  });
+
+  it('ignores elements with "pointer-events: none"', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      <button id="target" style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px">x</button>
+      <div style="position: absolute; left: 30px; top: 0; width: 50px; height: 50px; pointer-events: none"></div>
+    `);
+    const rects = getTargetRects(vNode);
+    assert.deepEqual(rects, [vNode.actualNode.getBoundingClientRect()]);
+  });
+
+  it("ignores elements that don't overlap the target", () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      <button id="target" style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px">x</button>
+      <div style="position: absolute; left: 60px; top: 0; width: 50px; height: 50px;"></div>
+    `);
+    const rects = getTargetRects(vNode);
+    assert.deepEqual(rects, [vNode.actualNode.getBoundingClientRect()]);
+  });
+
+  it('ignores non-tabbable descendants of the target', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      <button id="target" style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px">
+        <div style="position: absolute; left: 5px; top: 5px; width: 50px; height: 50px;"></div>
+      </button>
+    `);
+    const rects = getTargetRects(vNode);
+    assert.deepEqual(rects, [vNode.actualNode.getBoundingClientRect()]);
+  });
+
+  it('returns each unobscured area', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      <button id="target" style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px">x</button>
+      <div style="position: absolute; left: 30px; top: 0; width: 50px; height: 50px;"></div>
+      <div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 20px; width: 50px; height: 10px"></div>
+    `);
+    const rects = getTargetRects(vNode);
+    assert.deepEqual(rects, [
+      new DOMRect(10, 5, 20, 15),
+      new DOMRect(10, 30, 20, 15)
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('returns empty if target is fully obscured', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      <button id="target" style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px">x</button>
+      <div style="position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; width: 50px; height: 50px;"></div>
+    `);
+    const rects = getTargetRects(vNode);
+    assert.lengthOf(rects, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('returns subset rect of the target with tabbable descendant', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      <button id="target" style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px">
+        <div tabindex="0" style="position: absolute; left: 5px; top: 5px; width: 50px; height: 50px;"></div>
+      </button>
+    `);
+    const rects = getTargetRects(vNode);
+    console.log(JSON.stringify(rects));
+    assert.deepEqual(rects, [
+      new DOMRect(10, 5, 30, 7),
+      new DOMRect(10, 5, 7, 40)
+    ]);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/get-target-size.js b/test/commons/dom/get-target-size.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..10bda5130
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/dom/get-target-size.js
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+describe('get-target-size', () => {
+  const getTargetSize = axe.commons.dom.getTargetSize;
+  const { queryFixture } = axe.testUtils;
+
+  it('returns the bounding rect when unobscured', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target">x</button>');
+    const rect = getTargetSize(vNode);
+    assert.deepEqual(rect, vNode.actualNode.getBoundingClientRect());
+  });
+
+  it('returns target size when obscured', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      <button id="target" style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px">x</button>
+      <div style="position: absolute; left: 30px; top: 0; width: 50px; height: 50px;"></div>
+    `);
+    const rect = getTargetSize(vNode);
+    assert.deepEqual(rect, new DOMRect(10, 5, 20, 40));
+  });
+
+  it('ignores elements with "pointer-events: none"', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      <button id="target" style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px">x</button>
+      <div style="position: absolute; left: 30px; top: 0; width: 50px; height: 50px; pointer-events: none"></div>
+    `);
+    const rect = getTargetSize(vNode);
+    assert.deepEqual(rect, vNode.actualNode.getBoundingClientRect());
+  });
+
+  it("ignores elements that don't overlap the target", () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      <button id="target" style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px">x</button>
+      <div style="position: absolute; left: 60px; top: 0; width: 50px; height: 50px;"></div>
+    `);
+    const rect = getTargetSize(vNode);
+    assert.deepEqual(rect, vNode.actualNode.getBoundingClientRect());
+  });
+
+  it('returns the largest unobscured area', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      <button id="target" style="width: 30px; height: 40px; position: absolute; left: 10px; top: 5px">x</button>
+      <div style="position: absolute; left: 30px; top: 0; width: 50px; height: 50px;"></div>
+      <div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 50px; height: 10px"></div>
+    `);
+    const rect = getTargetSize(vNode);
+    assert.deepEqual(rect, new DOMRect(10, 10, 20, 35));
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/get-text-element-stack.js b/test/commons/dom/get-text-element-stack.js
index a06387bde..ed8c32258 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/get-text-element-stack.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/get-text-element-stack.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('dom.getTextElementStack', function() {
+describe('dom.getTextElementStack', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -6,19 +6,19 @@ describe('dom.getTextElementStack', function() {
 
   function mapToIDs(stack) {
     return stack
-      .map(function(node) {
+      .map(function (node) {
         return node.id;
       })
-      .filter(function(id) {
+      .filter(function (id) {
         return !!id;
       });
   }
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return array of client text rects', function() {
+  it('should return array of client text rects', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<main id="1">' +
       '<div id="target">' +
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ describe('dom.getTextElementStack', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(stacks, [['target', '1', 'fixture']]);
   });
 
-  it('should ignore newline characters', function() {
+  it('should ignore newline characters', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<main id="1">' +
       '<div id="target">' +
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ describe('dom.getTextElementStack', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(stacks, [['target', '1', 'fixture']]);
   });
 
-  it('should handle truncated text', function() {
+  it('should handle truncated text', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<main id="1">' +
       '<div id="target" style="overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; width: 100px;">' +
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ describe('dom.getTextElementStack', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(stacks, [['target', '1', 'fixture']]);
   });
 
-  it('should handle text that is too large for the container', function() {
+  it('should handle text that is too large for the container', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<pre id="1" style="width: 400px; overflow: auto;">' +
       '<span id="target" style="display: flex; width: 400px;">\n\n' +
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ describe('dom.getTextElementStack', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(stacks, [['target', '1', 'fixture']]);
   });
 
-  it('should handle text that overflows outside the parent', function() {
+  it('should handle text that overflows outside the parent', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="1" style="width: 250px; overflow: hidden">' +
       '<p id="target" style="max-height: 80px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 20px; font-size: 13px;">The Chandni Chowk (Moonlight Square) is one of the oldest and busiest markets in Old Delhi, India. Chandni Chowk is located close to Old Delhi Railway Station. The Red Fort monument is located within the market. It was built in the 17th century by Mughal Emperor of India Shah Jahan and designed by his daughter Jahanara. The market was once divided by canals (now closed) to reflect moonlight and remains one of India\'s largest wholesale markets.</p>' +
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/get-viewport-size.js b/test/commons/dom/get-viewport-size.js
index 29dae9a1e..9bf26f373 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/get-viewport-size.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/get-viewport-size.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-describe('dom.getViewportSize', function() {
+describe('dom.getViewportSize', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should return an object with width and height', function() {
+  it('should return an object with width and height', function () {
     var result = axe.commons.dom.getViewportSize(window);
 
     assert.property(result, 'width');
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ describe('dom.getViewportSize', function() {
     assert.isNumber(result.height);
   });
 
-  it('should have some fallbacks for old browsers', function() {
+  it('should have some fallbacks for old browsers', function () {
     var result = axe.commons.dom.getViewportSize({
       document: {},
       innerWidth: 12,
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/get-visible-child-text-rects.js b/test/commons/dom/get-visible-child-text-rects.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..844e8ea3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/dom/get-visible-child-text-rects.js
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+describe('dom.getVisibleChildTextRects', () => {
+  const { getVisibleChildTextRects } = axe.commons.dom;
+  const { fixtureSetup } = axe.testUtils;
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+
+  /**
+   * Get client rects of a node and filter out newline characters.
+   * @param {Element} node
+   */
+  function getClientRects(node) {
+    return Array.from(node.getClientRects()).filter(
+      rect => rect.width > 1 && rect.height > 1
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Assert that two DOMRect arrays are equal.
+   * @param {DOMRect[]} actualRects
+   * @param {DOMRect[]} expectedRects
+   */
+  function assertRectsEqual(actualRects, expectedRects) {
+    assert.equal(actualRects.length, expectedRects.length);
+    actualRects.forEach((rect, index) => {
+      const actual = actualRects[index];
+      const expected = expectedRects[index];
+
+      assert.approximately(actual.left, expected.left, 1, 'left');
+      assert.approximately(actual.top, expected.top, 1, 'top');
+      assert.approximately(actual.width, expected.width, 1, 'width');
+      assert.approximately(actual.height, expected.height, 1, 'height');
+    });
+  }
+
+  it('returns the text rect of a node', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(`<span>Hello</span>`);
+    const node = fixture.firstChild;
+    const actual = getVisibleChildTextRects(node);
+
+    assertRectsEqual(actual, getClientRects(node));
+  });
+
+  it('returns multiple text rects and filters out newlines', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(`<span>Hello<br/>World</span>`);
+    const node = fixture.firstChild;
+    const actual = getVisibleChildTextRects(node);
+
+    assertRectsEqual(actual, getClientRects(node));
+  });
+
+  it('returns the nodes bounding box if text rects escape bounds of node', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(`<div style="width: 10px;">Hello World</div>`);
+    const node = fixture.firstChild;
+    const actual = getVisibleChildTextRects(node);
+
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, [node.getBoundingClientRect()]);
+  });
+
+  it('changes rect size based on overflow of parent', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(`
+      <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 10px;">
+        <span id="target">Hello</span>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const actual = getVisibleChildTextRects(node);
+    const rect = getClientRects(node)[0];
+    const expected = new DOMRect(rect.left, rect.top, 10, rect.height);
+
+    assertRectsEqual(actual, [expected]);
+  });
+
+  it('changes rect size based on overflow of all ancestors', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(`
+      <div style="overflow: hidden; height: 10px;">
+        <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 10px;">
+          <span id="target">Hello</span>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const actual = getVisibleChildTextRects(node);
+    const rect = getClientRects(node)[0];
+    const expected = new DOMRect(rect.left, rect.top, 10, 10);
+
+    assertRectsEqual(actual, [expected]);
+  });
+
+  it('changes only the rect size of text rects that go outside ancestor overflow', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(`
+      <div style="overflow: hidden; height: 25px">
+        <span id="target">Hello<br/>World</span>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const actual = getVisibleChildTextRects(node);
+    const rects = getClientRects(node);
+    const expected = [
+      rects[0],
+      new DOMRect(
+        rects[1].left,
+        rects[1].top,
+        rects[1].width,
+        25 - rects[1].height
+      )
+    ];
+
+    assertRectsEqual(actual, expected);
+  });
+
+  it('does not return rects outside overflows', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(`
+      <div style="overflow: hidden; height: 50px;">
+        <div style="overflow: hidden; height: 25px">
+          <span id="target">Hello<br/>World<br/>Goodbye<br/>World</span>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const actual = getVisibleChildTextRects(node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(actual, 2);
+  });
+
+  it('changes nodeRect size if all text rects got outside ancestor overflow', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(`
+      <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 50px;">
+        <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 25px">
+          <div id="target" style="padding-left: 65px;">Hello World</div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `);
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    const actual = getVisibleChildTextRects(node);
+    const rect = getClientRects(node)[0];
+    const expected = new DOMRect(rect.left, rect.top, 25, rect.height);
+
+    assertRectsEqual(actual, [expected]);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/has-content-virtual.js b/test/commons/dom/has-content-virtual.js
index cf005662f..550cade8f 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/has-content-virtual.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/has-content-virtual.js
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 /* global xit */
-describe('dom.hasContentVirtual', function() {
+describe('dom.hasContentVirtual', function () {
   'use strict';
   var hasContentVirtual = axe.commons.dom.hasContentVirtual;
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
   var tree;
 
-  it('returns false if there is no content', function() {
+  it('returns false if there is no content', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target">	</div>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ describe('dom.hasContentVirtual', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false if there are non-visual elements', function() {
+  it('returns false if there are non-visual elements', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"> <span></span> </div>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ describe('dom.hasContentVirtual', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('is true if the element has non-empty text', function() {
+  it('is true if the element has non-empty text', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"> text </div>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ describe('dom.hasContentVirtual', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('is true if the element has an aria label', function() {
+  it('is true if the element has an aria label', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" aria-label="my-label">	</div>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ describe('dom.hasContentVirtual', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('is false if the element has an aria label but `ignoreAria=true`', function() {
+  it('is false if the element has an aria label but `ignoreAria=true`', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" aria-label="my-label">	</div>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ describe('dom.hasContentVirtual', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('is true if the element contains visual content', function() {
+  it('is true if the element contains visual content', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"> <img src=""> </div>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ describe('dom.hasContentVirtual', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('is true if the element contains a node with a aria-label', function() {
+  it('is true if the element contains a node with a aria-label', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target"> <span aria-label="my-label"></span> </div>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ describe('dom.hasContentVirtual', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('is false if the element does not show text', function() {
+  it('is false if the element does not show text', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<style id="target"> #foo { color: green } </style>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ describe('dom.hasContentVirtual', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('is called through hasContent, with a DOM node', function() {
+  it('is called through hasContent, with a DOM node', function () {
     var hasContent = axe.commons.dom.hasContent;
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"> text </div>';
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ describe('dom.hasContentVirtual', function() {
     assert.isFalse(hasContent(fixture.querySelector('#target')));
   });
 
-  it('is false if noRecursion is true and the content is not in a child', function() {
+  it('is false if noRecursion is true and the content is not in a child', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"><span> text </span></div>';
     tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
 
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ describe('dom.hasContentVirtual', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport ? it : xit)(
     'looks at content of shadow dom elements',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div>';
       var shadow = fixture
         .querySelector('#target')
@@ -111,16 +111,19 @@ describe('dom.hasContentVirtual', function() {
     }
   );
 
-  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)('looks at the slots in a shadow tree', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="shadow">some text</div>';
-    var shadow = fixture
-      .querySelector('#shadow')
-      .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-    shadow.innerHTML = '<div class="target"><slot></slot></div>';
-    tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+  (shadowSupport ? it : xit)(
+    'looks at the slots in a shadow tree',
+    function () {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="shadow">some text</div>';
+      var shadow = fixture
+        .querySelector('#shadow')
+        .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      shadow.innerHTML = '<div class="target"><slot></slot></div>';
+      tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
 
-    assert.isTrue(
-      hasContentVirtual(axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '.target')[0])
-    );
-  });
+      assert.isTrue(
+        hasContentVirtual(axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '.target')[0])
+      );
+    }
+  );
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/has-lang-text.js b/test/commons/dom/has-lang-text.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a2221b2bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/dom/has-lang-text.js
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+describe('dom.hasLangText', function () {
+  'use strict';
+  var hasLangText = axe.commons.dom.hasLangText;
+  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  var tree;
+
+  it('returns true when the element has a non-empty text node as its content', function () {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target">  text  </div>';
+    tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+    assert.isTrue(hasLangText(target));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true when the element has nested text node as its content', function () {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"> <span> text </span> </div>';
+    tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+    assert.isTrue(hasLangText(target));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false when the element has nested text is hidden', function () {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"> <span hidden> text </span> </div>';
+    tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+    assert.isFalse(hasLangText(target));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true when the element has nested text is aria-hidden', function () {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<div id="target"> <span aria-hidden="true"> text </span> </div>';
+    tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+    assert.isTrue(hasLangText(target));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true when the element has nested text is off screen', function () {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<div id="target">' +
+      '  <span style="position: absolute; top:-99em;"> text </span> ' +
+      '</div>';
+    tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+    assert.isTrue(hasLangText(target));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false when the element has an empty text node as its content', function () {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target">  <!-- comment -->  </div>';
+    tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+    assert.isFalse(hasLangText(target));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false if all text is in a child with a lang attribute', function () {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"><span lang="en"> text </span></div>';
+    tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+    assert.isFalse(hasLangText(target));
+  });
+
+  it('does not skip if lang is on the starting node', function () {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" lang="en"><span> text </span></div>';
+    tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+    assert.isTrue(hasLangText(target));
+  });
+
+  it('ignores empty lang attributes', function () {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"><span lang=""> text </span></div>';
+    tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+    assert.isTrue(hasLangText(target));
+  });
+
+  it('ignores null lang attributes', function () {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"><span lang> text </span></div>';
+    tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+    assert.isTrue(hasLangText(target));
+  });
+
+  it('true for non-text content with an accessible name', function () {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"><img alt="foo"></div>';
+    tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+    assert.isTrue(hasLangText(target));
+  });
+
+  it('false for non-text content without accessible name', function () {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"><img alt=""></div>';
+    tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+    assert.isFalse(hasLangText(target));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for non-text content with a lang attr', function () {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"><img alt="foo" lang="en"></div>';
+    tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+    assert.isFalse(hasLangText(target));
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/idrefs.js b/test/commons/dom/idrefs.js
index 4afc76557..b18761223 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/idrefs.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/idrefs.js
@@ -15,17 +15,17 @@ function makeShadowTreeIDR(node) {
   div.appendChild(createContentIDR());
 }
 
-describe('dom.idrefs', function() {
+describe('dom.idrefs', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should find referenced nodes by ID', function() {
+  it('should find referenced nodes by ID', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div aria-cats="target1 target2" id="start"></div>' +
       '<div id="target1"></div><div id="target2"></div>';
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ describe('dom.idrefs', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'should find only referenced nodes within the current root: shadow DOM',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       // shadow DOM v1 - note: v0 is compatible with this code, so no need
       // to specifically test this
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div target="target"><div id="target"></div></div>';
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ describe('dom.idrefs', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'should find only referenced nodes within the current root: document',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       // shadow DOM v1 - note: v0 is compatible with this code, so no need
       // to specifically test this
       fixture.innerHTML =
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ describe('dom.idrefs', function() {
     }
   );
 
-  it('should insert null if a reference is not found', function() {
+  it('should insert null if a reference is not found', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div aria-cats="target1 target2 target3" id="start"></div>' +
       '<div id="target1"></div><div id="target2"></div>';
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ describe('dom.idrefs', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should not fail when extra whitespace is used', function() {
+  it('should not fail when extra whitespace is used', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div aria-cats="    \ttarget1 \n  target2  target3 \n\t" id="start"></div>' +
       '<div id="target1"></div><div id="target2"></div>';
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/inserted-into-focus-order.js b/test/commons/dom/inserted-into-focus-order.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e3e06186f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/dom/inserted-into-focus-order.js
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+describe('dom.insertedIntoFocusOrder', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const { fixtureSetup } = axe.testUtils;
+  const insertedIntoFocusOrder = axe.commons.dom.insertedIntoFocusOrder;
+
+  function hideByClipping(el) {
+    el.style.cssText =
+      'position: absolute !important;' +
+      ' clip: rect(0px 0px 0px 0px); /* IE6, IE7 */' +
+      ' clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px);';
+  }
+
+  function hideByMovingOffScreen(el) {
+    el.style.cssText =
+      'position:absolute;' +
+      ' left:-10000px;' +
+      ' top:auto;' +
+      ' width:1px;' +
+      ' height:1px;' +
+      ' overflow:hidden;';
+  }
+
+  it('should return true for span with tabindex 0', () => {
+    fixtureSetup('<span id="spanTabindex0" tabindex="0"></span>');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#spanTabindex0');
+
+    assert.isTrue(insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for clipped span with tabindex 0', () => {
+    fixtureSetup('<span id="clippedSpanTabindex0" tabindex="0"></span>');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#clippedSpanTabindex0');
+    hideByClipping(node);
+
+    assert.isTrue(insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for off screen span with tabindex 0', () => {
+    fixtureSetup('<span id="offScreenSpanTabindex0" tabindex="0"></span>');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#offScreenSpanTabindex0');
+    hideByMovingOffScreen(node);
+
+    assert.isTrue(insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for span with negative tabindex', () => {
+    fixtureSetup('<span id="spanNegativeTabindex" tabindex="-1"></span>');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#spanNegativeTabindex');
+
+    assert.isFalse(insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for native button with tabindex 0', () => {
+    fixtureSetup('<button id="nativeButtonTabindex0" tabindex="0"></button>');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#nativeButtonTabindex0');
+
+    assert.isFalse(insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for native button with tabindex implicitly 0', () => {
+    fixtureSetup('<button id="nativeButtonTabindexImplicitly0"></button>');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#nativeButtonTabindexImplicitly0');
+
+    assert.isFalse(insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for anchor with href and positive tabindex', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(
+      '<a id="anchorWithHrefAndPositiveTabindex" href="javascript:void(0)" tabindex="1"></a>'
+    );
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#anchorWithHrefAndPositiveTabindex');
+
+    assert.isFalse(insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for input with tabindex 0', () => {
+    fixtureSetup('<input id="inputWithTabindex0" tabindex="0">');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#inputWithTabindex0');
+
+    assert.isFalse(insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for off screen native button with tabindex 0', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(
+      '<button id="offScreenNativeButtonTabindex0" tabindex="0"></button>'
+    );
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#offScreenNativeButtonTabindex0');
+    hideByMovingOffScreen(node);
+
+    assert.isFalse(insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for off screen anchor with href and tabindex 1', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(
+      '<a id="offScreenAnchorWithHrefTabindex1" href="javascript:void(0)" tabindex="1"></a>'
+    );
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#offScreenAnchorWithHrefTabindex1');
+    hideByMovingOffScreen(node);
+
+    assert.isFalse(insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for off screen input with tabindex 0', () => {
+    fixtureSetup('<input id="offScreenInputWithTabindex0" tabindex="0">');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#offScreenInputWithTabindex0');
+    hideByMovingOffScreen(node);
+
+    assert.isFalse(insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for clipped native button with tabindex 0', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(
+      '<button id="clippedNativeButtonTabindex0" tabindex="0"></button>'
+    );
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#clippedNativeButtonTabindex0');
+    hideByClipping(node);
+
+    assert.isFalse(insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for display none native button with tabindex 0', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(
+      '<button id="displayNoneNativeButtonTabindex0" tabindex="0"></button>'
+    );
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#displayNoneNativeButtonTabindex0');
+
+    assert.isFalse(insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for clipped anchor with href and tabindex 1', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(
+      '<a id="clippedAnchorWithHrefTabindex1" href="javascript:void(0)" tabindex="1"></a>'
+    );
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#clippedAnchorWithHrefTabindex1');
+    hideByClipping(node);
+
+    assert.isFalse(insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for display none anchor with href and tabindex 1', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(
+      '<a id="displayNoneAnchorWithHrefTabindex1" href="javascript:void(0)" tabindex="1"></a>'
+    );
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#displayNoneAnchorWithHrefTabindex1');
+
+    assert.isFalse(insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for clipped input with tabindex 0', () => {
+    fixtureSetup('<input id="clippedInputWithTabindex0" tabindex="0">');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#clippedInputWithTabindex0');
+    hideByClipping(node);
+
+    assert.isFalse(insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for display none input with tabindex 0', () => {
+    fixtureSetup('<input id="displayNoneInputWithTabindex0" tabindex="0">');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#displayNoneInputWithTabindex0');
+
+    assert.isFalse(insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for hidden native button with tabindex 0', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(
+      '<button id="hiddenNativeButtonTabindex0" tabindex="0"></button>'
+    );
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#hiddenNativeButtonTabindex0');
+
+    assert.isFalse(insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for hidden anchor with href and tabindex 1', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(
+      '<a id="hiddenAnchorWithHrefTabindex1" href="javascript:void(0)" tabindex="1"></a>'
+    );
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#hiddenAnchorWithHrefTabindex1');
+
+    assert.isFalse(insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for hidden input with tabindex 0', () => {
+    fixtureSetup('<input id="hiddenInputWithTabindex0" tabindex="0">');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#hiddenInputWithTabindex0');
+
+    assert.isFalse(insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for disabled native button with tabindex 0', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(
+      '<button id="disabledNativeButtonTabindex0" tabindex="0" disabled></button>'
+    );
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#disabledNativeButtonTabindex0');
+
+    assert.isFalse(insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for disabled input with tabindex 0', () => {
+    fixtureSetup('<input id="disabledInputTabindex0" tabindex="0" disabled>');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#disabledInputTabindex0');
+
+    assert.isFalse(insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for an invalid tabindex', () => {
+    fixtureSetup('<span id="spanTabindexInvalid" tabindex="invalid"></span>');
+    const node = fixture.querySelector('#spanTabindexInvalid');
+
+    assert.isFalse(insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-current-page-link.js b/test/commons/dom/is-current-page-link.js
index df840c75f..1ba00abfa 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/is-current-page-link.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-current-page-link.js
@@ -1,64 +1,64 @@
-describe('is-current-page-link', function() {
+describe('is-current-page-link', function () {
   var isCurrentPageLink = axe.commons.dom.isCurrentPageLink;
   var currentPage = window.location.origin + window.location.pathname;
   var base;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     if (base) {
       document.head.removeChild(base);
     }
   });
 
-  it('should return true for hash links', function() {
+  it('should return true for hash links', function () {
     var anchor = document.createElement('a');
     anchor.href = '#main';
     document.body.appendChild(anchor);
     assert.isTrue(isCurrentPageLink(anchor));
   });
 
-  it('should return true for relative links to the same page', function() {
+  it('should return true for relative links to the same page', function () {
     var anchor = document.createElement('a');
     anchor.href = window.location.pathname;
     assert.isTrue(isCurrentPageLink(anchor));
   });
 
-  it('should return true for absolute links to the same page', function() {
+  it('should return true for absolute links to the same page', function () {
     var anchor = document.createElement('a');
     anchor.href = currentPage;
     assert.isTrue(isCurrentPageLink(anchor));
   });
 
-  it('should return true for angular skip links', function() {
+  it('should return true for angular skip links', function () {
     var anchor = document.createElement('a');
     anchor.href = '/#main';
     assert.isTrue(isCurrentPageLink(anchor));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for just "#"', function() {
+  it('should return false for just "#"', function () {
     var anchor = document.createElement('a');
     anchor.href = '#';
     assert.isFalse(isCurrentPageLink(anchor));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for relative links to a different page', function() {
+  it('should return false for relative links to a different page', function () {
     var anchor = document.createElement('a');
     anchor.href = '/foo/bar/index.html';
     assert.isFalse(isCurrentPageLink(anchor));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for absolute links to a different page', function() {
+  it('should return false for absolute links to a different page', function () {
     var anchor = document.createElement('a');
     anchor.href = 'https://my-page.com/foo/bar/index.html';
     assert.isFalse(isCurrentPageLink(anchor));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for angular router links (#!)', function() {
+  it('should return false for angular router links (#!)', function () {
     var anchor = document.createElement('a');
     anchor.href = '#!main';
     assert.isFalse(isCurrentPageLink(anchor));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for angular router links (#/)', function() {
+  it('should return false for angular router links (#/)', function () {
     var anchor = document.createElement('a');
     anchor.href = '#/main';
     assert.isFalse(isCurrentPageLink(anchor));
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-focusable.js b/test/commons/dom/is-focusable.js
index ee7595308..34bf27d3f 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/is-focusable.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-focusable.js
@@ -1,665 +1,175 @@
-describe('is-focusable', function() {
-  function hideByClipping(el) {
-    el.style.cssText =
-      'position: absolute !important;' +
-      ' clip: rect(0px 0px 0px 0px); /* IE6, IE7 */' +
-      ' clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px);';
-  }
-
-  function hideByMovingOffScreen(el) {
-    el.style.cssText =
-      'position:absolute;' +
-      ' left:-10000px;' +
-      ' top:auto;' +
-      ' width:1px;' +
-      ' height:1px;' +
-      ' overflow:hidden;';
-  }
-
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-  var flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
-
-  describe('dom.isFocusable', function() {
-    'use strict';
-
-    var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-
-    afterEach(function() {
-      document.getElementById('fixture').innerHTML = '';
-    });
-
-    it('should return true for visible, enabled textareas', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<textarea id="target"></textarea>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return true for visible, enabled selects', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<select id="target"></select>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return true for visible, enabled buttons', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<button id="target"></button>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return true for visible, enabled, non-hidden inputs', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="text" id="target">';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for non-element nodes', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<span id="target">Hello World</span>';
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var el = document.getElementById('target').childNodes[0];
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for disabled elements', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="text" id="target" disabled>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for hidden inputs', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="hidden" id="target">';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for hidden inputs with tabindex', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="hidden" tabindex="1" id="target">';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for hidden buttons with tabindex', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<button style="visibility:hidden" tabindex="0" id="target"></button>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for disabled buttons with tabindex', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<button tabindex="0" id="target" disabled></button>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for non-visible elements', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="text" id="target" style="display: none">';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+describe('dom.isFocusable', () => {
+  const flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
-    });
+  it('should return true for visible, enabled textareas', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<textarea id="target"></textarea>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    it('should return true for an anchor with an href', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="something.html" id="target"></a>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for an anchor with no href', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<a name="anchor" id="target"></a>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return true for a div with a tabindex with spaces', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" tabindex="	  0   "></div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return true for a div with a tabindex', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" tabindex="0"></div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for a div with a non-numeric tabindex', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" tabindex="x"></div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return true for a summary element', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<details><summary id="target">Summary</summary><p>Detail</p></details>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return true for a details element without a summary element', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<details id="target"><p>Detail</p></details>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for a details element with a summary element', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<details id="target"><summary>Summary</summary><p>Detail</p></details>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for visible, enabled selects', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<select id="target"></select>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for visible, enabled buttons', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<button id="target"></button>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for visible, enabled, non-hidden inputs', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="text" id="target">';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for non-element nodes', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<span id="target">Hello World</span>';
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    const el = document.getElementById('target').childNodes[0];
+
+    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for disabled elements', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="text" id="target" disabled>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
+  });
 
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for a div with no tabindex', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+  it('should return false for hidden inputs', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="hidden" id="target">';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
-    });
+    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
   });
 
-  describe('dom.isNativelyFocusable', function() {
-    'use strict';
+  it('should return false for hidden inputs with tabindex', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="hidden" tabindex="1" id="target">';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
+  });
 
-    afterEach(function() {
-      document.getElementById('fixture').innerHTML = '';
-    });
+  it('should return false for hidden buttons with tabindex', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<button style="visibility:hidden" tabindex="0" id="target"></button>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    it('should return true for buttons with redundant tabindex', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<button tabindex="0" id="target"></button>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
+  });
 
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isNativelyFocusable(el));
-    });
+  it('should return false for disabled buttons with tabindex', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<button tabindex="0" id="target" disabled></button>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    it('should return true for buttons with tabindex -1', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<button tabindex="-1" id="target"></button>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
+  });
 
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isNativelyFocusable(el));
-    });
+  it('should return false for non-visible elements', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="text" id="target" style="display: none">';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    it('should return true for visible, enabled textareas', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<textarea id="target"></textarea>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
+  });
 
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isNativelyFocusable(el));
-    });
+  it('should return true for an anchor with an href', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="something.html" id="target"></a>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    it('should return true for visible, enabled selects', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<select id="target"></select>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
+  });
 
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isNativelyFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return true for visible, enabled buttons', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<button id="target"></button>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+  it('should return false for an anchor with no href', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<a name="anchor" id="target"></a>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isNativelyFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return true for visible, enabled, non-hidden inputs', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="text" id="target">';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isNativelyFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for disabled elements', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="text" id="target" disabled>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isNativelyFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for hidden inputs', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="hidden" id="target">';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isNativelyFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for elements hidden with display:none', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<button id="target" style="display: none">button</button>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isNativelyFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for elements hidden with visibility:hidden', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<button id="target" style="visibility: hidden">button</button>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isNativelyFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for elements collapsed with visibility:collapse', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<button id="target" style="visibility: collapse">button</button>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isNativelyFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return true for clipped elements', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<button id="target">button</button>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      hideByClipping(el);
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isNativelyFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return true for elements positioned off screen', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<button id="target">button</button>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      hideByMovingOffScreen(el);
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isNativelyFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for elements hidden with display:none on an ancestor', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="parent" style="display:none"><button id="target">button</button></div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isNativelyFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for elements hidden with visibility:hidden on an ancestor', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="parent" style="visibility: hidden"><button id="target">button</button></div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isNativelyFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for elements collapsed with visibility:collapse on an ancestor', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="parent" style="visibility: collapse"><button id="target">button</button></div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isNativelyFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return true for elements with a clipped ancestor', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="parent"><button id="target">button</button></div>';
-      hideByClipping(document.getElementById('parent'));
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isNativelyFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return true for elements off-screened by an ancestor', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="parent"><button id="target">button</button></div>';
-      hideByMovingOffScreen(document.getElementById('parent'));
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isNativelyFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for hidden inputs with tabindex', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="hidden" tabindex="1" id="target">';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for disabled inputs with tabindex', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input tabindex="1" id="target" disabled>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for hidden buttons with tabindex', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<button style="visibility:hidden" tabindex="0" id="target"></button>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for disabled buttons with tabindex', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<button tabindex="0" id="target" disabled></button>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return true for an anchor with an href', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="something.html" id="target"></a>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isNativelyFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for an anchor with no href', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<a name="anchor" id="target"></a>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isNativelyFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for a div with a tabindex with spaces', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" tabindex="0"></div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isNativelyFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for a div with a tabindex', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" tabindex="0"></div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isNativelyFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for a div with a non-numeric tabindex', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" tabindex="x"></div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isNativelyFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return true for a summary element', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<details><summary id="target">Summary</summary><p>Detail</p></details>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return true for a details element without a summary element', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<details id="target"><p>Detail</p></details>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for a details element with a summary element', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<details id="target"><summary>Summary</summary><p>Detail</p></details>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
+  });
 
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for a div with no tabindex', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div>';
-      var el = document.getElementById('target');
-      flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+  it('should return true for a div with a tabindex with spaces', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" tabindex="	  0   "></div>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isNativelyFocusable(el));
-    });
+    assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
   });
 
-  describe('dom.insertedIntoFocusOrder', function() {
-    var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  it('should return true for a div with a tabindex', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" tabindex="0"></div>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    beforeEach(function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '';
-    });
+    assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
+  });
 
-    it('should return true for span with tabindex 0', function() {
-      fixtureSetup('<span id="spanTabindex0" tabindex="0"></span>');
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#spanTabindex0');
+  it('should return true for a div with a negative tabindex', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" tabindex="-1"></div>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
-    });
+    assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
+  });
 
-    it('should return true for clipped span with tabindex 0', function() {
-      fixtureSetup('<span id="clippedSpanTabindex0" tabindex="0"></span>');
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#clippedSpanTabindex0');
-      hideByClipping(node);
-
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
-    });
+  it('should return false for a div with a non-numeric tabindex', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" tabindex="x"></div>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    it('should return true for off screen span with tabindex 0', function() {
-      fixtureSetup('<span id="offScreenSpanTabindex0" tabindex="0"></span>');
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#offScreenSpanTabindex0');
-      hideByMovingOffScreen(node);
-
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
-    });
+    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
+  });
 
-    it('should return false for span with negative tabindex', function() {
-      fixtureSetup('<span id="spanNegativeTabindex" tabindex="-1"></span>');
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#spanNegativeTabindex');
+  it('should return true for a summary element', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<details><summary id="target">Summary</summary><p>Detail</p></details>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for native button with tabindex 0', function() {
-      fixtureSetup('<button id="nativeButtonTabindex0" tabindex="0"></button>');
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#nativeButtonTabindex0');
+    assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
+  });
 
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for native button with tabindex implicitly 0', function() {
-      fixtureSetup('<button id="nativeButtonTabindexImplicitly0"></button>');
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#nativeButtonTabindexImplicitly0');
+  it('should return true for a details element without a summary element', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<details id="target"><p>Detail</p></details>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for anchor with href and positive tabindex', function() {
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<a id="anchorWithHrefAndPositiveTabindex" href="javascript:void(0)" tabindex="1"></a>'
-      );
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#anchorWithHrefAndPositiveTabindex');
+    assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for a details element with a summary element', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<details id="target"><summary>Summary</summary><p>Detail</p></details>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
+  });
 
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for input with tabindex 0', function() {
-      fixtureSetup('<input id="inputWithTabindex0" tabindex="0">');
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#inputWithTabindex0');
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for off screen native button with tabindex 0', function() {
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<button id="offScreenNativeButtonTabindex0" tabindex="0"></button>'
-      );
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#offScreenNativeButtonTabindex0');
-      hideByMovingOffScreen(node);
+  it('should return false for a div with no tabindex', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for off screen anchor with href and tabindex 1', function() {
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<a id="offScreenAnchorWithHrefTabindex1" href="javascript:void(0)" tabindex="1"></a>'
-      );
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#offScreenAnchorWithHrefTabindex1');
-      hideByMovingOffScreen(node);
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for off screen input with tabindex 0', function() {
-      fixtureSetup('<input id="offScreenInputWithTabindex0" tabindex="0">');
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#offScreenInputWithTabindex0');
-      hideByMovingOffScreen(node);
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for clipped native button with tabindex 0', function() {
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<button id="clippedNativeButtonTabindex0" tabindex="0"></button>'
-      );
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#clippedNativeButtonTabindex0');
-      hideByClipping(node);
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for display none native button with tabindex 0', function() {
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<button id="displayNoneNativeButtonTabindex0" tabindex="0"></button>'
-      );
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#displayNoneNativeButtonTabindex0');
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for clipped anchor with href and tabindex 1', function() {
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<a id="clippedAnchorWithHrefTabindex1" href="javascript:void(0)" tabindex="1"></a>'
-      );
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#clippedAnchorWithHrefTabindex1');
-      hideByClipping(node);
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for display none anchor with href and tabindex 1', function() {
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<a id="displayNoneAnchorWithHrefTabindex1" href="javascript:void(0)" tabindex="1"></a>'
-      );
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#displayNoneAnchorWithHrefTabindex1');
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for clipped input with tabindex 0', function() {
-      fixtureSetup('<input id="clippedInputWithTabindex0" tabindex="0">');
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#clippedInputWithTabindex0');
-      hideByClipping(node);
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for display none input with tabindex 0', function() {
-      fixtureSetup('<input id="displayNoneInputWithTabindex0" tabindex="0">');
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#displayNoneInputWithTabindex0');
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for hidden native button with tabindex 0', function() {
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<button id="hiddenNativeButtonTabindex0" tabindex="0"></button>'
-      );
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#hiddenNativeButtonTabindex0');
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for hidden anchor with href and tabindex 1', function() {
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<a id="hiddenAnchorWithHrefTabindex1" href="javascript:void(0)" tabindex="1"></a>'
-      );
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#hiddenAnchorWithHrefTabindex1');
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for hidden input with tabindex 0', function() {
-      fixtureSetup('<input id="hiddenInputWithTabindex0" tabindex="0">');
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#hiddenInputWithTabindex0');
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for disabled native button with tabindex 0', function() {
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<button id="disabledNativeButtonTabindex0" tabindex="0" disabled></button>'
-      );
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#disabledNativeButtonTabindex0');
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for disabled input with tabindex 0', function() {
-      fixtureSetup('<input id="disabledInputTabindex0" tabindex="0" disabled>');
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#disabledInputTabindex0');
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
-    });
-
-    it('should return false for an invalid tabindex', function() {
-      fixtureSetup('<span id="spanTabindexInvalid" tabindex="invalid"></span>');
-      var node = fixture.querySelector('#spanTabindexInvalid');
-
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.insertedIntoFocusOrder(node));
-    });
+    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-hidden-for-everyone.js b/test/commons/dom/is-hidden-for-everyone.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..42d14c6e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-hidden-for-everyone.js
@@ -0,0 +1,414 @@
+describe('dom.isHiddenForEveryone', () => {
+  'use strict';
+
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+  const isHiddenForEveryone = axe.commons.dom.isHiddenForEveryone;
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const contentVisibilitySupported = CSS.supports('content-visibility: hidden');
+
+  function createContentSlotted(mainProps, targetProps) {
+    const group = document.createElement('div');
+    group.innerHTML =
+      '<main style="' +
+      mainProps +
+      '"><p style="' +
+      targetProps +
+      '"></p></main>';
+    return group;
+  }
+
+  function makeShadowTree(node, mainProps, targetProps) {
+    const root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    const newNode = createContentSlotted(mainProps, targetProps);
+    root.appendChild(newNode);
+  }
+
+  it('should return false on static-positioned, visible element', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">I am visible</div>');
+    const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('should return true on static-positioned, hidden element', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="display:none">I am not visible</div>'
+    );
+    const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+    assert.isTrue(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('should return false on absolutely positioned elements that are on-screen', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; left: 10px; right: 10px">I am visible</div>'
+    );
+    const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for off-screen and aria-hidden element', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<button id="target" aria-hidden=“true” style=“position:absolute: top:-999em”>I am visible</button>'
+    );
+    const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('should return false on fixed position elements that are on-screen', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="position:fixed; bottom: 0; left: 0;">I am visible</div>'
+    );
+    const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for off-screen absolutely positioned element', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; left: -9999px">I am visible</div>'
+    );
+    const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for off-screen fixed positioned element', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="position: fixed; top: -9999px">I am visible</div>'
+    );
+    const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('should return true on detached elements', () => {
+    const el = document.createElement('div');
+    el.innerHTML = 'I am not visible because I am detached!';
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(el);
+    const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(el);
+    assert.isTrue(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('should return false on body', () => {
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
+    const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(document.body);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('should return false on html', () => {
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.documentElement);
+    const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(document.documentElement);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('should return false if static-position but top/left is set', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="top: -9999px; left: -9999px; right: -9999px; bottom: -9999px;">I am visible</div>'
+    );
+    const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('should return false, and not be affected by `aria-hidden`', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">I am visible with css (although hidden to screen readers)</div>'
+    );
+    const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for STYLE node', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      "<style id='target'>body {font-size: 200%}</style>"
+    );
+    const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+    assert.isTrue(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for SCRIPT node', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      "<script id='target' type='text/javascript' src='temp.js'></script>"
+    );
+    const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+    assert.isTrue(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for if parent of element set to `display:none`', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div style="display:none">' +
+        '<div style="display:block">' +
+        '<p id="target" style="display:block">I am not visible</p>' +
+        '</div>' +
+        '</div>'
+    );
+    const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+    assert.isTrue(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for if parent of element set to `display:block`', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div>' +
+        '<div style="display:block">' +
+        '<p id="target" style="display:block">I am visible</p>' +
+        '</div>' +
+        '</div>'
+    );
+    const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  // `visibility` test
+  it('should return true for element that has `visibility:hidden`', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="visibility: hidden;">I am not visible</div>'
+    );
+    const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+    assert.isTrue(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('should return false and compute how `visibility` of self and parent is configured', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div style="visibility:hidden;">' +
+        '<div style="visibility:visible;">' +
+        '<div id="target">I am visible</div>' +
+        '</div>' +
+        '</div>'
+    );
+    const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('should return false and compute how `visibility` of self and parent is configured', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div style="visibility:hidden">' +
+        '<div style="visibility:hidden">' +
+        '<div style="visibility:visible" id="target">I am visible</div>' +
+        '</div>' +
+        '</div>'
+    );
+    const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('should return true and as parent is set to `visibility:hidden`', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div style="visibility: hidden;">' +
+        '<div>' +
+        '<div id="target">I am not visible</div>' +
+        '</div>' +
+        '</div>'
+    );
+    const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+    assert.isTrue(actual);
+  });
+
+  // mixing display and visibility
+  it('should return true and compute using both `display` and `visibility` set on element and parent(s)', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div style="display:none;">' +
+        '<div style="visibility:visible;">' +
+        '<div id="target">I am not visible</div>' +
+        '</div>' +
+        '</div>'
+    );
+    const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+    assert.isTrue(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('should return false and compute using both `display` and `visibility` set on element and parent(s)', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div style="display:block;">' +
+        '<div style="visibility:visible;">' +
+        '<div id="target">I am visible</div>' +
+        '</div>' +
+        '</div>'
+    );
+    const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('should return true and compute using both `display` and `visibility` set on element and parent(s)', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div style="display:block;">' +
+        '<div style="visibility:visible;">' +
+        '<div id="target" style="visibility:hidden">I am not visible</div>' +
+        '</div>' +
+        '</div>'
+    );
+    const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+    assert.isTrue(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('should return true and compute using both `display` and `visibility` set on element and parent(s)', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div style="visibility:hidden">' +
+        '<div style="display:none;">' +
+        '<div id="target" style="visibility:visible">I am not visible</div>' +
+        '</div>' +
+        '</div>'
+    );
+    const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+    assert.isTrue(actual);
+  });
+
+  describe('details', () => {
+    it('should return true for element in closed details', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+        <details>
+          <summary>Hello World</summary>
+          <p id="target">Hidden</p>
+        </details>
+      `);
+      const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+      assert.isTrue(actual);
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for closed details', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+        <details id="target">
+          <summary>Hello World</summary>
+          <p>Hidden</p>
+        </details>
+      `);
+      const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+      assert.isFalse(actual);
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for summary element closed details', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+        <details>
+          <summary id="target">Hello World</summary>
+          <p>Hidden</p>
+        </details>
+      `);
+      const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+      assert.isFalse(actual);
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for element in open details', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+        <details open>
+          <summary>Hello World</summary>
+          <p id="target">Hidden</p>
+        </details>
+      `);
+      const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+      assert.isFalse(actual);
+    });
+
+    it('should return true for grandchild element in closed details', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+        <details>
+          <summary>Hello World</summary>
+          <div><p id="target">Hidden</p></div>
+        </details>
+      `);
+      const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+      assert.isTrue(actual);
+    });
+
+    it('should return true for grandchild summary in close details', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+        <details>
+          <div><summary id="target">Hello World</summary></div>
+          <div><p>Hidden</p></div>
+        </details>
+      `);
+      const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+      assert.isTrue(actual);
+    });
+
+    it('should return true for not first summary in close details', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+        <details>
+          <summary>Hello World</summary>
+          <summary id="target">Not summary</summary>
+          <div><p>Hidden</p></div>
+        </details>
+      `);
+      const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+      assert.isTrue(actual);
+    });
+  });
+
+  (shadowSupported ? it : it.skip)(
+    'should return true if `display:none` inside shadowDOM',
+    () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
+      makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild, 'display:none;', '');
+      const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
+      const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'p')[0];
+      const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+      assert.isTrue(actual);
+    }
+  );
+
+  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
+    'should return true as parent shadowDOM host is set to `visibility:hidden`',
+    () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
+      makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild, 'visibility:hidden', '');
+      const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
+      const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'p')[0];
+      const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+      assert.isTrue(actual);
+    }
+  );
+
+  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
+    'should return false as parent shadowDOM host  set to `visibility:hidden` is overriden',
+    () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
+      makeShadowTree(
+        fixture.firstChild,
+        'visibility:hidden',
+        'visibility:visible'
+      );
+      const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
+      const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'p')[0];
+      const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+      assert.isFalse(actual);
+    }
+  );
+
+  (contentVisibilitySupported ? it : xit)(
+    'should return true for `content-visibility: hidden` parent',
+    () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div style="content-visibility: hidden"><div id="target">Hidden</div></div>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(isHiddenForEveryone(vNode));
+    }
+  );
+
+  (contentVisibilitySupported ? it : xit)(
+    'should return false for `content-visibility: hidden`',
+    () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="content-visibility: hidden"></div>'
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(isHiddenForEveryone(vNode));
+    }
+  );
+
+  describe('SerialVirtualNode', () => {
+    it('should return false on detached virtual nodes', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+        nodeName: 'div'
+      });
+      const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+      assert.isFalse(actual);
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for element in closed details', () => {
+      const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+        nodeName: 'div'
+      });
+      const detailsVNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+        nodeName: 'details'
+      });
+      vNode.parent = detailsVNode;
+      detailsVNode.children = [vNode];
+
+      const actual = isHiddenForEveryone(vNode);
+      assert.isFalse(actual);
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-hidden-with-css.js b/test/commons/dom/is-hidden-with-css.js
index 61e2262aa..cbf5a9099 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/is-hidden-with-css.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-hidden-with-css.js
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-describe('dom.isHiddenWithCSS', function() {
+describe('dom.isHiddenWithCSS', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var isHiddenWithCSSFn = axe.commons.dom.isHiddenWithCSS;
+  var isHiddenWithCSS = axe.commons.dom.isHiddenWithCSS;
   var origComputedStyle = window.getComputedStyle;
+  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
   function createContentSlotted(mainProps, targetProps) {
     var group = document.createElement('div');
@@ -23,124 +24,124 @@ describe('dom.isHiddenWithCSS', function() {
     root.appendChild(node);
   }
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     window.getComputedStyle = origComputedStyle;
     document.getElementById('fixture').innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should throw an error if computedStyle returns null', function() {
-    window.getComputedStyle = function() {
+  it('should throw an error if computedStyle returns null', function () {
+    window.getComputedStyle = function () {
       return null;
     };
     var fakeNode = {
       nodeType: Node.ELEMENT_NODE,
       nodeName: 'div'
     };
-    assert.throws(function() {
-      isHiddenWithCSSFn(fakeNode);
+    assert.throws(function () {
+      isHiddenWithCSS(fakeNode);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return false on static-positioned, visible element', function() {
+  it('should return false on static-positioned, visible element', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target">I am visible</div>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSSFn(el);
+    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return true on static-positioned, hidden element', function() {
+  it('should return true on static-positioned, hidden element', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="display:none">I am not visible</div>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSSFn(el);
+    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false on absolutely positioned elements that are on-screen', function() {
+  it('should return false on absolutely positioned elements that are on-screen', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; left: 10px; right: 10px">I am visible</div>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSSFn(el);
+    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false for off-screen and aria-hidden element', function() {
+  it('should return false for off-screen and aria-hidden element', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<button id="target" aria-hidden=“true” style=“position:absolute: top:-999em”>I am visible</button>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSSFn(el);
+    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false on fixed position elements that are on-screen', function() {
+  it('should return false on fixed position elements that are on-screen', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="position:fixed; bottom: 0; left: 0;">I am visible</div>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSSFn(el);
+    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false for off-screen absolutely positioned element', function() {
+  it('should return false for off-screen absolutely positioned element', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; left: -9999px">I am visible</div>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSSFn(el);
+    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false for off-screen fixed positioned element', function() {
+  it('should return false for off-screen fixed positioned element', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="position: fixed; top: -9999px">I am visible</div>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSSFn(el);
+    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false on detached elements', function() {
+  it('should return false on detached elements', function () {
     var el = document.createElement('div');
     el.innerHTML = 'I am not visible because I am detached!';
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSSFn(el);
+    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false on a document', function() {
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSSFn(document);
+  it('should return false on a document', function () {
+    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(document);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if static-position but top/left is set', function() {
+  it('should return false if static-position but top/left is set', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="top: -9999px; left: -9999px; right: -9999px; bottom: -9999px;">I am visible</div>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSSFn(el);
+    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false, and not be affected by `aria-hidden`', function() {
+  it('should return false, and not be affected by `aria-hidden`', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">I am visible with css (although hidden to screen readers)</div>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSSFn(el);
+    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false for STYLE node', function() {
+  it('should return false for STYLE node', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = "<style id='target'>body {font-size: 200%}</style>";
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSSFn(el);
+    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false for SCRIPT node', function() {
+  it('should return false for SCRIPT node', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       "<script id='target' type='text/javascript' src='temp.js'></script>";
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSSFn(el);
+    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
   // `display` test
-  it('should return true for if parent of element set to `display:none`', function() {
+  it('should return true for if parent of element set to `display:none`', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="display:none">' +
       '<div style="display:block">' +
@@ -148,11 +149,11 @@ describe('dom.isHiddenWithCSS', function() {
       '</div>' +
       '</div>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSSFn(el);
+    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return true for if parent of element set to `display:none`', function() {
+  it('should return true for if parent of element set to `display:none`', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="display:none">' +
       '<div style="display:block">' +
@@ -160,11 +161,11 @@ describe('dom.isHiddenWithCSS', function() {
       '</div>' +
       '</div>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSSFn(el);
+    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false for if parent of element set to `display:block`', function() {
+  it('should return false for if parent of element set to `display:block`', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div>' +
       '<div style="display:block">' +
@@ -172,32 +173,32 @@ describe('dom.isHiddenWithCSS', function() {
       '</div>' +
       '</div>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSSFn(el);
+    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : it.skip)(
     'should return true if `display:none` inside shadowDOM',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
       makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild, 'display:none;', '');
       var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
       var el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'p')[0];
-      var actual = isHiddenWithCSSFn(el.actualNode);
+      var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el.actualNode);
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     }
   );
 
   // `visibility` test
-  it('should return true for element that has `visibility:hidden`', function() {
+  it('should return true for element that has `visibility:hidden`', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="visibility: hidden;">I am not visible</div>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSSFn(el);
+    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false and compute how `visibility` of self and parent is configured', function() {
+  it('should return false and compute how `visibility` of self and parent is configured', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="visibility:hidden;">' +
       '<div style="visibility:visible;">' +
@@ -205,11 +206,11 @@ describe('dom.isHiddenWithCSS', function() {
       '</div>' +
       '</div>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSSFn(el);
+    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false and compute how `visibility` of self and parent is configured', function() {
+  it('should return false and compute how `visibility` of self and parent is configured', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="visibility:hidden">' +
       '<div style="visibility:hidden">' +
@@ -217,11 +218,11 @@ describe('dom.isHiddenWithCSS', function() {
       '</div>' +
       '</div>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSSFn(el);
+    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return true and as parent is set to `visibility:hidden`', function() {
+  it('should return true and as parent is set to `visibility:hidden`', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="visibility: hidden;">' +
       '<div>' +
@@ -229,25 +230,25 @@ describe('dom.isHiddenWithCSS', function() {
       '</div>' +
       '</div>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSSFn(el);
+    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'should return true as parent shadowDOM host is set to `visibility:hidden`',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
       makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild, 'visibility:hidden', '');
       var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
       var el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'p')[0];
-      var actual = isHiddenWithCSSFn(el.actualNode);
+      var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el.actualNode);
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     }
   );
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'should return false as parent shadowDOM host  set to `visibility:hidden` is overriden',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
       makeShadowTree(
         fixture.firstChild,
@@ -256,13 +257,13 @@ describe('dom.isHiddenWithCSS', function() {
       );
       var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
       var el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'p')[0];
-      var actual = isHiddenWithCSSFn(el.actualNode);
+      var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el.actualNode);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     }
   );
 
   // mixing display and visibility
-  it('should return true and compute using both `display` and `visibility` set on element and parent(s)', function() {
+  it('should return true and compute using both `display` and `visibility` set on element and parent(s)', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="display:none;">' +
       '<div style="visibility:visible;">' +
@@ -270,11 +271,11 @@ describe('dom.isHiddenWithCSS', function() {
       '</div>' +
       '</div>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSSFn(el);
+    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return false and compute using both `display` and `visibility` set on element and parent(s)', function() {
+  it('should return false and compute using both `display` and `visibility` set on element and parent(s)', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="display:block;">' +
       '<div style="visibility:visible;">' +
@@ -282,11 +283,11 @@ describe('dom.isHiddenWithCSS', function() {
       '</div>' +
       '</div>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSSFn(el);
+    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return true and compute using both `display` and `visibility` set on element and parent(s)', function() {
+  it('should return true and compute using both `display` and `visibility` set on element and parent(s)', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="display:block;">' +
       '<div style="visibility:visible;">' +
@@ -294,11 +295,11 @@ describe('dom.isHiddenWithCSS', function() {
       '</div>' +
       '</div>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSSFn(el);
+    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('should return true and compute using both `display` and `visibility` set on element and parent(s)', function() {
+  it('should return true and compute using both `display` and `visibility` set on element and parent(s)', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="visibility:hidden">' +
       '<div style="display:none;">' +
@@ -306,7 +307,19 @@ describe('dom.isHiddenWithCSS', function() {
       '</div>' +
       '</div>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
-    var actual = isHiddenWithCSSFn(el);
+    var actual = isHiddenWithCSS(el);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
+
+  describe('with virtual nodes', function () {
+    it('returns false when virtual nodes are visible', function () {
+      var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
+      assert.isFalse(isHiddenWithCSS(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('returns true when virtual nodes are hidden', function () {
+      var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" style="display:none"></div>');
+      assert.isTrue(isHiddenWithCSS(vNode));
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-html5.js b/test/commons/dom/is-html5.js
index 7ad553274..ae9927114 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/is-html5.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-html5.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-describe('dom.isHTML5', function() {
+describe('dom.isHTML5', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should return false on any document that is not HTML5', function() {
+  it('should return false on any document that is not HTML5', function () {
     var doc = document.implementation.createDocument(
       'http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml',
       'html',
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ describe('dom.isHTML5', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isHTML5(doc));
   });
 
-  it('should return true on any document that is HTML5', function() {
+  it('should return true on any document that is HTML5', function () {
     var doc = document.implementation.createHTMLDocument('Monkeys');
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isHTML5(doc));
   });
 
-  it('should return true on any document that is HTML5 - fixture', function() {
+  it('should return true on any document that is HTML5 - fixture', function () {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isHTML5(document));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-in-tab-order.js b/test/commons/dom/is-in-tab-order.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..328805e83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-in-tab-order.js
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+describe('dom.isInTabOrder', function () {
+  'use strict';
+
+  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  var isInTabOrder = axe.commons.dom.isInTabOrder;
+
+  it('should return false for presentation element with negative tabindex', function () {
+    var target = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="-1"></div>');
+    assert.isFalse(isInTabOrder(target));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for presentation element with positive tabindex', function () {
+    var target = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="1"></div>');
+    assert.isTrue(isInTabOrder(target));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for presentation element with tabindex not set', function () {
+    var target = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
+    assert.isFalse(isInTabOrder(target));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for presentation element with tabindex set to non-parseable value', function () {
+    var target = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="foobar"></div>');
+    assert.isFalse(isInTabOrder(target));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for presentation element with tabindex not set and role of natively focusable element', function () {
+    var target = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="button"></div>');
+    assert.isFalse(isInTabOrder(target));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for natively focusable element with tabindex 0', function () {
+    var target = queryFixture('<button id="target" tabindex="0"></button>');
+    assert.isTrue(isInTabOrder(target));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for natively focusable element with tabindex 1', function () {
+    var target = queryFixture('<button id="target" tabindex="1"></button>');
+    assert.isTrue(isInTabOrder(target));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for natively focusable element with tabindex -1', function () {
+    var target = queryFixture('<button id="target" tabindex="-1"></button>');
+    assert.isFalse(isInTabOrder(target));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for natively focusable element with tabindex not set', function () {
+    var target = queryFixture('<button id="target"></button>');
+    assert.isTrue(isInTabOrder(target));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for natively focusable element with tabindex set to empty string', function () {
+    var target = queryFixture('<button id="target" tabindex=""></button>');
+    assert.isTrue(isInTabOrder(target));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for natively focusable element with tabindex set to non-parseable value', function () {
+    var target = queryFixture(
+      '<button id="target" tabindex="foobar"></button>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(isInTabOrder(target));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for disabled', function () {
+    var target = queryFixture('<button id="target" disabled></button>');
+    assert.isFalse(isInTabOrder(target));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for disabled natively focusable element with tabindex', function () {
+    var target = queryFixture(
+      '<button id="target" disabled tabindex="0"></button>'
+    );
+    assert.isFalse(isInTabOrder(target));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for hidden inputs', function () {
+    var target = queryFixture('<input type="hidden" id="target"></input>');
+    assert.isFalse(isInTabOrder(target));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for non-element nodes', function () {
+    var target = queryFixture('<span id="target">Hello World</span>');
+    assert.isFalse(isInTabOrder(target.children[0]));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for natively focusable hidden element', function () {
+    var target = queryFixture('<button id="target" hidden></button>');
+    assert.isFalse(isInTabOrder(target));
+  });
+
+  it('should return for false hidden element with tabindex 1', function () {
+    var target = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="1" hidden></div>');
+    assert.isFalse(isInTabOrder(target));
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-in-text-block.js b/test/commons/dom/is-in-text-block.js
index 591dd1b6b..936669371 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/is-in-text-block.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-in-text-block.js
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-describe('dom.isInTextBlock', function() {
+describe('dom.isInTextBlock', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
   var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the element is a node in a block of text', function() {
+  it('returns true if the element is a node in a block of text', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<p>Some paragraph with text ' +
         '  <a href="" id="link">link</a>' +
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ describe('dom.isInTextBlock', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the element is a block', function() {
+  it('returns false if the element is a block', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<p>Some paragraph with text ' +
         '  <a href="" id="link" style="display:block">link</a>' +
@@ -29,13 +29,13 @@ describe('dom.isInTextBlock', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the element has the only text in the block', function() {
-    fixtureSetup('<p>' + '  <a href="" id="link">link</a>' + '</p>');
+  it('returns false if the element has the only text in the block', function () {
+    fixtureSetup('<p><a href="" id="link">link</a></p>');
     var link = document.getElementById('link');
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if there is more text in link(s) than in the rest of the block', function() {
+  it('returns false if there is more text in link(s) than in the rest of the block', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<p> short text:' +
         '  <a href="" id="link">on a link with a very long text</a>' +
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ describe('dom.isInTextBlock', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
   });
 
-  it('return false if there are links along side other links', function() {
+  it('return false if there are links along side other links', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<p>' +
         '  <a href="" id="link">link</a>' +
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ describe('dom.isInTextBlock', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
   });
 
-  it('ignores hidden content', function() {
+  it('ignores hidden content', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<p>' +
         '  <a href="" id="link">link</a>' +
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ describe('dom.isInTextBlock', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
   });
 
-  it('ignores floated content', function() {
+  it('ignores floated content', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<p>' +
         '  <span style="float: left">A floating text in the area</span>' +
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ describe('dom.isInTextBlock', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
   });
 
-  it('ignores positioned content', function() {
+  it('ignores positioned content', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<p>' +
         '  <span style="position:absolute;">Some absolute potitioned text</span>' +
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ describe('dom.isInTextBlock', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
   });
 
-  it('ignores none-text content', function() {
+  it('ignores none-text content', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<p>' +
         '  <img alt="Some graphical component" src="img.png" />' +
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ describe('dom.isInTextBlock', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
   });
 
-  it('ignore text in the block coming before a br', function() {
+  it('ignore text in the block coming before a br', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<p>Some paragraph with text <br>' +
         '  <a href="" id="link">link</a>' +
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ describe('dom.isInTextBlock', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
   });
 
-  it('ignore text in the block coming after a br', function() {
+  it('ignore text in the block coming after a br', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<p>' +
         '  <a href="" id="link">link</a> <br>' +
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ describe('dom.isInTextBlock', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
   });
 
-  it('ignore text in the block coming before and after a br', function() {
+  it('ignore text in the block coming before and after a br', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<p>Some paragraph with text <br>' +
         '  <a href="" id="link">link</a> <br>' +
@@ -132,7 +132,22 @@ describe('dom.isInTextBlock', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
   });
 
-  it('treats hr elements the same as br elements', function() {
+  it('ignores text inside inline widgets and components', function () {
+    fixtureSetup(
+      '<p>' +
+        '  <a href="" id="link">link</a>' +
+        '  <button> My button </button>' +
+        '  <button disabled> My disabled button </button>' +
+        '  <span role="searchbox">My query</span>' +
+        '  <textarea>My text content</textarea>' +
+        '  <select><option>My first choice</option></select>' +
+        '</p>'
+    );
+    var link = document.getElementById('link');
+    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
+  });
+
+  it('treats hr elements the same as br elements', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<div>Some paragraph with text <hr>' +
         '  <a href="" id="link">link</a> <hr>' +
@@ -143,7 +158,7 @@ describe('dom.isInTextBlock', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
   });
 
-  it('ignore comments', function() {
+  it('ignore comments', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<p><!-- Some paragraph with text -->' +
         '  <a href="" id="link">link</a>' +
@@ -153,7 +168,7 @@ describe('dom.isInTextBlock', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)('can reach outside a shadow tree', function() {
+  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)('can reach outside a shadow tree', function () {
     var div = document.createElement('div');
     div.innerHTML = 'Some paragraph with text <span></span> ';
     var shadow = div.querySelector('span').attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
@@ -164,7 +179,7 @@ describe('dom.isInTextBlock', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
   });
 
-  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)('can reach into a shadow tree', function() {
+  (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)('can reach into a shadow tree', function () {
     var div = document.createElement('div');
     div.innerHTML = '<a href="" id="link">link</a>';
     var shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
@@ -177,7 +192,7 @@ describe('dom.isInTextBlock', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'treats shadow DOM slots as siblings',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var div = document.createElement('div');
       div.innerHTML = '<br>';
       var shadow = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
@@ -190,4 +205,33 @@ describe('dom.isInTextBlock', function() {
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link));
     }
   );
+
+  describe('options.noLengthCompare', function () {
+    it('returns true if there is any text outside the link', function () {
+      fixtureSetup('<p>amy <a href="" id="link">link text is longer</a></p>');
+      var link = document.getElementById('link');
+      assert.isTrue(
+        axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link, {
+          noLengthCompare: true
+        })
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('returns false if the non-widget text is only whitespace', function () {
+      fixtureSetup(
+        '<p>' +
+          ' <a href="" id="link">link 1</a>\t\n\r' +
+          ' <a href="">link 2</a>' +
+          ' <a href="">link 3</a>' +
+          ' <a href="">link 4</a>' +
+          '</p>'
+      );
+      var link = document.getElementById('link');
+      assert.isFalse(
+        axe.commons.dom.isInTextBlock(link, {
+          noLengthCompare: true
+        })
+      );
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-inert.js b/test/commons/dom/is-inert.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ca4ba92e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-inert.js
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+describe('dom.isInert', () => {
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  const isInert = axe.commons.dom.isInert;
+  const { queryFixture, flatTreeSetup } = axe.testUtils;
+
+  it('returns true for element with "inert=false`', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" inert="false"></div>');
+
+    assert.isTrue(isInert(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true for element with "inert`', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" inert></div>');
+
+    assert.isTrue(isInert(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for element without inert', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
+
+    assert.isFalse(isInert(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true for ancestor with inert', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div inert><div><div id="target"></div></div></div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isTrue(isInert(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for closed dialog', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      <dialog><span>Hello</span></dialog>
+      <div id="target">World</div>
+    `);
+
+    assert.isFalse(isInert(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for non-modal dialog', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(`
+      <dialog open><span>Hello</span></dialog>
+      <div id="target">World</div>
+    `);
+
+    assert.isFalse(isInert(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true for modal dialog', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = `
+      <dialog id="modal"><span>Hello</span></dialog>
+      <div id="target">World</div>
+    `;
+    document.querySelector('#modal').showModal();
+    const tree = flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+
+    assert.isTrue(isInert(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for the modal dialog element', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = `
+      <dialog id="target"><span>Hello</span></dialog>
+    `;
+    document.querySelector('#target').showModal();
+    const tree = flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+
+    assert.isFalse(isInert(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for a descendant of the modal dialog', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = `
+      <dialog id="modal"><span id="target">Hello</span></dialog>
+    `;
+    document.querySelector('#modal').showModal();
+    const tree = flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+
+    assert.isFalse(isInert(vNode));
+  });
+
+  describe('options.skipAncestors', () => {
+    it('returns false for ancestor with inert', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div inert><div><div id="target"></div></div></div>'
+      );
+
+      assert.isFalse(isInert(vNode, { skipAncestors: true }));
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('options.isAncestor', () => {
+    it('return false for modal dialog', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = `
+        <dialog id="modal"><span>Hello</span></dialog>
+        <div id="target">World</div>
+      `;
+      document.querySelector('#modal').showModal();
+      const tree = flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+
+      assert.isFalse(isInert(vNode, { isAncestor: true }));
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-modal-open.js b/test/commons/dom/is-modal-open.js
index f1ea1185b..a9e83679e 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/is-modal-open.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-modal-open.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('dom.isModalOpen', function() {
+describe('dom.isModalOpen', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
@@ -6,32 +6,32 @@ describe('dom.isModalOpen', function() {
   var dialogElSupport =
     typeof document.createElement('dialog').open !== 'undefined';
 
-  it('returns true if there is a visible element with role=dialog', function() {
+  it('returns true if there is a visible element with role=dialog', function () {
     fixtureSetup('<div role="dialog">Modal</div>');
     assert.isTrue(isModalOpen());
   });
 
-  it('returns true if there is a visible element with aria-modal=true', function() {
+  it('returns true if there is a visible element with aria-modal=true', function () {
     fixtureSetup('<div aria-modal="true">Modal</div>');
     assert.isTrue(isModalOpen());
   });
 
   (dialogElSupport ? it : xit)(
     'returns true if there is a visible dialog element',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixtureSetup('<dialog open><div>Modal</div></dialog>');
       assert.isTrue(isModalOpen());
     }
   );
 
-  it('returns true if there is a visible absolutely positioned element with >= 75% width/height', function() {
+  it('returns true if there is a visible absolutely positioned element with >= 75% width/height', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<div style="position: absolute; top: 0; bottom: 0; left: 0; right: 0">Modal</div>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(isModalOpen());
   });
 
-  it('returns true if there is a visible absolutely positioned element with >= 75% width/height and is not the top most element', function() {
+  it('returns true if there is a visible absolutely positioned element with >= 75% width/height and is not the top most element', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<div style="position: fixed; top: 0; bottom: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; z-index: 99999; background: rgba(0,0,0,0.5);">' +
         '<div style="display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; height: 100%;">' +
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ describe('dom.isModalOpen', function() {
     assert.isTrue(isModalOpen());
   });
 
-  it('returns true if modal opens like a drawer', function() {
+  it('returns true if modal opens like a drawer', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<div style="position: fixed; top: 0; bottom: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; z-index: 99999; background: rgba(0,0,0,0.5);">' +
         '<div style="width: 25%; height: 100%;">' +
@@ -53,30 +53,30 @@ describe('dom.isModalOpen', function() {
     assert.isTrue(isModalOpen());
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined if there is no modal', function() {
+  it('returns undefined if there is no modal', function () {
     fixtureSetup('<div>Modal</div>');
     assert.isUndefined(isModalOpen());
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined if there is a hidden element with role=dialog', function() {
+  it('returns undefined if there is a hidden element with role=dialog', function () {
     fixtureSetup('<div role="dialog" style="display: none">Modal</div>');
     assert.isUndefined(isModalOpen());
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined if there is a hidden element with aria-modal=true', function() {
+  it('returns undefined if there is a hidden element with aria-modal=true', function () {
     fixtureSetup('<div aria-modal="true" style="display: none">Modal</div>');
     assert.isUndefined(isModalOpen());
   });
 
   (dialogElSupport ? it : xit)(
     'returns undefined if there is a hidden dialog element',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixtureSetup('<dialog><div>Modal</div></dialog>');
       assert.isUndefined(isModalOpen());
     }
   );
 
-  it('returns undefined if there is a visible absolutely positioned element with < 75% width/height', function() {
+  it('returns undefined if there is a visible absolutely positioned element with < 75% width/height', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<div style="position: fixed; top: 0; bottom: 0; width: 50%; height: 50%; margin: 0 auto; transform: translateY(-50%);>Modal</div>'
     );
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-multiline.js b/test/commons/dom/is-multiline.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..99dfad760
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-multiline.js
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+describe('dom.isMultiline', function () {
+  var isMultiline = axe.commons.dom.isMultiline;
+  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+
+  afterEach(function () {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '';
+  });
+
+  it('returns false if there is a single line', function () {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<p>hello</p>';
+    assert.isFalse(isMultiline(fixture.firstChild));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true if there are two lines', function () {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<p>hello <br> world</p>';
+    assert.isTrue(isMultiline(fixture.firstChild));
+  });
+
+  it('handles single-line texts with varying font-sizes', function () {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<p>' +
+      '  <span style="font-size: 12px">small</span> ' +
+      '  <span style="font-size: 20px">large</span>' +
+      '  <span style="font-size: 16px">medium</span>' +
+      '</p>';
+    assert.isFalse(isMultiline(fixture.firstChild));
+  });
+
+  describe('with non-text elements', function () {
+    it('is true when on a multiple lines', function () {
+      fixture.innerHTML =
+        '<p>' +
+        '  <input /><br>' +
+        '  <textarea rows="5"></textarea><br>' +
+        '  <button style="font-size: 20px">I like big buttons</button>' +
+        '</p>';
+      assert.isTrue(isMultiline(fixture.firstChild));
+    });
+
+    it('is false when on a single line', function () {
+      fixture.innerHTML =
+        '<p>' +
+        '  <span style="font-size: 12px">Hello</span> ' +
+        '  <input />' +
+        '  <textarea rows="5"></textarea>' +
+        '  <button style="font-size: 20px">I like big buttons</button>' +
+        '</p>';
+      assert.isFalse(isMultiline(fixture.firstChild));
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-natively-focusable.js b/test/commons/dom/is-natively-focusable.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..128b98c99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-natively-focusable.js
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+describe('dom.isNativelyFocusable', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const isNativelyFocusable = axe.commons.dom.isNativelyFocusable;
+  const { flatTreeSetup } = axe.testUtils;
+
+  function hideByClipping(el) {
+    el.style.cssText =
+      'position: absolute !important;' +
+      ' clip: rect(0px 0px 0px 0px); /* IE6, IE7 */' +
+      ' clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px);';
+  }
+
+  function hideByMovingOffScreen(el) {
+    el.style.cssText =
+      'position:absolute;' +
+      ' left:-10000px;' +
+      ' top:auto;' +
+      ' width:1px;' +
+      ' height:1px;' +
+      ' overflow:hidden;';
+  }
+
+  it('should return true for buttons with redundant tabindex', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<button tabindex="0" id="target"></button>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isTrue(isNativelyFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for buttons with tabindex -1', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<button tabindex="-1" id="target"></button>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isTrue(isNativelyFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for visible, enabled textareas', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<textarea id="target"></textarea>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isTrue(isNativelyFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for visible, enabled selects', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<select id="target"></select>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isTrue(isNativelyFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for visible, enabled buttons', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<button id="target"></button>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isTrue(isNativelyFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for visible, enabled, non-hidden inputs', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="text" id="target">';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isTrue(isNativelyFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for disabled elements', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="text" id="target" disabled>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isFalse(isNativelyFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for hidden inputs', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="hidden" id="target">';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isFalse(isNativelyFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for elements hidden with display:none', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<button id="target" style="display: none">button</button>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isFalse(isNativelyFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for elements hidden with visibility:hidden', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<button id="target" style="visibility: hidden">button</button>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isFalse(isNativelyFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for elements collapsed with visibility:collapse', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<button id="target" style="visibility: collapse">button</button>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isFalse(isNativelyFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for clipped elements', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<button id="target">button</button>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    hideByClipping(el);
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isTrue(isNativelyFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for elements positioned off screen', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<button id="target">button</button>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    hideByMovingOffScreen(el);
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isTrue(isNativelyFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for elements hidden with display:none on an ancestor', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<div id="parent" style="display:none"><button id="target">button</button></div>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isFalse(isNativelyFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for elements hidden with visibility:hidden on an ancestor', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<div id="parent" style="visibility: hidden"><button id="target">button</button></div>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isFalse(isNativelyFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for elements collapsed with visibility:collapse on an ancestor', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<div id="parent" style="visibility: collapse"><button id="target">button</button></div>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isFalse(isNativelyFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for elements with a clipped ancestor', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<div id="parent"><button id="target">button</button></div>';
+    hideByClipping(document.getElementById('parent'));
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isTrue(isNativelyFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for elements off-screened by an ancestor', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<div id="parent"><button id="target">button</button></div>';
+    hideByMovingOffScreen(document.getElementById('parent'));
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isTrue(isNativelyFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for hidden inputs with tabindex', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="hidden" tabindex="1" id="target">';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for disabled inputs with tabindex', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<input tabindex="1" id="target" disabled>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for hidden buttons with tabindex', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<button style="visibility:hidden" tabindex="0" id="target"></button>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for disabled buttons with tabindex', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<button tabindex="0" id="target" disabled></button>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for an anchor with an href', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="something.html" id="target"></a>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isTrue(isNativelyFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for an anchor with no href', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<a name="anchor" id="target"></a>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isFalse(isNativelyFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for a div with a tabindex with spaces', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" tabindex="    0     "></div>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isFalse(isNativelyFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for a div with a tabindex', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" tabindex="0"></div>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isFalse(isNativelyFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for a div with a non-numeric tabindex', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" tabindex="x"></div>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isFalse(isNativelyFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for a summary element', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<details><summary id="target">Summary</summary><p>Detail</p></details>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for a details element without a summary element', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<details id="target"><p>Detail</p></details>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for a details element with a summary element', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML =
+      '<details id="target"><summary>Summary</summary><p>Detail</p></details>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for a div with no tabindex', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div>';
+    const el = document.getElementById('target');
+    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+    assert.isFalse(isNativelyFocusable(el));
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-node.js b/test/commons/dom/is-node.js
index f670d9bfd..cdbc397a9 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/is-node.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-node.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-describe('dom.isNode', function() {
+describe('dom.isNode', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('nodes', function() {
+  it('nodes', function () {
     var node;
     node = document;
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isNode(node), 'Document');
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ describe('dom.isNode', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isNode(node), 'Document fragments');
   });
 
-  it('non-nodes', function() {
+  it('non-nodes', function () {
     var node;
 
     node = {};
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-offscreen.js b/test/commons/dom/is-offscreen.js
index 282f2e79d..e755eda1a 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/is-offscreen.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-offscreen.js
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-describe('dom.isOffscreen', function() {
+describe('dom.isOffscreen', function () {
   'use strict';
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     document.body.style.direction = 'ltr';
   });
 
-  it('should detect elements positioned outside the left edge', function() {
+  it('should detect elements positioned outside the left edge', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; width: 50px; left: -51px;">Offscreen?</div>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ describe('dom.isOffscreen', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(el));
   });
 
-  it('should detect elements positioned to but not beyond the left edge', function() {
+  it('should detect elements positioned to but not beyond the left edge', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; width: 50px; left: -50px;">Offscreen?</div>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ describe('dom.isOffscreen', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(el));
   });
 
-  it('should not detect elements at the left edge with a zero width', function() {
+  it('should not detect elements at the left edge with a zero width', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="width: 0px; left: 0px;"></div>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
@@ -32,14 +32,14 @@ describe('dom.isOffscreen', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(el));
   });
 
-  it('should detect elements positioned outside the top edge', function() {
+  it('should detect elements positioned outside the top edge', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; height: 50px; top: -51px;">Offscreen?</div>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(el));
   });
 
-  it('should never detect elements positioned outside the bottom edge', function() {
+  it('should never detect elements positioned outside the bottom edge', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; height: 50px; bottom: -501px;">Offscreen?</div>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ describe('dom.isOffscreen', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(el));
   });
 
-  it('should detect elements positioned that bleed inside the left edge', function() {
+  it('should detect elements positioned that bleed inside the left edge', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; width: 50px; left: -49px;">Offscreen?</div>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ describe('dom.isOffscreen', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(el));
   });
 
-  it('should detect elements positioned outside the right edge', function() {
+  it('should detect elements positioned outside the right edge', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; width: 50px; right: -49px;">Offscreen?</div>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ describe('dom.isOffscreen', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(el));
   });
 
-  it('should detect elements positioned outside the top edge', function() {
+  it('should detect elements positioned outside the top edge', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; height: 50px; top: -49px;">Offscreen?</div>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ describe('dom.isOffscreen', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(el));
   });
 
-  it('should detect elements positioned outside the bottom edge', function() {
+  it('should detect elements positioned outside the bottom edge', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; height: 50px; bottom: -49px;">Offscreen?</div>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ describe('dom.isOffscreen', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(el));
   });
 
-  it('should detect elements that are made off-screen by a parent', function() {
+  it('should detect elements that are made off-screen by a parent', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; width: 50px; left: -51px;">' +
       '<div id="target">Offscreen?</div>' +
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ describe('dom.isOffscreen', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(el));
   });
 
-  it('should NOT detect elements positioned outside the right edge on LTR documents', function() {
+  it('should NOT detect elements positioned outside the right edge on LTR documents', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; width: 50px; right: -51px;">Offscreen?</div>';
     var el = document.getElementById('target');
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ describe('dom.isOffscreen', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(el));
   });
 
-  it('should detect elements positioned outside the right edge on RTL documents', function() {
+  it('should detect elements positioned outside the right edge on RTL documents', function () {
     document.body.style.direction = 'rtl';
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; width: 50px; right: -151px;">Offscreen?</div>';
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ describe('dom.isOffscreen', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(el));
   });
 
-  it('should NOT detect elements positioned outside the left edge on RTL documents', function() {
+  it('should NOT detect elements positioned outside the left edge on RTL documents', function () {
     document.body.style.direction = 'rtl';
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; width: 50px; left: -51px;">Offscreen?</div>';
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ describe('dom.isOffscreen', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(el));
   });
 
-  it('should not detect elements positioned because of a scroll', function() {
+  it('should not detect elements positioned because of a scroll', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="scrollable" style="max-height:20px;overflow:scroll">' +
       '<div id="visible">goobye</div>' +
@@ -130,9 +130,13 @@ describe('dom.isOffscreen', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen(viz));
   });
 
+  it('should return undefined if actual ndoe is undefined', function () {
+    assert.isUndefined(axe.commons.dom.isOffscreen());
+  });
+
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should detect on screen shadow nodes',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
       var shadow = fixture.querySelector('div').attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadow.innerHTML = '<div id="target">Offscreen?</div>';
@@ -144,7 +148,7 @@ describe('dom.isOffscreen', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should detect off screen shadow nodes',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
       var shadow = fixture.querySelector('div').attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadow.innerHTML =
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-skip-link.js b/test/commons/dom/is-skip-link.js
index 7d0017d95..8827017b6 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/is-skip-link.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-skip-link.js
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-describe('dom.isSkipLink', function() {
+describe('dom.isSkipLink', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var baseEl;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
 
     if (baseEl) {
@@ -12,49 +12,49 @@ describe('dom.isSkipLink', function() {
     }
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the href points to an ID', function() {
+  it('should return true if the href points to an ID', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="#target">Click Here</a>';
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
     var node = fixture.querySelector('a');
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isSkipLink(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the href points to another document', function() {
+  it('should return false if the href points to another document', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="something.html#target">Click Here</a>';
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
     var node = fixture.querySelector('a');
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isSkipLink(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the URI encoded href points to an element with an ID', function() {
+  it('should return true if the URI encoded href points to an element with an ID', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="#%3Ctarget%3E">Click Here</a>';
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
     var node = fixture.querySelector('a');
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isSkipLink(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the URI is an Angular skiplink', function() {
+  it('should return true if the URI is an Angular skiplink', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="/#target">Click Here</a>';
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
     var node = fixture.querySelector('a');
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isSkipLink(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the URI is angular #!', function() {
+  it('should return false if the URI is angular #!', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="#!target">Click Here</a>';
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
     var node = fixture.querySelector('a');
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isSkipLink(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the URI is angular #/', function() {
+  it('should return false if the URI is angular #/', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="#/target">Click Here</a>';
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
     var node = fixture.querySelector('a');
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isSkipLink(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return true for multiple skip-links', function() {
+  it('should return true for multiple skip-links', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<a id="skip-link1" href="#target1">Click Here></a><a id="skip-link2" href="/#target2">Click Here></a><a id="skip-link3" href="#target3">Click Here></a>';
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ describe('dom.isSkipLink', function() {
     }
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the element is before a page link', function() {
+  it('should return true if the element is before a page link', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<a id="skip-link" href="#target">Click Here></a><a href="/page">New Page</a>';
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ describe('dom.isSkipLink', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isSkipLink(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the element is after a page link', function() {
+  it('should return false if the element is after a page link', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<a href="/page">New Page</a><a id="skip-link" href="#target">Click Here></a>';
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ describe('dom.isSkipLink', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isSkipLink(node));
   });
 
-  it('should ignore links that start with `href=javascript`', function() {
+  it('should ignore links that start with `href=javascript`', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<a href="javascript:void">New Page</a><a id="skip-link" href="#target">Click Here></a>';
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ describe('dom.isSkipLink', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isSkipLink(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return true for hash href that resolves to current page', function() {
+  it('should return true for hash href that resolves to current page', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<a href="' + window.location.pathname + '#target">Click Here</a>';
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ describe('dom.isSkipLink', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isSkipLink(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return true for absolute path hash href', function() {
+  it('should return true for absolute path hash href', function () {
     var url = window.location.href;
     fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="' + url + '#target">Click Here</a>';
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ describe('dom.isSkipLink', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isSkipLink(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for absolute path href that points to another document', function() {
+  it('should return false for absolute path href that points to another document', function () {
     var origin = window.location.origin;
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<a href="' + origin + '/something.html#target">Click Here</a>';
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ describe('dom.isSkipLink', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isSkipLink(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for href with <base> tag that points to another document', function() {
+  it('should return false for href with <base> tag that points to another document', function () {
     baseEl = document.createElement('base');
     baseEl.href = 'https://www.google.com/';
     document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(baseEl);
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-visible-on-screen.js b/test/commons/dom/is-visible-on-screen.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..99437949f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-visible-on-screen.js
@@ -0,0 +1,443 @@
+describe('dom.isVisibleOnScreen', function () {
+  'use strict';
+
+  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  var isIE11 = axe.testUtils.isIE11;
+  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+  var isVisibleOnScreen = axe.commons.dom.isVisibleOnScreen;
+
+  it('should return true on statically-positioned, visible elements', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">Hello!</div>');
+
+    assert.isTrue(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true on absolutely positioned elements that are on-screen', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; left: 10px; right: 10px">hi</div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isTrue(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should respect position: fixed', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="position:fixed; bottom: 0; left: 0;">StickySticky</div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isTrue(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should properly calculate offsets according the offsetParent', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div style="position: absolute; top: 400px; left: 400px;">' +
+        '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: -400px; left: -400px">Hi</div>' +
+        '</div>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false if moved offscreen with left', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; left: -9999px">Hi</div>'
+    );
+    assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false if moved offscreen with top', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: -9999px">Hi</div>'
+    );
+    assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false on detached elements', function () {
+    var el = document.createElement('div');
+    el.innerHTML = 'I am not visible because I am detached!';
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(el);
+    assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true on body', function () {
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
+    var actual = isVisibleOnScreen(document.body);
+    assert.isTrue(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('should return true on html', function () {
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.documentElement);
+    var actual = isVisibleOnScreen(document.documentElement);
+    assert.isTrue(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('should return false on STYLE tag', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<style id="target"> @import "https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/skeleton/2.0.4/skeleton.css"; .green { background-color: green; } </style>'
+    );
+    var actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('should return false on NOSCRIPT tag', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<noscript id="target"><p class="invisible"><img src="/piwik/piwik.php?idsite=1" alt="" /></p></noscript>'
+    );
+    var actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('should return false on TEMPLATE tag', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<template id="target"><div>Name:</div></template>'
+    );
+    var actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('should return true if positioned statically but top/left is set', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="top: -9999px; left: -9999px;' +
+        'right: -9999px; bottom: -9999px;">Hi</div>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should not be affected by `aria-hidden`', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">Hidden from screen readers</div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isTrue(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should not calculate position on parents', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div style="position: absolute; top: -400px; left: -400px;">' +
+        '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: 500px; left: 500px">Hi</div>' +
+        '</div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isTrue(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should know how `visibility` works', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div style="visibility: hidden;">' +
+        '<div id="target" style="visibility: visible;">Hi</div>' +
+        '</div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isTrue(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should detect clip rect hidden text technique', function () {
+    var clip =
+      'clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);' +
+      'clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);' +
+      'width: 1px; height: 1px;' +
+      'position: absolute;' +
+      'overflow: hidden;';
+
+    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" style="' + clip + '">Hi</div>');
+
+    assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should detect clip rect hidden text technique using position: fixed', function () {
+    var clip =
+      'clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);' +
+      'clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);' +
+      'width: 1px; height: 1px;' +
+      'position: fixed;' +
+      'overflow: hidden;';
+
+    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" style="' + clip + '">Hi</div>');
+
+    assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should detect when clip is not applied because of positioning', function () {
+    var clip =
+      'clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);' +
+      'clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);' +
+      'position: relative;' +
+      'overflow: hidden;';
+
+    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" style="' + clip + '">Hi</div>');
+
+    assert.isTrue(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should detect clip rect hidden text technique on parent', function () {
+    var clip =
+      'clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);' +
+      'clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);' +
+      'width: 1px; height: 1px;' +
+      'position: absolute;' +
+      'overflow: hidden;';
+
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div style="' + clip + '">' + '<div id="target">Hi</div>' + '</div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should detect when clip is not applied because of positioning on parent', function () {
+    var clip =
+      'clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);' +
+      'clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);' +
+      'position: relative;' +
+      'overflow: hidden;';
+
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div style="' + clip + '">' + '<div id="target">Hi</div>' + '</div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isTrue(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should detect poorly hidden clip rects', function () {
+    var clip =
+      'clip: rect(5px 1px 1px 5px);' +
+      'clip: rect(5px, 1px, 1px, 5px);' +
+      'width: 1px; height: 1px;' +
+      'position: absolute;' +
+      'overflow: hidden;';
+
+    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" style="' + clip + '">Hi</div>');
+
+    assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for display: none', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="display: none">Hello!</div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for opacity: 0', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="opacity: 0">Hello!</div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for 0 height scrollable region', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div style="overflow: scroll; height: 0"><div id="target">Hello!</div></div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for 0 width scrollable region', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div style="overflow: scroll; width: 0"><div id="target">Hello!</div></div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for `AREA` without closest `MAP` element', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>'
+    );
+    var actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for `AREA` with closest `MAP` with no name attribute', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<map>' +
+        '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
+        '</map>'
+    );
+    var actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
+    'returns false for `AREA` element that is inside shadowDOM',
+    function () {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="container"></div>';
+      var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+      var shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      shadow.innerHTML =
+        '<map name="infographic">' +
+        '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
+        '</map>';
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+      var target = shadow.querySelector('#target');
+      var actual = isVisibleOnScreen(target);
+      assert.isFalse(actual);
+    }
+  );
+
+  it('returns false for `AREA` with closest `MAP` with name but not referred by an `IMG` usemap attribute', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<map name="infographic">' +
+        '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
+        '</map>' +
+        '<img usemap="#infographic-wrong-name" alt="MDN infographic" />'
+    );
+    var actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for `AREA` with `MAP` and used in `IMG` which is not visible', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<map name="infographic">' +
+        '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
+        '</map>' +
+        '<img usemap="#infographic" alt="MDN infographic" style="display:none"/>'
+    );
+    var actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('returns true for `AREA` with `MAP` and used in `IMG` which is visible', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<map name="infographic">' +
+        '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
+        '</map>' +
+        '<img usemap="#infographic" alt="MDN infographic" />'
+    );
+    var actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
+    assert.isTrue(actual);
+  });
+
+  // IE11 either only supports clip paths defined by url() or not at all,
+  // MDN and caniuse.com give different results...
+  (isIE11 ? it.skip : it)(
+    'should detect clip-path hidden text technique',
+    function () {
+      var vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="clip-path: inset(50%);">Hi</div>'
+      );
+
+      assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
+    }
+  );
+
+  (isIE11 ? it.skip : it)(
+    'should detect clip-path hidden text technique on parent',
+    function () {
+      var vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div style="clip-path: circle(0%);">' +
+          '<div id="target">Hi</div>' +
+          '</div>'
+      );
+
+      assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
+    }
+  );
+
+  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
+    'should correctly handle visible slotted elements',
+    function () {
+      function createContentSlotted() {
+        var group = document.createElement('div');
+        group.innerHTML = '<div id="target">Stuff<slot></slot></div>';
+        return group;
+      }
+      function makeShadowTree(node) {
+        var root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+        var div = document.createElement('div');
+        root.appendChild(div);
+        div.appendChild(createContentSlotted());
+      }
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<div><a>hello</a></div>';
+      makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild);
+      var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
+      var el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'a')[0];
+      assert.isTrue(isVisibleOnScreen(el.actualNode));
+    }
+  );
+  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
+    'should correctly handle hidden slotted elements',
+    function () {
+      function createContentSlotted() {
+        var group = document.createElement('div');
+        group.innerHTML =
+          '<div id="target" style="display:none;">Stuff<slot></slot></div>';
+        return group;
+      }
+      function makeShadowTree(node) {
+        var root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+        var div = document.createElement('div');
+        root.appendChild(div);
+        div.appendChild(createContentSlotted());
+      }
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<div><p><a>hello</a></p></div>';
+      makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild);
+      var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
+      var el = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'a')[0];
+      assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(el.actualNode));
+    }
+  );
+
+  it('should return false for screen reader only technique', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1x; margin: -1px; padding: 0; border: 0; overflow: hidden;">Visually Hidden</div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false for element outside "overflow:hidden"', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div style="overflow: hidden; height: 100px;"><div id="target" style="margin-top: 200px;">Visually Hidden</div></div>'
+    );
+
+    assert.isFalse(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
+  });
+
+  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
+    it('should return true on statically-positioned, visible elements', function () {
+      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+        nodeName: 'div'
+      });
+      assert.isTrue(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false on STYLE tag', function () {
+      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+        nodeName: 'style'
+      });
+      var actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
+      assert.isFalse(actual);
+    });
+
+    it('should return false on NOSCRIPT tag', function () {
+      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+        nodeName: 'noscript'
+      });
+      var actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
+      assert.isFalse(actual);
+    });
+
+    it('should return false on TEMPLATE tag', function () {
+      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+        nodeName: 'template'
+      });
+      var actual = isVisibleOnScreen(vNode);
+      assert.isFalse(actual);
+    });
+
+    it('should not be affected by `aria-hidden`', function () {
+      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+        nodeName: 'div',
+        attributes: {
+          'aria-hidden': true
+        }
+      });
+      assert.isTrue(isVisibleOnScreen(vNode));
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-visible-to-screenreader.js b/test/commons/dom/is-visible-to-screenreader.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3586366a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-visible-to-screenreader.js
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+describe('dom.isVisibleToScreenReaders', function () {
+  'use strict';
+
+  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+  var isVisibleToScreenReaders = axe.commons.dom.isVisibleToScreenReaders;
+
+  function createContentHidden() {
+    var group = document.createElement('div');
+    group.innerHTML =
+      '<label id="mylabel">Label</label><input aria-labelledby="mylabel" type="text" />';
+    return group;
+  }
+
+  function makeShadowTreeHidden(node) {
+    var root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    var div = document.createElement('div');
+    div.className = 'parent';
+    root.appendChild(div);
+    div.appendChild(createContentHidden());
+  }
+
+  it('should return false on detached elements', function () {
+    var el = document.createElement('div');
+    el.innerHTML = 'I am not visible because I am detached!';
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(el);
+    assert.isFalse(isVisibleToScreenReaders(el));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true on body', function () {
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
+    var actual = isVisibleToScreenReaders(document.body);
+    assert.isTrue(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('should return true on html', function () {
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.documentElement);
+    var actual = isVisibleToScreenReaders(document.documentElement);
+    assert.isTrue(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for visible element', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">Visible</div>');
+    assert.isTrue(isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should return true for visible area element', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<map name="map">' +
+        '<area id="target" href="#" />' +
+        '</map>' +
+        '<img usemap="#map" src="img.png" />'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false if `aria-hidden` is set', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">Hidden from screen readers</div>'
+    );
+    assert.isFalse(isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false if `inert` is set', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" inert>Hidden from screen readers</div>'
+    );
+    assert.isFalse(isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false if `display: none` is set', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div id="target" style="display: none">Hidden from screen readers</div>'
+    );
+    assert.isFalse(isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false if `aria-hidden` is set on parent', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div aria-hidden="true"><div id="target">Hidden from screen readers</div></div>'
+    );
+    assert.isFalse(isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('should know how `visibility` works', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div style="visibility: hidden;">' +
+        '<div id="target" style="visibility: visible;">Hi</div>' +
+        '</div>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for `AREA` without closest `MAP` element', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>'
+    );
+    var actual = isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for `AREA` with closest `MAP` with no name attribute', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<map>' +
+        '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
+        '</map>'
+    );
+    var actual = isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
+    'returns false for `AREA` element that is inside shadowDOM',
+    function () {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="container"></div>';
+      var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
+      var shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      shadow.innerHTML =
+        '<map name="infographic">' +
+        '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
+        '</map>';
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+      var target = shadow.querySelector('#target');
+      var actual = isVisibleToScreenReaders(target);
+      assert.isFalse(actual);
+    }
+  );
+
+  it('returns false for `AREA` with closest `MAP` with name but not referred by an `IMG` usemap attribute', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<map name="infographic">' +
+        '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
+        '</map>' +
+        '<img usemap="#infographic-wrong-name" alt="MDN infographic" />'
+    );
+    var actual = isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for `AREA` with `MAP` and used in `IMG` which is not visible', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<map name="infographic">' +
+        '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
+        '</map>' +
+        '<img usemap="#infographic" alt="MDN infographic" style="display:none"/>'
+    );
+    var actual = isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('returns true for `AREA` with `MAP` and used in `IMG` which is visible', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<map name="infographic">' +
+        '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
+        '</map>' +
+        '<img usemap="#infographic" alt="MDN infographic" />'
+    );
+    var actual = isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode);
+    assert.isTrue(actual);
+  });
+
+  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
+    'not hidden: should work when the element is inside shadow DOM',
+    function () {
+      var tree, node;
+      // shadow DOM v1 - note: v0 is compatible with this code, so no need
+      // to specifically test this
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
+      makeShadowTreeHidden(fixture.firstChild);
+      tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
+      node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'input')[0];
+      assert.isTrue(isVisibleToScreenReaders(node));
+    }
+  );
+
+  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
+    'hidden: should work when the element is inside shadow DOM',
+    function () {
+      var tree, node;
+      // shadow DOM v1 - note: v0 is compatible with this code, so no need
+      // to specifically test this
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<div style="display:none"></div>';
+      makeShadowTreeHidden(fixture.firstChild);
+      tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
+      node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'input')[0];
+      assert.isFalse(isVisibleToScreenReaders(node));
+    }
+  );
+
+  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
+    'should work with hidden slotted elements',
+    function () {
+      function createContentSlotted() {
+        var group = document.createElement('div');
+        group.innerHTML =
+          '<div id="target" style="display:none;">Stuff<slot></slot></div>';
+        return group;
+      }
+      function makeShadowTree(node) {
+        var root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+        var div = document.createElement('div');
+        root.appendChild(div);
+        div.appendChild(createContentSlotted());
+      }
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<div><p><a>hello</a></p></div>';
+      makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild);
+      var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
+      var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'a')[0];
+      assert.isFalse(isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode));
+    }
+  );
+
+  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
+    it('should return false if `aria-hidden` is set', function () {
+      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+        nodeName: 'div',
+        attributes: {
+          'aria-hidden': true
+        }
+      });
+      assert.isFalse(isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false if `aria-hidden` is set on parent', function () {
+      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+        nodeName: 'div'
+      });
+      var parentVNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+        nodeName: 'div',
+        attributes: {
+          'aria-hidden': true
+        }
+      });
+      parentVNode.children = [vNode];
+      vNode.parent = parentVNode;
+      assert.isFalse(isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false if `inert` is set', function () {
+      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+        nodeName: 'div',
+        attributes: {
+          inert: true
+        }
+      });
+      assert.isFalse(isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false if `inert` is set on parent', function () {
+      var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+        nodeName: 'div'
+      });
+      var parentVNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+        nodeName: 'div',
+        attributes: {
+          inert: true
+        }
+      });
+      parentVNode.children = [vNode];
+      vNode.parent = parentVNode;
+      assert.isFalse(isVisibleToScreenReaders(vNode));
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-visible.js b/test/commons/dom/is-visible.js
index a85276cab..db85fafc3 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/is-visible.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-visible.js
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
-describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
+describe('dom.isVisible', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var isIE11 = axe.testUtils.isIE11;
   var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
   var computedStyleStub;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     document.getElementById('fixture').innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
 
@@ -17,22 +16,22 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
     }
   });
 
-  describe('default usage', function() {
+  describe('default usage', function () {
     // Firefox returns `null` if accessed inside a hidden iframe
-    it('should return false if computedStyle return null for whatever reason', function() {
+    it('should return false if computedStyle return null for whatever reason', function () {
       computedStyleStub = sinon.stub(window, 'getComputedStyle').returns(null);
       var el = document.createElement('div');
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should return true on statically-positioned, visible elements', function() {
+    it('should return true on statically-positioned, visible elements', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target">Hello!</div>';
       var el = document.getElementById('target');
 
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should return true on absolutely positioned elements that are on-screen', function() {
+    it('should return true on absolutely positioned elements that are on-screen', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; left: 10px; right: 10px">hi</div>';
       var el = document.getElementById('target');
@@ -40,7 +39,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should respect position: fixed', function() {
+    it('should respect position: fixed', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="position:fixed; bottom: 0; left: 0;">StickySticky</div>';
       var el = document.getElementById('target');
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should properly calculate offsets according the offsetParent', function() {
+    it('should properly calculate offsets according the offsetParent', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div style="position: absolute; top: 400px; left: 400px;">' +
         '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: -400px; left: -400px">Hi</div>' +
@@ -57,32 +56,32 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should return false if moved offscreen with left', function() {
+    it('should return false if moved offscreen with left', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; left: -9999px">Hi</div>';
       var el = document.getElementById('target');
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should return false if moved offscreen with top', function() {
+    it('should return false if moved offscreen with top', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: -9999px">Hi</div>';
       var el = document.getElementById('target');
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should return false on detached elements', function() {
+    it('should return false on detached elements', function () {
       var el = document.createElement('div');
       el.innerHTML = 'I am not visible because I am detached!';
 
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should return true on a document', function() {
+    it('should return true on a document', function () {
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(document));
     });
 
-    it('should return false on STYLE tag', function() {
+    it('should return false on STYLE tag', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<style id="target"> @import "https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/skeleton/2.0.4/skeleton.css"; .green { background-color: green; } </style>'
       );
@@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('should return false on NOSCRIPT tag', function() {
+    it('should return false on NOSCRIPT tag', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<noscript id="target"><p class="invisible"><img src="/piwik/piwik.php?idsite=1" alt="" /></p></noscript>'
       );
@@ -98,7 +97,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('should return false on TEMPLATE tag', function() {
+    it('should return false on TEMPLATE tag', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<template id="target"><div>Name:</div></template>'
       );
@@ -106,7 +105,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('should return true if positioned statically but top/left is set', function() {
+    it('should return true if positioned statically but top/left is set', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="top: -9999px; left: -9999px;' +
         'right: -9999px; bottom: -9999px;">Hi</div>';
@@ -114,7 +113,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should not be affected by `aria-hidden`', function() {
+    it('should not be affected by `aria-hidden`', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">Hidden from screen readers</div>';
 
@@ -122,7 +121,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should not calculate position on parents', function() {
+    it('should not calculate position on parents', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div style="position: absolute; top: -400px; left: -400px;">' +
         '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: 500px; left: 500px">Hi</div>' +
@@ -132,7 +131,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should know how `visibility` works', function() {
+    it('should know how `visibility` works', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div style="visibility: hidden;">' +
         '<div id="target" style="visibility: visible;">Hi</div>' +
@@ -142,7 +141,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should detect clip rect hidden text technique', function() {
+    it('should detect clip rect hidden text technique', function () {
       var el,
         clip =
           'clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);' +
@@ -157,7 +156,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should detect clip rect hidden text technique using position: fixed', function() {
+    it('should detect clip rect hidden text technique using position: fixed', function () {
       var el,
         clip =
           'clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);' +
@@ -172,7 +171,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should detect when clip is not applied because of positioning', function() {
+    it('should detect when clip is not applied because of positioning', function () {
       var el,
         clip =
           'clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);' +
@@ -186,7 +185,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should detect clip rect hidden text technique on parent', function() {
+    it('should detect clip rect hidden text technique on parent', function () {
       var el,
         clip =
           'clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);' +
@@ -202,7 +201,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should detect when clip is not applied because of positioning on parent', function() {
+    it('should detect when clip is not applied because of positioning on parent', function () {
       var el,
         clip =
           'clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);' +
@@ -217,7 +216,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should detect poorly hidden clip rects', function() {
+    it('should detect poorly hidden clip rects', function () {
       var el,
         clip =
           'clip: rect(5px 1px 1px 5px);' +
@@ -232,28 +231,28 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should return false for display: none', function() {
+    it('should return false for display: none', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" style="display: none">Hello!</div>';
       var el = document.getElementById('target');
 
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should return false for opacity: 0', function() {
+    it('should return false for opacity: 0', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" style="opacity: 0">Hello!</div>';
       var el = document.getElementById('target');
 
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should return false for opacity: 0', function() {
+    it('should return false for opacity: 0', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" style="opacity: 0">Hello!</div>';
       var el = document.getElementById('target');
 
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should return false for 0 height scrollable region', function() {
+    it('should return false for 0 height scrollable region', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div style="overflow: scroll; height: 0"><div id="target">Hello!</div></div>';
       var el = document.getElementById('target');
@@ -261,7 +260,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('should return false for 0 width scrollable region', function() {
+    it('should return false for 0 width scrollable region', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div style="overflow: scroll; width: 0"><div id="target">Hello!</div></div>';
       var el = document.getElementById('target');
@@ -269,7 +268,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
     });
 
-    it('returns false for `AREA` without closest `MAP` element', function() {
+    it('returns false for `AREA` without closest `MAP` element', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>'
       );
@@ -277,7 +276,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns false for `AREA` with closest `MAP` with no name attribute', function() {
+    it('returns false for `AREA` with closest `MAP` with no name attribute', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<map>' +
           '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
@@ -289,7 +288,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
 
     (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
       'returns false for `AREA` element that is inside shadowDOM',
-      function() {
+      function () {
         fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="container"></div>';
         var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
         var shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
@@ -305,7 +304,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       }
     );
 
-    it('returns false for `AREA` with closest `MAP` with name but not referred by an `IMG` usemap attribute', function() {
+    it('returns false for `AREA` with closest `MAP` with name but not referred by an `IMG` usemap attribute', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<map name="infographic">' +
           '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
@@ -316,7 +315,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns false for `AREA` with `MAP` and used in `IMG` which is not visible', function() {
+    it('returns false for `AREA` with `MAP` and used in `IMG` which is not visible', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<map name="infographic">' +
           '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
@@ -327,7 +326,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns true for `AREA` with `MAP` and used in `IMG` which is visible', function() {
+    it('returns true for `AREA` with `MAP` and used in `IMG` which is visible', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<map name="infographic">' +
           '<area id="target" role="link" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN"/>' +
@@ -338,35 +337,27 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
 
-    // IE11 either only supports clip paths defined by url() or not at all,
-    // MDN and caniuse.com give different results...
-    (isIE11 ? it.skip : it)(
-      'should detect clip-path hidden text technique',
-      function() {
-        fixture.innerHTML =
-          '<div id="target" style="clip-path: inset(50%);">Hi</div>';
+    it('should detect clip-path hidden text technique', function () {
+      fixture.innerHTML =
+        '<div id="target" style="clip-path: inset(50%);">Hi</div>';
 
-        var el = document.getElementById('target');
-        assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
-      }
-    );
+      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
+    });
 
-    (isIE11 ? it.skip : it)(
-      'should detect clip-path hidden text technique on parent',
-      function() {
-        fixture.innerHTML =
-          '<div style="clip-path: circle(0%);">' +
-          '<div id="target">Hi</div>' +
-          '</div>';
+    it('should detect clip-path hidden text technique on parent', function () {
+      fixture.innerHTML =
+        '<div style="clip-path: circle(0%);">' +
+        '<div id="target">Hi</div>' +
+        '</div>';
 
-        var el = document.getElementById('target');
-        assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
-      }
-    );
+      var el = document.getElementById('target');
+      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
+    });
 
     (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
       'should correctly handle visible slotted elements',
-      function() {
+      function () {
         function createContentSlotted() {
           var group = document.createElement('div');
           group.innerHTML = '<div id="target">Stuff<slot></slot></div>';
@@ -387,7 +378,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
     );
     (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
       'should correctly handle hidden slotted elements',
-      function() {
+      function () {
         function createContentSlotted() {
           var group = document.createElement('div');
           group.innerHTML =
@@ -407,7 +398,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
         assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el.actualNode));
       }
     );
-    it('should return false if element is visually hidden using position absolute, overflow hidden, and a very small height', function() {
+    it('should return false if element is visually hidden using position absolute, overflow hidden, and a very small height', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="position:absolute; height: 1px; overflow: hidden;">StickySticky</div>';
       var el = document.getElementById('target');
@@ -416,22 +407,22 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('screen readers', function() {
+  describe('screen readers', function () {
     // Firefox returns `null` if accessed inside a hidden iframe
-    it('should return false if computedStyle return null for whatever reason', function() {
+    it('should return false if computedStyle return null for whatever reason', function () {
       computedStyleStub = sinon.stub(window, 'getComputedStyle').returns(null);
       var el = document.createElement('div');
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should return true on staticly-positioned, visible elements', function() {
+    it('should return true on staticly-positioned, visible elements', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target">Hello!</div>';
       var el = document.getElementById('target');
 
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should return true on absolutely positioned elements that are on-screen', function() {
+    it('should return true on absolutely positioned elements that are on-screen', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; left: 10px; right: 10px">hi</div>';
       var el = document.getElementById('target');
@@ -439,7 +430,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should respect position: fixed', function() {
+    it('should respect position: fixed', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="position:fixed; bottom: 0; left: 0;">StickySticky</div>';
       var el = document.getElementById('target');
@@ -447,7 +438,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should properly calculate offsets according the offsetParent', function() {
+    it('should properly calculate offsets according the offsetParent', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div style="position: absolute; top: 400px; left: 400px;">' +
         '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: -400px; left: -400px">Hi</div>' +
@@ -456,53 +447,53 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should return true if moved offscreen with left', function() {
+    it('should return true if moved offscreen with left', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; left: -9999px">Hi</div>';
       var el = document.getElementById('target');
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should return true if moved offscreen with top', function() {
+    it('should return true if moved offscreen with top', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: -9999px">Hi</div>';
       var el = document.getElementById('target');
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should return true if moved offscreen with right', function() {
+    it('should return true if moved offscreen with right', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; right: -9999px">Hi</div>';
       var el = document.getElementById('target');
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should return true if moved offscreen with bottom', function() {
+    it('should return true if moved offscreen with bottom', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; bottom: -9999px">Hi</div>';
       var el = document.getElementById('target');
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should return true if text is moved offscreen with text-indent', function() {
+    it('should return true if text is moved offscreen with text-indent', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="text-indent: -9999px">Hi</div>';
       var el = document.getElementById('target');
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should return false on detached elements', function() {
+    it('should return false on detached elements', function () {
       var el = document.createElement('div');
       el.innerHTML = 'I am not visible because I am detached!';
 
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should return true on a document', function() {
+    it('should return true on a document', function () {
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(document, true));
     });
 
-    it('should return true if positioned staticly but top/left is set', function() {
+    it('should return true if positioned staticly but top/left is set', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="top: -9999px; left: -9999px;' +
         'right: -9999px; bottom: -9999px;">Hi</div>';
@@ -510,7 +501,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should return false if `aria-hidden` is set', function() {
+    it('should return false if `aria-hidden` is set', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">Hidden from screen readers</div>';
 
@@ -518,7 +509,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should return false if `aria-hidden` is set on parent', function() {
+    it('should return false if `aria-hidden` is set on parent', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div aria-hidden="true"><div id="target">Hidden from screen readers</div></div>';
 
@@ -526,7 +517,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should not calculate position on parents', function() {
+    it('should not calculate position on parents', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div style="position: absolute; top: -400px; left: -400px;">' +
         '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: 500px; left: 500px">Hi</div>' +
@@ -536,7 +527,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should know how `visibility` works', function() {
+    it('should know how `visibility` works', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div style="visibility: hidden;">' +
         '<div id="target" style="visibility: visible;">Hi</div>' +
@@ -546,7 +537,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should detect clip rect hidden text technique', function() {
+    it('should detect clip rect hidden text technique', function () {
       var el,
         clip =
           'clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);' +
@@ -561,7 +552,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should detect even when clip is not applied because of positioning', function() {
+    it('should detect even when clip is not applied because of positioning', function () {
       var el,
         clip =
           'clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);' +
@@ -575,7 +566,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should detect clip rect hidden text technique on parent', function() {
+    it('should detect clip rect hidden text technique on parent', function () {
       var el,
         clip =
           'clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);' +
@@ -591,7 +582,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should detect even when clip is not applied because of positioning on parent', function() {
+    it('should detect even when clip is not applied because of positioning on parent', function () {
       var el,
         clip =
           'clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);' +
@@ -606,7 +597,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should detect poorly hidden clip rects', function() {
+    it('should detect poorly hidden clip rects', function () {
       var el,
         clip =
           'clip: rect(5px 1px 1px 5px);' +
@@ -621,7 +612,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should detect clip-path hidden text technique', function() {
+    it('should detect clip-path hidden text technique', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="clip-path: inset(50%);">Hi</div>';
 
@@ -629,7 +620,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el, true));
     });
 
-    it('should detect clip-path hidden text technique on parent', function() {
+    it('should detect clip-path hidden text technique on parent', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div style="clip-path: circle(0%);">' +
         '<div id="target">Hi</div>' +
@@ -640,15 +631,15 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
-    it('should return true on statically-positioned, visible elements', function() {
+  describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
+    it('should return true on statically-positioned, visible elements', function () {
       var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div'
       });
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(vNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return false on STYLE tag', function() {
+    it('should return false on STYLE tag', function () {
       var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'style'
       });
@@ -656,7 +647,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('should return false on NOSCRIPT tag', function() {
+    it('should return false on NOSCRIPT tag', function () {
       var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'noscript'
       });
@@ -664,7 +655,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('should return false on TEMPLATE tag', function() {
+    it('should return false on TEMPLATE tag', function () {
       var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'template'
       });
@@ -672,7 +663,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('should not be affected by `aria-hidden`', function() {
+    it('should not be affected by `aria-hidden`', function () {
       var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
@@ -682,8 +673,8 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(vNode));
     });
 
-    describe('screen readers', function() {
-      it('should return false if `aria-hidden` is set', function() {
+    describe('screen readers', function () {
+      it('should return false if `aria-hidden` is set', function () {
         var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
           nodeName: 'div',
           attributes: {
@@ -693,7 +684,7 @@ describe('dom.isVisible', function() {
         assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(vNode, true));
       });
 
-      it('should return false if `aria-hidden` is set on parent', function() {
+      it('should return false if `aria-hidden` is set on parent', function () {
         var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
           nodeName: 'div'
         });
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/is-visual-content.js b/test/commons/dom/is-visual-content.js
index 1c6d1014f..c1af93ac8 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/is-visual-content.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/is-visual-content.js
@@ -1,111 +1,121 @@
-describe('dom.isVisualContent', function() {
+describe('dom.isVisualContent', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  var isVisualContent = axe.commons.dom.isVisualContent;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
-    document.getElementById('fixture').innerHTML = '';
+  afterEach(function () {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  describe('isVisualContent', function() {
-    it('should return true for img', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<img src="">';
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisualContent(fixture.children[0]));
+  describe('isVisualContent', function () {
+    it('should return true for img', function () {
+      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<img src="" id="target">');
+      assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for iframe', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<iframe src=""></iframe>';
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisualContent(fixture.children[0]));
+    it('should return true for iframe', function () {
+      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<iframe src="" id="target"></iframe>');
+      assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for object', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<object data=""></object>';
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisualContent(fixture.children[0]));
+    it('should return true for object', function () {
+      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<object data="" id="target"></object>');
+      assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for video', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<video src=""></video>';
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisualContent(fixture.children[0]));
+    it('should return true for video', function () {
+      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<video src="" id="target"></video>');
+      assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for audio', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<audio src=""></audio>';
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisualContent(fixture.children[0]));
+    it('should return true for audio', function () {
+      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<audio src="" id="target"></audio>');
+      assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for canvas', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<canvas></canvas>';
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisualContent(fixture.children[0]));
+    it('should return true for canvas', function () {
+      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<canvas id="target"></canvas>');
+      assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for svg', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<svg></svg>';
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisualContent(fixture.children[0]));
+    it('should return true for svg', function () {
+      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<svg id="target"></svg>');
+      assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for math', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<math></math>';
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisualContent(fixture.children[0]));
+    it('should return true for math', function () {
+      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<math id="target"></math>');
+      assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for button', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<button></button>';
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisualContent(fixture.children[0]));
+    it('should return true for button', function () {
+      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<button id="target"></button>');
+      assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for select', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<select></select>';
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisualContent(fixture.children[0]));
+    it('should return true for select', function () {
+      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<select id="target"></select>');
+      assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for textarea', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<textarea></textarea>';
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisualContent(fixture.children[0]));
+    it('should return true for textarea', function () {
+      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<textarea id="target"></textarea>');
+      assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for keygen', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<keygen>';
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisualContent(fixture.children[0]));
+    it('should return true for keygen', function () {
+      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<keygen id="target"></keygen');
+      assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for progress', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<progress></progress>';
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisualContent(fixture.children[0]));
+    it('should return true for progress', function () {
+      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<progress id="target"></progress>');
+      assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for meter', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<meter></meter>';
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisualContent(fixture.children[0]));
+    it('should return true for meter', function () {
+      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<meter id="target"></meter>');
+      assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for non-hidden input', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="text">';
-      assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisualContent(fixture.children[0]));
+    it('should return true for non-hidden input', function () {
+      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<input type="text" id="target">');
+      assert.isTrue(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for elements with a visual aria role', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<span role="img"></span>' +
-        '<span role="checkbox"></span>' +
-        '<span role="radio"></span>' +
-        '<span role="range"></span>' +
-        '<span role="slider"></span>' +
-        '<span role="spinbutton"></span>' +
-        '<span role="textbox"></span>';
+    it('should return true for elements with a visual aria role', function () {
+      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target">' +
+          '<span role="img"></span>' +
+          '<span role="checkbox"></span>' +
+          '<span role="radio"></span>' +
+          '<span role="meter"></span>' +
+          '<span role="progressbar"></span>' +
+          '<span role="scrollbar"></span>' +
+          '<span role="slider"></span>' +
+          '<span role="spinbutton"></span>' +
+          '<span role="textbox"></span>' +
+          '</div>'
+      );
 
-      for (var i = 0; i < fixture.children.length; i++) {
-        assert.isTrue(axe.commons.dom.isVisualContent(fixture.children[i]));
+      for (var i = 0; i < virtualNode.children.length; i++) {
+        assert.isTrue(
+          isVisualContent(virtualNode.children[i]),
+          'for role ' + virtualNode.children[i].attr('role')
+        );
       }
     });
 
-    it('should return false for hidden input', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="hidden">';
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisualContent(fixture.children[0]));
+    it('should return false for hidden input', function () {
+      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<input type="hidden" id="target">');
+      assert.isFalse(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return false for p', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<p>Paragraph!</p>';
-      assert.isFalse(axe.commons.dom.isVisualContent(fixture.children[0]));
+    it('should return false for p', function () {
+      var virtualNode = queryFixture('<p id="target">Paragraph!</p>');
+      assert.isFalse(isVisualContent(virtualNode));
     });
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/shadow-elements-from-point.js b/test/commons/dom/shadow-elements-from-point.js
index bad758381..75b1a26ca 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/shadow-elements-from-point.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/shadow-elements-from-point.js
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-describe('dom.shadowElementsFromPoint', function() {
+describe('dom.shadowElementsFromPoint', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     document.getElementById('fixture').innerHTML = '';
   });
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'should return an array from inside and outside of shadow dom',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="container" style="background-color:#000;position:relative;"></div>';
       var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
@@ -45,14 +45,14 @@ describe('dom.shadowElementsFromPoint', function() {
     }
   );
 
-  it('does not throw when elementsFromPoints returns null', function() {
+  it('does not throw when elementsFromPoints returns null', function () {
     var mockDocument = {
-      elementsFromPoint: function() {
+      elementsFromPoint: function () {
         return null;
       }
     };
     var out;
-    assert.doesNotThrow(function() {
+    assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
       out = axe.commons.dom.shadowElementsFromPoint(10, 10, mockDocument);
     });
     assert.deepEqual(out, []);
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/url-props-from-attribute.js b/test/commons/dom/url-props-from-attribute.js
index 458f856bc..b86f396de 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/url-props-from-attribute.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/url-props-from-attribute.js
@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
-describe('dom.urlPropsFromAttribute', function() {
+describe('dom.urlPropsFromAttribute', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var isIE11 = axe.testUtils.isIE11;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when given node does not have specified attribute', function() {
+  it('returns undefined when given node does not have specified attribute', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" role="link">Schedule appointment</button>'
     );
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ describe('dom.urlPropsFromAttribute', function() {
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when `A` has no `HREF` attribute', function() {
+  it('returns undefined when `A` has no `HREF` attribute', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<a id="target">Follow us on Instagram</a>');
     var actual = axe.commons.dom.urlPropsFromAttribute(
       vNode.actualNode,
@@ -29,7 +28,7 @@ describe('dom.urlPropsFromAttribute', function() {
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns URL properties when `A` with `HREF` (has port)', function() {
+  it('returns URL properties when `A` with `HREF` (has port)', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<a id="target" href="http://localhost:9876/test/playground.html">Follow us on Instagram</a>'
     );
@@ -49,7 +48,7 @@ describe('dom.urlPropsFromAttribute', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('returns URL properties when `A` with empty `HREF`', function() {
+  it('returns URL properties when `A` with empty `HREF`', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<a id="target" href="">See commons tests</a>');
     var actual = axe.commons.dom.urlPropsFromAttribute(
       vNode.actualNode,
@@ -60,7 +59,7 @@ describe('dom.urlPropsFromAttribute', function() {
     assert.equal(actual.port, location.port);
   });
 
-  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` (having HTTPS protocol)', function() {
+  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` (having HTTPS protocol)', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<a id="target" href="https://facebook.com">follow us on Facebook</a>'
     );
@@ -80,7 +79,7 @@ describe('dom.urlPropsFromAttribute', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` (having FTP protocol)', function() {
+  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` (having FTP protocol)', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<a id="target" href="ftp://mywebsite.org">Navigate to My Website</a>'
     );
@@ -89,7 +88,7 @@ describe('dom.urlPropsFromAttribute', function() {
       hash: '',
       hostname: 'mywebsite.org',
       pathname: '/',
-      port: isIE11 ? '21' : '',
+      port: '',
       protocol: 'ftp:',
       search: {}
     };
@@ -100,7 +99,7 @@ describe('dom.urlPropsFromAttribute', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` which has subdirectory and inline link', function() {
+  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` which has subdirectory and inline link', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<a id="target" href="http://mysite.com/directory/#anchor">Go to Issues</a>'
     );
@@ -120,7 +119,7 @@ describe('dom.urlPropsFromAttribute', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` which has subdirectory and hashbang', function() {
+  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` which has subdirectory and hashbang', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<a id="target" href="http://mysite.com/directory/#!foo">See our services</a>'
     );
@@ -140,7 +139,7 @@ describe('dom.urlPropsFromAttribute', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` which has search query', function() {
+  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` which has search query', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<a id="target" href="http://mysite.com/search/?q=foo#bar">Get list of foo bars</a>'
     );
@@ -162,7 +161,7 @@ describe('dom.urlPropsFromAttribute', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` which has multiple search query parameters', function() {
+  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` which has multiple search query parameters', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<a id="target" href="http://mysite.com/search/?a=123&z=XYZ&name=Axe&branch=&version=1.2.3&values=[1,2,3]">Get list of foo bars</a>'
     );
@@ -189,7 +188,7 @@ describe('dom.urlPropsFromAttribute', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` which has filename', function() {
+  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` which has filename', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<a id="target" href="http://mysite.com/directory/widgets/calendar.html">Book tour</a>'
     );
@@ -209,7 +208,7 @@ describe('dom.urlPropsFromAttribute', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` which has filename as `index` (ignores index.*)', function() {
+  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` which has filename as `index` (ignores index.*)', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<a id="target" href="http://mysite.com/directory/index.html">Book tour</a>'
     );
@@ -229,7 +228,7 @@ describe('dom.urlPropsFromAttribute', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
   });
 
-  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` that is contained in SVG document', function() {
+  it('returns URL properties for `A` with `HREF` that is contained in SVG document', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<svg viewBox="0 0 100 100" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">' +
         '<a id="target" href="http://mysite.com/directory/widgets/calendar.html" aria-label="Book tour"><circle cx="50" cy="40" r="35" /></a>' +
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/visibility-methods.js b/test/commons/dom/visibility-methods.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..867b50f69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/dom/visibility-methods.js
@@ -0,0 +1,516 @@
+describe('dom.visibility-methods', () => {
+  const { queryFixture, shadowCheckSetup } = axe.testUtils;
+  const {
+    nativelyHidden,
+    displayHidden,
+    visibilityHidden,
+    contentVisibiltyHidden,
+    ariaHidden,
+    opacityHidden,
+    scrollHidden,
+    overflowHidden,
+    clipHidden,
+    areaHidden,
+    detailsHidden
+  } = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.commons.dom;
+  const contentVisibilitySupported = CSS.supports('content-visibility: hidden');
+
+  describe('nativelyHidden', () => {
+    const nativelyHiddenElements = ['style', 'script', 'noscript', 'template'];
+
+    it('should return true for hidden elements', () => {
+      nativelyHiddenElements.forEach(nodeName => {
+        const vNode = new axe.VirtualNode(document.createElement(nodeName));
+        assert.isTrue(nativelyHidden(vNode), (nodeName = ' is not hidden'));
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for visible elements', () => {
+      Object.keys(axe._audit.standards.htmlElms)
+        .filter(nodeName => {
+          return !nativelyHiddenElements.includes(nodeName);
+        })
+        .forEach(nodeName => {
+          const vNode = new axe.VirtualNode(document.createElement(nodeName));
+          assert.isFalse(nativelyHidden(vNode), nodeName + ' is not visible');
+        });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('displayHidden', () => {
+    it('should return true for element with "display:none`', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="display: none;"></div>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(displayHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for element with "display:block`', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="display: block;"></div>'
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(displayHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for element without display', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
+      assert.isFalse(displayHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for area element', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<map name="test">' +
+          '<area id="target" href="#"/>' +
+          '</map>' +
+          '<img usemap="#test" src="img.png"/>'
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(displayHidden(vNode));
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('visibilityHidden', () => {
+    it('should return true for element with "visibility:hidden`', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="visibility: hidden;"></div>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(visibilityHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return true for element with "visibility:collapse`', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="visibility: collapse;"></div>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(visibilityHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for element with "visibility:visible`', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="visibility: visible;"></div>'
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(visibilityHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for element without visibility', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
+      assert.isFalse(visibilityHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for if passed "isAncestor:true`', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="visibility: hidden;"></div>'
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(visibilityHidden(vNode, { isAncestor: true }));
+    });
+  });
+
+  (contentVisibilitySupported ? describe : describe.skip)(
+    'contentVisibiltyHidden',
+    () => {
+      it('should return true for element with "content-visibility:hidden` ancestor', () => {
+        const vNode = queryFixture(
+          '<div id="target" style="content-visibility: hidden;"></div>'
+        );
+        assert.isTrue(contentVisibiltyHidden(vNode, { isAncestor: true }));
+      });
+
+      it('should return false for element with "content-visibility: visible` ancestor', () => {
+        const vNode = queryFixture(
+          '<div id="target" style="content-visibility: visible;"></div>'
+        );
+        assert.isFalse(contentVisibiltyHidden(vNode, { isAncestor: true }));
+      });
+
+      it('should return false for element without content-visibility', () => {
+        const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
+        assert.isFalse(contentVisibiltyHidden(vNode));
+      });
+
+      it('should return false for element with "content-visibility: hidden"', () => {
+        const vNode = queryFixture(
+          '<div id="target" style="content-visibility: hidden;"></div>'
+        );
+        assert.isFalse(contentVisibiltyHidden(vNode, { isAncestor: false }));
+      });
+    }
+  );
+
+  describe('ariaHidden', () => {
+    it('should return true for element with "aria-hidden=true`', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" aria-hidden="true"></div>');
+      assert.isTrue(ariaHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for element with "aria-hidden=false`', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" aria-hidden="false"></div>');
+      assert.isFalse(ariaHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for element without aria-hidden', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
+      assert.isFalse(ariaHidden(vNode));
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('opacityHidden', () => {
+    it('should return true for element with "opacity:0`', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" style="opacity: 0;"></div>');
+      assert.isTrue(opacityHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for element with "opacity:0.1`', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="opacity: 0.1;"></div>'
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(opacityHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for element without opacity', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
+      assert.isFalse(opacityHidden(vNode));
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('scrollHidden', () => {
+    it('should return true for element with scroll and "width:0`', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="overflow-x: scroll; width: 0">scroll hidden</div>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(scrollHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return true for element with scroll and "height:0`', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="overflow-y: scroll; height: 0">scroll hidden</div>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(scrollHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for element with scroll and width > 0', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="overflow-x: scroll;">scroll hidden</div>'
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(scrollHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for element with scroll and height > 0', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="overflow-y: scroll;">scroll hidden</div>'
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(scrollHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for element without scroll', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">scroll hidden</div>');
+      assert.isFalse(scrollHidden(vNode));
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('overflowHidden', function () {
+    it('should return true for element with "overflow:hidden" and small width', function () {
+      var vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="overflow: hidden; width: 1px;">Hello world</div>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(overflowHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return true for element with "overflow:hidden" and small height', function () {
+      var vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="overflow: hidden; height: 1px;">Hello world</div>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(overflowHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return true for parent with "overflow: hidden" and element outside parent rect', function () {
+      var vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div style="overflow: hidden; width: 50px;">' +
+          '<div id="target" style="margin-left: 100px;">Hello world</div>' +
+          '</div>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(overflowHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return true for ancestor with "overflow: hidden" and element outside ancestor rect', function () {
+      var vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div style="overflow: hidden; width: 50px;">' +
+          '<div>' +
+          '<div>' +
+          '<div id="target" style="margin-left: 100px;">Hello world</div>' +
+          '</div>' +
+          '</div>' +
+          '</div>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(overflowHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return true for multiple ancestors with "overflow: hidden" and element outside one ancestor rect', function () {
+      var vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div style="overflow: hidden; width: 50px;">' +
+          '<div>' +
+          '<div style="overflow: hidden; width: 500px">' +
+          '<div id="target" style="margin-left: 100px;">Hello world</div>' +
+          '</div>' +
+          '</div>' +
+          '</div>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(overflowHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return true for element barely inside "overflow: hidden" parent using floating point', () => {
+      var vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div style="overflow: hidden; width: 50.5px;">' +
+          '<div id="target" style="margin-left: 50px;">Hello world</div>' +
+          '</div>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(overflowHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for element with "overflow:hidden" and width larger than 1px', function () {
+      var vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="overflow: hidden; width: 2px;">Hello world</div>'
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(overflowHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for element with "overflow:hidden" and height larger than 1px', function () {
+      var vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="overflow: hidden; height: 2px;">Hello world</div>'
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(overflowHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for element with just "overflow:hidden"', function () {
+      var vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="overflow: hidden;">Hello world</div>'
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(overflowHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for element without "overflow:hidden"', function () {
+      var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">Hello world</div>');
+      assert.isFalse(overflowHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for multiple ancestors with "overflow: hidden" and element is inside all ancestor rects', function () {
+      var vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div style="overflow: hidden; width: 101px;">' +
+          '<div>' +
+          '<div style="overflow: hidden; width: 500px">' +
+          '<div id="target" style="margin-left: 100px;">Hello world</div>' +
+          '</div>' +
+          '</div>' +
+          '</div>'
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(overflowHidden(vNode));
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('clipHidden', () => {
+    it('should return true for element with clip-path and inset >= 50%', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="clip-path: inset(50%);">Hello world</div>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(clipHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for element with clip-path and inset < 50%', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="clip-path: inset(49%);">Hello world</div>'
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(clipHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return true for element with clip-path and circle=0', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="clip-path: circle(0);">Hello world</div>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(clipHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for element with clip-path and circle > 0', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="clip-path: circle(1%);">Hello world</div>'
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(clipHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return true for element with clip and "position:absolute`', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); position: absolute">Hello world</div>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(clipHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return true for element with clip and "position:fixed"', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); position: fixed">Hello world</div>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(clipHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return true for element with clip using commas', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); position: absolute">Hello world</div>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(clipHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return true for poorly hidden clip rects', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="clip: rect(5px 1px 1px 5px); position: absolute">Hello world</div>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(clipHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for element with clip and "position:relative"', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); position: relative">Hello world</div>'
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(clipHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for element with clip and without position', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);">Hello world</div>'
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(clipHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for element without clip or clip-path', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">Hello world</div>');
+      assert.isFalse(clipHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for element with visible clip', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="clip: rect(5px 6px 7px 8px); position: relative">Hello world</div>'
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(clipHidden(vNode));
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('areaHidden', () => {
+    it('should return true for element without map parent', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<area id="target" />');
+      assert.isTrue(areaHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return true for map without a name', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<map><area id="target" /></map>');
+      assert.isTrue(areaHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return true if map is in shadowDOM', () => {
+      const vNode = shadowCheckSetup(
+        '<map name="foo"><div id="shadow"></div></map>',
+        '<area id="target" />'
+      )[2];
+      assert.isTrue(areaHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return true if img does not use map', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<map name="foo"><area id="target" /></map>');
+      assert.isTrue(areaHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return true if img uses map but is hidden', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<map name="foo"><area id="target" /></map><img usemap="#foo" />'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(
+        areaHidden(vNode, () => {
+          return false;
+        })
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('should return false if img uses map and is visible', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<map name="foo"><area id="target" /></map><img usemap="#foo" />'
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(
+        areaHidden(vNode, () => {
+          return true;
+        })
+      );
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('detailsHidden', () => {
+    it('should return true for closed details parent', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+        <details>
+          <summary>Hello World</summary>
+          <p id="target">Hidden</p>
+        </details>
+      `);
+
+      assert.isTrue(detailsHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for closed details', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+        <details id="target">
+          <summary>Hello World</summary>
+          <p>Hidden</p>
+        </details>
+      `);
+
+      assert.isFalse(detailsHidden(vNode, { isAncestor: false }));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for summary in closed details', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+        <details>
+          <summary id="target">Hello World</summary>
+          <p>Hidden</p>
+        </details>
+      `);
+
+      assert.isFalse(detailsHidden(vNode, { isAncestor: false }));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for summary in open details', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+        <details open>
+          <summary id="target">Hello World</summary>
+          <p>Hidden</p>
+        </details>
+      `);
+
+      assert.isFalse(detailsHidden(vNode, { isAncestor: false }));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for open details parent', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+        <details open>
+          <summary>Hello World</summary>
+          <p id="target">Hidden</p>
+        </details>
+      `);
+
+      assert.isFalse(detailsHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return true for not first summary in closed details', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+        <details>
+          <summary>Hello World</summary>
+          <summary id="target">Not a summary</summary>
+          <p>Hidden</p>
+        </details>
+      `);
+
+      assert.isTrue(detailsHidden(vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('should return false for element not in details', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(`
+        <div>
+          <div id="target">Hello World</div>
+        </div>
+      `);
+
+      assert.isFalse(detailsHidden(vNode));
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/visually-contains.js b/test/commons/dom/visually-contains.js
index a43f7bc3b..b63dea9d5 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/visually-contains.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/visually-contains.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('dom.visuallyContains', function() {
+describe('dom.visuallyContains', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ describe('dom.visuallyContains', function() {
 
   var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     document.getElementById('fixture').innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true when element is trivially contained', function() {
+  it('should return true when element is trivially contained', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: red;">' +
         '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: green;">' +
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ describe('dom.visuallyContains', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false when overflow is hidden', function() {
+  it('should return false when overflow is hidden', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div style="height: 20px; width: 30px; background-color: red; overflow: hidden;">' +
         '<div id="target" style="height:20px; top: 25px; width: 45px; background-color: green; position:absolute;">' +
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ describe('dom.visuallyContains', function() {
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('should return false when absolutely positioned content does not overlap', function() {
+  it('should return false when absolutely positioned content does not overlap', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div style="height:20px; width:30px; background-color:red;">' +
         '<div id="target" style="height:20px; top:25px; width:45px; background-color:green; position:absolute;">Text' +
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ describe('dom.visuallyContains', function() {
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('should return false when element is outside of margin', function() {
+  it('should return false when element is outside of margin', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div style="height: 40px; width: 30px; margin-left: 30px; background-color: red;">' +
         '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 45px; margin-left: -20px; background-color: green;">' +
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ describe('dom.visuallyContains', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false when overflow is visible', function() {
+  it('should return false when overflow is visible', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: red; overflow: visible;">' +
         '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 45px; background-color: green;">' +
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ describe('dom.visuallyContains', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true when element is scrollable', function() {
+  it('should return true when element is scrollable', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: red; overflow: scroll;">' +
         '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 45px; background-color: green;">' +
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ describe('dom.visuallyContains', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true when element is inline', function() {
+  it('should return true when element is inline', function () {
     // result depends on the display property of the element
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<label>' + 'My label <input type="text" id="target">' + '</label>'
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ describe('dom.visuallyContains', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false when element is partially contained', function() {
+  it('should return false when element is partially contained', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div style="background-color:red; height:20px;">' +
         '<p id="target" style="margin:0; position:absolute;">Text<br>more text</p></div>'
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ describe('dom.visuallyContains', function() {
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('should return true when element is contained by scroll region', function() {
+  it('should return true when element is contained by scroll region', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div id="parent">' +
         '<div style="overflow: scroll; height: 200px;">' +
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ describe('dom.visuallyContains', function() {
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it('should return true for child with truncated text', function() {
+  it('should return true for child with truncated text', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<p style="max-width: 200px; text-overflow: ellipsis; overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap;">' +
         '<span id="target">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed et sollicitudin quam. Fuscemi odio, egestas pulvinar erat eget, vehicula tempus est. Proin vitae ullamcorper velit. Donec sagittis est justo, mattis iaculis arcu facilisis id. Proin pulvinar ornare arcu a fermentum. Quisque et dignissim nulla,sit amet consectetur ipsum. Donec in libero porttitor, dapibus neque imperdiet, aliquam est. Vivamus blandit volutpat fringilla. In mi magna, mollis sit amet imperdiet eu, rutrum ut tellus. Mauris vel condimentum nibh, quis ultricies nisi. Vivamus accumsan quam mauris, id iaculis quam fringilla ac. Curabitur pulvinar dolor ac magna vehicula, non auctor ligula dignissim. Nam ac nibh porttitor, malesuada tortor varius, feugiat turpis. Mauris dapibus, tellus ut viverra porta, ipsum turpis bibendum ligula, at tempor felis ante non libero.</span>' +
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ describe('dom.visuallyContains', function() {
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if element is outside overflow hidden', function() {
+  it('should return false if element is outside overflow hidden', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div id="parent" style="width: 200px; height: 200px; overflow: hidden;">' +
         '<div id="target" style="margin-top: 300px;">Some text</div>' +
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ describe('dom.visuallyContains', function() {
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('should allow subpixel contains due to rounding', function() {
+  it('should allow subpixel contains due to rounding', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div id="parent" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;">' +
         '<div id="target" style="margin-left: -0.1px; margin-top: -0.9px; width: 200.5px; height: 200.9px">Some text</div>' +
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ describe('dom.visuallyContains', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'should return true when element is visually contained across shadow boundary',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div style="height:40px; background-color:red;" id="container"></div>';
       var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ describe('dom.visuallyContains', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'should return true when element is contained by scroll region across shadow boundary',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="parent">' +
         '<div style="overflow: scroll; height: 200px;">' +
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ describe('dom.visuallyContains', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'should return false when element is not visually contained across shadow boundary',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="container" style="height:20px;background-color:red;overflow:hidden;"></div>';
       var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ describe('dom.visuallyContains', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'should return false when element is absolutely positioned off of background across shadow boundary',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="container" style="background-color:black; height:20px;"></div>';
       var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ describe('dom.visuallyContains', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'should return false when element is partially positioned off of background across shadow boundary',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="container" style="background-color:black; height:20px; position:relative;"></div>';
       var container = fixture.querySelector('#container');
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/visually-overlaps.js b/test/commons/dom/visually-overlaps.js
index b4fc6d7a7..69fe6d379 100644
--- a/test/commons/dom/visually-overlaps.js
+++ b/test/commons/dom/visually-overlaps.js
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-describe('dom.visuallyOverlaps', function() {
+describe('dom.visuallyOverlaps', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     document.getElementById('fixture').innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true when element is trivially contained', function() {
+  it('should return true when element is trivially contained', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="height: 40px; width: 30px; background-color: red;">' +
       '<div id="target" style="height: 20px; width: 15px; background-color: green;">' +
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ describe('dom.visuallyOverlaps', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false when rect has no overlap', function() {
+  it('should return false when rect has no overlap', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; height: 40px;' +
       ' width: 30px; background-color: red;">' +
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ describe('dom.visuallyOverlaps', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true when rect has overlap', function() {
+  it('should return true when rect has overlap', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px;; height: 40px; width: 30px;' +
       ' background-color: red;">' +
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ describe('dom.visuallyOverlaps', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true when container is scrollable and rect is in the scroll area', function() {
+  it('should return true when container is scrollable and rect is in the scroll area', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="position: relative; height: 40px; width: 30px; overflow: scroll;">' +
       '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: 60px; height: 20px; width: 45px;">' +
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ describe('dom.visuallyOverlaps', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false when container has overflow hidden and rect is in the scroll area', function() {
+  it('should return false when container has overflow hidden and rect is in the scroll area', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="position: relative; height: 40px; width: 30px; overflow: hidden;">' +
       '<div id="target" style="position: absolute; top: 60px; height: 20px; width: 45px;">' +
diff --git a/test/commons/dom/visually-sort.js b/test/commons/dom/visually-sort.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..897f61421
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/dom/visually-sort.js
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+// This method is mostly tested through color-contrast integrations
+describe('visually-sort', () => {
+  'use strict';
+
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  const visuallySort = axe.commons.dom.visuallySort;
+  const querySelectorAll = axe.utils.querySelectorAll;
+  let root;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = `
+      <header id="1" style="position: absolute; z-index: 999; height: 50px; width: 100%;">
+        <div id="2" style="display: flex; position: relative; height: 50px;">
+          <div id="3" style="position: relative; height: 50px; width: 100%;"></div>
+        </div>
+      </header>
+      <div id="4" style="position: absolute; z-index: 10; height: 50px; width: 100%;">
+        <div id="5" style="position: absolute; transform: translate(0, -50%);">
+          <div id="6">
+            <div id="7" style="float: left">Text</div>
+            <div id="8">Text</div>
+            <span id="9">Text</span>
+            <div id="10">Text</div>
+            <div id="shadow-host"></div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    const shadowRoot = fixture
+      .querySelector('#shadow-host')
+      .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadowRoot.innerHTML = '<div id="shadow-child">Text</div>';
+    root = axe.setup(fixture);
+  });
+
+  /*
+    Array.sort() return meanings:
+
+    compareFn(a, b) | return value sort order
+    ----------------|-----------------------
+    > 0             | sort a after b, e.g. [b, a]
+    < 0             | sort a before b, e.g. [a, b]
+    === 0           | keep original order of a and b
+  */
+
+  it('sorts a higher stack before a lower stack', () => {
+    const vNodeA = querySelectorAll(root, '#1')[0];
+    const vNodeB = querySelectorAll(root, '#4')[0];
+
+    assert.isBelow(visuallySort(vNodeA, vNodeB), 0);
+  });
+
+  it('sorts a lower stack after a higher stack', () => {
+    const vNodeA = querySelectorAll(root, '#4')[0];
+    const vNodeB = querySelectorAll(root, '#1')[0];
+
+    assert.isAbove(visuallySort(vNodeA, vNodeB), 0);
+  });
+
+  it('sorts a child stack before a parent stack', () => {
+    const vNodeA = querySelectorAll(root, '#6')[0];
+    const vNodeB = querySelectorAll(root, '#4')[0];
+
+    assert.isBelow(visuallySort(vNodeA, vNodeB), 0);
+  });
+
+  it('sorts a parent stack after a child stack', () => {
+    const vNodeA = querySelectorAll(root, '#4')[0];
+    const vNodeB = querySelectorAll(root, '#6')[0];
+
+    assert.isAbove(visuallySort(vNodeA, vNodeB), 0);
+  });
+
+  it('sorts a child of a higher stack before a child of a lower stack', () => {
+    const vNodeA = querySelectorAll(root, '#3')[0];
+    const vNodeB = querySelectorAll(root, '#7')[0];
+
+    assert.isBelow(visuallySort(vNodeA, vNodeB), 0);
+  });
+
+  it('sorts a child of a lower stack after a child of a higher stack', () => {
+    const vNodeA = querySelectorAll(root, '#7')[0];
+    const vNodeB = querySelectorAll(root, '#3')[0];
+
+    assert.isAbove(visuallySort(vNodeA, vNodeB), 0);
+  });
+
+  it('sorts elements by tree order when in the same stack', () => {
+    const vNodeA = querySelectorAll(root, '#8')[0];
+    const vNodeB = querySelectorAll(root, '#10')[0];
+
+    assert.isAbove(visuallySort(vNodeA, vNodeB), 0);
+  });
+
+  it('sorts floated elements before other elements of the same stack', () => {
+    const vNodeA = querySelectorAll(root, '#7')[0];
+    const vNodeB = querySelectorAll(root, '#8')[0];
+
+    assert.isBelow(visuallySort(vNodeA, vNodeB), 0);
+  });
+
+  it('sorts shadow DOM elements by tree order when in the same stack', () => {
+    const vNodeA = querySelectorAll(root, '#8')[0];
+    const vNodeB = querySelectorAll(root, '#shadow-host')[0].children[0];
+
+    assert.isAbove(visuallySort(vNodeA, vNodeB), 0);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/forms/is-aria-combobox.js b/test/commons/forms/is-aria-combobox.js
index 6ecb08cc7..3e19c6733 100644
--- a/test/commons/forms/is-aria-combobox.js
+++ b/test/commons/forms/is-aria-combobox.js
@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
-describe('forms.isAriaCombobox', function() {
+describe('forms.isAriaCombobox', function () {
   'use strict';
   var isAriaCombobox = axe.commons.forms.isAriaCombobox;
   var flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
 
-  it('returns true for an element with role=combobox', function() {
+  it('returns true for an element with role=combobox', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'combobox');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isTrue(isAriaCombobox(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for elements without role', function() {
+  it('returns false for elements without role', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isFalse(isAriaCombobox(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for elements with incorrect role', function() {
+  it('returns false for elements with incorrect role', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'main');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
diff --git a/test/commons/forms/is-aria-listbox.js b/test/commons/forms/is-aria-listbox.js
index 1be8e62cd..8ce82fafe 100644
--- a/test/commons/forms/is-aria-listbox.js
+++ b/test/commons/forms/is-aria-listbox.js
@@ -1,29 +1,29 @@
-describe('forms.isAriaListbox', function() {
+describe('forms.isAriaListbox', function () {
   'use strict';
   var isAriaListbox = axe.commons.forms.isAriaListbox;
   var flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
 
-  it('returns true for an element with role=listbox', function() {
+  it('returns true for an element with role=listbox', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'listbox');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isTrue(isAriaListbox(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for elements without role', function() {
+  it('returns false for elements without role', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isFalse(isAriaListbox(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for elements with incorrect role', function() {
+  it('returns false for elements with incorrect role', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'main');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isFalse(isAriaListbox(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for native select', function() {
+  it('returns false for native select', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('select');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isFalse(isAriaListbox(node));
diff --git a/test/commons/forms/is-aria-range.js b/test/commons/forms/is-aria-range.js
index fc89c51d4..c41a5b43b 100644
--- a/test/commons/forms/is-aria-range.js
+++ b/test/commons/forms/is-aria-range.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('forms.isAriaRange', function() {
+describe('forms.isAriaRange', function () {
   'use strict';
   var isAriaRange = axe.commons.forms.isAriaRange;
   var flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
 
-  it('returns true for an element with range roles', function() {
+  it('returns true for an element with range roles', function () {
     var rangeRoles = ['progressbar', 'scrollbar', 'slider', 'spinbutton'];
-    rangeRoles.forEach(function(role) {
+    rangeRoles.forEach(function (role) {
       var node = document.createElement('div');
       node.setAttribute('role', role);
       node.setAttribute('aria-valuenow', '0');
@@ -17,20 +17,20 @@ describe('forms.isAriaRange', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false for elements without role', function() {
+  it('returns false for elements without role', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isFalse(isAriaRange(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for elements with incorrect role', function() {
+  it('returns false for elements with incorrect role', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'main');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isFalse(isAriaRange(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for native range elements', function() {
+  it('returns false for native range elements', function () {
     var nativeRangeElements = [
       {
         nodeName: 'progress'
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ describe('forms.isAriaRange', function() {
         type: 'number'
       }
     ];
-    nativeRangeElements.forEach(function(elm) {
+    nativeRangeElements.forEach(function (elm) {
       var node = document.createElement(elm.nodeName);
       if (elm.type) {
         node.setAttribute('type', elm.type);
diff --git a/test/commons/forms/is-aria-textbox.js b/test/commons/forms/is-aria-textbox.js
index 8f48dcf96..70bb6a2ce 100644
--- a/test/commons/forms/is-aria-textbox.js
+++ b/test/commons/forms/is-aria-textbox.js
@@ -1,29 +1,29 @@
-describe('forms.isAriaTextbox', function() {
+describe('forms.isAriaTextbox', function () {
   'use strict';
   var isAriaTextbox = axe.commons.forms.isAriaTextbox;
   var flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
 
-  it('returns true for an element with role=textbox', function() {
+  it('returns true for an element with role=textbox', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'textbox');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isTrue(isAriaTextbox(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for elements without role', function() {
+  it('returns false for elements without role', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isFalse(isAriaTextbox(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for elements with incorrect role', function() {
+  it('returns false for elements with incorrect role', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'main');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
     assert.isFalse(isAriaTextbox(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for native textbox inputs', function() {
+  it('returns false for native textbox inputs', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('input');
     node.setAttribute('type', 'text');
     flatTreeSetup(node);
diff --git a/test/commons/forms/is-disabled.js b/test/commons/forms/is-disabled.js
index 50f389348..1dbbe7d52 100644
--- a/test/commons/forms/is-disabled.js
+++ b/test/commons/forms/is-disabled.js
@@ -1,44 +1,44 @@
-describe('forms.isDisabled', function() {
+describe('forms.isDisabled', function () {
   'use strict';
   var isDisabled = axe.commons.forms.isDisabled;
   var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  describe('with disabled attr', function() {
-    it('returns false when not set', function() {
+  describe('with disabled attr', function () {
+    it('returns false when not set', function () {
       fixtureSetup('<input type="text" />');
       var node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'input')[0];
 
       assert.isFalse(isDisabled(node));
     });
 
-    it('returns true for an element that can be disabled', function() {
+    it('returns true for an element that can be disabled', function () {
       fixtureSetup('<input type="text" disabled />');
       var node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'input')[0];
 
       assert.isTrue(isDisabled(node));
     });
 
-    it('returns false for an element that can not be disabled', function() {
+    it('returns false for an element that can not be disabled', function () {
       fixtureSetup('<span disabled>Hello</span>');
       var node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span')[0];
 
       assert.isFalse(isDisabled(node));
     });
 
-    it('returns true when disabled has a value', function() {
+    it('returns true when disabled has a value', function () {
       fixtureSetup('<input type="text" disabled="yes" />');
       var node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'input')[0];
 
       assert.isTrue(isDisabled(node));
     });
 
-    it('returns true when in a disabled fieldset', function() {
+    it('returns true when in a disabled fieldset', function () {
       fixtureSetup(
         '<fieldset disabled>' + '<span>Hello world</span>' + '</fieldset>'
       );
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ describe('forms.isDisabled', function() {
       assert.isTrue(isDisabled(node));
     });
 
-    it('returns true when in a disabled button', function() {
+    it('returns true when in a disabled button', function () {
       fixtureSetup(
         '<button disabled>' + '<span>Hello world</span>' + '</button>'
       );
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ describe('forms.isDisabled', function() {
 
     (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
       'returns true for an ancestor in the flat tree that can be disabled',
-      function() {
+      function () {
         fixture.innerHTML = '<fieldset disabled><section></section</fieldset>';
         var shadowRoot = fixture
           .querySelector('section')
@@ -72,22 +72,22 @@ describe('forms.isDisabled', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  describe('with aria-disabled attr', function() {
-    it('returns true for an element with aria-disabled=true', function() {
+  describe('with aria-disabled attr', function () {
+    it('returns true for an element with aria-disabled=true', function () {
       fixtureSetup('<span aria-disabled="true">hello</span>');
       var node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span')[0];
 
       assert.isTrue(isDisabled(node));
     });
 
-    it('returns false for an element when aria-disabled is not true', function() {
+    it('returns false for an element when aria-disabled is not true', function () {
       fixtureSetup('<span aria-disabled="not true">hello</span>');
       var node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span')[0];
 
       assert.isFalse(isDisabled(node));
     });
 
-    it('returns true if the closest ancestor with aria-disabled is set to true', function() {
+    it('returns true if the closest ancestor with aria-disabled is set to true', function () {
       fixtureSetup(
         '<section aria-disabled="false">' +
           '<div aria-disabled="true"><span>hello</span></div>' +
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ describe('forms.isDisabled', function() {
       assert.isTrue(isDisabled(node));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if the closest ancestor with aria-disabled is set to false', function() {
+    it('returns false if the closest ancestor with aria-disabled is set to false', function () {
       fixtureSetup(
         '<section aria-disabled="true">' +
           '<div aria-disabled="false"><span>hello</span></div>' +
@@ -110,8 +110,8 @@ describe('forms.isDisabled', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('with both disabled and aria-disabled', function() {
-    it('returns true when aria-disabled=false and disabled=disabled', function() {
+  describe('with both disabled and aria-disabled', function () {
+    it('returns true when aria-disabled=false and disabled=disabled', function () {
       fixtureSetup(
         '<fieldset aria-disabled="false" disabled>' +
           '<span>hello</span>' +
diff --git a/test/commons/forms/is-native-select.js b/test/commons/forms/is-native-select.js
index c5e7d053a..069298a56 100644
--- a/test/commons/forms/is-native-select.js
+++ b/test/commons/forms/is-native-select.js
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-describe('forms.isNativeSelect', function() {
+describe('forms.isNativeSelect', function () {
   'use strict';
   var isNativeSelect = axe.commons.forms.isNativeSelect;
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  it('returns true for a select element', function() {
+  it('returns true for a select element', function () {
     var node = queryFixture('<select id="target"></select>');
     assert.isTrue(isNativeSelect(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for non-select elements', function() {
+  it('returns false for non-select elements', function () {
     var nonSelectElements = ['a', 'h1', 'div', 'span', 'main'];
-    nonSelectElements.forEach(function(nodeName) {
+    nonSelectElements.forEach(function (nodeName) {
       var node = queryFixture(
         '<' + nodeName + ' id="target"></' + nodeName + '>'
       );
diff --git a/test/commons/forms/is-native-textbox.js b/test/commons/forms/is-native-textbox.js
index 319b32a2e..d5a67686e 100644
--- a/test/commons/forms/is-native-textbox.js
+++ b/test/commons/forms/is-native-textbox.js
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-describe('forms.isNativeTextbox', function() {
+describe('forms.isNativeTextbox', function () {
   'use strict';
   var isNativeTextbox = axe.commons.forms.isNativeTextbox;
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  it('returns true for a text inputs', function() {
+  it('returns true for a text inputs', function () {
     var textInputs = [
       'date',
       'datetime',
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ describe('forms.isNativeTextbox', function() {
       'url',
       'week'
     ];
-    textInputs.forEach(function(type) {
+    textInputs.forEach(function (type) {
       var node = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="' + type + '"/>');
       assert.isTrue(
         isNativeTextbox(node),
@@ -28,12 +28,12 @@ describe('forms.isNativeTextbox', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns true for a textarea element', function() {
+  it('returns true for a textarea element', function () {
     var node = queryFixture('<textarea id="target"/>');
     assert.isTrue(isNativeTextbox(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for non-text inputs', function() {
+  it('returns false for non-text inputs', function () {
     var nonTextInputs = [
       'button',
       'checkbox',
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ describe('forms.isNativeTextbox', function() {
       'submit',
       'color'
     ];
-    nonTextInputs.forEach(function(type) {
+    nonTextInputs.forEach(function (type) {
       var node = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="' + type + '"/>');
 
       assert.isFalse(
@@ -56,12 +56,12 @@ describe('forms.isNativeTextbox', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('return false for aria textbox elements', function() {
+  it('return false for aria textbox elements', function () {
     var node = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="textbox"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(isNativeTextbox(node));
   });
 
-  it('should ignore type case', function() {
+  it('should ignore type case', function () {
     var node = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="TEXT"/>');
     assert.isTrue(isNativeTextbox(node));
   });
diff --git a/test/commons/index.js b/test/commons/index.js
index 95145db7e..f3883a3e9 100644
--- a/test/commons/index.js
+++ b/test/commons/index.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-describe('axe.commons', function() {
+describe('axe.commons', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should export public api', function() {
+  it('should export public api', function () {
     assert.exists(axe.commons.aria);
     assert.exists(axe.commons.color);
     assert.exists(axe.commons.dom);
diff --git a/test/commons/matches/attributes.js b/test/commons/matches/attributes.js
index f2343e845..d33f5047b 100644
--- a/test/commons/matches/attributes.js
+++ b/test/commons/matches/attributes.js
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-describe('matches.attributes', function() {
+describe('matches.attributes', function () {
   var attributes = axe.commons.matches.attributes;
   var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns true if all attributes match', function() {
+  it('returns true if all attributes match', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<span id="target" foo="baz" bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
     );
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ describe('matches.attributes', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false if some attributes do not match', function() {
+  it('returns false if some attributes do not match', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<span id="target" foo="baz" bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
     );
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ describe('matches.attributes', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false if any attributes are missing', function() {
+  it('returns false if any attributes are missing', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<span id="target" foo="baz" baz="bar"></span>'
     );
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ describe('matches.attributes', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('works with actual nodes', function() {
+  it('works with actual nodes', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<span id="target" foo="baz" bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
     );
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ describe('matches.attributes', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', function() {
+  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', function () {
     var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'span',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/commons/matches/condition.js b/test/commons/matches/condition.js
index 8d0dda38f..6e944e47f 100644
--- a/test/commons/matches/condition.js
+++ b/test/commons/matches/condition.js
@@ -1,26 +1,26 @@
-describe('matches.condition', function() {
+describe('matches.condition', function () {
   var condition = axe.commons.matches.condition;
 
-  it('passes the first argument to the condition', function() {
+  it('passes the first argument to the condition', function () {
     var count = 0;
-    condition('foo', function(foo) {
+    condition('foo', function (foo) {
       assert.equal('foo', foo);
       count++;
     });
     assert.equal(count, 1);
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the condition returns a truthy value', function() {
+  it('returns true if the condition returns a truthy value', function () {
     assert.isTrue(
-      condition('foo', function() {
+      condition('foo', function () {
         return 123;
       })
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the condition returns a falsey value', function() {
+  it('returns false if the condition returns a falsey value', function () {
     assert.isFalse(
-      condition('foo', function() {
+      condition('foo', function () {
         return 0;
       })
     );
diff --git a/test/commons/matches/explicit-role.js b/test/commons/matches/explicit-role.js
index 8702c6147..c1f51d93e 100644
--- a/test/commons/matches/explicit-role.js
+++ b/test/commons/matches/explicit-role.js
@@ -1,33 +1,33 @@
-describe('matches.explicitRole', function() {
+describe('matches.explicitRole', function () {
   var explicitRole = axe.commons.matches.explicitRole;
   var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true if explicit role matches', function() {
+  it('should return true if explicit role matches', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<span id="target" role="textbox"></span>');
     assert.isTrue(explicitRole(virtualNode, 'textbox'));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if explicit role matches array', function() {
+  it('should return true if explicit role matches array', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<span id="target" role="textbox"></span>');
     assert.isTrue(explicitRole(virtualNode, ['combobox', 'textbox']));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if explicit role does not match', function() {
+  it('should return false if explicit role does not match', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<span id="target" role="main"></span>');
     assert.isFalse(explicitRole(virtualNode, 'textbox'));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if matching implicit role', function() {
+  it('should return false if matching implicit role', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<ul><li id="target"></li></ul>');
     assert.isFalse(explicitRole(virtualNode, 'listitem'));
   });
 
-  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', function() {
+  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', function () {
     var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'span',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/commons/matches/from-definition.js b/test/commons/matches/from-definition.js
index a0f4b7f03..193922a58 100644
--- a/test/commons/matches/from-definition.js
+++ b/test/commons/matches/from-definition.js
@@ -1,29 +1,29 @@
-describe('matches.fromDefinition', function() {
+describe('matches.fromDefinition', function () {
   var fromDefinition = axe.commons.matches.fromDefinition;
   var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('applies a css selector when the matcher is a string', function() {
+  it('applies a css selector when the matcher is a string', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
     assert.isTrue(fromDefinition(virtualNode, '#fixture > div'));
     assert.isFalse(fromDefinition(virtualNode, '#fixture > span'));
   });
 
-  it('matches a definition with a `nodeName` property', function() {
+  it('matches a definition with a `nodeName` property', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
     var matchers = [
       'div',
       ['div', 'span'],
       /div/,
-      function(nodeName) {
+      function (nodeName) {
         return nodeName === 'div';
       }
     ];
-    matchers.forEach(function(matcher) {
+    matchers.forEach(function (matcher) {
       assert.isTrue(
         fromDefinition(virtualNode, {
           nodeName: matcher
@@ -37,17 +37,17 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('matches a definition with an `attributes` property', function() {
+  it('matches a definition with an `attributes` property', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" foo="bar">foo</div>');
     var matchers = [
       'bar',
       ['bar', 'baz'],
       /bar/,
-      function(attributeName) {
+      function (attributeName) {
         return attributeName === 'bar';
       }
     ];
-    matchers.forEach(function(matcher) {
+    matchers.forEach(function (matcher) {
       assert.isTrue(
         fromDefinition(virtualNode, {
           attributes: {
@@ -65,17 +65,17 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('matches a definition with a `properties` property', function() {
+  it('matches a definition with a `properties` property', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" />');
     var matchers = [
       'text',
       ['text', 'password'],
       /text/,
-      function(type) {
+      function (type) {
         return type === 'text';
       }
     ];
-    matchers.forEach(function(matcher) {
+    matchers.forEach(function (matcher) {
       assert.isTrue(
         fromDefinition(virtualNode, {
           properties: {
@@ -93,17 +93,17 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('matches a definition with an `explicitRole` property', function() {
+  it('matches a definition with an `explicitRole` property', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<span id="target" role="textbox"></span>');
     var matchers = [
       'textbox',
       ['textbox', 'combobox'],
       /textbox/,
-      function(attributeName) {
+      function (attributeName) {
         return attributeName === 'textbox';
       }
     ];
-    matchers.forEach(function(matcher) {
+    matchers.forEach(function (matcher) {
       assert.isTrue(
         fromDefinition(virtualNode, {
           explicitRole: matcher
@@ -117,17 +117,17 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('matches a definition with an `implicitRole` property', function() {
+  it('matches a definition with an `implicitRole` property', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<input id="target">');
     var matchers = [
       'textbox',
       ['textbox', 'combobox'],
       /textbox/,
-      function(attributeName) {
+      function (attributeName) {
         return attributeName === 'textbox';
       }
     ];
-    matchers.forEach(function(matcher) {
+    matchers.forEach(function (matcher) {
       assert.isTrue(
         fromDefinition(virtualNode, {
           implicitRole: matcher
@@ -141,17 +141,17 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('matches a definition with an `semanticRole` property', function() {
+  it('matches a definition with an `semanticRole` property', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<input id="target">');
     var matchers = [
       'textbox',
       ['textbox', 'combobox'],
       /textbox/,
-      function(attributeName) {
+      function (attributeName) {
         return attributeName === 'textbox';
       }
     ];
-    matchers.forEach(function(matcher) {
+    matchers.forEach(function (matcher) {
       assert.isTrue(
         fromDefinition(virtualNode, {
           semanticRole: matcher
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('matches a definition with an `accessibleName` property', function() {
+  it('matches a definition with an `accessibleName` property', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" aria-label="foo">');
     assert.isTrue(
       fromDefinition(virtualNode, {
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns true when all matching properties return true', function() {
+  it('returns true when all matching properties return true', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<input id="target" value="bar" aria-disabled="true" />'
     );
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false when some matching properties return false', function() {
+  it('returns false when some matching properties return false', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<input id="target" value="bar" aria-disabled="true" />'
     );
@@ -211,14 +211,14 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  describe('with actual nodes', function() {
-    it('matches using a string', function() {
+  describe('with actual nodes', function () {
+    it('matches using a string', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
       assert.isTrue(fromDefinition(virtualNode.actualNode, 'div'));
       assert.isFalse(fromDefinition(virtualNode.actualNode, 'span'));
     });
 
-    it('matches nodeName', function() {
+    it('matches nodeName', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
       assert.isTrue(
         fromDefinition(virtualNode.actualNode, {
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('matches attributes', function() {
+    it('matches attributes', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" foo="bar">foo</div>');
       assert.isTrue(
         fromDefinition(virtualNode.actualNode, {
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('matches properties', function() {
+    it('matches properties', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" value="foo" />');
       assert.isTrue(
         fromDefinition(virtualNode.actualNode, {
@@ -269,8 +269,8 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('with SerialVirtualNode', function() {
-    it('matches using a string', function() {
+  describe('with SerialVirtualNode', function () {
+    it('matches using a string', function () {
       var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function() {
       assert.isFalse(fromDefinition(serialNode, 'span'));
     });
 
-    it('matches nodeName', function() {
+    it('matches nodeName', function () {
       var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('matches attributes', function() {
+    it('matches attributes', function () {
       var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('matches properties', function() {
+    it('matches properties', function () {
       var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'input',
         id: 'target'
@@ -346,13 +346,13 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('with a `condition` property', function() {
-    it('calls condition and uses its return value as a matcher', function() {
+  describe('with a `condition` property', function () {
+    it('calls condition and uses its return value as a matcher', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
       var called = false;
       assert.isTrue(
         fromDefinition(virtualNode, {
-          condition: function(node) {
+          condition: function (node) {
             assert.deepEqual(node, virtualNode);
             called = true;
             return true;
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function() {
       );
       assert.isFalse(
         fromDefinition(virtualNode, {
-          condition: function() {
+          condition: function () {
             return false;
           }
         })
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function() {
       assert.isTrue(called);
     });
 
-    it('uses the return value as a matcher', function() {
+    it('uses the return value as a matcher', function () {
       var returnVal = 'true';
       function condition() {
         return returnVal;
@@ -389,8 +389,8 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('with an `array` of definitions', function() {
-    it('returns true if any definition in the array matches', function() {
+  describe('with an `array` of definitions', function () {
+    it('returns true if any definition in the array matches', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
       assert.isTrue(
         fromDefinition(virtualNode, [
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ describe('matches.fromDefinition', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('returns false if none definition in the array matches', function() {
+    it('returns false if none definition in the array matches', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" />');
       assert.isFalse(
         fromDefinition(virtualNode, [
diff --git a/test/commons/matches/from-function.js b/test/commons/matches/from-function.js
index 0db194c05..e3a1228a6 100644
--- a/test/commons/matches/from-function.js
+++ b/test/commons/matches/from-function.js
@@ -1,47 +1,47 @@
-describe('matches.fromFunction', function() {
-  var fromFunction = axe.commons.matches.fromFunction;
+describe('matches.fromFunction', () => {
+  const fromFunction = axe.commons.matches.fromFunction;
   function noop() {}
 
-  it('throws an error when the matcher is a number', function() {
-    assert.throws(function() {
+  it('throws an error when the matcher is a number', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
       fromFunction(noop, 123);
     });
   });
 
-  it('throws an error when the matcher is a string', function() {
-    assert.throws(function() {
+  it('throws an error when the matcher is a string', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
       fromFunction(noop, 'foo');
     });
   });
 
-  it('throws an error when the matcher is an array', function() {
-    assert.throws(function() {
+  it('throws an error when the matcher is an array', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
       fromFunction(noop, ['foo']);
     });
   });
 
-  it('throws an error when the matcher is a RegExp', function() {
-    assert.throws(function() {
+  it('throws an error when the matcher is a RegExp', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
       fromFunction(noop, /foo/);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('with object matches', function() {
-    var keyMap = {};
+  describe('with object matches', () => {
+    let keyMap = {};
     function getValue(key) {
       return key;
     }
 
-    it('passes every object key to the getValue function once', function() {
-      var keys = ['foo', 'bar', 'baz'];
-      function getValue(key) {
-        var index = keys.indexOf(key);
+    it('passes every object key to the getValue function once', () => {
+      const keys = ['foo', 'bar', 'baz'];
+      function getValueOnce(key) {
+        const index = keys.indexOf(key);
         assert.notEqual(index, -1);
         keys.splice(index, 1);
         return key;
       }
 
-      fromFunction(getValue, {
+      fromFunction(getValueOnce, {
         foo: 'foo',
         bar: 'bar',
         baz: 'baz'
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ describe('matches.fromFunction', function() {
       assert.lengthOf(keys, 0);
     });
 
-    it('returns true if every value is matched', function() {
+    it('returns true if every value is matched', () => {
       keyMap = {
         foo: 'foo',
         bar: 'bar',
@@ -58,14 +58,14 @@ describe('matches.fromFunction', function() {
       assert.isTrue(fromFunction(getValue, keyMap));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if any value is not matched', function() {
+    it('returns false if any value is not matched', () => {
       keyMap = {
         foo: 'foo',
         bar: 'bar',
         baz: 'baz'
       };
       assert.isFalse(
-        fromFunction(function(key) {
+        fromFunction(function (key) {
           if (key === 'bar') {
             return 'mismatch';
           }
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ describe('matches.fromFunction', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('returns true if there are no keys', function() {
+    it('returns true if there are no keys', () => {
       assert.isTrue(fromFunction(getValue, {}));
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/commons/matches/from-primative.js b/test/commons/matches/from-primative.js
index c6812878f..133721b63 100644
--- a/test/commons/matches/from-primative.js
+++ b/test/commons/matches/from-primative.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-describe('matches.fromPrimative', function() {
+describe('matches.fromPrimative', function () {
   var fromPrimative = axe.commons.matches.fromPrimative;
 
-  it('returns true when strictly equal', function() {
+  it('returns true when strictly equal', function () {
     assert.isTrue(fromPrimative('foo', 'foo'));
     assert.isTrue(fromPrimative(null, null));
     assert.isTrue(fromPrimative(true, true));
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ describe('matches.fromPrimative', function() {
     assert.isTrue(fromPrimative(undefined, undefined));
   });
 
-  it('returns false when not strictly equal', function() {
+  it('returns false when not strictly equal', function () {
     assert.isFalse(fromPrimative('foo', 'bar'));
     assert.isFalse(fromPrimative(null, undefined));
     assert.isFalse(fromPrimative(false, null));
@@ -18,77 +18,77 @@ describe('matches.fromPrimative', function() {
     assert.isFalse(fromPrimative(undefined, null));
   });
 
-  describe('with array matchers', function() {
-    it('returns true if the string is included', function() {
+  describe('with array matchers', function () {
+    it('returns true if the string is included', function () {
       assert.isTrue(fromPrimative('bar', ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']));
     });
-    it('returns false if the string is not included', function() {
+    it('returns false if the string is not included', function () {
       assert.isFalse(fromPrimative('foo bar', ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']));
     });
-    it('returns false when passed `undefined`', function() {
+    it('returns false when passed `undefined`', function () {
       assert.isFalse(fromPrimative(undefined, ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('with function matchers', function() {
-    it('returns true if the function returns a truthy value', function() {
+  describe('with function matchers', function () {
+    it('returns true if the function returns a truthy value', function () {
       assert.isTrue(
-        fromPrimative('foo', function(val) {
+        fromPrimative('foo', function (val) {
           assert.equal(val, 'foo');
           return true;
         })
       );
       assert.isTrue(
-        fromPrimative('foo', function() {
+        fromPrimative('foo', function () {
           return 123;
         })
       );
       assert.isTrue(
-        fromPrimative('foo', function() {
+        fromPrimative('foo', function () {
           return {};
         })
       );
     });
-    it('returns false if the function returns a falsey value', function() {
+    it('returns false if the function returns a falsey value', function () {
       assert.isFalse(
-        fromPrimative('foo', function(val) {
+        fromPrimative('foo', function (val) {
           assert.equal(val, 'foo');
           return false;
         })
       );
       assert.isFalse(
-        fromPrimative('foo', function() {
+        fromPrimative('foo', function () {
           return 0;
         })
       );
       assert.isFalse(
-        fromPrimative('foo', function() {
+        fromPrimative('foo', function () {
           return undefined;
         })
       );
     });
   });
 
-  describe('with RegExp matchers', function() {
-    it('returns true if the regexp matches', function() {
+  describe('with RegExp matchers', function () {
+    it('returns true if the regexp matches', function () {
       assert.isTrue(fromPrimative('bar', /^(foo|bar|baz)$/));
     });
-    it('returns false if the regexp does not match', function() {
+    it('returns false if the regexp does not match', function () {
       assert.isFalse(fromPrimative('foobar', /^(foo|bar|baz)$/));
     });
-    it('returns false for null value', function() {
+    it('returns false for null value', function () {
       assert.isFalse(fromPrimative(null, /.*/));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('with RegExp string', function() {
-    it('returns true if the regexp matches', function() {
+  describe('with RegExp string', function () {
+    it('returns true if the regexp matches', function () {
       assert.isTrue(fromPrimative('bar', '/^(foo|bar|baz)$/'));
     });
-    it('returns false if the regexp does not match', function() {
+    it('returns false if the regexp does not match', function () {
       assert.isFalse(fromPrimative('foobar', '/^(foo|bar|baz)$/'));
     });
-    it('returns false for null value', function() {
+    it('returns false for null value', function () {
       assert.isFalse(fromPrimative(null, '/.*/'));
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/commons/matches/has-accessible-name.js b/test/commons/matches/has-accessible-name.js
index 684f399d6..4222510e6 100644
--- a/test/commons/matches/has-accessible-name.js
+++ b/test/commons/matches/has-accessible-name.js
@@ -1,89 +1,89 @@
-describe('matches.accessibleName', function() {
+describe('matches.accessibleName', function () {
   var hasAccessibleName = axe.commons.matches.hasAccessibleName;
   var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true when text has an accessible name', function() {
+  it('should return true when text has an accessible name', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<button id="target">hello world</button>');
     assert.isTrue(hasAccessibleName(virtualNode, true));
   });
 
-  it('should return true when aria-label has an accessible name', function() {
+  it('should return true when aria-label has an accessible name', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="hello world"></button>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(hasAccessibleName(virtualNode, true));
   });
 
-  it('should return true when aria-labelledby has an accessible name', function() {
+  it('should return true when aria-labelledby has an accessible name', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-labelledby="foo"></button><div id="foo">hello world</div'
     );
     assert.isTrue(hasAccessibleName(virtualNode, true));
   });
 
-  it('should return true when title has an accessible name', function() {
+  it('should return true when title has an accessible name', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" title="hello world"></button>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(hasAccessibleName(virtualNode, true));
   });
 
-  it('should return true when label has an accessible name', function() {
+  it('should return true when label has an accessible name', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<label>hello world<input id="target"></label>'
     );
     assert.isTrue(hasAccessibleName(virtualNode, true));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when text does not have an accessible name', function() {
+  it('should return false when text does not have an accessible name', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<button id="target"></button>');
     assert.isFalse(hasAccessibleName(virtualNode, true));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when aria-label does not have an accessible name', function() {
+  it('should return false when aria-label does not have an accessible name', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label=""></button>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(hasAccessibleName(virtualNode, true));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when aria-labelledby does not have an accessible name', function() {
+  it('should return false when aria-labelledby does not have an accessible name', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-labelledby=""></button><div id="foo">hello world</div'
     );
     assert.isFalse(hasAccessibleName(virtualNode, true));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when aria-labelledby references an element that does not exist', function() {
+  it('should return false when aria-labelledby references an element that does not exist', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-labelledby="bar"></button><div id="foo">hello world</div'
     );
     assert.isFalse(hasAccessibleName(virtualNode, true));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when aria-labelledby references an elm that does not exist', function() {
+  it('should return false when aria-labelledby references an elm that does not exist', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-labelledby="bar"></button><div id="foo">hello world</div'
     );
     assert.isFalse(hasAccessibleName(virtualNode, true));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when title does not have an accessible name', function() {
+  it('should return false when title does not have an accessible name', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<button id="target" title=""></button>');
     assert.isFalse(hasAccessibleName(virtualNode, true));
   });
 
-  it('should return false when label does not have an accessible name', function() {
+  it('should return false when label does not have an accessible name', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<label><input id="target"></label>');
     assert.isFalse(hasAccessibleName(virtualNode, true));
   });
 
-  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', function() {
+  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', function () {
     var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/commons/matches/implicit-role.js b/test/commons/matches/implicit-role.js
index bc438dc48..2e7bacff9 100644
--- a/test/commons/matches/implicit-role.js
+++ b/test/commons/matches/implicit-role.js
@@ -1,35 +1,35 @@
-describe('matches.implicitRole', function() {
+describe('matches.implicitRole', function () {
   var implicitRole = axe.commons.matches.implicitRole;
   var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true if implicit role matches', function() {
+  it('should return true if implicit role matches', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<ul><li id="target"></li></ul>');
     assert.isTrue(implicitRole(virtualNode, 'listitem'));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if implicit role matches array', function() {
+  it('should return true if implicit role matches array', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<ul><li id="target"></li></ul>');
     assert.isTrue(implicitRole(virtualNode, ['textbox', 'listitem']));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if implicit role does not match', function() {
+  it('should return false if implicit role does not match', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<ul><li id="target"></li></ul>');
     assert.isFalse(implicitRole(virtualNode, 'textbox'));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if matching explicit role', function() {
+  it('should return false if matching explicit role', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<ul role="menu"><li id="target" role="menuitem"></li></ul>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(implicitRole(virtualNode, 'menuitem'));
   });
 
-  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', function() {
+  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', function () {
     var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'li'
     });
diff --git a/test/commons/matches/node-name.js b/test/commons/matches/node-name.js
index 14bdb5614..56ef33fbc 100644
--- a/test/commons/matches/node-name.js
+++ b/test/commons/matches/node-name.js
@@ -1,67 +1,67 @@
-describe('matches.nodeName', function() {
+describe('matches.nodeName', function () {
   var matchNodeName = axe.commons.matches.nodeName;
   var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the nodeName is the same as the matcher', function() {
+  it('returns true if the nodeName is the same as the matcher', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
     assert.isTrue(matchNodeName(virtualNode, 'h1'));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the nodename is included in an array', function() {
+  it('returns true if the nodename is included in an array', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
     assert.isTrue(matchNodeName(virtualNode, ['h3', 'h2', 'h1']));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the nodeName matches a regexp', function() {
+  it('returns true if the nodeName matches a regexp', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
     assert.isTrue(matchNodeName(virtualNode, /^h[0-6]$/));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the nodeName matches with a function', function() {
+  it('returns true if the nodeName matches with a function', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
     assert.isTrue(
-      matchNodeName(virtualNode, function(nodeName) {
+      matchNodeName(virtualNode, function (nodeName) {
         return nodeName === 'h1';
       })
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the nodeName does not match', function() {
+  it('returns false if the nodeName does not match', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
     assert.isFalse(matchNodeName(virtualNode, 'h1'));
     assert.isFalse(matchNodeName(virtualNode, ['h3', 'h2', 'h1']));
     assert.isFalse(matchNodeName(virtualNode, /^h[0-6]$/));
     assert.isFalse(
-      matchNodeName(virtualNode, function(nodeName) {
+      matchNodeName(virtualNode, function (nodeName) {
         return nodeName === 'h1';
       })
     );
   });
 
-  it('is case sensitive for XHTML', function() {
+  it('is case sensitive for XHTML', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<H1 id="target">foo</H1>');
     virtualNode._isXHTML = true;
     delete virtualNode._cache.props;
     assert.isFalse(matchNodeName(virtualNode, 'h1'));
   });
 
-  it('is case insensitive for HTML, but not for XHTML', function() {
+  it('is case insensitive for HTML, but not for XHTML', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<H1 id="target">foo</H1>');
     virtualNode._isXHTML = false;
     assert.isTrue(matchNodeName(virtualNode, 'h1'));
   });
 
-  it('works with actual nodes', function() {
+  it('works with actual nodes', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
     assert.isTrue(matchNodeName(virtualNode.actualNode, 'h1'));
   });
 
-  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', function() {
+  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', function () {
     var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'h1',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/commons/matches/properties.js b/test/commons/matches/properties.js
index 834b6e4f7..e3640806d 100644
--- a/test/commons/matches/properties.js
+++ b/test/commons/matches/properties.js
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-describe('matches.properties', function() {
+describe('matches.properties', function () {
   var properties = axe.commons.matches.properties;
   var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns true if all properties match', function() {
+  it('returns true if all properties match', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<input type="text" id="target"></input>');
 
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ describe('matches.properties', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false if some properties do not match', function() {
+  it('returns false if some properties do not match', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<input type="text" id="target"></input>');
 
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ describe('matches.properties', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false if any properties are missing', function() {
+  it('returns false if any properties are missing', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
 
     assert.isFalse(
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ describe('matches.properties', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('works with actual nodes', function() {
+  it('works with actual nodes', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<input type="text" id="target"></input>');
 
     assert.isTrue(
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ describe('matches.properties', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', function() {
+  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', function () {
     var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       type: 'text',
diff --git a/test/commons/matches/semantic-role.js b/test/commons/matches/semantic-role.js
index 45bef0e2d..525aa8730 100644
--- a/test/commons/matches/semantic-role.js
+++ b/test/commons/matches/semantic-role.js
@@ -1,33 +1,33 @@
-describe('matches.semanticRole', function() {
+describe('matches.semanticRole', function () {
   var semanticRole = axe.commons.matches.semanticRole;
   var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true if explicit role matches', function() {
+  it('should return true if explicit role matches', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<span id="target" role="textbox"></span>');
     assert.isTrue(semanticRole(virtualNode, 'textbox'));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if explicit role matches array', function() {
+  it('should return true if explicit role matches array', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<span id="target" role="textbox"></span>');
     assert.isTrue(semanticRole(virtualNode, ['combobox', 'textbox']));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if implicit role matches', function() {
+  it('should return true if implicit role matches', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<ul><li id="target"></li></ul>');
     assert.isTrue(semanticRole(virtualNode, 'listitem'));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if semantic role does not match', function() {
+  it('should return false if semantic role does not match', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<span id="target" role="main"></span>');
     assert.isFalse(semanticRole(virtualNode, 'textbox'));
   });
 
-  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', function() {
+  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', function () {
     var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'span',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/commons/math/get-bounding-rect.js b/test/commons/math/get-bounding-rect.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b52739726
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/math/get-bounding-rect.js
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+describe('getBoundingRect', () => {
+  const getBoundingRect = axe.commons.math.getBoundingRect;
+
+  it('returns a rect that bounds both rects', () => {
+    const rectA = new DOMRect(10, 10, 5, 5);
+    const rectB = new DOMRect(25, 25, 5, 5);
+    const rectC = new DOMRect(10, 10, 20, 20);
+    assert.deepEqual(getBoundingRect(rectA, rectB), rectC);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/math/get-intersection-rect.js b/test/commons/math/get-intersection-rect.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..492e8965c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/math/get-intersection-rect.js
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+describe('math.getIntersectionRect', () => {
+  const { getIntersectionRect } = axe.commons.math;
+
+  it('returns the intersection of two rects', () => {
+    const rect1 = new DOMRect(10, 10, 20, 30);
+    const rect2 = new DOMRect(15, 10, 20, 30);
+    const actual = getIntersectionRect(rect1, rect2);
+    const expected = new DOMRect(15, 10, 15, 30);
+
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
+  });
+
+  it('should not matter on order', () => {
+    const rect1 = new DOMRect(10, 10, 20, 30);
+    const rect2 = new DOMRect(15, 10, 20, 30);
+    const actual = getIntersectionRect(rect2, rect1);
+    const expected = new DOMRect(15, 10, 15, 30);
+
+    assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
+  });
+
+  it('returns null when rects do not intersect (horizontally)', () => {
+    const rect1 = new DOMRect(10, 10, 20, 30);
+    const rect2 = new DOMRect(50, 10, 20, 30);
+    const actual = getIntersectionRect(rect1, rect2);
+
+    assert.isNull(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('returns null when rects do not intersect (vertically)', () => {
+    const rect1 = new DOMRect(10, 10, 20, 30);
+    const rect2 = new DOMRect(15, 60, 20, 30);
+    const actual = getIntersectionRect(rect1, rect2);
+
+    assert.isNull(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('returns null when rects are next to one another', () => {
+    const rect1 = new DOMRect(10, 10, 20, 30);
+    const rect2 = new DOMRect(30, 10, 20, 30);
+    const actual = getIntersectionRect(rect1, rect2);
+
+    assert.isNull(actual);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/math/get-offset.js b/test/commons/math/get-offset.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..073c8d064
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/math/get-offset.js
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+describe('getOffset', () => {
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  const getOffset = axe.commons.math.getOffset;
+  const round = 0.2;
+
+  it('returns center to edge of circle when both are undersized', () => {
+    const fixture = fixtureSetup(`
+      <button style="width: 10px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0">&nbsp;</button>
+      <button style="width: 10px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 50px; left: 0">&nbsp;</button>
+    `);
+    const nodeA = fixture.children[1];
+    const nodeB = fixture.children[3];
+    assert.closeTo(getOffset(nodeA, nodeB), 38, round);
+  });
+
+  it('returns center to edge of square when one is undersized', () => {
+    const fixture = fixtureSetup(`
+      <button style="width: 10px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0">&nbsp;</button>
+      <button style="width: 30px; height: 30px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 50px; left: 0">&nbsp;</button>
+    `);
+    const nodeA = fixture.children[1];
+    const nodeB = fixture.children[3];
+    assert.closeTo(getOffset(nodeA, nodeB), 45, round);
+  });
+
+  it('returns center to corner of square when at a diagonal', () => {
+    const fixture = fixtureSetup(`
+      <button style="width: 10px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0">&nbsp;</button>
+      <button style="width: 30px; height: 30px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 50px; left: 50px">&nbsp;</button>
+    `);
+    const nodeA = fixture.children[1];
+    const nodeB = fixture.children[3];
+    assert.closeTo(getOffset(nodeA, nodeB), 63.6, round);
+  });
+
+  it('returns 0 if nodeA is overlapped by nodeB', () => {
+    const fixture = fixtureSetup(`
+      <button style="width: 10px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0">&nbsp;</button>
+      <button style="width: 30px; height: 30px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: -10px; left: -10px">&nbsp;</button>
+    `);
+    const nodeA = fixture.children[1];
+    const nodeB = fixture.children[3];
+    assert.equal(getOffset(nodeA, nodeB), 0);
+  });
+
+  it('returns 0 if nodeB is overlapped by nodeA', () => {
+    const fixture = fixtureSetup(`
+      <button style="width: 10px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0">&nbsp;</button>
+      <button style="width: 30px; height: 30px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: -10px; left: -10px">&nbsp;</button>
+    `);
+    const nodeA = fixture.children[3];
+    const nodeB = fixture.children[1];
+    assert.equal(getOffset(nodeA, nodeB), 0);
+  });
+
+  it('subtracts minNeighbourRadius from center-to-center calculations', () => {
+    const fixture = fixtureSetup(`
+      <button style="width: 10px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0">&nbsp;</button>
+      <button style="width: 10px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 50px; left: 0">&nbsp;</button>
+    `);
+    const nodeA = fixture.children[1];
+    const nodeB = fixture.children[3];
+    assert.closeTo(getOffset(nodeA, nodeB, 30), 20, round);
+  });
+
+  it('returns 0 if center of nodeA is enclosed by nodeB', () => {
+    const fixture = fixtureSetup(`
+      <button style="width: 50px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0">&nbsp;</button>
+      <button style="width: 10px; height: 10px; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 20px;">&nbsp;</button>
+    `);
+    const nodeA = fixture.children[1];
+    const nodeB = fixture.children[3];
+    assert.equal(getOffset(nodeA, nodeB, 30), 0);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/math/get-rect-center.js b/test/commons/math/get-rect-center.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2bb4bb5a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/math/get-rect-center.js
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+describe('getRectCenter', () => {
+  const getRectCenter = axe.commons.math.getRectCenter;
+
+  it('returns the center point of a rect', () => {
+    const rect = new DOMRect(10, 20, 10, 20);
+    const center = new DOMPoint(15, 30);
+    assert.deepEqual(getRectCenter(rect), center);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/math/has-visual-overlap.js b/test/commons/math/has-visual-overlap.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e73f5d27d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/math/has-visual-overlap.js
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+describe('hasVisualOverlap', function () {
+  'use strict';
+  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  var hasVisualOverlap = axe.commons.math.hasVisualOverlap;
+
+  it('returns false if there is no overlap', function () {
+    var rootNode = fixtureSetup('<a>foo</a><b>bar</b>');
+    var vNodeA = rootNode.children[0];
+    var vNodeB = rootNode.children[1];
+    assert.isFalse(hasVisualOverlap(vNodeA, vNodeB));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true if B overlaps A', function () {
+    var rootNode = fixtureSetup('<a><b>bar</b></a>');
+    var vNodeA = rootNode.children[0];
+    var vNodeB = vNodeA.children[0];
+    assert.isTrue(hasVisualOverlap(vNodeA, vNodeB));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true A overlaps B', function () {
+    var rootNode = fixtureSetup('<b><a>bar</a></b>');
+    var vNodeB = rootNode.children[0];
+    var vNodeA = vNodeB.children[0];
+    assert.isFalse(hasVisualOverlap(vNodeA, vNodeB));
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/math/is-point-in-rect.js b/test/commons/math/is-point-in-rect.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ee35fe6be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/math/is-point-in-rect.js
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+describe('isPointInRect', () => {
+  const isPointInRect = axe.commons.math.isPointInRect;
+
+  it('returns true when the point is inside the rect', () => {
+    const rect = new DOMRect(10, 20, 10, 20);
+    const point = new DOMPoint(15, 30);
+    assert.isTrue(isPointInRect(point, rect));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true when the point is on the edge', () => {
+    const rect = new DOMRect(10, 20, 10, 20);
+    assert.isTrue(isPointInRect(new DOMPoint(10, 20), rect));
+    assert.isTrue(isPointInRect(new DOMPoint(20, 40), rect));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false when the point is vertically outside the rect', () => {
+    const rect = new DOMRect(10, 20, 10, 20);
+    const point = new DOMPoint(15, 50);
+    assert.isFalse(isPointInRect(point, rect));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false when the point is horizontally outside the rect', () => {
+    const rect = new DOMRect(10, 20, 10, 20);
+    const point = new DOMPoint(25, 30);
+    assert.isFalse(isPointInRect(point, rect));
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/math/rect-has-minimum-size.js b/test/commons/math/rect-has-minimum-size.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7d93b5c83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/math/rect-has-minimum-size.js
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+describe('rectHasMinimumSize', () => {
+  const rectHasMinimumSize = axe.commons.math.rectHasMinimumSize;
+
+  it('returns true if rect is large enough', () => {
+    const rect = new DOMRect(10, 20, 10, 20);
+    assert.isTrue(rectHasMinimumSize(10, rect));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true for rounding margin', () => {
+    const rect = new DOMRect(10, 20, 9.95, 20);
+    assert.isTrue(rectHasMinimumSize(10, rect));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false if width is too small', () => {
+    const rect = new DOMRect(10, 20, 5, 20);
+    assert.isFalse(rectHasMinimumSize(10, rect));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false if height is too small', () => {
+    const rect = new DOMRect(10, 20, 10, 5);
+    assert.isFalse(rectHasMinimumSize(10, rect));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false when below rounding margin', () => {
+    const rect = new DOMRect(10, 20, 9.94, 20);
+    assert.isFalse(rectHasMinimumSize(10, rect));
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/math/rects-overlap.js b/test/commons/math/rects-overlap.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b3ef639c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/math/rects-overlap.js
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+describe('math.rects-overlap', function () {
+  const rectsOverlap = axe.commons.math.rectsOverlap;
+
+  let rectA, rectB;
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    rectA = {
+      left: 0,
+      right: 10,
+      top: 0,
+      bottom: 10
+    };
+    rectB = {
+      left: 5,
+      right: 20,
+      top: 0,
+      bottom: 5
+    };
+  });
+
+  it('returns true when rects overlap', () => {
+    assert.isTrue(rectsOverlap(rectA, rectB));
+  });
+
+  it('should not matter on order', () => {
+    assert.isTrue(rectsOverlap(rectB, rectA));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false when rects do not overlap (horizontally)', () => {
+    rectA.left = 25;
+    rectA.right = 40;
+
+    assert.isFalse(rectsOverlap(rectA, rectB));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false when rects do not overlap (vertically)', () => {
+    rectA.top = 15;
+    rectA.bottom = 25;
+
+    assert.isFalse(rectsOverlap(rectA, rectB));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false when rects are next to one another', () => {
+    rectA.left = 20;
+    rectA.right = 25;
+
+    assert.isFalse(rectsOverlap(rectA, rectB));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false when rects barely overlap due to floating point', () => {
+    rectA.left = 20.5;
+    rectA.right = 25.9;
+    rectB.left = 10.9;
+    rectB.right = 20.9;
+
+    assert.isFalse(rectsOverlap(rectA, rectB));
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/math/split-rects.js b/test/commons/math/split-rects.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9463a7fbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/commons/math/split-rects.js
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+describe('splitRects', () => {
+  const splitRects = axe.commons.math.splitRects;
+
+  it('returns the original rect if there is no clipping rect', () => {
+    const rectA = new DOMRect(0, 0, 100, 50);
+    const rects = splitRects(rectA, []);
+    assert.lengthOf(rects, 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(rects[0], rectA);
+  });
+
+  it('returns the original rect if there is no overlap', () => {
+    const rectA = new DOMRect(0, 0, 100, 50);
+    const rectB = new DOMRect(0, 50, 50, 50);
+    const rects = splitRects(rectA, [rectB]);
+    assert.lengthOf(rects, 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(rects[0], rectA);
+  });
+
+  it('returns empty array if there are too many overlapping rects', () => {
+    const rects = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+      rects.push(new DOMRect(i, i, 50, 50));
+    }
+    const rectA = new DOMRect(0, 0, 1000, 1000);
+    assert.lengthOf(splitRects(rectA, rects), 0);
+  });
+
+  describe('with one overlapping rect', () => {
+    it('returns one rect if overlaps covers two corners', () => {
+      const rectA = new DOMRect(0, 0, 100, 50);
+      const rectB = new DOMRect(40, 0, 100, 50);
+      const rects = splitRects(rectA, [rectB]);
+      assert.lengthOf(rects, 1);
+      assert.deepEqual(rects[0], new DOMRect(0, 0, 40, 50));
+    });
+
+    it('returns two rects if overlap covers one corner', () => {
+      const rectA = new DOMRect(0, 0, 100, 100);
+      const rectB = new DOMRect(50, 50, 50, 50);
+      const rects = splitRects(rectA, [rectB]);
+      assert.lengthOf(rects, 2);
+      assert.deepEqual(rects[0], new DOMRect(0, 0, 100, 50));
+      assert.deepEqual(rects[1], new DOMRect(0, 0, 50, 100));
+    });
+
+    it('returns three rects if overlap covers an edge, but no corner', () => {
+      const rectA = new DOMRect(0, 0, 100, 150);
+      const rectB = new DOMRect(50, 50, 50, 50);
+      const rects = splitRects(rectA, [rectB]);
+      assert.lengthOf(rects, 3);
+      assert.deepEqual(rects[0], new DOMRect(0, 0, 100, 50));
+      assert.deepEqual(rects[1], new DOMRect(0, 100, 100, 50));
+      assert.deepEqual(rects[2], new DOMRect(0, 0, 50, 150));
+    });
+
+    it('returns four rects if overlap sits in the middle, touching no corner', () => {
+      const rectA = new DOMRect(0, 0, 150, 150);
+      const rectB = new DOMRect(50, 50, 50, 50);
+      const rects = splitRects(rectA, [rectB]);
+      assert.lengthOf(rects, 4);
+      assert.deepEqual(rects[0], new DOMRect(0, 0, 150, 50));
+      assert.deepEqual(rects[1], new DOMRect(100, 0, 50, 150));
+      assert.deepEqual(rects[2], new DOMRect(0, 100, 150, 50));
+      assert.deepEqual(rects[3], new DOMRect(0, 0, 50, 150));
+    });
+
+    it('returns no rects if overlap covers the entire input rect', () => {
+      const rectA = new DOMRect(0, 0, 100, 50);
+      const rectB = new DOMRect(-50, -50, 400, 400);
+      const rects = splitRects(rectA, [rectB]);
+      assert.lengthOf(rects, 0);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('with multiple overlaps', () => {
+    it('can return a single rect two overlaps each cover an edge', () => {
+      const rectA = new DOMRect(0, 0, 150, 50);
+      const rectB = new DOMRect(0, 0, 50, 50);
+      const rectC = new DOMRect(100, 0, 50, 50);
+      const rects = splitRects(rectA, [rectB, rectC]);
+      assert.lengthOf(rects, 1);
+      assert.deepEqual(rects[0], new DOMRect(50, 0, 50, 50));
+    });
+
+    it('can recursively clips regions', () => {
+      const rectA = new DOMRect(0, 0, 150, 100);
+      const rectB = new DOMRect(0, 50, 50, 50);
+      const rectC = new DOMRect(100, 50, 50, 50);
+      const rects = splitRects(rectA, [rectB, rectC]);
+      assert.lengthOf(rects, 3);
+      assert.deepEqual(rects[0], new DOMRect(0, 0, 150, 50));
+      assert.deepEqual(rects[1], new DOMRect(50, 0, 100, 50));
+      assert.deepEqual(rects[2], new DOMRect(50, 0, 50, 100));
+    });
+
+    it('returns no rects if overlap covers the entire input rect', () => {
+      const rectA = new DOMRect(0, 0, 100, 50);
+      const rectB = new DOMRect(50, 50, 200, 200);
+      const rectC = new DOMRect(-50, -50, 200, 200);
+      const rects = splitRects(rectA, [rectB, rectC]);
+      assert.lengthOf(rects, 0);
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/commons/standards/get-aria-roles-by-type.js b/test/commons/standards/get-aria-roles-by-type.js
index 2b07a892f..8c1150a60 100644
--- a/test/commons/standards/get-aria-roles-by-type.js
+++ b/test/commons/standards/get-aria-roles-by-type.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-describe('standards.getAriaRolesByType', function() {
+describe('standards.getAriaRolesByType', function () {
   var getAriaRolesByType = axe.commons.standards.getAriaRolesByType;
 
-  it('should return a list of role names by type', function() {
+  it('should return a list of role names by type', function () {
     // first remove all role types
     var roleNames = Object.keys(axe._audit.standards.ariaRoles);
     var ariaRoles = {};
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ describe('standards.getAriaRolesByType', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should return configured roles', function() {
+  it('should return configured roles', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ describe('standards.getAriaRolesByType', function() {
     assert.include(structureRoles, 'myRole');
   });
 
-  it('should not return role that is configured to not be of the type', function() {
+  it('should not return role that is configured to not be of the type', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
diff --git a/test/commons/standards/get-aria-roles-supporting-name-from-content.js b/test/commons/standards/get-aria-roles-supporting-name-from-content.js
index 9f9b66a83..2720cb82f 100644
--- a/test/commons/standards/get-aria-roles-supporting-name-from-content.js
+++ b/test/commons/standards/get-aria-roles-supporting-name-from-content.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-describe('standards.getAriaRolesSupportingNameFromContent', function() {
+describe('standards.getAriaRolesSupportingNameFromContent', function () {
   var getAriaRolesSupportingNameFromContent =
     axe.commons.standards.getAriaRolesSupportingNameFromContent;
 
-  it('should return a list of role names which are named from content', function() {
+  it('should return a list of role names which are named from content', function () {
     // first remove all namedFromContent
     var roleNames = Object.keys(axe._audit.standards.ariaRoles);
     var ariaRoles = {};
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ describe('standards.getAriaRolesSupportingNameFromContent', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should return configured roles', function() {
+  it('should return configured roles', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ describe('standards.getAriaRolesSupportingNameFromContent', function() {
     assert.include(contentRoles, 'myRole');
   });
 
-  it('should not return role that is configured to not be of the type', function() {
+  it('should not return role that is configured to not be of the type', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
diff --git a/test/commons/standards/get-element-spec.js b/test/commons/standards/get-element-spec.js
index f91fca9eb..d41be73b0 100644
--- a/test/commons/standards/get-element-spec.js
+++ b/test/commons/standards/get-element-spec.js
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
-describe('standards.getElementSpec', function() {
+describe('standards.getElementSpec', function () {
   var getElementSpec = axe.commons.standards.getElementSpec;
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
 
-  before(function() {
+  before(function () {
     axe._load({});
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  after(function() {
+  after(function () {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return a spec for an element without variants', function() {
+  it('should return a spec for an element without variants', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         htmlElms: {
@@ -34,13 +34,13 @@ describe('standards.getElementSpec', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return empty object if passed an invalid element', function() {
+  it('should return empty object if passed an invalid element', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<foo-bar id="target"></foo-bar>');
     assert.deepEqual(getElementSpec(vNode), {});
   });
 
-  describe('variants', function() {
-    before(function() {
+  describe('variants', function () {
+    before(function () {
       axe.configure({
         standards: {
           htmlElms: {
@@ -66,19 +66,19 @@ describe('standards.getElementSpec', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should return top level properties', function() {
+    it('should return top level properties', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture('<abbr id="target" controls></abbr>');
       var spec = getElementSpec(vNode);
       assert.equal(spec.allowedRoles, false);
     });
 
-    it('should return properties from matching variant', function() {
+    it('should return properties from matching variant', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture('<abbr id="target" controls></abbr>');
       var spec = getElementSpec(vNode);
       assert.equal(spec.customProp, 'controls');
     });
 
-    it('should return all properties from matching variants', function() {
+    it('should return all properties from matching variants', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<abbr id="target" controls aria-label="foo"></abbr>'
       );
@@ -87,14 +87,14 @@ describe('standards.getElementSpec', function() {
       assert.equal(spec.anotherProp, 'label');
     });
 
-    it('should return default props in no variants match', function() {
+    it('should return default props in no variants match', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture('<abbr id="target"></abbr>');
       var spec = getElementSpec(vNode);
       assert.equal(spec.customProp, 'default');
       assert.equal(spec.anotherProp, 'default');
     });
 
-    it('should return default props that were not part of other matches', function() {
+    it('should return default props that were not part of other matches', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture('<abbr id="target" controls></abbr>');
       var spec = getElementSpec(vNode);
       assert.equal(spec.customProp, 'controls');
diff --git a/test/commons/standards/get-elements-by-content-type.js b/test/commons/standards/get-elements-by-content-type.js
index 4e3bb5aab..f0741275b 100644
--- a/test/commons/standards/get-elements-by-content-type.js
+++ b/test/commons/standards/get-elements-by-content-type.js
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
-describe('standards.getElementsByContentType', function() {
+describe('standards.getElementsByContentType', function () {
   var getElementsByContentType = axe.commons.standards.getElementsByContentType;
 
-  before(function() {
+  before(function () {
     axe._load({});
   });
 
-  after(function() {
+  after(function () {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return a list of node names by content type', function() {
+  it('should return a list of node names by content type', function () {
     // Source: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/dom.html#sectioning-content
     var sectioningContent = getElementsByContentType('sectioning');
     assert.deepEqual(sectioningContent, ['article', 'aside', 'nav', 'section']);
   });
 
-  it('should return a default variants', function() {
+  it('should return a default variants', function () {
     // Source: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/dom.html#embedded-content-2
     var sectioningContent = getElementsByContentType('embedded');
     assert.deepEqual(sectioningContent, [
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ describe('standards.getElementsByContentType', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should return configured roles', function() {
+  it('should return configured roles', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         htmlElms: {
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ describe('standards.getElementsByContentType', function() {
     assert.include(structureRoles, 'myElm');
   });
 
-  it('should not return role that is configured to not be of the type', function() {
+  it('should not return role that is configured to not be of the type', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         htmlElms: {
diff --git a/test/commons/standards/get-global-aria-attrs.js b/test/commons/standards/get-global-aria-attrs.js
index 730b81bc2..0141f255a 100644
--- a/test/commons/standards/get-global-aria-attrs.js
+++ b/test/commons/standards/get-global-aria-attrs.js
@@ -1,23 +1,26 @@
-describe('standards.getGlobalAriaAttrs', function() {
+describe('standards.getGlobalAriaAttrs', function () {
   var getGlobalAriaAttrs = axe.commons.standards.getGlobalAriaAttrs;
 
-  before(function() {
+  before(function () {
     axe._load({});
   });
 
-  after(function() {
+  after(function () {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return global attrs', function() {
+  it('should return global attrs', function () {
     // Source: https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-1.1/#global_states
     var globalAttrs = getGlobalAriaAttrs();
     assert.deepEqual(globalAttrs, [
       'aria-atomic',
+      'aria-braillelabel',
+      'aria-brailleroledescription',
       'aria-busy',
       'aria-controls',
       'aria-current',
       'aria-describedby',
+      'aria-description',
       'aria-details',
       'aria-disabled',
       'aria-dropeffect',
@@ -37,7 +40,7 @@ describe('standards.getGlobalAriaAttrs', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should return configured global attrs', function() {
+  it('should return configured global attrs', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaAttrs: {
@@ -52,7 +55,7 @@ describe('standards.getGlobalAriaAttrs', function() {
     assert.include(globalAttrs, 'myAttr');
   });
 
-  it('should not return global attr that is configured to not be global', function() {
+  it('should not return global attr that is configured to not be global', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaAttrs: {
diff --git a/test/commons/table/get-cell-position.js b/test/commons/table/get-cell-position.js
index 63c14aa07..24a7e56de 100644
--- a/test/commons/table/get-cell-position.js
+++ b/test/commons/table/get-cell-position.js
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-describe('table.getCellPosition', function() {
+describe('table.getCellPosition', function () {
   'use strict';
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should get x, y coordinates given a cell', function() {
+  it('should get x, y coordinates given a cell', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ describe('table.getCellPosition', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should handle colspans', function() {
+  it('should handle colspans', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ describe('table.getCellPosition', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should handle rowspans', function() {
+  it('should handle rowspans', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr><td rowspan="2"></td><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ describe('table.getCellPosition', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should handle rowspans and colspans', function() {
+  it('should handle rowspans and colspans', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td><td></td></tr>' +
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ describe('table.getCellPosition', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should handle intermittent empty rows', function() {
+  it('should handle intermittent empty rows', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
diff --git a/test/commons/table/get-headers.js b/test/commons/table/get-headers.js
index 9bea2bc19..9635e640c 100644
--- a/test/commons/table/get-headers.js
+++ b/test/commons/table/get-headers.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('table.getHeaders', function() {
+describe('table.getHeaders', function () {
   'use strict';
   function $id(id) {
     return document.getElementById(id);
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ describe('table.getHeaders', function() {
 
   var fixture = $id('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should work with scope=auto', function() {
+  it('should work with scope=auto', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr><td></td><th id="t1">1</th><th>2</th></tr>' +
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ describe('table.getHeaders', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should work with scope set', function() {
+  it('should work with scope set', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr><td></td><th scope="col" id="t1">1</th><th scope="col">2</th></tr>' +
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ describe('table.getHeaders', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should find multiple column headers', function() {
+  it('should find multiple column headers', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr><td></td><th scope="col" id="t1">1</th><th scope="col">2</th></tr>' +
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ describe('table.getHeaders', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should find multiple row headers', function() {
+  it('should find multiple row headers', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr><td></td><th scope="col">1</th><th scope="col" id="t1">2</th></tr>' +
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ describe('table.getHeaders', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should handle colspans', function() {
+  it('should handle colspans', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr><td></td><th scope="col">1</th><th scope="col" id="t1">2</th></tr>' +
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ describe('table.getHeaders', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.getHeaders(target), [$id('t1')]);
   });
 
-  it('should handle rowspans', function() {
+  it('should handle rowspans', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr><td rowspan="2"></td><th scope="col">1</th><th scope="col" id="t1">2</th></tr>' +
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ describe('table.getHeaders', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should handle rowspan=0', function() {
+  it('should handle rowspan=0', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr><td rowspan="0"></td><th scope="col">1</th><th scope="col" id="t1">2</th></tr>' +
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ describe('table.getHeaders', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should handle headers attribute', function() {
+  it('should handle headers attribute', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr><td id="t1">t1</td><td id="t2">t2</td></tr>' +
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ describe('table.getHeaders', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should handle empty headers attribute', function() {
+  it('should handle empty headers attribute', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr>' +
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ describe('table.getHeaders', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.getHeaders(target), [$id('t1')]);
   });
 
-  it('should handle non-existent headers attribute', function() {
+  it('should handle non-existent headers attribute', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr>' +
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ describe('table.getHeaders', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.getHeaders(target), [$id('t1')]);
   });
 
-  it('should work with tables that have inconsistent columns', function() {
+  it('should work with tables that have inconsistent columns', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr><td id="t1">t1</td><td id="t2">t2</td></tr>' +
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ describe('table.getHeaders', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.getHeaders(target), []);
   });
 
-  it('should handle multiple headers with colspan', function() {
+  it('should handle multiple headers with colspan', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<thead>' +
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ describe('table.getHeaders', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should handle multiple headers with rowspan', function() {
+  it('should handle multiple headers with rowspan', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tbody>' +
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ describe('table.getHeaders', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should handle negative colspan', function() {
+  it('should handle negative colspan', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<thead>' +
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ describe('table.getHeaders', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(axe.commons.table.getHeaders(target), [$id('t1')]);
   });
 
-  it('should handle negative rowspan', function() {
+  it('should handle negative rowspan', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tbody>' +
diff --git a/test/commons/table/get-scope.js b/test/commons/table/get-scope.js
index eb6b5687c..3c37660de 100644
--- a/test/commons/table/get-scope.js
+++ b/test/commons/table/get-scope.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('table.getScope', function() {
+describe('table.getScope', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   function $id(id) {
@@ -6,13 +6,9 @@ describe('table.getScope', function() {
   }
 
   var fixture = $id('fixture');
+  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
-    axe._tree = undefined;
-  });
-
-  it('returns false for TD without scope attribute', function() {
+  it('returns false for TD without scope attribute', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr><td></td><td id="target">1</td></tr>' +
@@ -20,25 +16,33 @@ describe('table.getScope', function() {
       '</table>';
 
     var target = $id('target');
+    fixtureSetup();
     assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), false);
   });
 
-  it('throws if it is not passed a data cell', function() {
-    assert.throws(function() {
+  it('throws if it is not passed a data cell', function () {
+    assert.throws(function () {
       axe.commons.table.getScope();
-    });
+    }, TypeError);
 
-    assert.throws(function() {
-      axe.commons.table.getScope(document.createElement('tr'));
-    });
+    var node = document.createElement('tr');
+    axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(node);
 
-    assert.doesNotThrow(function() {
-      axe.commons.table.getScope(document.createElement('td'));
+    assert.throws(function () {
+      axe.commons.table.getScope(node);
+    }, TypeError);
+  });
+
+  it('does not throw if it is passed a data cell', function () {
+    var node = document.createElement('td');
+    axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(node);
+    assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
+      axe.commons.table.getScope(node);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('auto scope', function() {
-    it('return `auto` with implicit row and col scope', function() {
+  describe('auto scope', function () {
+    it('return `auto` with implicit row and col scope', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table>' +
         '<tr><th id="target">1</th><td>ok</td></tr>' +
@@ -50,7 +54,7 @@ describe('table.getScope', function() {
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'auto');
     });
 
-    it('return `auto` with implicit row and col scope, not in the first column', function() {
+    it('return `auto` with implicit row and col scope, not in the first column', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table>' +
         '<tr><td></td><th id="target">1</th></tr>' +
@@ -62,7 +66,7 @@ describe('table.getScope', function() {
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'auto');
     });
 
-    it('return `auto` with implicit row and col scope, not in the first row', function() {
+    it('return `auto` with implicit row and col scope, not in the first row', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table>' +
         '<tr><td></td><th>1</th></tr>' +
@@ -73,10 +77,18 @@ describe('table.getScope', function() {
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'auto');
     });
+
+    it('return `auto` without an actualNode or in the tree', function () {
+      var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+        nodeName: 'th'
+      });
+
+      assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(serialNode), 'auto');
+    });
   });
 
-  describe('col scope', function() {
-    it('returns `col` with explicit col scope on TH', function() {
+  describe('col scope', function () {
+    it('returns `col` with explicit col scope on TH', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table>' +
         '<tr><td></td><th id="target" scope="col">1</th></tr>' +
@@ -84,10 +96,11 @@ describe('table.getScope', function() {
         '</table>';
 
       var target = $id('target');
+      fixtureSetup();
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'col');
     });
 
-    it('returns `col` with explicit col scope on TD', function() {
+    it('returns `col` with explicit col scope on TD', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table>' +
         '<tr><td></td><td id="target" scope="col">1</td></tr>' +
@@ -95,10 +108,11 @@ describe('table.getScope', function() {
         '</table>';
 
       var target = $id('target');
+      fixtureSetup();
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'col');
     });
 
-    it('returns `col` with role = columnheader on TD', function() {
+    it('returns `col` with role = columnheader on TD', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table>' +
         '<tr><td></td><td id="target" scope="row" role="columnheader">1</td></tr>' +
@@ -106,10 +120,11 @@ describe('table.getScope', function() {
         '</table>';
 
       var target = $id('target');
+      fixtureSetup();
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'col');
     });
 
-    it('returns `col` when part of a row of all TH elements', function() {
+    it('returns `col` when part of a row of all TH elements', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table>' +
         '<tr><th></th><th id="target">1</th></tr>' +
@@ -121,7 +136,7 @@ describe('table.getScope', function() {
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'col');
     });
 
-    it('returns `col` when part of both a row and a column of all TH elements', function() {
+    it('returns `col` when part of both a row and a column of all TH elements', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table>' +
         '<tr><th id="target">1</th><th></th></tr>' +
@@ -133,7 +148,7 @@ describe('table.getScope', function() {
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'col');
     });
 
-    it('understands colspan on the table', function() {
+    it('understands colspan on the table', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table>' +
         '<tr> <th colspan="2"></th> </tr>' +
@@ -145,7 +160,7 @@ describe('table.getScope', function() {
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'col');
     });
 
-    it('understands colspan on the cell', function() {
+    it('understands colspan on the cell', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table>' +
         '<tr> <th id="target" colspan="2"></th> </tr>' +
@@ -157,8 +172,8 @@ describe('table.getScope', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('row scope', function() {
-    it('returns `row` with explicit row scope on TH', function() {
+  describe('row scope', function () {
+    it('returns `row` with explicit row scope on TH', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table>' +
         '<tr><td></td><th>1</th></tr>' +
@@ -166,10 +181,11 @@ describe('table.getScope', function() {
         '</table>';
 
       var target = $id('target');
+      fixtureSetup();
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'row');
     });
 
-    it('returns `row` with explicit row scope on TD', function() {
+    it('returns `row` with explicit row scope on TD', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table>' +
         '<tr><td></td><td>1</td></tr>' +
@@ -177,10 +193,11 @@ describe('table.getScope', function() {
         '</table>';
 
       var target = $id('target');
+      fixtureSetup();
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'row');
     });
 
-    it('returns `row` with role = rowheader on TD', function() {
+    it('returns `row` with role = rowheader on TD', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table>' +
         '<tr><td></td><td>1</td></tr>' +
@@ -188,10 +205,11 @@ describe('table.getScope', function() {
         '</table>';
 
       var target = $id('target');
+      fixtureSetup();
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'row');
     });
 
-    it('returns `row` when part of a column of all TH elements', function() {
+    it('returns `row` when part of a column of all TH elements', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table>' +
         '<tr><th></th><td>1</td></tr>' +
@@ -203,7 +221,7 @@ describe('table.getScope', function() {
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'row');
     });
 
-    it('understands rowspan in the table', function() {
+    it('understands rowspan in the table', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table>' +
         '<tr> <th rowspan="2"></th> <th></th> <th></th> </tr>' +
@@ -214,7 +232,7 @@ describe('table.getScope', function() {
       assert.equal(axe.commons.table.getScope(target), 'row');
     });
 
-    it('understands rowspan on the cell', function() {
+    it('understands rowspan on the cell', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table>' +
         '<tr> <th></th> <th></th> </tr>' +
@@ -227,7 +245,7 @@ describe('table.getScope', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('does not throw on empty rows', function() {
+  it('does not throw on empty rows', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr> </tr>' +
diff --git a/test/commons/table/is-column-header.js b/test/commons/table/is-column-header.js
index 488536dcd..e0d7690f2 100644
--- a/test/commons/table/is-column-header.js
+++ b/test/commons/table/is-column-header.js
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-describe('table.isColumnHeader', function() {
+describe('table.isColumnHeader', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var table = axe.commons.table;
   var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<table>' +
         '<tr>' +
@@ -23,22 +23,22 @@ describe('table.isColumnHeader', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false if not a column header', function() {
+  it('returns false if not a column header', function () {
     var cell = document.querySelector('#cell1');
     assert.isFalse(table.isColumnHeader(cell));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if scope="auto"', function() {
+  it('returns true if scope="auto"', function () {
     var cell = document.querySelector('#ch1');
     assert.isTrue(table.isColumnHeader(cell));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if scope="col"', function() {
+  it('returns true if scope="col"', function () {
     var cell = document.querySelector('#ch2');
     assert.isTrue(table.isColumnHeader(cell));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if scope="row"', function() {
+  it('returns false if scope="row"', function () {
     var cell = document.querySelector('#rh2');
     assert.isFalse(table.isColumnHeader(cell));
   });
diff --git a/test/commons/table/is-data-cell.js b/test/commons/table/is-data-cell.js
index 1a0a29118..20b3d43ad 100644
--- a/test/commons/table/is-data-cell.js
+++ b/test/commons/table/is-data-cell.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('table.isDataCell', function() {
+describe('table.isDataCell', function () {
   'use strict';
   function $id(id) {
     return document.getElementById(id);
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ describe('table.isDataCell', function() {
 
   var fixture = $id('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should work with TH', function() {
+  it('should work with TH', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' + '<tr><th id="target">1</th></tr>' + '</table>';
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ describe('table.isDataCell', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataCell(target));
   });
 
-  it('should work with TD', function() {
+  it('should work with TD', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' + '<tr><td id="target">1</td></tr>' + '</table>';
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ describe('table.isDataCell', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataCell(target));
   });
 
-  it('should work with empty TD', function() {
+  it('should work with empty TD', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' + '<tr><td id="target"></td></tr>' + '</table>';
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ describe('table.isDataCell', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataCell(target));
   });
 
-  it('should ignore TDs with a valid role other than (grid)cell', function() {
+  it('should ignore TDs with a valid role other than (grid)cell', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr><td id="target1" role="columnheader">heading</td></tr>' +
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ describe('table.isDataCell', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataCell(target3));
   });
 
-  it('should return true for elements with role="(grid)cell"', function() {
+  it('should return true for elements with role="(grid)cell"', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr><th id="target1" role="cell">heading</th></tr>' +
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ describe('table.isDataCell', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataCell(target2));
   });
 
-  it('should ignore invalid roles', function() {
+  it('should ignore invalid roles', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr><td id="target1" role="foobar">heading</td></tr>' +
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ describe('table.isDataCell', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataCell(target2));
   });
 
-  it('should ignore abstract roles', function() {
+  it('should ignore abstract roles', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr><td id="target1" role="section">heading</td></tr>' +
diff --git a/test/commons/table/is-data-table.js b/test/commons/table/is-data-table.js
index 3a9f4d690..c3607faf0 100644
--- a/test/commons/table/is-data-table.js
+++ b/test/commons/table/is-data-table.js
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
+describe('table.isDataTable', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should be false if the table has role=presentation', function() {
+  it('should be false if the table has role=presentation', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table role="presentation">' +
       '<thead><tr><th>1</th><th>2</th></tr></thead>' +
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be false if the table has role=none', function() {
+  it('should be false if the table has role=none', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table role="none">' +
       '<thead><tr><th>1</th><th>2</th></tr></thead>' +
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table is inside an editable area', function() {
+  it('should be true if the table is inside an editable area', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div contenteditable="true">' +
       '<table>' +
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a role of grid', function() {
+  it('should be true if the table has a role of grid', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table role="grid"></table>';
 
     var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a role of treegrid', function() {
+  it('should be true if the table has a role of treegrid', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table role="treegrid"></table>';
 
     var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the element has a role of table', function() {
+  it('should be true if the element has a role of table', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="table"></div>';
 
     var node = fixture.querySelector('[role="table"]');
@@ -70,57 +70,57 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  describe('should be true if the table has a landmark role', function() {
-    it('application', function() {
+  describe('should be true if the table has a landmark role', function () {
+    it('application', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<table role="application"></table>';
 
       var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
     });
-    it('banner', function() {
+    it('banner', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<table role="banner"></table>';
 
       var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
     });
-    it('complementary', function() {
+    it('complementary', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<table role="complementary"></table>';
 
       var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
     });
-    it('contentinfo', function() {
+    it('contentinfo', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<table role="contentinfo"></table>';
 
       var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
     });
-    it('form', function() {
+    it('form', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<table role="form"></table>';
 
       var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
     });
-    it('main', function() {
+    it('main', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<table role="main"></table>';
 
       var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
     });
-    it('navigation', function() {
+    it('navigation', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<table role="navigation"></table>';
 
       var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
       assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
     });
-    it('search', function() {
+    it('search', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<table role="search"></table>';
 
       var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should be false if the table has datatable=0', function() {
+  it('should be false if the table has datatable=0', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table datatable="0">' +
       '<thead><tr><th>1</th><th>2</th></tr></thead>' +
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a summary attribute', function() {
+  it('should be true if the table has a summary attribute', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table summary="Hello">' + '</table>';
 
     var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a caption element', function() {
+  it('should be true if the table has a caption element', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table>' + '<caption>Hello</caption>' + '</table>';
 
     var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a col element', function() {
+  it('should be true if the table has a col element', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table>' + '<col>' + '</table>';
 
     var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a colgroup element', function() {
+  it('should be true if the table has a colgroup element', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table>' + '<colgroup></colgroup>' + '</table>';
 
     var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a thead element', function() {
+  it('should be true if the table has a thead element', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table>' + '<thead></thead>' + '</table>';
 
     var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a tfoot element', function() {
+  it('should be true if the table has a tfoot element', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table>' + '<tfoot></tfoot>' + '</table>';
 
     var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a th element', function() {
+  it('should be true if the table has a th element', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table>' + '<tr><th></th></tr>' + '</table>';
 
     var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a rowheader', function() {
+  it('should be true if the table has a rowheader', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' + '<tr><td role="rowheader"></td></tr>' + '</table>';
 
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a columnheader', function() {
+  it('should be true if the table has a columnheader', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' + '<tr><td role="columnheader"></td></tr>' + '</table>';
 
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a cell with headers attribute', function() {
+  it('should be true if the table has a cell with headers attribute', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' + '<tr><td headers="yes"></td></tr>' + '</table>';
 
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a cell with scope attribute', function() {
+  it('should be true if the table has a cell with scope attribute', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' + '<tr><td scope="col"></td></tr>' + '</table>';
 
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a cell with abbr attribute', function() {
+  it('should be true if the table has a cell with abbr attribute', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' + '<tr><td abbr="yes"></td></tr>' + '</table>';
 
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if the table has a cell with an abbr element as a single child', function() {
+  it('should be true if the table has a cell with an abbr element as a single child', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' + '<tr><td><div><abbr>ok</abbr></div></td></tr>' + '</table>';
 
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be false if it has a nested table', function() {
+  it('should be false if it has a nested table', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table id="out"><tr><td>' +
       '<table><tr><td></td></tr></table>' +
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be false if it has only one column', function() {
+  it('should be false if it has only one column', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' + '<tr><td></td></tr>' + '<tr><td></td></tr>' + '</table>';
 
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be false if it has only one row', function() {
+  it('should be false if it has only one row', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table>' + '<tr><td></td><td></td></tr>' + '</table>';
 
     var node = fixture.querySelector('table');
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if it has 5 or more columns', function() {
+  it('should be true if it has 5 or more columns', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if it has borders around cells', function() {
+  it('should be true if it has borders around cells', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table border="1">' +
       '<tr><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if it has zebra rows', function() {
+  it('should be true if it has zebra rows', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be true if it has zebra rows - background image', function() {
+  it('should be true if it has zebra rows - background image', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr><td></td><td></td></tr>' +
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
-  it('should be true if it has 20 or more rows', function() {
+  it('should be true if it has 20 or more rows', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       new Array(21).join('<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>') +
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture.firstChild);
     assert.isTrue(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
-  it('should be false if its width is 95% of the document width', function() {
+  it('should be false if its width is 95% of the document width', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table style="width: 95.5%">' +
       new Array(3).join('<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>') +
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be false if it has less than 10 cells', function() {
+  it('should be false if it has less than 10 cells', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       new Array(4).join('<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>') +
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be false if has an iframe element descendent', function() {
+  it('should be false if has an iframe element descendent', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       new Array(4).join('<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>') +
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be false if has an object element descendent', function() {
+  it('should be false if has an object element descendent', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       new Array(4).join('<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>') +
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should be false if has an embed element descendent', function() {
+  it('should be false if has an embed element descendent', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       new Array(4).join('<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>') +
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
   });
 
   // Causing sauce labs tests to fail & don't really care about applets
-  it.skip('should be false if has an applet element descendent', function() {
+  it.skip('should be false if has an applet element descendent', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       new Array(4).join('<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>') +
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ describe('table.isDataTable', function() {
     assert.isFalse(axe.commons.table.isDataTable(node));
   });
 
-  it('should otherwise be true', function() {
+  it('should otherwise be true', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       new Array(4).join('<tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>') +
diff --git a/test/commons/table/is-header.js b/test/commons/table/is-header.js
index d6fb83b11..17c5beda6 100644
--- a/test/commons/table/is-header.js
+++ b/test/commons/table/is-header.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('table.isHeader', function() {
+describe('table.isHeader', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var table = axe.commons.table;
@@ -21,43 +21,43 @@ describe('table.isHeader', function() {
     '</tr>' +
     '</table>';
 
-  it('should return true for column headers', function() {
+  it('should return true for column headers', function () {
     fixtureSetup(tableFixture);
     var cell = document.querySelector('#ch1');
     assert.isTrue(table.isHeader(cell));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if cell is a row header', function() {
+  it('should return true if cell is a row header', function () {
     fixtureSetup(tableFixture);
     var cell = document.querySelector('#rh1');
     assert.isTrue(table.isHeader(cell));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if cell is not a column or row header', function() {
+  it('should return false if cell is not a column or row header', function () {
     fixtureSetup(tableFixture);
     var cell = document.querySelector('#cell1');
     assert.isFalse(table.isHeader(cell));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if referenced by another cells headers attr', function() {
+  it('should return true if referenced by another cells headers attr', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr><td id="target">1</td><td headers="bar target foo"></tr>' +
       '</table>';
 
     var target = document.querySelector('#target');
-
+    fixtureSetup();
     assert.isTrue(table.isHeader(target));
   });
 
-  it('should return false otherwise', function() {
+  it('should return false otherwise', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr><td id="target">1</td><td headers="bar monkeys foo"></tr>' +
       '</table>';
 
     var target = document.querySelector('#target');
-
+    fixtureSetup();
     assert.isFalse(table.isHeader(target));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/table/is-row-header.js b/test/commons/table/is-row-header.js
index 5be4318be..1422663b2 100644
--- a/test/commons/table/is-row-header.js
+++ b/test/commons/table/is-row-header.js
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-describe('table.isRowHeader', function() {
+describe('table.isRowHeader', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var table = axe.commons.table;
   var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<table>' +
         '<tr>' +
@@ -23,22 +23,22 @@ describe('table.isRowHeader', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns false if not a row header', function() {
+  it('returns false if not a row header', function () {
     var cell = document.querySelector('#cell1');
     assert.isFalse(table.isRowHeader(cell));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if scope="auto"', function() {
+  it('returns true if scope="auto"', function () {
     var cell = document.querySelector('#rh1');
     assert.isTrue(table.isRowHeader(cell));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if scope="col"', function() {
+  it('returns false if scope="col"', function () {
     var cell = document.querySelector('#ch1');
     assert.isFalse(table.isRowHeader(cell));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if scope="row"', function() {
+  it('returns true if scope="row"', function () {
     var cell = document.querySelector('#rh2');
     assert.isTrue(table.isRowHeader(cell));
   });
diff --git a/test/commons/table/to-grid.js b/test/commons/table/to-grid.js
index 38b78640f..c23724e51 100644
--- a/test/commons/table/to-grid.js
+++ b/test/commons/table/to-grid.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('table.toGrid', function() {
+describe('table.toGrid', function () {
   'use strict';
   function $id(id) {
     return document.getElementById(id);
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ describe('table.toGrid', function() {
 
   var fixture = $id('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should work', function() {
+  it('should work', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr><td id="t1">2</td><td id="t2">ok</td></tr>' +
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ describe('table.toGrid', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should have cells with a width > 1 span more than one position', function() {
+  it('should have cells with a width > 1 span more than one position', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr><td id="t1" colspan="2">2</td><td id="t2">ok</td></tr>' +
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ describe('table.toGrid', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should have cells with height > 1 occupy more than one row', function() {
+  it('should have cells with height > 1 occupy more than one row', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr><td id="t1">2</td><td rowspan="2" id="t2">ok</td><td id="t3"></td></tr>' +
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ describe('table.toGrid', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should work with both col and rowspans', function() {
+  it('should work with both col and rowspans', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr><td id="t1" rowspan="2" colspan="2">2</td><td id="t2">ok</td></tr>' +
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ describe('table.toGrid', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should handle rowspan=0', function() {
+  it('should handle rowspan=0', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' +
       '<tr><td id="t1">2</td><td rowspan="0" id="t2">ok</td><td id="t3"></td></tr>' +
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ describe('table.toGrid', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should insert an empty array for empty rows', function() {
+  it('should insert an empty array for empty rows', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<table>' + '<tr></tr>' + '<tr><td id="t1">ok</td></tr>' + '</table>';
 
diff --git a/test/commons/table/traverse.js b/test/commons/table/traverse.js
index c1fed8e3e..4fc0079e8 100644
--- a/test/commons/table/traverse.js
+++ b/test/commons/table/traverse.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /* global fixture */
-describe('table.traverse', function() {
+describe('table.traverse', function () {
   var table, dummyTable, topRight, bottomLeft;
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     table = axe.commons.table;
     dummyTable = [
       ['1a', '1b', '1c'],
@@ -12,92 +12,92 @@ describe('table.traverse', function() {
     bottomLeft = { x: 2, y: 2 };
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('traverses in the `right` direction', function() {
+  it('traverses in the `right` direction', function () {
     var iterations = 0;
     var expect = ['1b', '1c'];
 
-    table.traverse({ x: 1, y: 0 }, topRight, dummyTable, function(cell) {
+    table.traverse({ x: 1, y: 0 }, topRight, dummyTable, function (cell) {
       assert.equal(cell, expect[iterations]);
       iterations += 1;
     });
     assert.equal(iterations, expect.length);
   });
 
-  it('returns an array of traversed cells', function() {
+  it('returns an array of traversed cells', function () {
     var result = table.traverse({ x: 1, y: 0 }, topRight, dummyTable);
     assert.deepEqual(result, ['1b', '1c']);
   });
 
-  it('traverses in the `down` direction', function() {
+  it('traverses in the `down` direction', function () {
     var iterations = 0;
     var expect = ['2a', '3a'];
 
-    table.traverse({ x: 0, y: 1 }, topRight, dummyTable, function(cell) {
+    table.traverse({ x: 0, y: 1 }, topRight, dummyTable, function (cell) {
       assert.equal(cell, expect[iterations]);
       iterations += 1;
     });
     assert.equal(iterations, expect.length);
   });
 
-  it('traverses in the `left` direction', function() {
+  it('traverses in the `left` direction', function () {
     var iterations = 0;
     var expect = ['3b', '3a'];
 
-    table.traverse({ x: -1, y: 0 }, bottomLeft, dummyTable, function(cell) {
+    table.traverse({ x: -1, y: 0 }, bottomLeft, dummyTable, function (cell) {
       assert.equal(cell, expect[iterations]);
       iterations += 1;
     });
     assert.equal(iterations, expect.length);
   });
 
-  it('traverses in the `up` direction', function() {
+  it('traverses in the `up` direction', function () {
     var iterations = 0;
     var expect = ['2c', '1c'];
 
-    table.traverse({ x: 0, y: -1 }, bottomLeft, dummyTable, function(cell) {
+    table.traverse({ x: 0, y: -1 }, bottomLeft, dummyTable, function (cell) {
       assert.equal(cell, expect[iterations]);
       iterations += 1;
     });
     assert.equal(iterations, expect.length);
   });
 
-  it('takes string values as directions', function() {
+  it('takes string values as directions', function () {
     var iterations = 0;
     var expect = ['1b', '1c'];
-    table.traverse('right', topRight, dummyTable, function(cell) {
+    table.traverse('right', topRight, dummyTable, function (cell) {
       assert.equal(cell, expect[iterations]);
       iterations += 1;
     });
 
     iterations = 0;
     expect = ['2a', '3a'];
-    table.traverse('down', topRight, dummyTable, function(cell) {
+    table.traverse('down', topRight, dummyTable, function (cell) {
       assert.equal(cell, expect[iterations]);
       iterations += 1;
     });
 
     iterations = 0;
     expect = ['3b', '3a'];
-    table.traverse('left', bottomLeft, dummyTable, function(cell) {
+    table.traverse('left', bottomLeft, dummyTable, function (cell) {
       assert.equal(cell, expect[iterations]);
       iterations += 1;
     });
 
     iterations = 0;
     expect = ['2c', '1c'];
-    table.traverse('up', bottomLeft, dummyTable, function(cell) {
+    table.traverse('up', bottomLeft, dummyTable, function (cell) {
       assert.equal(cell, expect[iterations]);
       iterations += 1;
     });
   });
 
-  it('stops when the callback returned true', function() {
+  it('stops when the callback returned true', function () {
     var iterations = 0;
-    table.traverse({ x: 1, y: 1 }, topRight, dummyTable, function(cell) {
+    table.traverse({ x: 1, y: 1 }, topRight, dummyTable, function (cell) {
       assert.equal(cell, '2b'); // or not, to be?
       iterations += 1;
       return true;
@@ -105,11 +105,11 @@ describe('table.traverse', function() {
     assert.equal(iterations, 1);
   });
 
-  it('starts at top-right of no position is given', function() {
+  it('starts at top-right of no position is given', function () {
     var iterations = 0;
     var expect = ['1b', '1c'];
 
-    table.traverse({ x: 1, y: 0 }, dummyTable, function(cell) {
+    table.traverse({ x: 1, y: 0 }, dummyTable, function (cell) {
       assert.equal(cell, expect[iterations]);
       iterations += 1;
     });
diff --git a/test/commons/text/accessible-text.js b/test/commons/text/accessible-text.js
index 8ba085396..fd0552f0c 100644
--- a/test/commons/text/accessible-text.js
+++ b/test/commons/text/accessible-text.js
@@ -1,129 +1,163 @@
-describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', function() {
-  'use strict';
+describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const { html, shadowSupport } = axe.testUtils;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
-
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = null;
   });
 
-  it('is called through accessibleText with a DOM node', function() {
-    var accessibleText = axe.commons.text.accessibleText;
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<label><input type="button"></label>';
+  it('is called through accessibleText with a DOM node', () => {
+    const accessibleText = axe.commons.text.accessibleText;
+    fixture.innerHTML = html` <label><input type="button" /></label> `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var target = fixture.querySelector('input');
+    const target = fixture.querySelector('input');
     assert.equal(accessibleText(target), '');
   });
 
-  it('should match the first example from the ARIA spec', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<ul role="menubar">' +
-      ' <!-- Rule 2A: "File" label via aria-labelledby -->' +
-      '  <li role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true" aria-labelledby="fileLabel" id="rule2a">' +
-      '    <span id="fileLabel">File</span>' +
-      '    <ul role="menu">' +
-      '      <!-- Rule 2C: "New" label via Namefrom:contents -->' +
-      '      <li role="menuitem" id="rule2c">New</li>' +
-      '      <li role="menuitem">Open…</li>' +
-      '      …' +
-      '    </ul>' +
-      '  </li>' +
-      '</ul>';
+  it('should match the first example from the ARIA spec', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <ul role="menubar">
+        <!-- Rule 2A: "File" label via aria-labelledby -->
+        <li
+          role="menuitem"
+          aria-haspopup="true"
+          aria-labelledby="fileLabel"
+          id="rule2a"
+        >
+          <span id="fileLabel">File</span>
+          <ul role="menu">
+            <!-- Rule 2C: "New" label via Namefrom:contents -->
+            <li role="menuitem" id="rule2c">New</li>
+            <li role="menuitem">Open…</li>
+            …
+          </ul>
+        </li>
+      </ul>
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var rule2a = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#rule2a')[0];
-    var rule2c = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#rule2c')[0];
+    const rule2a = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#rule2a')[0];
+    const rule2c = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#rule2c')[0];
 
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(rule2a), 'File');
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(rule2c), 'New');
   });
 
-  it('should match the second example from the ARIA spec', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<fieldset>' +
-      '  <legend>Meeting alarms</legend>' +
-      '  <!-- Rule 2A: "Beep" label given by native HTML label element -->' +
-      '  <input type="checkbox" id="beep"> <label for="beep">Beep</label> <br>' +
-      '  <input type="checkbox" id="mtgTitle"> <label for="mtgTitle">Display the meeting title</label> <br>' +
-      '  <!-- Rule 2B -->' +
-      '  <input type="checkbox" id="flash">' +
-      '  <label for="flash">' +
-      '    Flash the screen' +
-      '    <!-- Rule 2A: label of text input given by aria-label, "Number of times to flash screen" -->' +
-      '    <input type="text" value="3" size="2" id="numTimes" title="Number of times to flash screen">' +
-      '    times' +
-      '  </label>' +
-      '</fieldset>';
+  it('should match the second example from the ARIA spec', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <fieldset>
+        <legend>Meeting alarms</legend>
+        <!-- Rule 2A: "Beep" label given by native HTML label element -->
+        <input type="checkbox" id="beep" /> <label for="beep">Beep</label>
+        <br />
+        <input type="checkbox" id="mtgTitle" />
+        <label for="mtgTitle">Display the meeting title</label> <br />
+        <!-- Rule 2B -->
+        <input type="checkbox" id="flash" />
+        <label for="flash">
+          Flash the screen
+          <!-- Rule 2A: label of text input given by aria-label, "Number of times to flash screen" -->
+          <input
+            type="text"
+            value="3"
+            size="2"
+            id="numTimes"
+            title="Number of times to flash screen"
+          />
+          times
+        </label>
+      </fieldset>
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var rule2a = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#beep')[0];
-    var rule2b = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#flash')[0];
+    const rule2a = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#beep')[0];
+    const rule2b = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#flash')[0];
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(rule2a), 'Beep');
-    // Chrome 72: "Flash the screen 3 times"
-    // Firefox 62: "Flash the screen 3 times"
-    // Safari 12.0: "Flash the screen 3 times"
     assert.equal(
       axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(rule2b),
       'Flash the screen 3 times'
     );
   });
 
-  it('should use aria-labelledby if present', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="t2label">This is <input type="text" value="the value" ' +
-      'aria-labelledby="t1label" aria-label="ARIA Label" id="t1"> of <i>everything</i></div>' +
-      '<div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>' +
-      '<label for="t1">HTML Label</label>' +
-      '<input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label">';
+  it('should use aria-labelledby if present', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="t2label">
+        This is
+        <input
+          type="text"
+          value="the value"
+          aria-labelledby="t1label"
+          aria-label="ARIA Label"
+          id="t1"
+        />
+        of <i>everything</i>
+      </div>
+      <div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>
+      <label for="t1">HTML Label</label>
+      <input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label" />
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t1')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t1')[0];
     assert.equal(
       axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
       'This is a label'
     );
   });
 
-  it('should use recusive aria-labelledby properly', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="t2label">This is <input type="text" value="the value" ' +
-      'aria-labelledby="t1 t1label" aria-label="ARIA Label" id="t1"> of <i>everything</i></div>' +
-      '<div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>' +
-      '<label for="t1">HTML Label</label>' +
-      '<input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label">';
+  it('should use recusive aria-labelledby properly', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="t2label">
+        This is
+        <input
+          type="text"
+          value="the value"
+          aria-labelledby="t1 t1label"
+          aria-label="ARIA Label"
+          id="t1"
+        />
+        of <i>everything</i>
+      </div>
+      <div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>
+      <label for="t1">HTML Label</label>
+      <input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label" />
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t1')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t1')[0];
     assert.equal(
       axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
       'ARIA Label This is a label'
     );
   });
 
-  it('should include hidden text referred to with aria-labelledby', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="t1label" style="display:none">This is a ' +
-      '<span style="visibility:hidden">hidden </span>' +
-      '<span aria-hidden="true">secret</span></div>' +
-      '<label for="t1">HTML Label</label>' +
-      '<input type="text" id="t1" aria-labelledby="t1label">';
+  it('should include hidden text referred to with aria-labelledby', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="t1label" style="display:none">
+        This is a
+        <span style="visibility:hidden">hidden </span>
+        <span aria-hidden="true">secret</span>
+      </div>
+      <label for="t1">HTML Label</label>
+      <input type="text" id="t1" aria-labelledby="t1label" />'
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t1')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t1')[0];
     assert.equal(
       axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
       'This is a hidden secret'
     );
   });
 
-  it('should allow setting the initial includeHidden value', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<label id="lbl1" style="display:none;">hidden label</label>';
+  it('should allow setting the initial includeHidden value', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <label id="lbl1" style="display:none;">hidden label</label>
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#lbl1')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#lbl1')[0];
     assert.equal(
       axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target, {
         includeHidden: false
@@ -139,470 +173,577 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should use aria-label if present with no labelledby', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="t2label">This is <input type="text" value="the value" ' +
-      'aria-label="ARIA Label" id="t1"> of <i>everything</i></div>' +
-      '<div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>' +
-      '<label for="t1">HTML Label</label>' +
-      '<input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label">';
+  it('should use aria-label if present with no labelledby', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="t2label">
+        This is
+        <input type="text" value="the value" aria-label="ARIA Label" id="t1" />
+        of <i>everything</i>
+      </div>
+      <div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>
+      <label for="t1">HTML Label</label>
+      <input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label" />
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t1')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t1')[0];
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'ARIA Label');
   });
 
-  it('should use alt on imgs with no ARIA', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="t2label">This is <input type="text" value="the value" ' +
-      'id="t1"> of <i>everything</i></div>' +
-      '<img alt="Alt text goes here" id="target">' +
-      '<div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>' +
-      '<label for="t1">HTML Label</label>' +
-      '<input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label">';
+  it('should use alt on imgs with no ARIA', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="t2label">
+        This is <input type="text" value="the value" id="t1" /> of
+        <i>everything</i>
+      </div>
+      <img alt="Alt text goes here" id="target" />
+      <div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>
+      <label for="t1">HTML Label</label>
+      <input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label" />
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
     assert.equal(
       axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
       'Alt text goes here'
     );
   });
 
-  it('should use alt on image inputs with no ARIA', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="t2label">This is <input type="text" value="the value" ' +
-      'id="t1"> of <i>everything</i></div>' +
-      '<input type="image" alt="Alt text goes here" id="target">' +
-      '<div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>' +
-      '<label for="t1">HTML Label</label>' +
-      '<input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label">';
+  it('should use alt on image inputs with no ARIA', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="t2label">
+        This is <input type="text" value="the value" id="t1" /> of
+        <i>everything</i>
+      </div>
+      <input type="image" alt="Alt text goes here" id="target" />
+      <div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>
+      <label for="t1">HTML Label</label>
+      <input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label" />'
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
     assert.equal(
       axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
       'Alt text goes here'
     );
   });
 
-  it('should use not use alt on text inputs with no ARIA', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="t2label">This is <input type="text" value="the value" ' +
-      'id="t1"> of <i>everything</i></div>' +
-      '<input type="text" alt="Alt text goes here" id="target">' +
-      '<div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>' +
-      '<label for="t1">HTML Label</label>' +
-      '<input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label">';
+  it('should use not use alt on text inputs with no ARIA', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="t2label">
+        This is <input type="text" value="the value" id="t1" /> of
+        <i>everything</i>
+      </div>
+      <input type="text" alt="Alt text goes here" id="target" />
+      <div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>
+      <label for="t1">HTML Label</label>
+      <input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label" />
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), '');
   });
 
-  it('should use HTML label if no ARIA information', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="t2label">This is <input type="text" value="the value" ' +
-      'id="t1"> of <i>everything</i></div>' +
-      '<div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>' +
-      '<label for="t1">HTML Label</label>' +
-      '<input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label">';
+  it('should use HTML label if no ARIA information', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="t2label">
+        This is <input type="text" value="the value" id="t1" /> of
+        <i>everything</i>
+      </div>
+      <div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>
+      <label for="t1">HTML Label</label>
+      <input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label" />
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t1')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t1')[0];
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'HTML Label');
   });
 
-  it('should handle last ditch title attribute', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="t2label">This is <input type="text" value="the value" ' +
-      'aria-labelledby="t1label" aria-label="ARIA Label" id="t1"> of <i title="italics"></i></div>' +
-      '<div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>' +
-      '<label for="t1">HTML Label</label>' +
-      '<input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label">';
+  it('should handle last ditch title attribute', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="t2label">
+        This is
+        <input
+          type="text"
+          value="the value"
+          aria-labelledby="t1label"
+          aria-label="ARIA Label"
+          id="t1"
+        />
+        of <i title="italics"></i>
+      </div>
+      <div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>
+      <label for="t1">HTML Label</label>
+      <input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label" />
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t2label')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t2label')[0];
     assert.equal(
       axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
       'This is This is a label of italics'
     );
   });
 
-  it('should handle totally empty elements', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="t2label">This is <input type="text" value="the value" ' +
-      'aria-labelledby="t1label" aria-label="ARIA Label" id="t1"> of <i></i></div>' +
-      '<div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>' +
-      '<label for="t1">HTML Label</label>' +
-      '<input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label">';
+  it('should handle totally empty elements', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="t2label">
+        This is
+        <input
+          type="text"
+          value="the value"
+          aria-labelledby="t1label"
+          aria-label="ARIA Label"
+          id="t1"
+        />
+        of <i></i>
+      </div>
+      <div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>
+      <label for="t1">HTML Label</label>
+      <input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label" />
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t2label')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t2label')[0];
     assert.equal(
       axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
       'This is This is a label of'
     );
   });
 
-  it('should handle author name-from roles properly', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="t2label" role="heading">This is ' +
-      '  <input type="text" value="the value" ' +
-      '    aria-labelledby="t1label" aria-label="ARIA Label" id="t1">' +
-      '  of <i role="alert">everything</i></div>' +
-      '<div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>' +
-      '<label for="t1">HTML Label</label>' +
-      '<input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label">';
+  it('should handle author name-from roles properly', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="t2label" role="heading">
+        This is
+        <input
+          type="text"
+          value="the value"
+          aria-labelledby="t1label"
+          aria-label="ARIA Label"
+          id="t1"
+        />
+        of <i role="alert">everything</i>
+      </div>
+      <div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>
+      <label for="t1">HTML Label</label>
+      <input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label" />
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t2label')[0];
-    // Chrome 86: This is This is a label of
-    // Firefox 82: This is ARIA Label everything
-    // Safari 14.0: This is This is a label of everything
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t2label')[0];
+    // Chrome 114: "This is the value of "
+    // Firefox 115: "This is ARIA Label the value everything"
+    // Safari 16.5: This is the value This is a label of everything
     assert.equal(
       axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
       'This is This is a label of everything'
     );
   });
 
-  it('should only show each node once when label is before input', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="target"><label for="tb1">My form input</label>' +
-      '<input type="text" id="tb1"></div>';
+  it('should only show each node once when label is before input', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="target">
+        <label for="tb1">My form input</label> <input type="text" id="tb1" />
+      </div>
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
     assert.equal(
       axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
       'My form input'
     );
   });
 
-  it('should only show each node once when label follows input', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="target">' +
-      '<input type="text" id="tb1"></div>' +
-      '<label for="tb1">My form input</label>';
+  it('should only show each node once when label follows input', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="target">
+        <input type="text" id="tb1" />
+      </div>
+      <label for="tb1">My form input</label>
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
     assert.equal(
       axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
       'My form input'
     );
   });
 
-  it('should handle nested inputs in normal context', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="t2label">This is <input type="text" value="the value" ' +
-      'aria-labelledby="t1label" aria-label="ARIA Label" id="t1"> of <i>everything</i></div>' +
-      '<div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>' +
-      '<label for="t1">HTML Label</label>' +
-      '<input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label">';
+  it('should handle nested inputs in normal context', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="t2label">
+        This is
+        <input
+          type="text"
+          value="the value"
+          aria-labelledby="t1label"
+          aria-label="ARIA Label"
+          id="t1"
+        />
+        of <i>everything</i>
+      </div>
+      <div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>
+      <label for="t1">HTML Label</label>
+      <input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label" />
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t2label')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t2label')[0];
     assert.equal(
       axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
       'This is This is a label of everything'
     );
   });
 
-  it('should use handle nested inputs properly in labelledby context', function() {
-    // Chrome 72: This is This is a label of everything
-    // Firefox 62: This is ARIA Label the value of everything
-    // Safari 12.0: THis is This is a label of everything
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="t2label">This is <input type="text" value="the value" ' +
-      'aria-labelledby="t1label" aria-label="ARIA Label" id="t1"> of <i>everything</i></div>' +
-      '<div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>' +
-      '<label for="t1">HTML Label</label>' +
-      '<input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label">';
+  it('should use handle nested inputs properly in labelledby context', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="t2label">
+        This is
+        <input
+          type="text"
+          value="the value"
+          aria-labelledby="t1label"
+          aria-label="ARIA Label"
+          id="t1"
+        />
+        of <i>everything</i>
+      </div>
+      <div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>
+      <label for="t1">HTML Label</label>
+      <input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label" />
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t2')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t2')[0];
+    // Chrome 114: This is the value of everything
+    // Firefox 115: This is ARIA Label the value of everything
+    // Safari 16.5: THis is This is a label of everything
     assert.equal(
       axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
       'This is ARIA Label of everything'
     );
   });
 
-  it('should use ignore hidden inputs', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="t2label">This is <input type="hidden" value="the value" ' +
-      'Label" id="t1"> of <i>everything</i></div>' +
-      '<div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>' +
-      '<label for="t1">HTML Label</label>' +
-      '<input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label">';
+  it('should use ignore hidden inputs', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="t2label">
+        This is <input type="hidden" value="the value" Label" id="t1"> of
+        <i>everything</i>
+      </div>
+      <div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>
+      <label for="t1">HTML Label</label>
+      <input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label" />
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t2')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t2')[0];
     assert.equal(
       axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
       'This is of everything'
     );
   });
 
-  it('should use handle inputs with no type as if they were text inputs', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="t2label">This is <input value="the value" ' +
-      'aria-labelledby="t1label" id="t1"> of <i>everything</i></div>' +
-      '<div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>' +
-      '<label for="t1">HTML Label</label>' +
-      '<input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label">';
+  it('should use handle inputs with no type as if they were text inputs', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="t2label">
+        This is
+        <input value="the value" aria-labelledby="t1label" id="t1" />
+        of <i>everything</i>
+      </div>
+      <div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>
+      <label for="t1">HTML Label</label>
+      <input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label" />
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t2')[0];
-    // Chrome 70: "This is This is a label of everything"
-    // Firefox 62: "This is the value of everything"
-    // Safari 12.0: "This is This is a label of everything"
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t2')[0];
+    // Chrome 114: "This is the value of everything"
+    // Firefox 115: "This is the value of everything"
+    // Safari 16.5: "This is This is a label of everything"
     assert.equal(
       axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
       'This is the value of everything'
     );
   });
 
-  it('should use handle nested selects properly in labelledby context', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="t2label">This is <select multiple ' +
-      'aria-labelledby="t1label" id="t1">' +
-      '<option selected>first</option><option>second</option><option selected>third</option>' +
-      '</select> of <i>everything</i></div>' +
-      '<div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>' +
-      '<label for="t1">HTML Label</label>' +
-      '<input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label">';
+  it('should use handle nested selects properly in labelledby context', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="t2label">
+        This is
+        <select multiple aria-labelledby="t1label" id="t1">
+          <option selected>first</option>
+          <option>second</option>
+          <option selected>third</option>
+        </select>
+        of <i>everything</i>
+      </div>
+      <div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>
+      <label for="t1">HTML Label</label>
+      <input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label" />
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t2')[0];
-    // Chrome 70: "This is This is a label of everything"
-    // Firefox 62: "This is of everything"
-    // Safari 12.0: "This is first third label of"
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t2')[0];
+    // Chrome 114: "This is first third of everything"
+    // Firefox 115: "This is of everything"
+    // Safari 16.5: "This is first third of everything"
     assert.equal(
       axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
-      'This is of everything'
+      'This is first third of everything'
     );
   });
 
-  it('should use handle nested textareas properly in labelledby context', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="t2label">This is <textarea ' +
-      'aria-labelledby="t1label" id="t1">the value</textarea> of <i>everything</i></div>' +
-      '<div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>' +
-      '<label for="t1">HTML Label</label>' +
-      '<input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label">';
+  it('should use handle nested textareas properly in labelledby context', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <div id="t2label">
+        This is
+        <textarea aria-labelledby="t1label" id="t1">the value</textarea>
+        of <i>everything</i>
+      </div>
+      <div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>
+      <label for="t1">HTML Label</label>
+      <input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label" />
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t2')[0];
-    // Chrome 70: "This is This is a label of everything"
-    // Firefox 62: "This is ARIA Label the value of everything"
-    // Safari 12.0: "This is This is a label of everything"
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t2')[0];
+    // Chrome 114: "This is the value of everything"
+    // Firefox 115: "This is the value of everything"
+    // Safari 16.5: "This is This is a label of everything"
     assert.equal(
       axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
       'This is the value of everything'
     );
   });
 
-  it('should use handle ARIA labels properly in labelledby context', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="t2label">This <span aria-label="not a span">span</span>' +
-      ' is <input type="text" value="the value" ' +
-      'aria-labelledby="t1label" id="t1"> of <i>everything</i></div>' +
-      '<div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>' +
-      '<label for="t1">HTML Label</label>' +
-      '<input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label">';
+  it('should use handle ARIA labels properly in labelledby context', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html` <div id="t2label">
+        This
+        <span aria-label="not a span">span</span>
+        is
+        <input
+          type="text"
+          value="the value"
+          aria-labelledby="t1label"
+          id="t1"
+        />
+        of <i>everything</i>
+      </div>
+      <div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>
+      <label for="t1">HTML Label</label>
+      <input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label" />`;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t2')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t2')[0];
     assert.equal(
       axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
       'This not a span is the value of everything'
     );
   });
 
-  it('should come up empty if input is labeled only by select options', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<label for="target">' +
-      '<select id="select">' +
-      '	<option selected="selected">Chosen</option>' +
-      '	<option>Not Selected</option>' +
-      '</select>' +
-      '</label>' +
-      '<input id="target" type="text" />';
+  it('should come up empty if input is labeled only by select options', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <label for="target">
+        <select id="select">
+          <option selected="selected">Chosen</option>
+          <option>Not Selected</option>
+        </select>
+      </label>
+      <input id="target" type="text" />
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
-    // Chrome 70: ""
-    // Firefox 62: "Chosen"
-    // Safari 12.0: "Chosen"
-    assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), '');
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
+    // Chrome 114: "Chosen"
+    // Firefox 115: "Chosen"
+    // Safari 16.5: "Chosen"
+    assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'Chosen');
   });
 
-  it("should be empty if input is labeled by labeled select (ref'd string labels have spotty support)", function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<label for="select">My Select</label>' +
-      '<label for="target">' +
-      '<select id="select">' +
-      '	<option selected="selected">Chosen</option>' +
-      '	<option>Not Selected</option>' +
-      '</select>' +
-      '</label>' +
-      '<input id="target" type="text" />';
+  it("should be empty if input is labeled by labeled select (ref'd string labels have spotty support)", () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <label for="select">My Select</label>
+      <label for="target">
+        <select id="select">
+          <option selected="selected">Chosen</option>
+          <option>Not Selected</option>
+        </select>
+      </label>
+      <input id="target" type="text" />
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
-    assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), '');
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
+    // Chrome 114: "Chosen"
+    // Firefox 115: "Chosen"
+    // Safari 16.5: "Chosen"
+    assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'Chosen');
   });
 
-  it('should be empty for an empty label wrapping a select', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<label>' +
-      '<span class="label"></span>' +
-      '<select id="target">' +
-      '<option value="1" selected="selected">Please choose a region</option>' +
-      '<option value="2">Coastal</option>' +
-      '<option value="3">Forest</option>' +
-      '<option value="4">Grasslands</option>' +
-      '<option value="5">Mountains</option>' +
-      '</select>' +
-      '</label>';
+  it('should be empty for an empty label wrapping a select', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <label>
+        <span class="label"></span>
+        <select id="target">
+          <option value="1" selected="selected">Please choose a region</option>
+          <option value="2">Coastal</option>
+          <option value="3">Forest</option>
+          <option value="4">Grasslands</option>
+          <option value="5">Mountains</option>
+        </select>
+      </label>
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), '');
   });
 
-  it('should not return select options if input is aria-labelled by a select', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<label>' +
-      '<select id="select">' +
-      '	<option selected="selected">Chosen</option>' +
-      '	<option>Not Selected</option>' +
-      '</select>' +
-      '</label>' +
-      '<input aria-labelledby="select" type="text" id="target" />';
+  it('should not return select options if input is aria-labelled by a select', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <label>
+        <select id="select">
+          <option selected="selected">Chosen</option>
+          <option>Not Selected</option>
+        </select>
+      </label>
+      <input aria-labelledby="select" type="text" id="target" />
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
-    // Chrome 70: ""
-    // Firefox 62: ""
-    // Safari 12.0: "Chosen"
-    assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), '');
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#target')[0];
+    // Chrome 114: "Chosen"
+    // Firefox 115: "Chosen"
+    // Safari 16.5: "Chosen"
+    assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'Chosen');
   });
 
-  it('shoud properly fall back to title', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="#" role="presentation" title="Hello"></a>';
+  it('shoud properly fall back to title', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <a href="#" role="presentation" title="Hello"></a>
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'a')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'a')[0];
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'Hello');
   });
 
-  it('should give text even for role=presentation on anchors', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="#" role="presentation">Hello</a>';
+  it('should give text even for role=presentation on anchors', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html` <a href="#" role="presentation">Hello</a> `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'a')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'a')[0];
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'Hello');
   });
 
-  it('should give text even for role=presentation on buttons', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<button role="presentation">Hello</button>';
+  it('should give text even for role=presentation on buttons', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html` <button role="presentation">Hello</button> `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'button')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'button')[0];
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'Hello');
   });
 
-  it('should give text even for role=presentation on summary', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<summary role="presentation">Hello</summary>';
+  it('should give text even for role=presentation on summary', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html` <summary role="presentation">Hello</summary> `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'summary')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'summary')[0];
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'Hello');
   });
 
-  it('shoud properly fall back to title', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="#" role="none" title="Hello"></a>';
+  it('shoud properly fall back to title', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html` <a href="#" role="none" title="Hello"></a> `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'a')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'a')[0];
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'Hello');
   });
 
-  it('should give text even for role=none on anchors', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="#" role="none">Hello</a>';
+  it('should give text even for role=none on anchors', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html` <a href="#" role="none">Hello</a> `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'a')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'a')[0];
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'Hello');
   });
 
-  it('should give text even for role=none on buttons', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<button role="none">Hello</button>';
+  it('should give text even for role=none on buttons', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html` <button role="none">Hello</button> `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'button')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'button')[0];
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'Hello');
   });
 
-  it('should give text even for role=none on summary', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<summary role="none">Hello</summary>';
+  it('should give text even for role=none on summary', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html` <summary role="none">Hello</summary> `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'summary')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'summary')[0];
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'Hello');
   });
 
-  it('should not add extra spaces around phrasing elements', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="#">Hello<span>World</span></a>';
+  it('should not add extra spaces around phrasing elements', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html` <a href="#">Hello<span>World</span></a> `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'a')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'a')[0];
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'HelloWorld');
   });
 
-  it('should add spaces around non-phrasing elements', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="#">Hello<div>World</div></a>';
+  it('should add spaces around non-phrasing elements', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html`
+      <a href="#"
+        >Hello
+        <div>World</div></a
+      >
+    `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'a')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'a')[0];
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'Hello World');
   });
 
-  it('should not look at scripts', function() {
+  it('should not look at scripts', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<a href="#"><script> var ajiasdf = true; </script></a>';
+      '<a href="#"><script> const ajiasdf = true; </script></a>';
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'a')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'a')[0];
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), '');
   });
 
-  it('should use <label> for input buttons', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<label><input type="button"></label>';
+  it('should use <label> for input buttons', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html` <label><input type="button" /></label> `;
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), '');
   });
 
-  it('should not stop when attributes contain whitespace', function() {
+  it('should not stop when attributes contain whitespace', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<button aria-label=" " aria-labelledby=" ">Hello World</button>';
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-    var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'button')[0];
+    const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'button')[0];
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'Hello World');
   });
 
   (!!document.fonts ? it : xit)(
     'should allow ignoring icon ligatures',
-    function(done) {
-      var materialFont = new FontFace(
+    done => {
+      const materialFont = new FontFace(
         'Material Icons',
         'url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/materialicons/v48/flUhRq6tzZclQEJ-Vdg-IuiaDsNcIhQ8tQ.woff2)'
       );
-      materialFont.load().then(function() {
+      materialFont.load().then(() => {
         document.fonts.add(materialFont);
 
         fixture.innerHTML =
           '<button id="target">Hello World<span style="font-family: \'Material Icons\'">delete</span></button>';
         axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-        var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'button')[0];
+        const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'button')[0];
         try {
           assert.equal(
             axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target, {
@@ -620,22 +761,33 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should only find aria-labelledby element in the same context ',
-    function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="t2label">This is <input type="text" value="the value" ' +
-        'aria-labelledby="t1label" aria-label="ARIA Label" id="t1"> of <i>everything</i></div>' +
-        '<div id="shadow"></div>';
-
-      var shadow = document
+    () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="t2label">
+          This is
+          <input
+            type="text"
+            value="the value"
+            aria-labelledby="t1label"
+            aria-label="ARIA Label"
+            id="t1"
+          />
+          of <i>everything</i>
+        </div>
+        <div id="shadow"></div>
+      `;
+
+      const shadow = document
         .getElementById('shadow')
         .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>' +
-        '<label for="t1">HTML Label</label>' +
-        '<input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label">';
+      shadow.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="t1label">This is a <b>label</b></div>
+        <label for="t1">HTML Label</label>
+        <input type="text" id="t2" aria-labelledby="t2label" />
+      `;
 
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t1')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#t1')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'ARIA Label'
@@ -645,16 +797,16 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should find attributes within a shadow tree',
-    function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="shadow"></div>';
+    () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <div id="shadow"></div> `;
 
-      var shadow = document
+      const shadow = document
         .getElementById('shadow')
         .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadow.innerHTML = '<input type="text" id="t1" title="I will be king">';
 
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'I will be king'
@@ -664,17 +816,17 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should find attributes within a slot on the shadow tree',
-    function() {
+    () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="shadow"><input type="text" id="t1" title="you will be queen"></div>';
 
-      var shadow = document
+      const shadow = document
         .getElementById('shadow')
         .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadow.innerHTML = '<slot></slot>';
 
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'you will be queen'
@@ -684,18 +836,19 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
     'should find fallback content for shadow DOM',
-    function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="shadow"></div>';
+    () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <div id="shadow"></div> `;
 
-      var shadow = document
+      const shadow = document
         .getElementById('shadow')
         .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadow.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="text" id="t1">' +
-        '<label for="t1"><slot>Fallback content heroes</slot></label>';
+      shadow.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="text" id="t1" />
+        <label for="t1"><slot>Fallback content heroes</slot></label>
+      `;
 
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Fallback content heroes'
@@ -703,110 +856,126 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', function() {
     }
   );
 
-  describe('figure', function() {
-    it('should check aria-labelledby', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="t1">Hello</div>' +
-        '<figure aria-labelledby="t1">Not part of a11yName <figcaption>Fail</figcaption></figure>';
+  describe('figure', () => {
+    it('should check aria-labelledby', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="t1">Hello</div>
+        <figure aria-labelledby="t1">
+          Not part of a11yName
+          <figcaption>Fail</figcaption>
+        </figure>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'figure')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'figure')[0];
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'Hello');
     });
 
-    it('should check aria-label', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<figure aria-label="Hello">Not part of a11yName <figcaption>Fail</figcaption></figure>';
+    it('should check aria-label', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <figure aria-label="Hello">
+          Not part of a11yName
+          <figcaption>Fail</figcaption>
+        </figure>
+        ';
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'figure')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'figure')[0];
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'Hello');
     });
 
-    it('should check the figures figcaption', function() {
+    it('should check the figures figcaption', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<figure>Not part of a11yName <figcaption>Hello</figcaption></figure>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'figure')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'figure')[0];
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'Hello');
     });
 
-    it('should check title on figure', function() {
+    it('should check title on figure', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<figure title="Hello">Not part of a11yName <figcaption></figcaption></figure>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'figure')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'figure')[0];
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'Hello');
     });
 
-    it('should fall back to innerText of figure', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<figure>Hello<figcaption></figcaption></figure>';
+    it('should fall back to innerText of figure', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <figure>
+          Hello
+          <figcaption></figcaption>
+        </figure>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'figure')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'figure')[0];
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'Hello');
     });
 
     (shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit)(
       'should check within the composed (shadow) tree',
-      function() {
-        var node = document.createElement('div');
+      () => {
+        const node = document.createElement('div');
         node.innerHTML = 'Hello';
-        var shadowRoot = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+        const shadowRoot = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
         shadowRoot.innerHTML =
           '<figure>Not part of a11yName <figcaption><slot></slot></figcaption></figure>';
         fixture.appendChild(node);
         axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-        var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'figure')[0];
+        const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'figure')[0];
         assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'Hello');
       }
     );
   });
 
-  describe('img', function() {
-    it('should work with aria-labelledby attribute', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="t1">Hello</div><div id="t2">World</div>' +
-        '<img aria-labelledby="t1 t2">';
+  describe('img', () => {
+    it('should work with aria-labelledby attribute', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="t1">Hello</div>
+        <div id="t2">World</div>
+        <img aria-labelledby="t1 t2" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'img')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'img')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Hello World'
       );
     });
 
-    it('should work with aria-label attribute', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<img aria-label="Hello World">';
+    it('should work with aria-label attribute', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <img aria-label="Hello World" /> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'img')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'img')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Hello World'
       );
     });
 
-    it('should work with alt attribute', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<img alt="Hello World">';
+    it('should work with alt attribute', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <img alt="Hello World" /> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'img')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'img')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Hello World'
       );
     });
 
-    it('should work with title attribute', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<img title="Hello World">';
+    it('should work with title attribute', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <img title="Hello World" /> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'img')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'img')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Hello World'
@@ -814,69 +983,65 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('input buttons', function() {
-    it('should find value for input type=button', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="button" value="Hello">';
+  describe('input buttons', () => {
+    it('should find value for input type=button', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <input type="button" value="Hello" /> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'Hello');
     });
 
-    it('should find value for input type=reset', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="reset" value="Hello">';
+    it('should find value for input type=reset', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <input type="reset" value="Hello" /> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'Hello');
     });
 
-    it('should find value for input type=submit', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="submit" value="Hello">';
+    it('should find value for input type=submit', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <input type="submit" value="Hello" /> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'Hello');
     });
 
-    it('should provide a default value for input type="submit"', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="submit">';
+    it('should provide a default value for input type="submit"', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <input type="submit" /> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
-
-      // IE inserts this for us, thanks!
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         target.actualNode.value || 'Submit'
       );
     });
 
-    it('should provide a default value for input type="reset"', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="reset">';
+    it('should provide a default value for input type="reset"', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <input type="reset" /> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
-      var defaultText = axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target);
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
+      const defaultText = axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target);
       assert.isString(defaultText);
-
-      // IE inserts this for us, thanks!
       assert.equal(defaultText, target.actualNode.value || 'Reset');
     });
 
-    it('should find title for input type=button', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="button" title="Hello">';
+    it('should find title for input type=button', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <input type="button" title="Hello" /> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'Hello');
     });
 
-    it('should find title for input type=reset', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="reset" title="Hello">';
+    it('should find title for input type=reset', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <input type="reset" title="Hello" /> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
       // IE does not use title; but will use default value instead
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
@@ -884,11 +1049,11 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should find title for input type=submit', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="submit" title="Hello">';
+    it('should find title for input type=submit', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <input type="submit" title="Hello" /> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
       // Again, default value takes precedence over title
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
@@ -897,73 +1062,77 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('tables', function() {
-    it('should work with aria-labelledby', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="t1">Hello</div><div id="t2">World</div>' +
-        '<table aria-labelledby="t1 t2"></table>';
+  describe('tables', () => {
+    it('should work with aria-labelledby', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="t1">Hello</div>
+        <div id="t2">World</div>
+        <table aria-labelledby="t1 t2"></table>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'table')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'table')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Hello World'
       );
     });
 
-    it('should work with aria-label', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<table aria-label="Hello World"></table>';
+    it('should work with aria-label', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <table aria-label="Hello World"></table> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'table')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'table')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Hello World'
       );
     });
 
-    it('should work with the caption element', function() {
+    it('should work with the caption element', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<table><caption>Hello World</caption><tr><td>Stuff</td></tr></table>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'table')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'table')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Hello World'
       );
     });
 
-    it('should work with the title attribute', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<table title="Hello World"></table>';
+    it('should work with the title attribute', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <table title="Hello World"></table> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'table')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'table')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Hello World'
       );
     });
 
-    it('should work with the summary attribute', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<table summary="Hello World"></table>';
+    it('should work with the summary attribute', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <table summary="Hello World"></table> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'table')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'table')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Hello World'
       );
     });
 
-    it('should prefer summary attribute over title attribute', function() {
-      // Chrome 70: "Hello world"
-      // Firefox 62: "Hello world"
-      // Safari 12.0: "FAIL"
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<table summary="Hello World" title="FAIL"></table>';
+    it('should prefer summary attribute over title attribute', () => {
+      // Chrome 114: "Hello world"
+      // Firefox 115: "Hello world"
+      // Safari 16.5: "Hello world"
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <table summary="Hello World" title="FAIL"></table>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'table')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'table')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Hello World'
@@ -971,20 +1140,20 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('text inputs', function() {
-    var types = ['text', 'password', 'search', 'tel', 'email', 'url', null];
-
-    it('should find aria-labelledby', function() {
-      types.forEach(function(type) {
-        var t = type ? ' type="' + type + '"' : '';
-        fixture.innerHTML =
-          '<div id="t1">Hello</div><div id="t2">World</div>' +
-          '<input' +
-          t +
-          ' aria-labelledby="t1 t2">';
+  describe('text inputs', () => {
+    const types = ['text', 'password', 'search', 'tel', 'email', 'url', null];
+
+    it('should find aria-labelledby', () => {
+      types.forEach(function (type) {
+        const t = type ? ' type="' + type + '"' : '';
+        fixture.innerHTML = html`
+          <div id="t1">Hello</div>
+          <div id="t2">World</div>
+          <input ${t} aria-labelledby="t1 t2" />
+        `;
         axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-        var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
+        const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
         assert.equal(
           axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
           'Hello World',
@@ -993,13 +1162,13 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should find aria-label', function() {
-      types.forEach(function(type) {
-        var t = type ? ' type="' + type + '"' : '';
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<input' + t + ' aria-label="Hello World">';
+    it('should find aria-label', () => {
+      types.forEach(function (type) {
+        const t = type ? ' type="' + type + '"' : '';
+        fixture.innerHTML = `<input ${t} aria-label="Hello World">`;
         axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-        var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
+        const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
         assert.equal(
           axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
           'Hello World',
@@ -1008,14 +1177,13 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should find an implicit label', function() {
-      types.forEach(function(type) {
-        var t = type ? ' type="' + type + '"' : '';
-        fixture.innerHTML =
-          '<label for="t1">Hello World' + '<input' + t + '></label>';
+    it('should find an implicit label', () => {
+      types.forEach(function (type) {
+        const t = type ? ' type="' + type + '"' : '';
+        fixture.innerHTML = `<label for="t1">Hello World<input ${t}></label>`;
         axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-        var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
+        const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
         assert.equal(
           axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
           'Hello World',
@@ -1024,14 +1192,13 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should find an explicit label', function() {
-      types.forEach(function(type) {
-        var t = type ? ' type="' + type + '"' : '';
-        fixture.innerHTML =
-          '<label for="t1">Hello World</label>' + '<input' + t + ' id="t1">';
+    it('should find an explicit label', () => {
+      types.forEach(function (type) {
+        const t = type ? ' type="' + type + '"' : '';
+        fixture.innerHTML = `<label for="t1">Hello World</label><input ${t} id="t1">`;
         axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-        var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
+        const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
         assert.equal(
           axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
           'Hello World',
@@ -1040,14 +1207,13 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should find implicit labels with id that does not match to a label', function() {
-      types.forEach(function(type) {
-        var t = type ? ' type="' + type + '"' : '';
-        fixture.innerHTML =
-          '<label for="t1">Hello World' + '<input' + t + ' id="foo"></label>';
+    it('should find implicit labels with id that does not match to a label', () => {
+      types.forEach(function (type) {
+        const t = type ? ' type="' + type + '"' : '';
+        fixture.innerHTML = `<label for="t1">Hello World<input ${t} id="foo"></label>`;
         axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-        var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
+        const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
         assert.equal(
           axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
           'Hello World',
@@ -1056,13 +1222,13 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should find a placeholder attribute', function() {
-      types.forEach(function(type) {
-        var t = type ? ' type="' + type + '"' : '';
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<input' + t + ' placeholder="Hello World">';
+    it('should find a placeholder attribute', () => {
+      types.forEach(function (type) {
+        const t = type ? ' type="' + type + '"' : '';
+        fixture.innerHTML = `<input ${t} placeholder="Hello World">`;
         axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-        var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
+        const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
         assert.equal(
           axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
           'Hello World',
@@ -1071,13 +1237,13 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should find a title attribute', function() {
-      types.forEach(function(type) {
-        var t = type ? ' type="' + type + '"' : '';
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<input' + t + ' title="Hello World">';
+    it('should find a title attribute', () => {
+      types.forEach(function (type) {
+        const t = type ? ' type="' + type + '"' : '';
+        fixture.innerHTML = `<input ${t} title="Hello World">`;
         axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-        var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
+        const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
         assert.equal(
           axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
           'Hello World',
@@ -1086,223 +1252,236 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should otherwise be empty string', function() {
-      types.forEach(function(type) {
-        var t = type ? ' type="' + type + '"' : '';
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<input' + t + '>';
+    it('should otherwise be empty string', () => {
+      types.forEach(function (type) {
+        const t = type ? ' type="' + type + '"' : '';
+        fixture.innerHTML = `<input ${t}>`;
         axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-        var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
+        const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
         assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), '');
       });
     });
   });
 
-  describe('textarea', function() {
-    it('should find aria-labelledby', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="t1">Hello</div><div id="t2">World</div>' +
-        '<textarea aria-labelledby="t1 t2"></textarea>';
+  describe('textarea', () => {
+    it('should find aria-labelledby', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="t1">Hello</div>
+        <div id="t2">World</div>
+        <textarea aria-labelledby="t1 t2"></textarea>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'textarea')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'textarea')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Hello World'
       );
     });
 
-    it('should find aria-label', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<textarea aria-label="Hello World"></textarea>';
+    it('should find aria-label', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <textarea aria-label="Hello World"></textarea>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'textarea')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'textarea')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Hello World'
       );
     });
 
-    it('should find an implicit label', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="t1">Hello World' + '<textarea></textarea></label>';
+    it('should find an implicit label', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = `<label for="t1">Hello World<textarea></textarea></label>`;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'textarea')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'textarea')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Hello World'
       );
     });
 
-    it('should find an explicit label', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="t1">Hello World</label>' + '<textarea id="t1"></textarea>';
+    it('should find an explicit label', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = `<label for="t1">Hello World</label><textarea id="t1"></textarea>`;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'textarea')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'textarea')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Hello World'
       );
     });
 
-    it('should find a placeholder attribute', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<textarea placeholder="Hello World"></textarea>';
+    it('should find a placeholder attribute', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <textarea placeholder="Hello World"></textarea>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'textarea')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'textarea')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Hello World'
       );
     });
 
-    it('should find a title attribute', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<textarea title="Hello World"></textarea>';
+    it('should find a title attribute', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <textarea title="Hello World"></textarea> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'textarea')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'textarea')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Hello World'
       );
     });
 
-    it('should otherwise be empty string', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<textarea></textarea>';
+    it('should otherwise be empty string', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <textarea></textarea> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'textarea')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'textarea')[0];
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), '');
     });
   });
 
-  describe('image inputs', function() {
-    it('should find aria-labelledby', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="t1">Hello</div><div id="t2">World</div>' +
-        '<input type="image" aria-labelledby="t1 t2">';
+  describe('image inputs', () => {
+    it('should find aria-labelledby', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="t1">Hello</div>
+        <div id="t2">World</div>
+        <input type="image" aria-labelledby="t1 t2" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Hello World'
       );
     });
 
-    it('should find aria-label', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="image" aria-label="Hello World">';
+    it('should find aria-label', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="image" aria-label="Hello World" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Hello World'
       );
     });
 
-    it('should find an alt attribute', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="image" alt="Hello World">';
+    it('should find an alt attribute', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <input type="image" alt="Hello World" /> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Hello World'
       );
     });
 
-    it('should find a title attribute', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="image" title="Hello World">';
+    it('should find a title attribute', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <input type="image" title="Hello World" /> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Hello World'
       );
     });
 
-    it('should otherwise be "Submit" string', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="image">';
+    it('should otherwise be "Submit" string', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <input type="image" /> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'input')[0];
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), 'Submit');
     });
   });
 
-  describe('a', function() {
-    it('should find aria-labelledby', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="t1">Hello</div><div id="t2">World</div>' +
-        '<a aria-labelledby="t1 t2"></a>';
+  describe('a', () => {
+    it('should find aria-labelledby', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="t1">Hello</div>
+        <div id="t2">World</div>
+        <a aria-labelledby="t1 t2"></a>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'a')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'a')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Hello World'
       );
     });
 
-    it('should find aria-label', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<a aria-label="Hello World"></a>';
+    it('should find aria-label', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <a aria-label="Hello World"></a> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'a')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'a')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Hello World'
       );
     });
 
-    it('should check subtree', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<a><span>Hello<span> World</span></span></a>';
+    it('should check subtree', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <a
+          ><span>Hello<span> World</span></span></a
+        >
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'a')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'a')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Hello World'
       );
     });
 
-    it('should find a title attribute', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<a title="Hello World"></a>';
+    it('should find a title attribute', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <a title="Hello World"></a> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'a')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'a')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Hello World'
       );
     });
 
-    it('should otherwise be empty string', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<a></a>';
+    it('should otherwise be empty string', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <a></a> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'a')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'a')[0];
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), '');
     });
 
-    it('should use text from a table with a single cell and role=presentation', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<a href="example.html">' +
-        '<table role="presentation">' +
-        '<tr>' +
-        '<td>' +
-        'Descriptive Link Text' +
-        '</td>' +
-        '</tr>' +
-        '</table>' +
-        '</a>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'a')[0];
+    it('should use text from a table with a single cell and role=presentation', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <a href="example.html">
+          <table role="presentation">
+            <tr>
+              <td>Descriptive Link Text</td>
+            </tr>
+          </table>
+        </a>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'a')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Descriptive Link Text'
@@ -1310,65 +1489,67 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('button', function() {
-    it('should find aria-labelledby', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="t1">Hello</div><div id="t2">World</div>' +
-        '<button aria-labelledby="t1 t2"></button>';
+  describe('button', () => {
+    it('should find aria-labelledby', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="t1">Hello</div>
+        <div id="t2">World</div>
+        <button aria-labelledby="t1 t2"></button>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'button')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'button')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Hello World'
       );
     });
 
-    it('should find aria-label', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<button aria-label="Hello World"></button>';
+    it('should find aria-label', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <button aria-label="Hello World"></button> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'button')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'button')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Hello World'
       );
     });
 
-    it('should check subtree', function() {
+    it('should check subtree', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<button><span>Hello<span> World</span></span></button>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'button')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'button')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Hello World'
       );
     });
 
-    it('should find a title attribute', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<button title="Hello World"></button>';
+    it('should find a title attribute', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <button title="Hello World"></button> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'button')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'button')[0];
       assert.equal(
         axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target),
         'Hello World'
       );
     });
 
-    it('should otherwise be empty string', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<button></button>';
+    it('should otherwise be empty string', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <button></button> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'button')[0];
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, 'button')[0];
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), '');
     });
   });
 
-  describe('text level semantics', function() {
-    var tags = [
+  describe('text level semantics', () => {
+    const tags = [
       'em',
       'strong',
       'small',
@@ -1397,67 +1578,70 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', function() {
       'wbr'
     ];
 
-    it('should find aria-labelledby', function() {
-      tags.forEach(function(tag) {
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="t1">Hello</div><div id="t2">World</div>';
+    it('should find aria-labelledby', () => {
+      tags.forEach(function (tag) {
+        fixture.innerHTML = html`
+          <div id="t1">Hello</div>
+          <div id="t2">World</div>
+        `;
         axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-        var elm = document.createElement(tag);
+        const elm = document.createElement(tag);
         elm.setAttribute('aria-labelledby', 't1 t2');
         elm.style.display = 'inline'; // Firefox hides some of these elements because reasons...
         fixture.appendChild(elm);
         axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-        var target = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(elm);
-        var result = axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target);
+        const target = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(elm);
+        const result = axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target);
         assert.equal(result, 'Hello World', tag);
       });
     });
 
-    it('should find aria-label', function() {
-      tags.forEach(function(tag) {
-        var elm = document.createElement(tag);
+    it('should find aria-label', () => {
+      tags.forEach(function (tag) {
+        const elm = document.createElement(tag);
         elm.setAttribute('aria-label', 'Hello World');
         elm.style.display = 'inline'; // Firefox hack, see above
         fixture.appendChild(elm);
         axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-        var target = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(elm);
-        var result = axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target);
+        const target = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(elm);
+        const result = axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target);
         assert.equal(result, 'Hello World', tag);
       });
     });
 
-    it('should find a title attribute', function() {
-      tags.forEach(function(tag) {
-        var elm = document.createElement(tag);
+    it('should find a title attribute', () => {
+      tags.forEach(function (tag) {
+        const elm = document.createElement(tag);
         elm.setAttribute('title', 'Hello World');
         elm.style.display = 'inline'; // Firefox hack, see above
         fixture.appendChild(elm);
         axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-        var target = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(elm);
-        var result = axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target);
+        const target = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(elm);
+        const result = axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target);
         assert.equal(result, 'Hello World', tag);
       });
     });
 
-    it('should otherwise be empty string', function() {
-      tags.forEach(function(tag) {
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<' + tag + '></' + tag + '>';
+    it('should otherwise be empty string', () => {
+      tags.forEach(function (tag) {
+        fixture.innerHTML = `<${tag}></${tag}>`;
         axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
 
-        var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, tag)[0];
+        const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, tag)[0];
         assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(target), '');
       });
     });
 
-    it('inserts a space before img alt text', function() {
-      var accessibleText = axe.commons.text.accessibleText;
+    it('inserts a space before img alt text', () => {
+      const accessibleText = axe.commons.text.accessibleText;
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<a id="test" href="../images/index.html">Images tool test page<img id="img18" aria-label="aria-label text" alt="logo" src="../images/Accessibility.jpg" width="50" height="50"></a>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(
         accessibleText(target),
         'Images tool test page aria-label text'
@@ -1465,1526 +1649,1934 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('text.accessibleText acceptance tests', function() {
+  describe('text.accessibleText acceptance tests', () => {
     'use strict';
     // Tests borrowed from the AccName 1.1 testing docs
     // https://www.w3.org/wiki/AccName_1.1_Testable_Statements#Name_test_case_539
 
-    var ariaValuetext = xit; // Not acc supported
-    var pseudoText = xit; // Not acc supported
+    const ariaValuetext = xit; // Not acc supported
+    const pseudoText = xit; // Not acc supported
 
-    var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-    var accessibleText = axe.commons.text.accessibleText;
-    var _unsupported;
+    const accessibleText = axe.commons.text.accessibleText;
+    let _unsupported;
 
-    before(function() {
+    before(() => {
       _unsupported = axe.commons.text.unsupported.accessibleNameFromFieldValue;
       axe.commons.text.unsupported.accessibleNameFromFieldValue = [];
     });
-    after(function() {
+    after(() => {
       axe.commons.text.unsupported.accessibleNameFromFieldValue = _unsupported;
     });
 
-    afterEach(function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '';
+    afterEach(() => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html``;
       axe._tree = null;
     });
 
-    it('passes test 1', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="button" aria-label="Rich" id="test">';
+    it('passes test 1', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="button" aria-label="Rich" id="test" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Rich');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 2', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="ID1">Rich\'s button</div>' +
-        '<input type="button" aria-labelledby="ID1" id="test">';
+    it('passes test 2', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="ID1">Rich's button</div>
+        <input type="button" aria-labelledby="ID1" id="test" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), "Rich's button");
     });
 
-    it('passes test 3', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="ID1">Rich\'s button</div>' +
-        '<input type="button" aria-label="bar" aria-labelledby="ID1" id="test"/>';
+    it('passes test 3', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="ID1">Rich's button</div>
+        <input type="button" aria-label="bar" aria-labelledby="ID1" id="test" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), "Rich's button");
     });
 
-    it('passes test 4', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="reset" id="test"/>';
+    it('passes test 4', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <input type="reset" id="test" /> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Reset');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 5', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="button" id="test" value="foo"/>';
+    it('passes test 5', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <input type="button" id="test" value="foo" /> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 6', function() {
+    it('passes test 6', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<input src="baz.html" type="image" id="test" alt="foo"/>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 7', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">States:</label>' + '<input type="text" id="test"/>';
+    it('passes test 7', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="test">States:</label>
+        <input type="text" id="test" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'States:');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 8', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">' +
-        'foo' +
-        '<input type="text" value="David"/>' +
-        '</label>' +
-        '<input type="text" id="test" value="baz"/>';
+    it('passes test 8', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="test">
+          foo
+          <input type="text" value="David" />
+        </label>
+        <input type="text" id="test" value="baz" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo David');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 9', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">' +
-        'crazy' +
-        '  <select name="member" size="1" role="menu" tabindex="0">' +
-        '    <option role="menuitem" value="beard" selected="true">clown</option>' +
-        '    <option role="menuitem" value="scuba">rich</option>' +
-        '  </select>' +
-        '</label> ' +
-        '<input type="text" id="test" value="baz"/>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 9', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="test">
+          crazy
+          <select name="member" size="1" role="menu" tabindex="0">
+            <option role="menuitem" value="beard" selected="true">clown</option>
+            <option role="menuitem" value="scuba">rich</option>
+          </select>
+        </label>
+        <input type="text" id="test" value="baz" />
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'crazy');
     });
 
-    ariaValuetext('passes test 10', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">' +
-        '  crazy' +
-        '   <div role="spinbutton" aria-valuetext="Monday" aria-valuemin="1" aria-valuemax="7" aria-valuenow="4">' +
-        '   </div>' +
-        '</label>' +
-        '<input type="text" id="test" value="baz"/>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    ariaValuetext('passes test 10', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="test">
+          crazy
+          <div
+            role="spinbutton"
+            aria-valuetext="Monday"
+            aria-valuemin="1"
+            aria-valuemax="7"
+            aria-valuenow="4"
+          ></div>
+        </label>
+        <input type="text" id="test" value="baz" />
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'crazy Monday');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 11', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">' +
-        '  crazy' +
-        '  <div role="spinbutton" aria-valuemin="1" aria-valuemax="7" aria-valuenow="4">' +
-        '  </div>' +
-        '</label>' +
-        '<input type="text" id="test" value="baz"/>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 11', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="test">
+          crazy
+          <div
+            role="spinbutton"
+            aria-valuemin="1"
+            aria-valuemax="7"
+            aria-valuenow="4"
+          ></div>
+        </label>
+        <input type="text" id="test" value="baz" />
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'crazy 4');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 12', function() {
+    it('passes test 12', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<input type="text" id="test" title="crazy" value="baz"/>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'crazy');
     });
 
-    pseudoText('passes test 13', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<style>' +
-        '  label:before { content:"fancy "; }' +
-        '</style>' +
-        '<label for="test">fruit</label>' +
-        '<input type="text" id="test"/>';
+    pseudoText('passes test 13', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <style>
+          label:before {
+            content: 'fancy ';
+          }
+        </style>
+        <label for="test">fruit</label>
+        <input type="text" id="test" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'fancy fruit');
     });
 
-    pseudoText('passes test 14', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<style type="text/css">' +
-        '  [data-after]:after { content: attr(data-after); }' +
-        '</style>' +
-        '<label for="test" data-after="test content"></label>' +
-        '<input type="text" id="test">';
+    pseudoText('passes test 14', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <style type="text/css">
+          [data-after]:after {
+            content: attr(data-after);
+          }
+        </style>
+        <label for="test" data-after="test content"></label>
+        <input type="text" id="test" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'test content');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 15', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<img id="test" src="foo.jpg" aria-label="1"/>';
+    it('passes test 15', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <img id="test" src="foo.jpg" aria-label="1" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), '1');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 16', function() {
+    it('passes test 16', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<img id="test" src="foo.jpg" aria-label="1" alt="a" title="t"/>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), '1');
     });
 
     // To the best of my knowledge, this test is incorrect
     // Chrome and Firefox seem to return "peanuts", so does axe-core.
-    xit('passes test 17', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="text" value="peanuts" id="test">' +
-        '<img aria-labelledby="test" src="foo.jpg"/>';
+    xit('passes test 17', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="text" value="peanuts" id="test" />
+        <img aria-labelledby="test" src="foo.jpg" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), '');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 18', function() {
+    it('passes test 18', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<img id="test" aria-labelledby="test" src="foo.jpg"/>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), '');
     });
 
     // To the best of my knowledge, this test is incorrect
     // Chrome and Firefox seem to return "peanuts", so does axe-core.
-    xit('passes test 19', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="text" value="peanuts" id="test">' +
-        '<img aria-labelledby="test" aria-label="1" src="foo.jpg"/>';
+    xit('passes test 19', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="text" value="peanuts" id="test" />
+        <img aria-labelledby="test" aria-label="1" src="foo.jpg" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), '');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 20', function() {
+    it('passes test 20', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<img id="test" aria-labelledby="test" aria-label="1" src="foo.jpg"/>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), '1');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 21', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="text" value="peanuts" id="ID1">' +
-        '<input type="text" value="popcorn" id="ID2">' +
-        '<input type="text" value="apple jacks" id="ID3">' +
-        '<img aria-labelledby="ID1 ID2 ID3" id="test" src="foo.jpg"/>';
+    it('passes test 21', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="text" value="peanuts" id="ID1" />
+        <input type="text" value="popcorn" id="ID2" />
+        <input type="text" value="apple jacks" id="ID3" />
+        <img aria-labelledby="ID1 ID2 ID3" id="test" src="foo.jpg" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'peanuts popcorn apple jacks');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 22', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="text" value="peanuts" id="ID1">' +
-        '<img id="test" aria-label="l" aria-labelledby="test ID1" src="foo.jpg"/>';
+    it('passes test 22', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="text" value="peanuts" id="ID1" />
+        <img
+          id="test"
+          aria-label="l"
+          aria-labelledby="test ID1"
+          src="foo.jpg"
+        />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'l peanuts');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 23', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="text" value="peanuts" id="ID1">' +
-        '<input type="text" value="popcorn" id="ID2">' +
-        '<img id="test" aria-label="l" aria-labelledby="test ID1 ID2" src="foo.jpg"/>';
+    it('passes test 23', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="text" value="peanuts" id="ID1" />
+        <input type="text" value="popcorn" id="ID2" />
+        <img
+          id="test"
+          aria-label="l"
+          aria-labelledby="test ID1 ID2"
+          src="foo.jpg"
+        />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'l peanuts popcorn');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 24', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="text" value="peanuts" id="ID1">' +
-        '<input type="text" value="popcorn" id="ID2">' +
-        '<input type="text" value="apple jacks" id="ID3">' +
-        '<img id="test" aria-label="l" aria-labelledby="test ID1 ID2 ID3" alt= "a" title="t" src="foo.jpg"/>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 24', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="text" value="peanuts" id="ID1" />
+        <input type="text" value="popcorn" id="ID2" />
+        <input type="text" value="apple jacks" id="ID3" />
+        <img
+          id="test"
+          aria-label="l"
+          aria-labelledby="test ID1 ID2 ID3"
+          alt="a"
+          title="t"
+          src="foo.jpg"
+        />
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'l peanuts popcorn apple jacks');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 25', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="text" value="peanuts" id="ID1">' +
-        '<input type="text" value="popcorn" id="ID2">' +
-        '<input type="text" value="apple jacks" id="ID3">' +
-        '<img id="test" aria-label="" aria-labelledby="test ID1 ID2 ID3" alt="" title="t" src="foo.jpg"/>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 25', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="text" value="peanuts" id="ID1" />
+        <input type="text" value="popcorn" id="ID2" />
+        <input type="text" value="apple jacks" id="ID3" />
+        <img
+          id="test"
+          aria-label=""
+          aria-labelledby="test ID1 ID2 ID3"
+          alt=""
+          title="t"
+          src="foo.jpg"
+        />
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 't peanuts popcorn apple jacks');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 26', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="test" aria-labelledby="ID1">foo</div>' +
-        '<span id="ID1">bar</span>';
+    it('passes test 26', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="test" aria-labelledby="ID1">foo</div>
+        <span id="ID1">bar</span>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'bar');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 27', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="test" aria-label="Tag">foo</div>';
+    it('passes test 27', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <div id="test" aria-label="Tag">foo</div> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Tag');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 28', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="test" aria-labelledby="ID1" aria-label="Tag">foo</div>' +
-        '<span id="ID1">bar</span>';
+    it('passes test 28', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="test" aria-labelledby="ID1" aria-label="Tag">foo</div>
+        <span id="ID1">bar</span>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'bar');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 29', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="test" aria-labelledby="ID0 ID1" aria-label="Tag">foo</div>' +
-        '<span id="ID0">bar</span>' +
-        '<span id="ID1">baz</span>';
+    it('passes test 29', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="test" aria-labelledby="ID0 ID1" aria-label="Tag">foo</div>
+        <span id="ID0">bar</span>
+        <span id="ID1">baz</span>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'bar baz');
     });
 
     // Should only pass in strict mode
-    it('passes test 30', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="test">Div with text</div>';
+    it('passes test 30', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <div id="test">Div with text</div> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target, { strict: true }), '');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 31', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="test" role="button">foo</div>';
+    it('passes test 31', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <div id="test" role="button">foo</div> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 32', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="test" role="button" title="Tag" style="outline:medium solid black; width:2em; height:1em;">' +
-        '</div>';
+    it('passes test 32', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div
+          id="test"
+          role="button"
+          title="Tag"
+          style="outline:medium solid black; width:2em; height:1em;"
+        ></div>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Tag');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 33', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="ID1">foo</div>' +
-        '<a id="test" href="test.html" aria-labelledby="ID1">bar</a>';
+    it('passes test 33', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div id="ID1">foo</div>
+        <a id="test" href="test.html" aria-labelledby="ID1">bar</a>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 34', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<a id="test" href="test.html" aria-label="Tag">ABC</a>';
+    it('passes test 34', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <a id="test" href="test.html" aria-label="Tag">ABC</a>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Tag');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 35', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<a href="test.html" id="test" aria-labelledby="ID1" aria-label="Tag">foo</a>' +
-        '<p id="ID1">bar</p>';
+    it('passes test 35', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <a href="test.html" id="test" aria-labelledby="ID1" aria-label="Tag"
+          >foo</a
+        >
+        <p id="ID1">bar</p>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'bar');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 36', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<a href="test.html" id="test" aria-labelledby="test ID1" aria-label="Tag"></a>' +
-        '<p id="ID1">foo</p>';
+    it('passes test 36', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <a
+          href="test.html"
+          id="test"
+          aria-labelledby="test ID1"
+          aria-label="Tag"
+        ></a>
+        <p id="ID1">foo</p>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Tag foo');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 37', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="test.html" id="test">ABC</a>';
+    it('passes test 37', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <a href="test.html" id="test">ABC</a> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'ABC');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 38', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="test.html" id="test" title="Tag"></a>';
+    it('passes test 38', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <a href="test.html" id="test" title="Tag"></a>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Tag');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 39', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input id="test" type="text" aria-labelledby="ID1 ID2 ID3">' +
-        '<p id="ID1">foo</p>' +
-        '<p id="ID2">bar</p>' +
-        '<p id="ID3">baz</p>';
+    it('passes test 39', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input id="test" type="text" aria-labelledby="ID1 ID2 ID3" />
+        <p id="ID1">foo</p>
+        <p id="ID2">bar</p>
+        <p id="ID3">baz</p>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo bar baz');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 40', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input id="test" type="text" aria-label="bar" aria-labelledby="ID1 test">' +
-        '<div id="ID1">foo</label>';
+    it('passes test 40', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input id="test" type="text" aria-label="bar" aria-labelledby="ID1 test">
+        <div id="ID1">foo</label>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo bar');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 41', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input id="test" type="text"/>' + '<label for="test">foo</label>';
+    it('passes test 41', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input id="test" type="text" />
+        <label for="test">foo</label>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 42', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="password" id="test">' + '<label for="test">foo</label>';
+    it('passes test 42', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="password" id="test" />
+        <label for="test">foo</label>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 43', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="checkbox" id="test">' +
-        '<label for="test">foo</label></body>';
+    it('passes test 43', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="checkbox" id="test">
+        <label for="test">foo</label></body>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 44', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="radio" id="test">' + '<label for="test">foo</label>';
+    it('passes test 44', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="radio" id="test" />
+        <label for="test">foo</label>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 45', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="file" id="test">' + '<label for="test">foo</label>';
+    it('passes test 45', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="file" id="test" />
+        <label for="test">foo</label>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 46', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="image" id="test">' + '<label for="test">foo</label>';
+    it('passes test 46', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="image" id="test" />
+        <label for="test">foo</label>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 47', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="checkbox" id="test">' +
-        '<label for="test">foo<input type="text" value="bar">baz</label>';
+    it('passes test 47', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="checkbox" id="test" />
+        <label for="test">foo<input type="text" value="bar" />baz</label>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo bar baz');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 48', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="text" id="test">' +
-        '<label for="test">foo<input type="text" value="bar">baz</label>';
+    it('passes test 48', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="text" id="test" />
+        <label for="test">foo<input type="text" value="bar" />baz</label>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo bar baz');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 49', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="password" id="test">' +
-        '<label for="test">foo<input type="text" value="bar">baz</label>';
+    it('passes test 49', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="password" id="test" />
+        <label for="test">foo<input type="text" value="bar" />baz</label>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo bar baz');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 50', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="radio" id="test">' +
-        '<label for="test">foo<input type="text" value="bar">baz</label>';
+    it('passes test 50', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="radio" id="test" />
+        <label for="test">foo<input type="text" value="bar" />baz</label>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo bar baz');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 51', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="file" id="test">' +
-        '<label for="test">foo <input type="text" value="bar"> baz</label>';
+    it('passes test 51', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="file" id="test" />
+        <label for="test">foo <input type="text" value="bar" /> baz</label>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo bar baz');
     });
 
-    pseudoText('passes test 52', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<style type="text/css">' +
-        '  label:before { content: "foo"; }' +
-        '  label:after { content: "baz"; }' +
-        '</style>' +
-        '<form>' +
-        '  <label for="test" title="bar"><input id="test" type="text" name="test" title="buz"></label> ' +
-        '</form>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    pseudoText('passes test 52', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <style type="text/css">
+          label:before {
+            content: 'foo';
+          }
+          label:after {
+            content: 'baz';
+          }
+        </style>
+        <form>
+          <label for="test" title="bar"
+            ><input id="test" type="text" name="test" title="buz"
+          /></label>
+        </form>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo bar baz');
     });
 
-    pseudoText('passes test 53', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<style type="text/css">' +
-        '  label:before { content: "foo"; }' +
-        '  label:after { content: "baz"; }' +
-        '</style>' +
-        '<form>' +
-        '  <label for="test" title="bar"><input id="test" type="password" name="test" title="buz"></label> ' +
-        '</form>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    pseudoText('passes test 53', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <style type="text/css">
+          label:before {
+            content: 'foo';
+          }
+          label:after {
+            content: 'baz';
+          }
+        </style>
+        <form>
+          <label for="test" title="bar"
+            ><input id="test" type="password" name="test" title="buz"
+          /></label>
+        </form>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo bar baz');
     });
 
-    pseudoText('passes test 54', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<style type="text/css">' +
-        '  label:before { content: "foo"; }' +
-        '  label:after { content: "baz"; }' +
-        '</style>' +
-        '<form>' +
-        '  <label for="test"><input id="test" type="checkbox" name="test" title=" bar "></label>' +
-        '</form>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    pseudoText('passes test 54', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <style type="text/css">
+          label:before {
+            content: 'foo';
+          }
+          label:after {
+            content: 'baz';
+          }
+        </style>
+        <form>
+          <label for="test"
+            ><input id="test" type="checkbox" name="test" title=" bar "
+          /></label>
+        </form>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo baz');
     });
 
-    pseudoText('passes test 55', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<style type="text/css">' +
-        '  label:before { content: "foo"; }' +
-        '  label:after { content: "baz"; }' +
-        '</style>' +
-        '<form>' +
-        '  <label for="test"><input id="test" type="radio" name="test" title=" bar "></label> ' +
-        '</form>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    pseudoText('passes test 55', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <style type="text/css">
+          label:before {
+            content: 'foo';
+          }
+          label:after {
+            content: 'baz';
+          }
+        </style>
+        <form>
+          <label for="test"
+            ><input id="test" type="radio" name="test" title=" bar "
+          /></label>
+        </form>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo baz');
     });
 
-    pseudoText('passes test 56', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<style type="text/css">' +
-        '  label:before { content: "foo"; }' +
-        '  label:after { content: "baz"; }' +
-        '</style>' +
-        '<form>' +
-        '  <label for="test"><input id="test" type="file" name="test" title="bar"></label>' +
-        '</form>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    pseudoText('passes test 56', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <style type="text/css">
+          label:before {
+            content: 'foo';
+          }
+          label:after {
+            content: 'baz';
+          }
+        </style>
+        <form>
+          <label for="test"
+            ><input id="test" type="file" name="test" title="bar"
+          /></label>
+        </form>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo baz');
     });
 
-    pseudoText('passes test 57', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<style type="text/css">' +
-        '  label:before { content: "foo"; }' +
-        '  label:after { content: "baz"; }' +
-        '</style>' +
-        '<form>' +
-        '  <label for="test"><input id="test" type="image" src="foo.jpg" name="test" title="bar"></label>' +
-        '</form>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    pseudoText('passes test 57', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <style type="text/css">
+          label:before {
+            content: 'foo';
+          }
+          label:after {
+            content: 'baz';
+          }
+        </style>
+        <form>
+          <label for="test"
+            ><input
+              id="test"
+              type="image"
+              src="foo.jpg"
+              name="test"
+              title="bar"
+          /></label>
+        </form>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo baz');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 58', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">States:</label>' +
-        '<input type="password" id="test"/>';
+    it('passes test 58', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="test">States:</label>
+        <input type="password" id="test" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'States:');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 59', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">States:</label>' +
-        '<input type="checkbox" id="test"/>';
+    it('passes test 59', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="test">States:</label>
+        <input type="checkbox" id="test" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'States:');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 60', function() {
+    it('passes test 60', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">States:</label>' + '<input type="radio" id="test"/>';
+        '<label for="test">States:</label><input type="radio" id="test"/>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'States:');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 61', function() {
+    it('passes test 61', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">File:</label>' + '<input type="file" id="test"/>';
+        '<label for="test">File:</label><input type="file" id="test"/>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'File:');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 62', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">States:</label>' +
-        '<input type="image" id="test" src="foo.jpg"/>';
+    it('passes test 62', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="test">States:</label>
+        <input type="image" id="test" src="foo.jpg" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'States:');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 63', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">' +
-        '  foo' +
-        '  <input type="text" value="David"/>' +
-        '</label>' +
-        '<input type="password" id="test" value="baz"/>';
+    it('passes test 63', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="test">
+          foo
+          <input type="text" value="David" />
+        </label>
+        <input type="password" id="test" value="baz" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo David');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 64', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">' +
-        '  foo' +
-        '  <input type="text" value="David"/>' +
-        '</label>' +
-        '<input type="checkbox" id="test"/>';
+    it('passes test 64', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="test">
+          foo
+          <input type="text" value="David" />
+        </label>
+        <input type="checkbox" id="test" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo David');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 65', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">' +
-        '  foo' +
-        '  <input type="text" value="David"/>' +
-        '</label>' +
-        '<input type="radio" id="test"/>';
+    it('passes test 65', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="test">
+          foo
+          <input type="text" value="David" />
+        </label>
+        <input type="radio" id="test" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo David');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 66', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">' +
-        '  foo' +
-        '  <input type="text" value="David"/>' +
-        '</label>' +
-        '<input type="file" id="test"/>';
+    it('passes test 66', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="test">
+          foo
+          <input type="text" value="David" />
+        </label>
+        <input type="file" id="test" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo David');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 67', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">' +
-        '  foo' +
-        '  <input type="text" value="David"/>' +
-        '</label>' +
-        '<input type="image" id="test" src="foo.jpg"/>';
+    it('passes test 67', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="test">
+          foo
+          <input type="text" value="David" />
+        </label>
+        <input type="image" id="test" src="foo.jpg" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo David');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 68', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">' +
-        '  crazy' +
-        '  <select name="member" size="1" role="menu" tabindex="0">' +
-        '    <option role="menuitem" value="beard" selected="true">clown</option>' +
-        '    <option role="menuitem" value="scuba">rich</option>' +
-        '  </select>' +
-        '</label> ' +
-        '<input type="password" id="test"/>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 68', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="test">
+          crazy
+          <select name="member" size="1" role="menu" tabindex="0">
+            <option role="menuitem" value="beard" selected="true">clown</option>
+            <option role="menuitem" value="scuba">rich</option>
+          </select>
+        </label>
+        <input type="password" id="test" />
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'crazy');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 69', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">' +
-        '  crazy' +
-        '  <select name="member" size="1" role="menu" tabindex="0">' +
-        '    <option role="menuitem" value="beard" selected="true">clown</option>' +
-        '    <option role="menuitem" value="scuba">rich</option>' +
-        '  </select>' +
-        '</label> ' +
-        '<input type="checkbox" id="test"/>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 69', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="test">
+          crazy
+          <select name="member" size="1" role="menu" tabindex="0">
+            <option role="menuitem" value="beard" selected="true">clown</option>
+            <option role="menuitem" value="scuba">rich</option>
+          </select>
+        </label>
+        <input type="checkbox" id="test" />
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'crazy');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 70', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">' +
-        '  crazy' +
-        '  <select name="member" size="1" role="menu" tabindex="0">' +
-        '    <option role="menuitem" value="beard" selected="true">clown</option>' +
-        '    <option role="menuitem" value="scuba">rich</option>' +
-        '  </select>' +
-        '</label> ' +
-        '<input type="radio" id="test"/>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 70', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="test">
+          crazy
+          <select name="member" size="1" role="menu" tabindex="0">
+            <option role="menuitem" value="beard" selected="true">clown</option>
+            <option role="menuitem" value="scuba">rich</option>
+          </select>
+        </label>
+        <input type="radio" id="test" />
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'crazy');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 71', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">' +
-        '  crazy' +
-        '  <select name="member" size="1" role="menu" tabindex="0">' +
-        '    <option role="menuitem" value="beard" selected="true">clown</option>' +
-        '    <option role="menuitem" value="scuba">rich</option>' +
-        '  </select>' +
-        '</label> ' +
-        '<input type="file" id="test"/>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 71', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="test">
+          crazy
+          <select name="member" size="1" role="menu" tabindex="0">
+            <option role="menuitem" value="beard" selected="true">clown</option>
+            <option role="menuitem" value="scuba">rich</option>
+          </select>
+        </label>
+        <input type="file" id="test" />
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'crazy');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 72', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">' +
-        '  crazy' +
-        '  <select name="member" size="1" role="menu" tabindex="0">' +
-        '    <option role="menuitem" value="beard" selected="true">clown</option>' +
-        '    <option role="menuitem" value="scuba">rich</option>' +
-        '  </select>' +
-        '</label> ' +
-        '<input type="image" id="test" src="foo.jpg"/>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 72', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="test">
+          crazy
+          <select name="member" size="1" role="menu" tabindex="0">
+            <option role="menuitem" value="beard" selected="true">clown</option>
+            <option role="menuitem" value="scuba">rich</option>
+          </select>
+        </label>
+        <input type="image" id="test" src="foo.jpg" />
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'crazy');
     });
 
-    ariaValuetext('passes test 73', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">' +
-        '  crazy' +
-        '  <div role="spinbutton" aria-valuetext="Monday" aria-valuemin="1" aria-valuemax="7" aria-valuenow="4">' +
-        '  </div>' +
-        '</label>' +
-        '<input type="password" value="baz" id="test"/>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    ariaValuetext('passes test 73', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="test">
+          crazy
+          <div
+            role="spinbutton"
+            aria-valuetext="Monday"
+            aria-valuemin="1"
+            aria-valuemax="7"
+            aria-valuenow="4"
+          ></div>
+        </label>
+        <input type="password" value="baz" id="test" />
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'crazy Monday');
     });
 
-    ariaValuetext('passes test 74', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">' +
-        '  crazy' +
-        '  <div role="spinbutton" aria-valuetext="Monday"' +
-        '   aria-valuemin="1" aria-valuemax="7" aria-valuenow="4"></div>' +
-        '</label>' +
-        '<input type="checkbox" id="test"/>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    ariaValuetext('passes test 74', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="test">
+          crazy
+          <div
+            role="spinbutton"
+            aria-valuetext="Monday"
+            aria-valuemin="1"
+            aria-valuemax="7"
+            aria-valuenow="4"
+          ></div>
+        </label>
+        <input type="checkbox" id="test" />
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'crazy Monday');
     });
 
-    ariaValuetext('passes test 75', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">' +
-        '  crazy' +
-        '  <div role="spinbutton" aria-valuetext="Monday"' +
-        '   aria-valuemin="1" aria-valuemax="7" aria-valuenow="4"></div>' +
-        '</label>' +
-        '<input type="radio" id="test"/>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    ariaValuetext('passes test 75', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="test">
+          crazy
+          <div
+            role="spinbutton"
+            aria-valuetext="Monday"
+            aria-valuemin="1"
+            aria-valuemax="7"
+            aria-valuenow="4"
+          ></div>
+        </label>
+        <input type="radio" id="test" />
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'crazy Monday');
     });
 
-    ariaValuetext('passes test 76', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">' +
-        '  crazy' +
-        '  <div role="spinbutton" aria-valuetext="Monday"' +
-        '   aria-valuemin="1" aria-valuemax="7" aria-valuenow="4"></div>' +
-        '</label>' +
-        '<input type="file" id="test"/>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    ariaValuetext('passes test 76', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="test">
+          crazy
+          <div
+            role="spinbutton"
+            aria-valuetext="Monday"
+            aria-valuemin="1"
+            aria-valuemax="7"
+            aria-valuenow="4"
+          ></div>
+        </label>
+        <input type="file" id="test" />
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'crazy Monday');
     });
 
-    ariaValuetext('passes test 77', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">' +
-        '  crazy' +
-        '  <div role="spinbutton" aria-valuetext="Monday" aria-valuemin="1"' +
-        '   aria-valuemax="7" aria-valuenow="4"></div>' +
-        '</label>' +
-        '<input type="image" src="foo.jpg" id="test"/>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    ariaValuetext('passes test 77', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="test">
+          crazy
+          <div
+            role="spinbutton"
+            aria-valuetext="Monday"
+            aria-valuemin="1"
+            aria-valuemax="7"
+            aria-valuenow="4"
+          ></div>
+        </label>
+        <input type="image" src="foo.jpg" id="test" />
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'crazy Monday');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 78', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">' +
-        '  crazy' +
-        '  <div role="spinbutton" aria-valuemin="1" aria-valuemax="7" aria-valuenow="4">' +
-        '  </div>' +
-        '</label>' +
-        '<input type="password" id="test" value="baz"/>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 78', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="test">
+          crazy
+          <div
+            role="spinbutton"
+            aria-valuemin="1"
+            aria-valuemax="7"
+            aria-valuenow="4"
+          ></div>
+        </label>
+        <input type="password" id="test" value="baz" />
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'crazy 4');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 79', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">' +
-        '  crazy' +
-        '  <div role="spinbutton" aria-valuemin="1" aria-valuemax="7" aria-valuenow="4">' +
-        '  </div>' +
-        '</label>' +
-        '<input type="checkbox" id="test"/>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 79', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="test">
+          crazy
+          <div
+            role="spinbutton"
+            aria-valuemin="1"
+            aria-valuemax="7"
+            aria-valuenow="4"
+          ></div>
+        </label>
+        <input type="checkbox" id="test" />
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'crazy 4');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 80', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">' +
-        '  crazy' +
-        '  <div role="spinbutton" aria-valuemin="1" aria-valuemax="7" aria-valuenow="4">' +
-        '  </div>' +
-        '</label>' +
-        '<input type="radio" id="test"/>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 80', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="test">
+          crazy
+          <div
+            role="spinbutton"
+            aria-valuemin="1"
+            aria-valuemax="7"
+            aria-valuenow="4"
+          ></div>
+        </label>
+        <input type="radio" id="test" />
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'crazy 4');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 81', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">' +
-        '  crazy' +
-        '  <div role="spinbutton" aria-valuemin="1" aria-valuemax="7" aria-valuenow="4">' +
-        '  </div>' +
-        '</label>' +
-        '<input type="file" id="test"/>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 81', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="test">
+          crazy
+          <div
+            role="spinbutton"
+            aria-valuemin="1"
+            aria-valuemax="7"
+            aria-valuenow="4"
+          ></div>
+        </label>
+        <input type="file" id="test" />
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'crazy 4');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 82', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">' +
-        '  crazy' +
-        '  <div role="spinbutton" aria-valuemin="1" aria-valuemax="7" aria-valuenow="4">' +
-        '  </div>' +
-        '</label>' +
-        '<input type="image" src="foo.jpg" id="test"/>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 82', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="test">
+          crazy
+          <div
+            role="spinbutton"
+            aria-valuemin="1"
+            aria-valuemax="7"
+            aria-valuenow="4"
+          ></div>
+        </label>
+        <input type="image" src="foo.jpg" id="test" />
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'crazy 4');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 83', function() {
+    it('passes test 83', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<input type="password" id="test" title="crazy" value="baz"/>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'crazy');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 84', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="checkbox" id="test" title="crazy"/>';
+    it('passes test 84', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="checkbox" id="test" title="crazy" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'crazy');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 85', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="radio" id="test" title="crazy"/>';
+    it('passes test 85', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="radio" id="test" title="crazy" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'crazy');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 86', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="file" id="test" title="crazy"/>';
+    it('passes test 86', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <input type="file" id="test" title="crazy" /> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'crazy');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 87', function() {
+    it('passes test 87', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<input type="image" src="foo.jpg" id="test" title="crazy"/>';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'crazy');
     });
 
-    pseudoText('passes test 88', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<style>' +
-        '  label:before { content:"fancy "; }' +
-        '</style>' +
-        '<label for="test">fruit</label>' +
-        '<input type="password" id="test"/>';
+    pseudoText('passes test 88', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <style>
+          label:before {
+            content: 'fancy ';
+          }
+        </style>
+        <label for="test">fruit</label>
+        <input type="password" id="test" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'fancy fruit');
     });
 
-    pseudoText('passes test 89', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<style>' +
-        '  label:before { content:"fancy "; }' +
-        '</style>' +
-        '<label for="test">fruit</label>' +
-        '<input type="checkbox" id="test"/>';
+    pseudoText('passes test 89', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <style>
+          label:before {
+            content: 'fancy ';
+          }
+        </style>
+        <label for="test">fruit</label>
+        <input type="checkbox" id="test" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'fancy fruit');
     });
 
-    pseudoText('passes test 90', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<style>' +
-        '  label:before { content:"fancy "; }' +
-        '</style>' +
-        '<label for="test">fruit</label>' +
-        '<input type="radio" id="test"/>';
+    pseudoText('passes test 90', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <style>
+          label:before {
+            content: 'fancy ';
+          }
+        </style>
+        <label for="test">fruit</label>
+        <input type="radio" id="test" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'fancy fruit');
     });
 
-    pseudoText('passes test 91', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<style>' +
-        '  label:before { content:"fancy "; }' +
-        '</style>' +
-        '<label for="test">fruit</label>' +
-        '<input type="file" id="test"/>';
+    pseudoText('passes test 91', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <style>
+          label:before {
+            content: 'fancy ';
+          }
+        </style>
+        <label for="test">fruit</label>
+        <input type="file" id="test" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'fancy fruit');
     });
 
-    pseudoText('passes test 92', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<style>' +
-        '  label:before { content:"fancy "; }' +
-        '</style>' +
-        '<label for="test">fruit</label>' +
-        '<input type="image" src="foo.jpg" id="test"/>';
+    pseudoText('passes test 92', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <style>
+          label:before {
+            content: 'fancy ';
+          }
+        </style>
+        <label for="test">fruit</label>
+        <input type="image" src="foo.jpg" id="test" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'fancy fruit');
     });
 
-    pseudoText('passes test 93', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<style>' +
-        '  label:after { content:" fruit"; }' +
-        '</style>' +
-        '<label for="test">fancy</label>' +
-        '<input type="password" id="test"/>';
+    pseudoText('passes test 93', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <style>
+          label:after {
+            content: ' fruit';
+          }
+        </style>
+        <label for="test">fancy</label>
+        <input type="password" id="test" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'fancy fruit');
     });
 
-    pseudoText('passes test 94', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<style>' +
-        '  label:after { content:" fruit"; }' +
-        '</style>' +
-        '<label for="test">fancy</label>' +
-        '<input type="checkbox" id="test"/>';
+    pseudoText('passes test 94', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <style>
+          label:after {
+            content: ' fruit';
+          }
+        </style>
+        <label for="test">fancy</label>
+        <input type="checkbox" id="test" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'fancy fruit');
     });
 
-    pseudoText('passes test 95', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<style>' +
-        '  label:after { content:" fruit"; }' +
-        '</style>' +
-        '<label for="test">fancy</label>' +
-        '<input type="radio" id="test"/>';
+    pseudoText('passes test 95', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <style>
+          label:after {
+            content: ' fruit';
+          }
+        </style>
+        <label for="test">fancy</label>
+        <input type="radio" id="test" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'fancy fruit');
     });
 
-    pseudoText('passes test 96', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<style>' +
-        '  label:after { content:" fruit"; }' +
-        '</style>' +
-        '<label for="test">fancy</label>' +
-        '<input type="file" id="test"/>';
+    pseudoText('passes test 96', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <style>
+          label:after {
+            content: ' fruit';
+          }
+        </style>
+        <label for="test">fancy</label>
+        <input type="file" id="test" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'fancy fruit');
     });
 
-    pseudoText('passes test 97', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<style>' +
-        '  label:after { content:" fruit"; }' +
-        '</style>' +
-        '<label for="test">fancy</label>' +
-        '<input type="image" src="foo.jpg" id="test"/>';
+    pseudoText('passes test 97', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <style>
+          label:after {
+            content: ' fruit';
+          }
+        </style>
+        <label for="test">fancy</label>
+        <input type="image" src="foo.jpg" id="test" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'fancy fruit');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 98', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="checkbox" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">Flash the screen ' +
-        '  <div role="combobox">' +
-        '    <div role="textbox"></div>' +
-        '    <ul role="listbox" style="list-style-type: none;">' +
-        '      <li role="option" aria-selected="true">1</li>' +
-        ' 	<li role="option">2</li>' +
-        ' 	<li role="option">3</li>' +
-        '    </ul>' +
-        '  </div>' +
-        '  times.' +
-        '</label>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
-      // Chrome 72: "Flash the screen 1 times"
-      // Safari 12.0: "Flash the screen 1 times"
-      // Firefox 62: "Flash the screen 1 times"
+    it('passes test 98', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="checkbox" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >Flash the screen
+          <div role="combobox">
+            <div role="textbox"></div>
+            <ul role="listbox" style="list-style-type: none;">
+              <li role="option" aria-selected="true">1</li>
+              <li role="option">2</li>
+              <li role="option">3</li>
+            </ul>
+          </div>
+          times.
+        </label>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Flash the screen 1 times.');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 99', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="checkbox" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">Flash the screen ' +
-        '  <span role="menu">' +
-        '    <span role="menuitem" aria-selected="true">1</span>' +
-        '      <span role="menuitem" hidden>2</span>' +
-        ' 	<span role="menuitem" hidden>3</span>' +
-        '    </span>' +
-        '    times.' +
-        '</label>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 99', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="checkbox" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >Flash the screen
+          <span role="menu">
+            <span role="menuitem" aria-selected="true">1</span>
+            <span role="menuitem" hidden>2</span>
+            <span role="menuitem" hidden>3</span>
+          </span>
+          times.
+        </label>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Flash the screen times.');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 100', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="checkbox" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">Flash the screen ' +
-        '  <select size="1">' +
-        '    <option selected="selected">1</option>' +
-        '    <option>2</option>' +
-        '    <option>3</option>' +
-        '  </select>' +
-        '  times.' +
-        '</label>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 100', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="checkbox" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >Flash the screen
+          <select size="1">
+            <option selected="selected">1</option>
+            <option>2</option>
+            <option>3</option>
+          </select>
+          times.
+        </label>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Flash the screen 1 times.');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 101', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="checkbox" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">foo <input role="slider" type="range" value="5" min="1" max="10" aria-valuenow="5" aria-valuemin="1" aria-valuemax="10"> baz   	' +
-        '</label>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 101', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="checkbox" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >foo
+          <input
+            role="slider"
+            type="range"
+            value="5"
+            min="1"
+            max="10"
+            aria-valuenow="5"
+            aria-valuemin="1"
+            aria-valuemax="10"
+          />
+          baz
+        </label>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo 5 baz');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 102', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="checkbox" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">foo <input role="spinbutton" type="number" value="5" min="1" max="10" aria-valuenow="5" aria-valuemin="1" aria-valuemax="10"> baz' +
-        '</label>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 102', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="checkbox" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >foo
+          <input
+            role="spinbutton"
+            type="number"
+            value="5"
+            min="1"
+            max="10"
+            aria-valuenow="5"
+            aria-valuemin="1"
+            aria-valuemax="10"
+          />
+          baz
+        </label>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo 5 baz');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 103', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="checkbox" id="test" title="foo" />';
+    it('passes test 103', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="checkbox" id="test" title="foo" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 104', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="file" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">Flash the screen ' +
-        '  <div role="combobox">' +
-        '    <div role="textbox"></div>' +
-        '    <ul role="listbox" style="list-style-type: none;">' +
-        '      <li role="option" aria-selected="true">1 </li>' +
-        ' 	<li role="option">2 </li>' +
-        ' 	<li role="option">3 </li>' +
-        '    </ul>' +
-        '  </div>' +
-        '  times.' +
-        '</label>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 104', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="file" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >Flash the screen
+          <div role="combobox">
+            <div role="textbox"></div>
+            <ul role="listbox" style="list-style-type: none;">
+              <li role="option" aria-selected="true">1</li>
+              <li role="option">2</li>
+              <li role="option">3</li>
+            </ul>
+          </div>
+          times.
+        </label>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Flash the screen 1 times.');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 105', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="file" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">Flash the screen ' +
-        '  <span role="menu">' +
-        '    <span role="menuitem" aria-selected="true">1</span>' +
-        '    <span role="menuitem" hidden>2</span>' +
-        '    <span role="menuitem" hidden>3</span>' +
-        '  </span>' +
-        '  times.' +
-        '</label>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 105', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="file" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >Flash the screen
+          <span role="menu">
+            <span role="menuitem" aria-selected="true">1</span>
+            <span role="menuitem" hidden>2</span>
+            <span role="menuitem" hidden>3</span>
+          </span>
+          times.
+        </label>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Flash the screen times.');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 106', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="file" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">Flash the screen ' +
-        '  <select size="1">' +
-        '    <option selected="selected">1</option>' +
-        '    <option>2</option>' +
-        '    <option>3</option>' +
-        '  </select>' +
-        '  times.' +
-        '</label>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 106', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="file" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >Flash the screen
+          <select size="1">
+            <option selected="selected">1</option>
+            <option>2</option>
+            <option>3</option>
+          </select>
+          times.
+        </label>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Flash the screen 1 times.');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 107', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="file" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">foo <input role="slider" type="range" value="5" min="1" max="10" aria-valuenow="5" aria-valuemin="1" aria-valuemax="10"> baz' +
-        '</label>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 107', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="file" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >foo
+          <input
+            role="slider"
+            type="range"
+            value="5"
+            min="1"
+            max="10"
+            aria-valuenow="5"
+            aria-valuemin="1"
+            aria-valuemax="10"
+          />
+          baz
+        </label>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo 5 baz');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 108', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="file" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">foo <input role="spinbutton" type="number" value="5" min="1" max="10" aria-valuenow="5" aria-valuemin="1" aria-valuemax="10"> baz' +
-        '</label>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 108', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="file" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >foo
+          <input
+            role="spinbutton"
+            type="number"
+            value="5"
+            min="1"
+            max="10"
+            aria-valuenow="5"
+            aria-valuemin="1"
+            aria-valuemax="10"
+          />
+          baz
+        </label>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo 5 baz');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 109', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="file" id="test" title="foo" />';
+    it('passes test 109', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <input type="file" id="test" title="foo" /> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 110', function() {
+    it('passes test 110', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<input type="image" src="test.png" id="test" title="foo" />';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 111', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="password" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">Flash the screen ' +
-        '  <div role="combobox">' +
-        '    <div role="textbox"></div>' +
-        '    <ul role="listbox" style="list-style-type: none;">' +
-        '      <li role="option" aria-selected="true">1</li>' +
-        ' 	<li role="option">2</li>' +
-        ' 	<li role="option">3</li>' +
-        '    </ul>' +
-        '  </div>' +
-        '  times.' +
-        '</label>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 111', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="password" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >Flash the screen
+          <div role="combobox">
+            <div role="textbox"></div>
+            <ul role="listbox" style="list-style-type: none;">
+              <li role="option" aria-selected="true">1</li>
+              <li role="option">2</li>
+              <li role="option">3</li>
+            </ul>
+          </div>
+          times.
+        </label>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Flash the screen 1 times.');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 112', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="password" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">Flash the screen ' +
-        '  <span role="menu">' +
-        '    <span role="menuitem" aria-selected="true">1</span>' +
-        '    <span role="menuitem" hidden>2</span>' +
-        '    <span role="menuitem" hidden>3</span>' +
-        '  </span>' +
-        '  times.' +
-        '</label>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 112', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="password" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >Flash the screen
+          <span role="menu">
+            <span role="menuitem" aria-selected="true">1</span>
+            <span role="menuitem" hidden>2</span>
+            <span role="menuitem" hidden>3</span>
+          </span>
+          times.
+        </label>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Flash the screen times.');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 113', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="password" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">Flash the screen ' +
-        '  <select size="1">' +
-        '    <option selected="selected">1</option>' +
-        '    <option>2</option>' +
-        '    <option>3</option>' +
-        '  </select>' +
-        '  times.' +
-        '</label>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 113', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="password" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >Flash the screen
+          <select size="1">
+            <option selected="selected">1</option>
+            <option>2</option>
+            <option>3</option>
+          </select>
+          times.
+        </label>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Flash the screen 1 times.');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 114', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="password" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">foo <input role="slider" type="range" value="5" min="1" max="10" aria-valuenow="5" aria-valuemin="1" aria-valuemax="10"> baz' +
-        '</label>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 114', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="password" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >foo
+          <input
+            role="slider"
+            type="range"
+            value="5"
+            min="1"
+            max="10"
+            aria-valuenow="5"
+            aria-valuemin="1"
+            aria-valuemax="10"
+          />
+          baz
+        </label>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo 5 baz');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 115', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="password" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">foo <input role="spinbutton" type="number" value="5" min="1" max="10" aria-valuenow="5" aria-valuemin="1" aria-valuemax="10"> baz' +
-        '</label>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 115', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="password" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >foo
+          <input
+            role="spinbutton"
+            type="number"
+            value="5"
+            min="1"
+            max="10"
+            aria-valuenow="5"
+            aria-valuemin="1"
+            aria-valuemax="10"
+          />
+          baz
+        </label>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo 5 baz');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 116', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="password" id="test" title="foo" />';
+    it('passes test 116', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="password" id="test" title="foo" />
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 117', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="radio" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">Flash the screen ' +
-        '  <div role="combobox">' +
-        '    <div role="textbox"></div>' +
-        '    <ul role="listbox" style="list-style-type: none;">' +
-        '      <li role="option" aria-selected="true">1</li>' +
-        ' 	   <li role="option">2</li>' +
-        ' 	   <li role="option">3</li>' +
-        '    </ul>' +
-        '  </div>' +
-        '  times.' +
-        '</label>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 117', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="radio" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >Flash the screen
+          <div role="combobox">
+            <div role="textbox"></div>
+            <ul role="listbox" style="list-style-type: none;">
+              <li role="option" aria-selected="true">1</li>
+              <li role="option">2</li>
+              <li role="option">3</li>
+            </ul>
+          </div>
+          times.
+        </label>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Flash the screen 1 times.');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 118', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="radio" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">Flash the screen ' +
-        '  <span role="menu">' +
-        '    <span role="menuitem" aria-selected="true">1</span>' +
-        '    <span role="menuitem" hidden>2</span>' +
-        '    <span role="menuitem" hidden>3</span>' +
-        '  </span>' +
-        '  times.' +
-        '</label>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 118', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="radio" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >Flash the screen
+          <span role="menu">
+            <span role="menuitem" aria-selected="true">1</span>
+            <span role="menuitem" hidden>2</span>
+            <span role="menuitem" hidden>3</span>
+          </span>
+          times.
+        </label>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Flash the screen times.');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 119', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="radio" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">Flash the screen ' +
-        '  <select size="1">' +
-        '    <option selected="selected">1</option>' +
-        '    <option>2</option>' +
-        '    <option>3</option>' +
-        '  </select>' +
-        '  times.' +
-        '</label>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
-      // Chrome 72: "Flash the screen 1 times"
-      // Firefox 62: "Flash the screen 1 times"
-      // Safari 12.0: "Flash the screen 1 times"
+    it('passes test 119', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="radio" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >Flash the screen
+          <select size="1">
+            <option selected="selected">1</option>
+            <option>2</option>
+            <option>3</option>
+          </select>
+          times.
+        </label>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Flash the screen 1 times.');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 120', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="radio" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">foo <input role="slider" type="range" value="5" min="1" max="10" aria-valuenow="5" aria-valuemin="1" aria-valuemax="10"> baz' +
-        '</label>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
-      // Chrome 70: Foo 5 baz
-      // Firefox 62: Foo 5 baz
-      // Safari 12.0: Foo 5 baz
+    it('passes test 120', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="radio" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >foo
+          <input
+            role="slider"
+            type="range"
+            value="5"
+            min="1"
+            max="10"
+            aria-valuenow="5"
+            aria-valuemin="1"
+            aria-valuemax="10"
+          />
+          baz
+        </label>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo 5 baz');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 121', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="radio" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">foo <input role="spinbutton"  type="number" value="5" min="1" max="10" aria-valuenow="5" aria-valuemin="1" aria-valuemax="10"> baz' +
-        '</label>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 121', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="radio" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >foo
+          <input
+            role="spinbutton"
+            type="number"
+            value="5"
+            min="1"
+            max="10"
+            aria-valuenow="5"
+            aria-valuemin="1"
+            aria-valuemax="10"
+          />
+          baz
+        </label>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo 5 baz');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 122', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="radio" id="test" title="foo" />';
+    it('passes test 122', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <input type="radio" id="test" title="foo" /> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 123', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="text" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">Flash the screen ' +
-        '  <div role="combobox">' +
-        '    <div role="textbox"></div>' +
-        '    <ul role="listbox" style="list-style-type: none;">' +
-        '      <li role="option" aria-selected="true">1</li>' +
-        ' 	   <li role="option">2</li>' +
-        ' 	   <li role="option">3</li>' +
-        '    </ul>' +
-        '  </div>' +
-        '  times.' +
-        '</label>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
-      // Chrome 72: "Flash the screen 1 times."
-      // Firefox 62: "Flash the screen 1 times."
-      // Safari 12.0: "Flash the screen 1 times."
+    it('passes test 123', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="text" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >Flash the screen
+          <div role="combobox">
+            <div role="textbox"></div>
+            <ul role="listbox" style="list-style-type: none;">
+              <li role="option" aria-selected="true">1</li>
+              <li role="option">2</li>
+              <li role="option">3</li>
+            </ul>
+          </div>
+          times.
+        </label>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Flash the screen 1 times.');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 124', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="text" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">Flash the screen ' +
-        '  <span role="menu">' +
-        '    <span role="menuitem" aria-selected="true">1</span>' +
-        '    <span role="menuitem" hidden>2</span>' +
-        '    <span role="menuitem" hidden>3</span>' +
-        '  </span>' +
-        '  times.' +
-        '</label>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 124', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="text" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >Flash the screen
+          <span role="menu">
+            <span role="menuitem" aria-selected="true">1</span>
+            <span role="menuitem" hidden>2</span>
+            <span role="menuitem" hidden>3</span>
+          </span>
+          times.
+        </label>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Flash the screen times.');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 125', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="text" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">Flash the screen ' +
-        '  <select size="1">' +
-        '    <option selected="selected">1</option>' +
-        '    <option>2</option>' +
-        '    <option>3</option>' +
-        '  </select>' +
-        '  times.' +
-        '</label>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
-      // Chrome 72: Flash the screen 1 times
-      // Firefox 62: Flash the screen 1 times
-      // Safari 12.0: Flash the screen 1 times
+    it('passes test 125', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="text" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >Flash the screen
+          <select size="1">
+            <option selected="selected">1</option>
+            <option>2</option>
+            <option>3</option>
+          </select>
+          times.
+        </label>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Flash the screen 1 times.');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 126', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="text" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">foo <input role="slider" type="range" value="5" min="1" max="10" aria-valuenow="5" aria-valuemin="1" aria-valuemax="10"> baz' +
-        '</label>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 126', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="text" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >foo
+          <input
+            role="slider"
+            type="range"
+            value="5"
+            min="1"
+            max="10"
+            aria-valuenow="5"
+            aria-valuemin="1"
+            aria-valuemax="10"
+          />
+          baz
+        </label>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo 5 baz');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 127', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="text" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">foo <input role="spinbutton" type="number" value="5" min="1" max="10" aria-valuenow="5" aria-valuemin="1" aria-valuemax="10"> baz' +
-        '</label>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 127', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="text" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >foo
+          <input
+            role="spinbutton"
+            type="number"
+            value="5"
+            min="1"
+            max="10"
+            aria-valuenow="5"
+            aria-valuemin="1"
+            aria-valuemax="10"
+          />
+          baz
+        </label>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo 5 baz');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 128', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="text" id="test" title="foo" />';
+    it('passes test 128', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html` <input type="text" id="test" title="foo" /> `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'foo');
     });
 
     // Skip from 128 - 138 as those are name description cases
 
-    it('passes test 139', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<style>' +
-        '  .hidden { display: none; }' +
-        '</style>' +
-        '<div id="test" role="link" tabindex="0">' +
-        '  <span aria-hidden="true"><i> Hello, </i></span>' +
-        '  <span>My</span> name is' +
-        '  <div><img src="file.jpg" title="Bryan" alt="" role="presentation" /></div>' +
-        '  <span role="presentation" aria-label="Eli">' +
-        '    <span aria-label="Garaventa">Zambino</span>' +
-        '  </span>' +
-        '  <span>the weird.</span>' +
-        '  (QED)' +
-        '  <span  class="hidden"><i><b>and don\'t you forget it.</b></i></span>' +
-        '  <table>' +
-        '    <tr>' +
-        '      <td>Where</td>' +
-        '      <td style="visibility:hidden;"><div>in</div></td>' +
-        '      <td><div style="display:none;">the world</div></td>' +
-        '      <td>are my marbles?</td>' +
-        '    </tr>' +
-        '  </table>' +
-        '</div>';
-
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
-      // Chrome 72: "My name is Eli the weird. (QED) Where are my marbles?"
-      // Safari 12.0: "My name is Eli the weird. (QED) Where are my marbles?"
-      // Firefox 62: "Hello, My name is Eli the weird. (QED)"
+    it('passes test 139', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <style>
+          .hidden {
+            display: none;
+          }
+        </style>
+        <div id="test" role="link" tabindex="0">
+          <span aria-hidden="true"><i> Hello, </i></span>
+          <span>My</span> name is
+          <div>
+            <img src="file.jpg" title="Bryan" alt="" role="presentation" />
+          </div>
+          <span role="presentation" aria-label="Eli">
+            <span aria-label="Garaventa">Zambino</span>
+          </span>
+          <span>the weird.</span>
+          (QED)
+          <span class="hidden"
+            ><i><b>and don't you forget it.</b></i></span
+          >
+          <table>
+            <tr>
+              <td>Where</td>
+              <td style="visibility:hidden;"><div>in</div></td>
+              <td><div style="display:none;">the world</div></td>
+              <td>are my marbles?</td>
+            </tr>
+          </table>
+        </div>
+      `;
+
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      // Chrome 114: "My name is Garaventa the weird. (QED) Where are my marbles?""
+      // Firefox 115: "My name is Bryan Eli the weird. (QED) Where are my marbles?"
+      // Safari 16.5: "My name is Eli the weird. (QED) Where are my marbles?"
       assert.equal(
         accessibleText(target),
         'My name is Eli the weird. (QED) Where are my marbles?'
       );
     });
 
-    it('passes test 140', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<style>' +
-        '  .hidden { display: none; }' +
-        '</style>' +
-        '<input id="test" type="text" aria-labelledby="lblId" />' +
-        '<div id="lblId" >' +
-        '  <span aria-hidden="true"><i> Hello, </i></span>' +
-        '  <span>My</span> name is' +
-        '  <div><img src="file.jpg" title="Bryan" alt="" role="presentation" /></div>' +
-        '  <span role="presentation" aria-label="Eli">' +
-        '    <span aria-label="Garaventa">Zambino</span>' +
-        '  </span>' +
-        '  <span>the weird.</span>' +
-        '  (QED)' +
-        '  <span class="hidden"><i><b>and don\'t you forget it.</b></i></span>' +
-        '  <table>' +
-        '    <tr>' +
-        '      <td>Where</td>' +
-        '      <td style="visibility:hidden;"><div>in</div></td>' +
-        '      <td><div style="display:none;">the world</div></td>' +
-        '      <td>are my marbles?</td>' +
-        '    </tr>' +
-        '  </table>' +
-        '</div>';
-
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 140', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <style>
+          .hidden {
+            display: none;
+          }
+        </style>
+        <input id="test" type="text" aria-labelledby="lblId" />
+        <div id="lblId">
+          <span aria-hidden="true"><i> Hello, </i></span>
+          <span>My</span> name is
+          <div>
+            <img src="file.jpg" title="Bryan" alt="" role="presentation" />
+          </div>
+          <span role="presentation" aria-label="Eli">
+            <span aria-label="Garaventa">Zambino</span>
+          </span>
+          <span>the weird.</span>
+          (QED)
+          <span class="hidden"
+            ><i><b>and don't you forget it.</b></i></span
+          >
+          <table>
+            <tr>
+              <td>Where</td>
+              <td style="visibility:hidden;"><div>in</div></td>
+              <td><div style="display:none;">the world</div></td>
+              <td>are my marbles?</td>
+            </tr>
+          </table>
+        </div>
+      `;
+
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(
         accessibleText(target),
         'My name is Eli the weird. (QED) Where are my marbles?'
@@ -2993,260 +3585,331 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', function() {
 
     // Disabling this, axe has a buggy implicitName computation
     //  shouldn't be a big deal
-    xit('passes test 141', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<style>' +
-        '  .hidden { display: none; }' +
-        '</style>' +
-        '<input type="text" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test" id="label">' +
-        '  <span aria-hidden="true"><i> Hello, </i></span>' +
-        '  <span>My</span> name is' +
-        '  <div><img src="file.jpg" title="Bryan" alt="" role="presentation" /></div>' +
-        '  <span role="presentation" aria-label="Eli">' +
-        '    <span aria-label="Garaventa">Zambino</span>' +
-        ' </span>' +
-        ' <span>the weird.</span>' +
-        ' (QED)' +
-        ' <span class="hidden"><i><b>and don\'t you forget it.</b></i></span>' +
-        ' <table>' +
-        '   <tr>' +
-        '     <td>Where</td>' +
-        '     <td style="visibility:hidden;"><div>in</div></td>' +
-        '     <td><div style="display:none;">the world</div></td>' +
-        '     <td>are my marbles?</td>' +
-        '  </tr>' +
-        ' </table>' +
-        '</label>';
-
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    xit('passes test 141', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <style>
+          .hidden {
+            display: none;
+          }
+        </style>
+        <input type="text" id="test" />
+        <label for="test" id="label">
+          <span aria-hidden="true"><i> Hello, </i></span>
+          <span>My</span> name is
+          <div>
+            <img src="file.jpg" title="Bryan" alt="" role="presentation" />
+          </div>
+          <span role="presentation" aria-label="Eli">
+            <span aria-label="Garaventa">Zambino</span>
+          </span>
+          <span>the weird.</span>
+          (QED)
+          <span class="hidden"
+            ><i><b>and don't you forget it.</b></i></span
+          >
+          <table>
+            <tr>
+              <td>Where</td>
+              <td style="visibility:hidden;"><div>in</div></td>
+              <td><div style="display:none;">the world</div></td>
+              <td>are my marbles?</td>
+            </tr>
+          </table>
+        </label>
+      `;
+
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(
         accessibleText(target),
         'My name is Eli the weird. (QED) Where are my marbles?'
       );
     });
 
-    it('passes test 143', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '  <style>' +
-        '    .hidden { display: none; }' +
-        '  </style>' +
-        '  <div>' +
-        '    <input id="test" type="text" aria-labelledby="lbl1 lbl2" aria-describedby="descId" />' +
-        '    <span>' +
-        '      <span aria-hidden="true" id="lbl1">Important</span>' +
-        '      <span class="hidden">' +
-        '        <span aria-hidden="true" id="lbl2">stuff</span>' +
-        '      </span>' +
-        '    </span>' +
-        '  </div>' +
-        '  <div class="hidden">' +
-        '    <div id="descId">' +
-        '      <span aria-hidden="true"><i> Hello, </i></span>' +
-        '      <span>My</span> name is' +
-        '      <div><img src="file.jpg" title="Bryan" alt="" role="presentation" /></div>' +
-        '      <span role="presentation" aria-label="Eli">' +
-        '        <span aria-label="Garaventa">Zambino</span>' +
-        '      </span>' +
-        '      <span>the weird.</span>' +
-        '      (QED)' +
-        '      <span class="hidden"><i><b>and don\'t you forget it.</b></i></span>' +
-        '      <table>' +
-        '        <tr>' +
-        '          <td>Where</td>' +
-        '          <td style="visibility:hidden;"><div>in</div></td>' +
-        '          <td><div style="display:none;">the world</div></td>' +
-        '          <td>are my marbles?</td>' +
-        '        </tr>' +
-        '      </table>' +
-        '    </div>' +
-        '  </div>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 143', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <style>
+          .hidden {
+            display: none;
+          }
+        </style>
+        <div>
+          <input
+            id="test"
+            type="text"
+            aria-labelledby="lbl1 lbl2"
+            aria-describedby="descId"
+          />
+          <span>
+            <span aria-hidden="true" id="lbl1">Important</span>
+            <span class="hidden">
+              <span aria-hidden="true" id="lbl2">stuff</span>
+            </span>
+          </span>
+        </div>
+        <div class="hidden">
+          <div id="descId">
+            <span aria-hidden="true"><i> Hello, </i></span>
+            <span>My</span> name is
+            <div>
+              <img src="file.jpg" title="Bryan" alt="" role="presentation" />
+            </div>
+            <span role="presentation" aria-label="Eli">
+              <span aria-label="Garaventa">Zambino</span>
+            </span>
+            <span>the weird.</span>
+            (QED)
+            <span class="hidden"
+              ><i><b>and don't you forget it.</b></i></span
+            >
+            <table>
+              <tr>
+                <td>Where</td>
+                <td style="visibility:hidden;"><div>in</div></td>
+                <td><div style="display:none;">the world</div></td>
+                <td>are my marbles?</td>
+              </tr>
+            </table>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Important stuff');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 144', function() {
+    it('passes test 144', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<input id="test" role="combobox" type="text" title="Choose your language" value="English">';
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Choose your language');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 145', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="test" role="combobox" tabindex="0" title="Choose your language.">' +
-        '  <span> English </span>' +
-        '</div>';
+    it('passes test 145', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <div
+          id="test"
+          role="combobox"
+          tabindex="0"
+          title="Choose your language."
+        >
+          <span> English </span>
+        </div>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Choose your language.');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 147', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="checkbox" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">Flash the screen ' +
-        '  <ul role="listbox" style="list-style-type: none;">' +
-        '    <li role="option" aria-selected="true">1</li>' +
-        '    <li role="option">2</li>' +
-        '    <li role="option">3</li>' +
-        '  </ul>' +
-        '  times.' +
-        '</label>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 147', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="checkbox" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >Flash the screen
+          <ul role="listbox" style="list-style-type: none;">
+            <li role="option" aria-selected="true">1</li>
+            <li role="option">2</li>
+            <li role="option">3</li>
+          </ul>
+          times.
+        </label>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Flash the screen 1 times.');
     });
 
-    pseudoText('passes test 148', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="checkbox" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">Flash the screen ' +
-        '  <div role="textbox" contenteditable>1</div>' +
-        '  times.' +
-        '</label>';
+    pseudoText('passes test 148', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="checkbox" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >Flash the screen
+          <div role="textbox" contenteditable>1</div>
+          times.
+        </label>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Flash the screen 1 times.');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 149', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label for="test">a test</label>' +
-        '<label>This <input type="checkbox" id="test" /> is</label>';
+    it('passes test 149', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label for="test">a test</label>
+        <label>This <input type="checkbox" id="test" /> is</label>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'a test This is');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 150', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<label>This <input type="checkbox" id="test" /> is</label>' +
-        '<label for="test">a test</label>';
+    it('passes test 150', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <label>This <input type="checkbox" id="test" /> is</label>
+        <label for="test">a test</label>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'This is a test');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 151', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="file" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">W<i>h<b>a</b></i>t<br>is<div>your<div>name<b>?</b></div></div></label>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 151', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="file" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >W<i>h<b>a</b></i
+          >t<br />is
+          <div>
+            your
+            <div>name<b>?</b></div>
+          </div></label
+        >
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'What is your name?');
     });
 
-    pseudoText('passes test 152', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<style>' +
-        '  label:before { content: "This"; display: block; }' +
-        '  label:after { content: "."; }' +
-        '</style>' +
-        '<label for="test">is a test</label>' +
-        '<input type="text" id="test"/>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    pseudoText('passes test 152', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <style>
+          label:before {
+            content: 'This';
+            display: block;
+          }
+          label:after {
+            content: '.';
+          }
+        </style>
+        <label for="test">is a test</label>
+        <input type="text" id="test" />
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'This is a test.');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 153', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<style>' +
-        '  .hidden { display: none; }' +
-        '</style>' +
-        '<input type="file" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">' +
-        '  <span class="hidden">1</span><span>2</span>' +
-        '  <span style="visibility: hidden;">3</span><span>4</span>' +
-        '  <span hidden>5</span><span>6</span>' +
-        '  <span aria-hidden="true">7</span><span>8</span>' +
-        '  <span aria-hidden="false" class="hidden">9</span><span>10</span>' +
-        '</label>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 153', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <style>
+          .hidden {
+            display: none;
+          }
+        </style>
+        <input type="file" id="test" />
+        <label for="test">
+          <span class="hidden">1</span><span>2</span>
+          <span style="visibility: hidden;">3</span><span>4</span>
+          <span hidden>5</span><span>6</span> <span aria-hidden="true">7</span
+          ><span>8</span> <span aria-hidden="false" class="hidden">9</span
+          ><span>10</span>
+        </label>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), '2 4 6 8 10');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 154', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="file" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">Flash <span aria-owns="id1">the screen</span> times.</label>' +
-        '<div>' +
-        '  <div id="id1" role="combobox" aria-owns="id2">' +
-        '    <div role="textbox"></div>' +
-        '  </div>' +
-        '</div>' +
-        '<div>' +
-        '  <ul id="id2" role="listbox" style="list-style-type: none;">' +
-        '    <li role="option" >1 </li>' +
-        '    <li role="option" aria-selected="true">2 </li>' +
-        '    <li role="option">3 </li>' +
-        '  </ul>' +
-        '</div>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 154', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="file" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >Flash <span aria-owns="id1">the screen</span> times.</label
+        >
+        <div>
+          <div id="id1" role="combobox" aria-owns="id2">
+            <div role="textbox"></div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        <div>
+          <ul id="id2" role="listbox" style="list-style-type: none;">
+            <li role="option">1</li>
+            <li role="option" aria-selected="true">2</li>
+            <li role="option">3</li>
+          </ul>
+        </div>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Flash the screen 2 times.');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 155', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<input type="file" id="test" />' +
-        '<label for="test">Flash <span aria-owns="id1">the screen</span> times.</label>' +
-        '<div id="id1">' +
-        '  <div role="combobox">' +
-        '    <div role="textbox"></div>' +
-        '    <ul role="listbox" style="list-style-type: none;">' +
-        '      <li role="option" aria-selected="true">1 </li>' +
-        ' 	<li role="option">2 </li>' +
-        ' 	<li role="option">3 </li>' +
-        '    </ul>' +
-        '  </div>' +
-        '</div>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 155', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <input type="file" id="test" />
+        <label for="test"
+          >Flash <span aria-owns="id1">the screen</span> times.</label
+        >
+        <div id="id1">
+          <div role="combobox">
+            <div role="textbox"></div>
+            <ul role="listbox" style="list-style-type: none;">
+              <li role="option" aria-selected="true">1</li>
+              <li role="option">2</li>
+              <li role="option">3</li>
+            </ul>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Flash the screen 1 times.');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 156', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<style>' +
-        '  .hidden { display: none; }' +
-        '</style>' +
-        '<div id="test" role="link" tabindex="0">' +
-        '  <span aria-hidden="true"><i> Hello, </i></span>' +
-        '  <span>My</span> name is' +
-        '  <div><img src="file.jpg" title="Bryan" alt="" role="presentation" /></div>' +
-        '  <span role="presentation" aria-label="Eli"><span aria-label="Garaventa">Zambino</span></span>' +
-        '  <span>the weird.</span>' +
-        '  (QED)' +
-        '  <span class="hidden"><i><b>and don\'t you forget it.</b></i></span>' +
-        '</div>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 156', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <style>
+          .hidden {
+            display: none;
+          }
+        </style>
+        <div id="test" role="link" tabindex="0">
+          <span aria-hidden="true"><i> Hello, </i></span>
+          <span>My</span> name is
+          <div>
+            <img src="file.jpg" title="Bryan" alt="" role="presentation" />
+          </div>
+          <span role="presentation" aria-label="Eli"
+            ><span aria-label="Garaventa">Zambino</span></span
+          >
+          <span>the weird.</span>
+          (QED)
+          <span class="hidden"
+            ><i><b>and don't you forget it.</b></i></span
+          >
+        </div>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'My name is Eli the weird. (QED)');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 158', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<a id="test" href="#" aria-label="California"' +
-        ' title="San Francisco">United States</a>';
+    it('passes test 158', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <a id="test" href="#" aria-label="California" title="San Francisco">
+          United States
+        </a>
+      `;
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'California');
     });
 
-    it('passes test 159', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<h2 id="test">' +
-        'Country of origin:' +
-        '<input role="combobox" type="text" title="Choose your country." value="United States">' +
-        '</h2>';
-      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-      var target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
+    it('passes test 159', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = html`
+        <h2 id="test">
+          Country of origin:
+          <input
+            role="combobox"
+            type="text"
+            title="Choose your country."
+            value="United States"
+          />
+        </h2>
+      `;
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#test');
       assert.equal(accessibleText(target), 'Country of origin: United States');
     });
 
@@ -3265,10 +3928,10 @@ describe('text.accessibleTextVirtual', function() {
 		).join(' +\n      ') + ';'
 
 		return `
-		it('passes test ${index + 1}', function () {
+		it('passes test ${index + 1}', () => {
 			fixture.innerHTML = ${strings}
 			axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-			var target = fixture.querySelector('#${id}');
+			const target = fixture.querySelector('#${id}');
 			assert.equal(accessibleText(target), '${expected}');
 		});`
 	}*/
diff --git a/test/commons/text/form-control-value.js b/test/commons/text/form-control-value.js
index 88f6d3934..96552ec35 100644
--- a/test/commons/text/form-control-value.js
+++ b/test/commons/text/form-control-value.js
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-describe('text.formControlValue', function() {
-  var formControlValue = axe.commons.text.formControlValue;
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-  var injectIntoFixture = axe.testUtils.injectIntoFixture;
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+describe('text.formControlValue', () => {
+  const formControlValue = axe.commons.text.formControlValue;
+  const { queryFixture, fixtureSetup, injectIntoFixture, html } = axe.testUtils;
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
 
   function getNodeType(node) {
     // Note: Inconsistent response for `node.type` across browsers, hence resolving and sanitizing using getAttribute
-    var nodeType = node.hasAttribute('type')
+    let nodeType = node.hasAttribute('type')
       ? axe.commons.text.sanitize(node.getAttribute('type')).toLowerCase()
       : 'text';
     nodeType = axe.utils.validInputTypes().includes(nodeType)
@@ -16,37 +14,69 @@ describe('text.formControlValue', function() {
     return nodeType;
   }
 
-  it('returns the first truthy result from text.formControlValueMethods', function() {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<div id="target" role="textbox" value="foo">bar</div>'
-    );
-    var fixture = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#fixture')[0];
-    assert.equal(formControlValue(target, { startNode: fixture }), 'bar');
+  it('returns the first truthy result from text.formControlValueMethods', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(html`
+      <div id="target" role="textbox" value="foo">bar</div>
+    `);
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree, '#fixture')[0];
+    assert.equal(formControlValue(target, { startNode: vNode }), 'bar');
   });
 
-  it('returns `` when the node equals context.startNode', function() {
-    var target = queryFixture('<input id="target" value="foo" />');
+  it('returns `` when the node equals context.startNode', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture('<input id="target" value="foo" />');
     assert.equal(formControlValue(target, { startNode: target }), '');
   });
 
-  it('returns `` when accessibleNameFromFieldValue says the role is unsupported', function() {
-    var target = queryFixture(
-      '<input id="target" value="foo" role="combobox"/>'
-    );
-    assert.equal(formControlValue(target), '');
+  describe('unsupported accessibleNameFromFieldValue', () => {
+    it('returns `` for unsupported progressbar role', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div id="target" role="progressbar" aria-value="foo"></div>
+      `);
+      assert.equal(formControlValue(target), '');
+    });
+
+    it('returns the value for supported textbox role', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div id="target" role="textbox">bar</div>
+      `);
+      assert.equal(formControlValue(target), 'bar');
+    });
+
+    it('returns the value for supported listbox role', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div id="target" role="listbox">
+          <div role="option">foo</div>
+          <div role="option" aria-selected="true">bar</div>
+          <div role="option">baz</div>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.equal(formControlValue(target), 'bar');
+    });
+
+    it('returns the value for supported combobox role', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div id="target" role="combobox">
+          <div role="textbox" id="text">nope</div>
+          <div role="listbox" id="list">
+            <div role="option">foo</div>
+            <div role="option" aria-selected="true">bar</div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.equal(formControlValue(target), 'bar');
+    });
   });
 
-  describe('nativeTextboxValue', function() {
-    var nativeTextboxValue =
-      axe.commons.text.formControlValueMethods.nativeTextboxValue;
+  describe('nativeTextboxValue', () => {
+    const { nativeTextboxValue } = axe.commons.text.formControlValueMethods;
 
-    it('returns the value of textarea elements', function() {
-      var target = queryFixture('<textarea>foo</textarea>', 'textarea');
+    it('returns the value of textarea elements', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture('<textarea>foo</textarea>', 'textarea');
       assert.equal(nativeTextboxValue(target), 'foo');
     });
 
-    it('returns the value of text field input elements', function() {
-      var formData = {
+    it('returns the value of text field input elements', () => {
+      const formData = {
         text: 'foo',
         date: '2018-12-12',
         'datetime-local': '2018-12-12T12:34',
@@ -60,23 +90,16 @@ describe('text.formControlValue', function() {
         week: '2018-W46'
       };
       fixtureSetup(
-        Object.keys(formData).reduce(function(html, fieldType) {
-          return (
-            html +
-            '<input type="' +
-            fieldType +
-            '" value="' +
-            formData[fieldType] +
-            '">'
-          );
+        Object.keys(formData).reduce((code, fieldType) => {
+          return `${code}<input type="${fieldType}" value="${formData[fieldType]}">`;
         }, '')
       );
       axe.utils
         .querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#fixture input')
-        .forEach(function(target) {
-          var expected = formData[getNodeType(target.actualNode)];
+        .forEach(function (target) {
+          const expected = formData[getNodeType(target.actualNode)];
           assert.isDefined(expected);
-          var actual = nativeTextboxValue(target);
+          const actual = nativeTextboxValue(target);
           assert.equal(
             actual,
             expected,
@@ -85,22 +108,22 @@ describe('text.formControlValue', function() {
         });
     });
 
-    it('returns `` for non-text input elements', function() {
-      fixtureSetup(
-        '<input type="button" value="foo">' +
-          '<input type="checkbox" value="foo">' +
-          '<input type="file" value="foo">' +
-          '<input type="hidden" value="foo">' +
-          '<input type="image" value="foo">' +
-          '<input type="password" value="foo">' +
-          '<input type="radio" value="foo">' +
-          '<input type="reset" value="foo">' +
-          '<input type="submit" value="foo">' +
-          '<input type="color" value="#000000">'
-      );
+    it('returns `` for non-text input elements', () => {
+      fixtureSetup(html`
+        <input type="button" value="foo" />
+        <input type="checkbox" value="foo" />
+        <input type="file" value="foo" />
+        <input type="hidden" value="foo" />
+        <input type="image" value="foo" />
+        <input type="password" value="foo" />
+        <input type="radio" value="foo" />
+        <input type="reset" value="foo" />
+        <input type="submit" value="foo" />
+        <input type="color" value="#000000" />
+      `);
       axe.utils
         .querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#fixture input')
-        .forEach(function(target) {
+        .forEach(function (target) {
           // Safari and IE11 do not support the color input type
           // and thus treat them as text inputs. ignore fallback
           // inputs
@@ -116,17 +139,17 @@ describe('text.formControlValue', function() {
         });
     });
 
-    it('returns the value of DOM nodes', function() {
+    it('returns the value of DOM nodes', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<input value="foo">';
       axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
       assert.equal(nativeTextboxValue(fixture.querySelector('input')), 'foo');
     });
 
-    it('returns `` for other elements', function() {
+    it('returns `` for other elements', () => {
       // some random elements:
       ['div', 'span', 'h1', 'output', 'summary', 'style', 'template'].forEach(
-        function(nodeName) {
-          var target = document.createElement(nodeName);
+        function (nodeName) {
+          const target = document.createElement(nodeName);
           target.value = 'foo'; // That shouldn't do anything
           fixture.appendChild(target);
           axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
@@ -136,82 +159,81 @@ describe('text.formControlValue', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('nativeSelectValue', function() {
-    var nativeSelectValue =
-      axe.commons.text.formControlValueMethods.nativeSelectValue;
+  describe('nativeSelectValue', () => {
+    const { nativeSelectValue } = axe.commons.text.formControlValueMethods;
 
-    it('returns the selected option text', function() {
-      var target = queryFixture(
-        '<select id="target">' +
-          '  <option>foo</option>' +
-          '  <option value="bar" selected>baz</option>' +
-          '</select>'
-      );
+    it('returns the selected option text', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <select id="target">
+          <option>foo</option>
+          <option value="bar" selected>baz</option>
+        </select>
+      `);
       assert.equal(nativeSelectValue(target), 'baz');
     });
 
-    it('returns the selected option text after selection', function() {
-      injectIntoFixture(
-        '<select id="target">' +
-          '  <option value="foo" selected>foo</option>' +
-          '  <option value="bar">baz</option>' +
-          '</select>'
-      );
+    it('returns the selected option text after selection', () => {
+      injectIntoFixture(html`
+        <select id="target">
+          <option value="foo" selected>foo</option>
+          <option value="bar">baz</option>
+        </select>
+      `);
       fixture.querySelector('#target').value = 'bar';
-      var rootNode = axe.setup(fixture);
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(rootNode, '#target')[0];
+      const rootNode = axe.setup(fixture);
+      const target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(rootNode, '#target')[0];
       assert.equal(nativeSelectValue(target), 'baz');
     });
 
-    it('returns multiple options, space seperated', function() {
+    it('returns multiple options, space separated', () => {
       // Can't apply multiple "selected" props without setting "multiple"
-      var target = queryFixture(
-        '<select id="target" multiple>' +
-          '  <option>oof</option>' +
-          '  <option selected>foo</option>' +
-          '  <option>rab</option>' +
-          '  <option selected>bar</option>' +
-          '  <option>zab</option>' +
-          '  <option selected>baz</option>' +
-          '</select>'
-      );
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <select id="target" multiple>
+          <option>oof</option>
+          <option selected>foo</option>
+          <option>rab</option>
+          <option selected>bar</option>
+          <option>zab</option>
+          <option selected>baz</option>
+        </select>
+      `);
       assert.equal(nativeSelectValue(target), 'foo bar baz');
     });
 
-    it('returns options from within optgroup elements', function() {
-      var target = queryFixture(
-        '<select id="target" multiple>' +
-          '  <option>oof</option>' +
-          '  <option selected>foo</option>' +
-          '  <optgroup>' +
-          '    <option>rab</option>' +
-          '    <option selected>bar</option>' +
-          '  </optgroup>' +
-          '  <optgroup>' +
-          '    <option>zab</option>' +
-          '    <option selected>baz</option>' +
-          '  </optgroup>' +
-          '</select>'
-      );
+    it('returns options from within optgroup elements', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <select id="target" multiple>
+          <option>oof</option>
+          <option selected>foo</option>
+          <optgroup>
+            <option>rab</option>
+            <option selected>bar</option>
+          </optgroup>
+          <optgroup>
+            <option>zab</option>
+            <option selected>baz</option>
+          </optgroup>
+        </select>
+      `);
       assert.equal(nativeSelectValue(target), 'foo bar baz');
     });
 
-    it('returns the first option when there are no selected options', function() {
+    it('returns the first option when there are no selected options', () => {
       // Browser automatically selectes the first option
-      var target = queryFixture(
-        '<select id="target">' +
-          '  <option>foo</option>' +
-          '  <option>baz</option>' +
-          '</select>'
-      );
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <select id="target">
+          <option>foo</option>
+          <option>baz</option>
+        </select>
+      `);
       assert.equal(nativeSelectValue(target), 'foo');
     });
 
-    it('returns `` for other elements', function() {
+    it('returns `` for other elements', () => {
       // some random elements:
       ['div', 'span', 'h1', 'output', 'summary', 'style', 'template'].forEach(
-        function(nodeName) {
-          var target = document.createElement(nodeName);
+        function (nodeName) {
+          const target = document.createElement(nodeName);
           target.value = 'foo'; // That shouldn't do anything
           fixture.appendChild(target);
           axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
@@ -221,218 +243,232 @@ describe('text.formControlValue', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('ariaTextboxValue', function() {
-    var ariaTextboxValue =
+  describe('ariaTextboxValue', () => {
+    const ariaTextboxValue =
       axe.commons.text.formControlValueMethods.ariaTextboxValue;
 
-    it('returns the text of role=textbox elements', function() {
-      var target = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="textbox">foo</div>');
+    it('returns the text of role=textbox elements', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="textbox">foo</div>');
       assert.equal(ariaTextboxValue(target), 'foo');
     });
 
-    it('returns `` for elements without role=textbox', function() {
-      var target = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="combobox">foo</div>');
+    it('returns `` for elements without role=textbox', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="combobox">foo</div>');
       assert.equal(ariaTextboxValue(target), '');
     });
 
-    it('ignores text hidden with CSS', function() {
-      var target = queryFixture(
-        '<div id="target" role="textbox">' +
-          '<span>foo</span>' +
-          '<span style="display: none;">bar</span>' +
-          '<span style="visibility: hidden;">baz</span>' +
-          '</div>'
-      );
+    it('ignores text hidden with CSS', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div id="target" role="textbox">
+          <span>foo</span>
+          <span style="display: none;">bar</span>
+          <span style="visibility: hidden;">baz</span>
+        </div>
+      `);
       assert.equal(ariaTextboxValue(target), 'foo');
     });
 
-    it('ignores elements with hidden content', function() {
-      var target = queryFixture(
-        '<div id="target" role="textbox">' +
-          '<span>span</span>' +
-          '<style>style</style>' +
-          '<template>template</template>' +
-          '<script>script</script>' +
-          '<!-- comment -->' +
-          '<h1>h1</h1>' +
-          '</div>'
-      );
-      assert.equal(ariaTextboxValue(target), 'spanh1');
+    it('ignores elements with hidden content', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div id="target" role="textbox">
+          <span>span</span>
+          <style>
+            style {
+            }
+          </style>
+          <template>template</template>
+          <script>
+            script;
+          </script>
+          <!-- comment -->
+          <h1>h1</h1>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      assert.equal(ariaTextboxValue(target), 'span h1');
     });
 
-    it('does not return HTML or comments', function() {
-      var target = queryFixture(
-        '<div id="target" role="textbox">' +
-          '<i>foo</i>' +
-          '<!-- comment -->' +
-          '</div>'
-      );
+    it('does not return HTML or comments', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div id="target" role="textbox">
+          <i>foo</i>
+          <!-- comment -->
+        </div>
+      `);
       assert.equal(ariaTextboxValue(target), 'foo');
     });
 
-    it('returns the entire text content if the textbox is hidden', function() {
-      var target = queryFixture(
-        '<div id="target" role="textbox" style="display:none">' +
-          // Yes, this is how it works in browsers :-(
-          '<style>[role=texbox] { display: none }</style>' +
-          '</div>'
-      );
-      assert.equal(ariaTextboxValue(target), '[role=texbox] { display: none }');
+    it('returns the entire text content if the textbox is hidden', () => {
+      // Yes, this is how it works in browsers :-(
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div id="target" role="textbox" style="display:none">
+          <style>
+            [role='texbox'] {
+              display: none;
+            }
+          </style>
+        </div>
+      `);
+      const text = ariaTextboxValue(target).replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim();
+      assert.equal(text, "[role='texbox'] { display: none; }");
     });
   });
 
-  describe('ariaListboxValue', function() {
-    var ariaListboxValue =
+  describe('ariaListboxValue', () => {
+    const ariaListboxValue =
       axe.commons.text.formControlValueMethods.ariaListboxValue;
 
-    it('returns the selected option when the element is a listbox', function() {
-      var target = queryFixture(
-        '<div id="target" role="listbox">' +
-          '  <div role="option">foo</div>' +
-          '  <div role="option" aria-selected="true">bar</div>' +
-          '  <div role="option">baz</div>' +
-          '</div>'
-      );
+    it('returns the selected option when the element is a listbox', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div id="target" role="listbox">
+          <div role="option">foo</div>
+          <div role="option" aria-selected="true">bar</div>
+          <div role="option">baz</div>
+        </div>
+      `);
       assert.equal(ariaListboxValue(target), 'bar');
     });
 
-    it('returns `` when the element is not a listbox', function() {
-      var target = queryFixture(
-        '<div id="target" role="combobox">' +
-          '  <div role="option">foo</div>' +
-          '  <div role="option" aria-selected="true">bar</div>' +
-          '  <div role="option">baz</div>' +
-          '</div>'
-      );
+    it('returns `` when the element is not a listbox', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div id="target" role="combobox">
+          <div role="option">foo</div>
+          <div role="option" aria-selected="true">bar</div>
+          <div role="option">baz</div>
+        </div>
+      `);
       assert.equal(ariaListboxValue(target), '');
     });
 
-    it('returns `` when there is no selected option', function() {
-      var target = queryFixture(
-        '<div id="target" role="listbox">' +
-          '  <div role="option">foo</div>' +
-          '  <div role="option">bar</div>' +
-          '  <div role="option">baz</div>' +
-          '</div>'
-      );
+    it('returns `` when there is no selected option', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div id="target" role="listbox">
+          <div role="option">foo</div>
+          <div role="option">bar</div>
+          <div role="option">baz</div>
+        </div>
+      `);
       assert.equal(ariaListboxValue(target), '');
     });
 
-    it('returns `` when aria-selected is not true option', function() {
-      var target = queryFixture(
-        '<div id="target" role="listbox">' +
-          '  <div role="option" aria-selected="false">foo</div>' +
-          '  <div role="option" aria-selected="TRUE">bar</div>' +
-          '  <div role="option" aria-selected="yes">baz</div>' +
-          '  <div role="option" aria-selected="selected">fiz</div>' +
-          '</div>'
-      );
+    it('returns `` when aria-selected is not true option', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div id="target" role="listbox">
+          <div role="option" aria-selected="false">foo</div>
+          <div role="option" aria-selected="TRUE">bar</div>
+          <div role="option" aria-selected="yes">baz</div>
+          <div role="option" aria-selected="selected">fiz</div>
+        </div>
+      `);
       assert.equal(ariaListboxValue(target), '');
     });
 
-    it('returns selected options from aria-owned', function() {
-      var target = queryFixture(
-        '<div id="target" role="listbox" aria-owns="opt1 opt2 opt3"></div>' +
-          '<div role="option" id="opt1">foo</div>' +
-          '<div role="option" id="opt2" aria-selected="true">bar</div>' +
-          '<div role="option" id="opt3">baz</div>'
-      );
+    it('returns selected options from aria-owned', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div id="target" role="listbox" aria-owns="opt1 opt2 opt3"></div>
+        <div role="option" id="opt1">foo</div>
+        <div role="option" id="opt2" aria-selected="true">bar</div>
+        <div role="option" id="opt3">baz</div>
+      `);
       assert.equal(ariaListboxValue(target), 'bar');
     });
 
-    it('ignores aria-selected for elements that are not options', function() {
-      var target = queryFixture(
-        '<div id="target" role="listbox" aria-owns="opt1 opt2 opt3"></div>' +
-          '<div id="opt1">foo</div>' +
-          '<div id="opt2" aria-selected="true">bar</div>' +
-          '<div id="opt3">baz</div>'
-      );
+    it('ignores aria-selected for elements that are not options', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div id="target" role="listbox" aria-owns="opt1 opt2 opt3"></div>
+        <div id="opt1">foo</div>
+        <div id="opt2" aria-selected="true">bar</div>
+        <div id="opt3">baz</div>
+      `);
       assert.equal(ariaListboxValue(target), '');
     });
 
-    describe('with multiple aria-selected', function() {
-      it('returns the first selected option from children', function() {
-        var target = queryFixture(
-          '<div id="target" role="listbox">' +
-            '  <div role="option">foo</div>' +
-            '  <div role="option" aria-selected="true">bar</div>' +
-            '  <div role="option" aria-selected="true">baz</div>' +
-            '</div>'
-        );
+    describe('with multiple aria-selected', () => {
+      it('returns the first selected option from children', () => {
+        const target = queryFixture(html`
+          <div id="target" role="listbox">
+            <div role="option">foo</div>
+            <div role="option" aria-selected="true">bar</div>
+            <div role="option" aria-selected="true">baz</div>
+          </div>
+        `);
         assert.equal(ariaListboxValue(target), 'bar');
       });
 
-      it('returns the first selected option in aria-owned (as opposed to in the DOM order)', function() {
-        var target = queryFixture(
-          '<div id="target" role="listbox" aria-owns="opt3 opt2 opt1"></div>' +
-            '<div role="option" id="opt1" aria-selected="true">foo</div>' +
-            '<div role="option" id="opt2" aria-selected="true">bar</div>' +
-            '<div role="option" id="opt3">baz</div>'
-        );
+      it('returns the first selected option in aria-owned (as opposed to in the DOM order)', () => {
+        const target = queryFixture(html`
+          <div id="target" role="listbox" aria-owns="opt3 opt2 opt1"></div>
+          <div role="option" id="opt1" aria-selected="true">foo</div>
+          <div role="option" id="opt2" aria-selected="true">bar</div>
+          <div role="option" id="opt3">baz</div>
+        `);
         assert.equal(ariaListboxValue(target), 'bar');
       });
 
-      it('returns the a selected child before a selected aria-owned element', function() {
-        var target = queryFixture(
-          '<div id="target" role="listbox" aria-owns="opt2 opt3">' +
-            '  <div role="option" aria-selected="true">foo</div>' +
-            '</div>' +
-            '<div role="option" id="opt2" aria-selected="true">bar</div>' +
-            '<div role="option" id="opt3">baz</div>'
-        );
+      it('returns the a selected child before a selected aria-owned element', () => {
+        const target = queryFixture(html`
+          <div id="target" role="listbox" aria-owns="opt2 opt3">
+            <div role="option" aria-selected="true">foo</div>
+          </div>
+          <div role="option" id="opt2" aria-selected="true">bar</div>
+          <div role="option" id="opt3">baz</div>
+        `);
         assert.equal(ariaListboxValue(target), 'foo');
       });
 
-      it('ignores aria-multiselectable=true', function() {
+      it('ignores aria-multiselectable=true', () => {
         // aria-multiselectable doesn't add additional content to the accessible name
-        var target = queryFixture(
-          '<div id="target" role="listbox" aria-owns="opt2 opt3" aria-multiselectable="true">' +
-            '  <div role="option" aria-selected="true">foo</div>' +
-            '</div>' +
-            '<div  role="option" id="opt2" aria-selected="true">bar</div>' +
-            '<div  role="option" id="opt3" aria-selected="true">baz</div>'
-        );
+        const target = queryFixture(html`
+          <div
+            id="target"
+            role="listbox"
+            aria-owns="opt2 opt3"
+            aria-multiselectable="true"
+          >
+            <div role="option" aria-selected="true">foo</div>
+          </div>
+          <div role="option" id="opt2" aria-selected="true">bar</div>
+          <div role="option" id="opt3" aria-selected="true">baz</div>
+        `);
         assert.equal(ariaListboxValue(target), 'foo');
       });
     });
   });
 
-  describe('ariaComboboxValue', function() {
-    var ariaComboboxValue =
-      axe.commons.text.formControlValueMethods.ariaComboboxValue;
-
-    var comboboxContent =
-      '<div role="textbox" id="text">nope</div>' +
-      '<div role="listbox" id="list">' +
-      '  <div role="option">foo</div>' +
-      '  <div role="option" aria-selected="true">bar</div>' +
-      '</div>';
-
-    it('returns the text of role=combobox elements', function() {
-      var target = queryFixture(
-        '<div id="target" role="combobox">' + comboboxContent + '</div>'
-      );
+  describe('ariaComboboxValue', () => {
+    const { ariaComboboxValue } = axe.commons.text.formControlValueMethods;
+
+    const comboboxContent = html`
+      <div role="textbox" id="text">nope</div>
+      <div role="listbox" id="list">
+        <div role="option">foo</div>
+        <div role="option" aria-selected="true">bar</div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+
+    it('returns the text of role=combobox elements', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div id="target" role="combobox">${comboboxContent}</div>
+      `);
       assert.equal(ariaComboboxValue(target), 'bar');
     });
 
-    it('returns `` for elements without role=combobox', function() {
-      queryFixture('<div role="combobox">' + comboboxContent + '</div>');
-      var target = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(
-        axe._tree[0],
+    it('returns `` for elements without role=combobox', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(
+        `<div role="combobox">${comboboxContent}</div>`,
         '[role=listbox]'
-      )[0];
+      );
       assert.equal(ariaComboboxValue(target), '');
     });
 
-    it('passes child listbox to `ariaListboxValue` and returns its result', function() {
-      var target = queryFixture(
-        '<div id="target" role="combobox">' + comboboxContent + '</div>'
-      );
+    it('passes child listbox to `ariaListboxValue` and returns its result', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(html`
+        <div id="target" role="combobox">${comboboxContent}</div>
+      `);
       assert.equal(ariaComboboxValue(target), 'bar');
     });
 
-    it('passes aria-owned listbox to `ariaListboxValue` and returns its result', function() {
-      var target = queryFixture(
+    it('passes aria-owned listbox to `ariaListboxValue` and returns its result', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(
         '<div id="target" role="combobox" aria-owns="text list"></div>' +
           comboboxContent
       );
@@ -440,49 +476,43 @@ describe('text.formControlValue', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('ariaRangeValue', function() {
-    var rangeRoles = ['progressbar', 'scrollbar', 'slider', 'spinbutton'];
-    var ariaRangeValue =
+  describe('ariaRangeValue', () => {
+    const rangeRoles = ['progressbar', 'scrollbar', 'slider', 'spinbutton'];
+    const ariaRangeValue =
       axe.commons.text.formControlValueMethods.ariaRangeValue;
 
-    it('returns `` for roles that are not ranges', function() {
-      var target = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="textbox">foo</div>');
+    it('returns `` for roles that are not ranges', () => {
+      const target = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="textbox">foo</div>');
       assert.equal(ariaRangeValue(target), '');
     });
 
-    rangeRoles.forEach(function(role) {
-      describe('with ' + role, function() {
-        it('returns the result of aria-valuenow', function() {
-          var target = queryFixture(
-            '<div id="target" role="' +
-              role +
-              '" aria-valuenow="+123">foo</div>'
-          );
+    rangeRoles.forEach(function (role) {
+      describe('with ' + role, () => {
+        it('returns the result of aria-valuenow', () => {
+          const target = queryFixture(html`
+            <div id="target" role="${role}" aria-valuenow="+123">foo</div>
+          `);
           assert.equal(ariaRangeValue(target), '123');
         });
 
-        it('returns `0` if aria-valuenow is not a number', function() {
-          var target = queryFixture(
-            '<div id="target" role="' + role + '" aria-valuenow="abc">foo</div>'
-          );
+        it('returns `0` if aria-valuenow is not a number', () => {
+          const target = queryFixture(html`
+            <div id="target" role="${role}" aria-valuenow="abc">foo</div>
+          `);
           assert.equal(ariaRangeValue(target), '0');
         });
 
-        it('returns decimal numbers', function() {
-          var target = queryFixture(
-            '<div id="target" role="' +
-              role +
-              '" aria-valuenow="1.5678">foo</div>'
-          );
+        it('returns decimal numbers', () => {
+          const target = queryFixture(html`
+            <div id="target" role="${role}" aria-valuenow="1.5678">foo</div>
+          `);
           assert.equal(ariaRangeValue(target), '1.5678');
         });
 
-        it('returns negative numbers', function() {
-          var target = queryFixture(
-            '<div id="target" role="' +
-              role +
-              '" aria-valuenow="-1.0">foo</div>'
-          );
+        it('returns negative numbers', () => {
+          const target = queryFixture(html`
+            <div id="target" role="${role}" aria-valuenow="-1.0">foo</div>
+          `);
           assert.equal(ariaRangeValue(target), '-1');
         });
       });
diff --git a/test/commons/text/is-human-interpretable.js b/test/commons/text/is-human-interpretable.js
index 801b93ca5..5a4c022a8 100644
--- a/test/commons/text/is-human-interpretable.js
+++ b/test/commons/text/is-human-interpretable.js
@@ -1,62 +1,62 @@
-describe('text.isHumanInterpretable', function() {
-  it('returns 0 when given string is empty', function() {
+describe('text.isHumanInterpretable', function () {
+  it('returns 0 when given string is empty', function () {
     var actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable('');
     assert.equal(actual, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns 0 when given string is a single character that is blacklisted as icon', function() {
+  it('returns 0 when given string is a single character that is blacklisted as icon', function () {
     var blacklistedIcons = ['x', 'i'];
-    blacklistedIcons.forEach(function(iconText) {
+    blacklistedIcons.forEach(function (iconText) {
       var actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable(iconText);
       assert.equal(actual, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns 0 when given string is only punctuations', function() {
+  it('returns 0 when given string is only punctuations', function () {
     var actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable('?!!!,.');
     assert.equal(actual, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns 1 when given string has emoji as a part of the sentence', function() {
+  it('returns 1 when given string has emoji as a part of the sentence', function () {
     var actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable('I like 🏀');
     assert.equal(actual, 1);
   });
 
-  it('returns 1 when given string has non BMP character (eg: windings font) as part of the sentence', function() {
+  it('returns 1 when given string has non BMP character (eg: windings font) as part of the sentence', function () {
     var actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable('I ✂ my hair');
     assert.equal(actual, 1);
   });
 
-  it('returns 1 when given string has both non BMP character, and emoji as part of the sentence', function() {
+  it('returns 1 when given string has both non BMP character, and emoji as part of the sentence', function () {
     var actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable(
       'I ✂ my hair, and I like 🏀'
     );
     assert.equal(actual, 1);
   });
 
-  it('returns 0 when given string has only emoji', function() {
+  it('returns 0 when given string has only emoji', function () {
     var actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable('🏀🍔🍉🎅');
     assert.equal(actual, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns 0 when given string has only non BNP characters', function() {
+  it('returns 0 when given string has only non BNP characters', function () {
     var actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable('⌛👓');
     assert.equal(actual, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns 0 when given string has combination of only non BNP characters and emojis', function() {
+  it('returns 0 when given string has combination of only non BNP characters and emojis', function () {
     var actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable('⌛👓🏀🍔🍉🎅');
     assert.equal(actual, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns 1 when given string is a punctuated sentence', function() {
+  it('returns 1 when given string is a punctuated sentence', function () {
     var actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable(
       "I like football, but I prefer basketball; although I can't play either very well."
     );
     assert.equal(actual, 1);
   });
 
-  it('returns 1 for a sentence without emoji or punctuations', function() {
+  it('returns 1 for a sentence without emoji or punctuations', function () {
     var actual = axe.commons.text.isHumanInterpretable('Earth is round');
     assert.equal(actual, 1);
   });
diff --git a/test/commons/text/is-icon-ligature.js b/test/commons/text/is-icon-ligature.js
index de9f9f6d1..2da2ba8ba 100644
--- a/test/commons/text/is-icon-ligature.js
+++ b/test/commons/text/is-icon-ligature.js
@@ -1,67 +1,73 @@
-describe('text.isIconLigature', function() {
+describe('text.isIconLigature', () => {
   'use strict';
 
-  var isIconLigature = axe.commons.text.isIconLigature;
-  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
-  var fontApiSupport = !!document.fonts;
+  const isIconLigature = axe.commons.text.isIconLigature;
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  const fontApiSupport = !!document.fonts;
 
-  before(function(done) {
+  before(done => {
     if (!fontApiSupport) {
       done();
     }
 
-    var firaFont = new FontFace(
+    const firaFont = new FontFace(
       'Fira Code',
       'url(/test/assets/FiraCode-Regular.woff)'
     );
-    var ligatureFont = new FontFace(
+    const ligatureFont = new FontFace(
       'LigatureSymbols',
       'url(/test/assets/LigatureSymbols.woff)'
     );
-    var materialFont = new FontFace(
+    const materialFont = new FontFace(
       'Material Icons',
       'url(/test/assets/MaterialIcons.woff2)'
     );
-    var robotoFont = new FontFace('Roboto', 'url(/test/assets/Roboto.woff2)');
+    const robotoFont = new FontFace('Roboto', 'url(/test/assets/Roboto.woff2)');
+    const zeroWidth0CharFont = new FontFace(
+      'ZeroWidth0Char',
+      'url(/test/assets/ZeroWidth0Char.woff)'
+    );
 
     window.Promise.all([
       firaFont.load(),
       ligatureFont.load(),
       materialFont.load(),
-      robotoFont.load()
-    ]).then(function() {
+      robotoFont.load(),
+      zeroWidth0CharFont.load()
+    ]).then(() => {
       document.fonts.add(firaFont);
       document.fonts.add(ligatureFont);
       document.fonts.add(materialFont);
       document.fonts.add(robotoFont);
+      document.fonts.add(zeroWidth0CharFont);
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return false for normal text', function() {
-    var target = queryFixture('<div id="target">Normal text</div>');
+  it('should return false for normal text', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture('<div id="target">Normal text</div>');
     assert.isFalse(isIconLigature(target.children[0]));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for emoji', function() {
-    var target = queryFixture('<div id="target">🌎</div>');
+  it('should return false for emoji', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture('<div id="target">🌎</div>');
     assert.isFalse(isIconLigature(target.children[0]));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for non-bmp unicode', function() {
-    var target = queryFixture('<div id="target">◓</div>');
+  it('should return false for non-bmp unicode', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture('<div id="target">◓</div>');
     assert.isFalse(isIconLigature(target.children[0]));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for whitespace strings', function() {
-    var target = queryFixture('<div id="target">     </div>');
+  it('should return false for whitespace strings', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture('<div id="target">     </div>');
     assert.isFalse(isIconLigature(target.children[0]));
   });
 
   (fontApiSupport ? it : it.skip)(
     'should return false for common ligatures (fi)',
-    function() {
-      var target = queryFixture(
+    () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(
         '<div id="target" style="font-family: Roboto">figure</div>'
       );
       assert.isFalse(isIconLigature(target.children[0]));
@@ -70,8 +76,8 @@ describe('text.isIconLigature', function() {
 
   (fontApiSupport ? it : it.skip)(
     'should return false for common ligatures (ff)',
-    function() {
-      var target = queryFixture(
+    () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(
         '<div id="target" style="font-family: Roboto">ffugative</div>'
       );
       assert.isFalse(isIconLigature(target.children[0]));
@@ -80,8 +86,8 @@ describe('text.isIconLigature', function() {
 
   (fontApiSupport ? it : it.skip)(
     'should return false for common ligatures (fl)',
-    function() {
-      var target = queryFixture(
+    () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(
         '<div id="target" style="font-family: Roboto">flu shot</div>'
       );
       assert.isFalse(isIconLigature(target.children[0]));
@@ -90,8 +96,8 @@ describe('text.isIconLigature', function() {
 
   (fontApiSupport ? it : it.skip)(
     'should return false for common ligatures (ffi)',
-    function() {
-      var target = queryFixture(
+    () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(
         '<div id="target" style="font-family: Roboto">ffigure</div>'
       );
       assert.isFalse(isIconLigature(target.children[0]));
@@ -100,8 +106,8 @@ describe('text.isIconLigature', function() {
 
   (fontApiSupport ? it : it.skip)(
     'should return false for common ligatures (ffl)',
-    function() {
-      var target = queryFixture(
+    () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(
         '<div id="target" style="font-family: Roboto">fflu shot</div>'
       );
       assert.isFalse(isIconLigature(target.children[0]));
@@ -110,16 +116,16 @@ describe('text.isIconLigature', function() {
 
   (fontApiSupport ? it : it.skip)(
     'should return true for an icon ligature',
-    function() {
-      var target = queryFixture(
+    () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(
         '<div id="target" style="font-family: \'Material Icons\'">delete</div>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(isIconLigature(target.children[0]));
     }
   );
 
-  (fontApiSupport ? it : it.skip)('should trim the string', function() {
-    var target = queryFixture(
+  (fontApiSupport ? it : it.skip)('should trim the string', () => {
+    const target = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="font-family: Roboto">  fflu shot  </div>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(isIconLigature(target.children[0]));
@@ -127,18 +133,28 @@ describe('text.isIconLigature', function() {
 
   (fontApiSupport ? it : it.skip)(
     'should return true for a font that has no character data',
-    function() {
-      var target = queryFixture(
+    () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(
         '<div id="target" style="font-family: \'Material Icons\'">f</div>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(isIconLigature(target.children[0]));
     }
   );
 
+  (fontApiSupport ? it : it.skip)(
+    'should return true for a font that has zero width characters',
+    () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(
+        '<div id="target" style="font-family: \'ZeroWidth0Char\'">0</div>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(isIconLigature(target.children[0]));
+    }
+  );
+
   (fontApiSupport ? it : it.skip)(
     'should return false for a programming text ligature',
-    function() {
-      var target = queryFixture(
+    () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(
         '<div id="target" style="font-family: Fira Code">!==</div>'
       );
       assert.isFalse(isIconLigature(target.children[0]));
@@ -147,8 +163,8 @@ describe('text.isIconLigature', function() {
 
   (fontApiSupport ? it : it.skip)(
     'should return true for an icon ligature with low pixel difference',
-    function() {
-      var target = queryFixture(
+    () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(
         '<div id="target" style="font-family: \'Material Icons\'">keyboard_arrow_left</div>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(isIconLigature(target.children[0]));
@@ -157,8 +173,8 @@ describe('text.isIconLigature', function() {
 
   (fontApiSupport ? it : it.skip)(
     'should return true after the 3rd time the font is an icon',
-    function() {
-      var target = queryFixture(
+    () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(
         '<div id="target" style="font-family: \'LigatureSymbols\'">delete</div>'
       );
 
@@ -174,8 +190,8 @@ describe('text.isIconLigature', function() {
 
   (fontApiSupport ? it : it.skip)(
     'should return false after the 3rd time the font is not an icon',
-    function() {
-      var target = queryFixture(
+    () => {
+      const target = queryFixture(
         '<div id="target" style="font-family: \'Roboto\'">__non-icon text__</div>'
       );
 
@@ -189,11 +205,11 @@ describe('text.isIconLigature', function() {
     }
   );
 
-  describe('pixelThreshold', function() {
+  describe('pixelThreshold', () => {
     (fontApiSupport ? it : it.skip)(
       'should allow higher percent (will not flag icon ligatures)',
-      function() {
-        var target = queryFixture(
+      () => {
+        const target = queryFixture(
           '<div id="target" style="font-family: \'LigatureSymbols\'">delete</div>'
         );
 
@@ -204,8 +220,8 @@ describe('text.isIconLigature', function() {
 
     (fontApiSupport ? it : it.skip)(
       'should allow lower percent (will flag text ligatures)',
-      function() {
-        var target = queryFixture(
+      () => {
+        const target = queryFixture(
           '<div id="target" style="font-family: Roboto">figure</div>'
         );
         assert.isTrue(isIconLigature(target.children[0], 0));
@@ -213,11 +229,11 @@ describe('text.isIconLigature', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  describe('occuranceThreshold', function() {
+  describe('occurrenceThreshold', () => {
     (fontApiSupport ? it : it.skip)(
       'should change the number of times a font is seen before returning',
-      function() {
-        var target = queryFixture(
+      () => {
+        const target = queryFixture(
           '<div id="target" style="font-family: \'LigatureSymbols\'">delete</div>'
         );
 
diff --git a/test/commons/text/is-valid-autocomplete.js b/test/commons/text/is-valid-autocomplete.js
index edf9e9b86..e9f4a4ddc 100644
--- a/test/commons/text/is-valid-autocomplete.js
+++ b/test/commons/text/is-valid-autocomplete.js
@@ -1,73 +1,185 @@
-describe('text.isValidAutocomplete', function() {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var isValidAutocomplete = axe.commons.text.isValidAutocomplete;
-  var options = {
+describe('text.isValidAutocomplete', () => {
+  const isValidAutocomplete = axe.commons.text.isValidAutocomplete;
+  const options = {
     standaloneTerms: ['standalone-term'],
     qualifiedTerms: ['qualified-term']
   };
 
-  it('returns true if autocomplete is `on` or `off', function() {
-    ['on', 'off'].forEach(function(state) {
-      assert.isTrue(isValidAutocomplete(state, options));
-    });
+  it('is true when empty', () => {
+    assert.isTrue(isValidAutocomplete('', options));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if `on` or `off` is used with another term', function() {
-    ['on', 'off'].forEach(function(state) {
-      assert.isFalse(isValidAutocomplete('section-foo ' + state, options));
-    });
+  it('is true when there is a stateTerm', () => {
+    assert.isTrue(isValidAutocomplete('on', options));
   });
 
-  it('returns true the only term is a valid autocomplete term', function() {
+  it('is true when there is a standaloneTerms', () => {
     assert.isTrue(isValidAutocomplete('standalone-term', options));
   });
 
-  it('returns false the only term is an invalid autocomplete term', function() {
-    assert.isFalse(isValidAutocomplete('bad-term', options));
+  it('is true when there is a qualifiedTerms', () => {
+    assert.isTrue(isValidAutocomplete('qualified-term', options));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if section-* is used as the first term', function() {
-    assert.isTrue(isValidAutocomplete('section-foo standalone-term', options));
+  it('is false when there is no stateTerm, standaloneTerms, or qualifiedTerms', () => {
+    assert.isFalse(isValidAutocomplete('bad-term', options));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if `shipping` or `billing` is used as the first term', function() {
-    assert.isTrue(isValidAutocomplete('shipping standalone-term', options));
-    assert.isTrue(isValidAutocomplete('billing standalone-term', options));
-  });
+  describe('section-* grouping', () => {
+    it('is false when used by itself', () => {
+      assert.isFalse(isValidAutocomplete('section-foo', options));
+    });
+
+    it('is true when used before a standaloneTerm', () => {
+      assert.isTrue(
+        isValidAutocomplete('section-foo standalone-term', options)
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('is true when used before a qualifiedTerm', () => {
+      assert.isTrue(isValidAutocomplete('section-foo qualified-term', options));
+    });
+
+    it('is false when used with a stateTerm', () => {
+      assert.isFalse(isValidAutocomplete('section-foo off', options));
+      assert.isFalse(isValidAutocomplete('section-foo on', options));
+    });
 
-  it('returns true if section-*  is used before `shipping` or `billing`', function() {
-    assert.isTrue(
-      isValidAutocomplete('section-foo shipping standalone-term', options)
-    );
+    it('is false when used out of order', () => {
+      assert.isFalse(
+        isValidAutocomplete('qualified-term section-foo', options)
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(
+        isValidAutocomplete('standalone-term section-foo', options)
+      );
+    });
   });
 
-  it('returns false if `shipping` or `billing` is used before section-*', function() {
-    assert.isFalse(
-      isValidAutocomplete('shipping section-foo standalone-term', options)
-    );
+  describe('locations', () => {
+    it('is false when used by itself', () => {
+      assert.isFalse(isValidAutocomplete('shipping', options));
+    });
+
+    it('is true when in order', () => {
+      assert.isTrue(isValidAutocomplete('shipping standalone-term', options));
+      assert.isTrue(isValidAutocomplete('shipping qualified-term', options));
+      assert.isTrue(
+        isValidAutocomplete('section-foo shipping standalone-term', options)
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(
+        isValidAutocomplete('section-foo shipping qualified-term', options)
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('is false when used out of order', () => {
+      assert.isFalse(isValidAutocomplete('standalone-term shipping', options));
+      assert.isFalse(isValidAutocomplete('qualified-term shipping', options));
+      assert.isFalse(
+        isValidAutocomplete('shipping section-foo standalone-term', options)
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(
+        isValidAutocomplete('shipping section-foo qualified-term', options)
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('is false when used with a stateTerm', () => {
+      assert.isFalse(isValidAutocomplete('shipping off', options));
+      assert.isFalse(isValidAutocomplete('shipping on', options));
+    });
   });
 
-  it('returns true if "home", "work", "mobile", "fax" or "pager" is used before a qualifier', function() {
-    ['home', 'work', 'mobile', 'fax', 'pager'].forEach(function(qualifier) {
+  describe('qualifiers', () => {
+    it('is true when used before a qualifiedTerm', () => {
+      assert.isTrue(isValidAutocomplete('home qualified-term', options));
       assert.isTrue(
-        isValidAutocomplete(qualifier + ' qualified-term', options),
-        'failed for ' + qualifier
+        isValidAutocomplete('shipping home qualified-term', options)
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('is false when used before a standaloneTerm', () => {
+      assert.isFalse(isValidAutocomplete('home standalone-term', options));
+    });
+
+    it('is false when used with a stateTerm', () => {
+      assert.isFalse(isValidAutocomplete('home off', options));
+      assert.isFalse(isValidAutocomplete('home on', options));
+    });
+
+    it('is false when used out of order', () => {
+      assert.isFalse(isValidAutocomplete('qualified-term home', options));
+      assert.isFalse(
+        isValidAutocomplete('home section-foo qualified-term', options)
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(
+        isValidAutocomplete('home shipping qualified-term', options)
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(
+        isValidAutocomplete('section-foo home shipping qualified-term', options)
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(
+        isValidAutocomplete('home section-foo shipping qualified-term', options)
       );
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false if "home", "work", "mobile", "fax" or "pager" is used before an inappropriate term', function() {
-    ['home', 'work', 'mobile', 'fax', 'pager'].forEach(function(qualifier) {
+  describe('webauthn', () => {
+    it('returns false if used as the only term', () => {
+      assert.isFalse(isValidAutocomplete('webauthn', options));
+    });
+
+    it('returns false if used with a state term', () => {
+      assert.isFalse(isValidAutocomplete('on webauthn', options));
+      assert.isFalse(isValidAutocomplete('off webauthn', options));
+    });
+
+    it('returns true if used after a standalone term', () => {
+      assert.isTrue(isValidAutocomplete('standalone-term webauthn', options));
+      assert.isTrue(
+        isValidAutocomplete('billing standalone-term webauthn', options)
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(
+        isValidAutocomplete('section-foo standalone-term webauthn', options)
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(
+        isValidAutocomplete(
+          'section-foo billing standalone-term webauthn',
+          options
+        )
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('returns false if used before a standalone term', () => {
+      assert.isFalse(isValidAutocomplete('webauthn standalone-term', options));
+      assert.isFalse(
+        isValidAutocomplete('webauthn section-foo standalone-term', options)
+      );
       assert.isFalse(
-        isValidAutocomplete(qualifier + ' standalone-term', options),
-        'failed for ' + qualifier
+        isValidAutocomplete('section-foo webauthn standalone-term', options)
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('returns true if used after a qualified term', () => {
+      assert.isTrue(isValidAutocomplete('qualified-term webauthn', options));
+      assert.isTrue(
+        isValidAutocomplete('section-foo qualified-term webauthn', options)
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(
+        isValidAutocomplete('home qualified-term webauthn', options)
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(
+        isValidAutocomplete('section-foo home qualified-term webauthn', options)
       );
     });
+
+    it('returns false when used with only optional tokens', () => {
+      assert.isFalse(isValidAutocomplete('home webauthn', options));
+      assert.isFalse(isValidAutocomplete('section-foo webauthn', options));
+      assert.isFalse(isValidAutocomplete('section-foo home webauthn', options));
+    });
   });
 
-  describe('options.strictMode:false', function() {
-    it('returns true if the last term is a valid autocomplete term', function() {
+  describe('options.strictMode:false', () => {
+    it('returns true if the last term is a valid autocomplete term', () => {
       assert.isTrue(
         isValidAutocomplete('do not care! valid-term', {
           looseTyped: true,
@@ -76,7 +188,16 @@ describe('text.isValidAutocomplete', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('returns false if the last term is an invalid autocomplete term', function() {
+    it('returns true if the last term is webauthn, and the term before is valid', () => {
+      assert.isTrue(
+        isValidAutocomplete('do not care! valid-term webauthn', {
+          looseTyped: true,
+          standaloneTerms: ['valid-term']
+        })
+      );
+    });
+
+    it('returns false if the last term is an invalid autocomplete term', () => {
       assert.isFalse(
         isValidAutocomplete('shipping invalid', {
           looseTyped: true,
diff --git a/test/commons/text/label-text.js b/test/commons/text/label-text.js
index b6ab4fd5e..2ee27154a 100644
--- a/test/commons/text/label-text.js
+++ b/test/commons/text/label-text.js
@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
-describe('text.labelText', function() {
+describe('text.labelText', function () {
   var labelText = axe.commons.text.labelText;
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  it('returns the text of an implicit label', function() {
+  it('returns the text of an implicit label', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<label>' + 'My implicit label<input id="target" />' + '</label>'
     );
     assert.equal(labelText(target), 'My implicit label');
   });
 
-  it('returns the text of an explicit label', function() {
+  it('returns the text of an explicit label', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<label for="target">My explicit label</label>' + '<input id="target" />'
     );
     assert.equal(labelText(target), 'My explicit label');
   });
 
-  it('ignores the text of nested implicit labels', function() {
+  it('ignores the text of nested implicit labels', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<label>My outer label' +
         '<label>My inner label' +
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ describe('text.labelText', function() {
     assert.equal(labelText(target), 'My inner label');
   });
 
-  it('concatinates multiple explicit labels', function() {
+  it('concatinates multiple explicit labels', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<label for="target">My label 1</label>' +
         '<label for="target">My label 2</label>' +
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ describe('text.labelText', function() {
     assert.equal(labelText(target), 'My label 1 My label 2');
   });
 
-  it('concatinates explicit and implicit labels', function() {
+  it('concatinates explicit and implicit labels', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<label for="target">My explicit label</label>' +
         '<label for="target">My implicit label' +
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ describe('text.labelText', function() {
     assert.equal(labelText(target), 'My explicit label My implicit label');
   });
 
-  it('returns label text in the DOM order', function() {
+  it('returns label text in the DOM order', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<label for="target">Label 1</label>' +
         '<label for="target">My implicit ' +
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ describe('text.labelText', function() {
     assert.equal(labelText(target), 'Label 1 My implicit Label 2 Label 3');
   });
 
-  it('does not return the same label twice', function() {
+  it('does not return the same label twice', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<label for="target">' +
         'My implicit and explicit label' +
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ describe('text.labelText', function() {
     assert.equal(labelText(target), 'My implicit and explicit label');
   });
 
-  it('ignores the value of a textbox', function() {
+  it('ignores the value of a textbox', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<label>My label' +
         '<input value="without text" id="target" />' +
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ describe('text.labelText', function() {
     assert.equal(labelText(target), 'My label');
   });
 
-  it('ignores the content of a textarea', function() {
+  it('ignores the content of a textarea', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<label>My label' +
         '<textarea id="target">Without text</textarea' +
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ describe('text.labelText', function() {
     assert.equal(labelText(target), 'My label');
   });
 
-  it('ignores the options of a select element', function() {
+  it('ignores the options of a select element', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<label>My label' +
         '<select id="target">' +
@@ -98,8 +98,8 @@ describe('text.labelText', function() {
     assert.equal(labelText(target), 'My label');
   });
 
-  describe('with context = { inControlContext: true }', function() {
-    it('returns `` ', function() {
+  describe('with context = { inControlContext: true }', function () {
+    it('returns `` ', function () {
       var target = queryFixture(
         '<label for="target">My explicit label</label>' +
           '<input id="target" />'
@@ -108,8 +108,8 @@ describe('text.labelText', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('with context = { inLabelledByContext: true }', function() {
-    it('returns `` ', function() {
+  describe('with context = { inLabelledByContext: true }', function () {
+    it('returns `` ', function () {
       var target = queryFixture(
         '<label for="target">My explicit label</label>' +
           '<input id="target" />'
diff --git a/test/commons/text/label-virtual.js b/test/commons/text/label-virtual.js
index 7e9f2e572..f7b3ec814 100644
--- a/test/commons/text/label-virtual.js
+++ b/test/commons/text/label-virtual.js
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-describe('text.labelVirtual', function() {
+describe('text.labelVirtual', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('is called from text.label', function() {
+  it('is called from text.label', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="monkeys">monkeys</div><div id="bananas">bananas</div>' +
       '<input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas">';
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ describe('text.labelVirtual', function() {
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.label(target), 'monkeys bananas');
   });
 
-  describe('aria-labelledby', function() {
-    it('should join text with a single space', function() {
+  describe('aria-labelledby', function () {
+    it('should join text with a single space', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="monkeys">monkeys</div><div id="bananas">bananas</div>' +
         '<input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas">';
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ describe('text.labelVirtual', function() {
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.labelVirtual(target), 'monkeys bananas');
     });
 
-    it('should filter invisible elements', function() {
+    it('should filter invisible elements', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="monkeys">monkeys</div><div id="bananas" style="display: none">bananas</div>' +
         '<input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas">';
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ describe('text.labelVirtual', function() {
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.labelVirtual(target), 'monkeys');
     });
 
-    it('should take precedence over aria-label', function() {
+    it('should take precedence over aria-label', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="monkeys">monkeys</div><div id="bananas">bananas</div>' +
         '<input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas" aria-label="nope">';
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ describe('text.labelVirtual', function() {
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.labelVirtual(target), 'monkeys bananas');
     });
 
-    it('should take precedence over explicit labels', function() {
+    it('should take precedence over explicit labels', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="monkeys">monkeys</div><div id="bananas">bananas</div>' +
         '<label for="target">nope</label>' +
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ describe('text.labelVirtual', function() {
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.labelVirtual(target), 'monkeys bananas');
     });
 
-    it('should take precedence over implicit labels', function() {
+    it('should take precedence over implicit labels', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="monkeys">monkeys</div><div id="bananas">bananas</div>' +
         '<label>nope' +
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ describe('text.labelVirtual', function() {
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.labelVirtual(target), 'monkeys bananas');
     });
 
-    it('should ignore whitespace only labels', function() {
+    it('should ignore whitespace only labels', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="monkeys">	\n  </div><div id="bananas"></div>' +
         '<input id="target" aria-labelledby="monkeys bananas">';
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ describe('text.labelVirtual', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('aria-label', function() {
-    it('should detect it', function() {
+  describe('aria-label', function () {
+    it('should detect it', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" aria-label="monkeys">';
 
       var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ describe('text.labelVirtual', function() {
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.labelVirtual(target), 'monkeys');
     });
 
-    it('should ignore whitespace only labels', function() {
+    it('should ignore whitespace only labels', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<input id="target" aria-label="   \n	">';
 
       var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ describe('text.labelVirtual', function() {
       assert.isNull(axe.commons.text.labelVirtual(target));
     });
 
-    it('should take precedence over explicit labels', function() {
+    it('should take precedence over explicit labels', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<label for="target">nope</label>' +
         '<input id="target" aria-label="monkeys">';
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ describe('text.labelVirtual', function() {
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.labelVirtual(target), 'monkeys');
     });
 
-    it('should take precedence over implicit labels', function() {
+    it('should take precedence over implicit labels', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<label>nope' + '<input id="target" aria-label="monkeys"></label>';
 
@@ -117,8 +117,8 @@ describe('text.labelVirtual', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('explicit label', function() {
-    it('should detect it', function() {
+  describe('explicit label', function () {
+    it('should detect it', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<label for="target">monkeys</label>' + '<input id="target">';
 
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ describe('text.labelVirtual', function() {
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.labelVirtual(target), 'monkeys');
     });
 
-    it('should ignore whitespace only or empty labels', function() {
+    it('should ignore whitespace only or empty labels', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<label for="target">	\n\r  </label>' + '<input id="target">';
 
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ describe('text.labelVirtual', function() {
       assert.isNull(axe.commons.text.labelVirtual(target));
     });
 
-    it('should take precedence over implicit labels', function() {
+    it('should take precedence over implicit labels', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<label for="target">monkeys</label>' +
         '<label>nope' +
@@ -148,8 +148,8 @@ describe('text.labelVirtual', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('implicit label', function() {
-    it('should detect it', function() {
+  describe('implicit label', function () {
+    it('should detect it', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<label>monkeys' + '<input id="target"><label>';
 
       var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ describe('text.labelVirtual', function() {
       assert.equal(axe.commons.text.labelVirtual(target), 'monkeys');
     });
 
-    it('should ignore whitespace only or empty labels', function() {
+    it('should ignore whitespace only or empty labels', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<label> ' + '<input id="target"><label>';
 
       var tree = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(document.body);
diff --git a/test/commons/text/native-text-alternative.js b/test/commons/text/native-text-alternative.js
index 42d556596..e501c3b9a 100644
--- a/test/commons/text/native-text-alternative.js
+++ b/test/commons/text/native-text-alternative.js
@@ -1,46 +1,46 @@
-describe('text.nativeTextAlternative', function() {
+describe('text.nativeTextAlternative', function () {
   var text = axe.commons.text;
+  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var nativeTextAlternative = text.nativeTextAlternative;
 
-  it('runs accessible text methods specified for the native element', function() {
+  it('runs accessible text methods specified for the native element', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target">foo</button>');
     assert.equal(nativeTextAlternative(vNode), 'foo');
   });
 
-  it('returns the accessible text of the first method that returns something', function() {
+  it('returns the accessible text of the first method that returns something', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<input id="target" type="image" alt="foo" value="bar" title="baz">'
     );
     assert.equal(nativeTextAlternative(vNode), 'foo');
   });
 
-  it('returns `` when no method matches', function() {
+  it('returns `` when no method matches', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">baz</div>');
     assert.equal(nativeTextAlternative(vNode), '');
   });
 
-  it('returns `` when no accessible text method returned something', function() {
-    queryFixture('<div class="baz">baz</div>');
-    var div = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '.baz')[0];
+  it('returns `` when no accessible text method returned something', function () {
+    var div = queryFixture('<div id="target">baz</div>');
     assert.equal(nativeTextAlternative(div), '');
   });
 
-  it('returns `` when the node is not an element', function() {
-    queryFixture('foo bar baz');
+  it('returns `` when the node is not an element', function () {
+    fixtureSetup('foo bar baz');
     var fixture = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#fixture')[0];
     assert.equal(fixture.children[0].actualNode.nodeType, 3);
     assert.equal(nativeTextAlternative(fixture.children[0]), '');
   });
 
-  it('returns `` when the element has role=presentation', function() {
+  it('returns `` when the element has role=presentation', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<img id="target" alt="foo" role="presentation" />'
     );
     assert.equal(nativeTextAlternative(vNode), '');
   });
 
-  it('returns `` when the element has role=none', function() {
+  it('returns `` when the element has role=none', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<img id="target" alt="foo" role="none" />');
     assert.equal(nativeTextAlternative(vNode), '');
   });
diff --git a/test/commons/text/native-text-methods.js b/test/commons/text/native-text-methods.js
index 195e07df8..7cc6efc32 100644
--- a/test/commons/text/native-text-methods.js
+++ b/test/commons/text/native-text-methods.js
@@ -1,104 +1,100 @@
-describe('text.nativeTextMethods', function() {
-  var text = axe.commons.text;
-  var nativeTextMethods = text.nativeTextMethods;
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-
-  describe('valueText', function() {
-    var valueText = nativeTextMethods.valueText;
-    it('returns the value of actualNode', function() {
+describe('text.nativeTextMethods', () => {
+  const text = axe.commons.text;
+  const nativeTextMethods = text.nativeTextMethods;
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+
+  describe('valueText', () => {
+    const valueText = nativeTextMethods.valueText;
+    it('returns the value of actualNode', () => {
       fixtureSetup('<input value="foo" />');
-      var input = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'input')[0];
+      const input = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'input')[0];
       assert.equal(valueText(input), 'foo');
     });
 
-    it('returns `` when there is no value', function() {
+    it('returns `` when there is no value', () => {
       fixtureSetup('<input />');
-      var input = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'input')[0];
+      const input = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'input')[0];
       assert.equal(valueText(input), '');
     });
   });
 
-  describe('buttonDefaultText', function() {
-    var buttonDefaultText = nativeTextMethods.buttonDefaultText;
-    it('returns the default button text', function() {
+  describe('buttonDefaultText', () => {
+    const buttonDefaultText = nativeTextMethods.buttonDefaultText;
+    it('returns the default button text', () => {
       fixtureSetup(
         '<input type="submit" />' +
           '<input type="image" />' +
           '<input type="reset" />' +
           '<input type="button" />'
       );
-      var inputs = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'input');
+      const inputs = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'input');
       assert.equal(buttonDefaultText(inputs[0]), 'Submit');
       assert.equal(buttonDefaultText(inputs[1]), 'Submit');
       assert.equal(buttonDefaultText(inputs[2]), 'Reset');
       assert.equal(buttonDefaultText(inputs[3]), '');
     });
 
-    it('returns `` when the element is not a button', function() {
+    it('returns `` when the element is not a button', () => {
       fixtureSetup('<input type="text">');
-      var input = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'input')[0];
+      const input = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'input')[0];
       assert.equal(buttonDefaultText(input), '');
     });
   });
 
-  describe('altText', function() {
-    var altText = nativeTextMethods.altText;
-    it('returns the alt attribute of actualNode', function() {
+  describe('altText', () => {
+    const altText = nativeTextMethods.altText;
+    it('returns the alt attribute of actualNode', () => {
       fixtureSetup('<img alt="foo" />');
-      var img = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'img')[0];
+      const img = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'img')[0];
       assert.equal(altText(img), 'foo');
     });
 
-    it('returns `` when there is no alt', function() {
+    it('returns `` when there is no alt', () => {
       fixtureSetup('<img />');
-      var img = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'img')[0];
+      const img = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'img')[0];
       assert.equal(altText(img), '');
     });
   });
 
-  describe('figureText', function() {
-    var figureText = nativeTextMethods.figureText;
-    it('returns the figcaption text', function() {
+  describe('figureText', () => {
+    it('returns the figcaption text', () => {
+      const figureText = nativeTextMethods.figureText;
       fixtureSetup(
         '<figure>' +
           '  <figcaption>My caption</figcaption>' +
           '  some content' +
           '</figure>'
       );
-      var figure = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'figure')[0];
+      const figure = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'figure')[0];
       assert.equal(figureText(figure), 'My caption');
     });
 
-    it('returns `` when there is no figcaption', function() {
-      var figureText = nativeTextMethods.figureText;
-      it('returns the figcaption text', function() {
-        fixtureSetup('<figure>' + '  some content' + '</figure>');
-        var figure = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'figure')[0];
-        assert.equal(figureText(figure), '');
-      });
+    it('returns `` when there is no figcaption', () => {
+      const figureText = nativeTextMethods.figureText;
+      fixtureSetup('<figure>' + '  some content' + '</figure>');
+      const figure = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'figure')[0];
+      assert.equal(figureText(figure), '');
     });
 
-    it('returns `` when if the figcaption is nested in another figure', function() {
-      var figureText = nativeTextMethods.figureText;
-      it('returns the figcaption text', function() {
-        fixtureSetup(
-          '<figure id="fig1">' +
-            '  <figure>' +
-            '    <figcaption>No caption</figcaption>' +
-            '    some content' +
-            '  </figure>' +
-            '  some other content' +
-            '</figure>'
-        );
-        var figure = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#fig1')[0];
-        assert.equal(figureText(figure), '');
-      });
+    it('returns `` when if the figcaption is nested in another figure', () => {
+      const figureText = nativeTextMethods.figureText;
+      fixtureSetup(
+        '<figure id="fig1">' +
+          '  <figure>' +
+          '    <figcaption>No caption</figcaption>' +
+          '    some content' +
+          '  </figure>' +
+          '  some other content' +
+          '</figure>'
+      );
+      const figure = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#fig1')[0];
+      assert.equal(figureText(figure), '');
     });
   });
 
-  describe('tableCaptionText', function() {
-    var tableCaptionText = nativeTextMethods.tableCaptionText;
-    it('returns the table caption text', function() {
+  describe('tableCaptionText', () => {
+    const tableCaptionText = nativeTextMethods.tableCaptionText;
+    it('returns the table caption text', () => {
       fixtureSetup(
         '<table>' +
           '  <caption>My caption</caption>' +
@@ -106,22 +102,22 @@ describe('text.nativeTextMethods', function() {
           '  <tr><td>data</td></tr>' +
           '</table>'
       );
-      var table = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'table')[0];
+      const table = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'table')[0];
       assert.equal(tableCaptionText(table), 'My caption');
     });
 
-    it('returns `` when there is no caption', function() {
+    it('returns `` when there is no caption', () => {
       fixtureSetup(
         '<table>' +
           '  <tr><th>heading</th></tr>' +
           '  <tr><td>data</td></tr>' +
           '</table>'
       );
-      var table = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'table')[0];
+      const table = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'table')[0];
       assert.equal(tableCaptionText(table), '');
     });
 
-    it('returns `` when if the caption is nested in another table', function() {
+    it('returns `` when if the caption is nested in another table', () => {
       fixtureSetup(
         '<table id="tbl1">' +
           '  <tr><td>' +
@@ -133,71 +129,67 @@ describe('text.nativeTextMethods', function() {
           '  </th></tr>' +
           '</table>'
       );
-      var table = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#tbl1')[0];
+      const table = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#tbl1')[0];
       assert.equal(tableCaptionText(table), '');
     });
   });
 
-  describe('fieldsetLegendText', function() {
-    var fieldsetLegendText = nativeTextMethods.fieldsetLegendText;
-    it('returns the legend text', function() {
+  describe('fieldsetLegendText', () => {
+    it('returns the legend text', () => {
+      const fieldsetLegendText = nativeTextMethods.fieldsetLegendText;
       fixtureSetup(
         '<fieldset>' +
           '  <legend>My legend</legend>' +
           '  some content' +
           '</fieldset>'
       );
-      var fieldset = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'fieldset')[0];
+      const fieldset = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'fieldset')[0];
       assert.equal(fieldsetLegendText(fieldset), 'My legend');
     });
 
-    it('returns `` when there is no legend', function() {
-      var fieldsetLegendText = nativeTextMethods.fieldsetLegendText;
-      it('returns the legend text', function() {
-        fixtureSetup('<fieldset>' + '  some content' + '</fieldset>');
-        var fieldset = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'fieldset')[0];
-        assert.equal(fieldsetLegendText(fieldset), '');
-      });
+    it('returns `` when there is no legend', () => {
+      const fieldsetLegendText = nativeTextMethods.fieldsetLegendText;
+      fixtureSetup('<fieldset>' + '  some content' + '</fieldset>');
+      const fieldset = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'fieldset')[0];
+      assert.equal(fieldsetLegendText(fieldset), '');
     });
 
-    it('returns `` when if the legend is nested in another fieldset', function() {
-      var fieldsetLegendText = nativeTextMethods.fieldsetLegendText;
-      it('returns the legend text', function() {
-        fixtureSetup(
-          '<fieldset id="fig1">' +
-            '  <fieldset>' +
-            '    <legend>No legend</legend>' +
-            '    some content' +
-            '  </fieldset>' +
-            '  some other content' +
-            '</fieldset>'
-        );
-        var fieldset = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#fig1')[0];
-        assert.equal(fieldsetLegendText(fieldset), '');
-      });
+    it('returns `` when if the legend is nested in another fieldset', () => {
+      const fieldsetLegendText = nativeTextMethods.fieldsetLegendText;
+      fixtureSetup(
+        '<fieldset id="fig1">' +
+          '  <fieldset>' +
+          '    <legend>No legend</legend>' +
+          '    some content' +
+          '  </fieldset>' +
+          '  some other content' +
+          '</fieldset>'
+      );
+      const fieldset = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#fig1')[0];
+      assert.equal(fieldsetLegendText(fieldset), '');
     });
   });
 
-  describe('svgTitleText', function() {
-    var svgTitleText = nativeTextMethods.svgTitleText;
-    it('returns the title text', function() {
+  describe('svgTitleText', () => {
+    const svgTitleText = nativeTextMethods.svgTitleText;
+    it('returns the title text', () => {
       fixtureSetup(
         '<svg>' + '  <title>My title</title>' + '  some content' + '</svg>'
       );
-      var svg = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'svg')[0];
+      const svg = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'svg')[0];
       assert.equal(svgTitleText(svg), 'My title');
     });
 
-    it('returns `` when there is no title', function() {
-      it('returns the title text', function() {
+    it('returns `` when there is no title', () => {
+      it('returns the title text', () => {
         fixtureSetup('<svg>' + '  some content' + '</svg>');
-        var svg = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'svg')[0];
+        const svg = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'svg')[0];
         assert.equal(svgTitleText(svg), '');
       });
     });
 
-    it('returns `` when if the title is nested in another svg', function() {
-      it('returns the title text', function() {
+    it('returns `` when if the title is nested in another svg', () => {
+      it('returns the title text', () => {
         fixtureSetup(
           '<svg id="fig1">' +
             '  <svg>' +
@@ -207,30 +199,30 @@ describe('text.nativeTextMethods', function() {
             '  some other content' +
             '</svg>'
         );
-        var svg = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#fig1')[0];
+        const svg = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#fig1')[0];
         assert.equal(svgTitleText(svg), '');
       });
     });
   });
 
-  describe('singleSpace', function() {
-    var singleSpace = nativeTextMethods.singleSpace;
-    it('returns a single space', function() {
+  describe('singleSpace', () => {
+    const singleSpace = nativeTextMethods.singleSpace;
+    it('returns a single space', () => {
       assert.equal(singleSpace(), ' ');
     });
   });
 
-  describe('placeholderText', function() {
-    var placeholderText = nativeTextMethods.placeholderText;
-    it('returns the placeholder attribute of actualNode', function() {
+  describe('placeholderText', () => {
+    const placeholderText = nativeTextMethods.placeholderText;
+    it('returns the placeholder attribute of actualNode', () => {
       fixtureSetup('<input placeholder="foo" />');
-      var input = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'input')[0];
+      const input = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'input')[0];
       assert.equal(placeholderText(input), 'foo');
     });
 
-    it('returns `` when there is no placeholder', function() {
+    it('returns `` when there is no placeholder', () => {
       fixtureSetup('<input />');
-      var input = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'input')[0];
+      const input = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'input')[0];
       assert.equal(placeholderText(input), '');
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/commons/text/sanitize.js b/test/commons/text/sanitize.js
index e48332979..91b66cafd 100644
--- a/test/commons/text/sanitize.js
+++ b/test/commons/text/sanitize.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-describe('text.sanitize', function() {
+describe('text.sanitize', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should collapse whitespace and trim', function() {
+  it('should collapse whitespace and trim', function () {
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.sanitize('\thi\t'), 'hi');
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.sanitize('\t\nhi \t'), 'hi');
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.sanitize('\thi \n\t '), 'hi');
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ describe('text.sanitize', function() {
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.sanitize('hello\u00A0there'), 'hello there');
   });
 
-  it('should accept null', function() {
+  it('should accept null', function () {
     assert.equal(axe.commons.text.sanitize(null), '');
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/text/subtree-text.js b/test/commons/text/subtree-text.js
index 143ad71d6..09b5cc41d 100644
--- a/test/commons/text/subtree-text.js
+++ b/test/commons/text/subtree-text.js
@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
-describe('text.subtreeText', function() {
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-  var subtreeText = axe.commons.text.subtreeText;
+describe('text.subtreeText', () => {
+  const fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+  const subtreeText = axe.commons.text.subtreeText;
 
-  it('concatinated the accessible name for child elements', function() {
+  it('concatinated the accessible name for child elements', () => {
     fixtureSetup('<span>foo</span> <span>bar</span> <span>baz</span>');
-    var fixture = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#fixture')[0];
+    const fixture = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#fixture')[0];
     assert.equal(subtreeText(fixture), 'foo bar baz');
   });
 
-  it('returns `` when the element is not named from contents', function() {
+  it('returns `` when the element is not named from contents', () => {
     fixtureSetup('<main>foo bar baz</main>');
-    var main = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'main')[0];
+    const main = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'main')[0];
     assert.equal(subtreeText(main), '');
   });
 
-  it('adds spacing around "block-like" elements', function() {
+  it('adds spacing around "block-like" elements', () => {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<div>foo</div>' +
         '<h1>bar</h1>' +
@@ -22,57 +22,87 @@ describe('text.subtreeText', function() {
         '<blockquote>fizz</blockquote>' +
         '<pre>buzz</pre>'
     );
-    var fixture = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#fixture')[0];
+    const fixture = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#fixture')[0];
     assert.equal(subtreeText(fixture), 'foo bar baz fizz buzz ');
   });
 
-  it('does not add spacing around "inline-like" elements', function() {
+  it('does not add spacing around "inline-like" elements', () => {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<a>foo</a>' + '<b>bar</b>' + '<i>baz</i>' + '<s>fizz</s>' + '<u>buzz</u>'
     );
-    var fixture = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#fixture')[0];
+    const fixture = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], '#fixture')[0];
     assert.equal(subtreeText(fixture), 'foobarbazfizzbuzz');
   });
 
-  it('returns `` for embedded content', function() {
+  it('returns `` for embedded content', () => {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<video>foo</video>' +
-      '<audio>foo</audio>' +
-      '<canvas>foo</canvas>' +
-      '<iframe>foo</iframe>' +
-      '<svg>foo</svg>'
+        '<audio>foo</audio>' +
+        '<canvas>foo</canvas>' +
+        '<iframe>foo</iframe>' +
+        '<svg>foo</svg>'
     );
-    var children = axe._tree[0].children;
+    const children = axe._tree[0].children;
     assert.lengthOf(children, 5);
     children.forEach(function (embeddedContent) {
       assert.equal(subtreeText(embeddedContent), '');
     });
   });
 
-  describe('context.processed', function() {
-    beforeEach(function() {
+  describe('name from author', () => {
+    it('returns `` with default context', () => {
+      fixtureSetup('<main>foo</main>');
+      const div = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'main')[0];
+      const context = {};
+      assert.equal(subtreeText(div, context), '');
+    });
+
+    it('returns content with { inLabelledByContext: true }', () => {
+      fixtureSetup('<main>foo</main>');
+      const div = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'main')[0];
+      const context = { inLabelledByContext: true };
+      assert.equal(subtreeText(div, context), 'foo');
+    });
+
+    it('returns content with { subtreeDescendant: true }', () => {
+      fixtureSetup('<main>foo</main>');
+      const div = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'main')[0];
+      const context = { subtreeDescendant: true };
+      assert.equal(subtreeText(div, context), 'foo');
+    });
+
+    it('returns `` for roles that have a value, even with inLabelledByContext and subtreeDescendant', () => {
+      fixtureSetup('<select><option>foo</option</select>');
+      const div = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'select')[0];
+      const context = { inLabelledByContext: true, subtreeDescendant: true };
+      assert.equal(subtreeText(div, context), '');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('context.processed', () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
       fixtureSetup('<h1>foo</h1>');
     });
 
-    it('appends the element to context.processed to prevent duplication', function() {
-      var h1 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'h1')[0];
-      var text = h1.children[0];
-      var context = { processed: [] };
+    it('appends the element to context.processed to prevent duplication', () => {
+      const h1 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'h1')[0];
+      const text = h1.children[0];
+      const context = { processed: [] };
       subtreeText(h1, context);
       assert.deepEqual(context.processed, [h1, text]);
     });
 
-    it('sets context.processed when it is undefined', function() {
-      var h1 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'h1')[0];
-      var text = h1.children[0];
-      var emptyContext = {};
+    it('sets context.processed when it is undefined', () => {
+      const h1 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'h1')[0];
+      const text = h1.children[0];
+      const emptyContext = {};
       subtreeText(h1, emptyContext);
       assert.deepEqual(emptyContext.processed, [h1, text]);
     });
 
-    it('returns `` when the element is in the `processed` array', function() {
-      var h1 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'h1')[0];
-      var context = {
+    it('returns `` when the element is in the `processed` array', () => {
+      const h1 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'h1')[0];
+      const context = {
         processed: [h1]
       };
       assert.equal(subtreeText(h1, context), '');
diff --git a/test/commons/text/unicode.js b/test/commons/text/unicode.js
index 8a910e0ea..819e01d27 100644
--- a/test/commons/text/unicode.js
+++ b/test/commons/text/unicode.js
@@ -1,86 +1,94 @@
-describe('text.hasUnicode', function() {
-  describe('text.hasUnicode, characters of type Non Bi Multilingual Plane', function() {
-    it('returns false when given string is alphanumeric', function() {
-      var actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('1 apple', {
+describe('text.hasUnicode', () => {
+  describe('text.hasUnicode, characters of type Non Bi Multilingual Plane', () => {
+    it('returns false when given string is alphanumeric', () => {
+      const actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('1 apple', {
         nonBmp: true
       });
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns false when given string is number', function() {
-      var actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('100', {
+    it('returns false when given string is number', () => {
+      const actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('100', {
         nonBmp: true
       });
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns false when given string is a sentence', function() {
-      var actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('Earth is round', {
+    it('returns false when given string is a sentence', () => {
+      const actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('Earth is round', {
         nonBmp: true
       });
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns true when given string is a phonetic extension', function() {
-      var actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('ᴁ', {
+    it('returns true when given string is a phonetic extension', () => {
+      const actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('ᴁ', {
         nonBmp: true
       });
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns true when given string is a combining diacritical marks supplement', function() {
-      var actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('ᴁ', {
+    it('returns true when given string is a combining diacritical marks supplement', () => {
+      const actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('ᴁ', {
         nonBmp: true
       });
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns true when given string is a currency symbols', function() {
-      var actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('₨ 20000', {
+    it('returns true when given string is a currency symbols', () => {
+      const actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('₨ 20000', {
         nonBmp: true
       });
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns true when given string has arrows', function() {
-      var actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('← turn left', {
+    it('returns true when given string has arrows', () => {
+      const actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('← turn left', {
         nonBmp: true
       });
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns true when given string has geometric shapes', function() {
-      var actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('◓', {
+    it('returns true when given string has geometric shapes', () => {
+      const actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('◓', {
         nonBmp: true
       });
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns true when given string has math operators', function() {
-      var actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('√4 = 2', {
+    it('returns true when given string has math operators', () => {
+      const actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('√4 = 2', {
         nonBmp: true
       });
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns true when given string has windings font', function() {
-      var actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('▽', {
+    it('returns true when given string has windings font', () => {
+      const actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('▽', {
         nonBmp: true
       });
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns true for a string with characters in supplementary private use area A', function() {
-      var actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('\uDB80\uDFFE', {
+    it('returns true for a string with characters in supplementary private use area A', () => {
+      const actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('\uDB80\uDFFE', {
+        nonBmp: true
+      });
+      assert.isTrue(actual);
+    });
+
+    it('returns true when given string has format unicode', () => {
+      // zero-width spacer character U+200B
+      const actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('\u200BHello World', {
         nonBmp: true
       });
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('text.hasUnicode, characters of type Emoji', function() {
-    it('returns false when given string is alphanumeric', function() {
-      var actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode(
+  describe('text.hasUnicode, characters of type Emoji', () => {
+    it('returns false when given string is alphanumeric', () => {
+      const actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode(
         '1 apple a day, keeps the doctor away',
         {
           emoji: true
@@ -89,60 +97,60 @@ describe('text.hasUnicode', function() {
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns false when given string is number', function() {
-      var actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('100', {
+    it('returns false when given string is number', () => {
+      const actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('100', {
         emoji: true
       });
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns false when given string is a sentence', function() {
-      var actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('Earth is round', {
+    it('returns false when given string is a sentence', () => {
+      const actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('Earth is round', {
         emoji: true
       });
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns true when given string has emoji', function() {
-      var actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('🌎 is round', {
+    it('returns true when given string has emoji', () => {
+      const actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('🌎 is round', {
         emoji: true
       });
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns true when given string has emoji', function() {
-      var actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('plant a 🌱', {
+    it('returns true when given string has emoji', () => {
+      const actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('plant a 🌱', {
         emoji: true
       });
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('text.hasUnicode, characters of type punctuations', function() {
-    it('returns false when given string is number', function() {
-      var actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('100', {
+  describe('text.hasUnicode, characters of type punctuations', () => {
+    it('returns false when given string is number', () => {
+      const actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('100', {
         punctuations: true
       });
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns false when given string is a sentence', function() {
-      var actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('Earth is round', {
+    it('returns false when given string is a sentence', () => {
+      const actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('Earth is round', {
         punctuations: true
       });
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns true when given string has punctuations', function() {
-      var actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode("What's your name?", {
+    it('returns true when given string has punctuations', () => {
+      const actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode("What's your name?", {
         punctuations: true
       });
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns true for strings with money signs and odd symbols', function() {
-      ['£', '¢', '¥', '€', '§', '±'].forEach(function(str) {
-        var actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode(str, {
+    it('returns true for strings with money signs and odd symbols', () => {
+      ['£', '¢', '¥', '€', '§', '±'].forEach(function (str) {
+        const actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode(str, {
           punctuations: true
         });
         assert.isTrue(actual);
@@ -150,9 +158,9 @@ describe('text.hasUnicode', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('text.hasUnicode, has combination of unicode', function() {
-    it('returns false when given string is number', function() {
-      var actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('100', {
+  describe('text.hasUnicode, has combination of unicode', () => {
+    it('returns false when given string is number', () => {
+      const actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('100', {
         emoji: true,
         nonBmp: true,
         punctuations: true
@@ -160,8 +168,8 @@ describe('text.hasUnicode', function() {
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns true when given string has unicode characters', function() {
-      var actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode(
+    it('returns true when given string has unicode characters', () => {
+      const actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode(
         'The ☀️ is orange, the ◓ is white.',
         {
           emoji: true,
@@ -171,61 +179,80 @@ describe('text.hasUnicode', function() {
       );
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
+
+    it('returns true when given format unicode characters', () => {
+      // zero-width spacer character U+200B
+      const actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('\u200BHello World', {
+        emoji: true,
+        nonBmp: true,
+        punctuations: true
+      });
+      assert.isTrue(actual);
+    });
+
+    it('returns true when given punctuation characters', () => {
+      const actual = axe.commons.text.hasUnicode('Earth!!!', {
+        emoji: true,
+        nonBmp: true,
+        punctuations: true
+      });
+      assert.isTrue(actual);
+    });
   });
 });
 
-describe('text.removeUnicode', function() {
-  it('returns string by removing non BMP unicode ', function() {
-    var actual = axe.commons.text.removeUnicode('₨₨20000₨₨', {
+describe('text.removeUnicode', () => {
+  it('returns string by removing non BMP unicode ', () => {
+    const actual = axe.commons.text.removeUnicode('₨₨20000₨₨', {
       nonBmp: true
     });
     assert.equal(actual, '20000');
   });
 
-  it('returns string by removing emoji unicode ', function() {
-    var actual = axe.commons.text.removeUnicode('☀️Sun 🌎Earth', {
+  it('returns string by removing emoji unicode ', () => {
+    const actual = axe.commons.text.removeUnicode('☀️Sun 🌎Earth', {
       emoji: true
     });
     assert.equal(actual, 'Sun Earth');
   });
 
-  it('returns string after removing punctuations from word', function() {
-    var actual = axe.commons.text.removeUnicode('Earth!!!', {
+  it('returns string after removing punctuations from word', () => {
+    const actual = axe.commons.text.removeUnicode('Earth!!!', {
       punctuations: true
     });
     assert.equal(actual, 'Earth');
   });
 
-  it('returns string removing all punctuations', function() {
-    var actual = axe.commons.text.removeUnicode('<!,."\':;!>', {
+  it('returns string removing all punctuations', () => {
+    const actual = axe.commons.text.removeUnicode('<!,."\':;!>', {
       punctuations: true
     });
     assert.equal(actual, '');
   });
 
-  it('returns string removing all private use unicode', function() {
-    var actual = axe.commons.text.removeUnicode('', {
+  it('returns string removing all private use unicode', () => {
+    const actual = axe.commons.text.removeUnicode('', {
       nonBmp: true
     });
     assert.equal(actual, '');
   });
 
-  it('returns string removing all supplementary private use unicode', function() {
-    var actual = axe.commons.text.removeUnicode('󰀀󿰀󿿽󰏽', {
+  it('returns string removing all supplementary private use unicode', () => {
+    const actual = axe.commons.text.removeUnicode('󰀀󿰀󿿽󰏽', {
       nonBmp: true
     });
     assert.equal(actual, '');
   });
 
-  it('returns the string with supplementary private use area A characters removed', function() {
-    var actual = axe.commons.text.removeUnicode('\uDB80\uDFFE', {
+  it('returns the string with supplementary private use area A characters removed', () => {
+    const actual = axe.commons.text.removeUnicode('\uDB80\uDFFE', {
       nonBmp: true
     });
     assert.equal(actual, '');
   });
 
-  it('returns string removing combination of unicode characters', function() {
-    var actual = axe.commons.text.removeUnicode(
+  it('returns string removing combination of unicode characters', () => {
+    const actual = axe.commons.text.removeUnicode(
       'The ☀️ is orange, the ◓ is white.',
       {
         emoji: true,
@@ -235,4 +262,12 @@ describe('text.removeUnicode', function() {
     );
     assert.equal(actual, 'The  is orange the  is white');
   });
+
+  it('returns string removing format unicode', () => {
+    // zero-width spacer character U+200B
+    const actual = axe.commons.text.removeUnicode('\u200BHello World', {
+      nonBmp: true
+    });
+    assert.equal(actual, 'Hello World');
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/commons/text/visible-text-nodes.js b/test/commons/text/visible-text-nodes.js
index 4a1914a1d..3d8b46b86 100644
--- a/test/commons/text/visible-text-nodes.js
+++ b/test/commons/text/visible-text-nodes.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('text.visibleTextNodes', function() {
+describe('text.visibleTextNodes', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ describe('text.visibleTextNodes', function() {
   var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
   var visibleTextNodes = axe.commons.text.visibleTextNodes;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should handle multiple text nodes to a single parent', function() {
+  it('should handle multiple text nodes to a single parent', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target">Hello<span>Hi</span>Goodbye</div>'
     );
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ describe('text.visibleTextNodes', function() {
     assert.equal(nodes[2].actualNode.nodeValue, 'Goodbye');
   });
 
-  it('should handle recursive calls', function() {
+  it('should handle recursive calls', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target">Hello<span><span>Hi</span></span></div>'
     );
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ describe('text.visibleTextNodes', function() {
     assert.equal(nodes[1].actualNode.nodeValue, 'Hi');
   });
 
-  it('should not return elements with visibility: hidden', function() {
+  it('should not return elements with visibility: hidden', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target">Hello<span style="visibility: hidden;">Hi</span></div>'
     );
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ describe('text.visibleTextNodes', function() {
     assert.equal(nodes[0].actualNode.nodeValue, 'Hello');
   });
 
-  it('should know how visibility works', function() {
+  it('should know how visibility works', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target">Hello<span style="visibility: hidden;">' +
         '<span style="visibility: visible;">Hi</span>' +
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ describe('text.visibleTextNodes', function() {
     assert.equal(nodes[1].actualNode.nodeValue, 'Hi');
   });
 
-  it('should not return elements with display: none', function() {
+  it('should not return elements with display: none', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target">Hello<span style="display: none;">Hi</span></div>'
     );
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ describe('text.visibleTextNodes', function() {
     assert.equal(nodes[0].actualNode.nodeValue, 'Hello');
   });
 
-  it('should ignore script and style tags', function() {
+  it('should ignore script and style tags', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target"><script> // hello </script><style> /*hello */</style>' +
         'Hello</div>'
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ describe('text.visibleTextNodes', function() {
     assert.equal(nodes[0].actualNode.nodeValue, 'Hello');
   });
 
-  it('should not take into account position of parents', function() {
+  it('should not take into account position of parents', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target">' +
         '<div style="position: absolute; top: -9999px;">' +
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ describe('text.visibleTextNodes', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'should correctly handle slotted elements',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       function createContentSlotted() {
         var group = document.createElement('div');
         group.innerHTML = '<div id="target">Stuff<slot></slot></div>';
diff --git a/test/commons/text/visible-virtual.js b/test/commons/text/visible-virtual.js
index 848d89642..61797cf28 100644
--- a/test/commons/text/visible-virtual.js
+++ b/test/commons/text/visible-virtual.js
@@ -1,40 +1,40 @@
-describe('text.visible', function() {
+describe('text.visible', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
   var visibleVirtual = axe.commons.text.visibleVirtual;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     document.getElementById('fixture').innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  describe('non-screen-reader', function() {
-    it('should not return elements with visibility: hidden', function() {
+  describe('non-screen-reader', function () {
+    it('should not return elements with visibility: hidden', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = 'Hello<span style="visibility: hidden;">Hi</span>';
       var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0]), 'Hello');
     });
 
-    it('should handle implicitly recursive calls', function() {
+    it('should handle implicitly recursive calls', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = 'Hello<span><span>Hi</span></span>';
       var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0]), 'HelloHi');
     });
 
-    it('should handle explicitly recursive calls', function() {
+    it('should handle explicitly recursive calls', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = 'Hello<span><span>Hi</span></span>';
       var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0], null, false), 'HelloHi');
     });
 
-    it('should handle non-recursive calls', function() {
+    it('should handle non-recursive calls', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = 'Hello<span><span>Hi</span></span>';
       var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0], null, true), 'Hello');
     });
 
-    it('should know how visibility works', function() {
+    it('should know how visibility works', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         'Hello <span style="visibility: hidden;">' +
         '<span style="visibility: visible;">Hi</span>' +
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ describe('text.visible', function() {
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0]), 'Hello Hi');
     });
 
-    it('should not return elements with display: none', function() {
+    it('should not return elements with display: none', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         'Hello<span style="display: none;"><span>Hi</span></span>';
 
@@ -52,14 +52,14 @@ describe('text.visible', function() {
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0]), 'Hello');
     });
 
-    it('should trim the result', function() {
+    it('should trim the result', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '   &nbsp;\u00A0    Hello  &nbsp;\r\n   Hi     \n \n &nbsp; \n   ';
       var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0]), 'Hello Hi');
     });
 
-    it('should ignore script and style tags', function() {
+    it('should ignore script and style tags', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<script> // hello </script><style> /*hello */</style>' + 'Hello';
 
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ describe('text.visible', function() {
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0]), 'Hello');
     });
 
-    it('should not take into account position of parents', function() {
+    it('should not take into account position of parents', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div style="position: absolute; top: -9999px;">' +
         '<div style="position: absolute; top: 10000px;">Hello</div>' +
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ describe('text.visible', function() {
 
     (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
       'should correctly handle slotted elements',
-      function() {
+      function () {
         function createContentSlotted() {
           var group = document.createElement('div');
           group.innerHTML = '<div id="target">Stuff<slot></slot></div>';
@@ -99,15 +99,15 @@ describe('text.visible', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  describe('screen reader', function() {
-    it('should not return elements with visibility: hidden', function() {
+  describe('screen reader', function () {
+    it('should not return elements with visibility: hidden', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = 'Hello<span style="visibility: hidden;">Hi</span>';
 
       var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0], true), 'Hello');
     });
 
-    it('should know how visibility works', function() {
+    it('should know how visibility works', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         'Hello <span style="visibility: hidden;">' +
         '<span style="visibility: visible;">Hi</span>' +
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ describe('text.visible', function() {
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0], true), 'Hello Hi');
     });
 
-    it('should not return elements with display: none', function() {
+    it('should not return elements with display: none', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         'Hello<span style="display: none;"><span>Hi</span></span>';
 
@@ -125,14 +125,14 @@ describe('text.visible', function() {
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0], true), 'Hello');
     });
 
-    it('should trim the result', function() {
+    it('should trim the result', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '   &nbsp;\u00A0    Hello  &nbsp;\r\n   Hi     \n \n &nbsp; \n   ';
       var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0], true), 'Hello Hi');
     });
 
-    it('should ignore script and style tags', function() {
+    it('should ignore script and style tags', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<script> // hello </script><style> /*hello */</style>' + 'Hello';
 
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ describe('text.visible', function() {
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0], true), 'Hello');
     });
 
-    it('should not consider offscreen text as hidden (position)', function() {
+    it('should not consider offscreen text as hidden (position)', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div style="position: absolute; top: -9999px;">' +
         '<div>Hello</div>' +
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ describe('text.visible', function() {
       assert.equal(visibleVirtual(tree[0], true), 'Hello');
     });
 
-    it('should not consider offscreen text as hidden (text-indent)', function() {
+    it('should not consider offscreen text as hidden (text-indent)', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div style="text-indent: -9999px;">' + 'Hello</div>';
 
       var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
diff --git a/test/commons/utils/index.js b/test/commons/utils/index.js
index e14788abd..1c88d05c7 100644
--- a/test/commons/utils/index.js
+++ b/test/commons/utils/index.js
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
-describe('utils.escapeSelector', function() {
+describe('utils.escapeSelector', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should be a function', function() {
+  it('should be a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(axe.commons.utils.escapeSelector);
   });
 });
-describe('utils.matchesSelector', function() {
+describe('utils.matchesSelector', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should be a function', function() {
+  it('should be a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(axe.commons.utils.matchesSelector);
   });
 });
-describe('utils.clone', function() {
+describe('utils.clone', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should be a function', function() {
+  it('should be a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(axe.commons.utils.clone);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/base/audit.js b/test/core/base/audit.js
index 9265f4582..7160c0db1 100644
--- a/test/core/base/audit.js
+++ b/test/core/base/audit.js
@@ -1,44 +1,42 @@
-/* global Promise */
-describe('Audit', function() {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var Audit = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.Audit;
-  var Rule = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.Rule;
-  var ver = axe.version.substring(0, axe.version.lastIndexOf('.'));
-  var a, getFlattenedTree;
-  var isNotCalled = function(err) {
+describe('Audit', () => {
+  const Audit = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.Audit;
+  const Rule = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.Rule;
+  const ver = axe.version.substring(0, axe.version.lastIndexOf('.'));
+  const { fixtureSetup } = axe.testUtils;
+  let audit;
+  const isNotCalled = function (err) {
     throw err || new Error('Reject should not be called');
   };
-  var noop = function() {};
+  const noop = () => {};
 
-  var mockChecks = [
+  const mockChecks = [
     {
       id: 'positive1-check1',
-      evaluate: function() {
+      evaluate: () => {
         return true;
       }
     },
     {
       id: 'positive2-check1',
-      evaluate: function() {
+      evaluate: () => {
         return true;
       }
     },
     {
       id: 'negative1-check1',
-      evaluate: function() {
+      evaluate: () => {
         return true;
       }
     },
     {
       id: 'positive3-check1',
-      evaluate: function() {
+      evaluate: () => {
         return true;
       }
     }
   ];
 
-  var mockRules = [
+  const mockRules = [
     {
       id: 'positive1',
       selector: 'input',
@@ -69,48 +67,45 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
     }
   ];
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  var origAuditRun;
-  var origAxeUtilsPreload;
+  let origAuditRun;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
-    a = new Audit();
-    mockRules.forEach(function(r) {
-      a.addRule(r);
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    audit = new Audit();
+    mockRules.forEach(function (r) {
+      audit.addRule(r);
     });
-    mockChecks.forEach(function(c) {
-      a.addCheck(c);
+    mockChecks.forEach(function (c) {
+      audit.addCheck(c);
     });
-    origAuditRun = a.run;
+    origAuditRun = audit.run;
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
-    axe._tree = undefined;
-    axe._selectCache = undefined;
-    a.run = origAuditRun;
+  afterEach(() => {
+    axe.teardown();
+    audit.run = origAuditRun;
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function() {
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(Audit);
   });
 
-  describe('defaults', function() {
-    it('should set noHtml', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
+  describe('defaults', () => {
+    it('should set noHtml', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
       assert.isFalse(audit.noHtml);
     });
 
-    it('should set allowedOrigins', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
+    it('should set allowedOrigins', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
       assert.deepEqual(audit.allowedOrigins, [window.location.origin]);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('Audit#_constructHelpUrls', function() {
-    it('should create default help URLS', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
+  describe('Audit#_constructHelpUrls', () => {
+    it('should create default help URLS', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
       audit.addRule({
         id: 'target',
         matches: 'function () {return "hello";}',
@@ -126,8 +121,8 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
           '/target?application=axeAPI'
       });
     });
-    it('should use changed branding', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
+    it('should use changed branding', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
       audit.addRule({
         id: 'target',
         matches: 'function () {return "hello";}',
@@ -144,8 +139,8 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
           '/target?application=axeAPI'
       });
     });
-    it('should use changed application', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
+    it('should use changed application', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
       audit.addRule({
         id: 'target',
         matches: 'function () {return "hello";}',
@@ -163,8 +158,8 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('does not override helpUrls of different products', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
+    it('does not override helpUrls of different products', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
       audit.addRule({
         id: 'target1',
         matches: 'function () {return "hello";}',
@@ -207,9 +202,9 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
           '/target2?application=axeAPI'
       );
     });
-    it('understands prerelease type version numbers', function() {
-      var tempVersion = axe.version;
-      var audit = new Audit();
+    it('understands prerelease type version numbers', () => {
+      const tempVersion = axe.version;
+      audit = new Audit();
       audit.addRule({
         id: 'target',
         matches: 'function () {return "hello";}',
@@ -226,9 +221,9 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('matches major release versions', function() {
-      var tempVersion = axe.version;
-      var audit = new Audit();
+    it('matches major release versions', () => {
+      const tempVersion = axe.version;
+      audit = new Audit();
       audit.addRule({
         id: 'target',
         matches: 'function () {return "hello";}',
@@ -244,8 +239,8 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
         'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/1.0/target?application=axeAPI'
       );
     });
-    it('sets the lang query if locale has been set', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
+    it('sets the lang query if locale has been set', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
       audit.addRule({
         id: 'target',
         matches: 'function () {return "hello";}',
@@ -266,9 +261,9 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('Audit#setBranding', function() {
-    it('should change the brand', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
+  describe('Audit#setBranding', () => {
+    it('should change the brand', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
       assert.equal(audit.brand, 'axe');
       assert.equal(audit.application, 'axeAPI');
       audit.setBranding({
@@ -277,8 +272,8 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       assert.equal(audit.brand, 'thing');
       assert.equal(audit.application, 'axeAPI');
     });
-    it('should change the application', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
+    it('should change the application', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
       assert.equal(audit.brand, 'axe');
       assert.equal(audit.application, 'axeAPI');
       audit.setBranding({
@@ -287,16 +282,16 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       assert.equal(audit.brand, 'axe');
       assert.equal(audit.application, 'thing');
     });
-    it('should change the application when passed a string', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
+    it('should change the application when passed a string', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
       assert.equal(audit.brand, 'axe');
       assert.equal(audit.application, 'axeAPI');
       audit.setBranding('thing');
       assert.equal(audit.brand, 'axe');
       assert.equal(audit.application, 'thing');
     });
-    it('should call _constructHelpUrls', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
+    it('should call _constructHelpUrls', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
       audit.addRule({
         id: 'target',
         matches: 'function () {return "hello";}',
@@ -314,8 +309,8 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
           '/target?application=thing'
       });
     });
-    it('should call _constructHelpUrls even when nothing changed', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
+    it('should call _constructHelpUrls even when nothing changed', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
       audit.addRule({
         id: 'target',
         matches: 'function () {return "hello";}',
@@ -331,8 +326,8 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
           '/target?application=axeAPI'
       });
     });
-    it('should not replace custom set branding', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
+    it('should not replace custom set branding', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
       audit.addRule({
         id: 'target',
         matches: 'function () {return "hello";}',
@@ -357,9 +352,9 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('Audit#addRule', function() {
-    it('should override existing rule', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
+  describe('Audit#addRule', () => {
+    it('should override existing rule', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
       audit.addRule({
         id: 'target',
         matches: 'function () {return "hello";}',
@@ -378,8 +373,8 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       assert.equal(audit.rules[0].selector, 'fred');
       assert.equal(audit.rules[0].matches(), 'hello');
     });
-    it('should otherwise push new rule', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
+    it('should otherwise push new rule', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
       audit.addRule({
         id: 'target',
         selector: 'bob'
@@ -399,9 +394,9 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('Audit#resetRulesAndChecks', function() {
-    it('should override newly created check', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
+  describe('Audit#resetRulesAndChecks', () => {
+    it('should override newly created check', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
       assert.equal(audit.checks.target, undefined);
       audit.addCheck({
         id: 'target',
@@ -412,8 +407,8 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       audit.resetRulesAndChecks();
       assert.equal(audit.checks.target, undefined);
     });
-    it('should reset locale', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
+    it('should reset locale', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
       assert.equal(audit.lang, 'en');
       audit.applyLocale({
         lang: 'de'
@@ -422,8 +417,8 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       audit.resetRulesAndChecks();
       assert.equal(audit.lang, 'en');
     });
-    it('should reset brand', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
+    it('should reset brand', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
       assert.equal(audit.brand, 'axe');
       audit.setBranding({
         brand: 'test'
@@ -432,8 +427,8 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       audit.resetRulesAndChecks();
       assert.equal(audit.brand, 'axe');
     });
-    it('should reset brand application', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
+    it('should reset brand application', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
       assert.equal(audit.application, 'axeAPI');
       audit.setBranding({
         application: 'test'
@@ -442,7 +437,7 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       audit.resetRulesAndChecks();
       assert.equal(audit.application, 'axeAPI');
     });
-    it('should reset brand tagExlcude', function() {
+    it('should reset brand tagExlcude', () => {
       axe._load({});
       assert.deepEqual(axe._audit.tagExclude, ['experimental']);
       axe.configure({
@@ -452,24 +447,24 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       assert.deepEqual(axe._audit.tagExclude, ['experimental']);
     });
 
-    it('should reset noHtml', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
+    it('should reset noHtml', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
       audit.noHtml = true;
       audit.resetRulesAndChecks();
       assert.isFalse(audit.noHtml);
     });
 
-    it('should reset allowedOrigins', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
+    it('should reset allowedOrigins', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
       audit.allowedOrigins = ['hello'];
       audit.resetRulesAndChecks();
       assert.deepEqual(audit.allowedOrigins, [window.location.origin]);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('Audit#addCheck', function() {
-    it('should create a new check', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
+  describe('Audit#addCheck', () => {
+    it('should create a new check', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
       assert.equal(audit.checks.target, undefined);
       audit.addCheck({
         id: 'target',
@@ -478,8 +473,8 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       assert.ok(audit.checks.target);
       assert.deepEqual(audit.checks.target.options, { value: 'jane' });
     });
-    it('should configure the metadata, if passed', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
+    it('should configure the metadata, if passed', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
       assert.equal(audit.checks.target, undefined);
       audit.addCheck({
         id: 'target',
@@ -488,9 +483,9 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       assert.ok(audit.checks.target);
       assert.equal(audit.data.checks.target.guy, 'bob');
     });
-    it('should reconfigure existing check', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
-      var myTest = function() {};
+    it('should reconfigure existing check', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
+      const myTest = () => {};
       audit.addCheck({
         id: 'target',
         evaluate: myTest,
@@ -507,9 +502,9 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       assert.equal(audit.checks.target.evaluate, myTest);
       assert.deepEqual(audit.checks.target.options, { value: 'fred' });
     });
-    it('should not turn messages into a function', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
-      var spec = {
+    it('should not turn messages into a function', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
+      const spec = {
         id: 'target',
         evaluate: 'function () { return "blah";}',
         metadata: {
@@ -525,9 +520,9 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       assert.equal(audit.data.checks.target.messages.fail, 'it failed');
     });
 
-    it('should turn function strings into a function', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
-      var spec = {
+    it('should turn function strings into a function', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
+      const spec = {
         id: 'target',
         evaluate: 'function () { return "blah";}',
         metadata: {
@@ -544,9 +539,9 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('Audit#setAllowedOrigins', function() {
-    it('should set allowedOrigins', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
+  describe('Audit#setAllowedOrigins', () => {
+    it('should set allowedOrigins', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
       audit.setAllowedOrigins([
         'https://deque.com',
         'https://dequeuniversity.com'
@@ -557,8 +552,8 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('should normalize <same_origin>', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
+    it('should normalize <same_origin>', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
       audit.setAllowedOrigins(['<same_origin>', 'https://deque.com']);
       assert.deepEqual(audit.allowedOrigins, [
         window.location.origin,
@@ -566,8 +561,8 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('should normalize <unsafe_all_origins>', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
+    it('should normalize <unsafe_all_origins>', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
       audit.setAllowedOrigins([
         'https://deque.com',
         '<unsafe_all_origins>',
@@ -577,19 +572,20 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('Audit#run', function() {
-    it('should run all the rules', function(done) {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
+  describe('Audit#run', () => {
+    it('should run all the rules', done => {
+      fixtureSetup(
         '<input aria-label="monkeys" type="text">' +
-        '<div id="monkeys">bananas</div>' +
-        '<input aria-labelledby="monkeys">' +
-        '<blink>FAIL ME</blink>';
+          '<div id="monkeys">bananas</div>' +
+          '<input aria-labelledby="monkeys">' +
+          '<blink>FAIL ME</blink>'
+      );
 
-      a.run(
+      audit.run(
         { include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0]] },
         {},
-        function(results) {
-          var expected = [
+        function (results) {
+          const expected = [
             {
               id: 'positive1',
               result: 'inapplicable',
@@ -620,8 +616,8 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
             }
           ];
 
-          var out = results[0].nodes[0].node.source;
-          results.forEach(function(res) {
+          const out = results[0].nodes[0].node.source;
+          results.forEach(function (res) {
             // attribute order is a pain in the lower back in IE, so we're not
             // comparing nodes. Check.run and Rule.run do this.
             res.nodes = '...other tests cover this...';
@@ -638,8 +634,8 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should not run rules disabled by the options', function(done) {
-      a.run(
+    it('should not run rules disabled by the options', done => {
+      audit.run(
         { include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree()[0]] },
         {
           rules: {
@@ -648,7 +644,7 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
             }
           }
         },
-        function(results) {
+        function (results) {
           assert.equal(results.length, 3);
           done();
         },
@@ -656,20 +652,20 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should ensure audit.run recieves preload options', function(done) {
+    it('should ensure audit.run recieves preload options', done => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<input aria-label="yo" type="text">';
 
-      var audit = new Audit();
+      audit = new Audit();
       audit.addRule({
         id: 'preload1',
         selector: '*'
       });
-      audit.run = function(context, options, resolve, reject) {
-        var randomRule = this.rules[0];
+      audit.run = function (context, options, resolve, reject) {
+        const randomRule = this.rules[0];
         randomRule.run(
           context,
           options,
-          function(ruleResult) {
+          function (ruleResult) {
             ruleResult.OPTIONS_PASSED = options;
             resolve([ruleResult]);
           },
@@ -677,7 +673,7 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
         );
       };
 
-      var preloadOptions = {
+      const preloadOptions = {
         preload: {
           assets: ['cssom']
         }
@@ -687,13 +683,13 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
         {
           preload: preloadOptions
         },
-        function(res) {
+        function (res) {
           assert.isDefined(res);
 
           assert.lengthOf(res, 1);
           assert.property(res[0], 'OPTIONS_PASSED');
 
-          var optionsPassed = res[0].OPTIONS_PASSED;
+          const optionsPassed = res[0].OPTIONS_PASSED;
           assert.property(optionsPassed, 'preload');
           assert.deepEqual(optionsPassed.preload, preloadOptions);
 
@@ -706,7 +702,7 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it.skip('should run rules (that do not need preload) and preload assets simultaneously', function(done) {
+    it.skip('should run rules (that do not need preload) and preload assets simultaneously', done => {
       /**
        * Note:
        * overriding and resolving both check and preload with a delay,
@@ -715,25 +711,25 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
 
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="div1"></div><div id="div2"></div>';
 
-      var runStartTime = new Date();
-      var preloadInvokedTime = new Date();
-      var noPreloadCheckedInvokedTime = new Date();
-      var noPreloadRuleCheckEvaluateInvoked = false;
-      var preloadOverrideInvoked = false;
+      const runStartTime = new Date();
+      const preloadInvokedTime = new Date();
+      const noPreloadCheckedInvokedTime = new Date();
+      const noPreloadRuleCheckEvaluateInvoked = false;
+      const preloadOverrideInvoked = false;
 
       // override preload method
-      axe.utils.preload = function(options) {
+      axe.utils.preload = function (options) {
         preloadInvokedTime = new Date();
         preloadOverrideInvoked = true;
 
-        return new Promise(function(res, rej) {
-          setTimeout(function() {
+        return new Promise(function (res, rej) {
+          setTimeout(() => {
             res(true);
           }, 2000);
         });
       };
 
-      var audit = new Audit();
+      audit = new Audit();
       // add a rule and check that does not need preload
       audit.addRule({
         id: 'no-preload',
@@ -743,11 +739,11 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       });
       audit.addCheck({
         id: 'no-preload-check',
-        evaluate: function(node, options, vNode, context) {
+        evaluate: function (node, options, vNode, context) {
           noPreloadCheckedInvokedTime = new Date();
           noPreloadRuleCheckEvaluateInvoked = true;
-          var ready = this.async();
-          setTimeout(function() {
+          const ready = this.async();
+          setTimeout(() => {
             ready(true);
           }, 1000);
         }
@@ -760,20 +756,20 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
         preload: true
       });
 
-      var preloadOptions = {
+      const preloadOptions = {
         preload: {
           assets: ['cssom']
         }
       };
 
-      var allowedDiff = 50;
+      const allowedDiff = 50;
 
       audit.run(
         { include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0]] },
         {
           preload: preloadOptions
         },
-        function(results) {
+        function (results) {
           assert.isDefined(results);
           // assert that check was invoked for rule(s)
           assert.isTrue(noPreloadRuleCheckEvaluateInvoked);
@@ -797,24 +793,24 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it.skip('should pass assets from preload to rule check that needs assets as context', function(done) {
+    it.skip('should pass assets from preload to rule check that needs assets as context', done => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="div1"></div><div id="div2"></div>';
 
-      var yesPreloadRuleCheckEvaluateInvoked = false;
-      var preloadOverrideInvoked = false;
+      const yesPreloadRuleCheckEvaluateInvoked = false;
+      const preloadOverrideInvoked = false;
 
-      var preloadData = {
+      const preloadData = {
         data: 'you got it!'
       };
       // override preload method
-      axe.utils.preload = function(options) {
+      axe.utils.preload = function (options) {
         preloadOverrideInvoked = true;
         return Promise.resolve({
           cssom: preloadData
         });
       };
 
-      var audit = new Audit();
+      audit = new Audit();
       // add a rule and check that does not need preload
       audit.addRule({
         id: 'no-preload',
@@ -830,14 +826,14 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       });
       audit.addCheck({
         id: 'yes-preload-check',
-        evaluate: function(node, options, vNode, context) {
+        evaluate: function (node, options, vNode, context) {
           yesPreloadRuleCheckEvaluateInvoked = true;
           this.data(context);
           return true;
         }
       });
 
-      var preloadOptions = {
+      const preloadOptions = {
         preload: {
           assets: ['cssom']
         }
@@ -847,7 +843,7 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
         {
           preload: preloadOptions
         },
-        function(results) {
+        function (results) {
           assert.isDefined(results);
           // assert that check was invoked for rule(s)
           assert.isTrue(yesPreloadRuleCheckEvaluateInvoked);
@@ -855,10 +851,10 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
           assert.isTrue(preloadOverrideInvoked);
 
           // assert preload data that was passed to check
-          var ruleResult = results.filter(function(r) {
+          const ruleResult = results.filter(function (r) {
             return (r.id = 'yes-preload' && r.nodes.length > 0);
           })[0];
-          var checkResult = ruleResult.nodes[0].any[0];
+          const checkResult = ruleResult.nodes[0].any[0];
           assert.isDefined(checkResult.data);
           assert.property(checkResult.data, 'cssom');
           assert.deepEqual(checkResult.data.cssom, preloadData);
@@ -871,21 +867,21 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it.skip('should continue to run rules and return result when preload is rejected', function(done) {
+    it.skip('should continue to run rules and return result when preload is rejected', done => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="div1"></div><div id="div2"></div>';
 
-      var preloadOverrideInvoked = false;
-      var preloadNeededCheckInvoked = false;
-      var rejectionMsg =
+      const preloadOverrideInvoked = false;
+      const preloadNeededCheckInvoked = false;
+      const rejectionMsg =
         'Boom! Things went terribly wrong! (But this was intended in this test)';
 
       // override preload method
-      axe.utils.preload = function(options) {
+      axe.utils.preload = function (options) {
         preloadOverrideInvoked = true;
         return Promise.reject(rejectionMsg);
       };
 
-      var audit = new Audit();
+      audit = new Audit();
       // add a rule and check that does not need preload
       audit.addRule({
         id: 'no-preload',
@@ -901,14 +897,14 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       });
       audit.addCheck({
         id: 'yes-preload-check',
-        evaluate: function(node, options, vNode, context) {
+        evaluate: function (node, options, vNode, context) {
           preloadNeededCheckInvoked = true;
           this.data(context);
           return true;
         }
       });
 
-      var preloadOptions = {
+      const preloadOptions = {
         preload: {
           assets: ['cssom']
         }
@@ -918,7 +914,7 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
         {
           preload: preloadOptions
         },
-        function(results) {
+        function (results) {
           assert.isDefined(results);
           // assert preload was invoked
           assert.isTrue(preloadOverrideInvoked);
@@ -929,10 +925,10 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
           // assert that because preload failed
           // cssom was not populated on context of repective check
           assert.isTrue(preloadNeededCheckInvoked);
-          var ruleResult = results.filter(function(r) {
+          const ruleResult = results.filter(function (r) {
             return (r.id = 'yes-preload' && r.nodes.length > 0);
           })[0];
-          var checkResult = ruleResult.nodes[0].any[0];
+          const checkResult = ruleResult.nodes[0].any[0];
           assert.isDefined(checkResult.data);
           assert.notProperty(checkResult.data, 'cssom');
           // done
@@ -942,14 +938,14 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should continue to run rules and return result when axios time(s)out and rejects preload', function(done) {
+    it('should continue to run rules and return result when axios time(s)out and rejects preload', done => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="div1"></div><div id="div2"></div>';
 
       // there is no stubbing here,
       // the actual axios call is invoked, and timedout immediately as timeout is set to 0.1
 
-      var preloadNeededCheckInvoked = false;
-      var audit = new Audit();
+      let preloadNeededCheckInvoked = false;
+      audit = new Audit();
       // add a rule and check that does not need preload
       audit.addRule({
         id: 'no-preload',
@@ -965,14 +961,15 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       });
       audit.addCheck({
         id: 'yes-preload-check',
-        evaluate: function(node, options, vNode, context) {
+        evaluate: function (node, options, vNode, context) {
           preloadNeededCheckInvoked = true;
           this.data(context);
           return true;
         }
       });
+      axe.setup();
 
-      var preloadOptions = {
+      const preloadOptions = {
         preload: {
           assets: ['cssom'],
           timeout: 0.1
@@ -983,7 +980,7 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
         {
           preload: preloadOptions
         },
-        function(results) {
+        function (results) {
           assert.isDefined(results);
           // assert that both rules ran, although preload failed
           assert.lengthOf(results, 2);
@@ -991,10 +988,10 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
           // assert that because preload failed
           // cssom was not populated on context of repective check
           assert.isTrue(preloadNeededCheckInvoked);
-          var ruleResult = results.filter(function(r) {
+          const ruleResult = results.filter(function (r) {
             return (r.id = 'yes-preload' && r.nodes.length > 0);
           })[0];
-          var checkResult = ruleResult.nodes[0].any[0];
+          const checkResult = ruleResult.nodes[0].any[0];
           assert.isDefined(checkResult.data);
           assert.notProperty(checkResult.data, 'cssom');
           // done
@@ -1004,16 +1001,16 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it.skip('should assign an empty array to axe._selectCache', function(done) {
-      var saved = axe.utils.ruleShouldRun;
-      axe.utils.ruleShouldRun = function() {
+    it.skip('should assign an empty array to axe._selectCache', done => {
+      const saved = axe.utils.ruleShouldRun;
+      axe.utils.ruleShouldRun = () => {
         assert.equal(axe._selectCache.length, 0);
         return false;
       };
-      a.run(
+      audit.run(
         { include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree()[0]] },
         {},
-        function() {
+        () => {
           axe.utils.ruleShouldRun = saved;
           done();
         },
@@ -1021,13 +1018,13 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should clear axe._selectCache', function(done) {
-      a.run(
+    it('should clear axe._selectCache', done => {
+      audit.run(
         { include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree()[0]] },
         {
           rules: {}
         },
-        function() {
+        () => {
           assert.isTrue(typeof axe._selectCache === 'undefined');
           done();
         },
@@ -1035,10 +1032,10 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should not run rules disabled by the configuration', function(done) {
-      var a = new Audit();
-      var success = true;
-      a.rules.push(
+    it('should not run rules disabled by the configuration', done => {
+      audit = new Audit();
+      const success = true;
+      audit.rules.push(
         new Rule({
           id: 'positive1',
           selector: '*',
@@ -1046,17 +1043,17 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
           any: [
             {
               id: 'positive1-check1',
-              evaluate: function() {
+              evaluate: () => {
                 success = false;
               }
             }
           ]
         })
       );
-      a.run(
+      audit.run(
         { include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree()[0]] },
         {},
-        function() {
+        () => {
           assert.ok(success);
           done();
         },
@@ -1064,22 +1061,22 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it("should call the rule's run function", function(done) {
-      var targetRule = mockRules[mockRules.length - 1],
-        rule = axe.utils.findBy(a.rules, 'id', targetRule.id),
-        called = false,
-        orig;
+    it("should call the rule's run function", done => {
+      const targetRule = mockRules[mockRules.length - 1];
+      const rule = axe.utils.findBy(audit.rules, 'id', targetRule.id);
+      let called = false;
+      let orig;
 
       fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="#">link</a>';
       orig = rule.run;
-      rule.run = function(node, options, callback) {
+      rule.run = function (node, options, callback) {
         called = true;
         callback({});
       };
-      a.run(
+      audit.run(
         { include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree()[0]] },
         {},
-        function() {
+        () => {
           assert.isTrue(called);
           rule.run = orig;
           done();
@@ -1088,26 +1085,26 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should pass the option to the run function', function(done) {
-      var targetRule = mockRules[mockRules.length - 1],
-        rule = axe.utils.findBy(a.rules, 'id', targetRule.id),
-        passed = false,
-        orig,
-        options;
+    it('should pass the option to the run function', done => {
+      const targetRule = mockRules[mockRules.length - 1];
+      const rule = axe.utils.findBy(audit.rules, 'id', targetRule.id);
+      let passed = false;
+      let orig;
+      let options;
 
       fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="#">link</a>';
       orig = rule.run;
-      rule.run = function(node, o, callback) {
+      rule.run = function (node, o, callback) {
         assert.deepEqual(o, options);
         passed = true;
         callback({});
       };
       options = { rules: {} };
       (options.rules[targetRule.id] = {}).data = 'monkeys';
-      a.run(
+      audit.run(
         { include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree()[0]] },
         options,
-        function() {
+        () => {
           assert.ok(passed);
           rule.run = orig;
           done();
@@ -1116,14 +1113,14 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should skip pageLevel rules if context is not set to entire page', function() {
-      var audit = new Audit();
+    it('should skip pageLevel rules if context is not set to entire page', () => {
+      audit = new Audit();
 
       audit.rules.push(
         new Rule({
           pageLevel: true,
           enabled: true,
-          evaluate: function() {
+          evaluate: () => {
             assert.ok(false, 'Should not run');
           }
         })
@@ -1135,16 +1132,16 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
           page: false
         },
         {},
-        function(results) {
+        function (results) {
           assert.deepEqual(results, []);
         },
         isNotCalled
       );
     });
 
-    it('catches errors and passes them as a cantTell result', function(done) {
-      var err = new Error('Launch the super sheep!');
-      a.addRule({
+    it('catches errors and passes them as a cantTell result', done => {
+      const err = new Error('Launch the super sheep!');
+      audit.addRule({
         id: 'throw1',
         selector: '*',
         any: [
@@ -1153,15 +1150,15 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
           }
         ]
       });
-      a.addCheck({
+      audit.addCheck({
         id: 'throw1-check1',
-        evaluate: function() {
+        evaluate: () => {
           throw err;
         }
       });
       axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
       axe._selectorData = axe.utils.getSelectorData(axe._tree);
-      a.run(
+      audit.run(
         { include: [axe._tree[0]] },
         {
           runOnly: {
@@ -1169,7 +1166,7 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
             values: ['throw1']
           }
         },
-        function(results) {
+        function (results) {
           assert.lengthOf(results, 1);
           assert.equal(results[0].result, 'cantTell');
           assert.equal(results[0].message, err.message);
@@ -1181,8 +1178,8 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should not halt if errors occur', function(done) {
-      a.addRule({
+    it('should not halt if errors occur', done => {
+      audit.addRule({
         id: 'throw1',
         selector: '*',
         any: [
@@ -1191,13 +1188,13 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
           }
         ]
       });
-      a.addCheck({
+      audit.addCheck({
         id: 'throw1-check1',
-        evaluate: function() {
+        evaluate: () => {
           throw new Error('Launch the super sheep!');
         }
       });
-      a.run(
+      audit.run(
         { include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0]] },
         {
           runOnly: {
@@ -1205,26 +1202,26 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
             values: ['throw1', 'positive1']
           }
         },
-        function() {
+        () => {
           done();
         },
         isNotCalled
       );
     });
 
-    it('should run audit.normalizeOptions to ensure valid input', function() {
+    it('should run audit.normalizeOptions to ensure valid input', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<input type="text" aria-label="monkeys">' +
         '<div id="monkeys">bananas</div>' +
         '<input aria-labelledby="monkeys" type="text">' +
         '<blink>FAIL ME</blink>';
-      var checked = 'options not validated';
+      let checked = 'options not validated';
 
-      a.normalizeOptions = function() {
+      audit.normalizeOptions = () => {
         checked = 'options validated';
       };
 
-      a.run(
+      audit.run(
         { include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0]] },
         {},
         noop,
@@ -1233,8 +1230,8 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       assert.equal(checked, 'options validated');
     });
 
-    it('should halt if an error occurs when debug is set', function(done) {
-      a.addRule({
+    it('should halt if an error occurs when debug is set', done => {
+      audit.addRule({
         id: 'throw1',
         selector: '*',
         any: [
@@ -1243,9 +1240,9 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
           }
         ]
       });
-      a.addCheck({
+      audit.addCheck({
         id: 'throw1-check1',
-        evaluate: function() {
+        evaluate: () => {
           throw new Error('Launch the super sheep!');
         }
       });
@@ -1253,7 +1250,7 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       // check error node requires _selectorCache to be setup
       axe.setup();
 
-      a.run(
+      audit.run(
         { include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0]] },
         {
           debug: true,
@@ -1263,21 +1260,36 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
           }
         },
         noop,
-        function(err) {
+        function (err) {
           assert.equal(err.message, 'Launch the super sheep!');
           done();
         }
       );
     });
+
+    it('propagates DqElement options', async () => {
+      fixtureSetup('<input id="input">');
+      const results = await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+        audit.run(
+          { include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0]] },
+          { elementRef: true, absolutePaths: true },
+          resolve,
+          reject
+        );
+      });
+      const { node } = results[0].nodes[0];
+      assert.equal(node.element, fixture.firstChild);
+      assert.equal(node.selector, 'html > body > #fixture > #input');
+    });
   });
 
-  describe('Audit#after', function() {
-    it('should run Rule#after on any rule whose result is passed in', function() {
+  describe('Audit#after', () => {
+    it('should run Rule#after on any rule whose result is passed in', () => {
       /*eslint no-unused-vars:0*/
-      var audit = new Audit();
-      var success = false;
-      var options = [{ id: 'hehe', enabled: true, monkeys: 'bananas' }];
-      var results = [
+      audit = new Audit();
+      let success = false;
+      const options = [{ id: 'hehe', enabled: true, monkeys: 'bananas' }];
+      const results = [
         {
           id: 'hehe',
           monkeys: 'bananas'
@@ -1291,7 +1303,7 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
         })
       );
 
-      audit.rules[0].after = function(res, opts) {
+      audit.rules[0].after = function (res, opts) {
         assert.equal(res, results[0]);
         assert.deepEqual(opts, options);
         success = true;
@@ -1301,17 +1313,17 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('Audit#normalizeOptions', function() {
-    var axeLog;
-    beforeEach(function() {
+  describe('Audit#normalizeOptions', () => {
+    let axeLog;
+    beforeEach(() => {
       axeLog = axe.log;
     });
-    afterEach(function() {
+    afterEach(() => {
       axe.log = axeLog;
     });
 
-    it('returns the options object when it is valid', function() {
-      var opt = {
+    it('returns the options object when it is valid', () => {
+      const opt = {
         runOnly: {
           type: 'rule',
           values: ['positive1', 'positive2']
@@ -1320,89 +1332,89 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
           negative1: { enabled: false }
         }
       };
-      assert(a.normalizeOptions(opt), opt);
+      assert(audit.normalizeOptions(opt), opt);
     });
 
-    it('allows `value` as alternative to `values`', function() {
-      var opt = {
+    it('allows `value` as alternative to `values`', () => {
+      const opt = {
         runOnly: {
           type: 'rule',
           value: ['positive1', 'positive2']
         }
       };
-      var out = a.normalizeOptions(opt);
+      const out = audit.normalizeOptions(opt);
       assert.deepEqual(out.runOnly.values, ['positive1', 'positive2']);
       assert.isUndefined(out.runOnly.value);
     });
 
-    it('allows type: rules as an alternative to type: rule', function() {
-      var opt = {
+    it('allows type: rules as an alternative to type: rule', () => {
+      const opt = {
         runOnly: {
           type: 'rules',
           values: ['positive1', 'positive2']
         }
       };
-      assert(a.normalizeOptions(opt).runOnly.type, 'rule');
+      assert(audit.normalizeOptions(opt).runOnly.type, 'rule');
     });
 
-    it('allows type: tags as an alternative to type: tag', function() {
-      var opt = {
+    it('allows type: tags as an alternative to type: tag', () => {
+      const opt = {
         runOnly: {
           type: 'tags',
           values: ['positive']
         }
       };
-      assert(a.normalizeOptions(opt).runOnly.type, 'tag');
+      assert(audit.normalizeOptions(opt).runOnly.type, 'tag');
     });
 
-    it('allows type: undefined as an alternative to type: tag', function() {
-      var opt = {
+    it('allows type: undefined as an alternative to type: tag', () => {
+      const opt = {
         runOnly: {
           values: ['positive']
         }
       };
-      assert(a.normalizeOptions(opt).runOnly.type, 'tag');
+      assert(audit.normalizeOptions(opt).runOnly.type, 'tag');
     });
 
-    it('allows runOnly as an array as an alternative to type: tag', function() {
-      var opt = { runOnly: ['positive', 'negative'] };
-      var out = a.normalizeOptions(opt);
+    it('allows runOnly as an array as an alternative to type: tag', () => {
+      const opt = { runOnly: ['positive', 'negative'] };
+      const out = audit.normalizeOptions(opt);
       assert(out.runOnly.type, 'tag');
       assert.deepEqual(out.runOnly.values, ['positive', 'negative']);
     });
 
-    it('allows runOnly as an array as an alternative to type: rule', function() {
-      var opt = { runOnly: ['positive1', 'negative1'] };
-      var out = a.normalizeOptions(opt);
+    it('allows runOnly as an array as an alternative to type: rule', () => {
+      const opt = { runOnly: ['positive1', 'negative1'] };
+      const out = audit.normalizeOptions(opt);
       assert(out.runOnly.type, 'rule');
       assert.deepEqual(out.runOnly.values, ['positive1', 'negative1']);
     });
 
-    it('allows runOnly as a string as an alternative to an array', function() {
-      var opt = { runOnly: 'positive1' };
-      var out = a.normalizeOptions(opt);
+    it('allows runOnly as a string as an alternative to an array', () => {
+      const opt = { runOnly: 'positive1' };
+      const out = audit.normalizeOptions(opt);
       assert(out.runOnly.type, 'rule');
       assert.deepEqual(out.runOnly.values, ['positive1']);
     });
 
-    it('throws an error if runOnly contains both rules and tags', function() {
-      assert.throws(function() {
-        a.normalizeOptions({
+    it('throws an error if runOnly contains both rules and tags', () => {
+      assert.throws(() => {
+        audit.normalizeOptions({
           runOnly: ['positive', 'negative1']
         });
       });
     });
 
-    it('defaults runOnly to type: tag', function() {
-      var opt = { runOnly: ['fakeTag'] };
-      var out = a.normalizeOptions(opt);
+    it('defaults runOnly to type: tag', () => {
+      const opt = { runOnly: ['fakeTag'] };
+      const out = audit.normalizeOptions(opt);
       assert(out.runOnly.type, 'tag');
       assert.deepEqual(out.runOnly.values, ['fakeTag']);
     });
 
-    it('throws an error runOnly.values not an array', function() {
-      assert.throws(function() {
-        a.normalizeOptions({
+    it('throws an error runOnly.values not an array', () => {
+      assert.throws(() => {
+        audit.normalizeOptions({
           runOnly: {
             type: 'rule',
             values: { badProp: 'badValue' }
@@ -1411,9 +1423,9 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('throws an error runOnly.values an empty', function() {
-      assert.throws(function() {
-        a.normalizeOptions({
+    it('throws an error runOnly.values an empty', () => {
+      assert.throws(() => {
+        audit.normalizeOptions({
           runOnly: {
             type: 'rule',
             values: []
@@ -1422,9 +1434,9 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('throws an error runOnly.type is unknown', function() {
-      assert.throws(function() {
-        a.normalizeOptions({
+    it('throws an error runOnly.type is unknown', () => {
+      assert.throws(() => {
+        audit.normalizeOptions({
           runOnly: {
             type: 'something-else',
             values: ['wcag2aa']
@@ -1433,9 +1445,9 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('throws an error when option.runOnly has an unknown rule', function() {
-      assert.throws(function() {
-        a.normalizeOptions({
+    it('throws an error when option.runOnly has an unknown rule', () => {
+      assert.throws(() => {
+        audit.normalizeOptions({
           runOnly: {
             type: 'rule',
             values: ['frakeRule']
@@ -1444,9 +1456,9 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it("doesn't throw an error when option.runOnly has an unknown tag", function() {
-      assert.doesNotThrow(function() {
-        a.normalizeOptions({
+    it("doesn't throw an error when option.runOnly has an unknown tag", () => {
+      assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
+        audit.normalizeOptions({
           runOnly: {
             type: 'tags',
             values: ['fakeTag']
@@ -1455,9 +1467,9 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('throws an error when option.rules has an unknown rule', function() {
-      assert.throws(function() {
-        a.normalizeOptions({
+    it('throws an error when option.rules has an unknown rule', () => {
+      assert.throws(() => {
+        audit.normalizeOptions({
           rules: {
             fakeRule: { enabled: false }
           }
@@ -1465,12 +1477,12 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('logs an issue when a tag is unknown', function() {
-      var message = '';
-      axe.log = function(m) {
+    it('logs an issue when a tag is unknown', () => {
+      let message = '';
+      axe.log = function (m) {
         message = m;
       };
-      a.normalizeOptions({
+      audit.normalizeOptions({
         runOnly: {
           type: 'tags',
           values: ['unknwon-tag']
@@ -1479,12 +1491,12 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       assert.include(message, 'Could not find tags');
     });
 
-    it('logs no issues for unknown WCAG level tags', function() {
-      var message = '';
-      axe.log = function(m) {
+    it('logs no issues for unknown WCAG level tags', () => {
+      let message = '';
+      axe.log = function (m) {
         message = m;
       };
-      a.normalizeOptions({
+      audit.normalizeOptions({
         runOnly: {
           type: 'tags',
           values: ['wcag23aaa']
@@ -1493,12 +1505,12 @@ describe('Audit', function() {
       assert.isEmpty(message);
     });
 
-    it('logs an issue when a tag is unknown, together with a wcag level tag', function() {
-      var message = '';
-      axe.log = function(m) {
+    it('logs an issue when a tag is unknown, together with a wcag level tag', () => {
+      let message = '';
+      axe.log = function (m) {
         message = m;
       };
-      a.normalizeOptions({
+      audit.normalizeOptions({
         runOnly: {
           type: 'tags',
           values: ['wcag23aaa', 'unknwon-tag']
diff --git a/test/core/base/cache.js b/test/core/base/cache.js
index 791586db8..1bcc31b41 100644
--- a/test/core/base/cache.js
+++ b/test/core/base/cache.js
@@ -1,32 +1,169 @@
-describe('axe._cache', function() {
+describe('axe._cache', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should set items from the cache without error', function() {
-    function fn() {
-      axe._cache.set('foo', 'bar');
-    }
-    assert.doesNotThrow(fn);
-  });
+  describe('set', function () {
+    it('should set items without error', function () {
+      function fn() {
+        axe._cache.set('foo', 'bar');
+      }
+      assert.doesNotThrow(fn);
+    });
+
+    it('should set `undefined` without error', function () {
+      function fn() {
+        axe._cache.set('foo', undefined);
+      }
+      assert.doesNotThrow(fn);
+    });
 
-  it('should not throw for non-string keys', function() {
-    function fn() {
-      axe._cache.set(1, 'bar');
-      axe._cache.set({}, 'bar');
-      axe._cache.set(null, 'bar');
-    }
-    assert.doesNotThrow(fn);
+    it('should throw for non-string keys', function () {
+      assert.throws(function () {
+        axe._cache.set(1, 'bar');
+      });
+      assert.throws(function () {
+        axe._cache.set({}, 'bar');
+      });
+      assert.throws(function () {
+        axe._cache.set(null, 'bar');
+      });
+      assert.throws(function () {
+        axe._cache.set(function () {
+          return;
+        }, 'bar');
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('should throw for empty string keys', function () {
+      assert.throws(function () {
+        axe._cache.set('', 'bar');
+      });
+    });
   });
 
-  it('should get an item from the cache', function() {
-    axe._cache.set('foo', 'bar');
-    var value = axe._cache.get('foo');
-    assert.equal(value, 'bar');
+  describe('get', function () {
+    it('should get an item from the cache', function () {
+      axe._cache.set('foo', 'bar');
+      var value = axe._cache.get('foo');
+      assert.equal(value, 'bar');
+    });
+
+    it('should return `undefined` for key lookup miss', function () {
+      assert.isUndefined(axe._cache.get('foo'));
+    });
+
+    describe('with creator function', function () {
+      it('should set and return primitive types', function () {
+        assert.equal(
+          axe._cache.get('integer', function () {
+            return 1;
+          }),
+          1
+        );
+        assert.equal(
+          axe._cache.get('float', function () {
+            return 1.1;
+          }),
+          1.1
+        );
+        assert.equal(
+          axe._cache.get('string', function () {
+            return 'foo';
+          }),
+          'foo'
+        );
+        assert.isTrue(
+          axe._cache.get('boolean', function () {
+            return true;
+          })
+        );
+        assert.isNull(
+          axe._cache.get('null', function () {
+            return null;
+          })
+        );
+
+        var obj = { foo: 'bar' };
+        assert.equal(
+          axe._cache.get('object', function () {
+            return obj;
+          }),
+          obj
+        );
+
+        var arr = [1, 2, 3];
+        assert.equal(
+          axe._cache.get('array', function () {
+            return arr;
+          }),
+          arr
+        );
+      });
+
+      it('should throw when creator is not a function', function () {
+        function fn() {
+          axe._cache.get('foo', 'bar');
+        }
+        assert.throws(fn);
+      });
+
+      it('should throw when creator function returns `undefined`', function () {
+        function fn() {
+          axe._cache.get('foo', function () {
+            return undefined;
+          });
+        }
+        assert.throws(fn);
+      });
+
+      it('should not evaluate creator if key already exists', function () {
+        var spy = sinon.spy();
+        axe._cache.set('foo', 'bar');
+        axe._cache.get('foo', spy);
+        assert.isTrue(spy.notCalled);
+      });
+
+      it('should evaluate creator once', function () {
+        var spy = sinon.spy(function () {
+          return true;
+        });
+        axe._cache.get('foo', spy);
+        axe._cache.get('foo', spy);
+        axe._cache.get('foo', spy);
+        assert.isTrue(spy.calledOnce);
+      });
+
+      it('should not override a value from `set()`', function () {
+        axe._cache.set('foo', 'bar');
+        axe._cache.get('foo', function () {
+          return 'baz';
+        });
+        assert.equal(axe._cache.get('foo'), 'bar');
+      });
+
+      it('should override a value from `get()` with a `set()` value', function () {
+        axe._cache.get('foo', function () {
+          return 'baz';
+        });
+        axe._cache.set('foo', 'bar');
+        assert.equal(axe._cache.get('foo'), 'bar');
+      });
+
+      it('should set value after calling with undefined', function () {
+        axe._cache.get('foo');
+        axe._cache.get('foo', function () {
+          return 'value';
+        });
+        assert.equal(axe._cache.get('foo'), 'value');
+      });
+    });
   });
 
-  it('should clear the cache', function() {
-    axe._cache.set('foo', 'bar');
-    axe._cache.clear();
-    var value = axe._cache.get('foo');
-    assert.isUndefined(value);
+  describe('clear', function () {
+    it('should clear the cache', function () {
+      axe._cache.set('foo', 'bar');
+      axe._cache.clear();
+      var value = axe._cache.get('foo');
+      assert.isUndefined(value);
+    });
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/base/check-result.js b/test/core/base/check-result.js
index eee4cfa09..5b85f5cf8 100644
--- a/test/core/base/check-result.js
+++ b/test/core/base/check-result.js
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
-describe('CheckResult', function() {
+describe('CheckResult', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var CheckResult = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.CheckResult;
-  it('should be a function', function() {
+  it('should be a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(CheckResult);
   });
 
-  it('should have an id', function() {
+  it('should have an id', function () {
     var result = new CheckResult({ id: 'monkeys' });
     assert.equal(result.id, 'monkeys');
   });
 
-  it('should set `data` to `null`', function() {
+  it('should set `data` to `null`', function () {
     var result = new CheckResult({});
     assert.isNull(result.data);
   });
 
-  it('should set `relatedNodes` to `[]`', function() {
+  it('should set `relatedNodes` to `[]`', function () {
     var result = new CheckResult({});
     assert.deepEqual(result.relatedNodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should set `result` to `null`', function() {
+  it('should set `result` to `null`', function () {
     var result = new CheckResult({});
     assert.isNull(result.result);
   });
diff --git a/test/core/base/check.js b/test/core/base/check.js
index b399364ef..98c169745 100644
--- a/test/core/base/check.js
+++ b/test/core/base/check.js
@@ -1,114 +1,112 @@
-describe('Check', function() {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var Check = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.Check;
-  var CheckResult = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.CheckResult;
-  var metadataFunctionMap =
+describe('Check', () => {
+  const Check = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.Check;
+  const CheckResult = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.CheckResult;
+  const metadataFunctionMap =
     axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.metadataFunctionMap;
-  var noop = function() {};
+  const noop = () => {};
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function() {
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(Check);
   });
 
-  describe('prototype', function() {
-    describe('enabled', function() {
-      it('should be true by default', function() {
-        var check = new Check({});
+  describe('prototype', () => {
+    describe('enabled', () => {
+      it('should be true by default', () => {
+        const check = new Check({});
         assert.isTrue(check.enabled);
       });
-      it('should be set to whatever is passed in', function() {
-        var check = new Check({ enabled: false });
+      it('should be set to whatever is passed in', () => {
+        const check = new Check({ enabled: false });
         assert.isFalse(check.enabled);
       });
     });
 
-    describe('configure', function() {
-      it('should accept one parameter', function() {
+    describe('configure', () => {
+      it('should accept one parameter', () => {
         assert.lengthOf(new Check({}).configure, 1);
       });
-      it('should override options', function() {
-        Check.prototype.test = function() {
+      it('should override options', () => {
+        Check.prototype.test = function () {
           return this.options;
         };
-        var check = new Check({
+        const check = new Check({
           options: ['foo']
         });
         check.configure({ options: { value: 'fong' } });
         assert.deepEqual({ value: 'fong' }, check.test());
         delete Check.prototype.test;
       });
-      it('should override evaluate', function() {
-        Check.prototype.test = function() {
+      it('should override evaluate', () => {
+        Check.prototype.test = function () {
           return this.evaluate();
         };
-        var check = new Check({
+        const check = new Check({
           evaluate: 'function () { return "foo"; }'
         });
         check.configure({ evaluate: 'function () { return "fong"; }' });
         assert.equal('fong', check.test());
         delete Check.prototype.test;
       });
-      it('should override after', function() {
-        Check.prototype.test = function() {
+      it('should override after', () => {
+        Check.prototype.test = function () {
           return this.after();
         };
-        var check = new Check({
+        const check = new Check({
           after: 'function () { return "foo"; }'
         });
         check.configure({ after: 'function () { return "fong"; }' });
         assert.equal('fong', check.test());
         delete Check.prototype.test;
       });
-      it('should override evaluate as a function', function() {
-        Check.prototype.test = function() {
+      it('should override evaluate as a function', () => {
+        Check.prototype.test = function () {
           return this.evaluate();
         };
-        var check = new Check({
-          evaluate: function() {
+        const check = new Check({
+          evaluate() {
             return 'foo';
           }
         });
         check.configure({
-          evaluate: function() {
+          evaluate() {
             return 'fong';
           }
         });
         assert.equal('fong', check.test());
         delete Check.prototype.test;
       });
-      it('should override after as a function', function() {
-        Check.prototype.test = function() {
+      it('should override after as a function', () => {
+        Check.prototype.test = function () {
           return this.after();
         };
-        var check = new Check({
-          after: function() {
+        const check = new Check({
+          after() {
             return 'foo';
           }
         });
         check.configure({
-          after: function() {
+          after() {
             return 'fong';
           }
         });
         assert.equal('fong', check.test());
         delete Check.prototype.test;
       });
-      it('should override evaluate as ID', function() {
-        metadataFunctionMap['custom-evaluate'] = function() {
+      it('should override evaluate as ID', () => {
+        metadataFunctionMap['custom-evaluate'] = () => {
           return 'fong';
         };
 
-        Check.prototype.test = function() {
+        Check.prototype.test = function () {
           return this.evaluate();
         };
-        var check = new Check({
+        const check = new Check({
           evaluate: 'function () { return "foo"; }'
         });
         check.configure({ evaluate: 'custom-evaluate' });
@@ -116,15 +114,15 @@ describe('Check', function() {
         delete Check.prototype.test;
         delete metadataFunctionMap['custom-evaluate'];
       });
-      it('should override after as ID', function() {
-        metadataFunctionMap['custom-after'] = function() {
+      it('should override after as ID', () => {
+        metadataFunctionMap['custom-after'] = () => {
           return 'fong';
         };
 
-        Check.prototype.test = function() {
+        Check.prototype.test = function () {
           return this.after();
         };
-        var check = new Check({
+        const check = new Check({
           after: 'function () { return "foo"; }'
         });
         check.configure({ after: 'custom-after' });
@@ -132,9 +130,9 @@ describe('Check', function() {
         delete Check.prototype.test;
         delete metadataFunctionMap['custom-after'];
       });
-      it('should error if evaluate does not match an ID', function() {
+      it('should error if evaluate does not match an ID', () => {
         function fn() {
-          var check = new Check({});
+          const check = new Check({});
           check.configure({ evaluate: 'does-not-exist' });
         }
 
@@ -143,9 +141,9 @@ describe('Check', function() {
           'Function ID does not exist in the metadata-function-map: does-not-exist'
         );
       });
-      it('should error if after does not match an ID', function() {
+      it('should error if after does not match an ID', () => {
         function fn() {
-          var check = new Check({});
+          const check = new Check({});
           check.configure({ after: 'does-not-exist' });
         }
 
@@ -154,80 +152,80 @@ describe('Check', function() {
           'Function ID does not exist in the metadata-function-map: does-not-exist'
         );
       });
-      it('should override enabled', function() {
-        Check.prototype.test = function() {
+      it('should override enabled', () => {
+        Check.prototype.test = function () {
           return this.enabled;
         };
-        var check = new Check({
+        const check = new Check({
           enabled: true
         });
         check.configure({ enabled: false });
         assert.equal(false, check.test());
         delete Check.prototype.test;
       });
-      it('should NOT override id', function() {
-        Check.prototype.test = function() {
+      it('should NOT override id', () => {
+        Check.prototype.test = function () {
           return this.id;
         };
-        var check = new Check({
+        const check = new Check({
           id: 'fong'
         });
         check.configure({ id: 'foo' });
         assert.equal('fong', check.test());
         delete Check.prototype.test;
       });
-      it('should NOT override any random property', function() {
-        Check.prototype.test = function() {
+      it('should NOT override any random property', () => {
+        Check.prototype.test = function () {
           return this.random;
         };
-        var check = new Check({});
+        const check = new Check({});
         check.configure({ random: 'foo' });
         assert.equal(undefined, check.test());
         delete Check.prototype.test;
       });
     });
 
-    describe('run', function() {
-      it('should accept 5 parameters', function() {
+    describe('run', () => {
+      it('should accept 5 parameters', () => {
         assert.lengthOf(new Check({}).run, 5);
       });
 
-      it('should pass the node through', function(done) {
+      it('should pass the node through', done => {
         new Check({
-          evaluate: function(node) {
+          evaluate(node) {
             assert.equal(node, fixture);
             done();
           }
         }).run(axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0], {}, {}, noop);
       });
 
-      it('should pass the options through', function(done) {
-        var expected = { monkeys: 'bananas' };
+      it('should pass the options through', done => {
+        const expected = { monkeys: 'bananas' };
 
         new Check({
           options: expected,
-          evaluate: function(node, options) {
+          evaluate(node, options) {
             assert.deepEqual(options, expected);
             done();
           }
         }).run(fixture, {}, {}, noop);
       });
 
-      it('should pass the options through modified by the ones passed into the call', function(done) {
-        var configured = { monkeys: 'bananas' },
+      it('should pass the options through modified by the ones passed into the call', done => {
+        const configured = { monkeys: 'bananas' },
           expected = { monkeys: 'bananas', dogs: 'cats' };
 
         new Check({
           options: configured,
-          evaluate: function(node, options) {
+          evaluate(node, options) {
             assert.deepEqual(options, expected);
             done();
           }
         }).run(fixture, { options: expected }, {}, noop);
       });
 
-      it('should normalize non-object options for internal checks', function(done) {
-        metadataFunctionMap['custom-check'] = function(node, options) {
+      it('should normalize non-object options for internal checks', done => {
+        metadataFunctionMap['custom-check'] = function (node, options) {
           assert.deepEqual(options, { value: 'foo' });
           done();
         };
@@ -237,24 +235,24 @@ describe('Check', function() {
         delete metadataFunctionMap['custom-check'];
       });
 
-      it('should not normalize non-object options for external checks', function(done) {
+      it('should not normalize non-object options for external checks', done => {
         new Check({
-          evaluate: function(node, options) {
+          evaluate(node, options) {
             assert.deepEqual(options, 'foo');
             done();
           }
         }).run(fixture, { options: 'foo' }, {}, noop);
       });
 
-      it('should pass the context through to check evaluate call', function(done) {
-        var configured = {
+      it('should pass the context through to check evaluate call', done => {
+        const configured = {
           cssom: 'yay',
           source: 'this is page source',
           aom: undefined
         };
         new Check({
           options: configured,
-          evaluate: function(node, options, virtualNode, context) {
+          evaluate(node, options, virtualNode, context) {
             assert.property(context, 'cssom');
             assert.deepEqual(context, configured);
             done();
@@ -262,33 +260,33 @@ describe('Check', function() {
         }).run(fixture, {}, configured, noop);
       });
 
-      it('should pass the virtual node through', function(done) {
-        var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+      it('should pass the virtual node through', done => {
+        const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
         new Check({
-          evaluate: function(node, options, virtualNode) {
+          evaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
             assert.equal(virtualNode, tree[0]);
             done();
           }
         }).run(tree[0]);
       });
 
-      it.skip('should bind context to `bindCheckResult`', function(done) {
-        var orig = axe.utils.checkHelper,
-          cb = function() {
+      it.skip('should bind context to `bindCheckResult`', done => {
+        const orig = axe.utils.checkHelper,
+          cb = () => {
             return true;
           },
           options = {},
           context = {},
           result = { monkeys: 'bananas' };
 
-        axe.utils.checkHelper = function(checkResult, options, callback) {
+        axe.utils.checkHelper = function (checkResult, opts, callback) {
           assert.instanceOf(checkResult, window.CheckResult);
           assert.equal(callback, cb);
           return result;
         };
 
         new Check({
-          evaluate: function() {
+          evaluate() {
             assert.deepEqual(result, this);
             axe.utils.checkHelper = orig;
             done();
@@ -296,66 +294,66 @@ describe('Check', function() {
         }).run(fixture, options, context, cb);
       });
 
-      it('should allow for asynchronous checks', function(done) {
-        var data = { monkeys: 'bananas' };
+      it('should allow for asynchronous checks', done => {
+        const data = { monkeys: 'bananas' };
         new Check({
-          evaluate: function() {
-            var ready = this.async();
-            setTimeout(function() {
+          evaluate() {
+            const ready = this.async();
+            setTimeout(function () {
               ready(data);
             }, 10);
           }
-        }).run(fixture, {}, {}, function(d) {
+        }).run(fixture, {}, {}, function (d) {
           assert.instanceOf(d, CheckResult);
           assert.deepEqual(d.result, data);
           done();
         });
       });
 
-      it('should pass `null` as the parameter if not enabled', function(done) {
+      it('should pass `null` as the parameter if not enabled', done => {
         new Check({
-          evaluate: function() {},
+          evaluate() {},
           enabled: false
-        }).run(fixture, {}, {}, function(data) {
+        }).run(fixture, {}, {}, function (data) {
           assert.isNull(data);
           done();
         });
       });
 
-      it('should pass `null` as the parameter if options disable', function(done) {
+      it('should pass `null` as the parameter if options disable', done => {
         new Check({
-          evaluate: function() {}
+          evaluate() {}
         }).run(
           fixture,
           {
             enabled: false
           },
           {},
-          function(data) {
+          function (data) {
             assert.isNull(data);
             done();
           }
         );
       });
 
-      it('passes a result to the resolve argument', function(done) {
+      it('passes a result to the resolve argument', done => {
         new Check({
-          evaluate: function() {
+          evaluate() {
             return true;
           }
-        }).run(fixture, {}, {}, function(data) {
+        }).run(fixture, {}, {}, function (data) {
           assert.instanceOf(data, CheckResult);
           assert.isTrue(data.result);
           done();
         });
       });
 
-      it('should pass errors to the reject argument', function(done) {
+      it('should pass errors to the reject argument', done => {
         new Check({
-          evaluate: function() {
+          evaluate() {
             throw new Error('Grenade!');
           }
-        }).run(fixture, {}, {}, noop, function(err) {
+        }).run(fixture, {}, {}, noop, function (err) {
           assert.instanceOf(err, Error);
           assert.equal(err.message, 'Grenade!');
           done();
@@ -363,44 +361,44 @@ describe('Check', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('runSync', function() {
-      it('should accept 3 parameters', function() {
+    describe('runSync', () => {
+      it('should accept 3 parameters', () => {
         assert.lengthOf(new Check({}).runSync, 3);
       });
 
-      it('should pass the node through', function() {
+      it('should pass the node through', () => {
         new Check({
-          evaluate: function(node) {
+          evaluate(node) {
             assert.equal(node, fixture);
           }
         }).runSync(axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0], {}, {});
       });
 
-      it('should pass the options through', function() {
-        var expected = { monkeys: 'bananas' };
+      it('should pass the options through', () => {
+        const expected = { monkeys: 'bananas' };
 
         new Check({
           options: expected,
-          evaluate: function(node, options) {
+          evaluate(node, options) {
             assert.deepEqual(options, expected);
           }
         }).runSync(fixture, {}, {});
       });
 
-      it('should pass the options through modified by the ones passed into the call', function() {
-        var configured = { monkeys: 'bananas' },
+      it('should pass the options through modified by the ones passed into the call', () => {
+        const configured = { monkeys: 'bananas' },
           expected = { monkeys: 'bananas', dogs: 'cats' };
 
         new Check({
           options: configured,
-          evaluate: function(node, options) {
+          evaluate(node, options) {
             assert.deepEqual(options, expected);
           }
         }).runSync(fixture, { options: expected }, {});
       });
 
-      it('should normalize non-object options for internal checks', function(done) {
-        metadataFunctionMap['custom-check'] = function(node, options) {
+      it('should normalize non-object options for internal checks', done => {
+        metadataFunctionMap['custom-check'] = function (node, options) {
           assert.deepEqual(options, { value: 'foo' });
           done();
         };
@@ -410,47 +408,47 @@ describe('Check', function() {
         delete metadataFunctionMap['custom-check'];
       });
 
-      it('should not normalize non-object options for external checks', function(done) {
+      it('should not normalize non-object options for external checks', done => {
         new Check({
-          evaluate: function(node, options) {
+          evaluate(node, options) {
             assert.deepEqual(options, 'foo');
             done();
           }
         }).runSync(fixture, { options: 'foo' }, {});
       });
 
-      it('should pass the context through to check evaluate call', function() {
-        var configured = {
+      it('should pass the context through to check evaluate call', () => {
+        const configured = {
           cssom: 'yay',
           source: 'this is page source',
           aom: undefined
         };
         new Check({
           options: configured,
-          evaluate: function(node, options, virtualNode, context) {
+          evaluate(node, options, virtualNode, context) {
             assert.property(context, 'cssom');
             assert.deepEqual(context, configured);
           }
         }).runSync(fixture, {}, configured);
       });
 
-      it('should pass the virtual node through', function() {
-        var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+      it('should pass the virtual node through', () => {
+        const tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
         new Check({
-          evaluate: function(node, options, virtualNode) {
+          evaluate(node, options, virtualNode) {
             assert.equal(virtualNode, tree[0]);
           }
         }).runSync(tree[0]);
       });
 
-      it('should throw error for asynchronous checks', function() {
-        var data = { monkeys: 'bananas' };
+      it('should throw error for asynchronous checks', () => {
+        const data = { monkeys: 'bananas' };
 
         try {
           new Check({
-            evaluate: function() {
-              var ready = this.async();
-              setTimeout(function() {
+            evaluate() {
+              const ready = this.async();
+              setTimeout(function () {
                 ready(data);
               }, 10);
             }
@@ -464,18 +462,18 @@ describe('Check', function() {
         }
       });
 
-      it('should pass `null` as the parameter if not enabled', function() {
-        var data = new Check({
-          evaluate: function() {},
+      it('should pass `null` as the parameter if not enabled', () => {
+        const data = new Check({
+          evaluate() {},
           enabled: false
         }).runSync(fixture, {}, {});
 
         assert.isNull(data);
       });
 
-      it('should pass `null` as the parameter if options disable', function() {
-        var data = new Check({
-          evaluate: function() {}
+      it('should pass `null` as the parameter if options disable', () => {
+        const data = new Check({
+          evaluate() {}
         }).runSync(
           fixture,
           {
@@ -486,9 +484,9 @@ describe('Check', function() {
         assert.isNull(data);
       });
 
-      it('passes a result to the resolve argument', function() {
-        var data = new Check({
-          evaluate: function() {
+      it('passes a result to the resolve argument', () => {
+        const data = new Check({
+          evaluate() {
             return true;
           }
         }).runSync(fixture, {}, {});
@@ -496,10 +494,10 @@ describe('Check', function() {
         assert.isTrue(data.result);
       });
 
-      it('should throw errors', function() {
+      it('should throw errors', () => {
         try {
           new Check({
-            evaluate: function() {
+            evaluate() {
               throw new Error('Grenade!');
             }
           }).runSync(fixture, {}, {});
@@ -510,9 +508,9 @@ describe('Check', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('getOptions', function() {
-      var check;
-      beforeEach(function() {
+    describe('getOptions', () => {
+      let check;
+      beforeEach(function () {
         check = new Check({
           options: {
             foo: 'bar'
@@ -520,57 +518,57 @@ describe('Check', function() {
         });
       });
 
-      it('should return default check options', function() {
+      it('should return default check options', () => {
         assert.deepEqual(check.getOptions(), { foo: 'bar' });
       });
 
-      it('should merge options with Check defaults', function() {
-        var options = check.getOptions({ hello: 'world' });
+      it('should merge options with Check defaults', () => {
+        const options = check.getOptions({ hello: 'world' });
         assert.deepEqual(options, { foo: 'bar', hello: 'world' });
       });
 
-      it('should override defaults', function() {
-        var options = check.getOptions({ foo: 'world' });
+      it('should override defaults', () => {
+        const options = check.getOptions({ foo: 'world' });
         assert.deepEqual(options, { foo: 'world' });
       });
 
-      it('should normalize passed in options', function() {
-        var options = check.getOptions('world');
+      it('should normalize passed in options', () => {
+        const options = check.getOptions('world');
         assert.deepEqual(options, { foo: 'bar', value: 'world' });
       });
     });
   });
 
-  describe('spec object', function() {
-    describe('.id', function() {
-      it('should be set', function() {
-        var spec = {
+  describe('spec object', () => {
+    describe('.id', () => {
+      it('should be set', () => {
+        const spec = {
           id: 'monkeys'
         };
         assert.equal(new Check(spec).id, spec.id);
       });
 
-      it('should have no default', function() {
-        var spec = {};
+      it('should have no default', () => {
+        const spec = {};
         assert.equal(new Check(spec).id, spec.id);
       });
     });
 
-    describe('.after', function() {
-      it('should be set', function() {
-        var spec = {
-          after: function() {}
+    describe('.after', () => {
+      it('should be set', () => {
+        const spec = {
+          after() {}
         };
         assert.equal(new Check(spec).after, spec.after);
       });
 
-      it('should have no default', function() {
-        var spec = {};
+      it('should have no default', () => {
+        const spec = {};
         assert.equal(new Check(spec).after, spec.after);
       });
 
-      it('should be able to take a string and turn it into a function', function() {
-        var spec = {
+      it('should be able to take a string and turn it into a function', () => {
+        const spec = {
           after: 'function () {return "blah";}'
         };
         assert.equal(typeof new Check(spec).after, 'function');
@@ -578,45 +576,45 @@ describe('Check', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('.options', function() {
-      it('should be set', function() {
-        var spec = {
+    describe('.options', () => {
+      it('should be set', () => {
+        const spec = {
           options: { value: ['monkeys', 'bananas'] }
         };
         assert.equal(new Check(spec).options, spec.options);
       });
 
-      it('should have no default', function() {
-        var spec = {};
+      it('should have no default', () => {
+        const spec = {};
         assert.equal(new Check(spec).options, spec.options);
       });
 
-      it('should normalize non-object options for internal checks', function() {
-        var spec = {
+      it('should normalize non-object options for internal checks', () => {
+        const spec = {
           options: 'foo'
         };
         assert.deepEqual(new Check(spec).options, { value: 'foo' });
       });
 
-      it('should not normalize non-object options for external checks', function() {
-        var spec = {
+      it('should not normalize non-object options for external checks', () => {
+        const spec = {
           options: 'foo',
-          evaluate: function() {}
+          evaluate() {}
         };
         assert.deepEqual(new Check(spec).options, 'foo');
       });
     });
 
-    describe('.evaluate', function() {
-      it('should be set', function() {
-        var spec = {
-          evaluate: function() {}
+    describe('.evaluate', () => {
+      it('should be set', () => {
+        const spec = {
+          evaluate() {}
         };
         assert.equal(typeof new Check(spec).evaluate, 'function');
         assert.equal(new Check(spec).evaluate, spec.evaluate);
       });
-      it('should turn a string into a function', function() {
-        var spec = {
+      it('should turn a string into a function', () => {
+        const spec = {
           evaluate: 'function () { return "blah";}'
         };
         assert.equal(typeof new Check(spec).evaluate, 'function');
diff --git a/test/core/base/context.js b/test/core/base/context.js
index 3e68acae0..3a28ad0ba 100644
--- a/test/core/base/context.js
+++ b/test/core/base/context.js
@@ -1,229 +1,217 @@
-/*eslint no-unused-vars:0*/
-describe('Context', function() {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var Context = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.Context;
+/*eslint no-new:0*/
+describe('Context', () => {
+  const { Context } = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base;
+  const { createNestedShadowDom } = axe.testUtils;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
   function $id(id) {
     return document.getElementById(id);
   }
+  const selectors = elms =>
+    elms.map(elm => {
+      const domNode = elm?.actualNode || elm;
+      return domNode.id ? `#${domNode.id}` : domNode.nodeName.toLowerCase();
+    });
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-
-  afterEach(function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
-  });
-
-  it('should not mutate exclude in input', function() {
+  it('should not mutate exclude in input', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"></div>';
-    var context = { exclude: [['iframe', '#foo']] };
+    const context = { exclude: [['iframe', '#foo']] };
     // eslint-disable-next-line no-new
     new Context(context);
     assert.deepEqual(context, { exclude: [['iframe', '#foo']] });
   });
 
-  it('should not mutate its include input', function() {
+  it('should not mutate its include input', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"></div>';
-    var context = { include: [['#foo']] };
+    const context = { include: [['#foo']] };
     // eslint-disable-next-line no-new
     new Context(context);
     assert.deepEqual(context, { include: [['#foo']] });
   });
 
-  it('should not share memory with complex object', function() {
+  it('should not share memory with complex object', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"><a href="">Click me</a></div>';
-    var spec = {
+    const spec = {
       include: [['#foo'], ['a']],
       exclude: [['iframe', '#foo2']],
       size: { width: 100, height: 100 }
     };
-    var context = new Context(spec);
+    const context = new Context(spec);
     assert.notStrictEqual(spec.include, context.include);
-    spec.include.forEach(function(_, index) {
+    spec.include.forEach((_, index) => {
       assert.notStrictEqual(spec.include[index], context.include[index]);
     });
     assert.notStrictEqual(spec.exclude, context.exclude);
-    spec.exclude.forEach(function(_, index) {
+    spec.exclude.forEach((_, index) => {
       assert.notStrictEqual(spec.exclude[index], context.exclude[index]);
     });
     assert.notStrictEqual(spec.size, context.size);
   });
 
-  it('should not share memory with simple array', function() {
+  it('should not share memory with simple array', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"></div>';
-    var spec = ['#foo'];
-    var context = new Context(spec);
+    const spec = [['#foo']];
+    const context = new Context(spec);
     assert.notStrictEqual(spec, context.include);
   });
 
-  describe('include', function() {
-    it('should accept a single selector', function() {
+  describe('include', () => {
+    it('accepts a single selector', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"></div>';
-      var result = new Context('#foo');
-
-      assert.deepEqual([result.include[0].actualNode], [$id('foo')]);
+      const result = new Context('#foo');
+      assert.deepEqual(selectors(result.include), ['#foo']);
+      assert.isEmpty(result.exclude);
     });
 
-    it('should accept multiple selectors', function() {
+    it('accepts frame selectors', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"><div id="bar"></div></div>';
-      var result = new Context([['#foo'], ['#bar']]);
+      const result = new Context([['#foo'], ['#bar']]);
+      assert.deepEqual(selectors(result.include), ['#foo', '#bar']);
+      assert.isEmpty(result.exclude);
+    });
 
-      assert.deepEqual(
-        [result.include[0].actualNode, result.include[1].actualNode],
-        [$id('foo'), $id('bar')]
-      );
+    it('accepts an array of strings as selectors', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"><div id="bar"></div></div>';
+      const context = new Context(['#foo', '#bar']);
+      assert.deepEqual(selectors(context.include), ['#foo', '#bar']);
+      assert.isEmpty(context.exclude);
     });
 
-    it('should accept a node reference', function() {
-      var div = document.createElement('div');
+    it('accepts a node reference', () => {
+      const div = document.createElement('div');
       fixture.appendChild(div);
-
-      var result = new Context(div);
-
+      const result = new Context(div);
       assert.deepEqual([result.include[0].actualNode], [div]);
     });
 
-    it('should accept a node reference consisting of nested divs', function() {
-      var div1 = document.createElement('div');
-      var div2 = document.createElement('div');
+    it('does not match shadow DOM nodes with light DOM selection', () => {
+      createNestedShadowDom(
+        fixture,
+        `<p id="p1">Light DOM</p>
+        <article id="shadowHost">
+          <p id="p2">Slotted light DOM</p>
+        </article>`,
+        `<section id="shadowHost"> <slot /> </section>
+        <p id="p3">Shadow DOM</p>`
+      );
+      const result = new Context([[['p']]]);
+      assert.deepEqual(selectors(result.include), ['#p1', '#p2']);
+    });
+
+    it('accepts shadow DOM selectors', () => {
+      createNestedShadowDom(
+        fixture,
+        '<article id="shadowHost"></article>',
+        '<div><section id="shadowHost"></section></div>',
+        '<h1 id="target">Hello world</h1>'
+      );
+      const result = new Context([[['#fixture > article', 'section', 'h1']]]);
+      assert.equal(result.include[0].props.id, 'target');
+    });
 
+    it('accepts a node reference consisting of nested divs', () => {
+      const div1 = document.createElement('div');
+      const div2 = document.createElement('div');
       div1.appendChild(div2);
       fixture.appendChild(div1);
 
-      var result = new Context(div1);
-
+      const result = new Context(div1);
       assert.deepEqual([result.include[0].actualNode], [div1]);
     });
 
-    it('should accept a node reference consisting of a form with nested controls', function() {
-      var form = document.createElement('form');
-      var input = document.createElement('input');
+    it('accepts a node reference consisting of a form with nested controls', () => {
+      const form = document.createElement('form');
+      const input = document.createElement('input');
 
       form.appendChild(input);
       fixture.appendChild(form);
 
-      var result = new Context(form);
-
-      assert.deepEqual([result.include[0].actualNode], [form]);
+      const result = new Context(form);
+      assert.deepEqual(result.include[0].actualNode, form);
     });
 
-    it('should accept an array of node references', function() {
+    it('accepts an array of node references', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"><div id="bar"></div></div>';
-
-      var result = new Context([$id('foo'), $id('bar')]);
-
+      const result = new Context([$id('foo'), $id('bar')]);
       assert.deepEqual(
         [result.include[0].actualNode, result.include[1].actualNode],
         [$id('foo'), $id('bar')]
       );
     });
 
-    it('should remove any non-matched reference', function() {
+    it('removes any non-matched reference', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"><div id="bar"></div></div>';
-
-      var result = new Context([['#foo'], ['#baz'], ['#bar']]);
-
-      assert.deepEqual(
-        result.include.map(function(n) {
-          return n.actualNode;
-        }),
-        [$id('foo'), $id('bar')]
-      );
+      const result = new Context([['#foo'], ['#baz'], ['#bar']]);
+      assert.deepEqual(selectors(result.include), ['#foo', '#bar']);
     });
 
-    it('should sort the include nodes in document order', function() {
+    it('sorts the include nodes in document order', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="foo"><div id="bar"></div></div><div id="baz"></div>';
-
-      var result = new Context([['#foo'], ['#baz'], ['#bar']]);
-
-      assert.deepEqual(
-        result.include.map(function(n) {
-          return n.actualNode;
-        }),
-        [$id('foo'), $id('bar'), $id('baz')]
-      );
+      const result = new Context([['#foo'], ['#baz'], ['#bar']]);
+      assert.deepEqual(selectors(result.include), ['#foo', '#bar', '#baz']);
     });
 
-    it('should remove any null reference', function() {
+    it('removes any null reference', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"><div id="bar"></div></div>';
-
-      var result = new Context([$id('foo'), $id('bar'), null]);
-
-      assert.deepEqual(
-        result.include.map(function(n) {
-          return n.actualNode;
-        }),
-        [$id('foo'), $id('bar')]
-      );
+      const result = new Context([$id('foo'), $id('bar'), null]);
+      assert.deepEqual(selectors(result.include), ['#foo', '#bar']);
     });
 
-    it('should accept mixed', function() {
+    it('accepts an array of mixed selectors and nodes', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"><div id="bar"></div></div>';
-      var div = document.createElement('div');
+      const div = document.createElement('div');
       div.id = 'baz';
       fixture.appendChild(div);
 
-      var result = new Context([['#foo'], ['#bar'], div]);
-
-      assert.deepEqual(
-        result.include.map(function(n) {
-          return n.actualNode;
-        }),
-        [$id('foo'), $id('bar'), $id('baz')]
-      );
+      const result = new Context([['#foo'], '#bar', div]);
+      assert.deepEqual(selectors(result.include), ['#foo', '#bar', '#baz']);
     });
 
-    it('should support jQuery-like objects', function() {
+    it('accepts jQuery-like objects', () => {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="foo"></div><div id="bar"></div><div id="baz"></div>';
-      var $test = {
+      const $test = {
         0: $id('foo'),
         1: $id('bar'),
         2: $id('baz'),
         length: 3
       };
 
-      var result = new Context($test);
-
-      assert.deepEqual(
-        result.include.map(function(n) {
-          return n.actualNode;
-        }),
-        [$id('foo'), $id('bar'), $id('baz')]
-      );
+      const result = new Context($test);
+      assert.deepEqual(selectors(result.include), ['#foo', '#bar', '#baz']);
     });
 
-    describe('throwing errors', function() {
-      var isInFrame;
+    describe('throwing errors', () => {
+      let isInFrame;
 
-      beforeEach(function() {
+      beforeEach(() => {
         isInFrame = axe.utils.respondable.isInFrame;
       });
-      afterEach(function() {
+      afterEach(() => {
         axe.utils.respondable.isInFrame = isInFrame;
       });
 
-      it('should throw when no elements match the context', function() {
+      it('should throw when no elements match the context', () => {
         fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"></div>';
         assert.throws(
-          function() {
-            var ctxt = new Context('#notAnElement');
+          () => {
+            new Context('#notAnElement');
           },
           Error,
           'No elements found for include in page Context'
         );
       });
 
-      it.skip('should throw when no elements match the context inside a frame', function() {
-        axe.utils.respondable.isInFrame = function() {
+      it.skip('should throw when no elements match the context inside a frame', () => {
+        axe.utils.respondable.isInFrame = () => {
           return true;
         };
 
         fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"></div>';
         assert.throws(
-          function() {
-            var ctxt = new Context('#notAnElement');
+          () => {
+            new Context('#notAnElement');
           },
           Error,
           'No elements found for include in frame Context'
@@ -231,18 +219,18 @@ describe('Context', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should create a flatTree property', function() {
-      var context = new Context({ include: [document] });
+    it('creates a flatTree property', () => {
+      const context = new Context({ include: [document] });
       assert.isArray(context.flatTree);
       assert.isAtLeast(context.flatTree.length, 1);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('object definition', function() {
-    it('should assign include/exclude', function() {
-      var context = new Context({
-        include: ['#fixture'],
-        exclude: ['#mocha']
+  describe('object definition', () => {
+    it('should assign include/exclude', () => {
+      const context = new Context({
+        include: [['#fixture']],
+        exclude: [['#mocha']]
       });
       assert.isNotNull(context);
       assert.hasAllKeys(context, [
@@ -259,11 +247,11 @@ describe('Context', function() {
       assert.isAtLeast(context.flatTree.length, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should disregard bad input, non-matching selectors', function() {
-      var flatTree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document);
-      var context = new Context({
-        include: ['#fixture', '#monkeys'],
-        exclude: ['#bananas']
+    it('should disregard bad input, non-matching selectors', () => {
+      const flatTree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document);
+      const context = new Context({
+        include: [['#fixture'], ['#monkeys']],
+        exclude: [['#bananas']]
       });
       assert.isNotNull(context);
       assert.hasAllKeys(context, [
@@ -283,22 +271,22 @@ describe('Context', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should disregard bad input (null)', function() {
-      var result = new Context();
+    it('should disregard bad input (null)', () => {
+      const result = new Context();
 
       assert.lengthOf(result.include, 1);
       assert.equal(result.include[0].actualNode, document.documentElement);
 
-      assert.lengthOf(result.exclude, 0);
+      assert.isEmpty(result.exclude);
 
       assert.isTrue(result.initiator);
       assert.isTrue(result.page);
 
-      assert.lengthOf(result.frames, 0);
+      assert.isEmpty(result.frames);
     });
 
-    it('should default include to document', function() {
-      var result = new Context({ exclude: ['#fixture'] });
+    it('should default include to document', () => {
+      const result = new Context({ exclude: [['#fixture']] });
       assert.lengthOf(result.include, 1);
       assert.equal(result.include[0].actualNode, document.documentElement);
 
@@ -308,112 +296,128 @@ describe('Context', function() {
       assert.isTrue(result.initiator);
       assert.isTrue(result.page);
 
-      assert.lengthOf(result.frames, 0);
+      assert.isEmpty(result.frames);
     });
 
-    it('should default empty include to document', function() {
-      var result = new Context({ include: [], exclude: [] });
+    it('should default empty include to document', () => {
+      const result = new Context({ include: [], exclude: [] });
       assert.lengthOf(result.include, 1);
       assert.equal(result.include[0].actualNode, document.documentElement);
     });
+
+    it('throws when it has a fromFrames prop', () => {
+      assert.throws(() => {
+        new Context({
+          include: [],
+          fromFrames: ['frame', '#fixture']
+        });
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('throws when it has a fromShadowDom prop', () => {
+      assert.throws(() => {
+        new Context({
+          include: [],
+          fromShadowDom: ['frame', '#fixture']
+        });
+      });
+    });
   });
 
-  describe('initiator', function() {
-    it('should not be clobbered', function() {
-      var result = new Context({
+  describe('initiator', () => {
+    it('should not be clobbered', () => {
+      const result = new Context({
         initiator: false
       });
       assert.lengthOf(result.include, 1);
       assert.equal(result.include[0].actualNode, document.documentElement);
 
-      assert.lengthOf(result.exclude, 0);
-
+      assert.isEmpty(result.exclude);
       assert.isFalse(result.initiator);
       assert.isTrue(result.page);
-
-      assert.lengthOf(result.frames, 0);
+      assert.isEmpty(result.frames);
     });
 
     // document.hasOwnProperty is undefined in Firefox content scripts
-    it('should not throw given really weird circumstances when hasOwnProperty is deleted from a document node?', function() {
-      var spec = document.implementation.createHTMLDocument('ie is dumb');
+    it('should not throw given really weird circumstances when hasOwnProperty is deleted from a document node?', () => {
+      const spec = document.implementation.createHTMLDocument('ie is dumb');
       spec.hasOwnProperty = undefined;
 
-      var result = new Context(spec);
+      const result = new Context(spec);
 
       assert.lengthOf(result.include, 1);
       assert.equal(result.include[0].actualNode, spec.documentElement);
 
-      assert.lengthOf(result.exclude, 0);
+      assert.isEmpty(result.exclude);
 
       assert.isTrue(result.initiator);
       assert.isFalse(result.page);
 
-      assert.lengthOf(result.frames, 0);
+      assert.isEmpty(result.frames);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('page', function() {
-    it('takes the page argument as default', function() {
+  describe('page', () => {
+    it('takes the page argument as default', () => {
       assert.isTrue(new Context({ page: true }).page);
       assert.isFalse(new Context({ page: false }).page);
     });
 
-    it('is true if the document element is included', function() {
+    it('is true if the document element is included', () => {
       assert.isTrue(new Context(document).page);
       assert.isTrue(new Context(document.documentElement).page);
       assert.isTrue(new Context('html').page);
       assert.isTrue(new Context(':root').page);
     });
 
-    it('is true, with exclude used', function() {
+    it('is true, with exclude used', () => {
       // What matters is that the documentElement is included
       // not that parts within that are excluded
       assert.isTrue(
         new Context({
-          include: [document],
-          exclude: ['#mocha']
+          include: document,
+          exclude: [['#mocha']]
         }).page
       );
     });
 
-    it('is false if the context does not include documentElement', function() {
+    it('is false if the context does not include documentElement', () => {
       assert.isFalse(new Context(fixture).page);
       assert.isFalse(new Context('#fixture').page);
-      assert.isFalse(new Context(['#fixture']).page);
-      assert.isFalse(new Context({ include: ['#fixture'] }).page);
+      assert.isFalse(new Context([['#fixture']]).page);
+      assert.isFalse(new Context({ include: [['#fixture']] }).page);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('focusable', function() {
-    it('should default to true', function() {
-      var result = new Context();
+  describe('focusable', () => {
+    it('should default to true', () => {
+      const result = new Context();
       assert.isTrue(result.focusable);
     });
 
-    it('should use passed in value', function() {
-      var result = new Context({
+    it('should use passed in value', () => {
+      const result = new Context({
         focusable: false
       });
       assert.isFalse(result.focusable);
     });
 
-    it('should reject bad values', function() {
-      var result = new Context({
+    it('should reject bad values', () => {
+      const result = new Context({
         focusable: 'hello'
       });
       assert.isTrue(result.focusable);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('size', function() {
-    it('should default to empty object', function() {
-      var result = new Context();
+  describe('size', () => {
+    it('should default to empty object', () => {
+      const result = new Context();
       assert.deepEqual(result.size, {});
     });
 
-    it('should use passed in value', function() {
-      var result = new Context({
+    it('should use passed in value', () => {
+      const result = new Context({
         size: {
           width: 10,
           height: 20
@@ -425,18 +429,18 @@ describe('Context', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should reject bad values', function() {
-      var result = new Context({
+    it('should reject bad values', () => {
+      const result = new Context({
         size: 'hello'
       });
       assert.deepEqual(result.size, {});
     });
   });
 
-  describe('frames', function() {
+  describe('frames', () => {
     function iframeReady(src, context, id, cb, done) {
-      var iframe = document.createElement('iframe');
-      iframe.addEventListener('load', function() {
+      const iframe = document.createElement('iframe');
+      iframe.addEventListener('load', () => {
         try {
           cb(iframe);
           done();
@@ -449,14 +453,14 @@ describe('Context', function() {
       context.appendChild(iframe);
     }
 
-    it('adds frames that are explicitly included', function(done) {
+    it('adds frames that are explicitly included', function (done) {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="outer"></div>';
       iframeReady(
         '../mock/frames/context.html',
         $id('outer'),
         'target',
-        function() {
-          var result = new Context('#target');
+        () => {
+          const result = new Context('#target');
           assert.lengthOf(result.frames, 1);
           assert.deepEqual(result.frames[0].node, $id('target'));
         },
@@ -464,14 +468,14 @@ describe('Context', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('adds frames that are implicitly included', function(done) {
+    it('adds frames that are implicitly included', function (done) {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="outer"></div>';
       iframeReady(
         '../mock/frames/context.html',
         $id('outer'),
         'target',
-        function() {
-          var result = new Context('#outer');
+        () => {
+          const result = new Context('#outer');
           assert.lengthOf(result.frames, 1);
           assert.deepEqual(result.frames[0].node, $id('target'));
         },
@@ -479,14 +483,14 @@ describe('Context', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('sets include', function(done) {
+    it('sets include', function (done) {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="outer"></div>';
       iframeReady(
         '../mock/frames/context.html',
         $id('outer'),
         'target',
-        function() {
-          var result = new Context([['#target', '#foo']]);
+        () => {
+          const result = new Context([['#target', '#foo']]);
           assert.lengthOf(result.frames, 1);
 
           assert.deepEqual(result.frames[0].node, $id('target'));
@@ -497,14 +501,14 @@ describe('Context', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('sets exclude', function(done) {
+    it('sets exclude', function (done) {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="outer"></div>';
       iframeReady(
         '../mock/frames/context.html',
         $id('outer'),
         'target',
-        function() {
-          var result = new Context({
+        () => {
+          const result = new Context({
             exclude: [['#target', '#foo']]
           });
           assert.lengthOf(result.frames, 1);
@@ -517,13 +521,13 @@ describe('Context', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('sets initiator: false', function(done) {
+    it('sets initiator: false', function (done) {
       iframeReady(
         '../mock/frames/context.html',
         $id('fixture'),
         'target',
-        function() {
-          var result = new Context();
+        () => {
+          const result = new Context();
           assert.isTrue(result.initiator);
           assert.lengthOf(result.frames, 1);
           assert.isFalse(result.frames[0].initiator);
@@ -532,14 +536,63 @@ describe('Context', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    describe('.page', function() {
-      it('is true if context includes the document element', function(done) {
+    it('finds frames inside shadow DOM trees', () => {
+      createNestedShadowDom(
+        fixture,
+        '<article id="shadowHost"></article>',
+        '<iframe id="target" srcdoc="<h1>My iframe page</h1>"></iframe>'
+      );
+      const result = new Context();
+      assert.equal(result.frames[0].node.id, 'target');
+    });
+
+    it('accepts frames inside shadow DOM selectors', () => {
+      createNestedShadowDom(
+        fixture,
+        '<article id="shadowHost"></article>',
+        '<div><section id="shadowHost"></section></div>',
+        '<iframe id="target" srcdoc="<h1>My iframe page</h1>"></iframe>'
+      );
+      const result = new Context([
+        [['#fixture > article', 'section', 'iframe'], ['h1']]
+      ]);
+      assert.equal(result.frames[0].node.id, 'target');
+    });
+
+    it('skips frames excluded with shadow DOM selectors', () => {
+      createNestedShadowDom(
+        fixture,
+        '<article id="shadowHost"></article>',
+        '<div><section id="shadowHost"></section></div>',
+        '<iframe id="target" srcdoc="<h1>My iframe page</h1>"></iframe>'
+      );
+      const result = new Context({
+        exclude: [[['#fixture > article', 'section', 'iframe']]]
+      });
+      assert.isEmpty(result.frames);
+    });
+
+    it('skips frames in excluded shadow trees', () => {
+      createNestedShadowDom(
+        fixture,
+        '<article id="shadowHost"></article>',
+        '<div><section id="shadowHost"></section></div>',
+        '<iframe id="target" srcdoc="<h1>My iframe page</h1>"></iframe>'
+      );
+      const result = new Context({
+        exclude: [[['#fixture > article', 'section']]]
+      });
+      assert.isEmpty(result.frames);
+    });
+
+    describe('.page', () => {
+      it('is true if context includes the document element', function (done) {
         iframeReady(
           '../mock/frames/context.html',
           $id('fixture'),
           'target',
-          function() {
-            var result = new Context({
+          () => {
+            const result = new Context({
               exclude: [['#mocha']]
             });
             assert.lengthOf(result.frames, 1);
@@ -549,13 +602,13 @@ describe('Context', function() {
         );
       });
 
-      it("can be false, even if the frame's documentElement is included", function(done) {
+      it("can be false, even if the frame's documentElement is included", function (done) {
         iframeReady(
           '../mock/frames/context.html',
           $id('fixture'),
           'target',
-          function() {
-            var result = new Context({
+          () => {
+            const result = new Context({
               include: [['#fixture']]
             });
             assert.lengthOf(result.frames, 1);
@@ -566,15 +619,15 @@ describe('Context', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('.focusable', function() {
-      it('is true if tabindex is 0', function(done) {
+    describe('.focusable', () => {
+      it('is true if tabindex is 0', function (done) {
         iframeReady(
           '../mock/frames/context.html',
           $id('fixture'),
           'target',
-          function(iframe) {
+          function (iframe) {
             iframe.tabIndex = '0';
-            var result = new Context();
+            const result = new Context();
             assert.lengthOf(result.frames, 1);
             assert.isTrue(result.frames[0].focusable);
           },
@@ -582,14 +635,14 @@ describe('Context', function() {
         );
       });
 
-      it('is false if the context has a negative tabindex', function(done) {
+      it('is false if the context has a negative tabindex', function (done) {
         iframeReady(
           '../mock/frames/context.html',
           $id('fixture'),
           'target',
-          function(iframe) {
+          function (iframe) {
             iframe.tabIndex = '-1';
-            var result = new Context('#fixture');
+            const result = new Context('#fixture');
             assert.lengthOf(result.frames, 1);
             assert.isFalse(result.frames[0].focusable);
           },
@@ -597,14 +650,14 @@ describe('Context', function() {
         );
       });
 
-      it('is false if the parent context is not focusable', function(done) {
+      it('is false if the parent context is not focusable', function (done) {
         iframeReady(
           '../mock/frames/context.html',
           $id('fixture'),
           'target',
-          function() {
-            var result = new Context({
-              include: ['#fixture'],
+          () => {
+            const result = new Context({
+              include: [['#fixture']],
               focusable: false
             });
             assert.lengthOf(result.frames, 1);
@@ -615,17 +668,17 @@ describe('Context', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('.size', function() {
-      it('sets width and height of the frame', function(done) {
+    describe('.size', () => {
+      it('sets width and height of the frame', function (done) {
         iframeReady(
           '../mock/frames/context.html',
           $id('fixture'),
           'target',
-          function(iframe) {
+          function (iframe) {
             iframe.width = '100';
             iframe.height = '200';
-            var result = new Context('#fixture');
-            var size = result.frames[0].size;
+            const result = new Context('#fixture');
+            const size = result.frames[0].size;
             assert.closeTo(size.width, 105, 10);
             assert.closeTo(size.height, 205, 10);
           },
@@ -633,15 +686,15 @@ describe('Context', function() {
         );
       });
 
-      it('works with CSS width / height', function(done) {
+      it('works with CSS width / height', function (done) {
         iframeReady(
           '../mock/frames/context.html',
           $id('fixture'),
           'target',
-          function(iframe) {
+          function (iframe) {
             iframe.setAttribute('style', 'width: 100px; height: 200px');
-            var result = new Context('#fixture');
-            var size = result.frames[0].size;
+            const result = new Context('#fixture');
+            const size = result.frames[0].size;
             assert.closeTo(size.width, 105, 10);
             assert.closeTo(size.height, 205, 10);
           },
@@ -650,14 +703,14 @@ describe('Context', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('combines includes', function(done) {
+    it('combines includes', function (done) {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="outer"></div>';
       iframeReady(
         '../mock/frames/context.html',
         $id('outer'),
         'target',
-        function() {
-          var result = new Context([
+        () => {
+          const result = new Context([
             ['#target', '#foo'],
             ['#target', '#bar']
           ]);
@@ -671,14 +724,14 @@ describe('Context', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('does not include the same frame twice', function(done) {
+    it('does not include the same frame twice', function (done) {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="outer"></div>';
       iframeReady(
         '../mock/frames/context.html',
         $id('outer'),
         'target',
-        function() {
-          var result = new Context([$id('target'), $id('target')]);
+        () => {
+          const result = new Context([$id('target'), $id('target')]);
           assert.lengthOf(result.frames, 1);
           assert.deepEqual(result.frames[0].node, $id('target'));
         },
@@ -686,36 +739,321 @@ describe('Context', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should filter out invisible frames', function(done) {
+    it('should filter out invisible frames', function (done) {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="outer"></div>';
       iframeReady(
         '../mock/frames/context.html',
         $id('outer'),
         'target',
-        function() {
-          var frame = $id('target');
+        () => {
+          const frame = $id('target');
           frame.setAttribute('hidden', 'hidden');
 
-          var result = new Context([$id('target')]);
+          const result = new Context([$id('target')]);
           assert.deepEqual(result.frames, []);
         },
         done
       );
     });
 
-    it('should throw when frame could not be found', function(done) {
+    it('should throw when frame could not be found', function (done) {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="outer"></div>';
       iframeReady(
         '../mock/frames/context.html',
         $id('outer'),
         'target',
-        function() {
-          assert.throws(function() {
-            var ctxt = new Context(['#notAFrame', '#foo']);
+        () => {
+          assert.throws(function () {
+            new Context(['#notAFrame', '#foo']);
           });
         },
         done
       );
     });
   });
+
+  describe('with labelled fame selectors', () => {
+    it('accepts a single labelled selector', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"></div>';
+      const result = new Context({
+        fromFrames: ['#foo']
+      });
+      assert.deepEqual(selectors(result.include), ['#foo']);
+      assert.isEmpty(result.exclude);
+    });
+
+    it('accepts multiple labelled selectors', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"></div><div id="bar"></div>';
+      const result = new Context([
+        { fromFrames: ['#foo'] },
+        { fromFrames: ['#bar'] }
+      ]);
+      assert.deepEqual(selectors(result.include), ['#foo', '#bar']);
+      assert.isEmpty(result.exclude);
+    });
+
+    it('accepts labelled selectors on include & exclude', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="foo"></div><div id="bar"></div>';
+      const result = new Context({
+        include: [{ fromFrames: ['#foo'] }],
+        exclude: { fromFrames: ['#bar'] }
+      });
+      assert.deepEqual(selectors(result.include), ['#foo']);
+      assert.deepEqual(selectors(result.exclude), ['#bar']);
+    });
+
+    it('throws when not passed an array', () => {
+      assert.throws(() => {
+        new Context({ fromFrames: '#fixture' });
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('throws when fromShadowDom is on the same object', () => {
+      assert.throws(() => {
+        new Context({
+          fromFrames: ['#fixture'],
+          fromShadowDom: ['#fixture']
+        });
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('throws when labelled frames are nested', () => {
+      assert.throws(() => {
+        new Context({
+          fromFrames: ['#fixture', { fromFrames: ['#fixture'] }]
+        });
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('when the selector has length > 1', () => {
+      it('sets the frame, rather than include / exclude', () => {
+        fixture.innerHTML = `<iframe id="foo" srcdoc="
+          <h1>Hello world</h1> <img>
+        "></iframe>`;
+        const result = new Context({
+          include: { fromFrames: ['#foo', 'h1'] },
+          exclude: { fromFrames: ['iframe', 'img'] }
+        });
+        assert.isEmpty(result.include);
+        assert.isEmpty(result.exclude);
+        assert.lengthOf(result.frames, 1);
+      });
+
+      it('creates a context for the frame', () => {
+        fixture.innerHTML = `<iframe id="foo" srcdoc="
+          <h1>Hello world</h1> <img>
+        "></iframe>`;
+        const result = new Context({
+          include: { fromFrames: ['#foo', 'h1'] },
+          exclude: { fromFrames: ['iframe', 'img'] }
+        });
+        const frameContext = result.frames[0];
+        assert.lengthOf(result.frames, 1);
+        assert.deepEqual(frameContext.include, [['h1']]);
+        assert.deepEqual(frameContext.exclude, [['img']]);
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('with labelled shadow DOM selectors', () => {
+    it('accepts a single labelled selector', () => {
+      createNestedShadowDom(
+        fixture,
+        '<article id="shadowHost"></article>',
+        '<div><section id="shadowHost"></section></div>',
+        '<h1 id="foo">Heading</h1>'
+      );
+      const result = new Context({
+        fromShadowDom: ['#fixture > article', 'section', 'h1']
+      });
+      assert.deepEqual(selectors(result.include), ['#foo']);
+      assert.isEmpty(result.exclude);
+      assert.isEmpty(result.frames);
+    });
+
+    it('accepts multiple labelled selectors', () => {
+      createNestedShadowDom(
+        fixture,
+        '<article id="shadowHost"></article>',
+        '<div><section id="shadowHost"></section></div>',
+        '<div id="foo"></div><div id="bar"></div>'
+      );
+      const result = new Context([
+        { fromShadowDom: ['#fixture > article', 'section', '#foo'] },
+        { fromShadowDom: ['#fixture > article', 'section', '#bar'] }
+      ]);
+      assert.deepEqual(selectors(result.include), ['#foo', '#bar']);
+      assert.isEmpty(result.exclude);
+      assert.isEmpty(result.frames);
+    });
+
+    it('accepts labelled selectors on include & exclude', () => {
+      createNestedShadowDom(
+        fixture,
+        '<article id="shadowHost"></article>',
+        '<h1 id="foo"></h1><h2 id="bar"></h2>'
+      );
+      const result = new Context({
+        include: [{ fromShadowDom: ['#fixture > article', 'h1'] }],
+        exclude: { fromShadowDom: ['#fixture > article', 'h2'] }
+      });
+      assert.deepEqual(selectors(result.include), ['#foo']);
+      assert.deepEqual(selectors(result.exclude), ['#bar']);
+    });
+
+    it('throws when fromShadowDom does not contain an array', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<h1>Hello World</h1>';
+      assert.throws(() => {
+        new Context({ fromShadowDom: 'h1' });
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('throws when containing a labelled frame selector', () => {
+      createNestedShadowDom(
+        fixture,
+        '<article id="shadowHost"></article>',
+        `<iframe id="foo" srcdoc="
+          <h1>Hello World</h1>
+        "></iframe>`
+      );
+      assert.throws(() => {
+        new Context({
+          fromShadowDom: [
+            '#fixture > article',
+            { fromFrames: ['iframe', 'h1'] }
+          ]
+        });
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('throws when containing another labelled shadow dom selector', () => {
+      createNestedShadowDom(
+        fixture,
+        '<article id="shadowHost"></article>',
+        '<div><section id="shadowHost"></section></div>',
+        '<h1 id="foo">Heading</h1>'
+      );
+      assert.throws(() => {
+        new Context({
+          fromShadowDom: [
+            '#fixture > article',
+            { fromShadowDom: ['section', 'h1'] }
+          ]
+        });
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('nested in a frame selector', () => {
+      it('works for unlabelled frame selectors', () => {
+        createNestedShadowDom(
+          fixture,
+          '<article id="shadowHost"></article>',
+          `<iframe id="foo" srcdoc="
+            <h1>Hello World</h1>
+          "></iframe>`
+        );
+        const result = new Context([
+          [
+            {
+              fromShadowDom: ['#fixture > article', 'iframe']
+            },
+            ['h1']
+          ]
+        ]);
+
+        const frameNodes = result.frames.map(({ node }) => node);
+        assert.deepEqual(selectors(frameNodes), ['#foo']);
+      });
+
+      it('works for labelled frame selectors', () => {
+        createNestedShadowDom(
+          fixture,
+          '<article id="shadowHost"></article>',
+          `<iframe id="foo" srcdoc="
+            <h1>Hello World</h1>
+          "></iframe>`
+        );
+        const result = new Context({
+          fromFrames: [
+            {
+              fromShadowDom: ['#fixture > article', 'iframe']
+            },
+            ['h1']
+          ]
+        });
+        const frameNodes = result.frames.map(({ node }) => node);
+        assert.deepEqual(selectors(frameNodes), ['#foo']);
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('ignores bad values', () => {
+    it('passed directly into include', () => {
+      const result = new Context([null, fixture, false, {}]);
+      assert.deepEqual(selectors(result.include), ['#fixture']);
+      assert.isEmpty(result.exclude);
+    });
+
+    it('in unlabelled frame selectors', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<article id="foo"></article>';
+      const result = new Context([
+        [null],
+        ['#fixture > article'],
+        [fixture],
+        [false],
+        [{}]
+      ]);
+      assert.deepEqual(selectors(result.include), ['#foo']);
+      assert.isEmpty(result.exclude);
+    });
+
+    it('in labelled frame selectors', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<article id="foo"></article>';
+      const result = new Context([
+        { fromFrames: [null] },
+        { fromFrames: ['#fixture > article'] },
+        { fromFrames: [fixture] },
+        { fromFrames: [false] },
+        { fromFrames: [{}] }
+      ]);
+      assert.deepEqual(selectors(result.include), ['#foo']);
+      assert.isEmpty(result.exclude);
+    });
+
+    it('in unlabelled shadow DOM selectors', () => {
+      createNestedShadowDom(
+        fixture,
+        '<article id="shadowHost"></article>',
+        '<h1 id="foo"></h1><h2 id="bar"></h2>'
+      );
+      const result = new Context([
+        [['#fixture > article', null]],
+        [['#fixture > article', 'h1']], // Valid
+        [['#fixture > article', ['h2']]],
+        [['#fixture > article', fixture]],
+        [['#fixture > article', false]],
+        [['#fixture > article', {}]]
+      ]);
+      assert.deepEqual(selectors(result.include), ['#foo']);
+      assert.isEmpty(result.exclude);
+    });
+
+    it('in labelled shadow DOM selectors', () => {
+      createNestedShadowDom(
+        fixture,
+        '<article id="shadowHost"></article>',
+        '<h1 id="foo"></h1><h2 id="bar"></h2>'
+      );
+      const result = new Context([
+        { fromShadowDom: ['#fixture > article', null] },
+        { fromShadowDom: ['#fixture > article', 'h1'] }, // valid
+        { fromShadowDom: ['#fixture > article', ['h1']] },
+        { fromShadowDom: ['#fixture > article', fixture] },
+        { fromShadowDom: ['#fixture > article', false] },
+        { fromShadowDom: ['#fixture > article', {}] }
+      ]);
+      assert.deepEqual(selectors(result.include), ['#foo']);
+      assert.isEmpty(result.exclude);
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/base/rule-result.js b/test/core/base/rule-result.js
index 1563ffe1b..01a6c7efe 100644
--- a/test/core/base/rule-result.js
+++ b/test/core/base/rule-result.js
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-describe('RuleResult', function() {
+describe('RuleResult', function () {
   'use strict';
   var RuleResult = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.RuleResult;
 
-  it('should be a function', function() {
+  it('should be a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(RuleResult);
   });
 
-  it('should have an empty array for nodes', function() {
+  it('should have an empty array for nodes', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(new RuleResult({ id: 'monkeys' }).nodes, []);
   });
 
-  it('should grab id from passed in rule', function() {
+  it('should grab id from passed in rule', function () {
     var result = new RuleResult({ id: 'monkeys' });
     assert.equal(result.id, 'monkeys');
   });
diff --git a/test/core/base/rule.js b/test/core/base/rule.js
index f528789e5..421c06d76 100644
--- a/test/core/base/rule.js
+++ b/test/core/base/rule.js
@@ -1,43 +1,42 @@
-describe('Rule', function() {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var Rule = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.Rule;
-  var Check = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.Check;
-  var metadataFunctionMap =
+describe('Rule', () => {
+  const Rule = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.Rule;
+  const Check = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.Check;
+  const metadataFunctionMap =
     axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.metadataFunctionMap;
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var noop = function() {};
-  var isNotCalled = function(err) {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const { fixtureSetup } = axe.testUtils;
+  const noop = () => {};
+  const isNotCalled = function (err) {
     throw err || new Error('Reject should not be called');
   };
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function() {
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(Rule);
   });
 
-  it('should accept two parameters', function() {
+  it('should accept two parameters', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(Rule, 2);
   });
 
-  describe('prototype', function() {
-    describe('gather', function() {
-      it('should gather nodes which match the selector', function() {
-        var node = document.createElement('div');
+  describe('prototype', () => {
+    describe('gather', () => {
+      it('should gather nodes which match the selector', () => {
+        const node = document.createElement('div');
         node.id = 'monkeys';
         fixture.appendChild(node);
 
-        var rule = new Rule({
-            selector: '#monkeys'
-          }),
-          nodes = rule.gather({
-            include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0]],
-            exclude: [],
-            frames: []
-          });
+        const rule = new Rule({
+          selector: '#monkeys'
+        });
+        let nodes = rule.gather({
+          include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0]],
+          exclude: [],
+          frames: []
+        });
 
         assert.lengthOf(nodes, 1);
         assert.equal(nodes[0].actualNode, node);
@@ -52,45 +51,45 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         assert.lengthOf(nodes, 0);
       });
 
-      it('should return a real array', function() {
-        var rule = new Rule({
-            selector: 'div'
-          }),
-          result = rule.gather({
-            include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0]],
-            exclude: [],
-            frames: []
-          });
+      it('should return a real array', () => {
+        const rule = new Rule({
+          selector: 'div'
+        });
+        const result = rule.gather({
+          include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0]],
+          exclude: [],
+          frames: []
+        });
 
         assert.isArray(result);
       });
 
-      it('should take a context parameter', function() {
-        var node = document.createElement('div');
+      it('should take a context parameter', () => {
+        const node = document.createElement('div');
         fixture.appendChild(node);
 
-        var rule = new Rule({
-            selector: 'div'
-          }),
-          nodes = rule.gather({
-            include: [
-              axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(
-                document.getElementById('fixture').firstChild
-              )[0]
-            ]
-          });
+        const rule = new Rule({
+          selector: 'div'
+        });
+        const nodes = rule.gather({
+          include: [
+            axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(
+              document.getElementById('fixture').firstChild
+            )[0]
+          ]
+        });
 
         assert.deepEqual(
-          nodes.map(function(n) {
+          nodes.map(function (n) {
             return n.actualNode;
           }),
           [node]
         );
       });
 
-      it('should default to all nodes if selector is not specified', function() {
-        var nodes = [fixture],
-          node = document.createElement('div');
+      it('should default to all nodes if selector is not specified', () => {
+        const nodes = [fixture];
+        let node = document.createElement('div');
 
         fixture.appendChild(node);
         nodes.push(node);
@@ -100,7 +99,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         fixture.appendChild(node);
         nodes.push(node);
 
-        var rule = new Rule({}),
+        const rule = new Rule({}),
           result = rule.gather({
             include: [
               axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document.getElementById('fixture'))[0]
@@ -109,17 +108,16 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
 
         assert.lengthOf(result, 3);
         assert.sameMembers(
-          result.map(function(n) {
+          result.map(function (n) {
             return n.actualNode;
           }),
           nodes
         );
       });
-      it('should exclude hidden elements', function() {
-        fixture.innerHTML =
-          '<div style="display: none"><span>HEHEHE</span></div>';
+      it('should exclude hidden elements', () => {
+        fixtureSetup('<div style="display: none"><span>HEHEHE</span></div>');
 
-        var rule = new Rule({}),
+        const rule = new Rule({}),
           result = rule.gather({
             include: [
               axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(
@@ -130,22 +128,22 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
 
         assert.lengthOf(result, 0);
       });
-      it('should include hidden elements if excludeHidden is false', function() {
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<div style="display: none"></div>';
+      it('should include hidden elements if excludeHidden is false', () => {
+        fixtureSetup('<div style="display: none"></div>');
 
-        var rule = new Rule({
-            excludeHidden: false
-          }),
-          result = rule.gather({
-            include: [
-              axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(
-                document.getElementById('fixture').firstChild
-              )[0]
-            ]
-          });
+        const rule = new Rule({
+          excludeHidden: false
+        });
+        const result = rule.gather({
+          include: [
+            axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(
+              document.getElementById('fixture').firstChild
+            )[0]
+          ]
+        });
 
         assert.deepEqual(
-          result.map(function(n) {
+          result.map(function (n) {
             return n.actualNode;
           }),
           [fixture.firstChild]
@@ -153,29 +151,29 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('run', function() {
-      it('should be a function', function() {
+    describe('run', () => {
+      it('should be a function', () => {
         assert.isFunction(Rule.prototype.run);
       });
 
-      it('should run #matches', function(done) {
-        var div = document.createElement('div');
+      it('should run #matches', done => {
+        const div = document.createElement('div');
         fixture.appendChild(div);
-        var success = false,
-          rule = new Rule({
-            matches: function(node) {
-              assert.equal(node, div);
-              success = true;
-              return [];
-            }
-          });
+        let success = false;
+        const rule = new Rule({
+          matches: function (node) {
+            assert.equal(node, div);
+            success = true;
+            return [];
+          }
+        });
 
         rule.run(
           {
             include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(div)[0]]
           },
           {},
-          function() {
+          () => {
             assert.isTrue(success);
             done();
           },
@@ -183,12 +181,12 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         );
       });
 
-      it('should pass a virtualNode to #matches', function(done) {
-        var div = document.createElement('div');
+      it('should pass a virtualNode to #matches', done => {
+        const div = document.createElement('div');
         fixture.appendChild(div);
-        var success = false,
+        let success = false,
           rule = new Rule({
-            matches: function(node, virtualNode) {
+            matches: function (node, virtualNode) {
               assert.equal(virtualNode.actualNode, div);
               success = true;
               return [];
@@ -200,7 +198,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
             include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(div)[0]]
           },
           {},
-          function() {
+          () => {
             assert.isTrue(success);
             done();
           },
@@ -208,12 +206,12 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         );
       });
 
-      it('should pass a context to #matches', function(done) {
-        var div = document.createElement('div');
+      it('should pass a context to #matches', done => {
+        const div = document.createElement('div');
         fixture.appendChild(div);
-        var success = false,
+        let success = false,
           rule = new Rule({
-            matches: function(node, virtualNode, context) {
+            matches: function (node, virtualNode, context) {
               assert.isDefined(context);
               assert.hasAnyKeys(context, ['cssom', 'include', 'exclude']);
               assert.lengthOf(context.include, 1);
@@ -227,7 +225,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
             include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(div)[0]]
           },
           {},
-          function() {
+          () => {
             assert.isTrue(success);
             done();
           },
@@ -235,13 +233,13 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         );
       });
 
-      it('should handle an error in #matches', function(done) {
-        var div = document.createElement('div');
+      it('should handle an error in #matches', done => {
+        const div = document.createElement('div');
         div.setAttribute('style', '#fff');
         fixture.appendChild(div);
-        var success = false,
+        let success = false,
           rule = new Rule({
-            matches: function() {
+            matches: () => {
               throw new Error('this is an error');
             }
           });
@@ -252,24 +250,24 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
           },
           {},
           isNotCalled,
-          function() {
+          () => {
             assert.isFalse(success);
             done();
           }
         );
       });
 
-      it('should execute Check#run on its child checks - any', function(done) {
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<blink>Hi</blink>';
-        var success = false;
-        var rule = new Rule(
+      it('should execute Check#run on its child checks - any', done => {
+        fixtureSetup('<blink>Hi</blink>');
+        let success = false;
+        const rule = new Rule(
           {
             any: ['cats']
           },
           {
             checks: {
               cats: {
-                run: function(node, options, context, resolve) {
+                run: function (node, options, context, resolve) {
                   success = true;
                   resolve(true);
                 }
@@ -283,7 +281,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
             include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0]]
           },
           {},
-          function() {
+          () => {
             assert.isTrue(success);
             done();
           },
@@ -291,17 +289,17 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         );
       });
 
-      it('should execute Check#run on its child checks - all', function(done) {
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<blink>Hi</blink>';
-        var success = false;
-        var rule = new Rule(
+      it('should execute Check#run on its child checks - all', done => {
+        fixtureSetup('<blink>Hi</blink>');
+        let success = false;
+        const rule = new Rule(
           {
             all: ['cats']
           },
           {
             checks: {
               cats: {
-                run: function(node, options, context, resolve) {
+                run: function (node, options, context, resolve) {
                   success = true;
                   resolve(true);
                 }
@@ -315,7 +313,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
             include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0]]
           },
           {},
-          function() {
+          () => {
             assert.isTrue(success);
             done();
           },
@@ -323,17 +321,17 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         );
       });
 
-      it('should execute Check#run on its child checks - none', function(done) {
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<blink>Hi</blink>';
-        var success = false;
-        var rule = new Rule(
+      it('should execute Check#run on its child checks - none', done => {
+        fixtureSetup('<blink>Hi</blink>');
+        let success = false;
+        const rule = new Rule(
           {
             none: ['cats']
           },
           {
             checks: {
               cats: {
-                run: function(node, options, context, resolve) {
+                run: function (node, options, context, resolve) {
                   success = true;
                   resolve(true);
                 }
@@ -348,7 +346,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
             include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0]]
           },
           {},
-          function() {
+          () => {
             assert.isTrue(success);
             done();
           },
@@ -356,9 +354,9 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         );
       });
 
-      it('should pass the matching option to check.run', function(done) {
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<blink>Hi</blink>';
-        var options = {
+      it('should pass the matching option to check.run', done => {
+        fixtureSetup('<blink>Hi</blink>');
+        const options = {
           checks: {
             cats: {
               enabled: 'bananas',
@@ -366,7 +364,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
             }
           }
         };
-        var rule = new Rule(
+        const rule = new Rule(
           {
             none: ['cats']
           },
@@ -374,9 +372,9 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
             checks: {
               cats: {
                 id: 'cats',
-                run: function(node, options, context, resolve) {
-                  assert.equal(options.enabled, 'bananas');
-                  assert.equal(options.options, 'minkeys');
+                run: function (node, opts, context, resolve) {
+                  assert.equal(opts.enabled, 'bananas');
+                  assert.equal(opts.options, 'minkeys');
                   resolve(true);
                 }
               }
@@ -388,16 +386,16 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
             include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document)[0]]
           },
           options,
-          function() {
+          () => {
             done();
           },
           isNotCalled
         );
       });
 
-      it('should pass the matching option to check.run defined on the rule over global', function(done) {
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<blink>Hi</blink>';
-        var options = {
+      it('should pass the matching option to check.run defined on the rule over global', done => {
+        fixtureSetup('<blink>Hi</blink>');
+        const options = {
           rules: {
             cats: {
               checks: {
@@ -416,7 +414,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
           }
         };
 
-        var rule = new Rule(
+        const rule = new Rule(
           {
             id: 'cats',
             any: [
@@ -429,9 +427,9 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
             checks: {
               cats: {
                 id: 'cats',
-                run: function(node, options, context, resolve) {
-                  assert.equal(options.enabled, 'apples');
-                  assert.equal(options.options, 'apes');
+                run: function (node, opts, context, resolve) {
+                  assert.equal(opts.enabled, 'apples');
+                  assert.equal(opts.options, 'apes');
                   resolve(true);
                 }
               }
@@ -443,15 +441,15 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
             include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document)[0]]
           },
           options,
-          function() {
+          () => {
             done();
           },
           isNotCalled
         );
       });
 
-      it('should filter out null results', function() {
-        var rule = new Rule(
+      it('should filter out null results', () => {
+        const rule = new Rule(
           {
             selector: '#fixture',
             any: ['cats']
@@ -460,7 +458,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
             checks: {
               cats: {
                 id: 'cats',
-                run: function() {}
+                run: () => {}
               }
             }
           }
@@ -470,32 +468,32 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
             include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document)[0]]
           },
           {},
-          function(r) {
+          function (r) {
             assert.lengthOf(r.nodes, 0);
           },
           isNotCalled
         );
       });
 
-      describe.skip('DqElement', function() {
-        var origDqElement;
-        var isDqElementCalled;
+      describe.skip('DqElement', () => {
+        let origDqElement;
+        let isDqElementCalled;
 
-        beforeEach(function() {
+        beforeEach(() => {
           isDqElementCalled = false;
           origDqElement = axe.utils.DqElement;
-          axe.utils.DqElement = function() {
+          axe.utils.DqElement = () => {
             isDqElementCalled = true;
           };
-          fixture.innerHTML = '<blink>Hi</blink>';
+          fixtureSetup('<blink>Hi</blink>');
         });
 
-        afterEach(function() {
+        afterEach(() => {
           axe.utils.DqElement = origDqElement;
         });
 
-        it('is created for matching nodes', function(done) {
-          var rule = new Rule(
+        it('is created for matching nodes', done => {
+          const rule = new Rule(
             {
               all: ['cats']
             },
@@ -504,10 +502,10 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
                 cats: new Check({
                   id: 'cats',
                   enabled: true,
-                  evaluate: function() {
+                  evaluate: () => {
                     return true;
                   },
-                  matches: function() {
+                  matches: () => {
                     return true;
                   }
                 })
@@ -519,7 +517,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
               include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0]]
             },
             {},
-            function() {
+            () => {
               assert.isTrue(isDqElementCalled);
               done();
             },
@@ -527,8 +525,8 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
           );
         });
 
-        it('is not created for disabled checks', function(done) {
-          var rule = new Rule(
+        it('is not created for disabled checks', done => {
+          const rule = new Rule(
             {
               all: ['cats']
             },
@@ -537,8 +535,8 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
                 cats: new Check({
                   id: 'cats',
                   enabled: false,
-                  evaluate: function() {},
-                  matches: function() {
+                  evaluate: () => {},
+                  matches: () => {
                     return true;
                   }
                 })
@@ -550,7 +548,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
               include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0]]
             },
             {},
-            function() {
+            () => {
               assert.isFalse(isDqElementCalled);
               done();
             },
@@ -558,8 +556,8 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
           );
         });
 
-        it('is created for matching nodes', function(done) {
-          var rule = new Rule(
+        it('is created for matching nodes', done => {
+          const rule = new Rule(
             {
               all: ['cats']
             },
@@ -568,7 +566,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
                 cats: new Check({
                   id: 'cats',
                   enabled: true,
-                  evaluate: function() {
+                  evaluate: () => {
                     return true;
                   }
                 })
@@ -580,7 +578,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
               include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0]]
             },
             {},
-            function() {
+            () => {
               assert.isTrue(isDqElementCalled);
               done();
             },
@@ -588,8 +586,8 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
           );
         });
 
-        it('is not created for disabled checks', function(done) {
-          var rule = new Rule(
+        it('is not created for disabled checks', done => {
+          const rule = new Rule(
             {
               all: ['cats']
             },
@@ -598,7 +596,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
                 cats: new Check({
                   id: 'cats',
                   enabled: false,
-                  evaluate: function() {}
+                  evaluate: () => {}
                 })
               }
             }
@@ -608,7 +606,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
               include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0]]
             },
             {},
-            function() {
+            () => {
               assert.isFalse(isDqElementCalled);
               done();
             },
@@ -617,16 +615,16 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         });
       });
 
-      it('should pass thrown errors to the reject param', function(done) {
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<blink>Hi</blink>';
-        var rule = new Rule(
+      it('should pass thrown errors to the reject param', done => {
+        fixtureSetup('<blink>Hi</blink>');
+        const rule = new Rule(
           {
             none: ['cats']
           },
           {
             checks: {
               cats: {
-                run: function() {
+                run: () => {
                   throw new Error('Holy hand grenade');
                 }
               }
@@ -640,7 +638,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
           },
           {},
           noop,
-          function(err) {
+          function (err) {
             assert.equal(err.message, 'Holy hand grenade');
             done();
           },
@@ -648,16 +646,16 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         );
       });
 
-      it('should pass reject calls to the reject param', function(done) {
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<blink>Hi</blink>';
-        var rule = new Rule(
+      it('should pass reject calls to the reject param', done => {
+        fixtureSetup('<blink>Hi</blink>');
+        const rule = new Rule(
           {
             none: ['cats']
           },
           {
             checks: {
               cats: {
-                run: function(nope, options, context, resolve, reject) {
+                run: function (nope, options, context, resolve, reject) {
                   reject(new Error('your reality'));
                 }
               }
@@ -671,7 +669,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
           },
           {},
           noop,
-          function(err) {
+          function (err) {
             assert.equal(err.message, 'your reality');
             done();
           },
@@ -679,8 +677,9 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         );
       });
 
-      it('should mark checks as incomplete if reviewOnFail is set to true', function(done) {
-        var rule = new Rule(
+      it('should mark checks as incomplete if reviewOnFail is set to true', done => {
+        axe.setup();
+        const rule = new Rule(
           {
             reviewOnFail: true,
             all: ['cats'],
@@ -691,13 +690,13 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
             checks: {
               cats: new Check({
                 id: 'cats',
-                evaluate: function() {
+                evaluate: () => {
                   return false;
                 }
               }),
               dogs: new Check({
                 id: 'dogs',
-                evaluate: function() {
+                evaluate: () => {
                   return true;
                 }
               })
@@ -710,7 +709,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
             include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0]]
           },
           {},
-          function(results) {
+          function (results) {
             assert.isUndefined(results.nodes[0].all[0].result);
             assert.isUndefined(results.nodes[0].any[0].result);
             assert.isUndefined(results.nodes[0].none[0].result);
@@ -720,21 +719,22 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         );
       });
 
-      describe('NODE rule', function() {
-        it('should create a RuleResult', function() {
-          var orig = window.RuleResult;
-          var success = false;
-          window.RuleResult = function(r) {
+      describe('NODE rule', () => {
+        it('should create a RuleResult', () => {
+          axe.setup();
+          const orig = window.RuleResult;
+          let success = false;
+          window.RuleResult = function (r) {
             this.nodes = [];
             assert.equal(rule, r);
             success = true;
           };
 
-          var rule = new Rule(
+          const rule = new Rule(
             {
               any: [
                 {
-                  evaluate: function() {},
+                  evaluate: () => {},
                   id: 'cats'
                 }
               ]
@@ -742,7 +742,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
             {
               checks: {
                 cats: {
-                  run: function(node, options, context, resolve) {
+                  run: function (node, options, context, resolve) {
                     success = true;
                     resolve(true);
                   }
@@ -762,14 +762,16 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
 
           window.RuleResult = orig;
         });
-        it('should execute rule callback', function() {
-          var success = false;
 
-          var rule = new Rule(
+        it('should execute rule callback', () => {
+          axe.setup();
+          let success = false;
+
+          const rule = new Rule(
             {
               any: [
                 {
-                  evaluate: function() {},
+                  evaluate: () => {},
                   id: 'cats'
                 }
               ]
@@ -777,7 +779,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
             {
               checks: {
                 cats: {
-                  run: function(node, options, context, resolve) {
+                  run: function (node, options, context, resolve) {
                     success = true;
                     resolve(true);
                   }
@@ -790,7 +792,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
               include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document)[0]]
             },
             {},
-            function() {
+            () => {
               success = true;
             },
             isNotCalled
@@ -800,22 +802,22 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('runSync', function() {
-      it('should be a function', function() {
+    describe('runSync', () => {
+      it('should be a function', () => {
         assert.isFunction(Rule.prototype.runSync);
       });
 
-      it('should run #matches', function() {
-        var div = document.createElement('div');
+      it('should run #matches', () => {
+        const div = document.createElement('div');
         fixture.appendChild(div);
-        var success = false,
-          rule = new Rule({
-            matches: function(node) {
-              assert.equal(node, div);
-              success = true;
-              return [];
-            }
-          });
+        let success = false;
+        const rule = new Rule({
+          matches: function (node) {
+            assert.equal(node, div);
+            success = true;
+            return [];
+          }
+        });
 
         try {
           rule.runSync(
@@ -830,17 +832,17 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         }
       });
 
-      it('should pass a virtualNode to #matches', function() {
-        var div = document.createElement('div');
+      it('should pass a virtualNode to #matches', () => {
+        const div = document.createElement('div');
         fixture.appendChild(div);
-        var success = false,
-          rule = new Rule({
-            matches: function(node, virtualNode) {
-              assert.equal(virtualNode.actualNode, div);
-              success = true;
-              return [];
-            }
-          });
+        let success = false;
+        const rule = new Rule({
+          matches: function (node, virtualNode) {
+            assert.equal(virtualNode.actualNode, div);
+            success = true;
+            return [];
+          }
+        });
 
         try {
           rule.runSync(
@@ -855,19 +857,19 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         }
       });
 
-      it('should pass a context to #matches', function() {
-        var div = document.createElement('div');
+      it('should pass a context to #matches', () => {
+        const div = document.createElement('div');
         fixture.appendChild(div);
-        var success = false,
-          rule = new Rule({
-            matches: function(node, virtualNode, context) {
-              assert.isDefined(context);
-              assert.hasAnyKeys(context, ['cssom', 'include', 'exclude']);
-              assert.lengthOf(context.include, 1);
-              success = true;
-              return [];
-            }
-          });
+        let success = false;
+        const rule = new Rule({
+          matches: function (node, virtualNode, context) {
+            assert.isDefined(context);
+            assert.hasAnyKeys(context, ['cssom', 'include', 'exclude']);
+            assert.lengthOf(context.include, 1);
+            success = true;
+            return [];
+          }
+        });
 
         try {
           rule.runSync(
@@ -882,13 +884,13 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         }
       });
 
-      it('should handle an error in #matches', function() {
-        var div = document.createElement('div');
+      it('should handle an error in #matches', () => {
+        const div = document.createElement('div');
         div.setAttribute('style', '#fff');
         fixture.appendChild(div);
-        var success = false;
-        var rule = new Rule({
-          matches: function() {
+        let success = false;
+        const rule = new Rule({
+          matches: () => {
             throw new Error('this is an error');
           }
         });
@@ -906,17 +908,17 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         }
       });
 
-      it('should execute Check#runSync on its child checks - any', function() {
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<blink>Hi</blink>';
-        var success = false;
-        var rule = new Rule(
+      it('should execute Check#runSync on its child checks - any', () => {
+        fixtureSetup('<blink>Hi</blink>');
+        let success = false;
+        const rule = new Rule(
           {
             any: ['cats']
           },
           {
             checks: {
               cats: {
-                runSync: function() {
+                runSync: () => {
                   success = true;
                 }
               }
@@ -937,17 +939,17 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         }
       });
 
-      it('should execute Check#runSync on its child checks - all', function() {
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<blink>Hi</blink>';
-        var success = false;
-        var rule = new Rule(
+      it('should execute Check#runSync on its child checks - all', () => {
+        fixtureSetup('<blink>Hi</blink>');
+        let success = false;
+        const rule = new Rule(
           {
             all: ['cats']
           },
           {
             checks: {
               cats: {
-                runSync: function() {
+                runSync: () => {
                   success = true;
                 }
               }
@@ -968,17 +970,17 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         }
       });
 
-      it('should execute Check#run on its child checks - none', function() {
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<blink>Hi</blink>';
-        var success = false;
-        var rule = new Rule(
+      it('should execute Check#run on its child checks - none', () => {
+        fixtureSetup('<blink>Hi</blink>');
+        let success = false;
+        const rule = new Rule(
           {
             none: ['cats']
           },
           {
             checks: {
               cats: {
-                runSync: function() {
+                runSync: () => {
                   success = true;
                 }
               }
@@ -1000,9 +1002,9 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         }
       });
 
-      it('should pass the matching option to check.runSync', function() {
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<blink>Hi</blink>';
-        var options = {
+      it('should pass the matching option to check.runSync', () => {
+        fixtureSetup('<blink>Hi</blink>');
+        const options = {
           checks: {
             cats: {
               enabled: 'bananas',
@@ -1010,7 +1012,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
             }
           }
         };
-        var rule = new Rule(
+        const rule = new Rule(
           {
             none: ['cats']
           },
@@ -1018,9 +1020,9 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
             checks: {
               cats: {
                 id: 'cats',
-                runSync: function(node, options) {
-                  assert.equal(options.enabled, 'bananas');
-                  assert.equal(options.options, 'minkeys');
+                runSync: function (node, opts) {
+                  assert.equal(opts.enabled, 'bananas');
+                  assert.equal(opts.options, 'minkeys');
                 }
               }
             }
@@ -1039,9 +1041,9 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         }
       });
 
-      it('should pass the matching option to check.runSync defined on the rule over global', function() {
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<blink>Hi</blink>';
-        var options = {
+      it('should pass the matching option to check.runSync defined on the rule over global', () => {
+        fixtureSetup('<blink>Hi</blink>');
+        const options = {
           rules: {
             cats: {
               checks: {
@@ -1060,7 +1062,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
           }
         };
 
-        var rule = new Rule(
+        const rule = new Rule(
           {
             id: 'cats',
             any: [
@@ -1073,9 +1075,9 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
             checks: {
               cats: {
                 id: 'cats',
-                runSync: function(node, options) {
-                  assert.equal(options.enabled, 'apples');
-                  assert.equal(options.options, 'apes');
+                runSync: function (node, opts) {
+                  assert.equal(opts.enabled, 'apples');
+                  assert.equal(opts.options, 'apes');
                 }
               }
             }
@@ -1094,8 +1096,8 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         }
       });
 
-      it('should filter out null results', function() {
-        var rule = new Rule(
+      it('should filter out null results', () => {
+        const rule = new Rule(
           {
             selector: '#fixture',
             any: ['cats']
@@ -1104,14 +1106,14 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
             checks: {
               cats: {
                 id: 'cats',
-                runSync: function() {}
+                runSync: () => {}
               }
             }
           }
         );
 
         try {
-          var r = rule.runSync(
+          const r = rule.runSync(
             {
               include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document)[0]]
             },
@@ -1123,25 +1125,25 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         }
       });
 
-      describe.skip('DqElement', function() {
-        var origDqElement;
-        var isDqElementCalled;
+      describe.skip('DqElement', () => {
+        let origDqElement;
+        let isDqElementCalled;
 
-        beforeEach(function() {
+        beforeEach(() => {
           isDqElementCalled = false;
           origDqElement = axe.utils.DqElement;
-          axe.utils.DqElement = function() {
+          axe.utils.DqElement = () => {
             isDqElementCalled = true;
           };
-          fixture.innerHTML = '<blink>Hi</blink>';
+          fixtureSetup('<blink>Hi</blink>');
         });
 
-        afterEach(function() {
+        afterEach(() => {
           axe.utils.DqElement = origDqElement;
         });
 
-        it('is created for matching nodes', function() {
-          var rule = new Rule(
+        it('is created for matching nodes', () => {
+          const rule = new Rule(
             {
               all: ['cats']
             },
@@ -1150,10 +1152,10 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
                 cats: new Check({
                   id: 'cats',
                   enabled: true,
-                  evaluate: function() {
+                  evaluate: () => {
                     return true;
                   },
-                  matches: function() {
+                  matches: () => {
                     return true;
                   }
                 })
@@ -1174,8 +1176,8 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
           }
         });
 
-        it('is not created for disabled checks', function() {
-          var rule = new Rule(
+        it('is not created for disabled checks', () => {
+          const rule = new Rule(
             {
               all: ['cats']
             },
@@ -1184,8 +1186,8 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
                 cats: new Check({
                   id: 'cats',
                   enabled: false,
-                  evaluate: function() {},
-                  matches: function() {
+                  evaluate: () => {},
+                  matches: () => {
                     return true;
                   }
                 })
@@ -1206,8 +1208,8 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
           }
         });
 
-        it('is created for matching nodes', function() {
-          var rule = new Rule(
+        it('is created for matching nodes', () => {
+          const rule = new Rule(
             {
               all: ['cats']
             },
@@ -1216,7 +1218,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
                 cats: new Check({
                   id: 'cats',
                   enabled: true,
-                  evaluate: function() {
+                  evaluate: () => {
                     return true;
                   }
                 })
@@ -1237,8 +1239,8 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
           }
         });
 
-        it('is not created for disabled checks', function() {
-          var rule = new Rule(
+        it('is not created for disabled checks', () => {
+          const rule = new Rule(
             {
               all: ['cats']
             },
@@ -1247,7 +1249,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
                 cats: new Check({
                   id: 'cats',
                   enabled: false,
-                  evaluate: function() {}
+                  evaluate: () => {}
                 })
               }
             }
@@ -1257,15 +1259,15 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
               include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0]]
             },
             {},
-            function() {
+            () => {
               assert.isFalse(isDqElementCalled);
             },
             isNotCalled
           );
         });
 
-        it('should not be called when there is no actualNode', function() {
-          var rule = new Rule(
+        it('should not be called when there is no actualNode', () => {
+          const rule = new Rule(
             {
               all: ['cats']
             },
@@ -1273,13 +1275,13 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
               checks: {
                 cats: new Check({
                   id: 'cats',
-                  evaluate: function() {}
+                  evaluate: () => {}
                 })
               }
             }
           );
           rule.excludeHidden = false; // so we don't call utils.isHidden
-          var vNode = {
+          const vNode = {
             shadowId: undefined,
             children: [],
             parent: undefined,
@@ -1295,13 +1297,13 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
               id: null,
               type: 'text'
             },
-            hasClass: function() {
+            hasClass: () => {
               return false;
             },
-            attr: function(attrName) {
+            attr: function (attrName) {
               return this._attrs[attrName];
             },
-            hasAttr: function(attrName) {
+            hasAttr: function (attrName) {
               return !!this._attrs[attrName];
             }
           };
@@ -1310,7 +1312,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
               include: [vNode]
             },
             {},
-            function() {
+            () => {
               assert.isFalse(isDqElementCalled);
             },
             isNotCalled
@@ -1318,16 +1320,16 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         });
       });
 
-      it('should pass thrown errors to the reject param', function() {
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<blink>Hi</blink>';
-        var rule = new Rule(
+      it('should pass thrown errors to the reject param', () => {
+        fixtureSetup('<blink>Hi</blink>');
+        const rule = new Rule(
           {
             none: ['cats']
           },
           {
             checks: {
               cats: {
-                runSync: function() {
+                runSync: () => {
                   throw new Error('Holy hand grenade');
                 }
               }
@@ -1348,8 +1350,9 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         }
       });
 
-      it('should mark checks as incomplete if reviewOnFail is set to true', function() {
-        var rule = new Rule(
+      it('should mark checks as incomplete if reviewOnFail is set to true', () => {
+        axe.setup();
+        const rule = new Rule(
           {
             reviewOnFail: true,
             all: ['cats'],
@@ -1360,13 +1363,13 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
             checks: {
               cats: new Check({
                 id: 'cats',
-                evaluate: function() {
+                evaluate: () => {
                   return false;
                 }
               }),
               dogs: new Check({
                 id: 'dogs',
-                evaluate: function() {
+                evaluate: () => {
                   return true;
                 }
               })
@@ -1374,7 +1377,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
           }
         );
 
-        var results = rule.runSync(
+        const results = rule.runSync(
           {
             include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0]]
           },
@@ -1386,21 +1389,21 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         assert.isUndefined(results.nodes[0].none[0].result);
       });
 
-      describe.skip('NODE rule', function() {
-        it('should create a RuleResult', function() {
-          var orig = window.RuleResult;
-          var success = false;
-          window.RuleResult = function(r) {
+      describe.skip('NODE rule', () => {
+        it('should create a RuleResult', () => {
+          const orig = window.RuleResult;
+          let success = false;
+          window.RuleResult = function (r) {
             this.nodes = [];
             assert.equal(rule, r);
             success = true;
           };
 
-          var rule = new Rule(
+          const rule = new Rule(
             {
               any: [
                 {
-                  evaluate: function() {},
+                  evaluate: () => {},
                   id: 'cats'
                 }
               ]
@@ -1408,7 +1411,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
             {
               checks: {
                 cats: {
-                  runSync: function() {}
+                  runSync: () => {}
                 }
               }
             }
@@ -1429,14 +1432,14 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
           window.RuleResult = orig;
         });
 
-        it('should execute rule callback', function() {
-          var success = false;
+        it('should execute rule callback', () => {
+          let success = false;
 
-          var rule = new Rule(
+          const rule = new Rule(
             {
               any: [
                 {
-                  evaluate: function() {},
+                  evaluate: () => {},
                   id: 'cats'
                 }
               ]
@@ -1444,7 +1447,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
             {
               checks: {
                 cats: {
-                  runSync: function() {
+                  runSync: () => {
                     success = true;
                   }
                 }
@@ -1468,11 +1471,11 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('after', function() {
-      it('should execute Check#after with options', function() {
-        var success = false;
+    describe('after', () => {
+      it('should execute Check#after with options', () => {
+        let success = false;
 
-        var rule = new Rule(
+        const rule = new Rule(
           {
             id: 'cats',
             any: ['cats']
@@ -1482,12 +1485,8 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
               cats: {
                 id: 'cats',
                 enabled: true,
-                after: function(results, options) {
-                  assert.deepEqual(options, {
-                    enabled: true,
-                    options: { dogs: true },
-                    absolutePaths: undefined
-                  });
+                after: function (results, options) {
+                  assert.deepEqual(options, { dogs: true });
                   success = true;
                   return results;
                 }
@@ -1518,10 +1517,10 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         assert.isTrue(success);
       });
 
-      it('should add the check node to the check result', function() {
-        var success = false;
+      it('should add the check node to the check result', () => {
+        let success = false;
 
-        var rule = new Rule(
+        const rule = new Rule(
           {
             id: 'cats',
             any: ['cats']
@@ -1531,7 +1530,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
               cats: {
                 id: 'cats',
                 enabled: true,
-                after: function(results) {
+                after: function (results) {
                   assert.equal(results[0].node, 'customNode');
                   success = true;
                   return results;
@@ -1564,8 +1563,8 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         assert.isTrue(success);
       });
 
-      it('should filter removed checks', function() {
-        var rule = new Rule(
+      it('should filter removed checks', () => {
+        const rule = new Rule(
           {
             id: 'cats',
             any: ['cats']
@@ -1574,7 +1573,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
             checks: {
               cats: {
                 id: 'cats',
-                after: function(results) {
+                after: function (results) {
                   return [results[0]];
                 }
               }
@@ -1582,7 +1581,7 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
           }
         );
 
-        var result = rule.after(
+        const result = rule.after(
           {
             id: 'cats',
             nodes: [
@@ -1616,10 +1615,10 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         assert.isTrue(result.nodes[0].all[0].result);
       });
 
-      it('should combine all checks for pageLevel rules', function() {
-        var rule = new Rule({});
+      it('should combine all checks for pageLevel rules', () => {
+        const rule = new Rule({});
 
-        var result = rule.after(
+        const result = rule.after(
           {
             id: 'cats',
             pageLevel: true,
@@ -1662,145 +1661,289 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         assert.lengthOf(result.nodes, 1);
       });
     });
+
+    describe('after', () => {
+      it('should mark checks as incomplete if reviewOnFail is set to true for all', () => {
+        axe.setup();
+        const rule = new Rule(
+          {
+            id: 'cats',
+            reviewOnFail: true,
+            all: ['cats'],
+            any: [],
+            none: []
+          },
+          {
+            checks: {
+              cats: new Check({
+                id: 'cats',
+                enabled: true,
+                after: function (results) {
+                  results[0].result = false;
+                  return results;
+                }
+              })
+            }
+          }
+        );
+
+        const result = rule.after(
+          {
+            id: 'cats',
+            nodes: [
+              {
+                any: [],
+                none: [],
+                all: [
+                  {
+                    id: 'cats',
+                    result: true
+                  }
+                ]
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          { checks: { cats: { options: {} } } }
+        );
+
+        assert.isEmpty(result.nodes[0].any);
+        assert.isEmpty(result.nodes[0].none);
+        assert.isUndefined(result.nodes[0].all[0].result);
+      });
+
+      it('should mark checks as incomplete if reviewOnFail is set to true for any', () => {
+        const rule = new Rule(
+          {
+            id: 'cats',
+            reviewOnFail: true,
+            all: [],
+            any: ['cats'],
+            none: []
+          },
+          {
+            checks: {
+              cats: new Check({
+                id: 'cats',
+                enabled: true,
+                after: function (results) {
+                  results[0].result = false;
+                  return results;
+                }
+              })
+            }
+          }
+        );
+
+        const result = rule.after(
+          {
+            id: 'cats',
+            nodes: [
+              {
+                any: [
+                  {
+                    id: 'cats',
+                    result: true
+                  }
+                ],
+                none: [],
+                all: []
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          { checks: { cats: { options: {} } } }
+        );
+
+        assert.isUndefined(result.nodes[0].any[0].result);
+        assert.isEmpty(result.nodes[0].none);
+        assert.isEmpty(result.nodes[0].all);
+      });
+
+      it('should mark checks as incomplete if reviewOnFail is set to true for none', () => {
+        const rule = new Rule(
+          {
+            id: 'cats',
+            reviewOnFail: true,
+            all: [],
+            any: [],
+            none: ['cats']
+          },
+          {
+            checks: {
+              cats: new Check({
+                id: 'cats',
+                enabled: true,
+                after: function (results) {
+                  results[0].result = true;
+                  return results;
+                }
+              })
+            }
+          }
+        );
+
+        const result = rule.after(
+          {
+            id: 'cats',
+            nodes: [
+              {
+                any: [],
+                none: [
+                  {
+                    id: 'cats',
+                    result: false
+                  }
+                ],
+                all: []
+              }
+            ]
+          },
+          { checks: { cats: { options: {} } } }
+        );
+
+        assert.isEmpty(result.nodes[0].any);
+        assert.isUndefined(result.nodes[0].none[0].result);
+        assert.isEmpty(result.nodes[0].all);
+      });
+    });
   });
 
-  describe('spec object', function() {
-    describe('.selector', function() {
-      it('should be set', function() {
-        var spec = {
+  describe('spec object', () => {
+    describe('.selector', () => {
+      it('should be set', () => {
+        const spec = {
           selector: '#monkeys'
         };
         assert.equal(new Rule(spec).selector, spec.selector);
       });
 
-      it('should default to *', function() {
-        var spec = {};
+      it('should default to *', () => {
+        const spec = {};
         assert.equal(new Rule(spec).selector, '*');
       });
     });
 
-    describe('.enabled', function() {
-      it('should be set', function() {
-        var spec = {
+    describe('.enabled', () => {
+      it('should be set', () => {
+        const spec = {
           enabled: false
         };
         assert.equal(new Rule(spec).enabled, spec.enabled);
       });
 
-      it('should default to true', function() {
-        var spec = {};
+      it('should default to true', () => {
+        const spec = {};
         assert.isTrue(new Rule(spec).enabled);
       });
 
-      it('should default to true if given a bad value', function() {
-        var spec = {
+      it('should default to true if given a bad value', () => {
+        const spec = {
           enabled: 'monkeys'
         };
         assert.isTrue(new Rule(spec).enabled);
       });
     });
 
-    describe('.excludeHidden', function() {
-      it('should be set', function() {
-        var spec = {
+    describe('.excludeHidden', () => {
+      it('should be set', () => {
+        const spec = {
           excludeHidden: false
         };
         assert.equal(new Rule(spec).excludeHidden, spec.excludeHidden);
       });
 
-      it('should default to true', function() {
-        var spec = {};
+      it('should default to true', () => {
+        const spec = {};
         assert.isTrue(new Rule(spec).excludeHidden);
       });
 
-      it('should default to true if given a bad value', function() {
-        var spec = {
+      it('should default to true if given a bad value', () => {
+        const spec = {
           excludeHidden: 'monkeys'
         };
         assert.isTrue(new Rule(spec).excludeHidden);
       });
     });
 
-    describe('.pageLevel', function() {
-      it('should be set', function() {
-        var spec = {
+    describe('.pageLevel', () => {
+      it('should be set', () => {
+        const spec = {
           pageLevel: false
         };
         assert.equal(new Rule(spec).pageLevel, spec.pageLevel);
       });
 
-      it('should default to false', function() {
-        var spec = {};
+      it('should default to false', () => {
+        const spec = {};
         assert.isFalse(new Rule(spec).pageLevel);
       });
 
-      it('should default to false if given a bad value', function() {
-        var spec = {
+      it('should default to false if given a bad value', () => {
+        const spec = {
           pageLevel: 'monkeys'
         };
         assert.isFalse(new Rule(spec).pageLevel);
       });
     });
 
-    describe('.reviewOnFail', function() {
-      it('should be set', function() {
-        var spec = {
+    describe('.reviewOnFail', () => {
+      it('should be set', () => {
+        const spec = {
           reviewOnFail: true
         };
         assert.equal(new Rule(spec).reviewOnFail, spec.reviewOnFail);
       });
 
-      it('should default to false', function() {
-        var spec = {};
+      it('should default to false', () => {
+        const spec = {};
         assert.isFalse(new Rule(spec).reviewOnFail);
       });
 
-      it('should default to false if given a bad value', function() {
-        var spec = {
+      it('should default to false if given a bad value', () => {
+        const spec = {
           reviewOnFail: 'monkeys'
         };
         assert.isFalse(new Rule(spec).reviewOnFail);
       });
     });
 
-    describe('.id', function() {
-      it('should be set', function() {
-        var spec = {
+    describe('.id', () => {
+      it('should be set', () => {
+        const spec = {
           id: 'monkeys'
         };
         assert.equal(new Rule(spec).id, spec.id);
       });
 
-      it('should have no default', function() {
-        var spec = {};
+      it('should have no default', () => {
+        const spec = {};
         assert.equal(new Rule(spec).id, spec.id);
       });
     });
 
-    describe('.impact', function() {
-      it('should be set', function() {
-        var spec = {
+    describe('.impact', () => {
+      it('should be set', () => {
+        const spec = {
           impact: 'critical'
         };
         assert.equal(new Rule(spec).impact, spec.impact);
       });
 
-      it('should have no default', function() {
-        var spec = {};
+      it('should have no default', () => {
+        const spec = {};
         assert.isUndefined(new Rule(spec).impact);
       });
 
-      it('throws if impact is invalid', function() {
-        assert.throws(function() {
+      it('throws if impact is invalid', () => {
+        assert.throws(() => {
           // eslint-disable-next-line no-new
           new Rule({ impact: 'hello' });
         });
       });
     });
 
-    describe('.any', function() {
-      it('should be set', function() {
-        var spec = {
+    describe('.any', () => {
+      it('should be set', () => {
+        const spec = {
           any: [
             {
               name: 'monkeys'
@@ -1817,9 +1960,9 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('.all', function() {
-      it('should be set', function() {
-        var spec = {
+    describe('.all', () => {
+      it('should be set', () => {
+        const spec = {
           all: [
             {
               name: 'monkeys'
@@ -1836,9 +1979,9 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('.none', function() {
-      it('should be set', function() {
-        var spec = {
+    describe('.none', () => {
+      it('should be set', () => {
+        const spec = {
           none: [
             {
               name: 'monkeys'
@@ -1855,147 +1998,162 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('.matches', function() {
-      it('should be set', function() {
-        var spec = {
-          matches: function() {}
+    describe('.matches', () => {
+      it('should be set', () => {
+        const spec = {
+          matches: () => {}
         };
         assert.equal(new Rule(spec).matches, spec.matches);
       });
 
-      it('should default to prototype', function() {
-        var spec = {};
+      it('should default to prototype', () => {
+        const spec = {};
         assert.equal(new Rule(spec).matches, Rule.prototype.matches);
       });
 
-      it('should turn a string into a function', function() {
-        var spec = {
+      it('should turn a string into a function', () => {
+        const spec = {
           matches: 'function() {return "blah";}'
         };
         assert.equal(new Rule(spec).matches(), 'blah');
       });
     });
-    describe('.tags', function() {
-      it('should be set', function() {
-        var spec = {
+
+    describe('.tags', () => {
+      it('should be set', () => {
+        const spec = {
           tags: ['foo', 'bar']
         };
         assert.deepEqual(new Rule(spec).tags, spec.tags);
       });
 
-      it('should default to empty array', function() {
-        var spec = {};
+      it('should default to empty array', () => {
+        const spec = {};
         assert.deepEqual(new Rule(spec).tags, []);
       });
     });
+
+    describe('.actIds', () => {
+      it('should be set', () => {
+        const spec = {
+          actIds: ['abc123', 'xyz789']
+        };
+        assert.deepEqual(new Rule(spec).actIds, spec.actIds);
+      });
+
+      it('should default to undefined', () => {
+        const spec = {};
+        assert.isUndefined(new Rule(spec).actIds);
+      });
+    });
   });
 
-  describe('configure', function() {
-    beforeEach(function() {
-      Rule.prototype._get = function(attr) {
+  describe('configure', () => {
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      Rule.prototype._get = function (attr) {
         return this[attr];
       };
     });
-    afterEach(function() {
+    afterEach(() => {
       delete Rule.prototype._get;
     });
-    it('should be a function that takes one argument', function() {
+    it('should be a function that takes one argument', () => {
       assert.isFunction(Rule.prototype.configure);
       assert.lengthOf(new Rule({}).configure, 1);
     });
-    it('should NOT override the id', function() {
-      var rule = new Rule({ id: 'foo' });
+    it('should NOT override the id', () => {
+      const rule = new Rule({ id: 'foo' });
 
       assert.equal(rule._get('id'), 'foo');
       rule.configure({ id: 'fong' });
       assert.equal(rule._get('id'), 'foo');
     });
-    it('should NOT override a random property', function() {
-      var rule = new Rule({ id: 'foo' });
+    it('should NOT override a random property', () => {
+      const rule = new Rule({ id: 'foo' });
 
       rule.configure({ fong: 'fong' });
       assert.equal(rule._get('fong'), undefined);
     });
-    it('should override the selector', function() {
-      var rule = new Rule({ selector: 'foo' });
+    it('should override the selector', () => {
+      const rule = new Rule({ selector: 'foo' });
 
       assert.equal(rule._get('selector'), 'foo');
       rule.configure({ selector: 'fong' });
       assert.equal(rule._get('selector'), 'fong');
     });
-    it('should override excludeHidden', function() {
-      var rule = new Rule({ excludeHidden: false });
+    it('should override excludeHidden', () => {
+      const rule = new Rule({ excludeHidden: false });
 
       assert.equal(rule._get('excludeHidden'), false);
       rule.configure({ excludeHidden: true });
       assert.equal(rule._get('excludeHidden'), true);
     });
-    it('should override enabled', function() {
-      var rule = new Rule({ enabled: false });
+    it('should override enabled', () => {
+      const rule = new Rule({ enabled: false });
 
       assert.equal(rule._get('enabled'), false);
       rule.configure({ enabled: true });
       assert.equal(rule._get('enabled'), true);
     });
-    it('should override pageLevel', function() {
-      var rule = new Rule({ pageLevel: false });
+    it('should override pageLevel', () => {
+      const rule = new Rule({ pageLevel: false });
 
       assert.equal(rule._get('pageLevel'), false);
       rule.configure({ pageLevel: true });
       assert.equal(rule._get('pageLevel'), true);
     });
-    it('should override reviewOnFail', function() {
-      var rule = new Rule({ reviewOnFail: false });
+    it('should override reviewOnFail', () => {
+      const rule = new Rule({ reviewOnFail: false });
 
       assert.equal(rule._get('reviewOnFail'), false);
       rule.configure({ reviewOnFail: true });
       assert.equal(rule._get('reviewOnFail'), true);
     });
-    it('should override any', function() {
-      var rule = new Rule({ any: ['one', 'two'] });
+    it('should override any', () => {
+      const rule = new Rule({ any: ['one', 'two'] });
 
       assert.deepEqual(rule._get('any'), ['one', 'two']);
       rule.configure({ any: [] });
       assert.deepEqual(rule._get('any'), []);
     });
-    it('should override all', function() {
-      var rule = new Rule({ all: ['one', 'two'] });
+    it('should override all', () => {
+      const rule = new Rule({ all: ['one', 'two'] });
 
       assert.deepEqual(rule._get('all'), ['one', 'two']);
       rule.configure({ all: [] });
       assert.deepEqual(rule._get('all'), []);
     });
-    it('should override none', function() {
-      var rule = new Rule({ none: ['none', 'two'] });
+    it('should override none', () => {
+      const rule = new Rule({ none: ['none', 'two'] });
 
       assert.deepEqual(rule._get('none'), ['none', 'two']);
       rule.configure({ none: [] });
       assert.deepEqual(rule._get('none'), []);
     });
-    it('should override tags', function() {
-      var rule = new Rule({ tags: ['tags', 'two'] });
+    it('should override tags', () => {
+      const rule = new Rule({ tags: ['tags', 'two'] });
 
       assert.deepEqual(rule._get('tags'), ['tags', 'two']);
       rule.configure({ tags: [] });
       assert.deepEqual(rule._get('tags'), []);
     });
-    it('should override matches (doT.js function)', function() {
-      var rule = new Rule({ matches: 'function () {return "matches";}' });
+    it('should override matches (doT.js function)', () => {
+      const rule = new Rule({ matches: 'function () {return "matches";}' });
 
       assert.equal(rule._get('matches')(), 'matches');
       rule.configure({ matches: 'function () {return "does not match";}' });
       assert.equal(rule._get('matches')(), 'does not match');
     });
-    it('should override matches (metadata function name)', function() {
+    it('should override matches (metadata function name)', () => {
       axe._load({});
-      metadataFunctionMap['custom-matches'] = function() {
+      metadataFunctionMap['custom-matches'] = () => {
         return 'custom-matches';
       };
-      metadataFunctionMap['other-matches'] = function() {
+      metadataFunctionMap['other-matches'] = () => {
         return 'other-matches';
       };
 
-      var rule = new Rule({ matches: 'custom-matches' });
+      const rule = new Rule({ matches: 'custom-matches' });
 
       assert.equal(rule._get('matches')(), 'custom-matches');
       rule.configure({ matches: 'other-matches' });
@@ -2004,9 +2162,9 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
       delete metadataFunctionMap['custom-matches'];
       delete metadataFunctionMap['other-matches'];
     });
-    it('should error if matches does not match an ID', function() {
+    it('should error if matches does not match an ID', () => {
       function fn() {
-        var rule = new Rule({});
+        const rule = new Rule({});
         rule.configure({ matches: 'does-not-exist' });
       }
 
@@ -2015,17 +2173,17 @@ describe('Rule', function() {
         'Function ID does not exist in the metadata-function-map: does-not-exist'
       );
     });
-    it('should override impact', function() {
-      var rule = new Rule({ impact: 'minor' });
+    it('should override impact', () => {
+      const rule = new Rule({ impact: 'minor' });
 
       assert.equal(rule._get('impact'), 'minor');
       rule.configure({ impact: 'serious' });
       assert.equal(rule._get('impact'), 'serious');
     });
-    it('should throw if impact impact', function() {
-      var rule = new Rule({ impact: 'minor' });
+    it('should throw if impact impact', () => {
+      const rule = new Rule({ impact: 'minor' });
 
-      assert.throws(function() {
+      assert.throws(() => {
         rule.configure({ impact: 'hello' });
       });
     });
diff --git a/test/core/base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node.js b/test/core/base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node.js
index c803fb52f..a1d720840 100644
--- a/test/core/base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node.js
+++ b/test/core/base/virtual-node/abstract-virtual-node.js
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-describe('AbstractVirtualNode', function() {
-  it('should be a function', function() {
+describe('AbstractVirtualNode', function () {
+  it('should be a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(axe.AbstractVirtualNode);
   });
 
-  it('should throw an error when accessing props', function() {
+  it('should throw an error when accessing props', function () {
     function fn() {
       var abstractNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
       if (abstractNode.props.nodeType === 1) {
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ describe('AbstractVirtualNode', function() {
     assert.throws(fn);
   });
 
-  it('should throw an error when accessing attrNames', function() {
+  it('should throw an error when accessing attrNames', function () {
     function fn() {
       var abstractNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
       return abstractNode.attrNames;
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ describe('AbstractVirtualNode', function() {
     assert.throws(fn, 'VirtualNode class must have an "attrNames" property');
   });
 
-  it('should throw an error when accessing hasClass', function() {
+  it('should throw an error when accessing hasClass', function () {
     function fn() {
       var abstractNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
       if (abstractNode.hasClass('foo')) {
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ describe('AbstractVirtualNode', function() {
     assert.throws(fn);
   });
 
-  it('should throw an error when accessing attr', function() {
+  it('should throw an error when accessing attr', function () {
     function fn() {
       var abstractNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
       if (abstractNode.attr('foo') === 'bar') {
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ describe('AbstractVirtualNode', function() {
     assert.throws(fn);
   });
 
-  it('should throw an error when accessing hasAttr', function() {
+  it('should throw an error when accessing hasAttr', function () {
     function fn() {
       var abstractNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
       if (abstractNode.hasAttr('foo')) {
@@ -56,19 +56,19 @@ describe('AbstractVirtualNode', function() {
     assert.throws(fn);
   });
 
-  describe('hasClass, when attr is set', function() {
-    it('should return true when the element has the class', function() {
+  describe('hasClass, when attr is set', function () {
+    it('should return true when the element has the class', function () {
       var vNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
-      vNode.attr = function() {
+      vNode.attr = function () {
         return 'my-class';
       };
 
       assert.isTrue(vNode.hasClass('my-class'));
     });
 
-    it('should return true when the element contains more than one class', function() {
+    it('should return true when the element contains more than one class', function () {
       var vNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
-      vNode.attr = function() {
+      vNode.attr = function () {
         return 'my-class a11y-focus visually-hidden';
       };
 
@@ -77,35 +77,35 @@ describe('AbstractVirtualNode', function() {
       assert.isTrue(vNode.hasClass('visually-hidden'));
     });
 
-    it('should return false when the element does not contain the class', function() {
+    it('should return false when the element does not contain the class', function () {
       var vNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
-      vNode.attr = function() {
+      vNode.attr = function () {
         return undefined;
       };
 
       assert.isFalse(vNode.hasClass('my-class'));
     });
 
-    it('should return false when the element contains only part of the class', function() {
+    it('should return false when the element contains only part of the class', function () {
       var vNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
-      vNode.attr = function() {
+      vNode.attr = function () {
         return 'my-class';
       };
       assert.isFalse(vNode.hasClass('class'));
     });
 
-    it('should return false if className is not of type string', function() {
+    it('should return false if className is not of type string', function () {
       var vNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
-      vNode.attr = function() {
+      vNode.attr = function () {
         return null;
       };
 
       assert.isFalse(vNode.hasClass('my-class'));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for whitespace characters', function() {
+    it('should return true for whitespace characters', function () {
       var vNode = new axe.AbstractVirtualNode();
-      vNode.attr = function() {
+      vNode.attr = function () {
         return 'my-class\ta11y-focus\rvisually-hidden\ngrid\fcontainer';
       };
 
diff --git a/test/core/base/virtual-node/serial-virtual-node.js b/test/core/base/virtual-node/serial-virtual-node.js
index 80ad4e0f7..81736df6a 100644
--- a/test/core/base/virtual-node/serial-virtual-node.js
+++ b/test/core/base/virtual-node/serial-virtual-node.js
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
+describe('SerialVirtualNode', function () {
   var SerialVirtualNode = axe.SerialVirtualNode;
 
-  it('extends AbstractVirtualNode', function() {
+  it('extends AbstractVirtualNode', function () {
     var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div'
     });
     assert.instanceOf(vNode, axe.AbstractVirtualNode);
   });
 
-  describe('props', function() {
-    it('assigns any properties to .props', function() {
+  describe('props', function () {
+    it('assigns any properties to .props', function () {
       var props = {
         nodeType: 1,
         nodeName: 'div',
@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
       assert.deepEqual(vNode.props, props);
     });
 
-    it('returns a frozen object', function() {
+    it('returns a frozen object', function () {
       var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'div' });
       assert.isTrue(Object.isFrozen(vNode.props), 'Expect object to be frozen');
     });
 
-    it('takes 1 as its nodeType', function() {
+    it('takes 1 as its nodeType', function () {
       var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeType: 1,
         nodeName: 'div'
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
       assert.equal(vNode.props.nodeType, 1);
     });
 
-    it('takes 3 as its nodeType', function() {
+    it('takes 3 as its nodeType', function () {
       var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeType: 3,
         nodeName: '#text'
@@ -41,14 +41,14 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
       assert.equal(vNode.props.nodeType, 3);
     });
 
-    it('has a default nodeType of 1', function() {
+    it('has a default nodeType of 1', function () {
       var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'div' });
       assert.equal(vNode.props.nodeType, 1);
     });
 
-    it('does not throw if nodeType is falsy', function() {
-      [null, undefined].forEach(function(nonThrowingNodeType) {
-        assert.doesNotThrow(function() {
+    it('does not throw if nodeType is falsy', function () {
+      [null, undefined].forEach(function (nonThrowingNodeType) {
+        assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
           // eslint-disable-next-line no-new
           new SerialVirtualNode({
             nodeType: nonThrowingNodeType,
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('throws if nodeType is a not a number', function() {
-      [true, 'one', '1', { foo: 'bar' }].forEach(function(throwingNodeType) {
-        assert.throws(function() {
+    it('throws if nodeType is a not a number', function () {
+      [true, 'one', '1', { foo: 'bar' }].forEach(function (throwingNodeType) {
+        assert.throws(function () {
           // eslint-disable-next-line no-new
           new SerialVirtualNode({
             nodeType: throwingNodeType,
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('converts nodeNames to lower case', function() {
+    it('converts nodeNames to lower case', function () {
       var htmlNodes = [
         'DIV',
         'SPAN',
@@ -81,13 +81,13 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
         'BUTTON',
         'Foo'
       ];
-      htmlNodes.forEach(function(nodeName) {
+      htmlNodes.forEach(function (nodeName) {
         var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: nodeName });
         assert.equal(vNode.props.nodeName, nodeName.toLowerCase());
       });
     });
 
-    it('defaults to the correct nodeType for certain nodeNames', function() {
+    it('defaults to the correct nodeType for certain nodeNames', function () {
       var vNode1 = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'DIV' });
       assert.equal(vNode1.props.nodeType, 1);
       var vNode2 = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: '#cdata-section' });
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
       assert.equal(vNode11.props.nodeType, 11);
     });
 
-    it('defaults to the correct nodeName for certain nodeTypes', function() {
+    it('defaults to the correct nodeName for certain nodeTypes', function () {
       var vNode2 = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeType: 2 });
       assert.equal(vNode2.props.nodeName, '#cdata-section');
       var vNode3 = new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeType: 3 });
@@ -115,16 +115,16 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
       assert.equal(vNode11.props.nodeName, '#document-fragment');
     });
 
-    it('throws if nodeName is not a string', function() {
-      [123, true, null, {}, undefined, []].forEach(function(notAString) {
-        assert.throws(function() {
+    it('throws if nodeName is not a string', function () {
+      [123, true, null, {}, undefined, []].forEach(function (notAString) {
+        assert.throws(function () {
           // eslint-disable-next-line no-new
           new SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: notAString });
         });
       });
     });
 
-    it('ignores the `attributes` property', function() {
+    it('ignores the `attributes` property', function () {
       var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
@@ -136,9 +136,9 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
       assert.isUndefined(vNode.props.attributes);
     });
 
-    it('converts type prop to lower case', function() {
+    it('converts type prop to lower case', function () {
       var types = ['text', 'COLOR', 'Month', 'uRL'];
-      types.forEach(function(type) {
+      types.forEach(function (type) {
         var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
           nodeName: 'input',
           type: type
@@ -147,9 +147,9 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('converts type attribute to lower case', function() {
+    it('converts type attribute to lower case', function () {
       var types = ['text', 'COLOR', 'Month', 'uRL'];
-      types.forEach(function(type) {
+      types.forEach(function (type) {
         var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
           nodeName: 'input',
           attributes: {
@@ -160,14 +160,14 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('defaults type prop to "text"', function() {
+    it('defaults type prop to "text"', function () {
       var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'input'
       });
       assert.equal(vNode.props.type, 'text');
     });
 
-    it('default type prop to "text" if type is invalid', function() {
+    it('default type prop to "text" if type is invalid', function () {
       var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'input',
         attributes: {
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
       assert.equal(vNode.props.type, 'text');
     });
 
-    it('uses the type property over the type attribute', function() {
+    it('uses the type property over the type attribute', function () {
       var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'input',
         type: 'month',
@@ -187,10 +187,21 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
       });
       assert.equal(vNode.props.type, 'month');
     });
+
+    it('reflects checkbox properties', () => {
+      var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
+        nodeName: 'input',
+        type: 'checkbox',
+        checked: true,
+        indeterminate: true
+      });
+      assert.equal(vNode.props.checked, true);
+      assert.equal(vNode.props.indeterminate, true);
+    });
   });
 
-  describe('attr', function() {
-    it('returns a string value for the attribute', function() {
+  describe('attr', function () {
+    it('returns a string value for the attribute', function () {
       var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
@@ -206,7 +217,7 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
       assert.equal(vNode.attr('qux'), '');
     });
 
-    it('returns null if the attribute is null', function() {
+    it('returns null if the attribute is null', function () {
       var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: { foo: null }
@@ -214,16 +225,16 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
       assert.isNull(vNode.attr('foo'));
     });
 
-    it('returns null if the attribute is not set', function() {
+    it('returns null if the attribute is not set', function () {
       var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div'
       });
       assert.isNull(vNode.attr('foo'));
     });
 
-    it('throws if the value is an object (for except null)', function() {
-      [{}, [], /foo/].forEach(function(someObject) {
-        assert.throws(function() {
+    it('throws if the value is an object (for except null)', function () {
+      [{}, [], /foo/].forEach(function (someObject) {
+        assert.throws(function () {
           // eslint-disable-next-line no-new
           new SerialVirtualNode({
             nodeName: 'div',
@@ -233,7 +244,7 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('converts `className` to `class`', function() {
+    it('converts `className` to `class`', function () {
       var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
@@ -243,7 +254,7 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
       assert.equal(vNode.attr('class'), 'foo bar baz');
     });
 
-    it('converts `htmlFor` to `for`', function() {
+    it('converts `htmlFor` to `for`', function () {
       var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
@@ -254,8 +265,8 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('hasAttr', function() {
-    it('returns true if the attribute has a value', function() {
+  describe('hasAttr', function () {
+    it('returns true if the attribute has a value', function () {
       var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {
@@ -269,7 +280,7 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
       assert.isTrue(vNode.hasAttr('baz'));
     });
 
-    it('returns true if the attribute is null', function() {
+    it('returns true if the attribute is null', function () {
       var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: { foo: null }
@@ -277,7 +288,7 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
       assert.isTrue(vNode.hasAttr('foo'));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if the attribute is undefined', function() {
+    it('returns false if the attribute is undefined', function () {
       var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: { foo: undefined }
@@ -286,7 +297,7 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
       assert.isFalse(vNode.hasAttr('bar'));
     });
 
-    it('converts `htmlFor` to `for`', function() {
+    it('converts `htmlFor` to `for`', function () {
       var nodeWithoutFor = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {}
@@ -300,7 +311,7 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
       assert.isTrue(nodeWithFor.hasAttr('for'));
     });
 
-    it('converts `className` to `class`', function() {
+    it('converts `className` to `class`', function () {
       var nodeWithoutClass = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: {}
@@ -315,8 +326,8 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('attrNames', function() {
-    it('should return a list of attribute names', function() {
+  describe('attrNames', function () {
+    it('should return a list of attribute names', function () {
       var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div',
         attributes: { foo: 'bar' }
@@ -325,7 +336,7 @@ describe('SerialVirtualNode', function() {
       assert.deepEqual(vNode.attrNames, ['foo']);
     });
 
-    it('should return an empty array if there are no attributes', function() {
+    it('should return an empty array if there are no attributes', function () {
       var vNode = new SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'div'
       });
diff --git a/test/core/base/virtual-node/virtual-node.js b/test/core/base/virtual-node/virtual-node.js
index 976035e94..338442d75 100644
--- a/test/core/base/virtual-node/virtual-node.js
+++ b/test/core/base/virtual-node/virtual-node.js
@@ -1,25 +1,23 @@
-describe('VirtualNode', function() {
-  'use strict';
+describe('VirtualNode', () => {
+  const VirtualNode = axe.VirtualNode;
+  let node;
 
-  var VirtualNode = axe.VirtualNode;
-  var node;
-
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     node = document.createElement('div');
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function() {
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(VirtualNode);
   });
 
-  it('should accept three parameters', function() {
+  it('should accept three parameters', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(VirtualNode, 3);
   });
 
-  describe('prototype', function() {
-    it('should have public properties', function() {
-      var parent = {};
-      var vNode = new VirtualNode(node, parent, 'foo');
+  describe('prototype', () => {
+    it('should have public properties', () => {
+      const parent = {};
+      const vNode = new VirtualNode(node, parent, 'foo');
 
       assert.equal(vNode.shadowId, 'foo');
       assert.typeOf(vNode.children, 'array');
@@ -27,10 +25,10 @@ describe('VirtualNode', function() {
       assert.equal(vNode.parent, parent);
     });
 
-    it('should abstract Node properties', function() {
+    it('should abstract Node properties', () => {
       node = document.createElement('input');
       node.id = 'monkeys';
-      var vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+      const vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
 
       assert.isDefined(vNode.props);
       assert.equal(vNode.props.nodeType, 1);
@@ -39,135 +37,165 @@ describe('VirtualNode', function() {
       assert.equal(vNode.props.type, 'text');
     });
 
-    it('should reflect selected property', function() {
-      node = document.createElement('option');
-      var vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
-      assert.equal(vNode.props.selected, false);
-
-      node.selected = true;
-      vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
-      assert.equal(vNode.props.selected, true);
-    });
+    for (const [prop, tagName, examplePropValue] of [
+      ['value', 'input', 'test value'],
+      ['selected', 'option', true],
+      ['checked', 'input', true],
+      ['indeterminate', 'input', true],
+      ['multiple', 'select', true]
+    ]) {
+      describe(`props.${prop}`, () => {
+        it(`should reflect a ${tagName} element's ${prop} property`, () => {
+          node = document.createElement(tagName);
+          let vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+          assert.equal(vNode.props[prop], '');
+
+          node[prop] = examplePropValue;
+          vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+          assert.equal(vNode.props[prop], examplePropValue);
+        });
+
+        it('should be undefined for a text node', () => {
+          node = document.createTextNode('text content');
+          let vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+          assert.equal(vNode.props[prop], undefined);
+        });
+
+        // Regression test for #4316
+        it(`should be resilient to text node with un-gettable ${prop} property`, () => {
+          node = document.createTextNode('text content');
+          Object.defineProperty(node, prop, {
+            get() {
+              throw new Error('Unqueryable value');
+            }
+          });
+          let vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+          assert.throws(() => node[prop]);
+          assert.doesNotThrow(() => vNode.props[prop]);
+          assert.equal(vNode.props[prop], undefined);
+        });
+      });
+    }
 
-    it('should lowercase type', function() {
-      var node = document.createElement('input');
+    it('should lowercase type', () => {
+      node = document.createElement('input');
       node.setAttribute('type', 'COLOR');
-      var vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+      const vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
 
       assert.equal(vNode.props.type, 'color');
     });
 
-    it('should default type to text', function() {
-      var node = document.createElement('input');
-      var vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+    it('should default type to text', () => {
+      node = document.createElement('input');
+      const vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
 
       assert.equal(vNode.props.type, 'text');
     });
 
-    it('should default type to text if type is invalid', function() {
-      var node = document.createElement('input');
+    it('should default type to text if type is invalid', () => {
+      node = document.createElement('input');
       node.setAttribute('type', 'woohoo');
-      var vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+      const vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
 
       assert.equal(vNode.props.type, 'text');
     });
 
-    it('should lowercase nodeName', function() {
-      var node = {
+    it('should lowercase nodeName', () => {
+      node = {
         nodeName: 'FOOBAR'
       };
-      var vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+      const vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
 
       assert.equal(vNode.props.nodeName, 'foobar');
     });
 
-    describe('attr', function() {
-      it('should return the value of the given attribute', function() {
+    describe('attr', () => {
+      it('should return the value of the given attribute', () => {
         node.setAttribute('data-foo', 'bar');
-        var vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+        const vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
 
         assert.equal(vNode.attr('data-foo'), 'bar');
       });
 
-      it('should return null for text nodes', function() {
+      it('should return null for text nodes', () => {
         node.textContent = 'hello';
-        var vNode = new VirtualNode(node.firstChild);
+        const vNode = new VirtualNode(node.firstChild);
 
         assert.isNull(vNode.attr('data-foo'));
       });
 
-      it('should return null if getAttribute is not a function', function() {
-        var node = {
+      it('should return null if getAttribute is not a function', () => {
+        node = {
           nodeName: 'DIV',
           getAttribute: null
         };
-        var vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+        const vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
 
         assert.isNull(vNode.attr('data-foo'));
       });
     });
 
-    describe('hasAttr', function() {
-      it('should return true if the element has the attribute', function() {
+    describe('hasAttr', () => {
+      it('should return true if the element has the attribute', () => {
         node.setAttribute('foo', 'bar');
-        var vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+        const vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
 
         assert.isTrue(vNode.hasAttr('foo'));
       });
 
-      it('should return false if the element does not have the attribute', function() {
-        var vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+      it('should return false if the element does not have the attribute', () => {
+        const vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
 
         assert.isFalse(vNode.hasAttr('foo'));
       });
 
-      it('should return false for text nodes', function() {
+      it('should return false for text nodes', () => {
         node.textContent = 'hello';
-        var vNode = new VirtualNode(node.firstChild);
+        const vNode = new VirtualNode(node.firstChild);
 
         assert.isFalse(vNode.hasAttr('foo'));
       });
 
-      it('should return false if hasAttribute is not a function', function() {
-        var node = {
+      it('should return false if hasAttribute is not a function', () => {
+        node = {
           nodeName: 'DIV',
           hasAttribute: null
         };
-        var vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+        const vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
 
         assert.isFalse(vNode.hasAttr('foo'));
       });
     });
 
-    describe('attrNames', function() {
-      it('should return a list of attribute names', function() {
+    describe('attrNames', () => {
+      it('should return a list of attribute names', () => {
         node.setAttribute('foo', 'bar');
-        var vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+        const vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
 
         assert.deepEqual(vNode.attrNames, ['foo']);
       });
 
-      it('should work with clobbered attributes', function() {
-        var node = document.createElement('form');
+      it('should work with clobbered attributes', () => {
+        node = document.createElement('form');
         node.setAttribute('id', '123');
         node.innerHTML = '<select name="attributes"></select>';
-        var vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+        const vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
 
         assert.deepEqual(vNode.attrNames, ['id']);
       });
 
-      it('should return an empty array if there are no attributes', function() {
-        var vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+      it('should return an empty array if there are no attributes', () => {
+        const vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
         assert.deepEqual(vNode.attrNames, []);
       });
     });
 
-    describe('nodeIndex', function() {
-      it('increments nodeIndex when a parent is passed', function() {
-        var vHtml = new VirtualNode({ nodeName: 'html' });
-        var vHead = new VirtualNode({ nodeName: 'head' }, vHtml);
-        var vTitle = new VirtualNode({ nodeName: 'title' }, vHead);
-        var vBody = new VirtualNode({ nodeName: 'body' }, vHtml);
+    describe('nodeIndex', () => {
+      it('increments nodeIndex when a parent is passed', () => {
+        const vHtml = new VirtualNode({ nodeName: 'html' });
+        const vHead = new VirtualNode({ nodeName: 'head' }, vHtml);
+        const vTitle = new VirtualNode({ nodeName: 'title' }, vHead);
+        const vBody = new VirtualNode({ nodeName: 'body' }, vHtml);
 
         assert.equal(vHtml.nodeIndex, 0);
         assert.equal(vHead.nodeIndex, 1);
@@ -175,9 +203,9 @@ describe('VirtualNode', function() {
         assert.equal(vBody.nodeIndex, 3);
       });
 
-      it('resets nodeIndex when no parent is passed', function() {
-        var vHtml = new VirtualNode({ nodeName: 'html' });
-        var vHead = new VirtualNode({ nodeName: 'head' }, vHtml);
+      it('resets nodeIndex when no parent is passed', () => {
+        let vHtml = new VirtualNode({ nodeName: 'html' });
+        let vHead = new VirtualNode({ nodeName: 'head' }, vHtml);
         assert.equal(vHtml.nodeIndex, 0);
         assert.equal(vHead.nodeIndex, 1);
 
@@ -188,42 +216,74 @@ describe('VirtualNode', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    describe.skip('isFocusable', function() {
-      var commons;
+    describe('checkbox properties', () => {
+      it('should reflect the checked property', () => {
+        const div = document.createElement('div');
+        const vDiv = new VirtualNode(div);
+        assert.isUndefined(vDiv.props.checked);
+
+        node = document.createElement('input');
+        node.setAttribute('type', 'checkbox');
+        const vUnchecked = new VirtualNode(node);
+        assert.isFalse(vUnchecked.props.checked);
+
+        node.click();
+        const vChecked = new VirtualNode(node);
+        assert.equal(vChecked.props.checked, true);
+      });
+
+      it('reflects the indeterminate property', () => {
+        const div = document.createElement('div');
+        const vDiv = new VirtualNode(div);
+        assert.isUndefined(vDiv.props.indeterminate);
+
+        node = document.createElement('input');
+        node.setAttribute('type', 'checkbox');
+        const vUnchecked = new VirtualNode(node);
+        assert.isFalse(vUnchecked.props.indeterminate);
+
+        node.indeterminate = true;
+        const vIndeterminate = new VirtualNode(node);
+        assert.isTrue(vIndeterminate.props.indeterminate);
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe.skip('isFocusable', () => {
+      let commons;
 
-      beforeEach(function() {
+      beforeEach(() => {
         commons = axe.commons = axe.commons;
       });
 
-      afterEach(function() {
+      afterEach(() => {
         axe.commons = commons;
       });
 
-      it('should call dom.isFocusable', function() {
-        var called = false;
+      it('should call dom.isFocusable', () => {
+        let called = false;
         axe.commons = {
           dom: {
-            isFocusable: function() {
+            isFocusable: () => {
               called = true;
             }
           }
         };
-        var vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+        const vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
         vNode.isFocusable;
 
         assert.isTrue(called);
       });
 
-      it('should only call dom.isFocusable once', function() {
-        var count = 0;
+      it('should only call dom.isFocusable once', () => {
+        let count = 0;
         axe.commons = {
           dom: {
-            isFocusable: function() {
+            isFocusable: () => {
               count++;
             }
           }
         };
-        var vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+        const vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
         vNode.isFocusable;
         vNode.isFocusable;
         vNode.isFocusable;
@@ -231,42 +291,42 @@ describe('VirtualNode', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    describe.skip('tabbableElements', function() {
-      var commons;
+    describe.skip('tabbableElements', () => {
+      let commons;
 
-      beforeEach(function() {
+      beforeEach(() => {
         commons = axe.commons = axe.commons;
       });
 
-      afterEach(function() {
+      afterEach(() => {
         axe.commons = commons;
       });
 
-      it('should call dom.getTabbableElements', function() {
-        var called = false;
+      it('should call dom.getTabbableElements', () => {
+        let called = false;
         axe.commons = {
           dom: {
-            getTabbableElements: function() {
+            getTabbableElements: () => {
               called = true;
             }
           }
         };
-        var vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+        const vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
         vNode.tabbableElements;
 
         assert.isTrue(called);
       });
 
-      it('should only call dom.getTabbableElements once', function() {
-        var count = 0;
+      it('should only call dom.getTabbableElements once', () => {
+        let count = 0;
         axe.commons = {
           dom: {
-            getTabbableElements: function() {
+            getTabbableElements: () => {
               count++;
             }
           }
         };
-        var vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+        const vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
         vNode.tabbableElements;
         vNode.tabbableElements;
         vNode.tabbableElements;
@@ -274,46 +334,46 @@ describe('VirtualNode', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('getComputedStylePropertyValue', function() {
-      var computedStyle;
+    describe('getComputedStylePropertyValue', () => {
+      let computedStyle;
 
-      beforeEach(function() {
+      beforeEach(() => {
         computedStyle = window.getComputedStyle;
       });
 
-      afterEach(function() {
+      afterEach(() => {
         window.getComputedStyle = computedStyle;
       });
 
-      it('should call window.getComputedStyle and return the property', function() {
-        var called = false;
-        window.getComputedStyle = function() {
+      it('should call window.getComputedStyle and return the property', () => {
+        let called = false;
+        window.getComputedStyle = () => {
           called = true;
           return {
-            getPropertyValue: function() {
+            getPropertyValue: () => {
               return 'result';
             }
           };
         };
-        var vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
-        var result = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('prop');
+        const vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+        const result = vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('prop');
 
         assert.isTrue(called);
         assert.equal(result, 'result');
       });
 
-      it('should only call window.getComputedStyle and getPropertyValue once', function() {
-        var computedCount = 0;
-        var propertyCount = 0;
-        window.getComputedStyle = function() {
+      it('should only call window.getComputedStyle and getPropertyValue once', () => {
+        let computedCount = 0;
+        let propertyCount = 0;
+        window.getComputedStyle = () => {
           computedCount++;
           return {
-            getPropertyValue: function() {
+            getPropertyValue: () => {
               propertyCount++;
             }
           };
         };
-        var vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+        const vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
         vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('prop');
         vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('prop');
         vNode.getComputedStylePropertyValue('prop');
@@ -322,60 +382,60 @@ describe('VirtualNode', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('clientRects', function() {
-      it('should call node.getClientRects', function() {
-        var called = false;
-        node.getClientRects = function() {
+    describe('clientRects', () => {
+      it('should call node.getClientRects', () => {
+        let called = false;
+        node.getClientRects = () => {
           called = true;
           return [];
         };
-        var vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+        const vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
         vNode.clientRects;
 
         assert.isTrue(called);
       });
 
-      it('should only call node.getClientRects once', function() {
-        var count = 0;
-        node.getClientRects = function() {
+      it('should only call node.getClientRects once', () => {
+        let count = 0;
+        node.getClientRects = () => {
           count++;
           return [];
         };
-        var vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+        const vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
         vNode.clientRects;
         vNode.clientRects;
         vNode.clientRects;
         assert.equal(count, 1);
       });
 
-      it('should filter out 0 width rects', function() {
-        node.getClientRects = function() {
+      it('should filter out 0 width rects', () => {
+        node.getClientRects = () => {
           return [{ width: 10 }, { width: 0 }, { width: 20 }];
         };
-        var vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+        const vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
 
         assert.deepEqual(vNode.clientRects, [{ width: 10 }, { width: 20 }]);
       });
     });
 
-    describe('boundingClientRect', function() {
-      it('should call node.getBoundingClientRect', function() {
-        var called = false;
-        node.getBoundingClientRect = function() {
+    describe('boundingClientRect', () => {
+      it('should call node.getBoundingClientRect', () => {
+        let called = false;
+        node.getBoundingClientRect = () => {
           called = true;
         };
-        var vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+        const vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
         vNode.boundingClientRect;
 
         assert.isTrue(called);
       });
 
-      it('should only call node.getBoundingClientRect once', function() {
-        var count = 0;
-        node.getBoundingClientRect = function() {
+      it('should only call node.getBoundingClientRect once', () => {
+        let count = 0;
+        node.getBoundingClientRect = () => {
           count++;
         };
-        var vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
+        const vNode = new VirtualNode(node);
         vNode.boundingClientRect;
         vNode.boundingClientRect;
         vNode.boundingClientRect;
diff --git a/test/core/constants.js b/test/core/constants.js
index 09cfbfaeb..6b6663772 100644
--- a/test/core/constants.js
+++ b/test/core/constants.js
@@ -1,35 +1,35 @@
-describe('axe.constants', function() {
+describe('axe.constants', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should create an object', function() {
+  it('should create an object', function () {
     assert.isObject(axe.constants);
   });
 
-  it('should have a results array', function() {
+  it('should have a results array', function () {
     assert.isArray(axe.constants.results);
   });
 
-  it('should have PASS', function() {
+  it('should have PASS', function () {
     assert.equal(axe.constants.PASS, 'passed');
   });
 
-  it('should have FAIL', function() {
+  it('should have FAIL', function () {
     assert.equal(axe.constants.FAIL, 'failed');
   });
 
-  it('should have NA', function() {
+  it('should have NA', function () {
     assert.equal(axe.constants.NA, 'inapplicable');
   });
 
-  it('should have CANTTELL', function() {
+  it('should have CANTTELL', function () {
     assert.equal(axe.constants.CANTTELL, 'cantTell');
   });
 
-  it('should have priorities for results', function() {
+  it('should have priorities for results', function () {
     assert.equal(axe.constants.NA_PRIO, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should have groups for results', function() {
+  it('should have groups for results', function () {
     assert.equal(axe.constants.FAIL_GROUP, 'violations');
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/export.js b/test/core/export.js
index df147d1f0..4091a872b 100644
--- a/test/core/export.js
+++ b/test/core/export.js
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-describe('export', function() {
+describe('export', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should publish a global `axe` variable', function() {
+  it('should publish a global `axe` variable', function () {
     assert.isDefined(window.axe);
   });
-  it('should define version', function() {
+  it('should define version', function () {
     assert.isNotNull(axe.version);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/index.js b/test/core/index.js
index 03bce6400..c7355d4ea 100644
--- a/test/core/index.js
+++ b/test/core/index.js
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-describe('index', function() {
+describe('index', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should redefine `define`', function() {
+  it('should redefine `define`', function () {
     assert.equal(typeof define, 'undefined');
   });
-  it('should redefine `require`', function() {
+  it('should redefine `require`', function () {
     assert.equal(typeof require, 'undefined');
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/log.js b/test/core/log.js
index 31e92fe6f..a3d4c2004 100644
--- a/test/core/log.js
+++ b/test/core/log.js
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
-describe('axe.log', function() {
+describe('axe.log', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should be a function', function() {
+  it('should be a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(axe.log);
   });
-  it('should invoke console.log', function() {
+  it('should invoke console.log', function () {
     var orig = window.console;
     if (!window.console || window.console.log) {
-      window.console = { log: function() {} };
+      window.console = { log: function () {} };
     }
     var expected = ['hi', 'hello'];
     var success = false;
 
-    window.console.log = function() {
+    window.console.log = function () {
       success = true;
       assert.equal(arguments[0], expected[0]);
       assert.equal(arguments[1], expected[1]);
diff --git a/test/core/public/cleanup.js b/test/core/public/cleanup.js
index dc4c348b1..d6e6d373e 100644
--- a/test/core/public/cleanup.js
+++ b/test/core/public/cleanup.js
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 /*global cleanup */
-describe('cleanup', function() {
+describe('cleanup', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   function createFrames(callback) {
     var frame;
     frame = document.createElement('iframe');
     frame.src = '../mock/frames/test.html';
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function() {
+    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
       setTimeout(callback, 500);
     });
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
@@ -14,22 +14,22 @@ describe('cleanup', function() {
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  var assertNotCalled = function() {
+  var assertNotCalled = function () {
     assert.ok(false, 'Should not be called');
   };
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe.plugins = {};
   });
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     axe._audit = null;
   });
 
-  it('should throw if no audit is configured', function() {
+  it('should throw if no audit is configured', function () {
     assert.throws(
-      function() {
+      function () {
         axe.cleanup(document, {});
       },
       Error,
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ describe('cleanup', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should call cleanup on all plugins', function(done) {
+  it('should call cleanup on all plugins', function (done) {
     /*eslint no-unused-vars: 0*/
     var cleaned = false;
     axe._load({
@@ -45,52 +45,52 @@ describe('cleanup', function() {
     });
     axe.registerPlugin({
       id: 'p',
-      run: function() {},
-      add: function(impl) {
+      run: function () {},
+      add: function (impl) {
         this._registry[impl.id] = impl;
       },
       commands: []
     });
-    axe.plugins.p.cleanup = function(res) {
+    axe.plugins.p.cleanup = function (res) {
       cleaned = true;
       res();
     };
-    axe.cleanup(function() {
+    axe.cleanup(function () {
       assert.equal(cleaned, true);
       done();
     }, assertNotCalled);
   });
 
-  it('should not throw exception if no arguments are provided', function(done) {
+  it('should not throw exception if no arguments are provided', function (done) {
     var cleaned = false;
     axe._load({
       rules: []
     });
     axe.registerPlugin({
       id: 'p',
-      run: function() {},
-      add: function(impl) {
+      run: function () {},
+      add: function (impl) {
         this._registry[impl.id] = impl;
       },
       commands: []
     });
-    axe.plugins.p.cleanup = function(res) {
+    axe.plugins.p.cleanup = function (res) {
       cleaned = true;
       res();
     };
-    assert.doesNotThrow(function() {
+    assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
       axe.cleanup();
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  it('should send command to frames to cleanup', function(done) {
-    createFrames(function() {
+  it('should send command to frames to cleanup', function (done) {
+    createFrames(function () {
       axe._load({});
 
       var frame = fixture.querySelector('iframe');
       var win = frame.contentWindow;
-      win.addEventListener('message', function(message) {
+      win.addEventListener('message', function (message) {
         var data = JSON.parse(message.data);
         if (data.topic === 'axe.start') {
           assert.deepEqual(data.payload, { command: 'cleanup-plugin' });
diff --git a/test/core/public/configure.js b/test/core/public/configure.js
index e8cc5742c..12972a0ae 100644
--- a/test/core/public/configure.js
+++ b/test/core/public/configure.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('axe.configure', function() {
+describe('axe.configure', function () {
   'use strict';
   // var Rule = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.Rule;
   // var Check = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.Check;
@@ -6,18 +6,18 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
   var axeVersion = axe.version;
   var ver = axe.version.substring(0, axe.version.lastIndexOf('.'));
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe.version = axeVersion;
   });
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     axe._audit = null;
   });
 
-  it('should throw if audit is not configured', function() {
+  it('should throw if audit is not configured', function () {
     assert.throws(
-      function() {
+      function () {
         axe.configure({});
       },
       Error,
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it("should override an audit's reporter - string", function() {
+  it("should override an audit's reporter - string", function () {
     axe._load({});
     assert.isNull(axe._audit.reporter);
 
@@ -33,13 +33,13 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
     assert.equal(axe._audit.reporter, 'v1');
   });
 
-  it('should not allow setting to an un-registered reporter', function() {
+  it('should not allow setting to an un-registered reporter', function () {
     axe._load({ reporter: 'v1' });
     axe.configure({ reporter: 'no-exist-evar-plz' });
     assert.equal(axe._audit.reporter, 'v1');
   });
 
-  it('should allow for addition of rules', function() {
+  it('should allow for addition of rules', function () {
     axe._load({});
     axe.configure({
       rules: [
@@ -59,31 +59,31 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(axe._audit.data.rules.bob.joe, 'joe');
   });
 
-  it('should throw error if rules property is invalid', function() {
-    assert.throws(function() {
+  it('should throw error if rules property is invalid', function () {
+    assert.throws(function () {
       axe.configure({ rules: 'hello' }),
         TypeError,
         /^Rules property must be an array/;
     });
   });
 
-  it('should throw error if rule is invalid', function() {
-    assert.throws(function() {
+  it('should throw error if rule is invalid', function () {
+    assert.throws(function () {
       axe.configure({ rules: ['hello'] }),
         TypeError,
         /Configured rule "hello" is invalid/;
     });
   });
 
-  it('should throw error if rule does not have an id', function() {
-    assert.throws(function() {
+  it('should throw error if rule does not have an id', function () {
+    assert.throws(function () {
       axe.configure({ rules: [{ foo: 'bar' }] }),
         TypeError,
         /Configured rule "{foo:\"bar\"}" is invalid/;
     });
   });
 
-  it('should call setBranding when passed options', function() {
+  it('should call setBranding when passed options', function () {
     axe._load({});
     axe.configure({
       rules: [
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('sets branding on newly configured rules', function() {
+  it('sets branding on newly configured rules', function () {
     axe._load({});
     axe.configure({
       branding: {
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should allow for overwriting of rules', function() {
+  it('should allow for overwriting of rules', function () {
     axe._load({
       data: {
         rules: {
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
     assert.equal(axe._audit.data.rules.bob.joe, 'joe');
   });
 
-  it('should allow for the addition of checks', function() {
+  it('should allow for the addition of checks', function () {
     axe._load({});
     axe.configure({
       checks: [
@@ -189,31 +189,31 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
     assert.equal(axe._audit.data.checks.bob.joe, 'joe');
   });
 
-  it('should throw error if checks property is invalid', function() {
-    assert.throws(function() {
+  it('should throw error if checks property is invalid', function () {
+    assert.throws(function () {
       axe.configure({ checks: 'hello' }),
         TypeError,
         /^Checks property must be an array/;
     });
   });
 
-  it('should throw error if check is invalid', function() {
-    assert.throws(function() {
+  it('should throw error if check is invalid', function () {
+    assert.throws(function () {
       axe.configure({ checks: ['hello'] }),
         TypeError,
         /Configured check "hello" is invalid/;
     });
   });
 
-  it('should throw error if check does not have an id', function() {
-    assert.throws(function() {
+  it('should throw error if check does not have an id', function () {
+    assert.throws(function () {
       axe.configure({ checks: [{ foo: 'bar' }] }),
         TypeError,
         /Configured check "{foo:\"bar\"}" is invalid/;
     });
   });
 
-  it('should allow for the overwriting of checks', function() {
+  it('should allow for the overwriting of checks', function () {
     axe._load({
       data: {
         checks: {
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
     assert.equal(axe._audit.data.checks.bob.joe, 'joe');
   });
 
-  it('should create an execution context for check messages', function() {
+  it('should create an execution context for check messages', function () {
     axe._load({});
     axe.configure({
       checks: [
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
     assert.equal(axe._audit.data.checks.bob.messages.fail, 'Bob Pete');
   });
 
-  it('overrides the default value of audit.tagExclude', function() {
+  it('overrides the default value of audit.tagExclude', function () {
     axe._load({});
     assert.deepEqual(axe._audit.tagExclude, ['experimental']);
 
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(axe._audit.tagExclude, ['ninjas']);
   });
 
-  it('disables all untouched rules with disableOtherRules', function() {
+  it('disables all untouched rules with disableOtherRules', function () {
     axe._load({
       rules: [{ id: 'captain-america' }, { id: 'thor' }, { id: 'spider-man' }]
     });
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
     assert.equal(axe._audit.rules[3].enabled, true);
   });
 
-  it("should allow overriding an audit's noHtml", function() {
+  it("should allow overriding an audit's noHtml", function () {
     axe._load({});
     assert.isFalse(axe._audit.noHtml);
 
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe._audit.noHtml);
   });
 
-  it("should allow overriding an audit's allowedOrigins", function() {
+  it("should allow overriding an audit's allowedOrigins", function () {
     axe._load({});
     assert.notDeepEqual(axe._audit.allowedOrigins, ['foo']);
 
@@ -313,22 +313,22 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(axe._audit.allowedOrigins, ['foo']);
   });
 
-  it('should throw error if allowedOrigins is not an array', function() {
+  it('should throw error if allowedOrigins is not an array', function () {
     axe._load({});
-    assert.throws(function() {
+    assert.throws(function () {
       axe.configure({ allowedOrigins: 'foo' });
     });
   });
 
-  it("should throw error if the origin is '*'", function() {
+  it("should throw error if the origin is '*'", function () {
     axe._load({});
-    assert.throws(function() {
+    assert.throws(function () {
       axe.configure({ allowedOrigins: ['foo', '*'] });
     });
   });
 
-  describe('given a locale object', function() {
-    beforeEach(function() {
+  describe('given a locale object', function () {
+    beforeEach(function () {
       axe._load({});
 
       axe.configure({
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
         checks: [
           {
             id: 'banana',
-            evaluate: function() {},
+            evaluate: function () {},
             metadata: {
               impact: 'srsly serious',
               messages: {
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should update check and rule metadata', function() {
+    it('should update check and rule metadata', function () {
       axe.configure({
         locale: {
           lang: 'lol',
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should merge locales (favoring "new")', function() {
+    it('should merge locales (favoring "new")', function () {
       axe.configure({
         locale: {
           lang: 'lol',
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('sets the lang property', function() {
+    it('sets the lang property', function () {
       axe.configure({
         locale: {
           lang: 'lol',
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
       assert.equal(axe._audit.lang, 'lol');
     });
 
-    it('should call doT.compile if a messages uses doT syntax', function() {
+    it('should call doT.compile if a messages uses doT syntax', function () {
       axe.configure({
         locale: {
           lang: 'lol',
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should leave the messages as a string if it does not use doT syntax', function() {
+    it('should leave the messages as a string if it does not use doT syntax', function () {
       axe.configure({
         locale: {
           lang: 'lol',
@@ -486,22 +486,22 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
       assert.isTrue(typeof localeData.checks.banana.messages.fail === 'string');
     });
 
-    it('should update failure messages', function() {
+    it('should update failure messages', function () {
       axe._load({
         data: {
           failureSummaries: {
             any: {
-              failureMessage: function() {
+              failureMessage: function () {
                 return 'failed any';
               }
             },
             none: {
-              failureMessage: function() {
+              failureMessage: function () {
                 return 'failed none';
               }
             }
           },
-          incompleteFallbackMessage: function() {
+          incompleteFallbackMessage: function () {
             return 'failed incomplete';
           }
         }
@@ -530,22 +530,22 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
       assert.equal(localeData.incompleteFallbackMessage, 'baz');
     });
 
-    it('should merge failure messages', function() {
+    it('should merge failure messages', function () {
       axe._load({
         data: {
           failureSummaries: {
             any: {
-              failureMessage: function() {
+              failureMessage: function () {
                 return 'failed any';
               }
             },
             none: {
-              failureMessage: function() {
+              failureMessage: function () {
                 return 'failed none';
               }
             }
           },
-          incompleteFallbackMessage: function() {
+          incompleteFallbackMessage: function () {
             return 'failed incomplete';
           }
         }
@@ -573,12 +573,12 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
       assert.equal(localeData.incompleteFallbackMessage(), 'failed incomplete');
     });
 
-    it('should not strip newline characters from doT template', function() {
+    it('should not strip newline characters from doT template', function () {
       axe._load({
         data: {
           failureSummaries: {
             any: {
-              failureMessage: function() {
+              failureMessage: function () {
                 return 'failed any';
               }
             }
@@ -607,9 +607,9 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    describe('only given checks', function() {
-      it('should not error', function() {
-        assert.doesNotThrow(function() {
+    describe('only given checks', function () {
+      it('should not error', function () {
+        assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
           axe.configure({
             locale: {
               lang: 'lol',
@@ -627,9 +627,9 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('only given rules', function() {
-      it('should not error', function() {
-        assert.doesNotThrow(function() {
+    describe('only given rules', function () {
+      it('should not error', function () {
+        assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
           axe.configure({
             locale: {
               rules: { greeting: { help: 'foo', description: 'bar' } }
@@ -639,13 +639,13 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('check incomplete messages', function() {
-      beforeEach(function() {
+    describe('check incomplete messages', function () {
+      beforeEach(function () {
         axe.configure({
           checks: [
             {
               id: 'panda',
-              evaluate: function() {},
+              evaluate: function () {},
               metadata: {
                 impact: 'yep',
                 messages: {
@@ -659,7 +659,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
         });
       });
 
-      it('should support strings', function() {
+      it('should support strings', function () {
         axe.configure({
           locale: {
             checks: {
@@ -673,7 +673,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
         assert.equal(axe._audit.data.checks.panda.messages.incomplete, 'radio');
       });
 
-      it('should shallow-merge objects', function() {
+      it('should shallow-merge objects', function () {
         axe.configure({
           locale: {
             lang: 'lol',
@@ -698,7 +698,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
     // This test ensures we do not drop additional properties added to
     // checks. See https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/pull/1036/files#r207738673
     // for reasoning.
-    it('should keep existing properties on check data', function() {
+    it('should keep existing properties on check data', function () {
       axe.configure({
         checks: [
           {
@@ -733,8 +733,8 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
       assert.equal(banana.messages.pass, 'yay banana');
     });
 
-    it('should error when provided an unknown rule id', function() {
-      assert.throws(function() {
+    it('should error when provided an unknown rule id', function () {
+      assert.throws(function () {
         axe.configure({
           locale: {
             rules: { nope: { help: 'helpme' } }
@@ -743,8 +743,8 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
       }, /unknown rule: "nope"/);
     });
 
-    it('should error when provided an unknown check id', function() {
-      assert.throws(function() {
+    it('should error when provided an unknown check id', function () {
+      assert.throws(function () {
         axe.configure({
           locale: {
             checks: { nope: { pass: 'helpme' } }
@@ -753,8 +753,8 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
       }, /unknown check: "nope"/);
     });
 
-    it('should error when provided an unknown failure summary', function() {
-      assert.throws(function() {
+    it('should error when provided an unknown failure summary', function () {
+      assert.throws(function () {
         axe.configure({
           locale: {
             failureSummaries: {
@@ -765,7 +765,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should set default locale', function() {
+    it('should set default locale', function () {
       assert.isNull(axe._audit._defaultLocale);
       axe.configure({
         locale: {
@@ -780,8 +780,8 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
       assert.ok(axe._audit._defaultLocale);
     });
 
-    describe('also given metadata', function() {
-      it('should favor the locale', function() {
+    describe('also given metadata', function () {
+      it('should favor the locale', function () {
         axe.configure({
           locale: {
             lang: 'lol',
@@ -808,9 +808,9 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('after locale has been set', function() {
-      describe('the provided messages', function() {
-        it('should allow for doT templating', function() {
+    describe('after locale has been set', function () {
+      describe('the provided messages', function () {
+        it('should allow for doT templating', function () {
           axe.configure({
             locale: {
               lang: 'foo',
@@ -832,13 +832,13 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('given an axeVersion property', function() {
-    beforeEach(function() {
+  describe('given an axeVersion property', function () {
+    beforeEach(function () {
       axe._load({});
       axe.version = '1.2.3';
     });
 
-    it('should not throw if version matches axe.version', function() {
+    it('should not throw if version matches axe.version', function () {
       assert.doesNotThrow(function fn() {
         axe.configure({
           axeVersion: '1.2.3'
@@ -851,7 +851,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should not throw if patch version is less than axe.version', function() {
+    it('should not throw if patch version is less than axe.version', function () {
       assert.doesNotThrow(function fn() {
         axe.configure({
           axeVersion: '1.2.0'
@@ -859,7 +859,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should not throw if minor version is less than axe.version', function() {
+    it('should not throw if minor version is less than axe.version', function () {
       assert.doesNotThrow(function fn() {
         axe.configure({
           axeVersion: '1.1.9'
@@ -867,7 +867,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should not throw if versions match and axe has a canary version', function() {
+    it('should not throw if versions match and axe has a canary version', function () {
       axe.version = '1.2.3-canary.2664bae';
       assert.doesNotThrow(function fn() {
         axe.configure({
@@ -876,7 +876,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should throw if invalid version', function() {
+    it('should throw if invalid version', function () {
       assert.throws(function fn() {
         axe.configure({
           axeVersion: '2'
@@ -890,7 +890,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
       }, 'Invalid configured version 2..');
     });
 
-    it('should throw if major version is different than axe.version', function() {
+    it('should throw if major version is different than axe.version', function () {
       assert.throws(function fn() {
         axe.configure(
           {
@@ -909,7 +909,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should throw if minor version is greater than axe.version', function() {
+    it('should throw if minor version is greater than axe.version', function () {
       assert.throws(function fn() {
         axe.configure(
           {
@@ -920,7 +920,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should throw if patch version is greater than axe.version', function() {
+    it('should throw if patch version is greater than axe.version', function () {
       assert.throws(function fn() {
         axe.configure(
           {
@@ -931,7 +931,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should throw if versions match and axeVersion has a canary version', function() {
+    it('should throw if versions match and axeVersion has a canary version', function () {
       assert.throws(function fn() {
         axe.configure(
           {
@@ -942,7 +942,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should throw if versions match and both have a canary version', function() {
+    it('should throw if versions match and both have a canary version', function () {
       axe.version = '1.2.3-canary.2664bae';
       assert.throws(function fn() {
         axe.configure(
@@ -954,7 +954,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should accept ver property as fallback', function() {
+    it('should accept ver property as fallback', function () {
       assert.throws(function fn() {
         axe.configure(
           {
@@ -965,7 +965,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should accept axeVersion over ver property', function() {
+    it('should accept axeVersion over ver property', function () {
       assert.throws(function fn() {
         axe.configure(
           {
@@ -978,13 +978,13 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('given a standards object', function() {
-    beforeEach(function() {
+  describe('given a standards object', function () {
+    beforeEach(function () {
       axe._load({});
     });
 
-    describe('ariaAttrs', function() {
-      it('should allow creating new attr', function() {
+    describe('ariaAttrs', function () {
+      it('should allow creating new attr', function () {
         axe.configure({
           standards: {
             ariaAttrs: {
@@ -999,7 +999,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
         assert.equal(ariaAttr.type, 'string');
       });
 
-      it('should override existing attr', function() {
+      it('should override existing attr', function () {
         axe.configure({
           standards: {
             ariaAttrs: {
@@ -1026,7 +1026,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
         assert.deepEqual(ariaAttr.values, ['foo', 'bar']);
       });
 
-      it('should merge existing attr', function() {
+      it('should merge existing attr', function () {
         axe.configure({
           standards: {
             ariaAttrs: {
@@ -1053,7 +1053,7 @@ describe('axe.configure', function() {
         assert.deepEqual(ariaAttr.values, ['foo', 'bar']);
       });
 
-      it('should override and not merge array', function() {
+      it('should override and not merge array', function () {
         axe.configure({
           standards: {
             ariaAttrs: {
diff --git a/test/core/public/finish-run.js b/test/core/public/finish-run.js
index b87ccd098..1199b2153 100644
--- a/test/core/public/finish-run.js
+++ b/test/core/public/finish-run.js
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
-describe('axe.finishRun', function() {
+describe('axe.finishRun', function () {
   var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('takes a single partial results and outputs a finished report', function(done) {
+  it('takes a single partial results and outputs a finished report', function (done) {
     axe
       .runPartial()
-      .then(function(result) {
+      .then(function (result) {
         return axe.finishRun([result]);
       })
-      .then(function(results) {
+      .then(function (results) {
         assert.property(results, 'violations');
         assert.property(results, 'passes');
         assert.property(results, 'incomplete');
@@ -21,29 +21,29 @@ describe('axe.finishRun', function() {
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('does not mutate the options object', function(done) {
+  it('does not mutate the options object', function (done) {
     var options = {};
     axe
       .runPartial(options)
-      .then(function(result) {
+      .then(function (result) {
         return axe.finishRun([result], options);
       })
-      .then(function() {
+      .then(function () {
         assert.deepEqual(options, {});
         done();
       })
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('uses option.reporter to create the report', function(done) {
+  it('uses option.reporter to create the report', function (done) {
     axe
       .runPartial()
-      .then(function(partialResult) {
+      .then(function (partialResult) {
         return axe.finishRun([partialResult], { reporter: 'raw' });
       })
-      .then(function(rawResults) {
+      .then(function (rawResults) {
         assert.notEqual(rawResults.length, 0);
-        rawResults.forEach(function(rawResult) {
+        rawResults.forEach(function (rawResult) {
           assert.property(rawResult, 'violations');
           assert.property(rawResult, 'passes');
           assert.property(rawResult, 'incomplete');
@@ -54,26 +54,26 @@ describe('axe.finishRun', function() {
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('defaults options.reporter to v1', function(done) {
+  it('defaults options.reporter to v1', function (done) {
     axe
       .runPartial()
-      .then(function(partialResult) {
+      .then(function (partialResult) {
         return axe.finishRun([partialResult]);
       })
-      .then(function(results) {
+      .then(function (results) {
         assert.equal(results.toolOptions.reporter, 'v1');
         done();
       })
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('normalizes the runOnly option in the reporter', function(done) {
+  it('normalizes the runOnly option in the reporter', function (done) {
     axe
       .runPartial()
-      .then(function(partialResult) {
+      .then(function (partialResult) {
         return axe.finishRun([partialResult], { runOnly: 'region' });
       })
-      .then(function(results) {
+      .then(function (results) {
         assert.deepEqual(results.toolOptions.runOnly, {
           type: 'rule',
           values: ['region']
@@ -90,25 +90,28 @@ describe('axe.finishRun', function() {
     };
     axe
       .runPartial()
-      .then(function(partialResult) {
-        partialResult.environmentData = { testEngine: testEngine }
+      .then(function (partialResult) {
+        partialResult.environmentData = { testEngine: testEngine };
         return axe.finishRun([partialResult], { runOnly: 'region' });
       })
-      .then(function(results) {
+      .then(function (results) {
         assert.deepEqual(results.testEngine, testEngine);
         done();
       })
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('can report violations results', function(done) {
+  it('can report violations results', function (done) {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div aria-label="foo"></div>';
     axe
-      .runPartial({ include: ['#fixture'] }, { runOnly: 'aria-allowed-attr' })
-      .then(function(result) {
+      .runPartial(
+        { include: [['#fixture']] },
+        { runOnly: 'aria-prohibited-attr' }
+      )
+      .then(function (result) {
         return axe.finishRun([result]);
       })
-      .then(function(results) {
+      .then(function (results) {
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
         assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
         assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
@@ -118,15 +121,15 @@ describe('axe.finishRun', function() {
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('can report passes results', function(done) {
+  it('can report passes results', function (done) {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="button" aria-label="foo"></div>';
 
     axe
-      .runPartial({ include: ['#fixture'] }, { runOnly: 'aria-allowed-attr' })
-      .then(function(result) {
+      .runPartial({ include: [['#fixture']] }, { runOnly: 'aria-allowed-attr' })
+      .then(function (result) {
         return axe.finishRun([result]);
       })
-      .then(function(results) {
+      .then(function (results) {
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
         assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
         assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
@@ -136,18 +139,18 @@ describe('axe.finishRun', function() {
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('can report incomplete results', function(done) {
+  it('can report incomplete results', function (done) {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div aria-describedby="missing"></div>';
 
     axe
       .runPartial(
-        { include: ['#fixture'] },
+        { include: [['#fixture']] },
         { runOnly: 'aria-valid-attr-value' }
       )
-      .then(function(result) {
+      .then(function (result) {
         return axe.finishRun([result]);
       })
-      .then(function(results) {
+      .then(function (results) {
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
         assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
         assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
@@ -157,13 +160,13 @@ describe('axe.finishRun', function() {
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('can report inapplicable results', function(done) {
+  it('can report inapplicable results', function (done) {
     axe
-      .runPartial({ include: ['#fixture'] }, { runOnly: 'aria-allowed-attr' })
-      .then(function(result) {
+      .runPartial({ include: [['#fixture']] }, { runOnly: 'aria-allowed-attr' })
+      .then(function (result) {
         return axe.finishRun([result]);
       })
-      .then(function(results) {
+      .then(function (results) {
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
         assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
         assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
@@ -173,7 +176,7 @@ describe('axe.finishRun', function() {
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('takes multiple partial results and outputs a finished report', function(done) {
+  it('takes multiple partial results and outputs a finished report', function (done) {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="fail" aria-label="foo"></div>' +
       '<div id="pass" role="button" aria-label="foo"></div>' +
@@ -181,25 +184,25 @@ describe('axe.finishRun', function() {
     var allResults = [];
 
     axe
-      .runPartial({ include: ['#pass'] }, { runOnly: 'aria-allowed-attr' })
-      .then(function(results) {
+      .runPartial({ include: [['#pass']] }, { runOnly: 'aria-allowed-attr' })
+      .then(function (results) {
         allResults.push(results);
         return axe.runPartial(
-          { include: ['#fail'] },
-          { runOnly: 'aria-allowed-attr' }
+          { include: [['#fail']] },
+          { runOnly: 'aria-prohibited-attr' }
         );
       })
-      .then(function(results) {
+      .then(function (results) {
         allResults.push(results);
         return axe.runPartial(
-          { include: ['#incomplete'] },
+          { include: [['#incomplete']] },
           { runOnly: 'aria-valid-attr-value' }
         );
       })
-      .then(function(results) {
+      .then(function (results) {
         return axe.finishRun(allResults.concat(results));
       })
-      .then(function(results) {
+      .then(function (results) {
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
         assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
         assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
@@ -209,9 +212,43 @@ describe('axe.finishRun', function() {
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  describe('frames', function() {
+  it('rejects with sync reporter errors', async () => {
+    axe.addReporter('throwing', () => {
+      throw new Error('Something went wrong');
+    });
+    const options = { reporter: 'throwing' };
+
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<h1>Hello world</h1>';
+    const partial = await axe.runPartial('#fixture', options);
+    try {
+      await axe.finishRun([partial], options);
+      assert.fail('Should have thrown');
+    } catch (err) {
+      assert.equal(err.message, 'Something went wrong');
+    }
+  });
+
+  it('rejects with async reporter errors', async () => {
+    axe.addReporter('throwing', (results, options, resolve, reject) => {
+      setTimeout(() => {
+        reject(new Error('Something went wrong'));
+      }, 10);
+    });
+    const options = { reporter: 'throwing' };
+
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<h1>Hello world</h1>';
+    const partial = await axe.runPartial('#fixture', options);
+    try {
+      await axe.finishRun([partial], options);
+      assert.fail('Should have thrown');
+    } catch (err) {
+      assert.equal(err.message, 'Something went wrong');
+    }
+  });
+
+  describe('frames', function () {
     function createIframe(html, parent) {
-      return new Promise(function(resolve) {
+      return new Promise(function (resolve) {
         parent = parent || fixture;
         var doc = parent.ownerDocument;
         var iframe = doc.createElement('iframe');
@@ -219,22 +256,22 @@ describe('axe.finishRun', function() {
         var frameDoc = iframe.contentDocument;
         frameDoc.write(html + '<script src="/axe.js"></script>');
         frameDoc.close();
-        frameDoc.querySelector('script').onload = function() {
+        frameDoc.querySelector('script').onload = function () {
           resolve(iframe.contentWindow);
         };
       });
     }
 
-    it('reconstructs which node is in which frame', function(done) {
+    it('reconstructs which node is in which frame', function (done) {
       createIframe('<h1></h1>')
-        .then(function(frameWin) {
+        .then(function (frameWin) {
           return Promise.all([
             window.axe.runPartial({ runOnly: 'empty-heading' }),
             frameWin.axe.runPartial({ runOnly: 'empty-heading' })
           ]);
         })
         .then(axe.finishRun)
-        .then(function(results) {
+        .then(function (results) {
           var nodes = results.violations[0].nodes;
           assert.deepEqual(nodes[0].target, ['iframe', 'h1']);
           done();
@@ -242,23 +279,23 @@ describe('axe.finishRun', function() {
         .catch(done);
     });
 
-    it('handles nodes in nested iframes', function(done) {
+    it('handles nodes in nested iframes', function (done) {
       var windows = [window];
       fixture.innerHTML = '<h1></h1>';
       createIframe('<h2></h2>')
-        .then(function(frameWin) {
+        .then(function (frameWin) {
           windows.push(frameWin);
           return createIframe('<h3></h3>', frameWin.document.body);
         })
-        .then(function(nestedWin) {
+        .then(function (nestedWin) {
           windows.push(nestedWin);
-          var promisedResults = windows.map(function(win) {
+          var promisedResults = windows.map(function (win) {
             return win.axe.runPartial({ runOnly: 'empty-heading' });
           });
           return Promise.all(promisedResults);
         })
         .then(axe.finishRun)
-        .then(function(results) {
+        .then(function (results) {
           var nodes = results.violations[0].nodes;
           assert.deepEqual(nodes[0].target, ['h1']);
           assert.deepEqual(nodes[1].target, ['iframe', 'h2']);
@@ -268,27 +305,27 @@ describe('axe.finishRun', function() {
         .catch(done);
     });
 
-    it('should handle null results and set target correctly', function(done) {
+    it('should handle null results and set target correctly', function (done) {
       var windows = [window];
       fixture.innerHTML = '<h1></h1>';
       createIframe('<h2></h2>')
-        .then(function(frameWin) {
+        .then(function (frameWin) {
           windows.push(frameWin);
           return createIframe('<h3></h3>');
         })
-        .then(function(nestedWin) {
+        .then(function (nestedWin) {
           windows.push(nestedWin);
-          var promisedResults = windows.map(function(win) {
+          var promisedResults = windows.map(function (win) {
             return win.axe.runPartial({ runOnly: 'empty-heading' });
           });
           return Promise.all(promisedResults);
         })
-        .then(function(partialResults) {
+        .then(function (partialResults) {
           partialResults[1] = null;
           return partialResults;
         })
         .then(axe.finishRun)
-        .then(function(results) {
+        .then(function (results) {
           var nodes = results.violations[0].nodes;
           assert.deepEqual(nodes[0].target, ['h1']);
           assert.deepEqual(nodes[1].target, ['iframe:nth-child(3)', 'h3']);
@@ -298,15 +335,15 @@ describe('axe.finishRun', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('calling audit.after', function() {
-    it('passes results with iframe ancestries', function(done) {
+  describe('calling audit.after', function () {
+    it('passes results with iframe ancestries', function (done) {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<i id="i"></i> <i id="i"></i>';
       axe
         .runPartial(fixture, { runOnly: 'duplicate-id' })
-        .then(function(partialResult) {
+        .then(function (partialResult) {
           return axe.finishRun([partialResult], { runOnly: 'duplicate-id' });
         })
-        .then(function(result) {
+        .then(function (result) {
           var nodes = result.violations[0].nodes;
           var relatedNodes = nodes[0].any[0].relatedNodes;
 
@@ -319,16 +356,16 @@ describe('axe.finishRun', function() {
         .catch(done);
     });
 
-    it('provides the options object', function(done) {
+    it('provides the options object', function (done) {
       var spy;
       fixture.innerHTML = '<i id="i"></i> <i id="i"></i>';
       axe
         .runPartial(fixture, { runOnly: 'duplicate-id' })
-        .then(function(partialResult) {
+        .then(function (partialResult) {
           spy = sinon.spy(axe._audit, 'after');
           return axe.finishRun([partialResult], { runOnly: 'duplicate-id' });
         })
-        .then(function() {
+        .then(function () {
           assert.lengthOf(axe._audit.after.args, 1);
           assert.deepEqual(axe._audit.after.args[0][1], {
             runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['duplicate-id'] },
@@ -337,7 +374,7 @@ describe('axe.finishRun', function() {
           spy.restore();
           done();
         })
-        .catch(function(err) {
+        .catch(function (err) {
           spy.restore();
           done(err);
         });
diff --git a/test/core/public/frame-messenger.js b/test/core/public/frame-messenger.js
index ce392d604..d56332c2c 100644
--- a/test/core/public/frame-messenger.js
+++ b/test/core/public/frame-messenger.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('frameMessenger', function() {
+describe('frameMessenger', function () {
   var stub;
 
-  after(function() {
+  after(function () {
     stub.restore();
   });
 
-  it('should call into axe.utils.respondable.updateMessenger', function() {
+  it('should call into axe.utils.respondable.updateMessenger', function () {
     stub = sinon.stub(axe.utils.respondable, 'updateMessenger');
     axe.frameMessenger();
     assert.isTrue(stub.called);
diff --git a/test/core/public/get-rules.js b/test/core/public/get-rules.js
index 13a6c147e..540b459e6 100644
--- a/test/core/public/get-rules.js
+++ b/test/core/public/get-rules.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-describe('axe.getRules', function() {
+describe('axe.getRules', function () {
   'use strict';
   var ver = axe.version.substring(0, axe.version.lastIndexOf('.'));
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     axe._load({
       messages: [],
       rules: [
@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ describe('axe.getRules', function() {
         {
           id: 'awesomeRule2',
           any: [],
-          tags: ['tag1', 'tag2']
+          tags: ['tag1', 'tag2'],
+          actIds: ['abc123', 'xyz789']
         }
       ],
       data: {
@@ -34,11 +35,11 @@ describe('axe.getRules', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     axe._audit = null;
   });
 
-  it('should return rules', function() {
+  it('should return rules', function () {
     var retValue = axe.getRules(['tag1']);
     assert.isArray(retValue);
     assert.lengthOf(retValue, 2);
@@ -63,6 +64,7 @@ describe('axe.getRules', function() {
         '/awesomeRule2?application=axeAPI'
     );
     assert.deepEqual(retValue[1].tags, ['tag1', 'tag2']);
+    assert.deepEqual(retValue[1].actIds, ['abc123', 'xyz789']);
 
     retValue = axe.getRules(['tag2']);
     assert.isArray(retValue);
@@ -77,15 +79,16 @@ describe('axe.getRules', function() {
         '/awesomeRule2?application=axeAPI'
     );
     assert.deepEqual(retValue[0].tags, ['tag1', 'tag2']);
+    assert.deepEqual(retValue[0].actIds, ['abc123', 'xyz789']);
   });
 
-  it('should not return nothing', function() {
+  it('should not return nothing', function () {
     var retValue = axe.getRules(['bob']);
     assert.isArray(retValue);
     assert.lengthOf(retValue, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should return all rules if given no tags - undefined', function() {
+  it('should return all rules if given no tags - undefined', function () {
     var retValue = axe.getRules();
     assert.equal(retValue[0].ruleId, 'awesomeRule1');
     assert.equal(retValue[0].description, 'some interesting information');
@@ -108,9 +111,10 @@ describe('axe.getRules', function() {
         '/awesomeRule2?application=axeAPI'
     );
     assert.deepEqual(retValue[1].tags, ['tag1', 'tag2']);
+    assert.deepEqual(retValue[1].actIds, ['abc123', 'xyz789']);
   });
 
-  it('should return all rules if given empty array', function() {
+  it('should return all rules if given empty array', function () {
     var retValue = axe.getRules([]);
     assert.equal(retValue[0].ruleId, 'awesomeRule1');
     assert.equal(retValue[0].description, 'some interesting information');
@@ -133,5 +137,6 @@ describe('axe.getRules', function() {
         '/awesomeRule2?application=axeAPI'
     );
     assert.deepEqual(retValue[1].tags, ['tag1', 'tag2']);
+    assert.deepEqual(retValue[1].actIds, ['abc123', 'xyz789']);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/public/load.js b/test/core/public/load.js
index b68b8c3db..c54231117 100644
--- a/test/core/public/load.js
+++ b/test/core/public/load.js
@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
-describe('axe._load', function() {
+describe('axe._load', function () {
   var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
   var captureError = axe.testUtils.captureError;
-  var isIE11 = axe.testUtils.isIE11;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     axe._audit = null;
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function() {
+  it('should be a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(axe._load);
   });
 
-  it('should push rules on the Audit', function() {
+  it('should push rules on the Audit', function () {
     var mockAudit = {
       rules: [{ id: 'monkeys' }, { id: 'bananas' }]
     };
@@ -24,64 +23,62 @@ describe('axe._load', function() {
     assert.equal(axe._audit.rules[1].id, 'bananas');
   });
 
-  it('should load with a lang', function() {
+  it('should load with a lang', function () {
     axe._load({
       lang: 'ja'
     });
     assert.equal(axe._audit.lang, 'ja');
   });
 
-  describe('respondable subscriber', function() {
-    (isIE11 ? it.skip : it)(
-      // In IE win.parent is read-only
-      'should add a respondable subscriber for axe.ping',
-      function(done) {
-        var winParent = window.parent;
-        var mockAudit = {
-          rules: [{ id: 'monkeys' }, { id: 'bananas' }]
-        };
-
-        axe._load(mockAudit);
-
-        var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
-        frame.src = '../mock/frames/test.html';
-        frame.addEventListener('load', function() {
-          var win = frame.contentWindow;
-          window.parent = win;
-          win.postMessage = captureError(function(message) {
-            var data = JSON.parse(message);
-            assert.deepEqual(data.payload, { axe: true });
-            window.parent = winParent;
-            done();
-          }, done);
-          axe.utils.respondable(win, 'axe.ping', { axe: true });
-        });
+  describe('respondable subscriber', function () {
+    it('should add a respondable subscriber for axe.ping', function (done) {
+      var winParent = window.parent;
+      var mockAudit = {
+        rules: [{ id: 'monkeys' }, { id: 'bananas' }]
+      };
+
+      axe._load(mockAudit);
+
+      var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
+      frame.src = '../mock/frames/test.html';
+      frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
+        var win = frame.contentWindow;
+        window.parent = win;
+        win.postMessage = captureError(function (message) {
+          var data = JSON.parse(message);
+          assert.deepEqual(data.payload, { axe: true });
+          window.parent = winParent;
+          done();
+        }, done);
+        axe.utils.respondable(win, 'axe.ping', { axe: true });
+      });
 
-        fixture.appendChild(frame);
-      }
-    );
+      fixture.appendChild(frame);
+    });
 
-    describe('given command rules', function() {
+    describe('given command rules', function () {
       // todo: see issue - https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/2168
-      it.skip('should call `runRules` and default context to empty object', function(done) {
+      it.skip('should call `runRules` and default context to empty object', function (done) {
         var mockAudit = {
           rules: []
         };
         var origSub = window.utils.respondable.subscribe;
         var orig = window.runRules;
-        window.runRules = function(context, options, callback) {
+        window.runRules = function (context, options, callback) {
           assert.deepEqual(context, {});
           assert.isFunction(callback);
           done();
         };
 
-        axe.utils.respondable.subscribe = function(topic, callback) {
-          callback({ data: 'iscool', command: 'rules' }, undefined, function(
-            response
-          ) {
-            // ping callback will call this response function
-            assert.ok(response);
-          });
+        axe.utils.respondable.subscribe = function (topic, callback) {
+          callback(
+            { data: 'iscool', command: 'rules' },
+            undefined,
+            function (response) {
+              // ping callback will call this response function
+              assert.ok(response);
+            }
+          );
         };
         axe._load(mockAudit);
 
@@ -90,20 +87,20 @@ describe('axe._load', function() {
       });
 
       // todo: see issue - https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/2168
-      it.skip('should pass data.context to `runRules`', function(done) {
+      it.skip('should pass data.context to `runRules`', function (done) {
         var origSub = window.utils.respondable.subscribe;
         var orig = window.runRules;
-        window.runRules = function(context, options, callback) {
+        window.runRules = function (context, options, callback) {
           assert.deepEqual(context, { include: ['monkeys'] });
           assert.isFunction(callback);
           done();
         };
 
-        axe.utils.respondable.subscribe = function(topic, callback) {
+        axe.utils.respondable.subscribe = function (topic, callback) {
           callback(
             { command: 'rules', context: { include: ['monkeys'] } },
             undefined,
-            function(response) {
+            function (response) {
               assert.ok(response);
             }
           );
@@ -117,20 +114,20 @@ describe('axe._load', function() {
       });
 
       // todo: see issue - https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/2168
-      it.skip('should default include to current document if none are found', function(done) {
+      it.skip('should default include to current document if none are found', function (done) {
         var origSub = axe.utils.respondable.subscribe;
         var orig = window.runRules;
         var expected = { include: [document] };
-        window.runRules = function(context) {
+        window.runRules = function (context) {
           assert.deepEqual(context, expected);
           done();
         };
 
-        axe.utils.respondable.subscribe = function(topic, callback) {
+        axe.utils.respondable.subscribe = function (topic, callback) {
           callback(
             { command: 'rules', context: { include: [] } },
             undefined,
-            function() {}
+            function () {}
           );
         };
         axe._load({
@@ -141,26 +138,26 @@ describe('axe._load', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('given command cleanup-plugins', function() {
+    describe('given command cleanup-plugins', function () {
       // todo: see issue - https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/2168
-      it.skip('should call `cleanup`', function(done) {
+      it.skip('should call `cleanup`', function (done) {
         var mockAudit = {
           rules: []
         };
         var origSub = window.utils.respondable.subscribe;
         var orig = window.cleanup;
-        window.cleanup = function(callback) {
+        window.cleanup = function (callback) {
           assert.isFunction(callback);
           done();
         };
 
-        axe.utils.respondable.subscribe = function(topic, callback) {
+        axe.utils.respondable.subscribe = function (topic, callback) {
           callback(
             {
               command: 'cleanup-plugin'
             },
             undefined,
-            function(response) {
+            function (response) {
               // ping callback will call this response function
               assert.ok(response);
             }
diff --git a/test/core/public/plugins.js b/test/core/public/plugins.js
index b909dd3ad..7c35d1043 100644
--- a/test/core/public/plugins.js
+++ b/test/core/public/plugins.js
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-describe('plugins', function() {
-  'use strict';
-
+describe('plugins', () => {
   function createFrames(callback) {
-    var frame,
-      num = 2,
-      loaded = 0;
+    let frame;
+    const num = 2;
+    let loaded = 0;
 
     function onLoad() {
       loaded++;
@@ -26,29 +24,29 @@ describe('plugins', function() {
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   }
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._audit = null;
   });
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     axe._load({
       rules: []
     });
   });
 
-  it('Should have registerPlugin function', function() {
+  it('Should have registerPlugin function', () => {
     assert.ok(axe.registerPlugin);
     assert.equal(typeof axe.registerPlugin, 'function');
   });
 
-  it('should have an empty set of plugins', function() {
+  it('should have an empty set of plugins', () => {
     assert.deepEqual({}, axe.plugins);
   });
 
-  it('should add a plugin to the plugins list and a command to the audit commands', function() {
+  it('should add a plugin to the plugins list and a command to the audit commands', () => {
     axe.registerPlugin({
       id: 'my-plugin',
       run: 'run',
@@ -63,12 +61,12 @@ describe('plugins', function() {
     assert.equal(axe.plugins['my-plugin']._run, 'run');
     assert.equal(axe._audit.commands['my-command'], 'callback');
   });
-  describe('Plugin class', function() {
-    it('should call the run function of the registered plugin, when run is called', function() {
-      var called = false;
+  describe('Plugin class', () => {
+    it('should call the run function of the registered plugin, when run is called', () => {
+      let called = false;
       axe.registerPlugin({
         id: 'my-plugin',
-        run: function(id, action, options) {
+        run: function (id, action, options) {
           called = {
             id: id,
             action: action,
@@ -89,19 +87,19 @@ describe('plugins', function() {
       );
     });
   });
-  describe('Plugin.protoype.run', function() {
-    afterEach(function() {
+  describe('Plugin.protoype.run', () => {
+    afterEach(() => {
       fixture.innerHTML = '';
       axe._audit = null;
       axe.plugins = {};
     });
-    beforeEach(function() {
+    beforeEach(() => {
       axe._load({
         rules: []
       });
       axe.registerPlugin({
         id: 'multi',
-        run: function(id, action, options, callback) {
+        run: function (id, action, options, callback) {
           this._registry[id][action].call(
             this._registry[id],
             options,
@@ -111,7 +109,7 @@ describe('plugins', function() {
         commands: [
           {
             id: 'run-multi',
-            callback: function(data, callback) {
+            callback: function (data, callback) {
               return axe.plugins.multi.run(
                 data.parameter,
                 data.action,
@@ -124,18 +122,18 @@ describe('plugins', function() {
       });
       axe.plugins.multi.add({
         id: 'hideall',
-        cleanup: function(done) {
+        cleanup: done => {
           done();
         },
-        run: function(options, callback) {
-          var frames;
-          var q = axe.utils.queue();
+        run: function (options, callback) {
+          let frames;
+          const q = axe.utils.queue();
 
           frames = axe.utils.toArray(
             document.querySelectorAll('iframe, frame')
           );
-          frames.forEach(function(frame) {
-            q.defer(function(resolve, reject) {
+          frames.forEach(function (frame) {
+            q.defer(function (resolve, reject) {
               axe.utils.sendCommandToFrame(
                 frame,
                 {
@@ -150,14 +148,14 @@ describe('plugins', function() {
             });
           });
 
-          q.defer(function(done) {
+          q.defer(done => {
             // implementation
             done('ola!');
           });
-          q.then(function(data) {
+          q.then(function (data) {
             // done with all the frames
-            var results = [];
-            data.forEach(function(datum) {
+            let results = [];
+            data.forEach(function (datum) {
               if (datum) {
                 results = results.concat(datum);
               }
@@ -167,29 +165,29 @@ describe('plugins', function() {
         }
       });
     });
-    it('should work without frames', function(done) {
-      axe.plugins.multi.run('hideall', 'run', {}, function(results) {
+    it('should work without frames', done => {
+      axe.plugins.multi.run('hideall', 'run', {}, function (results) {
         assert.deepEqual(results, ['ola!']);
         done();
       });
     });
-    it('should work with frames', function(done) {
-      createFrames(function() {
-        setTimeout(function() {
-          axe.plugins.multi.run('hideall', 'run', {}, function(results) {
+    it('should work with frames', done => {
+      createFrames(() => {
+        setTimeout(() => {
+          axe.plugins.multi.run('hideall', 'run', {}, function (results) {
             assert.deepEqual(results, ['ola!', 'ola!', 'ola!', 'ola!', 'ola!']);
             done();
           });
         }, 500);
       });
     });
-    it("should call the implementation's cleanup function", function(done) {
-      var called = false;
-      axe.plugins.multi.cleanup = function(done) {
+    it("should call the implementation's cleanup function", done => {
+      let called = false;
+      axe.plugins.multi.cleanup = doneFn => {
         called = true;
-        done();
+        doneFn();
       };
-      axe.plugins.multi.cleanup(function() {
+      axe.plugins.multi.cleanup(() => {
         assert.ok(called);
         done();
       });
diff --git a/test/core/public/reporter.js b/test/core/public/reporter.js
index 0864f6c55..cc2b00161 100644
--- a/test/core/public/reporter.js
+++ b/test/core/public/reporter.js
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
-describe('axe.reporter', function() {
+describe('axe.reporter', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var orig = {};
-  before(function() {
+  before(function () {
     orig.reporters = window.reporters;
   });
 
-  after(function() {
-    Object.keys(orig).forEach(function(k) {
+  after(function () {
+    Object.keys(orig).forEach(function (k) {
       window[k] = orig[k];
     });
   });
 
-  it('should add reporter with given name', function() {
+  it('should add reporter with given name', function () {
     axe.addReporter('bob', 'joe');
     assert.equal(axe.getReporter('bob'), 'joe');
   });
 
-  it('returns false when reporter does not exist', function() {
+  it('returns false when reporter does not exist', function () {
     assert.isFalse(axe.hasReporter('fancy-bob'));
   });
 
-  it('returns true when reporter exists', function() {
+  it('returns true when reporter exists', function () {
     axe.addReporter('sponge');
     assert.isTrue(axe.hasReporter('sponge'));
   });
diff --git a/test/core/public/reset.js b/test/core/public/reset.js
index cd1ccf084..93fc55536 100644
--- a/test/core/public/reset.js
+++ b/test/core/public/reset.js
@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
-describe('axe.reset', function() {
+describe('axe.reset', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   // var Rule = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.Rule;
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     axe._audit = null;
   });
 
-  it('should throw if no audit is configured', function() {
+  it('should throw if no audit is configured', function () {
     assert.throws(
-      function() {
+      function () {
         axe.reset(
-          function() {},
-          function() {}
+          function () {},
+          function () {}
         );
       },
       Error,
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ describe('axe.reset', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should restore the default configuration', function() {
+  it('should restore the default configuration', function () {
     axe._load({
       data: {
         rules: {
@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ describe('axe.reset', function() {
     assert.equal(axe._audit.data.rules.bob.knows, 'not-joe');
   });
 
-  describe('when custom locale was provided', function() {
-    beforeEach(function() {
+  describe('when custom locale was provided', function () {
+    beforeEach(function () {
       axe._load({
         data: {
           checks: {
@@ -95,13 +95,13 @@ describe('axe.reset', function() {
         checks: [
           {
             id: 'banana',
-            evaluate: function() {}
+            evaluate: function () {}
           }
         ]
       });
     });
 
-    it('should restore the original locale', function() {
+    it('should restore the original locale', function () {
       axe.configure({
         locale: {
           checks: {
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ describe('axe.reset', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should restore standards object', function() {
+  it('should restore standards object', function () {
     axe._load({});
 
     axe.configure({
diff --git a/test/core/public/run-partial.js b/test/core/public/run-partial.js
index 53cb2893d..3d99e5662 100644
--- a/test/core/public/run-partial.js
+++ b/test/core/public/run-partial.js
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
-describe('axe.runPartial', function() {
+describe('axe.runPartial', function () {
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var DqElement = axe.utils.DqElement;
   var dqElementKeys = Object.keys(new DqElement(null).toJSON());
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('Uses axe._tree if it already exists', function(done) {
+  it('Uses axe._tree if it already exists', function (done) {
     axe._tree = [axe.setup(fixture)];
     fixture.innerHTML = '<img>';
     axe
       .runPartial(document, { runOnly: 'image-alt' })
-      .then(function(partialResult) {
+      .then(function (partialResult) {
         var result = partialResult.results[0];
         // 0, because <img> was added after the tree was constructed
         assert.lengthOf(result.nodes, 0);
@@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ describe('axe.runPartial', function() {
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('cleans up after resolving', function(done) {
+  it('cleans up after resolving', function (done) {
     axe
       .runPartial(document, { runOnly: 'image-alt' })
-      .then(function() {
+      .then(function () {
         assert.isUndefined(axe._tree);
         assert.isUndefined(axe._selectorData);
         assert.isFalse(axe._running);
@@ -33,10 +33,10 @@ describe('axe.runPartial', function() {
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('normalizes the options argument', function(done) {
+  it('normalizes the options argument', function (done) {
     axe
       .runPartial(/* no context */ { runOnly: 'image-alt' })
-      .then(function(partialResult) {
+      .then(function (partialResult) {
         assert.lengthOf(partialResult.results, 1);
         assert.equal(partialResult.results[0].id, 'image-alt');
         done();
@@ -44,28 +44,36 @@ describe('axe.runPartial', function() {
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('does not mutate the options object', function(done) {
+  it('does not mutate the options object', function (done) {
     var options = {};
     axe
       .runPartial(options)
-      .then(function() {
+      .then(function () {
         assert.deepEqual(options, {});
         done();
       })
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  describe('result', function() {
+  it('ignores { elementRef: true } option', async () => {
+    const options = { elementRef: true };
+    const result = await axe.runPartial(options);
+    for (const nodeResult of result.results[0].nodes) {
+      assert.isUndefined(nodeResult.node.element);
+    }
+  });
+
+  describe('result', function () {
     var partialResult;
-    before(function(done) {
+    before(function (done) {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<img>';
-      axe.runPartial(document, { runOnly: 'image-alt' }).then(function(out) {
+      axe.runPartial(document, { runOnly: 'image-alt' }).then(function (out) {
         partialResult = out;
         done();
       });
     });
 
-    it('returns a result with all the valid properties', function() {
+    it('returns a result with all the valid properties', function () {
       var result = partialResult.results[0];
       assert.lengthOf(partialResult.results, 1);
       assert.hasAllKeys(result, [
@@ -83,7 +91,7 @@ describe('axe.runPartial', function() {
       assert.deepEqual(checkResult.node.selector, ['img']);
     });
 
-    it('returns check results with a serialized node', function() {
+    it('returns check results with a serialized node', function () {
       var checkResult = partialResult.results[0].nodes[0];
       assert.lengthOf(partialResult.results[0].nodes, 1);
       assert.hasAllKeys(checkResult, ['any', 'all', 'none', 'node']);
@@ -91,16 +99,34 @@ describe('axe.runPartial', function() {
       assert.hasAllKeys(checkResult.node, dqElementKeys);
     });
 
-    it('can be serialized using JSON.stringify', function() {
-      assert.doesNotThrow(function() {
+    it('does not return DqElement objects', () => {
+      for (const result of partialResult.results) {
+        for (const nodeResult of result.nodes) {
+          assert.notInstanceOf(nodeResult.node, DqElement);
+          const checks = [
+            ...nodeResult.any,
+            ...nodeResult.all,
+            ...nodeResult.none
+          ];
+          for (const check of checks) {
+            for (const relatedNode of check.relatedNodes) {
+              assert.notInstanceOf(relatedNode, DqElement);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('can be serialized using JSON.stringify', function () {
+      assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
         JSON.stringify(partialResult);
       });
     });
   });
 
-  describe('frames', function() {
+  describe('frames', function () {
     var partialResult;
-    before(function(done) {
+    before(function (done) {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<main>' +
         ' <iframe id="foo"></iframe>' +
@@ -110,20 +136,20 @@ describe('axe.runPartial', function() {
 
       axe
         .runPartial('#fixture > main', { runOnly: 'image-alt' })
-        .then(function(out) {
+        .then(function (out) {
           partialResult = out;
           done();
         });
     });
 
-    it('only has frames in context', function() {
+    it('only has frames in context', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(partialResult.frames, 2);
       assert.deepEqual(partialResult.frames[0].selector, ['#foo']);
       assert.deepEqual(partialResult.frames[1].selector, ['#bar']);
     });
 
-    it('provides serialized frame info', function() {
-      partialResult.frames.forEach(function(frame) {
+    it('provides serialized frame info', function () {
+      partialResult.frames.forEach(function (frame) {
         assert.hasAllKeys(frame, dqElementKeys);
       });
     });
@@ -132,46 +158,52 @@ describe('axe.runPartial', function() {
   describe('environmentData', function () {
     it('includes environment data for the initiator', function (done) {
       var context = {
-        include: ['#fixture']
-      }
-      axe.runPartial(context, { runOnly: 'image-alt' }).then(function(out) {
-        var keys = Object.keys(axe.utils.getEnvironmentData());
-        assert.hasAllKeys(out.environmentData, keys);
-        done();
-      }).catch(done);
+        include: [['#fixture']]
+      };
+      axe
+        .runPartial(context, { runOnly: 'image-alt' })
+        .then(function (out) {
+          var keys = Object.keys(axe.utils.getEnvironmentData());
+          assert.hasAllKeys(out.environmentData, keys);
+          done();
+        })
+        .catch(done);
     });
 
     it('is undefined for frames', function (done) {
       var context = {
-        include: ['#fixture'],
+        include: [['#fixture']],
         initiator: false
-      }
-      axe.runPartial(context, { runOnly: 'image-alt' }).then(function(out) {
-        assert.isUndefined(out.environmentData);
-        done();
-      }).catch(done);
+      };
+      axe
+        .runPartial(context, { runOnly: 'image-alt' })
+        .then(function (out) {
+          assert.isUndefined(out.environmentData);
+          done();
+        })
+        .catch(done);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('guards', function() {
+  describe('guards', function () {
     var audit = axe._audit;
-    afterEach(function() {
+    afterEach(function () {
       axe._audit = audit;
       axe._running = false;
     });
 
-    it('throws when axe._audit is undefined', function() {
+    it('throws when axe._audit is undefined', function () {
       axe._audit = null;
-      assert.throws(function() {
+      assert.throws(function () {
         axe.runPartial();
       });
     });
 
-    it('throws if axe is already running', function(done) {
-      axe.runPartial().then(function() {
+    it('throws if axe is already running', function (done) {
+      axe.runPartial().then(function () {
         done();
       });
-      assert.throws(function() {
+      assert.throws(function () {
         axe.runPartial();
       });
     });
diff --git a/test/core/public/run-rules.js b/test/core/public/run-rules.js
index 9f98aac84..d04b853a8 100644
--- a/test/core/public/run-rules.js
+++ b/test/core/public/run-rules.js
@@ -1,15 +1,10 @@
-describe('runRules', function() {
+describe('runRules', function () {
   'use strict';
   var ver = axe.version.substring(0, axe.version.lastIndexOf('.'));
 
-  // These tests can sometimes be flaky in IE, allow for up to 3 retries
-  if (axe.testUtils.isIE11) {
-    this.retries(3);
-  }
-
   function iframeReady(src, context, id, cb) {
     var i = document.createElement('iframe');
-    i.addEventListener('load', function() {
+    i.addEventListener('load', function () {
       cb();
     });
     i.src = src;
@@ -48,24 +43,21 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
   }
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var memoizedFns;
 
   var isNotCalled;
-  beforeEach(function() {
-    memoizedFns = axe._memoizedFns.slice();
-    isNotCalled = function(err) {
+  beforeEach(function () {
+    isNotCalled = function (err) {
       throw err || new Error('Reject should not be called');
     };
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._audit = null;
-    axe._tree = undefined;
-    axe._memoizedFns = memoizedFns;
+    axe.teardown();
   });
 
-  it('should work', function(done) {
+  it('should work', function (done) {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -77,7 +69,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
       checks: [
         {
           id: 'html',
-          evaluate: function() {
+          evaluate: function () {
             return true;
           }
         }
@@ -88,23 +80,23 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
     var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
     frame.src = '../mock/frames/frame-frame.html';
 
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function() {
-      setTimeout(function() {
+    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
+      setTimeout(function () {
         axe._runRules(
           document,
           {},
-          function(r) {
+          function (r) {
             assert.lengthOf(r[0].passes, 3);
             done();
           },
-          isNotCalled
+          err => done(err)
         );
       }, 500);
     });
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   });
 
-  it('should properly order iframes', function(done) {
+  it('should properly order iframes', function (done) {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -116,7 +108,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
       checks: [
         {
           id: 'iframe',
-          evaluate: function() {
+          evaluate: function () {
             return true;
           }
         }
@@ -125,13 +117,13 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
     });
 
     var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function() {
-      setTimeout(function() {
+    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
+      setTimeout(function () {
         axe._runRules(
           document,
           {},
-          function(r) {
-            var nodes = r[0].passes.map(function(detail) {
+          function (r) {
+            var nodes = r[0].passes.map(function (detail) {
               return detail.node.selector;
             });
             try {
@@ -155,7 +147,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   });
 
-  it('should properly calculate context and return results from matching frames', function(done) {
+  it('should properly calculate context and return results from matching frames', function (done) {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -172,17 +164,17 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
       checks: [
         {
           id: 'has-target',
-          evaluate: function() {
+          evaluate: function () {
             return true;
           }
         },
         {
           id: 'first-div',
-          evaluate: function(node) {
+          evaluate: function (node) {
             this.relatedNodes([node]);
             return false;
           },
-          after: function(results) {
+          after: function (results) {
             if (results.length) {
               results[0].result = true;
             }
@@ -197,14 +189,14 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
       '../mock/frames/context.html',
       fixture,
       'context-test',
-      function() {
+      function () {
         var div = document.createElement('div');
         fixture.appendChild(div);
 
         axe._runRules(
           '#fixture',
           {},
-          function(results) {
+          function (results) {
             try {
               assert.deepEqual(JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(results)), [
                 {
@@ -233,7 +225,8 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
                           "/div[@id='target']"
                         ],
                         source: '<div id="target"></div>',
-                        nodeIndexes: [12, 14]
+                        nodeIndexes: [12, 14],
+                        fromFrame: true
                       },
                       any: [
                         {
@@ -276,7 +269,8 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
                         ],
                         source:
                           '<div id="foo">\n      <div id="bar"></div>\n    </div>',
-                        nodeIndexes: [12, 9]
+                        nodeIndexes: [12, 9],
+                        fromFrame: true
                       },
                       any: [
                         {
@@ -295,7 +289,8 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
                               ],
                               source:
                                 '<div id="foo">\n      <div id="bar"></div>\n    </div>',
-                              nodeIndexes: [12, 9]
+                              nodeIndexes: [12, 9],
+                              fromFrame: true
                             }
                           ]
                         }
@@ -319,7 +314,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should reject if the context is invalid', function(done) {
+  it('should reject if the context is invalid', function (done) {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -335,14 +330,14 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
       '../mock/frames/context.html',
       fixture,
       'context-test',
-      function() {
+      function () {
         axe._runRules(
           '#not-happening',
           {},
-          function() {
+          function () {
             assert.fail('This selector should not exist.');
           },
-          function(error) {
+          function (error) {
             assert.isOk(error);
             assert.equal(
               error.message,
@@ -356,7 +351,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should accept a jQuery-like object', function(done) {
+  it('should accept a jQuery-like object', function (done) {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -368,7 +363,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
       checks: [
         {
           id: 'bob',
-          evaluate: function() {
+          evaluate: function () {
             return true;
           }
         }
@@ -384,7 +379,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
       length: 2
     };
 
-    axe.run($test, function(err, results) {
+    axe.run($test, function (err, results) {
       assert.isNull(err);
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 4);
@@ -396,7 +391,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should accept a NodeList', function(done) {
+  it('should accept a NodeList', function (done) {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -408,7 +403,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
       checks: [
         {
           id: 'fred',
-          evaluate: function() {
+          evaluate: function () {
             return true;
           }
         }
@@ -419,7 +414,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
       '<div class="foo" id="t1"><span></span></div><div class="foo" id="t2"><em></em></div>';
 
     var test = fixture.querySelectorAll('.foo');
-    axe.run(test, function(err, results) {
+    axe.run(test, function (err, results) {
       assert.isNull(err);
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 4);
@@ -431,7 +426,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should pull metadata from configuration', function(done) {
+  it('should pull metadata from configuration', function (done) {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -448,17 +443,17 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
       checks: [
         {
           id: 'has-target',
-          evaluate: function() {
+          evaluate: function () {
             return false;
           }
         },
         {
           id: 'first-div',
-          evaluate: function(node) {
+          evaluate: function (node) {
             this.relatedNodes([node]);
             return false;
           },
-          after: function(results) {
+          after: function (results) {
             if (results.length) {
               results[0].result = true;
             }
@@ -482,12 +477,12 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
             thingy: true,
             impact: 'serious',
             messages: {
-              fail: function(checkResult) {
+              fail: function (checkResult) {
                 return checkResult.id === 'first-div'
                   ? 'failing is not good'
                   : 'y u wrong rule?';
               },
-              pass: function(checkResult) {
+              pass: function (checkResult) {
                 return checkResult.id === 'first-div'
                   ? 'passing is good'
                   : 'y u wrong rule?';
@@ -498,12 +493,12 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
             otherThingy: true,
             impact: 'moderate',
             messages: {
-              fail: function(checkResult) {
+              fail: function (checkResult) {
                 return checkResult.id === 'has-target'
                   ? 'failing is not good'
                   : 'y u wrong rule?';
               },
-              pass: function(checkResult) {
+              pass: function (checkResult) {
                 return checkResult.id === 'has-target'
                   ? 'passing is good'
                   : 'y u wrong rule?';
@@ -517,7 +512,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
     axe._runRules(
       '#fixture',
       {},
-      function(results) {
+      function (results) {
         try {
           assert.deepEqual(JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(results)), [
             {
@@ -543,7 +538,8 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
                     ],
                     xpath: ["/div[@id='target']"],
                     source: '<div id="target">Target!</div>',
-                    nodeIndexes: [12]
+                    nodeIndexes: [12],
+                    fromFrame: false
                   },
                   impact: 'moderate',
                   any: [
@@ -587,7 +583,8 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
                       'html > body > div:nth-child(1) > div:nth-child(1)'
                     ],
                     source: '<div id="target">Target!</div>',
-                    nodeIndexes: [12]
+                    nodeIndexes: [12],
+                    fromFrame: false
                   },
                   any: [
                     {
@@ -604,7 +601,8 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
                           ],
                           xpath: ["/div[@id='target']"],
                           source: '<div id="target">Target!</div>',
-                          nodeIndexes: [12]
+                          nodeIndexes: [12],
+                          fromFrame: false
                         }
                       ]
                     }
@@ -626,7 +624,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should call the reject argument if an error occurs', function(done) {
+  it('should call the reject argument if an error occurs', function (done) {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -637,16 +635,16 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
       messages: {}
     });
 
-    createFrames(function() {
-      setTimeout(function() {
+    createFrames(function () {
+      setTimeout(function () {
         axe._runRules(
           document,
           {},
-          function() {
+          function () {
             assert.ok(false, 'You shall not pass!');
             done();
           },
-          function(err) {
+          function (err) {
             assert.instanceOf(err, Error);
             done();
           }
@@ -655,7 +653,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should resolve to cantTell when a rule fails', function(done) {
+  it('should resolve to cantTell when a rule fails', function (done) {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -672,13 +670,13 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
       checks: [
         {
           id: 'undeffed',
-          evaluate: function() {
+          evaluate: function () {
             return undefined;
           }
         },
         {
           id: 'thrower',
-          evaluate: function() {
+          evaluate: function () {
             throw new Error('Check failed to complete');
           }
         }
@@ -687,7 +685,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
 
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
 
-    axe.run('#fixture', function(err, results) {
+    axe.run('#fixture', function (err, results) {
       assert.isNull(err);
       assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 2);
       assert.equal(results.incomplete[0].id, 'incomplete-1');
@@ -701,7 +699,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should resolve to cantTell if an error occurs inside frame rules', function(done) {
+  it('should resolve to cantTell if an error occurs inside frame rules', function (done) {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -718,13 +716,13 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
       checks: [
         {
           id: 'undeffed',
-          evaluate: function() {
+          evaluate: function () {
             return false;
           }
         },
         {
           id: 'thrower',
-          evaluate: function() {
+          evaluate: function () {
             return false;
           }
         }
@@ -735,8 +733,8 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
       '../mock/frames/rule-error.html',
       fixture,
       'context-test',
-      function() {
-        axe.run('#fixture', function(err, results) {
+      function () {
+        axe.run('#fixture', function (err, results) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 2);
           assert.equal(results.incomplete[0].id, 'incomplete-1');
@@ -752,7 +750,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should cascade `no elements found` errors in frames to reject run_rules', function(done) {
+  it('should cascade `no elements found` errors in frames to reject run_rules', function (done) {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -765,7 +763,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="outer"></div>';
     var outer = document.getElementById('outer');
 
-    iframeReady('../mock/frames/context.html', outer, 'target', function() {
+    iframeReady('../mock/frames/context.html', outer, 'target', function () {
       axe._runRules(
         [['#target', '#elementNotFound']],
         {},
@@ -784,7 +782,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should not call reject when the resolve throws', function(done) {
+  it('should not call reject when the resolve throws', function (done) {
     var rejectCalled = false;
     axe._load({
       rules: [
@@ -797,7 +795,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
       checks: [
         {
           id: 'html',
-          evaluate: function() {
+          evaluate: function () {
             return true;
           }
         }
@@ -806,7 +804,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
     });
 
     function resolve() {
-      setTimeout(function() {
+      setTimeout(function () {
         assert.isFalse(rejectCalled);
         axe.log = log;
         done();
@@ -818,14 +816,14 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
     }
 
     var log = axe.log;
-    axe.log = function(e) {
+    axe.log = function (e) {
       assert.equal(e.message, 'err');
       axe.log = log;
     };
     axe._runRules(document, {}, resolve, reject);
   });
 
-  it('should ignore iframes if `iframes` === false', function(done) {
+  it('should ignore iframes if `iframes` === false', function (done) {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -837,7 +835,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
       checks: [
         {
           id: 'html',
-          evaluate: function() {
+          evaluate: function () {
             return true;
           }
         }
@@ -848,12 +846,12 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
     var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
     frame.src = '../mock/frames/frame-frame.html';
 
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function() {
-      setTimeout(function() {
+    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
+      setTimeout(function () {
         axe._runRules(
           document,
-          { iframes: false },
-          function(r) {
+          { iframes: false, elementRef: true },
+          function (r) {
             assert.lengthOf(r[0].passes, 1);
             assert.equal(
               r[0].passes[0].node.element.ownerDocument,
@@ -869,7 +867,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   });
 
-  it('should not fail if `include` / `exclude` is overwritten', function(done) {
+  it('should not fail if `include` / `exclude` is overwritten', function (done) {
     function invalid() {
       throw new Error('nope!');
     }
@@ -887,7 +885,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
       checks: [
         {
           id: 'html',
-          evaluate: function() {
+          evaluate: function () {
             return true;
           }
         }
@@ -898,7 +896,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
     axe._runRules(
       [document],
       {},
-      function(r) {
+      function (r) {
         assert.lengthOf(r[0].passes, 1);
 
         delete Array.prototype.include;
@@ -909,7 +907,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return a cleanup method', function(done) {
+  it('should return a cleanup method', function (done) {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -921,7 +919,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
       checks: [
         {
           id: 'html',
-          evaluate: function() {
+          evaluate: function () {
             return true;
           }
         }
@@ -945,7 +943,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should clear up axe._tree / axe._selectorData after an error', function(done) {
+  it('should clear up axe._tree / axe._selectorData after an error', function (done) {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -956,9 +954,9 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
       messages: {}
     });
 
-    createFrames(function() {
-      setTimeout(function() {
-        axe._runRules(document, {}, isNotCalled, function() {
+    createFrames(function () {
+      setTimeout(function () {
+        axe._runRules(document, {}, isNotCalled, function () {
           assert.isUndefined(axe._tree);
           assert.isUndefined(axe._selectorData);
           done();
@@ -968,7 +966,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
   });
 
   // todo: see issue - https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/2168
-  it.skip('should clear the memoized cache for each function', function(done) {
+  it.skip('should clear the memoized cache for each function', function (done) {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -980,7 +978,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
       checks: [
         {
           id: 'html',
-          evaluate: function() {
+          evaluate: function () {
             return true;
           }
         }
@@ -995,7 +993,7 @@ describe('runRules', function() {
         var called = false;
         axe._memoizedFns = [
           {
-            clear: function() {
+            clear: function () {
               called = true;
             }
           }
diff --git a/test/core/public/run-virtual-rule.js b/test/core/public/run-virtual-rule.js
index b15fca760..8ceda376a 100644
--- a/test/core/public/run-virtual-rule.js
+++ b/test/core/public/run-virtual-rule.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('axe.runVirtualRule', function() {
-  beforeEach(function() {
+describe('axe.runVirtualRule', function () {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ describe('axe.runVirtualRule', function() {
       checks: [
         {
           id: 'fred',
-          evaluate: function() {
+          evaluate: function () {
             return true;
           }
         }
@@ -19,11 +19,11 @@ describe('axe.runVirtualRule', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     axe._audit = null;
   });
 
-  it('should throw if the rule does not exist', function() {
+  it('should throw if the rule does not exist', function () {
     axe._audit.rules = [];
     function fn() {
       axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roles', { nodeName: 'div' });
@@ -32,12 +32,12 @@ describe('axe.runVirtualRule', function() {
     assert.throws(fn);
   });
 
-  it('should modify the rule to not excludeHidden', function() {
+  it('should modify the rule to not excludeHidden', function () {
     axe._audit.rules = [
       {
         id: 'aria-roles',
         excludeHidden: true,
-        runSync: function() {
+        runSync: function () {
           assert.isFalse(this.excludeHidden);
 
           return {
@@ -51,12 +51,12 @@ describe('axe.runVirtualRule', function() {
     axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roles', { nodeName: 'div' });
   });
 
-  it('should not modify the original rule', function() {
+  it('should not modify the original rule', function () {
     axe._audit.rules = [
       {
         id: 'aria-roles',
         excludeHidden: true,
-        runSync: function() {
+        runSync: function () {
           assert.notEqual(this, axe._audit.rules[0]);
 
           return {
@@ -70,12 +70,12 @@ describe('axe.runVirtualRule', function() {
     axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roles', { nodeName: 'div' });
   });
 
-  it('should call rule.runSync', function() {
+  it('should call rule.runSync', function () {
     var called = false;
     axe._audit.rules = [
       {
         id: 'aria-roles',
-        runSync: function() {
+        runSync: function () {
           called = true;
           return {
             id: 'aria-roles',
@@ -89,32 +89,58 @@ describe('axe.runVirtualRule', function() {
     assert.isTrue(called);
   });
 
-  it('should pass a virtual context to rule.runSync', function() {
-    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'div' });
-    axe._audit.rules = [
-      {
-        id: 'aria-roles',
-        runSync: function(context) {
-          assert.equal(typeof context, 'object');
-          assert.isTrue(Array.isArray(context.include));
-          assert.equal(context.include[0], node);
-
-          return {
-            id: 'aria-roles',
-            nodes: []
-          };
+  describe('context', () => {
+    const { Context } = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base;
+    it('passes context with vNode included to rule.runSync', function () {
+      var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'div' });
+      axe._audit.rules = [
+        {
+          id: 'aria-roles',
+          runSync: function (context) {
+            assert.equal(typeof context, 'object');
+            assert.isTrue(Array.isArray(context.include));
+            assert.equal(context.include[0], node);
+
+            return {
+              id: 'aria-roles',
+              nodes: []
+            };
+          }
         }
-      }
-    ];
+      ];
+
+      axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roles', node);
+    });
+
+    it('has all properties a normal context has', () => {
+      const contextProps = Object.entries(new Context())
+        .filter(arg => typeof arg[1] !== 'function')
+        .map(([key]) => key)
+        .sort();
 
-    axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roles', node);
+      var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'div' });
+      axe._audit.rules = [
+        {
+          id: 'aria-roles',
+          runSync: function (context) {
+            const virtualContextProps = Object.keys(context).sort();
+            assert.deepEqual(virtualContextProps, contextProps);
+            return {
+              id: 'aria-roles',
+              nodes: []
+            };
+          }
+        }
+      ];
+      axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roles', node);
+    });
   });
 
-  it('should pass through options to rule.runSync', function() {
+  it('should pass through options to rule.runSync', function () {
     axe._audit.rules = [
       {
         id: 'aria-roles',
-        runSync: function(context, options) {
+        runSync: function (context, options) {
           assert.equal(options.foo, 'bar');
 
           return {
@@ -128,7 +154,7 @@ describe('axe.runVirtualRule', function() {
     axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roles', { nodeName: 'div' }, { foo: 'bar' });
   });
 
-  it('should convert a serialised node into a VirtualNode', function() {
+  it('should convert a serialised node into a VirtualNode', function () {
     var serialNode = {
       nodeName: 'div',
       foo: 'bar',
@@ -139,7 +165,7 @@ describe('axe.runVirtualRule', function() {
     axe._audit.rules = [
       {
         id: 'aria-roles',
-        runSync: function(context) {
+        runSync: function (context) {
           var node = context.include[0];
           assert.instanceOf(node, axe.AbstractVirtualNode);
           assert.equal(node.props.foo, 'bar');
@@ -156,7 +182,7 @@ describe('axe.runVirtualRule', function() {
     axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roles', serialNode);
   });
 
-  it('should return correct structure', function() {
+  it('should return correct structure', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('test', { nodeName: 'div' });
     assert.isDefined(results.violations);
     assert.isDefined(results.passes);
diff --git a/test/core/public/run.js b/test/core/public/run.js
index 9040709d8..f3e376045 100644
--- a/test/core/public/run.js
+++ b/test/core/public/run.js
@@ -1,16 +1,11 @@
-describe('axe.run', function() {
+describe('axe.run', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var noop = function() {};
+  var noop = function () {};
   var origRunRules = axe._runRules;
 
-  // These tests can sometimes be flaky in IE, allow for up to 3 retries
-  if (axe.testUtils.isIE11) {
-    this.retries(3);
-  }
-
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -22,7 +17,7 @@ describe('axe.run', function() {
       checks: [
         {
           id: 'fred',
-          evaluate: function(node) {
+          evaluate: function (node) {
             this.relatedNodes([node]);
             return true;
           }
@@ -31,14 +26,14 @@ describe('axe.run', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._audit = null;
     axe._runRules = origRunRules;
     axe._running = false;
   });
 
-  it('takes context, options and callback as parameters', function(done) {
+  it('takes context, options and callback as parameters', function (done) {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="t1"></div>';
     var options = {
       runOnly: {
@@ -47,14 +42,14 @@ describe('axe.run', function() {
       }
     };
 
-    axe.run(['#t1'], options, function() {
+    axe.run(['#t1'], options, function () {
       assert.ok(true, 'test completed');
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  it('uses document as content if it is not specified', function(done) {
-    axe._runRules = function(ctxt) {
+  it('uses document as content if it is not specified', function (done) {
+    axe._runRules = function (ctxt) {
       assert.equal(ctxt, document);
       done();
     };
@@ -62,102 +57,126 @@ describe('axe.run', function() {
     axe.run({ someOption: true }, noop);
   });
 
-  it('uses an object as options if it is not specified', function(done) {
-    axe._runRules = function(ctxt, opt) {
+  it('uses an object as options if it is not specified', function (done) {
+    axe._runRules = function (ctxt, opt) {
       assert.isObject(opt);
       done();
     };
     axe.run(document, noop);
   });
 
-  it('does not mutate the options object', function(done) {
+  it('does not mutate the options object', function (done) {
     var options = {};
-    axe.run(options, function() {
+    axe.run(options, function () {
       assert.deepEqual(options, {});
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  it('works with performance logging enabled', function(done) {
-    axe.run(document, { performanceTimer: true }, function(err, result) {
+  it('works with performance logging enabled', function (done) {
+    axe.run(document, { performanceTimer: true }, function (err, result) {
       assert.isObject(result);
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  it('treats objects with include or exclude as the context object', function(done) {
-    axe._runRules = function(ctxt) {
-      assert.deepEqual(ctxt, { include: '#BoggyB' });
-      done();
-    };
+  describe('identifies context objects', () => {
+    it('based on the include property', done => {
+      axe._runRules = ctxt => {
+        assert.deepEqual(ctxt, { include: '#BoggyB' });
+        done();
+      };
+      axe.run({ include: '#BoggyB' }, noop);
+    });
 
-    axe.run({ include: '#BoggyB' }, noop);
-  });
+    it('based on the exclude property', done => {
+      axe._runRules = ctxt => {
+        assert.deepEqual(ctxt, { exclude: '#BoggyB' });
+        done();
+      };
+      axe.run({ exclude: '#BoggyB' }, noop);
+    });
 
-  it('treats objects with neither include or exclude as the option object', function(done) {
-    axe._runRules = function(ctxt, opt) {
-      assert.deepEqual(opt.HHG, 'hallelujah');
-      done();
-    };
+    it('based on the fromFrames property', done => {
+      axe._runRules = ctxt => {
+        assert.deepEqual(ctxt, { fromFrames: ['#myFrame'] });
+        done();
+      };
+      axe.run({ fromFrames: ['#myFrame'] }, noop);
+    });
 
-    axe.run({ HHG: 'hallelujah' }, noop);
+    it('based on the fromShadowDom property', done => {
+      axe._runRules = ctxt => {
+        assert.deepEqual(ctxt, { fromShadowDom: ['#myFrame'] });
+        done();
+      };
+      axe.run({ fromShadowDom: ['#myFrame'] }, noop);
+    });
+
+    it('ignores objects with none of those properties', done => {
+      axe._runRules = (ctxt, opt) => {
+        assert.deepEqual(opt.HHG, 'hallelujah');
+        done();
+      };
+      axe.run({ HHG: 'hallelujah' }, noop);
+    });
   });
 
-  it('does not fail if no callback is specified', function(done) {
-    assert.doesNotThrow(function() {
+  it('does not fail if no callback is specified', function (done) {
+    assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
       axe.run(done);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should error if axe is already running', function(done) {
+  it('should error if axe is already running', function (done) {
     axe.run(noop);
-    axe.run(function(err) {
+    axe.run(function (err) {
       assert.isTrue(err.indexOf('Axe is already running') !== -1);
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  describe('callback', function() {
-    it('gives errors to the first argument on the callback', function(done) {
-      axe._runRules = function(ctxt, opt, resolve, reject) {
+  describe('callback', function () {
+    it('gives errors to the first argument on the callback', function (done) {
+      axe._runRules = function (ctxt, opt, resolve, reject) {
         axe._runRules = origRunRules;
         reject('Ninja rope!');
       };
 
-      axe.run({ reporter: 'raw' }, function(err) {
+      axe.run({ reporter: 'raw' }, function (err) {
         assert.equal(err, 'Ninja rope!');
         done();
       });
     });
 
-    it('gives results to the second argument on the callback', function(done) {
-      axe._runRules = function(ctxt, opt, resolve) {
+    it('gives results to the second argument on the callback', function (done) {
+      axe._runRules = function (ctxt, opt, resolve) {
         axe._runRules = origRunRules;
         resolve('MB Bomb', noop);
       };
 
-      axe.run({ reporter: 'raw' }, function(err, result) {
+      axe.run({ reporter: 'raw' }, function (err, result) {
         assert.equal(err, null);
         assert.equal(result, 'MB Bomb');
         done();
       });
     });
 
-    it('does not run the callback twice if it throws', function(done) {
+    it('does not run the callback twice if it throws', function (done) {
       var calls = 0;
-      axe._runRules = function(ctxt, opt, resolve) {
+      axe._runRules = function (ctxt, opt, resolve) {
         resolve([], noop);
       };
 
       var log = axe.log;
-      axe.log = function(e) {
+      axe.log = function (e) {
         assert.equal(e.message, 'err');
         axe.log = log;
       };
-      axe.run(function() {
+      axe.run(function () {
         calls += 1;
         if (calls === 1) {
-          setTimeout(function() {
+          setTimeout(function () {
             assert.equal(calls, 1);
             axe.log = log;
             done();
@@ -167,9 +186,9 @@ describe('axe.run', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('is called after cleanup', function(done) {
+    it('is called after cleanup', function (done) {
       var isClean = false;
-      axe._runRules = function(ctxt, opt, resolve) {
+      axe._runRules = function (ctxt, opt, resolve) {
         axe._runRules = origRunRules;
         // Check that cleanup is called before the callback is executed
         resolve('MB Bomb', function cleanup() {
@@ -177,25 +196,47 @@ describe('axe.run', function() {
         });
       };
 
-      axe.run({ reporter: 'raw' }, function() {
+      axe.run({ reporter: 'raw' }, function () {
         assert.isTrue(isClean, 'cleanup must be called first');
         done();
       });
     });
+
+    it('rejects with sync reporter errors', done => {
+      axe.addReporter('throwing', () => {
+        throw new Error('Something went wrong');
+      });
+      axe.run({ reporter: 'throwing' }, err => {
+        assert.equal(err.message, 'Something went wrong');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('rejects with async reporter errors', done => {
+      axe.addReporter('throwing', (results, options, resolve, reject) => {
+        setTimeout(() => {
+          reject(new Error('Something went wrong'));
+        }, 10);
+      });
+      axe.run({ reporter: 'throwing' }, err => {
+        assert.equal(err.message, 'Something went wrong');
+        done();
+      });
+    });
   });
 
-  describe('promise result', function() {
+  describe('promise result', function () {
     /*eslint indent: 0*/
     var promiseIt = window.Promise ? it : it.skip;
 
-    promiseIt('returns an error to catch if axe fails', function(done) {
-      axe._runRules = function(ctxt, opt, resolve, reject) {
+    promiseIt('returns an error to catch if axe fails', function (done) {
+      axe._runRules = function (ctxt, opt, resolve, reject) {
         axe._runRules = origRunRules;
         reject('I surrender!');
       };
 
       var p = axe.run({ reporter: 'raw' });
-      p.then(noop).catch(function(err) {
+      p.then(noop).catch(function (err) {
         assert.equal(err, 'I surrender!');
         done();
       });
@@ -203,14 +244,14 @@ describe('axe.run', function() {
       assert.instanceOf(p, window.Promise);
     });
 
-    promiseIt('returns a promise if no callback was given', function(done) {
-      axe._runRules = function(ctxt, opt, resolve) {
+    promiseIt('returns a promise if no callback was given', function (done) {
+      axe._runRules = function (ctxt, opt, resolve) {
         axe._runRules = origRunRules;
         resolve('World party', noop);
       };
 
       var p = axe.run({ reporter: 'raw' });
-      p.then(function(result) {
+      p.then(function (result) {
         assert.equal(result, 'World party');
         done();
       });
@@ -218,31 +259,31 @@ describe('axe.run', function() {
       assert.instanceOf(p, window.Promise);
     });
 
-    promiseIt('does not error if then() throws', function(done) {
-      axe._runRules = function(ctxt, opt, resolve) {
+    promiseIt('does not error if then() throws', function (done) {
+      axe._runRules = function (ctxt, opt, resolve) {
         resolve([], noop);
       };
 
       axe
         .run()
         .then(
-          function() {
+          function () {
             throw new Error('err');
           },
-          function(e) {
+          function (e) {
             assert.isNotOk(e, 'Caught callback error in the wrong place');
             done();
           }
         )
-        .catch(function(e) {
+        .catch(function (e) {
           assert.equal(e.message, 'err');
           done();
         });
     });
 
-    promiseIt('is called after cleanup', function(done) {
+    promiseIt('is called after cleanup', function (done) {
       var isClean = false;
-      axe._runRules = function(ctxt, opt, resolve) {
+      axe._runRules = function (ctxt, opt, resolve) {
         axe._runRules = origRunRules;
         // Check that cleanup is called before the callback is executed
         resolve('MB Bomb', function cleanup() {
@@ -252,7 +293,7 @@ describe('axe.run', function() {
 
       axe
         .run({ reporter: 'raw' })
-        .then(function() {
+        .then(function () {
           assert(isClean, 'cleanup must be called first');
           done();
         })
@@ -260,9 +301,9 @@ describe('axe.run', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('option reporter', function() {
-    it('sets v1 as the default reporter if audit.reporter is null', function(done) {
-      axe._runRules = function(ctxt, opt) {
+  describe('option reporter', function () {
+    it('sets v1 as the default reporter if audit.reporter is null', function (done) {
+      axe._runRules = function (ctxt, opt) {
         assert.equal(opt.reporter, 'v1');
         axe._runRules = origRunRules;
         done();
@@ -271,8 +312,8 @@ describe('axe.run', function() {
       axe.run(document, noop);
     });
 
-    it('uses the audit.reporter if no reporter is set in options', function(done) {
-      axe._runRules = function(ctxt, opt) {
+    it('uses the audit.reporter if no reporter is set in options', function (done) {
+      axe._runRules = function (ctxt, opt) {
         assert.equal(opt.reporter, 'raw');
         axe._runRules = origRunRules;
         done();
@@ -281,8 +322,8 @@ describe('axe.run', function() {
       axe.run(document, noop);
     });
 
-    it('does not override if another reporter is set', function(done) {
-      axe._runRules = function(ctxt, opt) {
+    it('does not override if another reporter is set', function (done) {
+      axe._runRules = function (ctxt, opt) {
         assert.equal(opt.reporter, 'raw');
         axe._runRules = origRunRules;
         done();
@@ -292,21 +333,21 @@ describe('axe.run', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('option xpath', function() {
-    it('returns no xpath if the xpath option is not set', function(done) {
-      axe.run('#fixture', function(err, result) {
+  describe('option xpath', function () {
+    it('returns no xpath if the xpath option is not set', function (done) {
+      axe.run('#fixture', function (err, result) {
         assert.isUndefined(result.violations[0].nodes[0].xpath);
         done();
       });
     });
 
-    it('returns the xpath if the xpath option is true', function(done) {
+    it('returns the xpath if the xpath option is true', function (done) {
       axe.run(
         '#fixture',
         {
           xpath: true
         },
-        function(err, result) {
+        function (err, result) {
           assert.deepEqual(result.violations[0].nodes[0].xpath, [
             "/div[@id='fixture']"
           ]);
@@ -315,13 +356,13 @@ describe('axe.run', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('returns xpath on related nodes', function(done) {
+    it('returns xpath on related nodes', function (done) {
       axe.run(
         '#fixture',
         {
           xpath: true
         },
-        function(err, result) {
+        function (err, result) {
           assert.deepEqual(
             result.violations[0].nodes[0].none[0].relatedNodes[0].xpath,
             ["/div[@id='fixture']"]
@@ -331,14 +372,14 @@ describe('axe.run', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('returns the xpath on any reporter', function(done) {
+    it('returns the xpath on any reporter', function (done) {
       axe.run(
         '#fixture',
         {
           xpath: true,
           reporter: 'no-passes'
         },
-        function(err, result) {
+        function (err, result) {
           assert.deepEqual(result.violations[0].nodes[0].xpath, [
             "/div[@id='fixture']"
           ]);
@@ -348,27 +389,27 @@ describe('axe.run', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('option absolutePaths', function() {
-    it('returns relative paths when falsy', function(done) {
+  describe('option absolutePaths', function () {
+    it('returns relative paths when falsy', function (done) {
       axe.run(
         '#fixture',
         {
           absolutePaths: 0
         },
-        function(err, result) {
+        function (err, result) {
           assert.deepEqual(result.violations[0].nodes[0].target, ['#fixture']);
           done();
         }
       );
     });
 
-    it('returns absolute paths when truthy', function(done) {
+    it('returns absolute paths when truthy', function (done) {
       axe.run(
         '#fixture',
         {
           absolutePaths: 'yes please'
         },
-        function(err, result) {
+        function (err, result) {
           assert.deepEqual(result.violations[0].nodes[0].target, [
             'html > body > #fixture'
           ]);
@@ -377,13 +418,13 @@ describe('axe.run', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('returns absolute paths on related nodes', function(done) {
+    it('returns absolute paths on related nodes', function (done) {
       axe.run(
         '#fixture',
         {
           absolutePaths: true
         },
-        function(err, result) {
+        function (err, result) {
           assert.deepEqual(
             result.violations[0].nodes[0].none[0].relatedNodes[0].target,
             ['html > body > #fixture']
@@ -395,16 +436,14 @@ describe('axe.run', function() {
   });
 });
 
-describe('axe.run iframes', function() {
+describe('axe.run iframes', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var origRunRules = axe._runRules;
   var captureError = axe.testUtils.captureError;
 
-  this.timeout(1000);
-
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target">Target in top frame</div>';
     axe._load({
       rules: [
@@ -417,7 +456,7 @@ describe('axe.run iframes', function() {
       checks: [
         {
           id: 'fred',
-          evaluate: function() {
+          evaluate: function () {
             return true;
           }
         }
@@ -425,19 +464,19 @@ describe('axe.run iframes', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._audit = null;
     axe._runRules = origRunRules;
   });
 
-  it('includes iframes by default', function(done) {
+  it('includes iframes by default', function (done) {
     var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function() {
+    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
       axe.run(
         '#fixture',
         {},
-        captureError(function(err, result) {
+        captureError(function (err, result) {
           assert.equal(result.violations.length, 1);
           var violation = result.violations[0];
           assert.equal(
@@ -446,13 +485,13 @@ describe('axe.run iframes', function() {
             'one node for top frame, one for iframe'
           );
           assert.isTrue(
-            violation.nodes.some(function(node) {
+            violation.nodes.some(function (node) {
               return node.target.length === 1 && node.target[0] === '#target';
             }),
             'one result from top frame'
           );
           assert.isTrue(
-            violation.nodes.some(function(node) {
+            violation.nodes.some(function (node) {
               return node.target.length === 2 && node.target[0] === 'iframe';
             }),
             'one result from iframe'
@@ -466,13 +505,13 @@ describe('axe.run iframes', function() {
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   });
 
-  it('excludes iframes if iframes is false', function(done) {
+  it('excludes iframes if iframes is false', function (done) {
     var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function() {
+    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
       axe.run(
         '#fixture',
         { iframes: false },
-        captureError(function(err, result) {
+        captureError(function (err, result) {
           assert.equal(result.violations.length, 1);
           var violation = result.violations[0];
           assert.equal(violation.nodes.length, 1, 'only top frame');
@@ -487,13 +526,13 @@ describe('axe.run iframes', function() {
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   });
 
-  it('ignores unexpected messages from non-axe iframes', function(done) {
+  it('ignores unexpected messages from non-axe iframes', function (done) {
     var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function() {
+    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
       axe.run(
         '#fixture',
         {},
-        captureError(function(err, result) {
+        captureError(function (err, result) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           assert.equal(result.violations.length, 1);
           done();
@@ -505,14 +544,14 @@ describe('axe.run iframes', function() {
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   });
 
-  it('ignores unexpected messages from axe iframes', function(done) {
+  it('ignores unexpected messages from axe iframes', function (done) {
     var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
 
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function() {
+    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
       axe.run(
         '#fixture',
         {},
-        captureError(function(err, result) {
+        captureError(function (err, result) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           assert.equal(result.violations.length, 1);
           done();
diff --git a/test/core/public/setup.js b/test/core/public/setup.js
index 01144a809..242f2b544 100644
--- a/test/core/public/setup.js
+++ b/test/core/public/setup.js
@@ -1,38 +1,43 @@
-describe('axe.setup', function() {
+describe('axe.setup', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     axe.teardown();
   });
 
-  it('should setup the tree', function() {
+  it('should setup the tree', function () {
     axe._tree = undefined;
     axe.setup();
     assert.exists(axe._tree);
   });
 
-  it('should default the tree to use html element', function() {
+  it('should default the tree to use html element', function () {
     axe.setup();
     assert.equal(axe._tree[0].actualNode, document.documentElement);
   });
 
-  it('should use the passed in node as the root of the tree', function() {
+  it('should use the passed in node as the root of the tree', function () {
     axe.setup(document.body);
     assert.equal(axe._tree[0].actualNode, document.body);
   });
 
-  it('should return the root node', function() {
+  it('should return the root node', function () {
     var vNode = axe.setup(document.body);
     assert.equal(vNode.actualNode, document.body);
   });
 
-  it('should setup selector data', function() {
+  it('should setup selector data', function () {
     axe._selectorData = undefined;
     axe.setup();
     assert.exists(axe._selectorData);
   });
 
-  it('should throw if called twice in a row', function() {
+  it('takes documentElement when passed the document', () => {
+    axe.setup(document);
+    assert.equal(axe._tree[0].actualNode, document.documentElement);
+  });
+
+  it('should throw if called twice in a row', function () {
     function fn() {
       axe.setup();
       axe.setup();
diff --git a/test/core/public/teardown.js b/test/core/public/teardown.js
index 5af042892..f9916862f 100644
--- a/test/core/public/teardown.js
+++ b/test/core/public/teardown.js
@@ -1,29 +1,29 @@
-describe('axe.teardown', function() {
+describe('axe.teardown', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should reset the tree', function() {
+  it('should reset the tree', function () {
     axe._tree = 'foo';
     axe.teardown();
     assert.isUndefined(axe._tree);
   });
 
-  it('should reset selector data', function() {
+  it('should reset selector data', function () {
     axe._selectorData = 'foo';
     axe.teardown();
     assert.isUndefined(axe._selectorData);
   });
 
-  it('should reset selector data', function() {
+  it('should reset selector data', function () {
     axe._selectCache = 'foo';
     axe.teardown();
     assert.isUndefined(axe._selectCache);
   });
 
-  it('should reset memozied functions', function() {
+  it('should reset memozied functions', function () {
     var orgFn = axe._memoizedFns[0];
     var called = false;
     axe._memoizedFns[0] = {
-      clear: function() {
+      clear: function () {
         called = true;
       }
     };
@@ -32,10 +32,10 @@ describe('axe.teardown', function() {
     axe._memoizedFns[0] = orgFn;
   });
 
-  it('should reset the cache', function() {
+  it('should reset the cache', function () {
     var orgFn = axe._cache.clear;
     var called = false;
-    axe._cache.clear = function() {
+    axe._cache.clear = function () {
       called = true;
     };
     axe.teardown();
diff --git a/test/core/reporters/helpers/failure-summary.js b/test/core/reporters/helpers/failure-summary.js
index 6d3822fd3..2938d447f 100644
--- a/test/core/reporters/helpers/failure-summary.js
+++ b/test/core/reporters/helpers/failure-summary.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('helpers.failureSummary', function() {
+describe('helpers.failureSummary', function () {
   'use strict';
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     axe._load({
       messages: {},
       rules: [],
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ describe('helpers.failureSummary', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should concatenate none and all', function() {
+  it('should concatenate none and all', function () {
     var summary = helpers.failureSummary({
       result: 'failed',
       any: [],
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ describe('helpers.failureSummary', function() {
     assert.equal(summary, 'Fix all of the following: \n 1\n 2\n 3\n');
   });
 
-  it('should return a list of ANYs if none return true', function() {
+  it('should return a list of ANYs if none return true', function () {
     var summary = helpers.failureSummary({
       result: 'failed',
       any: [
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ describe('helpers.failureSummary', function() {
     assert.equal(summary, 'Fix any of the following: \n 1\n 2\n 3\n');
   });
 
-  it('should concatenate anys', function() {
+  it('should concatenate anys', function () {
     var summary = helpers.failureSummary({
       result: 'failed',
       any: [
diff --git a/test/core/reporters/helpers/incomplete-fallback-msg.js b/test/core/reporters/helpers/incomplete-fallback-msg.js
index 4f0d9bbd4..52bf0d6c7 100644
--- a/test/core/reporters/helpers/incomplete-fallback-msg.js
+++ b/test/core/reporters/helpers/incomplete-fallback-msg.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('helpers.incompleteFallbackMessage', function() {
+describe('helpers.incompleteFallbackMessage', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   it('returns a non-empty string by default', function () {
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ describe('helpers.incompleteFallbackMessage', function() {
     assert.notEqual(summary, '');
   });
 
-  it('should return a string', function() {
+  it('should return a string', function () {
     axe._load({
       messages: {},
       rules: [],
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ describe('helpers.incompleteFallbackMessage', function() {
     assert.equal(summary, 'Dogs are the best');
   });
 
-  it('should handle doT.js template function', function() {
+  it('should handle doT.js template function', function () {
     axe._load({
       messages: {},
       rules: [],
diff --git a/test/core/reporters/helpers/process-aggregate.js b/test/core/reporters/helpers/process-aggregate.js
index 9c82cec4e..32f4f072c 100644
--- a/test/core/reporters/helpers/process-aggregate.js
+++ b/test/core/reporters/helpers/process-aggregate.js
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-describe('helpers.processAggregate', function() {
+describe('helpers.processAggregate', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results, options;
+  const helpers = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.helpers;
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     results = [
       {
         id: 'passed-rule',
@@ -11,10 +13,10 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function() {
             result: 'passed',
             node: {
               element: document.createElement('div'),
-              selector: 'header > .thing',
+              selector: ['header > .thing'],
               source: '<div class="thing">Thing</div>',
-              xpath: '/header/div[@class="thing"]',
-              ancestry: 'html > body > header > div'
+              xpath: ['/header/div[@class="thing"]'],
+              ancestry: ['html > body > header > div']
             },
             any: [
               {
@@ -22,10 +24,10 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function() {
                 relatedNodes: [
                   {
                     element: document.createElement('div'),
-                    selector: 'footer > .thing',
+                    selector: ['footer > .thing'],
                     source: '<div class="thing">Thing</div>',
-                    xpath: '/footer/div[@class="thing"]',
-                    ancestry: 'html > body > footer > div'
+                    xpath: ['/footer/div[@class="thing"]'],
+                    ancestry: ['html > body > footer > div']
                   }
                 ]
               }
@@ -37,10 +39,10 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function() {
             result: 'passed',
             node: {
               element: document.createElement('div'),
-              selector: 'main > .thing',
+              selector: ['main > .thing'],
               source: '<div class="thing">Thing</div>',
-              xpath: '/main/div[@class="thing"]',
-              ancestry: 'html > body > main > div'
+              xpath: ['/main/div[@class="thing"]'],
+              ancestry: ['html > body > main > div']
             },
             any: [
               {
@@ -48,10 +50,10 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function() {
                 relatedNodes: [
                   {
                     element: document.createElement('div'),
-                    selector: 'footer > .thing',
+                    selector: ['footer > .thing'],
                     source: '<div class="thing">Thing</div>',
-                    xpath: '/footer/div[@class="thing"]',
-                    ancestry: 'html > body > footer > div'
+                    xpath: ['/footer/div[@class="thing"]'],
+                    ancestry: ['html > body > footer > div']
                   }
                 ]
               }
@@ -70,10 +72,10 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function() {
           {
             result: 'failed',
             node: {
-              selector: '#dopel',
-              source: '<input id="dopel"/>',
+              selector: ['#dopel'],
+              source: ['<input id="dopel"/>'],
               xpath: '/main/input[@id="dopel"]',
-              ancestry: 'html > body > main > input:nth-child(1)',
+              ancestry: ['html > body > main > input:nth-child(1)'],
               fromFrame: true
             },
             any: [
@@ -82,10 +84,10 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function() {
                 relatedNodes: [
                   {
                     element: document.createElement('input'),
-                    selector: '#dopel',
-                    source: '<input id="dopel"/>',
-                    xpath: '/main/input[@id="dopel"]',
-                    ancestry: 'html > body > main > input:nth-child(2)',
+                    selector: ['#dopel'],
+                    source: ['<input id="dopel"/>'],
+                    xpath: ['/main/input[@id="dopel"]'],
+                    ancestry: ['html > body > main > input:nth-child(2)'],
                     fromFrame: true
                   }
                 ]
@@ -97,10 +99,10 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function() {
           {
             result: 'failed',
             node: {
-              selector: '#dopell',
+              selector: ['#dopell'],
               source: '<input id="dopell"/>',
-              xpath: '/header/input[@id="dopell"]',
-              ancestry: 'html > body > main > input:nth-child(1)',
+              xpath: ['/header/input[@id="dopell"]'],
+              ancestry: ['html > body > main > input:nth-child(1)'],
               fromFrame: true
             },
             any: [
@@ -109,10 +111,10 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function() {
                 relatedNodes: [
                   {
                     element: document.createElement('input'),
-                    selector: '#dopell',
+                    selector: ['#dopell'],
                     source: '<input id="dopell"/>',
-                    xpath: '/header/input[@id="dopell"]',
-                    ancestry: 'html > body > main > input:nth-child(2)',
+                    xpath: ['/header/input[@id="dopell"]'],
+                    ancestry: ['html > body > main > input:nth-child(2)'],
                     fromFrame: true
                   }
                 ]
@@ -129,37 +131,75 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function() {
     ];
   });
 
-  it('should remove the `result` property from each node in each ruleResult', function() {
+  it('should remove the `result` property from each node in each ruleResult', function () {
     assert.isDefined(
-      results.find(function(r) {
+      results.find(function (r) {
         return r.id === 'passed-rule';
       }).passes[0].result
     );
 
     var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, {});
-    var ruleResult = resultObject.passes.find(function(r) {
+    var ruleResult = resultObject.passes.find(function (r) {
       return r.id === 'passed-rule';
     });
     assert.isUndefined(ruleResult.nodes[0].result);
   });
 
-  it('should remove the `node` property from each node in each ruleResult', function() {
+  it('should remove the `node` property from each node in each ruleResult', function () {
     assert.isDefined(
-      results.find(function(r) {
+      results.find(function (r) {
         return r.id === 'passed-rule';
       }).passes[0].node
     );
 
     var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, {});
-    var ruleResult = resultObject.passes.find(function(r) {
+    var ruleResult = resultObject.passes.find(function (r) {
       return r.id === 'passed-rule';
     });
     assert.isUndefined(ruleResult.nodes[0].node);
   });
 
-  describe('`options` argument', function() {
-    describe('`resultTypes` option', function() {
-      it('should reduce the unwanted result types to 1 in the `resultObject`', function() {
+  it('handles when a relatedNode is undefined', () => {
+    // Add undefined to failed-rule
+    results[1].violations[0].any[0].relatedNodes.unshift(undefined);
+    const resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, {
+      xpath: true,
+      elementRef: true,
+      ancestry: true
+    });
+    const { relatedNodes } = resultObject.violations[0].nodes[0].any[0];
+    assert.deepEqual(relatedNodes[0], {
+      html: 'Undefined',
+      target: [':root'],
+      ancestry: [':root'],
+      xpath: ['/'],
+      element: null
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('axe.configure({ noHtml: true })', () => {
+    afterEach(() => {
+      axe.reset();
+    });
+
+    it('sets html to null on nodes', () => {
+      axe.configure({ noHtml: true });
+      const { passes, violations } = helpers.processAggregate(results, {});
+      assert.isNull(passes[0].nodes[0].html);
+      assert.isNull(violations[0].nodes[0].html);
+    });
+
+    it('sets html to null on relatedNodes', () => {
+      axe.configure({ noHtml: true });
+      const { passes, violations } = helpers.processAggregate(results, {});
+      assert.isNull(passes[0].nodes[0].any[0].relatedNodes[0].html);
+      assert.isNull(violations[0].nodes[0].any[0].relatedNodes[0].html);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('`options` argument', function () {
+    describe('`resultTypes` option', function () {
+      it('should reduce the unwanted result types to 1 in the `resultObject`', function () {
         var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, {
           resultTypes: ['violations']
         });
@@ -175,16 +215,31 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function() {
         assert.isDefined(resultObject.incomplete);
         assert.isDefined(resultObject.inapplicable);
       });
+
+      it('should not compute selectors of filtered nodes', () => {
+        const dqElm = new axe.utils.DqElement(fixture);
+        Object.defineProperty(dqElm, 'ancestry', {
+          get() {
+            throw new Error('Should not be called');
+          }
+        });
+        results[0].passes[1].node = dqElm;
+        assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
+          helpers.processAggregate(results, {
+            resultTypes: ['violations']
+          });
+        });
+      });
     });
 
-    describe('`elementRef` option', function() {
-      describe('when set to true', function() {
-        before(function() {
+    describe('`elementRef` option', function () {
+      describe('when set to true', function () {
+        before(function () {
           options = { elementRef: true };
         });
 
-        describe("when node's, or relatedNode's, `fromFrame` equals false", function() {
-          it('should add an `element` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function() {
+        describe("when node's, or relatedNode's, `fromFrame` equals false", function () {
+          it('should add an `element` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function () {
             var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, options);
             assert.isDefined(resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].element);
             assert.isDefined(
@@ -193,8 +248,8 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function() {
           });
         });
 
-        describe("when node's, or relatedNode's, `fromFrame` equals true", function() {
-          it('should NOT add an `element` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function() {
+        describe("when node's, or relatedNode's, `fromFrame` equals true", function () {
+          it('should NOT add an `element` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function () {
             var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, options);
             assert.isUndefined(resultObject.violations[0].nodes[0].element);
             assert.isUndefined(
@@ -204,12 +259,12 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function() {
         });
       });
 
-      describe('when set to false', function() {
-        before(function() {
+      describe('when set to false', function () {
+        before(function () {
           options = { elementRef: false };
         });
 
-        it('should NOT add an `element` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function() {
+        it('should NOT add an `element` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function () {
           var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, options);
           assert.isUndefined(resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].element);
           assert.isUndefined(resultObject.violations[0].nodes[0].element);
@@ -222,8 +277,8 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function() {
         });
       });
 
-      describe('when not set at all', function() {
-        it('should NOT add an `element` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function() {
+      describe('when not set at all', function () {
+        it('should NOT add an `element` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function () {
           var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, {});
           assert.isUndefined(resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].element);
           assert.isUndefined(resultObject.violations[0].nodes[0].element);
@@ -237,14 +292,14 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('`selectors` option', function() {
-      describe('when set to false', function() {
-        before(function() {
+    describe('`selectors` option', function () {
+      describe('when set to false', function () {
+        before(function () {
           options = { selectors: false };
         });
 
-        describe("when node's, or relatedNode's, `fromFrame` equals true", function() {
-          it('should add a `target` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function() {
+        describe("when node's, or relatedNode's, `fromFrame` equals true", function () {
+          it('should add a `target` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function () {
             var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, options);
             assert.isDefined(resultObject.violations[0].nodes[0].target);
             assert.isDefined(
@@ -253,23 +308,36 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function() {
           });
         });
 
-        describe("when node's, or relatedNode's, `fromFrame` equals false", function() {
-          it('should NOT add a `target` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function() {
+        describe("when node's, or relatedNode's, `fromFrame` equals false", function () {
+          it('should NOT add a `target` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function () {
             var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, options);
             assert.isUndefined(resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].target);
             assert.isUndefined(
               resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].any[0].relatedNodes[0].target
             );
           });
+
+          it('should not call DqElement.selector', () => {
+            const dqElm = new axe.utils.DqElement(fixture);
+            Object.defineProperty(dqElm, 'selector', {
+              get() {
+                throw new Error('Should not be called');
+              }
+            });
+            results[0].passes[0].node = dqElm;
+            assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
+              helpers.processAggregate(results, options);
+            });
+          });
         });
       });
 
-      describe('when set to true', function() {
-        before(function() {
+      describe('when set to true', function () {
+        before(function () {
           options = { selectors: true };
         });
 
-        it('should add a `target` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function() {
+        it('should add a `target` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function () {
           var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, options);
           assert.isDefined(resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].target);
           assert.isDefined(
@@ -278,8 +346,8 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function() {
         });
       });
 
-      describe('when not set at all', function() {
-        it('should add a `target` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function() {
+      describe('when not set at all', function () {
+        it('should add a `target` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function () {
           var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, {});
           assert.isDefined(resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].target);
           assert.isDefined(
@@ -289,9 +357,9 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('`ancestry` option', function() {
-      describe('when set to true', function() {
-        it('should add an `ancestry` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function() {
+    describe('`ancestry` option', function () {
+      describe('when set to true', function () {
+        it('should add an `ancestry` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function () {
           var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, {
             ancestry: true
           });
@@ -302,8 +370,8 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function() {
         });
       });
 
-      describe('when set to false', function() {
-        it('should NOT add an `ancestry` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function() {
+      describe('when set to false', function () {
+        it('should NOT add an `ancestry` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function () {
           var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, {
             ancestry: false
           });
@@ -312,10 +380,25 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function() {
             resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].any[0].relatedNodes[0].ancestry
           );
         });
+
+        it('should not call DqElement.ancestry', () => {
+          const dqElm = new axe.utils.DqElement(fixture, options, {
+            selector: ['div'] // prevent axe._selectorData error
+          });
+          Object.defineProperty(dqElm, 'ancestry', {
+            get() {
+              throw new Error('Should not be called');
+            }
+          });
+          results[0].passes[0].node = dqElm;
+          assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
+            helpers.processAggregate(results, options);
+          });
+        });
       });
 
-      describe('when not set at all', function() {
-        it('should NOT add an `ancestry` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function() {
+      describe('when not set at all', function () {
+        it('should NOT add an `ancestry` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function () {
           var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, {});
           assert.isUndefined(resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].ancestry);
           assert.isUndefined(
@@ -325,13 +408,13 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('`xpath` option', function() {
-      describe('when set to true', function() {
-        before(function() {
+    describe('`xpath` option', function () {
+      describe('when set to true', function () {
+        before(function () {
           options = { xpath: true };
         });
 
-        it('should add an `xpath` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function() {
+        it('should add an `xpath` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function () {
           var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, options);
           assert.isDefined(resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].xpath);
           assert.isDefined(
@@ -340,12 +423,12 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function() {
         });
       });
 
-      describe('when set to false', function() {
-        before(function() {
+      describe('when set to false', function () {
+        before(function () {
           options = { xpath: false };
         });
 
-        it('should NOT add an `xpath` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function() {
+        it('should NOT add an `xpath` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function () {
           var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, options);
           assert.isUndefined(resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].xpath);
           assert.isUndefined(
@@ -354,14 +437,29 @@ describe('helpers.processAggregate', function() {
         });
       });
 
-      describe('when not set at all', function() {
-        it('should NOT add an `xpath` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function() {
+      describe('when not set at all', function () {
+        it('should NOT add an `xpath` property to the subResult nodes or relatedNodes', function () {
           var resultObject = helpers.processAggregate(results, {});
           assert.isUndefined(resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].xpath);
           assert.isUndefined(
             resultObject.passes[0].nodes[0].any[0].relatedNodes[0].xpath
           );
         });
+
+        it('should not call DqElement.xpath', () => {
+          const dqElm = new axe.utils.DqElement(fixture, options, {
+            selector: ['div'] // prevent axe._selectorData error
+          });
+          Object.defineProperty(dqElm, 'xpath', {
+            get() {
+              throw new Error('Should not be called');
+            }
+          });
+          results[0].passes[0].node = dqElm;
+          assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
+            helpers.processAggregate(results, options);
+          });
+        });
       });
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/core/reporters/na.js b/test/core/reporters/na.js
index 3c1ee5735..a9c677725 100644
--- a/test/core/reporters/na.js
+++ b/test/core/reporters/na.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('reporters - na', function() {
+describe('reporters - na', function () {
   'use strict';
   var runResults,
     _results = [
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ describe('reporters - na', function() {
       }
     ];
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     runResults = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(_results));
     axe._load({
       messages: {},
@@ -105,12 +105,12 @@ describe('reporters - na', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     axe._audit = null;
   });
 
-  it('should merge the runRules results into violations, passes and inapplicable', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should merge the runRules results into violations, passes and inapplicable', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.isObject(results);
       assert.isArray(results.violations);
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
@@ -120,29 +120,29 @@ describe('reporters - na', function() {
       assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 1);
     });
   });
-  it('should add the rule id to the rule result', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add the rule id to the rule result', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].id, 'idkStuff');
       assert.equal(results.passes[0].id, 'gimmeLabel');
       assert.equal(results.inapplicable[0].id, 'noMatch');
     });
   });
-  it('should add tags to the rule result', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add tags to the rule result', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].tags, ['tag2']);
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].tags, ['tag1']);
       assert.deepEqual(results.inapplicable[0].tags, ['tag3']);
     });
   });
-  it('should add the rule help to the rule result', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add the rule help to the rule result', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.ok(!results.violations[0].helpUrl);
       assert.equal(results.passes[0].helpUrl, 'things');
       assert.equal(results.inapplicable[0].helpUrl, 'somewhere');
     });
   });
-  it('should add the html to the node data', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add the html to the node data', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.ok(results.violations[0].nodes);
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes.length, 1);
       assert.equal(
@@ -152,8 +152,8 @@ describe('reporters - na', function() {
       assert.equal(results.passes[0].nodes[0].html, '<minkey>chimp</minky>');
     });
   });
-  it('should add the target selector array to the node data', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add the target selector array to the node data', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.ok(results.violations[0].nodes);
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes.length, 1);
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, [
@@ -163,14 +163,14 @@ describe('reporters - na', function() {
       ]);
     });
   });
-  it('should add the description to the rule result', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add the description to the rule result', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].description, 'something more nifty');
       assert.equal(results.passes[0].description, 'something nifty');
     });
   });
-  it('should add the impact to the rule result', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add the impact to the rule result', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].impact, 'cats');
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes[0].impact, 'cats');
       assert.ok(!results.passes[0].impact);
@@ -179,8 +179,8 @@ describe('reporters - na', function() {
       assert.isNull(results.passes[0].nodes[0].impact);
     });
   });
-  it('should map relatedNodes', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should map relatedNodes', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes[0].all[0].relatedNodes, 1);
       assert.equal(
         results.violations[0].nodes[0].all[0].relatedNodes[0].target,
@@ -202,29 +202,33 @@ describe('reporters - na', function() {
       );
     });
   });
-  it('should add environment data', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add environment data', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.isDefined(results.url);
       assert.isDefined(results.timestamp);
       assert.isDefined(results.testEnvironment);
       assert.isDefined(results.testRunner);
     });
   });
-  it('should add toolOptions property', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add toolOptions property', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.isDefined(results.toolOptions);
     });
   });
   it('uses the environmentData option instead of environment data if specified', function () {
     var environmentData = {
       myReporter: 'hello world'
-    }
-    axe.getReporter('na')(runResults, { environmentData: environmentData }, function(results) {
-      assert.equal(results.myReporter, 'hello world');
-      assert.isUndefined(results.url);
-      assert.isUndefined(results.timestamp);
-      assert.isUndefined(results.testEnvironment);
-      assert.isUndefined(results.testRunner);
-    });
+    };
+    axe.getReporter('na')(
+      runResults,
+      { environmentData: environmentData },
+      function (results) {
+        assert.equal(results.myReporter, 'hello world');
+        assert.isUndefined(results.url);
+        assert.isUndefined(results.timestamp);
+        assert.isUndefined(results.testEnvironment);
+        assert.isUndefined(results.testRunner);
+      }
+    );
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/reporters/no-passes.js b/test/core/reporters/no-passes.js
index d24a84df2..594761732 100644
--- a/test/core/reporters/no-passes.js
+++ b/test/core/reporters/no-passes.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('reporters - no-passes', function() {
+describe('reporters - no-passes', function () {
   'use strict';
   var runResults,
     _results = [
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ describe('reporters - no-passes', function() {
         ]
       }
     ];
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     runResults = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(_results));
     axe._load({
       messages: {},
@@ -94,35 +94,35 @@ describe('reporters - no-passes', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     axe._audit = null;
   });
 
-  it('should merge the runRules results into violations and  exclude passes', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should merge the runRules results into violations and  exclude passes', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.isObject(results);
       assert.isArray(results.violations);
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
       assert.isUndefined(results.passes);
     });
   });
-  it('should add the rule id to the rule result', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add the rule id to the rule result', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].id, 'idkStuff');
     });
   });
-  it('should add tags to the rule result', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add tags to the rule result', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].tags, ['tag2']);
     });
   });
-  it('should add the rule help to the rule result', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add the rule help to the rule result', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.isNotOk(results.violations[0].helpUrl);
     });
   });
-  it('should add the html to the node data', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add the html to the node data', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.ok(results.violations[0].nodes);
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes.length, 1);
       assert.equal(
@@ -131,8 +131,8 @@ describe('reporters - no-passes', function() {
       );
     });
   });
-  it('should add the target selector array to the node data', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add the target selector array to the node data', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.ok(results.violations[0].nodes);
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes.length, 1);
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, [
@@ -142,19 +142,19 @@ describe('reporters - no-passes', function() {
       ]);
     });
   });
-  it('should add the description to the rule result', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add the description to the rule result', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].description, 'something more nifty');
     });
   });
-  it('should add the impact to the rule result', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add the impact to the rule result', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].impact, 'cats');
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes[0].impact, 'cats');
     });
   });
-  it('should map relatedNodes', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should map relatedNodes', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes[0].all[0].relatedNodes, 1);
       assert.equal(
         results.violations[0].nodes[0].all[0].relatedNodes[0].target,
@@ -166,29 +166,33 @@ describe('reporters - no-passes', function() {
       );
     });
   });
-  it('should add environment data', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add environment data', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.isDefined(results.url);
       assert.isDefined(results.timestamp);
       assert.isDefined(results.testEnvironment);
       assert.isDefined(results.testRunner);
     });
   });
-  it('should add toolOptions property', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add toolOptions property', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.isDefined(results.toolOptions);
     });
   });
   it('uses the environmentData option instead of environment data if specified', function () {
     var environmentData = {
       myReporter: 'hello world'
-    }
-    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(runResults, { environmentData: environmentData }, function(results) {
-      assert.equal(results.myReporter, 'hello world');
-      assert.isUndefined(results.url);
-      assert.isUndefined(results.timestamp);
-      assert.isUndefined(results.testEnvironment);
-      assert.isUndefined(results.testRunner);
-    });
+    };
+    axe.getReporter('no-passes')(
+      runResults,
+      { environmentData: environmentData },
+      function (results) {
+        assert.equal(results.myReporter, 'hello world');
+        assert.isUndefined(results.url);
+        assert.isUndefined(results.timestamp);
+        assert.isUndefined(results.testEnvironment);
+        assert.isUndefined(results.testRunner);
+      }
+    );
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/reporters/raw-env.js b/test/core/reporters/raw-env.js
index 448cfddae..e8ca9fb7c 100644
--- a/test/core/reporters/raw-env.js
+++ b/test/core/reporters/raw-env.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('reporters - raw-env', function() {
+describe('reporters - raw-env', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ describe('reporters - raw-env', function() {
 
   var runResults;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     runResults = [
       {
         id: 'gimmeLabel',
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ describe('reporters - raw-env', function() {
             any: [
               {
                 result: true,
-                data: 'minkey'
+                data: 'minkey',
+                relatedNodes: []
               }
             ],
             all: [],
@@ -50,7 +51,8 @@ describe('reporters - raw-env', function() {
               {
                 result: false,
                 data: 'pillock',
-                impact: 'cats'
+                impact: 'cats',
+                relatedNodes: []
               }
             ],
             any: [],
@@ -75,7 +77,8 @@ describe('reporters - raw-env', function() {
               {
                 data: 'foon',
                 impact: 'monkeys',
-                result: true
+                result: true,
+                relatedNodes: []
               }
             ],
             any: [],
@@ -93,10 +96,13 @@ describe('reporters - raw-env', function() {
         passes: [
           {
             result: 'passed',
+            any: [],
+            all: [],
             none: [
               {
                 data: 'clueso',
-                result: true
+                result: true,
+                relatedNodes: []
               }
             ],
             node: createDqElement()
@@ -111,12 +117,13 @@ describe('reporters - raw-env', function() {
     axe._cache.set('selectorData', {});
   });
 
-  after(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
+    sinon.restore();
   });
 
-  it('should serialize DqElements (#1195)', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('rawEnv')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should serialize DqElements (#1195)', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('rawEnv')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       for (var i = 0; i < results.length; i++) {
         var result = results[i];
         for (var j = 0; j < result.passes.length; j++) {
@@ -127,8 +134,8 @@ describe('reporters - raw-env', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should pass env object', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('rawEnv')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should pass env object', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('rawEnv')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.isDefined(results.env);
       assert.isDefined(results.env.url);
       assert.isDefined(results.env.timestamp);
@@ -140,9 +147,27 @@ describe('reporters - raw-env', function() {
   it('uses the environmentData option instead of environment data if specified', function () {
     var environmentData = {
       myReporter: 'hello world'
-    }
-    axe.getReporter('rawEnv')(runResults, { environmentData: environmentData }, function(results) {
-      assert.deepEqual(results.env, environmentData);
-    });
+    };
+    axe.getReporter('rawEnv')(
+      runResults,
+      { environmentData: environmentData },
+      function (results) {
+        assert.deepEqual(results.env, environmentData);
+      }
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('uses nodeSerializer', done => {
+    var rawReporter = axe.getReporter('rawEnv');
+    var spy = sinon.spy(axe.utils.nodeSerializer, 'mapRawNodeResults');
+    rawReporter(
+      runResults,
+      {},
+      function () {
+        assert.isTrue(spy.called);
+        done();
+      },
+      done
+    );
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/reporters/raw.js b/test/core/reporters/raw.js
index d8a94e20b..c49be1389 100644
--- a/test/core/reporters/raw.js
+++ b/test/core/reporters/raw.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('reporters - raw', function() {
+describe('reporters - raw', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ describe('reporters - raw', function() {
 
   var runResults;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     runResults = [
       {
         id: 'gimmeLabel',
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ describe('reporters - raw', function() {
             any: [
               {
                 result: true,
-                data: 'minkey'
+                data: 'minkey',
+                relatedNodes: []
               }
             ],
             all: [],
@@ -50,7 +51,8 @@ describe('reporters - raw', function() {
               {
                 result: false,
                 data: 'pillock',
-                impact: 'cats'
+                impact: 'cats',
+                relatedNodes: []
               }
             ],
             any: [],
@@ -75,7 +77,8 @@ describe('reporters - raw', function() {
               {
                 data: 'foon',
                 impact: 'monkeys',
-                result: true
+                result: true,
+                relatedNodes: []
               }
             ],
             any: [],
@@ -93,10 +96,13 @@ describe('reporters - raw', function() {
         passes: [
           {
             result: 'passed',
+            any: [],
+            all: [],
             none: [
               {
                 data: 'clueso',
-                result: true
+                result: true,
+                relatedNodes: []
               }
             ],
             node: createDqElement()
@@ -111,12 +117,13 @@ describe('reporters - raw', function() {
     axe._cache.set('selectorData', {});
   });
 
-  after(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
+    sinon.restore();
   });
 
-  it('should serialize DqElements', function(done) {
-    axe.getReporter('rawEnv')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should serialize DqElements', function (done) {
+    axe.getReporter('rawEnv')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       for (var i = 0; i < results.length; i++) {
         var result = results[i];
         for (var j = 0; j < result.passes.length; j++) {
@@ -128,14 +135,28 @@ describe('reporters - raw', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('does not throw on serialized nodes', function(done) {
+  it('does not throw on serialized nodes', function (done) {
     var rawReporter = axe.getReporter('rawEnv');
-    rawReporter(runResults, {}, function(serializedResults) {
-      assert.doesNotThrow(function() {
-        rawReporter(serializedResults, {}, function() {
+    rawReporter(runResults, {}, function (serializedResults) {
+      assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
+        rawReporter(serializedResults, {}, function () {
           done();
         });
       });
     });
   });
+
+  it('uses nodeSerializer', done => {
+    var rawReporter = axe.getReporter('raw');
+    var spy = sinon.spy(axe.utils.nodeSerializer, 'mapRawNodeResults');
+    rawReporter(
+      runResults,
+      {},
+      function () {
+        assert.isTrue(spy.called);
+        done();
+      },
+      done
+    );
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/reporters/v1.js b/test/core/reporters/v1.js
index 8e4e53288..8ebc2c557 100644
--- a/test/core/reporters/v1.js
+++ b/test/core/reporters/v1.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('reporters - v1', function() {
+describe('reporters - v1', function () {
   'use strict';
   var runResults,
     _results = [
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ describe('reporters - v1', function() {
         ]
       }
     ];
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     runResults = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(_results));
     axe._load({
       messages: {},
@@ -183,12 +183,12 @@ describe('reporters - v1', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     axe._audit = null;
   });
 
-  it('should merge the runRules results into violations and passes', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should merge the runRules results into violations and passes', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.isObject(results);
       assert.isArray(results.violations);
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 2);
@@ -196,32 +196,32 @@ describe('reporters - v1', function() {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 2);
     });
   });
-  it('should add the rule id to the rule result', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add the rule id to the rule result', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].id, 'idkStuff');
       assert.equal(results.violations[1].id, 'bypass');
       assert.equal(results.passes[0].id, 'gimmeLabel');
       assert.equal(results.passes[1].id, 'blinky');
     });
   });
-  it('should add tags to the rule result', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add tags to the rule result', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].tags, ['tag2']);
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[1].tags, ['tag3']);
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].tags, ['tag1']);
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[1].tags, ['tag4']);
     });
   });
-  it('should add the rule help to the rule result', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add the rule help to the rule result', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.isNotOk(results.violations[0].helpUrl);
       assert.isNotOk(results.violations[1].helpUrl);
       assert.equal(results.passes[0].helpUrl, 'things');
       assert.isNotOk(results.passes[1].helpUrl);
     });
   });
-  it('should add the html to the node data', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add the html to the node data', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.ok(results.violations[0].nodes);
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes.length, 1);
       assert.equal(
@@ -239,8 +239,8 @@ describe('reporters - v1', function() {
       );
     });
   });
-  it('should add the failure summary to the node data', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add the failure summary to the node data', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.ok(results.violations[0].nodes);
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes.length, 1);
       assert.equal(
@@ -253,8 +253,8 @@ describe('reporters - v1', function() {
       );
     });
   });
-  it('should add the target selector array to the node data', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add the target selector array to the node data', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.ok(results.violations[0].nodes);
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes.length, 1);
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, [
@@ -264,8 +264,8 @@ describe('reporters - v1', function() {
       ]);
     });
   });
-  it('should add the description to the rule result', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add the description to the rule result', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].description, 'something more nifty');
       assert.equal(
         results.violations[1].description,
@@ -275,37 +275,41 @@ describe('reporters - v1', function() {
       assert.equal(results.passes[1].description, 'something awesome');
     });
   });
-  it('should add the impact to the rule result', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add the impact to the rule result', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].impact, 'cats');
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes[0].impact, 'cats');
       assert.equal(results.violations[1].impact, 'monkeys');
       assert.equal(results.violations[1].nodes[0].impact, 'monkeys');
     });
   });
-  it('should add environment data', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add environment data', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.isDefined(results.url);
       assert.isDefined(results.timestamp);
       assert.isDefined(results.testEnvironment);
       assert.isDefined(results.testRunner);
     });
   });
-  it('should add toolOptions property', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add toolOptions property', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.isDefined(results.toolOptions);
     });
   });
   it('uses the environmentData option instead of environment data if specified', function () {
     var environmentData = {
       myReporter: 'hello world'
-    }
-    axe.getReporter('v1')(runResults, { environmentData: environmentData }, function(results) {
-      assert.equal(results.myReporter, 'hello world');
-      assert.isUndefined(results.url);
-      assert.isUndefined(results.timestamp);
-      assert.isUndefined(results.testEnvironment);
-      assert.isUndefined(results.testRunner);
-    });
+    };
+    axe.getReporter('v1')(
+      runResults,
+      { environmentData: environmentData },
+      function (results) {
+        assert.equal(results.myReporter, 'hello world');
+        assert.isUndefined(results.url);
+        assert.isUndefined(results.timestamp);
+        assert.isUndefined(results.testEnvironment);
+        assert.isUndefined(results.testRunner);
+      }
+    );
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/reporters/v2.js b/test/core/reporters/v2.js
index b7380a595..29d13b6f6 100644
--- a/test/core/reporters/v2.js
+++ b/test/core/reporters/v2.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('reporters - v2', function() {
+describe('reporters - v2', function () {
   'use strict';
   var runResults,
     _results = [
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ describe('reporters - v2', function() {
         ]
       }
     ];
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     runResults = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(_results));
     axe._load({
       messages: {},
@@ -94,12 +94,12 @@ describe('reporters - v2', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     axe._audit = null;
   });
 
-  it('should merge the runRules results into violations and passes', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should merge the runRules results into violations and passes', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.isObject(results);
       assert.isArray(results.violations);
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
@@ -107,26 +107,26 @@ describe('reporters - v2', function() {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     });
   });
-  it('should add the rule id to the rule result', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add the rule id to the rule result', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].id, 'idkStuff');
       assert.equal(results.passes[0].id, 'gimmeLabel');
     });
   });
-  it('should add tags to the rule result', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add tags to the rule result', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].tags, ['tag2']);
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].tags, ['tag1']);
     });
   });
-  it('should add the rule help to the rule result', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add the rule help to the rule result', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.isNotOk(results.violations[0].helpUrl);
       assert.equal(results.passes[0].helpUrl, 'things');
     });
   });
-  it('should add the html to the node data', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add the html to the node data', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.ok(results.violations[0].nodes);
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes.length, 1);
       assert.equal(
@@ -136,8 +136,8 @@ describe('reporters - v2', function() {
       assert.equal(results.passes[0].nodes[0].html, '<minkey>chimp</minky>');
     });
   });
-  it('should add the target selector array to the node data', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add the target selector array to the node data', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.ok(results.violations[0].nodes);
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes.length, 1);
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, [
@@ -147,22 +147,22 @@ describe('reporters - v2', function() {
       ]);
     });
   });
-  it('should add the description to the rule result', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add the description to the rule result', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].description, 'something more nifty');
       assert.equal(results.passes[0].description, 'something nifty');
     });
   });
-  it('should add the impact to the rule result', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add the impact to the rule result', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].impact, 'cats');
       assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes[0].impact, 'cats');
       assert.isNotOk(results.passes[0].impact);
       assert.isNotOk(results.passes[0].nodes[0].impact);
     });
   });
-  it('should map relatedNodes', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should map relatedNodes', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes[0].all[0].relatedNodes, 1);
       assert.equal(
         results.violations[0].nodes[0].all[0].relatedNodes[0].target,
@@ -184,29 +184,33 @@ describe('reporters - v2', function() {
       );
     });
   });
-  it('should add environment data', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add environment data', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.isDefined(results.url);
       assert.isDefined(results.timestamp);
       assert.isDefined(results.testEnvironment);
       assert.isDefined(results.testRunner);
     });
   });
-  it('should add toolOptions property', function() {
-    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function(results) {
+  it('should add toolOptions property', function () {
+    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, {}, function (results) {
       assert.isDefined(results.toolOptions);
     });
   });
   it('uses the environmentData option instead of environment data if specified', function () {
     var environmentData = {
       myReporter: 'hello world'
-    }
-    axe.getReporter('v2')(runResults, { environmentData: environmentData }, function(results) {
-      assert.equal(results.myReporter, 'hello world');
-      assert.isUndefined(results.url);
-      assert.isUndefined(results.timestamp);
-      assert.isUndefined(results.testEnvironment);
-      assert.isUndefined(results.testRunner);
-    });
+    };
+    axe.getReporter('v2')(
+      runResults,
+      { environmentData: environmentData },
+      function (results) {
+        assert.equal(results.myReporter, 'hello world');
+        assert.isUndefined(results.url);
+        assert.isUndefined(results.timestamp);
+        assert.isUndefined(results.testEnvironment);
+        assert.isUndefined(results.testRunner);
+      }
+    );
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/aggregate.js b/test/core/utils/aggregate.js
index 83077b49d..9fb275fe2 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/aggregate.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/aggregate.js
@@ -1,31 +1,31 @@
-describe('aggregate', function() {
+describe('aggregate', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var map = ['youngling', 'padawan', 'knight', 'master', 'grand master'];
 
   var values = ['knight', 'master', 'padawan'];
 
-  it('takes a map, values array and initial value', function() {
+  it('takes a map, values array and initial value', function () {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.aggregate);
     assert.lengthOf(axe.utils.aggregate, 3);
 
-    assert.doesNotThrow(function() {
+    assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
       axe.utils.aggregate(map, values, 'youngling');
     });
   });
 
-  it('does not change the values array', function() {
+  it('does not change the values array', function () {
     var copy = [].concat(values);
     axe.utils.aggregate(map, values, 'youngling');
     assert.deepEqual(values, copy);
   });
 
-  it('picks the value with the highest index in the map, from the list of values', function() {
+  it('picks the value with the highest index in the map, from the list of values', function () {
     var result = axe.utils.aggregate(map, ['knight', 'master', 'youngling']);
     assert.equal(result, 'master');
   });
 
-  it('considers the initial value in addition to the other values', function() {
+  it('considers the initial value in addition to the other values', function () {
     var result = axe.utils.aggregate(
       map,
       ['knight', 'master', 'youngling'],
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ describe('aggregate', function() {
     assert.equal(result, 'grand master');
   });
 
-  it('ignores values not on the map', function() {
+  it('ignores values not on the map', function () {
     var result = axe.utils.aggregate(
       map,
       ['bounty hunter', 'sith lord'],
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ describe('aggregate', function() {
     assert.equal(result, 'youngling');
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined if no value was found', function() {
+  it('returns undefined if no value was found', function () {
     assert.isUndefined(axe.utils.aggregate(map, ['smugler', 'droid']));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/aggregateChecks.js b/test/core/utils/aggregateChecks.js
index 433800c2e..997c4d942 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/aggregateChecks.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/aggregateChecks.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function () {
   'use strict';
   var FAIL = axe.constants.FAIL;
   var PASS = axe.constants.PASS;
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function() {
   // create an object of check results, padding input with defaults and
   // wrapping arrays where required
   function createTestCheckResults(node) {
-    ['any', 'all', 'none'].forEach(function(type) {
+    ['any', 'all', 'none'].forEach(function (type) {
       if (typeof node[type] === 'undefined') {
         node[type] = [];
       } else if (Array.isArray(node[type])) {
-        node[type] = node[type].map(function(val) {
+        node[type] = node[type].map(function (val) {
           if (typeof val !== 'object') {
             return { result: val };
           } else {
@@ -29,23 +29,23 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function() {
     return node;
   }
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     axe._load({});
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function() {
+  it('should be a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.aggregateChecks);
   });
 
-  it('Should be `inapplicable` when no results are given', function() {
+  it('Should be `inapplicable` when no results are given', function () {
     var ruleResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(createTestCheckResults({}));
 
     assert.equal(ruleResult.result, NA);
   });
 
-  it('sets result  to cantTell when result is not a boolean', function() {
+  it('sets result  to cantTell when result is not a boolean', function () {
     var values = [undefined, null, 0, 'true', {}, NaN];
-    values.forEach(function(value) {
+    values.forEach(function (value) {
       var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           any: [{ result: value }]
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns impact for fail and canttell', function() {
+  it('returns impact for fail and canttell', function () {
     var failCheck = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
       createTestCheckResults({
         any: [{ result: false, impact: 'serious' }]
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function() {
     assert.equal(canttellCheck.impact, 'moderate');
   });
 
-  it('sets impact to null for pass', function() {
+  it('sets impact to null for pass', function () {
     var passCheck = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
       createTestCheckResults({
         any: [{ result: true, impact: 'serious' }]
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function() {
     assert.isNull(passCheck.impact);
   });
 
-  describe('none', function() {
-    it('gives result FAIL when any is true', function() {
+  describe('none', function () {
+    it('gives result FAIL when any is true', function () {
       var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           none: [false, true, undefined]
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function() {
       assert.equal(checkResult.result, FAIL);
     });
 
-    it('gives result CANTTELL when none is true and any is not a boolean', function() {
+    it('gives result CANTTELL when none is true and any is not a boolean', function () {
       var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           none: [undefined, false]
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function() {
       assert.equal(checkResult.result, CANTTELL);
     });
 
-    it('gives result PASS when all are FALSE', function() {
+    it('gives result PASS when all are FALSE', function () {
       var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           none: [false, false]
@@ -110,8 +110,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('any', function() {
-    it('gives result PASS when any is true', function() {
+  describe('any', function () {
+    it('gives result PASS when any is true', function () {
       var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           any: [undefined, true]
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function() {
       assert.equal(checkResult.result, PASS);
     });
 
-    it('gives result CANTTELL when none is true and any is not a bool', function() {
+    it('gives result CANTTELL when none is true and any is not a bool', function () {
       var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           any: [undefined, false]
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function() {
       assert.equal(checkResult.result, CANTTELL);
     });
 
-    it('gives result FAIL when all are false', function() {
+    it('gives result FAIL when all are false', function () {
       var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           any: [false, false]
@@ -139,8 +139,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('all', function() {
-    it('gives result FAIL when any is false', function() {
+  describe('all', function () {
+    it('gives result FAIL when any is false', function () {
       var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           all: [false, true, undefined]
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function() {
       assert.equal(checkResult.result, FAIL);
     });
 
-    it('gives result CANTTELL when none is false and any is not a boolean', function() {
+    it('gives result CANTTELL when none is false and any is not a boolean', function () {
       var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           all: [undefined, true]
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function() {
       assert.equal(checkResult.result, CANTTELL);
     });
 
-    it('gives result PASS when all are true', function() {
+    it('gives result PASS when all are true', function () {
       var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           all: [true, true]
@@ -169,8 +169,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('combined', function() {
-    it('gives result PASS when all are PASS', function() {
+  describe('combined', function () {
+    it('gives result PASS when all are PASS', function () {
       var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           any: true,
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function() {
       assert.equal(checkResult.result, PASS);
     });
 
-    it('gives result CANTTELL when none is FAIL and any is CANTTELL', function() {
+    it('gives result CANTTELL when none is FAIL and any is CANTTELL', function () {
       var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           any: 0,
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function() {
       assert.equal(checkResult.result, CANTTELL);
     });
 
-    it('gives result FAIL when any are FAIL', function() {
+    it('gives result FAIL when any are FAIL', function () {
       var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           any: 0,
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function() {
       assert.equal(checkResult.result, FAIL);
     });
 
-    it('ignores fail checks on any, if at least one passed', function() {
+    it('ignores fail checks on any, if at least one passed', function () {
       var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           any: [false, undefined, true], // cantTell
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateChecks', function() {
       assert.lengthOf(checkResult.none, 1);
     });
 
-    it('includes cantTell checks from any if there are no fails', function() {
+    it('includes cantTell checks from any if there are no fails', function () {
       var checkResult = axe.utils.aggregateChecks(
         createTestCheckResults({
           any: [undefined, undefined, false], // cantTell
diff --git a/test/core/utils/aggregateNodeResults.js b/test/core/utils/aggregateNodeResults.js
index aed5db280..dfd2c60f0 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/aggregateNodeResults.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/aggregateNodeResults.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults', function () {
   'use strict';
   var FAIL = 'failed';
   var PASS = 'passed';
@@ -9,12 +9,12 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults', function() {
   // wrapping arrays where required
   function createTestResults() {
     var args = [].slice.call(arguments);
-    return args.map(function(node) {
-      ['any', 'all', 'none'].forEach(function(type) {
+    return args.map(function (node) {
+      ['any', 'all', 'none'].forEach(function (type) {
         if (typeof node[type] === 'undefined') {
           node[type] = [];
         } else if (Array.isArray(node[type])) {
-          node[type] = node[type].map(function(val) {
+          node[type] = node[type].map(function (val) {
             if (typeof val !== 'object') {
               return { result: val };
             } else {
@@ -32,20 +32,20 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults', function() {
     });
   }
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     axe._load({});
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function() {
+  it('should be a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults);
   });
 
-  it('Should be `inapplicable` when no results are given', function() {
+  it('Should be `inapplicable` when no results are given', function () {
     var ruleResult = axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults([]);
     assert.equal(ruleResult.result, INAPPLICABLE);
   });
 
-  it('should assign FAIL to ruleResult over PASS', function() {
+  it('should assign FAIL to ruleResult over PASS', function () {
     var ruleResult = axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults(
       createTestResults({ all: false }, { all: true }, { all: true })
     );
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(ruleResult.passes, 2);
   });
 
-  it('should assign FAIL to ruleResult over CANTTELL', function() {
+  it('should assign FAIL to ruleResult over CANTTELL', function () {
     var ruleResult = axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults(
       createTestResults({ all: false }, { all: 0 }, { all: true })
     );
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(ruleResult.passes, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should assign PASS to ruleResult if there are only passing checks', function() {
+  it('should assign PASS to ruleResult if there are only passing checks', function () {
     var ruleResult = axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults(
       createTestResults({ all: true }, { all: true }, { all: true })
     );
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(ruleResult.violations, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should assign FAIL if there are no passing anys checks', function() {
+  it('should assign FAIL if there are no passing anys checks', function () {
     var ruleResult = axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults(
       createTestResults({ any: false }, { any: false }, { any: false })
     );
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(ruleResult.passes, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should assign CANTTELL over PASS', function() {
+  it('should assign CANTTELL over PASS', function () {
     var ruleResult = axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults(
       createTestResults({ all: true }, { all: 0 }, { all: 0 })
     );
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(ruleResult.passes, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should provide impact on incomplete', function() {
+  it('should provide impact on incomplete', function () {
     var ruleResult = axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults(
       createTestResults({
         none: { result: undefined, impact: 'serious' }
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults', function() {
     assert.equal(ruleResult.impact, 'serious');
   });
 
-  it('should raise the highest "raisedMetadata" on failing checks', function() {
+  it('should raise the highest "raisedMetadata" on failing checks', function () {
     /*eslint indent:0 */
     var ruleResult = axe.utils.aggregateNodeResults(
       createTestResults(
diff --git a/test/core/utils/aggregateResult.js b/test/core/utils/aggregateResult.js
index 89fc43950..5eb70d9b6 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/aggregateResult.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/aggregateResult.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('axe.utils.aggregateResult', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.aggregateResult', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var results,
@@ -148,11 +148,11 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateResult', function() {
       }
     ];
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     results = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(_results));
   });
 
-  it('creates an object with arrays as properties for each result', function() {
+  it('creates an object with arrays as properties for each result', function () {
     var resultObject = axe.utils.aggregateResult(results);
 
     assert.isArray(resultObject.passes);
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateResult', function() {
     assert.isArray(resultObject.inapplicable);
   });
 
-  it('copies failures and passes to their respective arrays on the result object', function() {
+  it('copies failures and passes to their respective arrays on the result object', function () {
     // insert 1 pass and 1 fail
     var input = [results[0], results[1]];
     var resultObject = axe.utils.aggregateResult(input);
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateResult', function() {
     assert.notEqual(resultObject.violations[0].nodes, input[1].violations);
   });
 
-  it('creates a duplicate of the result for each outcome it has', function() {
+  it('creates a duplicate of the result for each outcome it has', function () {
     // insert 1 fail, containing a pass, a fail and a cantTell result
     var input = [results[2]];
     var resultObject = axe.utils.aggregateResult(input);
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.aggregateResult', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(resultObject.incomplete[0].nodes, input[0].incomplete);
   });
 
-  it('moves inapplicable results only to the inapplicable array', function() {
+  it('moves inapplicable results only to the inapplicable array', function () {
     // insert 1 fail, containing a pass, a fail and a cantTell result
     var input = [results[3]];
     var resultObject = axe.utils.aggregateResult(input);
diff --git a/test/core/utils/are-styles-set.js b/test/core/utils/are-styles-set.js
index d9b3aecba..3d4729d6f 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/are-styles-set.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/are-styles-set.js
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 /*global axe*/
-describe('axe.utils.areStylesSet', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.areStylesSet', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function() {
+  it('should be a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.areStylesSet);
   });
 
-  it('should return true if `display:none` is set', function() {
+  it('should return true if `display:none` is set', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="display:none;">Display None</div>';
 
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.areStylesSet', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if `display:none` is set', function() {
+  it('should return true if `display:none` is set', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="display:none;"><div id="target">Display None</div></div>';
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.areStylesSet', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if `visibility:hidden` is set', function() {
+  it('should return true if `visibility:hidden` is set', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="visibility:hidden;"><div id="target">Display None</div></div>';
 
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.areStylesSet', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if `visibility:hidden` is set', function() {
+  it('should return true if `visibility:hidden` is set', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="visibility:hidden;">Display None</div>';
 
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.areStylesSet', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if `visibility:hidden` is set', function() {
+  it('should return true if `visibility:hidden` is set', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="visibility:hidden;">Display None</div>';
 
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.areStylesSet', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if `visibility:hidden` is set', function() {
+  it('should return true if `visibility:hidden` is set', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="visibility:hidden;"><div id="target">Display None</div></div>';
 
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.areStylesSet', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if `display:none` is set', function() {
+  it('should return true if `display:none` is set', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="display:none;"><div id="target">Display None</div></div>';
 
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.areStylesSet', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if nothing is set', function() {
+  it('should return false if nothing is set', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style=""><div id="target">Display None</div></div>';
 
diff --git a/test/core/utils/assert.js b/test/core/utils/assert.js
index 03f794fb9..143176910 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/assert.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/assert.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-describe('axe.utils.assert', function() {
-  it('does nothing when passed a truthy value', function() {
-    assert.doesNotThrow(function() {
+describe('axe.utils.assert', function () {
+  it('does nothing when passed a truthy value', function () {
+    assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
       axe.utils.assert(true);
       axe.utils.assert('foo');
       axe.utils.assert(123);
@@ -9,22 +9,22 @@ describe('axe.utils.assert', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('throws an error when passed a falsey value', function() {
-    assert.throws(function() {
+  it('throws an error when passed a falsey value', function () {
+    assert.throws(function () {
       axe.utils.assert(false);
     });
-    assert.throws(function() {
+    assert.throws(function () {
       axe.utils.assert(0);
     });
-    assert.throws(function() {
+    assert.throws(function () {
       axe.utils.assert(null);
     });
-    assert.throws(function() {
+    assert.throws(function () {
       axe.utils.assert(undefined);
     });
   });
 
-  it('sets second argument as the error message', function() {
+  it('sets second argument as the error message', function () {
     var message = 'Something went wrong';
     try {
       axe.utils.assert(false, message);
diff --git a/test/core/utils/check-helper.js b/test/core/utils/check-helper.js
index a5c37b83b..41e2b0930 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/check-helper.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/check-helper.js
@@ -1,60 +1,60 @@
-describe('axe.utils.checkHelper', function() {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var DqElement = axe.utils.DqElement;
+describe('axe.utils.checkHelper', () => {
+  const { queryFixture, fixtureSetup } = axe.testUtils;
   function noop() {}
 
-  it('should be a function', function() {
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.checkHelper);
   });
 
-  it('should accept 4 named parameters', function() {
+  it('should accept 4 named parameters', () => {
     assert.lengthOf(axe.utils.checkHelper, 4);
   });
 
-  it('should return an object', function() {
+  it('should return an object', () => {
     assert.isObject(axe.utils.checkHelper());
   });
 
-  describe('return value', function() {
-    describe('async', function() {
-      it('should set isAsync property on returned object to `true` when called', function() {
-        var target = {},
+  describe('return value', () => {
+    describe('async', () => {
+      it('should set isAsync property on returned object to `true` when called', () => {
+        const target = {},
           helper = axe.utils.checkHelper(target, noop);
 
         helper.async();
         assert.isTrue(helper.isAsync);
       });
-      it('should call the third parameter of `axe.utils.checkHelper` when invoked', function() {
+
+      it('should call the third parameter of `axe.utils.checkHelper` when invoked', () => {
         function fn() {
           success = true;
         }
-        var success = false,
-          helper = axe.utils.checkHelper({}, {}, fn);
+        let success = false;
+        const helper = axe.utils.checkHelper({}, {}, fn);
 
-        var done = helper.async();
+        const done = helper.async();
         done();
 
         assert.isTrue(success);
       });
 
-      it('should call the fourth parameter of `axe.utils.checkHelper` when returning an error', function() {
-        var success = false;
+      it('should call the fourth parameter of `axe.utils.checkHelper` when returning an error', () => {
+        let success = false;
         function reject(e) {
           success = true;
           assert.equal(e.message, 'Concrete donkey!');
         }
 
-        var helper = axe.utils.checkHelper({}, {}, noop, reject);
-        var done = helper.async();
+        const helper = axe.utils.checkHelper({}, {}, noop, reject);
+        const done = helper.async();
         done(new Error('Concrete donkey!'));
 
         assert.isTrue(success);
       });
     });
-    describe('data', function() {
-      it('should set data property on target when called', function() {
-        var target = {},
+
+    describe('data', () => {
+      it('should set data property on target when called', () => {
+        const target = {},
           expected = { monkeys: 'bananas' },
           helper = axe.utils.checkHelper(target, noop);
 
@@ -63,65 +63,109 @@ describe('axe.utils.checkHelper', function() {
         assert.equal(target.data, expected);
       });
     });
-    describe('relatedNodes', function() {
-      var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-      afterEach(function() {
-        fixture.innerHTML = '';
+
+    describe('relatedNodes', () => {
+      const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+      const getSelector = node => node.selector;
+
+      it('returns DqElements', () => {
+        fixtureSetup('<div id="t1"></div><div id="t2"></div>');
+        const target = {};
+        const helper = axe.utils.checkHelper(target, noop);
+        helper.relatedNodes(fixture.children);
+        assert.instanceOf(target.relatedNodes[0], axe.utils.DqElement);
       });
-      it('should accept NodeList', function() {
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="t1"></div><div id="t2"></div>';
-        var target = {},
-          helper = axe.utils.checkHelper(target, noop);
+
+      it('should accept NodeList', () => {
+        fixtureSetup('<div id="t1"></div><div id="t2"></div>');
+        const target = {};
+        const helper = axe.utils.checkHelper(target, noop);
         helper.relatedNodes(fixture.children);
-        assert.lengthOf(target.relatedNodes, 2);
-        assert.instanceOf(target.relatedNodes[0], DqElement);
-        assert.instanceOf(target.relatedNodes[1], DqElement);
-        assert.equal(target.relatedNodes[0].element, fixture.children[0]);
-        assert.equal(target.relatedNodes[1].element, fixture.children[1]);
+        const selectors = target.relatedNodes.map(getSelector);
+        assert.deepEqual(selectors, [['#t1'], ['#t2']]);
       });
-      it('should accept a single Node', function() {
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="t1"></div><div id="t2"></div>';
-        var target = {},
-          helper = axe.utils.checkHelper(target, noop);
+
+      it('should accept a single Node', () => {
+        fixtureSetup('<div id="t1"></div><div id="t2"></div>');
+        const target = {};
+        const helper = axe.utils.checkHelper(target, noop);
         helper.relatedNodes(fixture.firstChild);
-        assert.lengthOf(target.relatedNodes, 1);
-        assert.instanceOf(target.relatedNodes[0], DqElement);
-        assert.equal(target.relatedNodes[0].element, fixture.firstChild);
+        const selectors = target.relatedNodes.map(getSelector);
+        assert.deepEqual(selectors, [['#t1']]);
       });
-      it('should accept an Array', function() {
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="t1"></div><div id="t2"></div>';
-        var target = {},
-          helper = axe.utils.checkHelper(target, noop);
+
+      it('should accept an Array', () => {
+        fixtureSetup('<div id="t1"></div><div id="t2"></div>');
+
+        const target = {};
+        const helper = axe.utils.checkHelper(target, noop);
         helper.relatedNodes(Array.prototype.slice.call(fixture.children));
-        assert.lengthOf(target.relatedNodes, 2);
-        assert.instanceOf(target.relatedNodes[0], DqElement);
-        assert.instanceOf(target.relatedNodes[1], DqElement);
-        assert.equal(target.relatedNodes[0].element, fixture.children[0]);
-        assert.equal(target.relatedNodes[1].element, fixture.children[1]);
+        const selectors = target.relatedNodes.map(getSelector);
+        assert.deepEqual(selectors, [['#t1'], ['#t2']]);
       });
-      it('should accept an array-like Object', function() {
-        fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="t1"></div><div id="t2"></div>';
-        var target = {},
-          helper = axe.utils.checkHelper(target, noop);
-        var nodes = {
+
+      it('should accept an array-like Object', () => {
+        fixtureSetup('<div id="t1"></div><div id="t2"></div>');
+        const target = {};
+        const helper = axe.utils.checkHelper(target, noop);
+        const nodes = {
           0: fixture.children[0],
           1: fixture.children[1],
           length: 2
         };
         helper.relatedNodes(nodes);
-        assert.lengthOf(target.relatedNodes, 2);
-        assert.instanceOf(target.relatedNodes[0], DqElement);
-        assert.instanceOf(target.relatedNodes[1], DqElement);
-        assert.equal(target.relatedNodes[0].element, fixture.children[0]);
-        assert.equal(target.relatedNodes[1].element, fixture.children[1]);
+        const selectors = target.relatedNodes.map(getSelector);
+        assert.deepEqual(selectors, [['#t1'], ['#t2']]);
       });
-      it('should noop for non-node-like objects', function() {
-        var target = {},
-          helper = axe.utils.checkHelper(target, noop);
-        var nodes = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+
+      it('should accept a VirtualNode', () => {
+        const vNode = queryFixture('<a id="target"></a>');
+        const target = {};
+        const helper = axe.utils.checkHelper(target, noop);
+        helper.relatedNodes(vNode);
+        const selectors = target.relatedNodes.map(getSelector);
+        assert.deepEqual(selectors, [['#target']]);
+      });
+
+      it('should accept an array of VirtualNodes', () => {
+        const vNode = queryFixture(`
+          <div id="target"><a id="a"></a><b id="b"></b></div>
+        `);
+        const target = {};
+        const helper = axe.utils.checkHelper(target, noop);
+        helper.relatedNodes(vNode.children);
+        const selectors = target.relatedNodes.map(getSelector);
+        assert.deepEqual(selectors, [['#a'], ['#b']]);
+      });
+
+      it('should filter out non-nodes', () => {
+        const vNode = queryFixture(`
+          <div><a id="target"></a><b id="b"></b></div>
+        `);
+        const target = {};
+        const helper = axe.utils.checkHelper(target, noop);
+        const nodes = [
+          null,
+          vNode,
+          true,
+          fixture.querySelector('b'),
+          'hello world',
+          new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+            nodeName: 's'
+          })
+        ];
+        helper.relatedNodes(nodes);
+        const selectors = target.relatedNodes.map(getSelector);
+        assert.deepEqual(selectors, [['#target'], ['#b']]);
+      });
+
+      it('should noop for non-node-like objects', () => {
+        const target = {};
+        const helper = axe.utils.checkHelper(target, noop);
+        const nodes = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
           nodeName: 'div'
         });
-        assert.doesNotThrow(function() {
+        assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
           helper.relatedNodes(nodes);
         });
         assert.lengthOf(target.relatedNodes, 0);
diff --git a/test/core/utils/clone.js b/test/core/utils/clone.js
index 8e5754544..45cc86fe7 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/clone.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/clone.js
@@ -1,26 +1,26 @@
-describe('utils.clone', function() {
-  'use strict';
-  var clone = axe.utils.clone;
+describe('utils.clone', () => {
+  const clone = axe.utils.clone;
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
 
-  it('should clone an object', function() {
-    var obj = {
+  it('should clone an object', () => {
+    const obj = {
       cats: true,
       dogs: 2,
-      fish: [0, 1, 2]
+      fish: [0, 1, { one: 'two' }]
     };
-    var c = clone(obj);
+    const c = clone(obj);
 
     obj.cats = false;
     obj.dogs = 1;
-    obj.fish[0] = 'stuff';
+    obj.fish[2].one = 'three';
 
     assert.strictEqual(c.cats, true);
     assert.strictEqual(c.dogs, 2);
-    assert.deepEqual(c.fish, [0, 1, 2]);
+    assert.deepEqual(c.fish, [0, 1, { one: 'two' }]);
   });
 
-  it('should clone nested objects', function() {
-    var obj = {
+  it('should clone nested objects', () => {
+    const obj = {
       cats: {
         fred: 1,
         billy: 2,
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ describe('utils.clone', function() {
       },
       fish: [0, 1, 2]
     };
-    var c = clone(obj);
+    const c = clone(obj);
 
     obj.cats.fred = 47;
     obj.dogs = 47;
@@ -54,45 +54,107 @@ describe('utils.clone', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(c.fish, [0, 1, 2]);
   });
 
-  it('should clone objects with methods', function() {
-    var obj = {
-      cats: function() {
+  it('should clone objects with methods', () => {
+    const obj = {
+      cats: () => {
         return 'meow';
       },
-      dogs: function() {
+      dogs: () => {
         return 'woof';
       }
     };
-    var c = clone(obj);
+    const c = clone(obj);
 
     assert.strictEqual(obj.cats, c.cats);
     assert.strictEqual(obj.dogs, c.dogs);
 
-    obj.cats = function() {};
-    obj.dogs = function() {};
+    obj.cats = () => {};
+    obj.dogs = () => {};
 
     assert.notStrictEqual(obj.cats, c.cats);
     assert.notStrictEqual(obj.dogs, c.dogs);
   });
 
-  it('should clone prototypes', function() {
+  it('should clone prototypes', () => {
     function Cat(name) {
       this.name = name;
     }
 
-    Cat.prototype.meow = function() {
+    Cat.prototype.meow = () => {
       return 'meow';
     };
 
-    Cat.prototype.bark = function() {
+    Cat.prototype.bark = () => {
       return 'cats dont bark';
     };
 
-    var cat = new Cat('Fred'),
+    const cat = new Cat('Fred'),
       c = clone(cat);
 
     assert.deepEqual(cat.name, c.name);
     assert.deepEqual(Cat.prototype.bark, c.bark);
     assert.deepEqual(Cat.prototype.meow, c.meow);
   });
+
+  it('should clone circular objects while keeping the circular reference', () => {
+    const obj = { cats: true };
+    obj.child = obj;
+    const c = clone(obj);
+
+    obj.cats = false;
+
+    assert.deepEqual(c, {
+      cats: true,
+      child: c
+    });
+    assert.strictEqual(c, c.child);
+  });
+
+  it('should not return the same object when cloned twice', () => {
+    const obj = { cats: true };
+    const c1 = clone(obj);
+    const c2 = clone(obj);
+
+    assert.notStrictEqual(c1, c2);
+  });
+
+  it('should not return the same object when nested', () => {
+    const obj = { dogs: true };
+    const obj1 = { cats: true, child: { prop: obj } };
+    const obj2 = { fish: [0, 1, 2], child: { prop: obj } };
+
+    const c1 = clone(obj1);
+    const c2 = clone(obj2);
+
+    assert.notStrictEqual(c1.child.prop, c2.child.prop);
+  });
+
+  it('should not clone HTML elements', () => {
+    const obj = {
+      cats: true,
+      node: document.createElement('div')
+    };
+    const c = clone(obj);
+
+    obj.cats = false;
+
+    assert.equal(c.cats, true);
+    assert.strictEqual(c.node, obj.node);
+  });
+
+  it('should not clone HTML elements from different windows', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<iframe id="target"></iframe>';
+    const iframe = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+
+    const obj = {
+      cats: true,
+      node: iframe.contentDocument
+    };
+    const c = clone(obj);
+
+    obj.cats = false;
+
+    assert.equal(c.cats, true);
+    assert.strictEqual(c.node, obj.node);
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/closest.js b/test/core/utils/closest.js
index 4e19bffaa..877213519 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/closest.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/closest.js
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-describe('utils.closest', function() {
+describe('utils.closest', function () {
   var closest = axe.utils.closest;
   var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should find the current node', function() {
+  it('should find the current node', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="parent"><div id="target">foo</div></div>'
     );
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ describe('utils.closest', function() {
     assert.equal(closestNode, virtualNode);
   });
 
-  it('should find a parent node', function() {
+  it('should find a parent node', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="parent"><span id="target">foo</span></div>'
     );
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ describe('utils.closest', function() {
     assert.equal(closestNode, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(parent));
   });
 
-  it('should find an ancestor node', function() {
+  it('should find an ancestor node', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="parent"><span><span><span><span id="target">foo</span></span></span></div>'
     );
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ describe('utils.closest', function() {
     assert.equal(closestNode, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(parent));
   });
 
-  it('should return null if no ancestor is found', function() {
+  it('should return null if no ancestor is found', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="parent"><div id="target">foo</div></div>'
     );
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ describe('utils.closest', function() {
     assert.isNull(closestNode);
   });
 
-  it('should error if tree is not complete', function() {
+  it('should error if tree is not complete', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
     virtualNode.parent = undefined;
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ describe('utils.closest', function() {
     assert.throws(fn);
   });
 
-  it('should not error if tree is complete', function() {
+  it('should not error if tree is complete', function () {
     var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">foo</div>');
     virtualNode.parent = null;
 
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ describe('utils.closest', function() {
     assert.doesNotThrow(fn);
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)('should support shadow dom', function() {
+  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)('should support shadow dom', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="parent"></div>';
 
     var root = fixture.firstChild.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/collect-results-from-frames.js b/test/core/utils/collect-results-from-frames.js
index 70aade188..6cb3193c3 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/collect-results-from-frames.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/collect-results-from-frames.js
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var Context = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.Context;
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var noop = function() {};
+  var noop = function () {};
   var origSetTimeout = window.setTimeout;
 
   function contextSetup(scope) {
@@ -14,18 +14,18 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function() {
     return context;
   }
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     window.setTimeout = origSetTimeout;
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
     axe._selectorData = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should timeout the ping request after 500ms', function(done) {
+  it('should timeout the ping request after 500ms', function (done) {
     this.timeout = 1000;
 
     var timeoutSet = false;
-    window.setTimeout = function(fn, to) {
+    window.setTimeout = function (fn, to) {
       if (to === 500) {
         timeoutSet = true;
         fn();
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function() {
     };
 
     var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function() {
+    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
       var context = contextSetup(document);
 
       axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames(
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function() {
         {},
         'stuff',
         'morestuff',
-        function() {
+        function () {
           assert.isTrue(timeoutSet);
           done();
         },
@@ -58,11 +58,11 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function() {
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   });
 
-  it('should override the ping timeout with `options.pingWaitTime`, if provided', function(done) {
+  it('should override the ping timeout with `options.pingWaitTime`, if provided', function (done) {
     this.timeout = 1000;
 
     var timeoutSet = false;
-    window.setTimeout = function(fn, to) {
+    window.setTimeout = function (fn, to) {
       if (to === 90000) {
         timeoutSet = true;
         fn();
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function() {
     };
 
     var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function() {
+    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
       var context = contextSetup(document);
       var params = { pingWaitTime: 90000 };
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function() {
         params,
         'stuff',
         'morestuff',
-        function() {
+        function () {
           assert.isTrue(timeoutSet);
           done();
         },
@@ -96,8 +96,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function() {
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   });
 
-  it('should timeout the start request after 60s', function(done) {
-    window.setTimeout = function(fn, to) {
+  it('should timeout the start request after 60s', function (done) {
+    window.setTimeout = function (fn, to) {
       if (to === 60000) {
         assert.ok('timeout set');
         fn();
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function() {
     };
 
     var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function() {
+    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
       var context = contextSetup(document);
       axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames(
         context,
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function() {
         'stuff',
         'morestuff',
         noop,
-        function(err) {
+        function (err) {
           assert.instanceOf(err, Error);
           assert.equal(err.message.split(/: /)[0], 'Axe in frame timed out');
           done();
@@ -130,8 +130,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function() {
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   });
 
-  it('should override the start timeout with `options.frameWaitTime`, if provided', function(done) {
-    window.setTimeout = function(fn, to) {
+  it('should override the start timeout with `options.frameWaitTime`, if provided', function (done) {
+    window.setTimeout = function (fn, to) {
       if (to === 90000) {
         assert.ok('timeout set');
         fn();
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function() {
     };
 
     var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function() {
+    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
       var context = contextSetup(document);
       var params = { frameWaitTime: 90000 };
 
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function() {
         'stuff',
         'morestuff',
         noop,
-        function(err) {
+        function (err) {
           assert.instanceOf(err, Error);
           assert.equal(err.message.split(/: /)[0], 'Axe in frame timed out');
           done();
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function() {
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   });
 
-  it('should not throw given a recursive iframe', function(done) {
+  it('should not throw given a recursive iframe', function (done) {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function() {
           any: [
             {
               id: 'iframe',
-              evaluate: function() {
+              evaluate: function () {
                 return true;
               }
             }
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function() {
     });
 
     var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function() {
+    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
       var context = contextSetup(document);
 
       axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames(
@@ -194,10 +194,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function() {
         {},
         'rules',
         'morestuff',
-        function() {
+        function () {
           done();
         },
-        function(e) {
+        function (e) {
           assert.ok(false, e);
           done();
         }
@@ -209,19 +209,19 @@ describe('axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames', function() {
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   });
 
-  it('returns errors send from the frame', function(done) {
+  it('returns errors send from the frame', function (done) {
     var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function() {
+    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
       var context = contextSetup(document);
       axe.utils.collectResultsFromFrames(
         context,
         {},
         'rules',
         'morestuff',
-        function() {
+        function () {
           done(new Error('Should not be called'));
         },
-        function(err) {
+        function (err) {
           assert.instanceOf(err, Error);
           assert.equal(err.message.split(/\n/)[0], 'error in axe.throw');
           done();
diff --git a/test/core/utils/contains.js b/test/core/utils/contains.js
index e9e0ea1ce..b3ff650fb 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/contains.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/contains.js
@@ -1,134 +1,146 @@
-describe('axe.utils.contains', function() {
-  'use strict';
+describe('axe.utils.contains', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const { fixtureSetup, createNestedShadowDom } = axe.testUtils;
+
+  it('is true when the first node is an ancestor', () => {
+    const tree = fixtureSetup(`<section> <img> </section>`);
+    const node1 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'section')[0];
+    const node2 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'img')[0];
+    assert.isTrue(axe.utils.contains(node1, node2));
+  });
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+  it('is false when the first node is a descendant', () => {
+    const tree = fixtureSetup(`<section> <img> </section>`);
+    const node1 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'img')[0];
+    const node2 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'section')[0];
+    assert.isFalse(axe.utils.contains(node1, node2));
+  });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
+  it('is false when the nodes are siblings', () => {
+    const tree = fixtureSetup(`<section></section> <img>`);
+    const node1 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'img')[0];
+    const node2 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'section')[0];
+    assert.isFalse(axe.utils.contains(node1, node2));
+    assert.isFalse(axe.utils.contains(node2, node1));
   });
 
-  it('should first check contains', function() {
-    var success = false,
-      node2 = { actualNode: 'not really a node but it doesnt matter' },
-      node1 = {
-        actualNode: {
-          contains: function(n2) {
-            success = true;
-            assert.deepEqual(n2, node2.actualNode);
-          },
-          compareDocumentPosition: function() {
-            success = false;
-            assert.ok(false, 'should not be called');
-          }
-        }
-      };
+  it('is true when the passed the same node', () => {
+    const tree = fixtureSetup(`<img>`);
+    const node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'img')[0];
+    assert.isTrue(axe.utils.contains(node, node));
+  });
 
-    axe.utils.contains(node1, node2);
-    assert.isTrue(success);
+  it('is false when the nodes are cousins', () => {
+    const tree = fixtureSetup(`<section> <input> </section> <img>`);
+    const node1 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'input')[0];
+    const node2 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'img')[0];
+    assert.isFalse(axe.utils.contains(node1, node2));
+    assert.isFalse(axe.utils.contains(node2, node1));
   });
 
-  it('should fallback to compareDocumentPosition', function() {
-    var success = false,
-      node2 = { actualNode: 'not really a node but it doesnt matter' },
-      node1 = {
+  describe('using fallbacks', () => {
+    it('should first check DOMNode.contains', () => {
+      let success = false;
+      const node2 = { actualNode: 'not really a node but it doesnt matter' };
+      const node1 = {
         actualNode: {
-          compareDocumentPosition: function(n2) {
+          contains: function (n2) {
             success = true;
             assert.deepEqual(n2, node2.actualNode);
+          },
+          compareDocumentPosition: () => {
+            success = false;
+            assert.ok(false, 'should not be called');
           }
         }
       };
 
-    axe.utils.contains(node1, node2);
-    assert.isTrue(success);
-  });
+      axe.utils.contains(node1, node2);
+      assert.isTrue(success);
+    });
 
-  it('should compareDocumentPosition against bitwise & 16', function() {
-    var node2 = { actualNode: 'not really a node but it doesnt matter' },
-      node1 = {
-        actualNode: {
-          compareDocumentPosition: function() {
-            return 20;
-          }
-        }
+    it('should fallback to parent lookup', () => {
+      const node1 = {};
+      const node2 = {
+        parent: node1
       };
-
-    assert.isTrue(axe.utils.contains(node1, node2));
-  });
-
-  it('should fallback to parent lookup', function() {
-    var node1 = {};
-    var node2 = {
-      parent: node1
-    };
-
-    assert.isTrue(axe.utils.contains(node1, node2));
+      assert.isTrue(axe.utils.contains(node1, node2));
+    });
   });
 
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should work when the child is inside shadow DOM',
-    function() {
-      var tree, node1, node2;
-
-      function createContentContains() {
-        var group = document.createElement('div');
-        group.innerHTML =
-          '<label id="mylabel">Label</label><input aria-labelledby="mylabel" type="text" />';
-        return group;
-      }
-
-      function makeShadowTreeContains(node) {
-        var root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-        var div = document.createElement('div');
-        div.className = 'parent';
-        root.appendChild(div);
-        div.appendChild(createContentContains());
-      }
-      // shadow DOM v1 - note: v0 is compatible with this code, so no need
-      // to specifically test this
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
-      makeShadowTreeContains(fixture.firstChild);
-      tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
-      node1 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '.parent')[0];
-      node2 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'input')[0];
+  describe('with shadow DOM', () => {
+    it('works when nodes are in the same tree', () => {
+      createNestedShadowDom(
+        fixture,
+        `<div id="shadowHost"></div>`,
+        `<section> <img> </section>`
+      );
+      const tree = axe.setup(fixture);
+      const node1 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'section')[0];
+      const node2 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'img')[0];
       assert.isTrue(axe.utils.contains(node1, node2));
-    }
-  );
-
-  (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
-    'should work with slotted elements inside shadow DOM',
-    function() {
-      var tree, node1, node2;
-
-      function createContentSlotted() {
-        var group = document.createElement('div');
-        group.innerHTML = '<div id="target">Stuff<slot></slot></div>';
-        return group;
-      }
-      function makeShadowTree(node) {
-        var root = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-        var div = document.createElement('div');
-        var a = document.createElement('a');
-        div.appendChild(a);
-        root.appendChild(div);
-        div.appendChild(createContentSlotted());
-      }
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
-      makeShadowTree(fixture.firstChild);
-      tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild)[0].children;
-      node1 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
-      node2 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'a')[0];
+      assert.isFalse(axe.utils.contains(node2, node1));
+    });
+
+    it('works when the nodes are in nested trees', () => {
+      createNestedShadowDom(
+        fixture,
+        `<section id="shadowHost"></section>`,
+        `<div> <img> </div>`
+      );
+      const tree = axe.setup(fixture);
+      const node1 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'section')[0];
+      const node2 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'img')[0];
       assert.isTrue(axe.utils.contains(node1, node2));
-    }
-  );
-
-  it('should work', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="outer"><div id="inner"></div></div>';
-    var inner = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document.getElementById('inner'))[0];
-    var outer = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document.getElementById('outer'))[0];
+      assert.isFalse(axe.utils.contains(node2, node1));
+    });
+
+    it('works when the nodes are in nested multiple layers deep', () => {
+      createNestedShadowDom(
+        fixture,
+        `<main id="shadowHost"></main>`,
+        '<article> <div id="shadowHost"></div> </article>',
+        '<section> <div id="shadowHost"></div> </section>',
+        `<div> <img> </div>`
+      );
+      const tree = axe.setup(fixture);
+      const node1 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'main')[0];
+      const node2 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'img')[0];
+      assert.isTrue(axe.utils.contains(node1, node2));
+      assert.isFalse(axe.utils.contains(node2, node1));
+    });
+
+    it('is false when the nodes are in adjacent trees', () => {
+      createNestedShadowDom(
+        fixture,
+        '<div id="firstHost" class="shadowHost"></div>',
+        `<img>`
+      );
+      createNestedShadowDom(
+        fixture,
+        '<div id="secondHost" class="shadowHost"></div>',
+        `<input>`
+      );
+      const tree = axe.setup(fixture);
+      const node1 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'img')[0];
+      const node2 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'input')[0];
+
+      assert.isFalse(axe.utils.contains(node1, node2));
+      assert.isFalse(axe.utils.contains(node2, node1));
+    });
+
+    it('works with slotted elements inside shadow DOM', () => {
+      createNestedShadowDom(
+        fixture,
+        `<div id="shadowHost"> <img> </div>`,
+        `<section> <slot /> </section>`
+      );
+      const tree = axe.setup(fixture);
+      const node1 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'section')[0];
+      const node2 = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, 'img')[0];
 
-    assert.isTrue(axe.utils.contains(outer, inner));
-    assert.isFalse(axe.utils.contains(inner, outer));
+      assert.isTrue(axe.utils.contains(node1, node2));
+      assert.isFalse(axe.utils.contains(node2, node1));
+    });
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/deep-merge.js b/test/core/utils/deep-merge.js
index 6145d9ebb..27863c68f 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/deep-merge.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/deep-merge.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-describe('utils.deepMerge', function() {
+describe('utils.deepMerge', function () {
   var deepMerge = axe.utils.deepMerge;
 
-  it('should merge two objects', function() {
+  it('should merge two objects', function () {
     var obj1 = { a: 'one' };
     var obj2 = { b: 'two' };
 
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ describe('utils.deepMerge', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should not modify the objects', function() {
+  it('should not modify the objects', function () {
     var obj1 = { a: 'one' };
     var obj2 = { a: 'two' };
     deepMerge(obj1, obj2);
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ describe('utils.deepMerge', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(obj2, { a: 'two' });
   });
 
-  it('should return a new object', function() {
+  it('should return a new object', function () {
     var obj1 = { a: 'one' };
     var obj2 = { a: 'two' };
     var obj3 = deepMerge(obj1, obj2);
@@ -29,14 +29,14 @@ describe('utils.deepMerge', function() {
     assert.notStrictEqual(obj2, obj3);
   });
 
-  it('should not merge arrays', function() {
+  it('should not merge arrays', function () {
     var obj1 = { a: ['one', 'two'] };
     var obj2 = { a: ['three'] };
 
     assert.deepEqual(deepMerge(obj1, obj2), { a: ['three'] });
   });
 
-  it('should merge nested objects', function() {
+  it('should merge nested objects', function () {
     var obj1 = { a: { a: ['one'] } };
     var obj2 = { a: { a: ['one', 'two'], b: 'three' } };
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ describe('utils.deepMerge', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should accept multiple objects', function() {
+  it('should accept multiple objects', function () {
     var obj1 = { a: { a: ['one'] } };
     var obj2 = { a: { a: ['one', 'two'], b: 'three' } };
     var obj3 = { a: { b: 'four' }, b: 'five' };
@@ -62,10 +62,10 @@ describe('utils.deepMerge', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should handle bad sources', function() {
+  it('should handle bad sources', function () {
     var obj;
 
-    assert.doesNotThrow(function() {
+    assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
       obj = deepMerge(null, undefined, true, 'one', ['a', 'b'], 1, { a: 'b' });
     });
     assert.deepEqual(obj, { a: 'b' });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/dq-element.js b/test/core/utils/dq-element.js
index e151ddfa3..3e6f036f9 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/dq-element.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/dq-element.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('DqElement', function() {
+describe('DqElement', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var DqElement = axe.utils.DqElement;
@@ -6,60 +6,55 @@ describe('DqElement', function() {
   var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should be exposed to utils', function() {
+  it('should be exposed to utils', function () {
     assert.equal(axe.utils.DqElement, DqElement);
   });
 
-  it('should take a virtual node as a parameter and return an object', function() {
+  it('should take a virtual node as a parameter and return an object', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
     var result = new DqElement(vNode);
     assert.equal(result.element, vNode.actualNode);
   });
 
-  it('should take an actual node as a parameter and return an object', function() {
+  it('should take an actual node as a parameter and return an object', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
     var result = new DqElement(vNode.actualNode);
     assert.equal(result.element, vNode.actualNode);
   });
 
-  describe('element', function() {
-    it('should store reference to the element', function() {
+  describe('element', function () {
+    it('should store reference to the element', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
       var dqEl = new DqElement(vNode);
       assert.equal(dqEl.element, vNode.actualNode);
     });
 
-    it('should not be present in stringified version', function() {
+    it('should not be present in stringified version', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
       var dqEl = new DqElement(vNode);
       assert.isUndefined(JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(dqEl)).element);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('source', function() {
-    it('should include the outerHTML of the element', function() {
+  describe('source', function () {
+    it('should include the outerHTML of the element', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture('<div class="bar" id="target">Hello!</div>');
       var outerHTML = vNode.actualNode.outerHTML;
       var result = new DqElement(vNode);
       assert.equal(result.source, outerHTML);
     });
 
-    it('should work with SVG elements', function() {
+    it('should work with SVG elements', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture('<svg aria-label="foo" id="target"></svg>');
       var result = new DqElement(vNode);
-
-      if (axe.testUtils.isIE11) {
-        assert.isString(result.source);
-      } else {
-        assert.equal(result.source, vNode.actualNode.outerHTML);
-      }
+      assert.equal(result.source, vNode.actualNode.outerHTML);
     });
 
-    it('should work with MathML', function() {
+    it('should work with MathML', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<math display="block" id="target">' +
           '<mrow><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow>' +
@@ -67,14 +62,10 @@ describe('DqElement', function() {
       );
 
       var result = new DqElement(vNode);
-      if (axe.testUtils.isIE11) {
-        assert.isString(result.source);
-      } else {
-        assert.equal(result.source, vNode.actualNode.outerHTML);
-      }
+      assert.equal(result.source, vNode.actualNode.outerHTML);
     });
 
-    it('should truncate large elements', function() {
+    it('should truncate large elements', function () {
       var div = '<div class="foo" id="target">';
       for (var i = 0; i < 300; i++) {
         div += i;
@@ -85,21 +76,21 @@ describe('DqElement', function() {
       assert.equal(result.source, '<div class="foo" id="target">');
     });
 
-    it('should use spec object over passed element', function() {
+    it('should use spec object over passed element', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" class="bar">Hello!</div>');
       var spec = { source: 'woot' };
       var result = new DqElement(vNode, {}, spec);
       assert.equal(result.source, 'woot');
     });
 
-    it('should return null if audit.noHtml is set', function() {
+    it('should return null if audit.noHtml is set', function () {
       axe.configure({ noHtml: true });
       var vNode = queryFixture('<div class="bar" id="target">Hello!</div>');
       var result = new DqElement(vNode);
       assert.isNull(result.source);
     });
 
-    it('should not use spec object over passed element if audit.noHtml is set', function() {
+    it('should not use spec object over passed element if audit.noHtml is set', function () {
       axe.configure({ noHtml: true });
       var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" class="bar">Hello!</div>');
       var spec = { source: 'woot' };
@@ -108,8 +99,8 @@ describe('DqElement', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('selector', function() {
-    it('should prefer selector from spec object', function() {
+  describe('selector', function () {
+    it('should prefer selector from spec object', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" class="bar">Hello!</div>');
       var spec = { selector: 'woot' };
       var result = new DqElement(vNode, {}, spec);
@@ -117,8 +108,8 @@ describe('DqElement', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('ancestry', function() {
-    it('should prefer selector from spec object', function() {
+  describe('ancestry', function () {
+    it('should prefer selector from spec object', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" class="bar">Hello!</div>');
       var spec = { ancestry: 'woot' };
       var result = new DqElement(vNode, {}, spec);
@@ -126,8 +117,8 @@ describe('DqElement', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('xpath', function() {
-    it('should prefer selector from spec object', function() {
+  describe('xpath', function () {
+    it('should prefer selector from spec object', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" class="bar">Hello!</div>');
       var spec = { xpath: 'woot' };
       var result = new DqElement(vNode, {}, spec);
@@ -135,8 +126,8 @@ describe('DqElement', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('absolutePaths', function() {
-    it('creates a path all the way to root', function() {
+  describe('absolutePaths', function () {
+    it('creates a path all the way to root', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" class="bar">Hello!</div>');
       var result = new DqElement(vNode, {
         absolutePaths: true
@@ -147,36 +138,37 @@ describe('DqElement', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('nodeIndexes', function() {
-    it('is taken from virtualNode', function() {
+  describe('nodeIndexes', function () {
+    it('is taken from virtualNode', function () {
       fixtureSetup('<i></i><b></b><s></s>');
       assert.deepEqual(new DqElement(fixture.children[0]).nodeIndexes, [1]);
       assert.deepEqual(new DqElement(fixture.children[1]).nodeIndexes, [2]);
       assert.deepEqual(new DqElement(fixture.children[2]).nodeIndexes, [3]);
     });
 
-    it('is taken from spec, over virtualNode', function() {
+    it('is taken from spec, over virtualNode', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
       var spec = { nodeIndexes: [123, 456] };
       var dqElm = new DqElement(vNode, {}, spec);
       assert.deepEqual(dqElm.nodeIndexes, [123, 456]);
     });
 
-    it('is [] when the element is not in the virtual tree.', function() {
+    it('is [] when the element is not in the virtual tree.', function () {
       var div = document.createElement('div');
       var dqElm = new DqElement(div);
       assert.deepEqual(dqElm.nodeIndexes, []);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('toJSON', function() {
-    it('should only stringify selector and source', function() {
+  describe('toJSON', function () {
+    it('should only stringify selector and source', function () {
       var spec = {
-        selector: 'foo > bar > joe',
+        selector: ['foo > bar > joe'],
         source: '<joe aria-required="true">',
-        xpath: '/foo/bar/joe',
-        ancestry: 'foo > bar > joe',
-        nodeIndexes: [123, 456]
+        xpath: ['/foo/bar/joe'],
+        ancestry: ['foo > bar > joe'],
+        nodeIndexes: [123],
+        fromFrame: false
       };
 
       var div = document.createElement('div');
@@ -185,9 +177,9 @@ describe('DqElement', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('merging frames', function() {
+  describe('merging frames', function () {
     var dqMain, dqIframe;
-    beforeEach(function() {
+    beforeEach(function () {
       var tree = fixtureSetup(
         '<main id="main"></main><iframe id="iframe"></iframe>'
       );
@@ -208,14 +200,14 @@ describe('DqElement', function() {
       dqIframe = new DqElement(iframe, {}, iframeSpec);
     });
 
-    describe('.mergeSpecs', function() {
+    describe('.mergeSpecs', function () {
       var mainSpec, iframeSpec;
-      beforeEach(function() {
+      beforeEach(function () {
         mainSpec = dqMain.toJSON();
         iframeSpec = dqIframe.toJSON();
       });
 
-      it('merges node and frame selectors', function() {
+      it('merges node and frame selectors', function () {
         var mergedSpec = DqElement.mergeSpecs(mainSpec, iframeSpec);
         assert.deepEqual(mergedSpec.selector, [
           iframeSpec.selector[0],
@@ -231,7 +223,7 @@ describe('DqElement', function() {
         ]);
       });
 
-      it('merges nodeIndexes', function() {
+      it('merges nodeIndexes', function () {
         var mergedSpec = DqElement.mergeSpecs(mainSpec, iframeSpec);
         assert.deepEqual(mergedSpec.nodeIndexes, [
           iframeSpec.nodeIndexes[0],
@@ -240,39 +232,64 @@ describe('DqElement', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('DqElement.fromFrame', function() {
-      it('returns a new DqElement', function() {
+    describe('DqElement.fromFrame', function () {
+      it('returns a new DqElement', function () {
         assert.instanceOf(DqElement.fromFrame(dqMain, {}, dqIframe), DqElement);
       });
 
-      it('sets options for DqElement', function() {
+      it('sets options for DqElement', function () {
         var options = { absolutePaths: true };
         var dqElm = DqElement.fromFrame(dqMain, options, dqIframe);
         assert.isTrue(dqElm._options.toRoot);
       });
 
-      it('has props as from mergeSpecs', function() {
+      it('has props as from mergeSpecs', function () {
         var spec = DqElement.mergeSpecs(dqMain.toJSON(), dqIframe.toJSON());
         var dqElm = DqElement.fromFrame(dqMain, {}, dqIframe);
         assert.deepEqual(dqElm.toJSON(), spec);
       });
     });
 
-    describe('DqElement.prototype.fromFrame', function() {
-      it('is false when created without a spec', function() {
+    describe('DqElement.prototype.fromFrame', function () {
+      it('is false when created without a spec', function () {
         assert.isFalse(dqMain.fromFrame);
       });
 
-      it('is false when spec is not from a frame', function() {
+      it('is false when spec is not from a frame', function () {
         var specMain = dqMain.toJSON();
         var dqElm = new DqElement(dqMain, {}, specMain);
         assert.isFalse(dqElm.fromFrame);
       });
 
-      it('is true when created with a spec', function() {
+      it('is true when created with a spec', function () {
         var dqElm = DqElement.fromFrame(dqMain, {}, dqIframe);
         assert.isTrue(dqElm.fromFrame);
       });
     });
   });
+
+  describe('DqElement.setRunOptions', function () {
+    it('sets options for DqElement', function () {
+      axe.setup();
+      var options = { absolutePaths: true, elementRef: true };
+      DqElement.setRunOptions(options);
+      var dqElm = new DqElement(document.body);
+
+      const { element, selector } = dqElm.toJSON();
+      assert.equal(element, document.body);
+      assert.equal(selector, 'html > body');
+    });
+
+    it('is reset by axe.teardown', () => {
+      var options = { absolutePaths: true, elementRef: true };
+      DqElement.setRunOptions(options);
+      axe.teardown();
+
+      axe.setup();
+      var dqElm = new DqElement(document.body);
+      const { element, selector } = dqElm.toJSON();
+      assert.isUndefined(element);
+      assert.equal(selector, 'body');
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/element-matches.js b/test/core/utils/element-matches.js
index 340a8bfd2..728f59943 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/element-matches.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/element-matches.js
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-describe('utils.matchesSelector', function() {
+describe('utils.matchesSelector', function () {
   'use strict';
   var matchesSelector = axe.utils.matchesSelector;
 
   function mockMethod(method, returnValue) {
     var result = {};
-    result[method] = function() {
+    result[method] = function () {
       return returnValue;
     };
     result.ownerDocument = {
@@ -14,12 +14,12 @@ describe('utils.matchesSelector', function() {
         }
       }
     };
-    result.ownerDocument.defaultView.Element.prototype[method] = function() {};
+    result.ownerDocument.defaultView.Element.prototype[method] = function () {};
 
     return result;
   }
 
-  it('should check the prototype of the Element object for matching methods', function() {
+  it('should check the prototype of the Element object for matching methods', function () {
     assert.equal(matchesSelector(mockMethod('matches', 'test1')), 'test1');
     assert.equal(
       matchesSelector(mockMethod('matchesSelector', 'test2')),
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ describe('utils.matchesSelector', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should actually work', function() {
+  it('should actually work', function () {
     var target,
       fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ describe('utils.matchesSelector', function() {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the element does not have a matching method', function() {
+  it('should return false if the element does not have a matching method', function () {
     var target,
       fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
diff --git a/test/core/utils/escape-selector.js b/test/core/utils/escape-selector.js
index f5fc8e90c..bc5461427 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/escape-selector.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/escape-selector.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-describe('utils.escapeSelector', function() {
+describe('utils.escapeSelector', function () {
   'use strict';
   var escapeSelector = axe.utils.escapeSelector;
 
-  it('leaves characters that do not need to escape alone', function() {
+  it('leaves characters that do not need to escape alone', function () {
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('a0b'), 'a0b');
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('a1b'), 'a1b');
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('a2b'), 'a2b');
@@ -24,13 +24,13 @@ describe('utils.escapeSelector', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('escapes null characters', function() {
+  it('escapes null characters', function () {
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('\0'), '\uFFFD');
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('a\0'), 'a\uFFFD');
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('a\0b'), 'a\uFFFDb');
   });
 
-  it('stringifies non-string characters', function() {
+  it('stringifies non-string characters', function () {
     assert.equal(escapeSelector(), 'undefined');
     assert.equal(escapeSelector(true), 'true');
     assert.equal(escapeSelector(false), 'false');
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ describe('utils.escapeSelector', function() {
     assert.equal(escapeSelector(''), '');
   });
 
-  it('escapes strings starting with a number', function() {
+  it('escapes strings starting with a number', function () {
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('0a'), '\\30 a');
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('1a'), '\\31 a');
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('2a'), '\\32 a');
@@ -51,13 +51,13 @@ describe('utils.escapeSelector', function() {
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('9a'), '\\39 a');
   });
 
-  it('only escapes "-" when before a number, or on its own', function() {
+  it('only escapes "-" when before a number, or on its own', function () {
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('-123'), '-\\31 23');
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('-'), '\\-');
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('--a'), '--a');
   });
 
-  it('escapes characters staring with a negative number', function() {
+  it('escapes characters staring with a negative number', function () {
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('-0a'), '-\\30 a');
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('-1a'), '-\\31 a');
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('-2a'), '-\\32 a');
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ describe('utils.escapeSelector', function() {
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('-9a'), '-\\39 a');
   });
 
-  it('escapes hex character codes', function() {
+  it('escapes hex character codes', function () {
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('\x80\x2D\x5F\xA9'), '\x80\x2D\x5F\xA9');
     assert.equal(escapeSelector('\xA0\xA1\xA2'), '\xA0\xA1\xA2');
 
diff --git a/test/core/utils/extend-meta-data.js b/test/core/utils/extend-meta-data.js
index d112eea00..ff16abac5 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/extend-meta-data.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/extend-meta-data.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-describe('axe.utils.extend', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.extend', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should merge properties', function() {
+  it('should merge properties', function () {
     var src = {
       cats: 'fail',
       dogs: 'fail'
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ describe('axe.utils.extend', function() {
     assert.equal(src.dogs, 'woof');
   });
 
-  it('should execute any found functions', function() {
+  it('should execute any found functions', function () {
     var src = {
       cats: 'fail',
       dogs: 'fail'
     };
     axe.utils.extendMetaData(src, {
-      cats: function(ctxt) {
+      cats: function (ctxt) {
         assert.equal(ctxt, src);
         return 'meow';
       },
@@ -32,13 +32,13 @@ describe('axe.utils.extend', function() {
     assert.equal(src.cats, 'meow');
     assert.equal(src.dogs, 'woof');
   });
-  it('should catch exceptions in functions and default to `null`', function() {
+  it('should catch exceptions in functions and default to `null`', function () {
     var src = {
       cats: 'fail',
       dogs: 'fail'
     };
     axe.utils.extendMetaData(src, {
-      cats: function() {
+      cats: function () {
         throw new Error('hehe');
       },
       dogs: 'woof'
diff --git a/test/core/utils/filter-html-attrs.js b/test/core/utils/filter-html-attrs.js
index 300bf5b27..dd208871d 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/filter-html-attrs.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/filter-html-attrs.js
@@ -1,43 +1,43 @@
-describe('axe.utils.filterHtmlAttrs', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.filterHtmlAttrs', function () {
   'use strict';
   var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
 
   var filterHtmlAttrs = axe.utils.filterHtmlAttrs;
   var html, expected;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<label> My Label <input type="text" value="my value" /></label>';
     html = fixture.firstChild;
     expected = '<label> My Label <input value="my value"></label>';
   });
 
-  it('should return string if no attributes are passed', function() {
+  it('should return string if no attributes are passed', function () {
     assert.equal(filterHtmlAttrs(html), html);
   });
 
-  it('should filter attribute if exists', function() {
+  it('should filter attribute if exists', function () {
     assert.equal(filterHtmlAttrs(html, { type: true }).outerHTML, expected);
   });
 
-  it('should filter attribute if matches CSS selector', function() {
+  it('should filter attribute if matches CSS selector', function () {
     assert.equal(filterHtmlAttrs(html, { type: 'input' }).outerHTML, expected);
   });
 
-  it('should not filter attribute if does not match value', function() {
+  it('should not filter attribute if does not match value', function () {
     assert.equal(
       filterHtmlAttrs(html, { type: 'div' }).outerHTML,
       html.outerHTML
     );
   });
 
-  it('should not change the original element', function() {
+  it('should not change the original element', function () {
     var outerHTML = html.outerHTML;
     assert.isTrue(filterHtmlAttrs(html, { type: true }) !== html);
     assert.equal(html.outerHTML, outerHTML);
   });
 
-  it('should filter multiple attributes', function() {
+  it('should filter multiple attributes', function () {
     assert.equal(
       filterHtmlAttrs(html, {
         type: true,
diff --git a/test/core/utils/finalize-result.js b/test/core/utils/finalize-result.js
index d36e51275..10c9b87c6 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/finalize-result.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/finalize-result.js
@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
-describe('axe.utils.finalizeRuleResult', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.finalizeRuleResult', function () {
   'use strict';
   var original = axe._audit;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     axe._audit = {
       rules: []
     };
   });
 
-  after(function() {
+  after(function () {
     axe._audit = original;
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function() {
+  it('should be a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.finalizeRuleResult);
   });
 
-  it('returns the first param object', function() {
+  it('returns the first param object', function () {
     var goingIn = {
       nodes: []
     };
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.finalizeRuleResult', function() {
     assert.equal(goingIn, comingOut);
   });
 
-  it('assigns impact if rule.impact is defined', function() {
+  it('assigns impact if rule.impact is defined', function () {
     axe._audit = {
       rules: [{ id: 'foo', impact: 'critical' }]
     };
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.finalizeRuleResult', function() {
     assert.equal(output.violations[0].any[0].impact, 'critical');
   });
 
-  it('leaves impact as null when rule.impact is defined', function() {
+  it('leaves impact as null when rule.impact is defined', function () {
     axe._audit = {
       rules: [{ id: 'foo', impact: 'critical' }]
     };
diff --git a/test/core/utils/find-by.js b/test/core/utils/find-by.js
index 1e41cc311..e6482fcec 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/find-by.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/find-by.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-describe('axe.utils.findBy', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.findBy', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should find the first matching object', function() {
+  it('should find the first matching object', function () {
     var array = [
       {
         id: 'monkeys',
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.findBy', function() {
     assert.equal(axe.utils.findBy(array, 'id', 'monkeys'), array[0]);
   });
 
-  it('should return undefined with no match', function() {
+  it('should return undefined with no match', function () {
     var array = [
       {
         id: 'monkeys',
@@ -37,7 +37,24 @@ describe('axe.utils.findBy', function() {
     assert.isUndefined(axe.utils.findBy(array, 'id', 'macaque'));
   });
 
-  it('should not throw if passed falsey first parameter', function() {
+  it('should not throw if passed falsey first parameter', function () {
     assert.isUndefined(axe.utils.findBy(null, 'id', 'macaque'));
   });
+
+  it('ignores any non-object elements in the array', function () {
+    const obj = {
+      id: 'monkeys',
+      foo: 'bar'
+    };
+    const array = ['bananas', true, null, 123, obj];
+
+    assert.equal(axe.utils.findBy(array, 'id', 'monkeys'), obj);
+  });
+
+  it('only looks at owned properties', function () {
+    const obj1 = { id: 'monkeys', eat: 'bananas' };
+    const obj2 = Object.create(obj1);
+    obj2.id = 'gorillas';
+    assert.equal(axe.utils.findBy([obj2, obj1], 'eat', 'bananas'), obj1);
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/flattened-tree.js b/test/core/utils/flattened-tree.js
index 9c458339d..517d5b8a1 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/flattened-tree.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/flattened-tree.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
 
-describe('axe.utils.getFlattenedTree', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.getFlattenedTree', function () {
   'use strict';
   function createStyle(box) {
     var style = document.createElement('style');
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getFlattenedTree', function() {
     assert.equal(virtualDOM[1].children.length, 1);
     assert.equal(virtualDOM[1].children[0].actualNode.nodeName, 'UL');
     assert.equal(virtualDOM[1].children[0].parent, virtualDOM[1]);
-    virtualDOM[1].children[0].children.forEach(function(child, index) {
+    virtualDOM[1].children[0].children.forEach(function (child, index) {
       assert.equal(child.actualNode.nodeName, 'LI');
       assert.isTrue(child.actualNode.textContent === 3 * (index + 1) + '');
     });
@@ -74,22 +74,22 @@ describe('axe.utils.getFlattenedTree', function() {
     );
   }
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should default to document', function() {
+  it('should default to document', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree();
     assert(tree[0].actualNode === document.documentElement);
   });
 
-  it('should set `null` on the parent for the root node', function() {
+  it('should set `null` on the parent for the root node', function () {
     var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree();
     assert(tree[0].parent === null);
   });
 
-  it('creates virtual nodes in the correct order', function() {
+  it('creates virtual nodes in the correct order', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<p><b><i></i></b></p><u><s></s></u>';
 
     var vNode = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture)[0];
@@ -107,9 +107,14 @@ describe('axe.utils.getFlattenedTree', function() {
     assert.equal(vNode.children[1].children[0].props.nodeName, 's');
   });
 
+  it('should add selectorMap to root element', function () {
+    var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree();
+    assert.exists(tree[0]._selectorMap);
+  });
+
   if (shadowSupport.v0) {
-    describe('shadow DOM v0', function() {
-      beforeEach(function() {
+    describe('shadow DOM v0', function () {
+      beforeEach(function () {
         function createStoryGroup(className, contentSelector) {
           var group = document.createElement('div');
           group.className = className;
@@ -136,10 +141,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.getFlattenedTree', function() {
 
         fixture.querySelectorAll('.stories').forEach(makeShadowTree);
       });
-      it('it should support shadow DOM v0', function() {
+      it('it should support shadow DOM v0', function () {
         assert.isDefined(fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot);
       });
-      it('getFlattenedTree should return an array of stuff', function() {
+      it('getFlattenedTree should return an array of stuff', function () {
         assert.isTrue(
           Array.isArray(axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild))
         );
@@ -156,8 +161,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.getFlattenedTree', function() {
   }
 
   if (shadowSupport.v1) {
-    describe('shadow DOM v1', function() {
-      beforeEach(function() {
+    describe('shadow DOM v1', function () {
+      beforeEach(function () {
         function createStoryGroup(className, slotName) {
           var group = document.createElement('div');
           group.className = className;
@@ -188,10 +193,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.getFlattenedTree', function() {
 
         fixture.querySelectorAll('.stories').forEach(makeShadowTree);
       });
-      it('should support shadow DOM v1', function() {
+      it('should support shadow DOM v1', function () {
         assert.isDefined(fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot);
       });
-      it('getFlattenedTree should return an array of stuff', function() {
+      it('getFlattenedTree should return an array of stuff', function () {
         assert.isTrue(
           Array.isArray(axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild))
         );
@@ -204,7 +209,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getFlattenedTree', function() {
         "getFlattenedTree's virtual DOM should give an ID to the shadow DOM",
         shadowIdAssertions
       );
-      it("getFlattenedTree's virtual DOM should have the fallback content", function() {
+      it("getFlattenedTree's virtual DOM should have the fallback content", function () {
         var virtualDOM = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
         assert.isTrue(
           virtualDOM[0].children[2].children[1].children[0].children.length ===
@@ -224,11 +229,11 @@ describe('axe.utils.getFlattenedTree', function() {
         );
       });
     });
-    describe('shadow DOM v1: boxed slots', function() {
-      afterEach(function() {
+    describe('shadow DOM v1: boxed slots', function () {
+      afterEach(function () {
         fixture.innerHTML = '';
       });
-      beforeEach(function() {
+      beforeEach(function () {
         function createStoryGroup(className, slotName) {
           var group = document.createElement('div');
           group.className = className;
@@ -259,17 +264,17 @@ describe('axe.utils.getFlattenedTree', function() {
 
         fixture.querySelectorAll('.stories').forEach(makeShadowTree);
       });
-      it("getFlattenedTree's virtual DOM should have the <slot> elements", function() {
+      it("getFlattenedTree's virtual DOM should have the <slot> elements", function () {
         return; // Chrome's implementation of slot is broken
         // var virtualDOM = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
         // assert.isTrue(virtualDOM[0].children[1].children[0].children[0].actualNode.nodeName === 'SLOT');
       });
     });
-    describe('getNodeFromTree', function() {
-      afterEach(function() {
+    describe('getNodeFromTree', function () {
+      afterEach(function () {
         fixture.innerHTML = '';
       });
-      beforeEach(function() {
+      beforeEach(function () {
         function createStoryGroup(className, slotName) {
           var group = document.createElement('div');
           group.className = className;
@@ -300,7 +305,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getFlattenedTree', function() {
 
         fixture.querySelectorAll('.stories').forEach(makeShadowTree);
       });
-      it('should find the virtual node that matches the real node passed in', function() {
+      it('should find the virtual node that matches the real node passed in', function () {
         axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
         var node = document.querySelector('.stories li');
         var vNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(node);
@@ -308,7 +313,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getFlattenedTree', function() {
         assert.equal(node, vNode.actualNode);
         assert.equal(vNode.actualNode.textContent, '1');
       });
-      it('should find the virtual node if it is the very top of the tree', function() {
+      it('should find the virtual node if it is the very top of the tree', function () {
         var virtualDOM = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
         var vNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(
           virtualDOM[0],
@@ -317,7 +322,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getFlattenedTree', function() {
         assert.isDefined(vNode);
         assert.equal(virtualDOM[0].actualNode, vNode.actualNode);
       });
-      it('should not throw if getDistributedNodes is missing', function() {
+      it('should not throw if getDistributedNodes is missing', function () {
         var getDistributedNodes = fixture.getDistributedNodes;
         fixture.getDistributedNodes = undefined;
         try {
@@ -334,16 +339,16 @@ describe('axe.utils.getFlattenedTree', function() {
       });
     });
   } else {
-    it('does not throw when slot elements are used', function() {
+    it('does not throw when slot elements are used', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<button><slot></slot></button>';
-      assert.doesNotThrow(function() {
+      assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
         axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
       });
     });
   }
 
   if (shadowSupport.undefined) {
-    describe('shadow dom undefined', function() {
+    describe('shadow dom undefined', function () {
       it('SHADOW DOM TESTS DEFERRED, NO SUPPORT');
     });
   }
diff --git a/test/core/utils/frame-messenger/frame-messenger.js b/test/core/utils/frame-messenger/frame-messenger.js
index 9fca538e7..72ffd3f67 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/frame-messenger/frame-messenger.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/frame-messenger/frame-messenger.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('frame-messenger', function() {
+describe('frame-messenger', function () {
   var fixture,
     axeVersion,
     axeApplication,
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function() {
   var postMessage = window.postMessage;
   var captureError = axe.testUtils.captureError;
 
-  beforeEach(function(done) {
+  beforeEach(function (done) {
     respondable = axe.utils.respondable;
     axeVersion = axe.version;
     axeLog = axe.log;
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function() {
 
     frame = document.createElement('iframe');
     frame.src = '../mock/frames/test.html';
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function() {
+    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
       frameWin = frame.contentWindow;
       frameSubscribe = frameWin.axe.utils.respondable.subscribe;
       done();
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function() {
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     axe.version = axeVersion;
     axe._audit.application = axeApplication;
     axe.log = axeLog;
@@ -37,18 +37,18 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function() {
     window.postMessage = postMessage;
   });
 
-  it('can be subscribed to', function(done) {
-    frameSubscribe('greeting', function() {
+  it('can be subscribed to', function (done) {
+    frameSubscribe('greeting', function () {
       done();
     });
     respondable(frameWin, 'greeting', 'hello');
   });
 
-  it('forwards the message', function(done) {
+  it('forwards the message', function (done) {
     var expected = { hello: 'world' };
     frameSubscribe(
       'greeting',
-      captureError(function(actual) {
+      captureError(function (actual) {
         assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
         done();
       }, done)
@@ -56,10 +56,10 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function() {
     respondable(frameWin, 'greeting', expected);
   });
 
-  it('passes a truthy keepalive value', function(done) {
+  it('passes a truthy keepalive value', function (done) {
     frameSubscribe(
       'greeting',
-      captureError(function(_, keepalive) {
+      captureError(function (_, keepalive) {
         assert.isTrue(keepalive);
         done();
       }, done)
@@ -67,10 +67,10 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function() {
     respondable(frameWin, 'greeting', 'hello', 'truthy');
   });
 
-  it('passes a falsy keepalive value', function(done) {
+  it('passes a falsy keepalive value', function (done) {
     frameSubscribe(
       'greeting',
-      captureError(function(_, keepalive) {
+      captureError(function (_, keepalive) {
         assert.isFalse(keepalive);
         done();
       }, done)
@@ -78,16 +78,16 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function() {
     respondable(frameWin, 'greeting', 'hello', 0);
   });
 
-  it('can not publish to a parent frame', function(done) {
+  it('can not publish to a parent frame', function (done) {
     var isCalled = false;
-    axe.utils.respondable.subscribe('greeting', function() {
+    axe.utils.respondable.subscribe('greeting', function () {
       isCalled = true;
     });
-    assert.throws(function() {
+    assert.throws(function () {
       frameWin.axe.utils.respondable(window, 'greeting', 'hello', 0);
     });
     setTimeout(
-      captureError(function() {
+      captureError(function () {
         assert.isFalse(isCalled);
         done();
       }, done),
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('does not expose private methods', function() {
+  it('does not expose private methods', function () {
     var methods = Object.keys(respondable).sort();
     assert.deepEqual(
       methods,
@@ -103,11 +103,11 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('passes serialized information only', function(done) {
+  it('passes serialized information only', function (done) {
     var div = document.createElement('div');
     frameSubscribe(
       'greeting',
-      captureError(function(message) {
+      captureError(function (message) {
         assert.deepEqual(message, {});
         done();
       }, done)
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function() {
     respondable(frameWin, 'greeting', div);
   });
 
-  it('posts message to allowed origins', function() {
+  it('posts message to allowed origins', function () {
     axe.configure({
       allowedOrigins: [window.location.origin, 'http://customOrigin.com']
     });
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(spy.secondCall.args[1], 'http://customOrigin.com');
   });
 
-  it('posts message to allowed origins using <same_origin>', function() {
+  it('posts message to allowed origins using <same_origin>', function () {
     axe.configure({
       allowedOrigins: ['<same_origin>']
     });
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(spy.firstCall.args[1], window.location.origin);
   });
 
-  it('posts message to allowed origins using <unsafe_all_origins>', function() {
+  it('posts message to allowed origins using <unsafe_all_origins>', function () {
     axe.configure({
       allowedOrigins: ['http://customOrigin.com', '<unsafe_all_origins>']
     });
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function() {
     assert.equal(spy.firstCall.args[1], '*');
   });
 
-  it('does not post message if no allowed origins', function() {
+  it('does not post message if no allowed origins', function () {
     axe.configure({
       allowedOrigins: []
     });
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function() {
     assert.isFalse(spy.called);
   });
 
-  it('does not post message if no allowed origins', function() {
+  it('does not post message if no allowed origins', function () {
     axe._audit.allowedOrigins = null;
     var spy = sinon.spy(frameWin, 'postMessage');
     var posted = respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function() {
     assert.isFalse(spy.called);
   });
 
-  it('does not post message if allowed origins is empty', function() {
+  it('does not post message if allowed origins is empty', function () {
     axe.configure({
       allowedOrigins: []
     });
@@ -181,27 +181,27 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function() {
     assert.isFalse(spy.called);
   });
 
-  it('throws error if origin is invalid', function() {
+  it('throws error if origin is invalid', function () {
     axe.configure({
       allowedOrigins: ['foo.com']
     });
-    assert.throws(function() {
+    assert.throws(function () {
       respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
     }, 'allowedOrigins value "foo.com" is not a valid origin');
   });
 
-  it('does not log error if message is null', function(done) {
+  it('does not log error if message is null', function (done) {
     axe.configure({
       allowedOrigins: ['<unsafe_all_origins>']
     });
     var called = false;
-    frameWin.axe.log = function() {
+    frameWin.axe.log = function () {
       called = true;
     };
 
     frameWin.postMessage(null, '*');
 
-    setTimeout(function() {
+    setTimeout(function () {
       try {
         assert.isFalse(called);
         done();
@@ -211,14 +211,14 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function() {
     }, 500);
   });
 
-  describe('isInFrame', function() {
-    it('is false for the page window', function() {
+  describe('isInFrame', function () {
+    it('is false for the page window', function () {
       var frameRespondable = frameWin.axe.utils.respondable;
       assert.isFalse(respondable.isInFrame());
       assert.isFalse(frameRespondable.isInFrame(window));
     });
 
-    it('is true for iframes', function() {
+    it('is true for iframes', function () {
       var frameRespondable = frameWin.axe.utils.respondable;
       assert.isTrue(frameRespondable.isInFrame());
       assert.isTrue(respondable.isInFrame(frameWin));
diff --git a/test/core/utils/frame-messenger/subscribe.js b/test/core/utils/frame-messenger/subscribe.js
index 55b8eece1..a4798585f 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/frame-messenger/subscribe.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/frame-messenger/subscribe.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 function afterMessage(win, callback) {
-  var handler = function() {
+  var handler = function () {
     win.removeEventListener('message', handler);
     // Wait one more tick for stuff to resolve
-    setTimeout(function() {
+    setTimeout(function () {
       callback();
     }, 10);
   };
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ function afterMessage(win, callback) {
 
 function once(callback) {
   var called = false;
-  return function() {
+  return function () {
     if (!called) {
       callback.apply(this, arguments);
     }
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ function once(callback) {
   };
 }
 
-describe('frame-messenger', function() {
+describe('frame-messenger', function () {
   var fixture,
     axeVersion,
     axeApplication,
@@ -30,10 +30,9 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function() {
     axeLog;
   var postMessage = window.postMessage;
   var captureError = axe.testUtils.captureError;
-  var isIE11 = axe.testUtils.isIE11;
   var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
 
-  beforeEach(function(done) {
+  beforeEach(function (done) {
     respondable = axe.utils.respondable;
     axeVersion = axe.version;
     axeLog = axe.log;
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function() {
 
     frame = document.createElement('iframe');
     frame.src = '../mock/frames/test.html';
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function() {
+    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
       frameWin = frame.contentWindow;
       frameSubscribe = frameWin.axe.utils.respondable.subscribe;
       done();
@@ -52,7 +51,7 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function() {
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     axe.version = axeVersion;
     axe._audit.application = axeApplication;
     axe.log = axeLog;
@@ -60,176 +59,169 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function() {
     window.postMessage = postMessage;
   });
 
-  describe('subscribe', function() {
-    it('is called with the same topic', function(done) {
+  describe('subscribe', function () {
+    it('is called with the same topic', function (done) {
       var called = false;
-      frameSubscribe('greeting', function() {
+      frameSubscribe('greeting', function () {
         called = true;
       });
       respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
       afterMessage(
         frameWin,
-        captureError(function() {
+        captureError(function () {
           assert.isTrue(called);
           done();
         }, done)
       );
     });
 
-    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)('works with frames in shadow DOM', function(
-      done
-    ) {
-      fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="shadow-root"></div>';
-      var shadowRoot = fixture
-        .querySelector('#shadow-root')
-        .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      frame = document.createElement('iframe');
-      frame.src = '../mock/frames/test.html';
-
-      frame.addEventListener('load', function() {
-        var called = false;
-        frameWin = frame.contentWindow;
-        frameSubscribe = frameWin.axe.utils.respondable.subscribe;
-
-        frameSubscribe('greeting', function(msg) {
-          assert.equal(msg, 'hello');
-          called = true;
+    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
+      'works with frames in shadow DOM',
+      function (done) {
+        fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="shadow-root"></div>';
+        var shadowRoot = fixture
+          .querySelector('#shadow-root')
+          .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+        frame = document.createElement('iframe');
+        frame.src = '../mock/frames/test.html';
+
+        frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
+          var called = false;
+          frameWin = frame.contentWindow;
+          frameSubscribe = frameWin.axe.utils.respondable.subscribe;
+
+          frameSubscribe('greeting', function (msg) {
+            assert.equal(msg, 'hello');
+            called = true;
+          });
+          respondable(frameWin, 'greeting', 'hello');
+          afterMessage(
+            frameWin,
+            captureError(function () {
+              assert.isTrue(called);
+              done();
+            }, done)
+          );
         });
-        respondable(frameWin, 'greeting', 'hello');
-        afterMessage(
-          frameWin,
-          captureError(function() {
-            assert.isTrue(called);
-            done();
-          }, done)
-        );
-      });
-      shadowRoot.appendChild(frame);
-    });
+        shadowRoot.appendChild(frame);
+      }
+    );
 
-    it('is not called on a different topic', function(done) {
+    it('is not called on a different topic', function (done) {
       var called = false;
-      frameSubscribe('otherTopic', function() {
+      frameSubscribe('otherTopic', function () {
         called = true;
       });
       respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
       afterMessage(
         frameWin,
-        captureError(function() {
+        captureError(function () {
           assert.isFalse(called);
           done();
         }, done)
       );
     });
 
-    it('is not called for different axe-core versions', function(done) {
+    it('is not called for different axe-core versions', function (done) {
       var called = false;
       axe.version = '1.0.0';
-      frameSubscribe('greeting', function() {
+      frameSubscribe('greeting', function () {
         called = true;
       });
       respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
       afterMessage(
         frameWin,
-        captureError(function() {
+        captureError(function () {
           assert.isFalse(called);
           done();
         }, done)
       );
     });
 
-    it('is not called with the "x.y.z" wildcard', function(done) {
+    it('is not called with the "x.y.z" wildcard', function (done) {
       var called = false;
       axe.version = 'x.y.z';
-      frameSubscribe('greeting', function() {
+      frameSubscribe('greeting', function () {
         called = true;
       });
       respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
       afterMessage(
         frameWin,
-        captureError(function() {
+        captureError(function () {
           assert.isFalse(called);
           done();
         }, done)
       );
     });
 
-    it('is not called for different applications', function(done) {
+    it('is not called for different applications', function (done) {
       var called = false;
       axe._audit.application = 'Coconut';
-      frameSubscribe('greeting', function() {
+      frameSubscribe('greeting', function () {
         called = true;
       });
       respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
       afterMessage(
         frameWin,
-        captureError(function() {
+        captureError(function () {
           assert.isFalse(called);
           done();
         }, done)
       );
     });
 
-    it('logs errors passed to respondable, rather than passing them on', function(done) {
-      axe.log = captureError(function(e) {
+    it('logs errors passed to respondable, rather than passing them on', function (done) {
+      axe.log = captureError(function (e) {
         assert.equal(e.message, 'expected message');
         done();
       }, done);
 
-      frameSubscribe('greeting', function() {
+      frameSubscribe('greeting', function () {
         done(new Error('subscribe should not be called'));
       });
       respondable(frameWin, 'greeting', new Error('expected message'));
     });
 
-    (isIE11 ? it.skip : it)(
-      // In IE win.parent is read-only
-      'throws if frame.parent is not the window',
-      function() {
-        frameWin.parent = frameWin;
-        assert.throws(function() {
-          respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
-        });
-      }
-    );
-
-    (isIE11 ? it.skip : it)(
-      // In IE win.parent is read-only
-      'is not called when the source is not a frame in the page',
-      function(done) {
-        var doneOnce = once(done);
-        var called = false;
-        frameWin.axe.log = function() {
-          called = true;
-        };
-
-        frameSubscribe('greeting', function() {
-          doneOnce(new Error('subscribe should not be called'));
-        });
+    it('throws if frame.parent is not the window', function () {
+      frameWin.parent = frameWin;
+      assert.throws(function () {
         respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
-        // Swap parent after the message is sent, but before it is received:
-        frameWin.parent = frameWin;
-
-        setTimeout(
-          captureError(function() {
-            assert.isTrue(called);
-            doneOnce();
-          }, doneOnce),
-          100
-        );
-      }
-    );
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('is not called when the source is not a frame in the page', function (done) {
+      var doneOnce = once(done);
+      var called = false;
+      frameWin.axe.log = function () {
+        called = true;
+      };
+
+      frameSubscribe('greeting', function () {
+        doneOnce(new Error('subscribe should not be called'));
+      });
+      respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
+      // Swap parent after the message is sent, but before it is received:
+      frameWin.parent = frameWin;
+
+      setTimeout(
+        captureError(function () {
+          assert.isTrue(called);
+          doneOnce();
+        }, doneOnce),
+        100
+      );
+    });
 
-    it('throws when targeting itself', function() {
-      assert.throws(function() {
+    it('throws when targeting itself', function () {
+      assert.throws(function () {
         respondable(window, 'greeting');
       });
-      assert.throws(function() {
+      assert.throws(function () {
         frameWin.respondable(frameWin, 'greeting');
       });
     });
 
-    it('throws when targeting a window that is not a frame in the page', function() {
+    it('throws when targeting a window that is not a frame in the page', function () {
       var blankPage = window.open('');
       var frameCopy = window.open(frameWin.location.href);
 
@@ -239,22 +231,22 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function() {
       }
 
       // Cleanup
-      setTimeout(function() {
+      setTimeout(function () {
         blankPage.close();
         frameCopy.close();
       });
 
-      assert.throws(function() {
+      assert.throws(function () {
         respondable(blankPage, 'greeting');
       });
-      assert.throws(function() {
+      assert.throws(function () {
         respondable(frameCopy, 'greeting');
       });
     });
 
-    it('is not triggered by "repeaters"', function(done) {
+    it('is not triggered by "repeaters"', function (done) {
       var calls = 0;
-      frameSubscribe('greeting', function() {
+      frameSubscribe('greeting', function () {
         calls++;
       });
       // Repeat fire the event
@@ -265,7 +257,7 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function() {
 
       respondable(frameWin, 'greeting', 'hello');
       setTimeout(
-        captureError(function() {
+        captureError(function () {
           assert.equal(calls, 1);
           done();
         }, done),
@@ -273,7 +265,7 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('is not called if origin does not match', function(done) {
+    it('is not called if origin does not match', function (done) {
       axe.configure({
         allowedOrigins: ['http://customOrigin.com']
       });
@@ -282,13 +274,13 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function() {
       frameSubscribe('greeting', spy);
       respondable(frameWin, 'greeting', 'hello');
 
-      setTimeout(function() {
+      setTimeout(function () {
         assert.isFalse(spy.called);
         done();
       }, 500);
     });
 
-    it('is called if origin is <unsafe_all_origins>', function(done) {
+    it('is called if origin is <unsafe_all_origins>', function (done) {
       axe.configure({
         allowedOrigins: ['<unsafe_all_origins>']
       });
@@ -297,7 +289,7 @@ describe('frame-messenger', function() {
       frameSubscribe('greeting', spy);
       respondable(frameWin, 'greeting', 'hello');
 
-      setTimeout(function() {
+      setTimeout(function () {
         assert.isTrue(spy.called);
         done();
       }, 500);
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-all-checks.js b/test/core/utils/get-all-checks.js
index dbcf57c05..64e09fa59 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-all-checks.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-all-checks.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('axe.utils.getAllChecks', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.getAllChecks', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should be a function', function() {
+  it('should be a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.getAllChecks);
   });
 
-  it('should concatenate all 3 check collections', function() {
+  it('should concatenate all 3 check collections', function () {
     var r = {
       any: ['any:foo', 'any:bar'],
       all: ['all:foo', 'all:bar'],
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getAllChecks', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should safely ignore missing collections - all', function() {
+  it('should safely ignore missing collections - all', function () {
     var r = {
       any: ['any:foo', 'any:bar'],
       none: ['none:foo', 'none:bar']
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getAllChecks', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should safely ignore missing collections - any', function() {
+  it('should safely ignore missing collections - any', function () {
     var r = {
       all: ['all:foo', 'all:bar'],
       none: ['none:foo', 'none:bar']
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getAllChecks', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should safely ignore missing collections - none', function() {
+  it('should safely ignore missing collections - none', function () {
     var r = {
       any: ['any:foo', 'any:bar'],
       all: ['all:foo', 'all:bar']
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-ancestry.js b/test/core/utils/get-ancestry.js
index 37f1bd213..c074f6f13 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-ancestry.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-ancestry.js
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
-describe('axe.utils.getAncestry', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.getAncestry', function () {
   'use strict';
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var shadowTest = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function() {
+  it('should be a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.getAncestry);
   });
 
-  it('should generate an ancestry selector', function() {
+  it('should generate an ancestry selector', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div>1</div> <p>2</p> <p>3</p>';
 
     var sel1 = axe.utils.getAncestry(fixture.children[0]);
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getAncestry', function() {
     assert.isNotNull(document.querySelector(sel1));
   });
 
-  shadowTest('generates selectors of nested shadow trees', function() {
+  shadowTest('generates selectors of nested shadow trees', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('section');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
 
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-base-lang.js b/test/core/utils/get-base-lang.js
index 8c9374aaa..80f9dfe41 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-base-lang.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-base-lang.js
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
-describe('axe.utils.getBaseLang', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.getBaseLang', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('returns base lang as peanut for argument peanut-BUTTER', function() {
+  it('returns base lang as peanut for argument peanut-BUTTER', function () {
     var actual = axe.utils.getBaseLang('peanut-BUTTER');
     assert.equal(actual, 'peanut');
   });
 
-  it('returns base lang as fr for argument FR-CA', function() {
+  it('returns base lang as fr for argument FR-CA', function () {
     var actual = axe.utils.getBaseLang('FR-CA');
     assert.strictEqual(actual, 'fr');
   });
 
-  it('returns base lang which is the prefix string before the first - (hyphen)', function() {
+  it('returns base lang which is the prefix string before the first - (hyphen)', function () {
     var actual = axe.utils.getBaseLang('en-GB');
     assert.equal(actual, 'en');
   });
 
-  it('returns primary language subtag as base lang for multi hyphenated argument', function() {
+  it('returns primary language subtag as base lang for multi hyphenated argument', function () {
     var actual = axe.utils.getBaseLang('SOME-random-lang');
     assert.strictEqual(actual, 'some');
   });
 
-  it('returns an empty string when argument is null or undefined', function() {
+  it('returns an empty string when argument is null or undefined', function () {
     var actualNull = axe.utils.getBaseLang(null);
     var actualUndefined = axe.utils.getBaseLang(undefined);
     var actualEmpty = axe.utils.getBaseLang();
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-check-message.js b/test/core/utils/get-check-message.js
index 40b4fac78..a449fba7c 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-check-message.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-check-message.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-describe('axe.utils.getCheckMessage', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.getCheckMessage', function () {
   var getCheckMessage = axe.utils.getCheckMessage;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     axe._audit = {
       data: {
         checks: {
@@ -17,26 +17,26 @@ describe('axe.utils.getCheckMessage', function() {
     };
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     axe._audit = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should return the pass message', function() {
+  it('should return the pass message', function () {
     assert.equal(getCheckMessage('my-check', 'pass'), 'Pass message');
   });
 
-  it('should return the fail message', function() {
+  it('should return the fail message', function () {
     assert.equal(getCheckMessage('my-check', 'fail'), 'Fail message');
   });
 
-  it('should return the incomplete message', function() {
+  it('should return the incomplete message', function () {
     assert.equal(
       getCheckMessage('my-check', 'incomplete'),
       'Incomplete message'
     );
   });
 
-  it('should handle data', function() {
+  it('should handle data', function () {
     axe._audit.data.checks['my-check'].messages.pass =
       'Pass message with ${data.message}';
     assert.equal(
@@ -45,14 +45,14 @@ describe('axe.utils.getCheckMessage', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should error when check does not exist', function() {
-    assert.throws(function() {
+  it('should error when check does not exist', function () {
+    assert.throws(function () {
       getCheckMessage('invalid-check', 'pass');
     });
   });
 
-  it('should error when check message does not exist', function() {
-    assert.throws(function() {
+  it('should error when check message does not exist', function () {
+    assert.throws(function () {
       getCheckMessage('invalid-check', 'invalid');
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-check-option.js b/test/core/utils/get-check-option.js
index 73c9591df..01a26f19e 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-check-option.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-check-option.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-describe('axe.utils.getCheckOption', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.getCheckOption', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should prefer options from rules', function() {
+  it('should prefer options from rules', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(
       axe.utils.getCheckOption(
         {
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getCheckOption', function() {
       }
     );
   });
-  it('should fallback to global check options if not defined on the rule', function() {
+  it('should fallback to global check options if not defined on the rule', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(
       axe.utils.getCheckOption(
         {
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getCheckOption', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should prefer fallback to global check options if not defined on the rule', function() {
+  it('should prefer fallback to global check options if not defined on the rule', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(
       axe.utils.getCheckOption(
         {
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getCheckOption', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should otherwise use the check', function() {
+  it('should otherwise use the check', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(
       axe.utils.getCheckOption(
         {
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getCheckOption', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('passes absolutePaths option along', function() {
+  it('passes absolutePaths option along', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(
       axe.utils.getCheckOption(
         {
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-environment-data.js b/test/core/utils/get-environment-data.js
index bb4a9a877..6669e9b37 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-environment-data.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-environment-data.js
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-describe('utils.getEnvironmentData', function() {
+describe('utils.getEnvironmentData', function () {
   'use strict';
   var __audit;
   var getEnvironmentData = axe.utils.getEnvironmentData;
-  before(function() {
+  before(function () {
     __audit = axe._audit;
     axe._audit = { brand: 'Deque' };
   });
 
-  after(function() {
+  after(function () {
     axe._audit = __audit;
   });
 
@@ -17,25 +17,25 @@ describe('utils.getEnvironmentData', function() {
         name: 'axe-core',
         version: axe.version
       }
-    }
-    var output = getEnvironmentData(input)
+    };
+    var output = getEnvironmentData(input);
     assert.equal(input, output);
-  })
+  });
 
-  it('should return a `testEngine` property', function() {
+  it('should return a `testEngine` property', function () {
     var data = getEnvironmentData();
     assert.isObject(data.testEngine);
     assert.equal(data.testEngine.name, 'axe-core');
     assert.equal(data.testEngine.version, axe.version);
   });
 
-  it('should return a `testRunner` property', function() {
+  it('should return a `testRunner` property', function () {
     var data = getEnvironmentData();
     assert.isObject(data.testRunner);
     assert.equal(data.testRunner.name, axe._audit.brand);
   });
 
-  it('should return a `testEnvironment` property', function() {
+  it('should return a `testEnvironment` property', function () {
     var data = getEnvironmentData();
     assert.isObject(data.testEnvironment);
     assert.ok(data.testEnvironment.userAgent);
@@ -45,12 +45,12 @@ describe('utils.getEnvironmentData', function() {
     assert.isNotNull(data.testEnvironment.orientationType);
   });
 
-  it('should return a `timestamp` property`', function() {
+  it('should return a `timestamp` property`', function () {
     var data = getEnvironmentData();
     assert.isDefined(data.timestamp);
   });
 
-  it('should return a `url` property', function() {
+  it('should return a `url` property', function () {
     var data = getEnvironmentData();
     assert.isDefined(data.url);
   });
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ describe('utils.getEnvironmentData', function() {
   // TODO: remove or update test once we are testing axe-core in jsdom and
   // other supported environments as what this is testing should be done in
   // those environment tests
-  it('gets data from the `win` parameter when passed', function() {
+  it('gets data from the `win` parameter when passed', function () {
     var data = getEnvironmentData(null, {
       screen: {
         orientation: {
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-frame-contexts.js b/test/core/utils/get-frame-contexts.js
index 4e58c37ee..963e8d9b4 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-frame-contexts.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-frame-contexts.js
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
-describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function() {
+describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function () {
   var getFrameContexts = axe.utils.getFrameContexts;
   var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
   var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
 
-  it('returns an empty array if the page has no frames', function() {
+  it('returns an empty array if the page has no frames', function () {
     var frameContext = getFrameContexts();
     assert.isArray(frameContext);
     assert.lengthOf(frameContext, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns a `frameSelector` for each included frame', function() {
+  it('returns a `frameSelector` for each included frame', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<iframe></iframe>' + '<iframe></iframe>' + '<iframe></iframe>';
 
-    var selectors = getFrameContexts().map(function(frameData) {
+    var selectors = getFrameContexts().map(function (frameData) {
       return frameData.frameSelector;
     });
     assert.lengthOf(selectors, 3);
@@ -22,11 +22,11 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function() {
     assert.include(selectors[2], 'iframe:nth-child(3)');
   });
 
-  it('sets frameContext.initiator to false for each included frame', function() {
+  it('sets frameContext.initiator to false for each included frame', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<iframe></iframe>' + '<iframe></iframe>' + '<iframe></iframe>';
 
-    var contexts = getFrameContexts().map(function(frameData) {
+    var contexts = getFrameContexts().map(function (frameData) {
       return frameData.frameContext;
     });
 
@@ -36,13 +36,13 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function() {
     assert.isFalse(contexts[2].initiator);
   });
 
-  it('sets frameContext.focusable depending on the frame', function() {
+  it('sets frameContext.focusable depending on the frame', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<iframe></iframe>' +
       '<iframe tabindex="0"></iframe>' +
       '<iframe tabindex="-1"></iframe>';
 
-    var contexts = getFrameContexts().map(function(frameData) {
+    var contexts = getFrameContexts().map(function (frameData) {
       return frameData.frameContext;
     });
     assert.lengthOf(contexts, 3);
@@ -51,13 +51,13 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function() {
     assert.isFalse(contexts[2].focusable);
   });
 
-  it('sets frameContext.size based on frame size', function() {
+  it('sets frameContext.size based on frame size', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<iframe width="1" height="1"></iframe>' +
       '<iframe width="10" height="10"></iframe>' +
       '<iframe width="100" height="100"></iframe>';
 
-    var frameSize = getFrameContexts().map(function(frameData) {
+    var frameSize = getFrameContexts().map(function (frameData) {
       return frameData.frameContext.size;
     });
     assert.lengthOf(frameSize, 3);
@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('include / exclude', function() {
-    it('returns a `frameContext` for each included frame', function() {
+  describe('include / exclude', function () {
+    it('returns a `frameContext` for each included frame', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<iframe id="f1"></iframe>' +
         '<iframe id="f2"></iframe>' +
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function() {
         ],
         exclude: [['#f3', 'footer']]
       };
-      var contexts = getFrameContexts(context).map(function(frameData) {
+      var contexts = getFrameContexts(context).map(function (frameData) {
         return frameData.frameContext;
       });
 
@@ -101,12 +101,12 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function() {
       assert.deepEqual(contexts[2].exclude, [['footer']]);
     });
 
-    it('excludes non-frame contexts', function() {
+    it('excludes non-frame contexts', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<iframe id="f1"></iframe>';
       var context = {
         include: [['#header'], ['a'], ['#f1', 'header']]
       };
-      var contexts = getFrameContexts(context).map(function(frameData) {
+      var contexts = getFrameContexts(context).map(function (frameData) {
         return frameData.frameContext;
       });
 
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function() {
       assert.deepEqual(contexts[0].exclude, []);
     });
 
-    it('mixes contexts if the frame is selected twice', function() {
+    it('mixes contexts if the frame is selected twice', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<iframe id="f1"></iframe>' + '<iframe id="f2"></iframe>';
       var context = {
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function() {
         ],
         exclude: [['iframe', 'main']]
       };
-      var contexts = getFrameContexts(context).map(function(frameData) {
+      var contexts = getFrameContexts(context).map(function (frameData) {
         return frameData.frameContext;
       });
       assert.lengthOf(contexts, 2);
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function() {
       assert.deepEqual(contexts[1].exclude, [['main']]);
     });
 
-    it('combines include/exclude arrays of frames selected twice', function() {
+    it('combines include/exclude arrays of frames selected twice', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<iframe></iframe>';
       var context = {
         include: [
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function() {
           ['iframe', 'footer']
         ]
       };
-      var contexts = getFrameContexts(context).map(function(frameData) {
+      var contexts = getFrameContexts(context).map(function (frameData) {
         return frameData.frameContext;
       });
 
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function() {
       assert.deepEqual(contexts[0].exclude, [['aside'], ['footer']]);
     });
 
-    it('skips excluded frames', function() {
+    it('skips excluded frames', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<iframe id="f1"></iframe>' +
         '<iframe id="f2"></iframe>' +
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function() {
       var context = {
         exclude: [[['#f2']]]
       };
-      var selectors = getFrameContexts(context).map(function(frameData) {
+      var selectors = getFrameContexts(context).map(function (frameData) {
         return frameData.frameSelector;
       });
       assert.lengthOf(selectors, 2);
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function() {
       assert.include(selectors[1], 'iframe:nth-child(3)');
     });
 
-    it('skips frames excluded by a parent', function() {
+    it('skips frames excluded by a parent', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<iframe></iframe>';
       var frameContexts = getFrameContexts({
         exclude: [['#fixture']]
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function() {
       assert.lengthOf(frameContexts, 0);
     });
 
-    it('normalizes the context', function() {
+    it('normalizes the context', function () {
       var frameContexts;
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<iframe id="f1"></iframe>' + '<iframe id="f2"></iframe>';
@@ -190,20 +190,20 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function() {
       assert.deepEqual(frameContexts[0].frameContext.include, []);
       assert.deepEqual(frameContexts[0].frameContext.exclude, []);
 
-      frameContexts = getFrameContexts({ include: ['#f1'] });
+      frameContexts = getFrameContexts({ include: [['#f1']] });
       assert.lengthOf(frameContexts, 1);
       assert.include(frameContexts[0].frameSelector, 'iframe:nth-child(1)');
       assert.deepEqual(frameContexts[0].frameContext.include, []);
       assert.deepEqual(frameContexts[0].frameContext.exclude, []);
 
-      frameContexts = getFrameContexts({ exclude: ['#f2'] });
+      frameContexts = getFrameContexts({ exclude: [['#f2']] });
       assert.lengthOf(frameContexts, 1);
       assert.include(frameContexts[0].frameSelector, 'iframe:nth-child(1)');
       assert.deepEqual(frameContexts[0].frameContext.include, []);
       assert.deepEqual(frameContexts[0].frameContext.exclude, []);
     });
 
-    it('accepts elements', function() {
+    it('accepts elements', function () {
       var frameContexts;
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<iframe id="f1"></iframe>' + '<iframe id="f2"></iframe>';
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function() {
       assert.deepEqual(frameContexts[0].frameContext.exclude, []);
     });
 
-    it('works with nested frames', function() {
+    it('works with nested frames', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<iframe id="f1"></iframe>' + '<iframe id="f2"></iframe>';
       var context = {
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function() {
         ],
         exclude: [['#f2', '#f6', '#f7', '#f7', 'main']]
       };
-      var contexts = getFrameContexts(context).map(function(frameData) {
+      var contexts = getFrameContexts(context).map(function (frameData) {
         return frameData.frameContext;
       });
 
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function() {
       assert.deepEqual(contexts[1].exclude, [['#f6', '#f7', '#f7', 'main']]);
     });
 
-    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)('works on iframes in shadow dom', function() {
+    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)('works on iframes in shadow dom', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="shadow"></div>';
       var div = fixture.querySelector('div');
       var shadowRoot = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
@@ -266,14 +266,14 @@ describe('utils.getFrameContexts', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('options.iframes', function() {
-    it('returns a non-empty array with `iframes: true`', function() {
+  describe('options.iframes', function () {
+    it('returns a non-empty array with `iframes: true`', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<iframe></iframe>';
       var contexts = getFrameContexts({}, { iframes: true });
       assert.lengthOf(contexts, 1);
     });
 
-    it('returns an empty array with `iframes: false`', function() {
+    it('returns an empty array with `iframes: false`', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<iframe></iframe>';
       var contexts = getFrameContexts({}, { iframes: false });
       assert.lengthOf(contexts, 0);
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-friendly-uri-end.js b/test/core/utils/get-friendly-uri-end.js
index 50944c6eb..4377aafc6 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-friendly-uri-end.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-friendly-uri-end.js
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
-describe('axe.utils.getFriendlyUriEnd', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.getFriendlyUriEnd', function () {
   'use strict';
   var getFriendlyUriEnd = axe.utils.getFriendlyUriEnd;
 
-  it('returns a domain name', function() {
+  it('returns a domain name', function () {
     assert.equal('deque.com', getFriendlyUriEnd('http://deque.com'));
     assert.equal('deque.com/', getFriendlyUriEnd('https://www.deque.com/'));
     assert.equal('docs.deque.com/', getFriendlyUriEnd('//docs.deque.com/'));
   });
 
-  it('returns a filename', function() {
+  it('returns a filename', function () {
     assert.equal('contact/', getFriendlyUriEnd('../../contact/'));
     assert.equal('contact/', getFriendlyUriEnd('http://deque.com/contact/'));
     assert.equal('contact', getFriendlyUriEnd('/contact'));
     assert.equal('contact.html', getFriendlyUriEnd('/contact.html'));
   });
 
-  it('trims whitespace', function() {
+  it('trims whitespace', function () {
     assert.equal(undefined, getFriendlyUriEnd('  '));
     assert.equal('start page', getFriendlyUriEnd('start page\t'));
     assert.equal('home#heading', getFriendlyUriEnd('home#heading  '));
   });
 
-  it('returns a hash URI', function() {
+  it('returns a hash URI', function () {
     assert.equal('#footer', getFriendlyUriEnd('#footer'));
     assert.equal(
       'contact.html#footer',
@@ -30,22 +30,22 @@ describe('axe.utils.getFriendlyUriEnd', function() {
     assert.equal('home.html#main', getFriendlyUriEnd('/home.html#main '));
   });
 
-  it('returns undef when there is a query', function() {
+  it('returns undef when there is a query', function () {
     assert.isUndefined(getFriendlyUriEnd('/contact?'));
     assert.isUndefined(getFriendlyUriEnd('/contact?foo=bar'));
   });
 
-  it('returns undef for index files', function() {
+  it('returns undef for index files', function () {
     assert.isUndefined(getFriendlyUriEnd('/index.cfs'));
     assert.isUndefined(getFriendlyUriEnd('/index'));
   });
 
-  it('returns undef when the result is too short', function() {
+  it('returns undef when the result is too short', function () {
     assert.isUndefined(getFriendlyUriEnd('/i.html'));
     assert.isUndefined(getFriendlyUriEnd('/dq'));
   });
 
-  it('returns undef when the result is too long', function() {
+  it('returns undef when the result is too long', function () {
     assert.isDefined(getFriendlyUriEnd('/abcd.html', { maxLength: 50 }));
     assert.isDefined(getFriendlyUriEnd('#foo-bar-baz', { maxLength: 50 }));
     assert.isDefined(getFriendlyUriEnd('//deque.com', { maxLength: 50 }));
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getFriendlyUriEnd', function() {
     assert.isUndefined(getFriendlyUriEnd('//deque.com', { maxLength: 5 }));
   });
 
-  it('returns undef when the result has too many numbers', function() {
+  it('returns undef when the result has too many numbers', function () {
     assert.isUndefined(getFriendlyUriEnd('123456.html'));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-node-attributes.js b/test/core/utils/get-node-attributes.js
index 856c1493d..45d57b826 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-node-attributes.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-node-attributes.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-describe('axe.utils.getNodeAttributes', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.getNodeAttributes', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should return the list of attributes', function() {
+  it('should return the list of attributes', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('class', 'foo bar');
     var actual = axe.utils.getNodeAttributes(node);
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getNodeAttributes', function() {
     assert.equal(actual[0].name, 'class');
   });
 
-  it('should return the list of attributes when the DOM is clobbered', function() {
+  it('should return the list of attributes when the DOM is clobbered', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('form');
     node.setAttribute('id', '123');
     node.innerHTML = '<select name="attributes"></select>';
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-root-node.js b/test/core/utils/get-root-node.js
index a18facc9d..9b2805d47 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-root-node.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-root-node.js
@@ -6,28 +6,28 @@ function makeShadowTreeGRN(node) {
   root.appendChild(div);
 }
 
-describe('axe.utils.getRootNode', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.getRootNode', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return the document when the node is just a normal node', function() {
+  it('should return the document when the node is just a normal node', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target"></div>';
     var node = document.getElementById('target');
     assert.isTrue(axe.utils.getRootNode(node) === document);
   });
-  it('should return the document when the node is disconnected', function() {
+  it('should return the document when the node is disconnected', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     assert.isTrue(axe.utils.getRootNode(node) === document);
   });
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'should return the shadow root when it is inside the shadow DOM',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var shadEl;
       // shadow DOM v1 - note: v0 is compatible with this code, so no need
       // to specifically test this
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-rule.js b/test/core/utils/get-rule.js
index d4cf073bc..15603609d 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-rule.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-rule.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('axe.utils.getRule', function() {
-  beforeEach(function() {
+describe('axe.utils.getRule', function () {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ describe('axe.utils.getRule', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return the rule by the id', function() {
+  it('should return the rule by the id', function () {
     var rule = axe.utils.getRule('rule1');
     assert.isTrue(rule.id === 'rule1');
   });
 
-  it("should throw error if the rule doesn't exist", function() {
-    assert.throws(function() {
+  it("should throw error if the rule doesn't exist", function () {
+    assert.throws(function () {
       axe.utils.getRule('no-id');
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-scroll.js b/test/core/utils/get-scroll.js
index 33ceffeb1..adef7d32d 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-scroll.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-scroll.js
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
-describe('axe.utils.getScroll', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.getScroll', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('is a function', function() {
+  it('is a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.getScroll);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when element is not scrollable', function() {
+  it('returns undefined when element is not scrollable', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<section id="target">This element is not scrollable</section>'
     );
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getScroll', function() {
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when element does not overflow', function() {
+  it('returns undefined when element does not overflow', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="height: 200px; width: 200px;">' +
         '<div style="height: 10px; width: 10px; background-color: pink;">' +
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getScroll', function() {
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when element overflow is hidden', function() {
+  it('returns undefined when element overflow is hidden', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="height: 200px; width: 200px; overflow: hidden">' +
         '<div style="height: 2000px; width: 100px; background-color: pink;">' +
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getScroll', function() {
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when element overflow is clip', function() {
+  it('returns undefined when element overflow is clip', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="height: 200px; width: 200px; overflow: clip">' +
         '<div style="height: 2000px; width: 100px; background-color: pink;">' +
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getScroll', function() {
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns scroll offset when element overflow is auto', function() {
+  it('returns scroll offset when element overflow is auto', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="height: 200px; width: 200px; overflow: auto">' +
         '<div style="height: 10px; width: 2000px; background-color: red;">' +
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getScroll', function() {
     assert.equal(actual.left, 0);
   });
 
-  it('returns undefined when element overflow is visible', function() {
+  it('returns undefined when element overflow is visible', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted; overflow: visible;">Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium doloremque laudantium.</p>'
     );
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getScroll', function() {
     assert.isUndefined(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns scroll offset when element overflow is scroll', function() {
+  it('returns scroll offset when element overflow is scroll', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted; overflow: scroll;">Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium doloremque laudantium.</p>'
     );
@@ -91,14 +91,14 @@ describe('axe.utils.getScroll', function() {
     assert.equal(actual.left, 0);
   });
 
-  describe('shadowDOM - axe.utils.getScroll', function() {
-    before(function() {
+  describe('shadowDOM - axe.utils.getScroll', function () {
+    before(function () {
       if (!shadowSupported) {
         this.skip();
       }
     });
 
-    it('returns undefined when shadowDOM element does not overflow', function() {
+    it('returns undefined when shadowDOM element does not overflow', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
 
       var root = fixture.firstChild.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getScroll', function() {
       assert.isUndefined(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns scroll offset when shadowDOM element has overflow', function() {
+    it('returns scroll offset when shadowDOM element has overflow', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
 
       var root = fixture.firstChild.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-selector.js b/test/core/utils/get-selector.js
index c6cd4381c..0a2cab5b7 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-selector.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-selector.js
@@ -38,32 +38,32 @@ function makeNonuniqueLongAttributes(fixture) {
   return node;
 }
 
-describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
   var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
     axe._selectorData = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function() {
+  it('should be a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.getSelector);
   });
 
-  it('throws if axe._selectorData is undefined', function() {
-    assert.throws(function() {
+  it('throws if axe._selectorData is undefined', function () {
+    assert.throws(function () {
       var node = document.createElement('div');
       fixture.appendChild(node);
       axe.utils.getSelector(node);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should generate a unique CSS selector', function() {
+  it('should generate a unique CSS selector', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     fixtureSetup(node);
     var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node);
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.equal(result[0], node);
   });
 
-  it('should still work if an element has nothing but whitespace as a className', function() {
+  it('should still work if an element has nothing but whitespace as a className', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.className = '    ';
     fixtureSetup(node);
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.equal(result[0], node);
   });
 
-  it('should handle special characters in IDs', function() {
+  it('should handle special characters in IDs', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.id = 'monkeys#are.animals\\ok';
     fixtureSetup(node);
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.equal(result[0], node);
   });
 
-  it('should handle special characters in classNames', function() {
+  it('should handle special characters in classNames', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.className = '.  bb-required';
     fixtureSetup(node);
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.equal(result[0], node);
   });
 
-  it('should be able to fall back to positional selectors', function() {
+  it('should be able to fall back to positional selectors', function () {
     var node, expected;
     var nodes = [];
     for (var i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.equal(result[0], expected);
   });
 
-  it('should use a unique ID', function() {
+  it('should use a unique ID', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.id = 'monkeys';
     fixtureSetup(node);
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.equal(result[0], node);
   });
 
-  it('should not use ids if they are not unique', function() {
+  it('should not use ids if they are not unique', function () {
     var node1 = document.createElement('div');
     var node2 = document.createElement('div');
     node1.id = 'monkeys';
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.equal(result[0], node2);
   });
 
-  it('should use classes if available and unique', function() {
+  it('should use classes if available and unique', function () {
     var node1 = document.createElement('div');
     var node2 = document.createElement('div');
     node1.className = 'monkeys simian';
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.equal(result[0], node2);
   });
 
-  it('should use classes if more unique than the tag', function() {
+  it('should use classes if more unique than the tag', function () {
     var node1 = document.createElement('p');
     var node2 = document.createElement('p');
     node1.className = 'monkeys simian cats';
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.equal(result[0], node2);
   });
 
-  it('should NOT use classes if they are more common than the tag', function() {
+  it('should NOT use classes if they are more common than the tag', function () {
     var node1 = document.createElement('p');
     var node2 = document.createElement('p');
     node1.className = 'dogs cats';
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.equal(result[0], node2);
   });
 
-  it('should use the most unique class', function() {
+  it('should use the most unique class', function () {
     var node1 = document.createElement('div');
     var node2 = document.createElement('div');
     node1.className = 'dogs';
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.equal(result[0], node2);
   });
 
-  it('should use the most unique class and not the unique attribute', function() {
+  it('should use the most unique class and not the unique attribute', function () {
     var node1 = document.createElement('div');
     var node2 = document.createElement('div');
 
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.equal(result[0], node2);
   });
 
-  it('should use only a single unique attribute', function() {
+  it('should use only a single unique attribute', function () {
     var node1 = document.createElement('div');
     var node2 = document.createElement('div');
 
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.equal(result[0], node2);
   });
 
-  it('should use three uncommon but not unique features', function() {
+  it('should use three uncommon but not unique features', function () {
     var node1 = document.createElement('div');
     node1.setAttribute('data-axe', 'hello');
     node1.setAttribute('data-thing', 'hello');
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.equal(result[0], node2);
   });
 
-  it('should use only three uncommon but not unique features', function() {
+  it('should use only three uncommon but not unique features', function () {
     var node1 = document.createElement('div');
     node1.setAttribute('data-axe', 'hello');
     node1.setAttribute('data-thing', 'hello');
@@ -295,11 +295,11 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node2);
     var parts = sel.split('.');
     parts = parts
-      .reduce(function(val, item) {
+      .reduce(function (val, item) {
         var its = item.split('[');
         return val.concat(its);
       }, [])
-      .filter(function(item) {
+      .filter(function (item) {
         return item !== '';
       });
     assert.equal(parts.length, 3);
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.equal(result[0], node2);
   });
 
-  it('should use only three uncommon but not unique classes', function() {
+  it('should use only three uncommon but not unique classes', function () {
     var node1 = document.createElement('div');
     var node2 = document.createElement('div');
     node1.className = 'thing thang thug thick';
@@ -319,11 +319,11 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node2);
     var parts = sel.split('.');
     parts = parts
-      .reduce(function(val, item) {
+      .reduce(function (val, item) {
         var its = item.split('[');
         return val.concat(its);
       }, [])
-      .filter(function(item) {
+      .filter(function (item) {
         return item !== '';
       });
     assert.equal(parts.length, 3);
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.equal(result[0], node2);
   });
 
-  it('should use only three uncommon but not unique attributes', function() {
+  it('should use only three uncommon but not unique attributes', function () {
     var node1 = document.createElement('div');
     node1.setAttribute('data-axe', 'hello');
     node1.setAttribute('data-thug', 'hello');
@@ -350,11 +350,11 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node2);
     var parts = sel.split('.');
     parts = parts
-      .reduce(function(val, item) {
+      .reduce(function (val, item) {
         var its = item.split('[');
         return val.concat(its);
       }, [])
-      .filter(function(item) {
+      .filter(function (item) {
         return item !== '';
       });
     assert.equal(parts.length, 4);
@@ -364,14 +364,14 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.equal(result[0], node2);
   });
 
-  it('should not use long attributes', function() {
+  it('should not use long attributes', function () {
     var node = makeNonuniqueLongAttributes(fixture);
     fixtureSetup();
     var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node, {});
     assert.isTrue(sel.indexOf('data-att') === -1);
   });
 
-  it('should use :root when not unique html element', function() {
+  it('should use :root when not unique html element', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('html');
     node.setAttribute('lang', 'en');
     fixtureSetup(node);
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.equal(sel, ':root');
   });
 
-  it('should use position if classes are not unique', function() {
+  it('should use position if classes are not unique', function () {
     var node1 = document.createElement('div');
     node1.className = 'monkeys simian';
 
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.equal(result[0], node2);
   });
 
-  it('should work on the documentElement', function() {
+  it('should work on the documentElement', function () {
     fixtureSetup();
 
     var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(document.documentElement);
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.equal(result[0], document.documentElement);
   });
 
-  it('should work on the documentElement with classes', function() {
+  it('should work on the documentElement with classes', function () {
     var orig = document.documentElement.className;
     document.documentElement.className = 'stuff and other things';
     fixtureSetup();
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     document.documentElement.className = orig;
   });
 
-  it('should work on the body', function() {
+  it('should work on the body', function () {
     fixtureSetup();
     var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(document.body);
     var result = document.querySelectorAll(sel);
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.equal(result[0], document.body);
   });
 
-  it('should work on namespaced elements', function() {
+  it('should work on namespaced elements', function () {
     fixtureSetup('<hx:include>Hello</hx:include>');
     var node = fixture.firstChild;
 
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.equal(result[0], node);
   });
 
-  it('should work on complex namespaced elements', function() {
+  it('should work on complex namespaced elements', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<m:math xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">' +
         '<m:mi>x</m:mi>' +
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.equal(result[0], node);
   });
 
-  it('should not use ignored attributes', function() {
+  it('should not use ignored attributes', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     var ignoredAttributes = [
       'style',
@@ -471,9 +471,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
       'aria-expanded',
       'aria-grabbed',
       'aria-pressed',
-      'aria-valuenow'
+      'aria-valuenow',
+      'xmlns'
     ];
-    ignoredAttributes.forEach(function(att) {
+    ignoredAttributes.forEach(function (att) {
       node.setAttribute(att, 'true');
     });
     fixtureSetup(node);
@@ -481,7 +482,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.utils.getSelector(node).indexOf('[') === -1);
   });
 
-  it('should use href and src attributes, shortened', function() {
+  it('should use href and src attributes, shortened', function () {
     var link1 = document.createElement('a');
     link1.setAttribute('href', '//deque.com/thang/');
 
@@ -498,7 +499,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.equal(axe.utils.getSelector(img2), 'img[src$="logo.png"]');
   });
 
-  it('should escape href attributes', function() {
+  it('should escape href attributes', function () {
     var link1 = document.createElement('a');
     link1.setAttribute('href', '//deque.com/about/');
 
@@ -512,7 +513,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should not URL encode or token escape href attribute', function() {
+  it('should not URL encode or token escape href attribute', function () {
     var link1 = document.createElement('a');
     link1.setAttribute('href', '3 Seater');
 
@@ -525,7 +526,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.utils.matchesSelector(link2, expected));
   });
 
-  it('should escape certain special characters in attribute', function() {
+  it('should escape certain special characters in attribute', function () {
     var div1 = document.createElement('div');
     div1.setAttribute('data-thing', 'foobar');
 
@@ -538,7 +539,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.utils.matchesSelector(div2, expected));
   });
 
-  it('should escape newline characters in attribute', function() {
+  it('should escape newline characters in attribute', function () {
     var div1 = document.createElement('div');
     div1.setAttribute('data-thing', 'foobar');
 
@@ -551,7 +552,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.utils.matchesSelector(div2, expected));
   });
 
-  it('should not generate universal selectors', function() {
+  it('should not generate universal selectors', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.setAttribute('role', 'menuitem');
     fixtureSetup(node);
@@ -559,7 +560,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.equal(axe.utils.getSelector(node), 'div[role="menuitem"]');
   });
 
-  it('should work correctly when a URL attribute cannot be shortened', function() {
+  it('should work correctly when a URL attribute cannot be shortened', function () {
     var href1 = 'mars2.html?a=be_bold';
     var node1 = document.createElement('a');
     node1.setAttribute('href', href1);
@@ -577,7 +578,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
   // to specifically test this
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'no options: should work with shadow DOM',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var shadEl;
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
       makeShadowTreeGetSelector(fixture.firstChild);
@@ -595,7 +596,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
   // to specifically test this
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'toRoot: should work with shadow DOM',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var shadEl;
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
       makeShadowTreeGetSelector(fixture.firstChild);
@@ -610,7 +611,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     }
   );
 
-  it('should correctly calculate unique selector when no discernable features', function() {
+  it('should correctly calculate unique selector when no discernable features', function () {
     var node = makeNonunique(fixture);
     fixtureSetup();
 
@@ -619,7 +620,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.isTrue(mine === node);
   });
 
-  it('should not traverse further up than required when no discernable features', function() {
+  it('should not traverse further up than required when no discernable features', function () {
     var node = makeNonunique(fixture);
     fixtureSetup();
 
@@ -630,12 +631,12 @@ describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
     assert.isTrue(test === top);
   });
 
-  it('should not error if fragment is no longer in the DOM', function() {
+  it('should not error if fragment is no longer in the DOM', function () {
     var fragment = document.createDocumentFragment();
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     fragment.appendChild(node);
     fixtureSetup();
-    assert.doesNotThrow(function() {
+    assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
       axe.utils.getSelector(node);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-shadow-selector.js b/test/core/utils/get-shadow-selector.js
index 057c0fcf2..9356f8cee 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-shadow-selector.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-shadow-selector.js
@@ -1,77 +1,74 @@
-describe('axe.utils.getShadowSelector', function() {
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var shadowTest = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit;
-  var getShadowSelector = axe.utils.getShadowSelector;
+describe('axe.utils.getShadowSelector', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const shadowTest = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1 ? it : xit;
+  const getShadowSelector = axe.utils.getShadowSelector;
 
   function generator(node) {
     return node.nodeName.toLowerCase();
   }
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns generated output for light DOM nodes', function() {
-    var h1 = document.createElement('h1');
+  it('returns generated output for light DOM nodes', () => {
+    const h1 = document.createElement('h1');
     fixture.appendChild(h1);
 
-    var selector = getShadowSelector(generator, h1);
+    const selector = getShadowSelector(generator, h1);
     assert.equal(selector, 'h1');
   });
 
-  it('passes node and options to generator', function() {
-    var called = false;
-    var node = document.createElement('h1');
-    var options = { hello: 'world' };
-    function generator(arg1, arg2) {
+  it('passes node and options to generator', () => {
+    let called = false;
+    const node = document.createElement('h1');
+    const options = { hello: 'world' };
+    function generatorFn(arg1, arg2) {
       called = true;
       assert.equal(arg1, node);
       assert.equal(arg2, options);
     }
 
-    getShadowSelector(generator, node, options);
+    getShadowSelector(generatorFn, node, options);
     assert.isTrue(called);
   });
 
-  it('passes am empty object if no options are provided', function() {
-    var called = false;
-    var node = document.createElement('h1');
-    function generator(_, arg2) {
+  it('passes am empty object if no options are provided', () => {
+    let called = false;
+    const node = document.createElement('h1');
+    function generatorFn(_, arg2) {
       called = true;
       assert.deepEqual(arg2, {});
     }
 
-    getShadowSelector(generator, node);
+    getShadowSelector(generatorFn, node);
     assert.isTrue(called);
   });
 
-  shadowTest('returns the output of the generator for light DOM', function() {
+  shadowTest('returns the output of the generator for light DOM', () => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div><h1>Hello world</h1></div>';
-    var div = fixture.querySelector('div');
-    var h1 = fixture.querySelector('h1');
-    var shadowHost = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    const div = fixture.querySelector('div');
+    const h1 = fixture.querySelector('h1');
+    const shadowHost = div.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
     shadowHost.innerHTML = '<span><slot /></span>';
 
     assert.equal(getShadowSelector(generator, h1), 'h1');
   });
 
-  shadowTest(
-    'returns an array of outputs for each shadow tree host',
-    function() {
-      var node = document.createElement('section');
-      fixture.appendChild(node);
+  shadowTest('returns an array of outputs for each shadow tree host', () => {
+    const node = document.createElement('section');
+    fixture.appendChild(node);
 
-      var shadowRoot1 = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadowRoot1.innerHTML = '<div><article><slot /></article</div>';
+    const shadowRoot1 = node.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadowRoot1.innerHTML = '<div><article><slot /></article</div>';
 
-      var shadowRoot2 = shadowRoot1
-        .querySelector('article')
-        .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-      shadowRoot2.innerHTML = '<h1>Hello world</h1>';
+    const shadowRoot2 = shadowRoot1
+      .querySelector('article')
+      .attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    shadowRoot2.innerHTML = '<h1>Hello world</h1>';
 
-      var target = shadowRoot2.querySelector('h1');
-      var sel = getShadowSelector(generator, target);
-      assert.deepEqual(sel, ['section', 'article', 'h1']);
-    }
-  );
+    const target = shadowRoot2.querySelector('h1');
+    const sel = getShadowSelector(generator, target);
+    assert.deepEqual(sel, ['section', 'article', 'h1']);
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-stylesheet-factory.js b/test/core/utils/get-stylesheet-factory.js
index 012e49814..69ae9ee14 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-stylesheet-factory.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-stylesheet-factory.js
@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
-describe('axe.utils.getStyleSheetFactory', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.getStyleSheetFactory', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var dynamicDoc = document.implementation.createHTMLDocument(
     'Dynamic document for testing axe.utils.getStyleSheetFactory'
   );
 
-  it('throws if there is no argument of dynamicDocument', function() {
-    assert.throws(function() {
+  it('throws if there is no argument of dynamicDocument', function () {
+    assert.throws(function () {
       axe.utils.getStyleSheetFactory();
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns a function when passed argument of dynamicDocument', function() {
+  it('returns a function when passed argument of dynamicDocument', function () {
     var actual = axe.utils.getStyleSheetFactory(dynamicDoc);
     assert.isFunction(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns a CSSOM stylesheet, when invoked with data (text)', function() {
+  it('returns a CSSOM stylesheet, when invoked with data (text)', function () {
     var stylesheetFactory = axe.utils.getStyleSheetFactory(dynamicDoc);
     var actual = stylesheetFactory({
       data: '.someStyle{background-color:red;}',
diff --git a/test/core/utils/get-xpath.js b/test/core/utils/get-xpath.js
index e962ba7ac..78f4ec174 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/get-xpath.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/get-xpath.js
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
-describe('axe.utils.getXpath', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.getXpath', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function() {
+  it('should be a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.getXpath);
   });
 
-  it('should generate an XPath selector', function() {
+  it('should generate an XPath selector', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
 
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getXpath', function() {
     assert.equal(sel, "/div[@id='fixture']/div");
   });
 
-  it('should handle special characters', function() {
+  it('should handle special characters', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.id = 'monkeys#are.animals\\ok';
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getXpath', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should stop on unique ID', function() {
+  it('should stop on unique ID', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.id = 'monkeys';
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getXpath', function() {
     assert.equal(sel, "/div[@id='monkeys']");
   });
 
-  it('should not use ids if they are not unique', function() {
+  it('should not use ids if they are not unique', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('div');
     node.id = 'monkeys';
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getXpath', function() {
     assert.equal(sel, "/div[@id='fixture']/div[2]");
   });
 
-  it('should properly calculate number when siblings are of different type', function() {
+  it('should properly calculate number when siblings are of different type', function () {
     var node, target;
     node = document.createElement('span');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -79,17 +79,17 @@ describe('axe.utils.getXpath', function() {
     assert.equal(sel, "/div[@id='fixture']/div[2]");
   });
 
-  it('should work on the documentElement', function() {
+  it('should work on the documentElement', function () {
     var sel = axe.utils.getXpath(document.documentElement);
     assert.equal(sel, '/html');
   });
 
-  it('should work on the body', function() {
+  it('should work on the body', function () {
     var sel = axe.utils.getXpath(document.body);
     assert.equal(sel, '/html/body');
   });
 
-  it('should work on namespaced elements', function() {
+  it('should work on namespaced elements', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<hx:include>Hello</hx:include>';
     var node = fixture.firstChild;
     var sel = axe.utils.getXpath(node);
diff --git a/test/core/utils/is-hidden.js b/test/core/utils/is-hidden.js
index 4e4826783..8be07f0da 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/is-hidden.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/is-hidden.js
@@ -15,32 +15,32 @@ function makeShadowTreeHidden(node) {
   div.appendChild(createContentHidden());
 }
 
-describe('axe.utils.isHidden', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.isHidden', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function() {
+  it('should be a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.isHidden);
   });
 
-  it('should return false on detached elements', function() {
+  it('should return false on detached elements', function () {
     var el = document.createElement('div');
     el.innerHTML = 'I am not visible because I am detached!';
 
     assert.isTrue(axe.utils.isHidden(el));
   });
 
-  it('should return false on a document', function() {
+  it('should return false on a document', function () {
     assert.isFalse(axe.utils.isHidden(document));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if `aria-hidden` is set', function() {
+  it('should return true if `aria-hidden` is set', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">Hidden from screen readers</div>';
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.isHidden', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.utils.isHidden(el));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if `display: none` is set', function() {
+  it('should return true if `display: none` is set', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="target" style="display: none">Hidden from screen readers</div>';
 
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.isHidden', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.utils.isHidden(el));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if `aria-hidden` is set on parent', function() {
+  it('should return true if `aria-hidden` is set on parent', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div aria-hidden="true"><div id="target">Hidden from screen readers</div></div>';
 
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.isHidden', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.utils.isHidden(el));
   });
 
-  it('should know how `visibility` works', function() {
+  it('should know how `visibility` works', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="visibility: hidden;">' +
       '<div id="target" style="visibility: visible;">Hi</div>' +
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.isHidden', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'not hidden: should work when the element is inside shadow DOM',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var tree, node;
       // shadow DOM v1 - note: v0 is compatible with this code, so no need
       // to specifically test this
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.isHidden', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'hidden: should work when the element is inside shadow DOM',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       var tree, node;
       // shadow DOM v1 - note: v0 is compatible with this code, so no need
       // to specifically test this
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.isHidden', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'should work with hidden slotted elements',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       function createContentSlotted() {
         var group = document.createElement('div');
         group.innerHTML =
diff --git a/test/core/utils/is-html-element.js b/test/core/utils/is-html-element.js
index 1d9c50438..caa9c7518 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/is-html-element.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/is-html-element.js
@@ -1,34 +1,34 @@
 /* global axe */
-describe('axe.utils.isHtmlElement', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.isHtmlElement', function () {
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var isHtmlElement = axe.utils.isHtmlElement;
 
-  it('returns true if given ul', function() {
+  it('returns true if given ul', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('ul');
     assert.isTrue(isHtmlElement(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if given nav', function() {
+  it('returns true if given nav', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('nav');
     assert.isTrue(isHtmlElement(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if given iframe', function() {
+  it('returns true if given iframe', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('iframe');
     assert.isTrue(isHtmlElement(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if given custom element', function() {
+  it('returns false if given custom element', function () {
     var node = document.createElement('myElement');
     assert.isFalse(isHtmlElement(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if given svg namespace', function() {
+  it('returns false if given svg namespace', function () {
     var node = document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'a');
     assert.isFalse(isHtmlElement(node));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if node has inherited svg namespace', function() {
+  it('returns false if node has inherited svg namespace', function () {
     var svgNameSpace = 'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg';
     var node = document.createElementNS(svgNameSpace, 'svg');
     var child = document.createElementNS(svgNameSpace, 'a');
@@ -40,12 +40,12 @@ describe('axe.utils.isHtmlElement', function() {
     assert.isFalse(isHtmlElement(childNode));
   });
 
-  it('works with VirtualNodes', function() {
+  it('works with VirtualNodes', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<ul id="target"></ul>');
     assert.isTrue(isHtmlElement(vNode));
   });
 
-  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', function() {
+  it('works with SerialVirtualNode', function () {
     var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'ul' });
     assert.isTrue(isHtmlElement(vNode));
   });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/is-node-in-context.js b/test/core/utils/is-node-in-context.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0d99f7d94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/core/utils/is-node-in-context.js
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+describe('axe.utils.isNodeInContext', () => {
+  const { queryFixture } = axe.testUtils;
+  const { Context } = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base;
+  const { isNodeInContext } = axe.utils;
+
+  it('is true when the node is included', () => {
+    const node = queryFixture(
+      `<article> <section> <img id="target"> </section> </article>`
+    );
+    const context = new Context({ include: [['article']] }, axe._tree);
+    assert.isTrue(isNodeInContext(node, context));
+  });
+
+  it('is false when the node is not included', () => {
+    const node = queryFixture(
+      `<article id="target"> <section> <img> </section> </article>`
+    );
+    const context = new Context({ include: [['section']] }, axe._tree);
+    assert.isFalse(isNodeInContext(node, context));
+  });
+
+  describe('when the node is excluded', () => {
+    it('is false when exclude is closer to the node than include', () => {
+      const node = queryFixture(
+        `<main> <article> <section> <img id="target"> </section> </article> </main>`
+      );
+      const context = new Context(
+        {
+          include: [['article']],
+          exclude: [['main'], ['section']]
+        },
+        axe._tree
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(isNodeInContext(node, context));
+    });
+
+    it('is true when include is closer to the node than exclude', () => {
+      const node = queryFixture(
+        `<main> <article> <section> <img id="target"> </section> </article> </main>`
+      );
+      const context = new Context(
+        {
+          include: [['main'], ['section']],
+          exclude: [['article']]
+        },
+        axe._tree
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(isNodeInContext(node, context));
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('when nodeIndex is undefined', () => {
+    it('is true when the node is included', () => {
+      const node = queryFixture(`<article> <img id="target">  </article>`);
+      delete node.nodeIndex;
+      delete node.parent.nodeIndex;
+      const context = new Context({ include: [['article']] }, axe._tree);
+      assert.isTrue(isNodeInContext(node, context));
+    });
+
+    it('is false when the node is not included', () => {
+      const node = queryFixture(
+        `<article id="target"> <section> <img> </section> </article>`
+      );
+
+      delete node.nodeIndex;
+      delete node.children[0].nodeIndex;
+      const context = new Context({ include: [['section']] }, axe._tree);
+      assert.isFalse(isNodeInContext(node, context));
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/core/utils/is-shadow-root.js b/test/core/utils/is-shadow-root.js
index dba796917..fbfc858e7 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/is-shadow-root.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/is-shadow-root.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport;
 
-describe('axe.utils.isShadowRoot', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.isShadowRoot', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   function createStyle(box) {
@@ -15,35 +15,35 @@ describe('axe.utils.isShadowRoot', function() {
 
   var isShadowRoot = axe.utils.isShadowRoot;
 
-  it('returns false if the node has no shadowRoot', function() {
+  it('returns false if the node has no shadowRoot', function () {
     assert.isFalse(isShadowRoot({ nodeName: 'DIV', shadowRoot: undefined }));
   });
-  it('returns true if the native element allows shadow DOM', function() {
+  it('returns true if the native element allows shadow DOM', function () {
     assert.isTrue(isShadowRoot({ nodeName: 'DIV', shadowRoot: {} }));
     assert.isTrue(isShadowRoot({ nodeName: 'H1', shadowRoot: {} }));
     assert.isTrue(isShadowRoot({ nodeName: 'ASIDE', shadowRoot: {} }));
   });
-  it('returns true if a custom element with shadowRoot', function() {
+  it('returns true if a custom element with shadowRoot', function () {
     assert.isTrue(isShadowRoot({ nodeName: 'X-BUTTON', shadowRoot: {} }));
     assert.isTrue(
       isShadowRoot({ nodeName: 'T1000-SCHWARZENEGGER', shadowRoot: {} })
     );
   });
-  it('returns true if an invalid custom element with shadowRoot', function() {
+  it('returns true if an invalid custom element with shadowRoot', function () {
     assert.isFalse(isShadowRoot({ nodeName: '0-BUZZ', shadowRoot: {} }));
     assert.isFalse(isShadowRoot({ nodeName: '--ELM--', shadowRoot: {} }));
   });
-  it('returns false if the native element does not allow shadow DOM', function() {
+  it('returns false if the native element does not allow shadow DOM', function () {
     assert.isFalse(isShadowRoot({ nodeName: 'IFRAME', shadowRoot: {} }));
     assert.isFalse(isShadowRoot({ nodeName: 'STRONG', shadowRoot: {} }));
   });
 
   if (shadowSupport.v1) {
-    describe('shadow DOM v1', function() {
-      afterEach(function() {
+    describe('shadow DOM v1', function () {
+      afterEach(function () {
         fixture.innerHTML = '';
       });
-      beforeEach(function() {
+      beforeEach(function () {
         function createStoryGroup(className, slotName) {
           var group = document.createElement('div');
           group.className = className;
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.isShadowRoot', function() {
 
         fixture.querySelectorAll('.stories').forEach(makeShadowTree);
       });
-      it('should support shadow DOM v1', function() {
+      it('should support shadow DOM v1', function () {
         assert.isDefined(fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot);
       });
     });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/is-xhtml.js b/test/core/utils/is-xhtml.js
index da4a0eaaf..97ca125a8 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/is-xhtml.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/is-xhtml.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('axe.utils.isXHTML', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.isXHTML', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should be a function', function() {
+  it('should be a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.isXHTML);
   });
 
-  it('should return true on any document that is XHTML', function() {
+  it('should return true on any document that is XHTML', function () {
     var doc = document.implementation.createDocument(
       'http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml',
       'html',
@@ -14,12 +14,12 @@ describe('axe.utils.isXHTML', function() {
     assert.isTrue(axe.utils.isXHTML(doc));
   });
 
-  it('should return false on any document that is HTML', function() {
+  it('should return false on any document that is HTML', function () {
     var doc = document.implementation.createHTMLDocument('Monkeys');
     assert.isFalse(axe.utils.isXHTML(doc));
   });
 
-  it('should return false on any document that is HTML - fixture', function() {
+  it('should return false on any document that is HTML - fixture', function () {
     assert.isFalse(axe.utils.isXHTML(document));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/matchAncestry.js b/test/core/utils/matchAncestry.js
index 5f2b0552e..6cca99ee0 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/matchAncestry.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/matchAncestry.js
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-describe('axe.utils.matchAncestry', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.matchAncestry', function () {
   'use strict';
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function() {
+  it('should be a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.matchAncestry);
   });
 
-  it('should match when ancestry is the same and one level', function() {
+  it('should match when ancestry is the same and one level', function () {
     var result = axe.utils.matchAncestry(
       ['html > body > div:nth-child(1)'],
       ['html > body > div:nth-child(1)']
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.matchAncestry', function() {
     assert.isTrue(result);
   });
 
-  it('should not match when ancestry is different and one level', function() {
+  it('should not match when ancestry is different and one level', function () {
     var result = axe.utils.matchAncestry(
       ['html > body > div:nth-child(3)'],
       ['html > body > div:nth-child(1)']
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.matchAncestry', function() {
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('should not match when ancestries have different numbers of elements', function() {
+  it('should not match when ancestries have different numbers of elements', function () {
     var result = axe.utils.matchAncestry(
       ['iframe', 'html > body > div:nth-child(1)'],
       ['html > body > div:nth-child(1)']
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.matchAncestry', function() {
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('should not match when first level is different and second level is the same', function() {
+  it('should not match when first level is different and second level is the same', function () {
     var result = axe.utils.matchAncestry(
       ['iframe', 'html > body > div:nth-child(1)'],
       ['otherIframe', 'html > body > div:nth-child(1)']
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.matchAncestry', function() {
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('should not match when second level is different and first level is the same', function() {
+  it('should not match when second level is different and first level is the same', function () {
     var result = axe.utils.matchAncestry(
       ['iframe', 'html > body > div:nth-child(1)'],
       ['iframe', 'html > body > div:nth-child(2)']
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.matchAncestry', function() {
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('should match when all levels are the same', function() {
+  it('should match when all levels are the same', function () {
     var result = axe.utils.matchAncestry(
       ['iframe', 'iframe2', 'html > body > div:nth-child(1)'],
       ['iframe', 'iframe2', 'html > body > div:nth-child(1)']
diff --git a/test/core/utils/matches.js b/test/core/utils/matches.js
index 16666de7c..695124358 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/matches.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/matches.js
@@ -1,31 +1,32 @@
-describe('utils.matches', function() {
+describe('utils.matches', function () {
   var matches = axe.utils.matches;
   var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  var convertSelector = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.utils.convertSelector;
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  describe('tag', function() {
-    it('returns true if tag matches', function() {
+  describe('tag', function () {
+    it('returns true if tag matches', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'h1'));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if the tag does not match', function() {
+    it('returns false if the tag does not match', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
       assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, 'div'));
     });
 
-    it('is case sensitive for XHTML', function() {
+    it('is case sensitive for XHTML', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture('<H1 id="target">foo</H1>');
       delete virtualNode._cache.props;
       virtualNode._isXHTML = true;
       assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, 'h1'));
     });
 
-    it('is case insensitive for HTML, but not for XHTML', function() {
+    it('is case insensitive for HTML, but not for XHTML', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture('<H1 id="target">foo</H1>');
       delete virtualNode._cache.props;
       virtualNode._isXHTML = true;
@@ -33,22 +34,22 @@ describe('utils.matches', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('classes', function() {
-    it('returns true if all classes match', function() {
+  describe('classes', function () {
+    it('returns true if all classes match', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" class="foo bar baz"></span>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, '.foo.bar.baz'));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if some classes do not match', function() {
+    it('returns false if some classes do not match', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" class="foo bar baz"></span>'
       );
       assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, '.foo.bar.bazz'));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if any classes are missing', function() {
+    it('returns false if any classes are missing', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" class="foo bar"></span>'
       );
@@ -56,168 +57,196 @@ describe('utils.matches', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('attributes', function() {
-    it('returns true if attribute exists', function() {
+  describe('attributes', function () {
+    it('returns true if attribute exists', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" foo="baz" bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, '[foo]'));
     });
 
-    it('returns true if attribute matches', function() {
+    it('returns true if attribute matches', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" foo="baz" bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, '[foo=baz]'));
     });
 
-    it('returns true if all attributes match', function() {
+    it('returns true if all attributes match', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" foo="baz" bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, '[foo="baz"][bar="foo"][baz="bar"]'));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if some attributes do not match', function() {
+    it('returns false if some attributes do not match', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" foo="baz" bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
       );
       assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, '[foo="baz"][bar="foo"][baz="baz"]'));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if any attributes are missing', function() {
+    it('returns false if any attributes are missing', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" foo="baz" baz="bar"></span>'
       );
       assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, '[foo="baz"][bar="foo"][baz="bar"]'));
     });
 
-    it('returns true if attribute starts with value', function() {
+    it('returns true if attribute starts with value', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" foo="bazaphone" bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, '[foo^="baz"]'));
     });
 
-    it('returns true if attribute ends with value', function() {
+    it('returns true if attribute ends with value', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" foo="bazaphone" bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, '[foo$="hone"]'));
     });
 
-    it('returns true if attribute contains value', function() {
+    it('returns true if attribute contains value', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" foo="bazaphone" bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, '[foo*="baz"]'));
     });
 
-    it('returns true if attribute has value', function() {
+    it('returns true if attribute has value', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" foo="bar baz" bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, '[foo~="baz"]'));
     });
+
+    it('returns true if attribute matches having an empty value', function () {
+      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+        '<span id="target" foo="" bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, '[foo=""]'));
+    });
+
+    it('returns true if attribute matches not having value', function () {
+      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+        '<span id="target" foo bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, '[foo=""]'));
+    });
+
+    it('returns false if attribute should not have value', function () {
+      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+        '<span id="target" foo="bar baz" bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
+      );
+      assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, '[foo=""]'));
+    });
+
+    it('should return true if attribute exists without value', function () {
+      var virtualNode = queryFixture(
+        '<span id="target" foo bar="foo" baz="bar"></span>'
+      );
+      assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, '[foo]'));
+    });
   });
 
-  describe('id', function() {
-    it('returns true if id matches', function() {
+  describe('id', function () {
+    it('returns true if id matches', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, '#target'));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if the id does not match', function() {
+    it('returns false if the id does not match', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
       assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, '#notTarget'));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('pseudos', function() {
-    it('throws error if pseudo is not implemented', function() {
+  describe('pseudos', function () {
+    it('throws error if pseudo is not implemented', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
-      assert.throws(function() {
+      assert.throws(function () {
         matches(virtualNode, 'h1:empty');
       });
-      assert.throws(function() {
+      assert.throws(function () {
         matches(virtualNode, 'h1::before');
       });
     });
 
-    describe(':not', function() {
-      it('returns true if :not matches using tag', function() {
+    describe(':not', function () {
+      it('returns true if :not matches using tag', function () {
         var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
         assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'h1:not(span)'));
       });
 
-      it('returns true if :not matches using class', function() {
+      it('returns true if :not matches using class', function () {
         var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
         assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'h1:not(.foo)'));
       });
 
-      it('returns true if :not matches using attribute', function() {
+      it('returns true if :not matches using attribute', function () {
         var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
         assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'h1:not([class])'));
       });
 
-      it('returns true if :not matches using id', function() {
+      it('returns true if :not matches using id', function () {
         var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
         assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'h1:not(#foo)'));
       });
 
-      it('returns true if :not matches none of the selectors', function() {
+      it('returns true if :not matches none of the selectors', function () {
         var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
         assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'h1:not([role=heading], span)'));
       });
 
-      it('returns false if :not matches element', function() {
+      it('returns false if :not matches element', function () {
         var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
         assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, 'h1:not([id])'));
       });
 
-      it('returns false if :not matches one of the selectors', function() {
+      it('returns false if :not matches one of the selectors', function () {
         var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
         assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, 'h1:not([role=heading], [id])'));
       });
     });
 
-    describe(':is', function() {
-      it('returns true if :is matches using tag', function() {
+    describe(':is', function () {
+      it('returns true if :is matches using tag', function () {
         var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
         assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, ':is(h1)'));
       });
 
-      it('returns true if :is matches using class', function() {
+      it('returns true if :is matches using class', function () {
         var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target" class="foo">foo</h1>');
         assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'h1:is(.foo)'));
       });
 
-      it('returns true if :is matches using attribute', function() {
+      it('returns true if :is matches using attribute', function () {
         var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target" class="foo">foo</h1>');
         assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'h1:is([class])'));
       });
 
-      it('returns true if :is matches using id', function() {
+      it('returns true if :is matches using id', function () {
         var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
         assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'h1:is(#target)'));
       });
 
-      it('returns true if :is matches one of the selectors', function() {
+      it('returns true if :is matches one of the selectors', function () {
         var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
         assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, ':is([role=heading], h1)'));
       });
 
-      it('returns true if :is matches complex selector', function() {
+      it('returns true if :is matches complex selector', function () {
         var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div><h1 id="target">foo</h1></div>');
         assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'h1:is(div > #target)'));
       });
 
-      it('returns false if :is does not match element', function() {
+      it('returns false if :is does not match element', function () {
         var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
         assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, 'h1:is([class])'));
       });
 
-      it('returns false if :is matches none of the selectors', function() {
+      it('returns false if :is matches none of the selectors', function () {
         var virtualNode = queryFixture('<h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
         assert.isFalse(
           matches(virtualNode, 'h1:is([class], span, #foo, .bar)')
@@ -226,22 +255,22 @@ describe('utils.matches', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('complex', function() {
-    it('returns true for complex selector', function() {
+  describe('complex', function () {
+    it('returns true for complex selector', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" class="foo bar baz"></span>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'span.foo[id="target"]:not(div)'));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if any part of the selector does not match', function() {
+    it('returns false if any part of the selector does not match', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" class="foo bar baz"></span>'
       );
       assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, 'span.foo[id="target"]:not(span)'));
     });
 
-    it('returns true if a comma-separated list of selectors match', function() {
+    it('returns true if a comma-separated list of selectors match', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<span id="target" class="foo bar baz"></span>'
       );
@@ -249,77 +278,94 @@ describe('utils.matches', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('combinator', function() {
-    it('returns true if parent selector matches', function() {
+  describe('combinator', function () {
+    it('returns true if parent selector matches', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div><h1 id="target">foo</h1></div>');
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'div > h1'));
     });
 
-    it('returns true if nested parent selector matches', function() {
+    it('returns true if nested parent selector matches', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<main><div><h1 id="target">foo</h1></div><main>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'main > div > h1'));
     });
 
-    it('returns true if hierarchical selector matches', function() {
+    it('returns true if hierarchical selector matches', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div><h1 id="target">foo</h1></div>');
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'div h1'));
     });
 
-    it('returns true if nested hierarchical selector matches', function() {
+    it('returns true if nested hierarchical selector matches', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<div><table><tr><td><h1 id="target">foo</h1></td></tr></table></div>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'div tr h1'));
     });
 
-    it('returns true if mixed parent and hierarchical selector matches', function() {
+    it('returns true if mixed parent and hierarchical selector matches', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<div><table><tr><td><h1 id="target">foo</h1></td></tr></table></div>'
       );
       assert.isTrue(matches(virtualNode, 'div tr > td h1'));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if parent selector does not match', function() {
+    it('returns false if parent selector does not match', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div><h1 id="target">foo</h1></div>');
       assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, 'span > h1'));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if nested parent selector does not match', function() {
+    it('returns false if nested parent selector does not match', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<main><div><h1 id="target">foo</h1></div><main>'
       );
       assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, 'span > div > h1'));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if hierarchical selector does not match', function() {
+    it('returns false if hierarchical selector does not match', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div><h1 id="target">foo</h1></div>');
       assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, 'span h1'));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if nested hierarchical selector does not match', function() {
+    it('returns false if nested hierarchical selector does not match', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<div><table><tr><td><h1 id="target">foo</h1></td></tr></table></div>'
       );
       assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, 'div span h1'));
     });
 
-    it('returns false if mixed parent and hierarchical selector does not match', function() {
+    it('returns false if mixed parent and hierarchical selector does not match', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture(
         '<div><table><tr><td><h1 id="target">foo</h1></td></tr></table></div>'
       );
       assert.isFalse(matches(virtualNode, 'div span > td h1'));
     });
 
-    it('throws error if combinator is not implemented', function() {
+    it('throws error if combinator is not implemented', function () {
       var virtualNode = queryFixture('<div></div><h1 id="target">foo</h1>');
-      assert.throws(function() {
+      assert.throws(function () {
         matches(virtualNode, 'div + h1');
       });
-      assert.throws(function() {
+      assert.throws(function () {
         matches(virtualNode, 'div ~ h1');
       });
     });
   });
+
+  describe('convertSelector', function () {
+    it('should set type to attrExist for attribute selector', function () {
+      var expression = convertSelector('[disabled]');
+      assert.equal(expression[0][0].attributes[0].type, 'attrExist');
+    });
+
+    it('should set type to attrValue for attribute value selector', function () {
+      var expression = convertSelector('[aria-pressed="true"]');
+      assert.equal(expression[0][0].attributes[0].type, 'attrValue');
+    });
+
+    it('should set type to attrValue for empty attribute value selector', function () {
+      var expression = convertSelector('[aria-pressed=""]');
+      assert.equal(expression[0][0].attributes[0].type, 'attrValue');
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/memoize.js b/test/core/utils/memoize.js
index 57b28ba36..7c8503361 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/memoize.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/memoize.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-describe('axe.utils.memoize', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.memoize', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should add the function to axe._memoizedFns', function() {
+  it('should add the function to axe._memoizedFns', function () {
     axe._memoizedFns.length = 0;
 
     axe.utils.memoize(function myFn() {});
diff --git a/test/core/utils/merge-results.js b/test/core/utils/merge-results.js
index 6c821c333..85c15760f 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/merge-results.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/merge-results.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-describe('axe.utils.mergeResults', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.mergeResults', function () {
   'use strict';
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  it('should normalize empty results', function() {
+  it('should normalize empty results', function () {
     var result = axe.utils.mergeResults([
       { results: [] },
       { results: [{ id: 'a', result: 'b' }] }
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.mergeResults', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('merges frame content, including all selector types', function() {
+  it('merges frame content, including all selector types', function () {
     var iframe = queryFixture('<iframe id="target"></iframe>').actualNode;
     var node = {
       selector: ['#foo'],
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.mergeResults', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(node.nodeIndexes, [1, 123]);
   });
 
-  it('merges frame specs', function() {
+  it('merges frame specs', function () {
     var iframe = queryFixture('<iframe id="target"></iframe>').actualNode;
     var frameSpec = new axe.utils.DqElement(iframe).toJSON();
     var node = {
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.mergeResults', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(node.nodeIndexes, [1, 123]);
   });
 
-  it('sorts results from iframes into their correct DOM position', function() {
+  it('sorts results from iframes into their correct DOM position', function () {
     var result = axe.utils.mergeResults([
       {
         results: [
@@ -142,13 +142,13 @@ describe('axe.utils.mergeResults', function() {
       }
     ]);
 
-    var ids = result[0].nodes.map(function(el) {
+    var ids = result[0].nodes.map(function (el) {
       return el.node.selector.join(' >> ');
     });
     assert.deepEqual(ids, ['h1', 'iframe1 >> h2', 'iframe1 >> h3', 'h4']);
   });
 
-  it('sorts nested iframes', function() {
+  it('sorts nested iframes', function () {
     var result = axe.utils.mergeResults([
       {
         results: [
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.mergeResults', function() {
       }
     ]);
 
-    var ids = result[0].nodes.map(function(el) {
+    var ids = result[0].nodes.map(function (el) {
       return el.node.selector.join(' >> ');
     });
     assert.deepEqual(ids, [
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.mergeResults', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('sorts results even if nodeIndexes are empty', function() {
+  it('sorts results even if nodeIndexes are empty', function () {
     var result = axe.utils.mergeResults([
       {
         results: [
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.mergeResults', function() {
       }
     ]);
 
-    var ids = result[0].nodes.map(function(el) {
+    var ids = result[0].nodes.map(function (el) {
       return el.node.selector.join(' >> ');
     });
     // Order of "nill" varies in IE
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.mergeResults', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('sorts results even if nodeIndexes are undefined', function() {
+  it('sorts results even if nodeIndexes are undefined', function () {
     var result = axe.utils.mergeResults([
       {
         results: [
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.mergeResults', function() {
       }
     ]);
 
-    var ids = result[0].nodes.map(function(el) {
+    var ids = result[0].nodes.map(function (el) {
       return el.node.selector.join(' >> ');
     });
     // Order of "nill" varies in IE
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.mergeResults', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('sorts nodes all placed on the same result', function() {
+  it('sorts nodes all placed on the same result', function () {
     var result = axe.utils.mergeResults([
       {
         results: [
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.mergeResults', function() {
       }
     ]);
 
-    var ids = result[0].nodes.map(function(el) {
+    var ids = result[0].nodes.map(function (el) {
       return el.node.selector.join(' >> ');
     });
 
diff --git a/test/core/utils/node-lookup.js b/test/core/utils/node-lookup.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..822f81141
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/core/utils/node-lookup.js
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+describe('axe.utils.nodeLookup', () => {
+  const nodeLookup = axe.utils.nodeLookup;
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+
+  it('works with virtual nodes', () => {
+    const element = queryFixture('<div id="target">Hello</div>');
+
+    const { vNode, domNode } = nodeLookup(element);
+    assert.equal(element, vNode);
+    assert.equal(element.actualNode, domNode);
+  });
+
+  it('works with serial virtual nodes', () => {
+    const element = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'div' });
+
+    const { vNode, domNode } = nodeLookup(element);
+    assert.equal(element, vNode);
+    assert.isUndefined(domNode);
+  });
+
+  it('works with elements', () => {
+    const element = queryFixture('<div id="target">Hello</div>');
+
+    const { vNode, domNode } = nodeLookup(element.actualNode);
+    assert.equal(element, vNode);
+    assert.equal(element.actualNode, domNode);
+  });
+
+  it('works with non-elements', () => {
+    const element = document.createTextNode('my text node');
+
+    const { vNode, domNode } = nodeLookup(element);
+    assert.isNull(vNode);
+    assert.equal(element, domNode);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/core/utils/node-serializer.js b/test/core/utils/node-serializer.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5d170de02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/core/utils/node-serializer.js
@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+describe('nodeSerializer', () => {
+  const { nodeSerializer, DqElement } = axe.utils;
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    axe.setup();
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    nodeSerializer.update(null);
+  });
+
+  describe('.toSpec()', () => {
+    it('returns DqElement.toJSON() by default', () => {
+      const spec = nodeSerializer.toSpec(fixture);
+      const dqElm = new DqElement(fixture);
+      assert.deepEqual(spec, dqElm.toJSON());
+    });
+
+    it('can be replaced with nodeSerializer.update({ toSpec: fn })', () => {
+      nodeSerializer.update({
+        toSpec(dqElm) {
+          const json = dqElm.toJSON();
+          json.source = 'Replaced';
+          return json;
+        }
+      });
+
+      const spec = nodeSerializer.toSpec(fixture);
+      const dqElm = new DqElement(fixture);
+      assert.deepEqual(spec, { ...dqElm.toJSON(), source: 'Replaced' });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('.dqElmToSpec()', () => {
+    it('returns DqElement.toJSON() by default', () => {
+      const dqElm = new DqElement(fixture);
+      const spec = nodeSerializer.dqElmToSpec(dqElm);
+      assert.deepEqual(spec, dqElm.toJSON());
+    });
+
+    it('can be replaced with nodeSerializer.update({ toSpec: fn })', () => {
+      nodeSerializer.update({
+        toSpec(dqElm) {
+          const json = dqElm.toJSON();
+          json.source = 'Replaced';
+          return json;
+        }
+      });
+
+      const dqElm = new DqElement(fixture);
+      const spec = nodeSerializer.dqElmToSpec(dqElm);
+      assert.deepEqual(spec, { ...dqElm.toJSON(), source: 'Replaced' });
+    });
+
+    it('optionally accepts runOptions, replacing real values with dummy values', () => {
+      const dqElm = new DqElement(fixture);
+      const spec = nodeSerializer.dqElmToSpec(dqElm, {
+        selectors: false,
+        xpath: false,
+        ancestry: false
+      });
+      assert.deepEqual(spec, {
+        ...dqElm.toJSON(),
+        selector: [':root'],
+        ancestry: [':root'],
+        xpath: '/'
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('returns selector when falsey but not false', () => {
+      const dqElm = new DqElement(fixture);
+      const spec = nodeSerializer.dqElmToSpec(dqElm, { selectors: null });
+      assert.deepEqual(spec, {
+        ...dqElm.toJSON(),
+        ancestry: [':root'],
+        xpath: '/'
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('returns selector if fromFrame, even if runOptions.selectors is false', () => {
+      const dqElm = new DqElement(fixture);
+      dqElm.fromFrame = true;
+      const spec = nodeSerializer.dqElmToSpec(dqElm, {
+        selectors: false
+      });
+      assert.deepEqual(spec, {
+        ...dqElm.toJSON(),
+        ancestry: [':root'],
+        xpath: '/'
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('skips computing props turned off with runOptions', () => {
+      const dqElm = new DqElement(fixture);
+
+      const throws = () => {
+        throw new Error('Should not be called');
+      };
+      Object.defineProperty(dqElm, 'selector', { get: throws });
+      Object.defineProperty(dqElm, 'ancestry', { get: throws });
+      Object.defineProperty(dqElm, 'xpath', { get: throws });
+
+      assert.doesNotThrow(() => {
+        nodeSerializer.dqElmToSpec(dqElm, {
+          selectors: false,
+          xpath: false,
+          ancestry: false
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('.mergeSpecs()', () => {
+    const nodeSpec = {
+      source: '<div id="fixture"></div>',
+      selector: ['#fixture'],
+      ancestry: ['html > body > #fixture'],
+      nodeIndexes: [3],
+      xpath: ['html/body/div[1]']
+    };
+    const frameSpec = {
+      source: '<iframe></iframe>',
+      selector: ['#frame'],
+      ancestry: ['html > body > #frame'],
+      nodeIndexes: [3],
+      xpath: ['html/body/iframe[1]']
+    };
+
+    it('returns DqElement.mergeSpecs() by default', () => {
+      const combinedSpec = nodeSerializer.mergeSpecs(nodeSpec, frameSpec);
+      assert.deepEqual(combinedSpec, DqElement.mergeSpecs(nodeSpec, frameSpec));
+    });
+
+    it('can be replaced with nodeSerializer.update({ mergeSpecs: fn })', () => {
+      nodeSerializer.update({
+        mergeSpecs(childSpec, parentSpec) {
+          const spec = DqElement.mergeSpecs(childSpec, parentSpec);
+          spec.source = 'Replaced';
+          return spec;
+        }
+      });
+      const spec = nodeSerializer.mergeSpecs(nodeSpec, frameSpec);
+      assert.deepEqual(spec, {
+        ...DqElement.mergeSpecs(nodeSpec, frameSpec),
+        source: 'Replaced'
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('.mapRawNodeResults()', () => {
+    it('returns undefined when passed undefined', () => {
+      assert.isUndefined(nodeSerializer.mapRawNodeResults(undefined));
+    });
+
+    it('converts DqElements node to specs', () => {
+      const dqElm = new DqElement(fixture);
+      const rawNodeResults = [
+        {
+          any: [],
+          all: [],
+          none: [
+            {
+              id: 'nope',
+              data: null,
+              relatedNodes: []
+            }
+          ],
+          node: dqElm,
+          result: 'failed'
+        }
+      ];
+
+      const serialized = nodeSerializer.mapRawNodeResults(rawNodeResults);
+      assert.deepEqual(serialized, [
+        {
+          ...rawNodeResults[0],
+          node: dqElm.toJSON()
+        }
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it('converts DqElements relatedNodes to specs', () => {
+      const dqElm = new DqElement(fixture);
+      const related = new DqElement(fixture.querySelector('p'));
+      const rawNodeResults = [
+        {
+          any: [
+            {
+              id: 'something',
+              data: null,
+              relatedNodes: [related]
+            }
+          ],
+          all: [
+            {
+              id: 'everything',
+              data: null,
+              relatedNodes: [related]
+            }
+          ],
+          none: [
+            {
+              id: 'nope',
+              data: null,
+              relatedNodes: [related]
+            }
+          ],
+          node: dqElm,
+          result: 'failed'
+        }
+      ];
+
+      const serialized = nodeSerializer.mapRawNodeResults(rawNodeResults);
+      assert.deepEqual(serialized[0].any, [
+        {
+          ...rawNodeResults[0].any[0],
+          relatedNodes: [related.toJSON()]
+        }
+      ]);
+      assert.deepEqual(serialized[0].all, [
+        {
+          ...rawNodeResults[0].all[0],
+          relatedNodes: [related.toJSON()]
+        }
+      ]);
+      assert.deepEqual(serialized[0].none, [
+        {
+          ...rawNodeResults[0].none[0],
+          relatedNodes: [related.toJSON()]
+        }
+      ]);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('.mapRawResults()', () => {
+    it('converts DqElements to specs', () => {
+      const dqElm = new DqElement(fixture);
+      const rawNodeResults = [
+        {
+          any: [
+            {
+              id: 'nope',
+              data: null,
+              relatedNodes: [dqElm]
+            }
+          ],
+          all: [],
+          none: [],
+          node: dqElm,
+          result: 'failed'
+        }
+      ];
+      const rawResults = [
+        {
+          id: 'test',
+          nodes: rawNodeResults
+        }
+      ];
+
+      const serialized = nodeSerializer.mapRawResults(rawResults);
+      assert.deepEqual(serialized, [
+        {
+          ...rawResults[0],
+          nodes: [
+            {
+              ...rawNodeResults[0],
+              node: dqElm.toJSON(),
+              any: [
+                {
+                  ...rawNodeResults[0].any[0],
+                  relatedNodes: [dqElm.toJSON()]
+                }
+              ]
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ]);
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/core/utils/node-sorter.js b/test/core/utils/node-sorter.js
index b6ac5dd3a..74ed8350f 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/node-sorter.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/node-sorter.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('axe.utils.nodeSorter', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.nodeSorter', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   function $id(id) {
@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ describe('axe.utils.nodeSorter', function() {
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  it('should exist', function() {
+  it('should exist', function () {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.nodeSorter);
   });
 
-  it('should return -1 if a comes before b', function() {
+  it('should return -1 if a comes before b', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="a"></div><div id="b"></div>';
 
     assert.equal(
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.nodeSorter', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return -1 if a comes before b - nested', function() {
+  it('should return -1 if a comes before b - nested', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="a"><div id="b"></div></div>';
 
     assert.equal(
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.nodeSorter', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return 1 if b comes before a', function() {
+  it('should return 1 if b comes before a', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="b"></div><div id="a"></div>';
 
     assert.equal(
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.nodeSorter', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return 1 if b comes before a - nested', function() {
+  it('should return 1 if b comes before a - nested', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="b"><div id="a"></div></div>';
 
     assert.equal(
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.nodeSorter', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return 0 if a === b', function() {
+  it('should return 0 if a === b', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="a"></div>';
 
     assert.equal(
diff --git a/test/core/utils/parse-crossorigin-stylesheet.js b/test/core/utils/parse-crossorigin-stylesheet.js
index c7effb02f..70de40fd1 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/parse-crossorigin-stylesheet.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/parse-crossorigin-stylesheet.js
@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
-describe('axe.utils.parseCrossOriginStylesheet', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.parseCrossOriginStylesheet', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var dynamicDoc;
   var convertDataToStylesheet;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     dynamicDoc = document.implementation.createHTMLDocument(
       'Dynamic document for testing axe.utils.parseCrossOriginStylesheet'
     );
     convertDataToStylesheet = axe.utils.getStyleSheetFactory(dynamicDoc);
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     dynamicDoc = undefined;
     convertDataToStylesheet = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('returns cross-origin stylesheet', function(done) {
+  it('returns cross-origin stylesheet', function (done) {
     var importUrl =
       'https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/skeleton/2.0.4/skeleton.css';
     var options = {
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.parseCrossOriginStylesheet', function() {
         importedUrls,
         isCrossOriginRequest
       )
-      .then(function(data) {
+      .then(function (data) {
         assert.isDefined(data);
         assert.isDefined(data.sheet);
 
@@ -54,12 +54,12 @@ describe('axe.utils.parseCrossOriginStylesheet', function() {
         );
         done();
       })
-      .catch(function(err) {
+      .catch(function (err) {
         done(err);
       });
   });
 
-  it('rejects when given url to fetch is not found', function(done) {
+  it('rejects when given url to fetch is not found', function (done) {
     this.timeout(axe.constants.preload.timeout + 1000);
 
     var importUrl =
@@ -81,12 +81,12 @@ describe('axe.utils.parseCrossOriginStylesheet', function() {
         importedUrls,
         isCrossOriginRequest
       )
-      .then(function() {
+      .then(function () {
         done(
           new Error('Expected axe.utils.parseCrossOriginStylesheet to reject.')
         );
       })
-      .catch(function(err) {
+      .catch(function (err) {
         assert.isNotNull(err);
         done();
       });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/parse-sameorigin-stylesheet.js b/test/core/utils/parse-sameorigin-stylesheet.js
index 7ab304f98..950e67415 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/parse-sameorigin-stylesheet.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/parse-sameorigin-stylesheet.js
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-describe('axe.utils.parseSameOriginStylesheet', function() {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var stylesForPage;
-  var styleSheets = {
+describe('axe.utils.parseSameOriginStylesheet', () => {
+  let stylesForPage;
+  const styleSheets = {
     emptyStyleTag: {
       id: 'emptyStyleTag',
       text: ''
@@ -16,43 +14,43 @@ describe('axe.utils.parseSameOriginStylesheet', function() {
       text: '.inline-css { font-weight:normal; }'
     }
   };
-  var dynamicDoc;
-  var convertDataToStylesheet;
+  let dynamicDoc;
+  let convertDataToStylesheet;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(() => {
     dynamicDoc = document.implementation.createHTMLDocument(
       'Dynamic document for testing axe.utils.parseSameOriginStylesheet'
     );
     convertDataToStylesheet = axe.utils.getStyleSheetFactory(dynamicDoc);
   });
 
-  afterEach(function(done) {
+  afterEach(done => {
     dynamicDoc = undefined;
     convertDataToStylesheet = undefined;
-    axe.testUtils.removeStyleSheets(stylesForPage).then(function() {
+    axe.testUtils.removeStyleSheets(stylesForPage).then(() => {
       done();
       stylesForPage = undefined;
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns empty results when given sheet has no cssRules', function(done) {
+  it('returns empty results when given sheet has no cssRules', done => {
     // add style that has no styles
     stylesForPage = [styleSheets.emptyStyleTag];
 
-    axe.testUtils.addStyleSheets(stylesForPage).then(function() {
+    axe.testUtils.addStyleSheets(stylesForPage).then(() => {
       // get recently added sheet
-      var sheet = Array.from(document.styleSheets).filter(function(sheet) {
-        return sheet.ownerNode.id === styleSheets.emptyStyleTag.id;
+      const sheet = Array.from(document.styleSheets).filter(styleSheet => {
+        return styleSheet.ownerNode.id === styleSheets.emptyStyleTag.id;
       })[0];
       // parse sheet
-      var options = {
+      const options = {
         rootNode: document,
         shadowId: undefined,
         convertDataToStylesheet: convertDataToStylesheet
       };
-      var priority = [1, 0];
-      var importedUrls = [];
-      var isCrossOriginRequest = false;
+      const priority = [1, 0];
+      const importedUrls = [];
+      const isCrossOriginRequest = false;
       axe.utils
         .parseSameOriginStylesheet(
           sheet,
@@ -61,7 +59,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.parseSameOriginStylesheet', function() {
           importedUrls,
           false
         )
-        .then(function(data) {
+        .then(function (data) {
           assert.isDefined(data);
           assert.isDefined(data.sheet);
           assert.equal(data.isCrossOrigin, isCrossOriginRequest);
@@ -73,24 +71,24 @@ describe('axe.utils.parseSameOriginStylesheet', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns @import rule specified in the stylesheet', function(done) {
+  it('returns @import rule specified in the stylesheet', done => {
     // add style that has @import style
     stylesForPage = [styleSheets.styleTagWithOneImport];
 
-    axe.testUtils.addStyleSheets(stylesForPage).then(function() {
+    axe.testUtils.addStyleSheets(stylesForPage).then(() => {
       // get recently added sheet
-      var sheet = Array.from(document.styleSheets).filter(function(sheet) {
-        return sheet.ownerNode.id === styleSheets.styleTagWithOneImport.id;
+      const sheet = Array.from(document.styleSheets).filter(styleSheet => {
+        return styleSheet.ownerNode.id === styleSheets.styleTagWithOneImport.id;
       })[0];
       // parse sheet
-      var options = {
+      const options = {
         rootNode: document,
         shadowId: undefined,
         convertDataToStylesheet: convertDataToStylesheet
       };
-      var priority = [1, 0];
-      var importedUrls = [];
-      var isCrossOriginRequest = false;
+      const priority = [1, 0];
+      const importedUrls = [];
+      const isCrossOriginRequest = false;
       axe.utils
         .parseSameOriginStylesheet(
           sheet,
@@ -99,10 +97,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.parseSameOriginStylesheet', function() {
           importedUrls,
           false
         )
-        .then(function(data) {
+        .then(function (data) {
           assert.isDefined(data);
 
-          var parsedImportData = data[0];
+          const parsedImportData = data[0];
           assert.isDefined(parsedImportData.sheet);
           assert.equal(parsedImportData.isCrossOrigin, isCrossOriginRequest);
           // as @import is a style with in @imported sheet, an additional priority is appended.
@@ -119,24 +117,24 @@ describe('axe.utils.parseSameOriginStylesheet', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns inline style specified in the stylesheet', function(done) {
+  it('returns inline style specified in the stylesheet', done => {
     // add style that has @import style
     stylesForPage = [styleSheets.inlineStyle];
 
-    axe.testUtils.addStyleSheets(stylesForPage).then(function() {
+    axe.testUtils.addStyleSheets(stylesForPage).then(() => {
       // get recently added sheet
-      var sheet = Array.from(document.styleSheets).filter(function(sheet) {
-        return sheet.ownerNode.id === styleSheets.inlineStyle.id;
+      const sheet = Array.from(document.styleSheets).filter(styleSheet => {
+        return styleSheet.ownerNode.id === styleSheets.inlineStyle.id;
       })[0];
       // parse sheet
-      var options = {
+      const options = {
         rootNode: document,
         shadowId: undefined,
         convertDataToStylesheet: convertDataToStylesheet
       };
-      var priority = [1, 0];
-      var importedUrls = [];
-      var isCrossOriginRequest = false;
+      const priority = [1, 0];
+      const importedUrls = [];
+      const isCrossOriginRequest = false;
       axe.utils
         .parseSameOriginStylesheet(
           sheet,
@@ -145,7 +143,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.parseSameOriginStylesheet', function() {
           importedUrls,
           false
         )
-        .then(function(data) {
+        .then(function (data) {
           assert.isDefined(data);
           assert.isDefined(data.sheet);
           assert.equal(data.isCrossOrigin, isCrossOriginRequest);
diff --git a/test/core/utils/pollyfills.elements-from-point.js b/test/core/utils/pollyfills.elements-from-point.js
index dfaec99a6..3318f18bd 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/pollyfills.elements-from-point.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/pollyfills.elements-from-point.js
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
-describe('document.elementsFromPoint pollyfills', function() {
+describe('document.elementsFromPoint pollyfills', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     document.getElementById('fixture').innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('ensures document.elementsFromPoint is always there', function() {
+  it('ensures document.elementsFromPoint is always there', function () {
     assert.isFunction(document.elementsFromPoint);
   });
 
-  it('returns document.elementsFromPoint if it is set', function() {
+  it('returns document.elementsFromPoint if it is set', function () {
     var orig = document.elementsFromPoint;
-    document.elementsFromPoint = function() {
+    document.elementsFromPoint = function () {
       return 123;
     };
 
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ describe('document.elementsFromPoint pollyfills', function() {
     document.elementsFromPoint = orig;
   });
 
-  it('returns document.msElementsFromPoint if elementsFromPoint is undefined', function() {
+  it('returns document.msElementsFromPoint if elementsFromPoint is undefined', function () {
     var orig = document.elementsFromPoint;
     var msOrig = document.msElementsFromPoint;
 
     document.elementsFromPoint = undefined;
-    document.msElementsFromPoint = function() {
+    document.msElementsFromPoint = function () {
       return 123;
     };
 
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ describe('document.elementsFromPoint pollyfills', function() {
     document.msElementsFromPoint = msOrig;
   });
 
-  it('returns the pollyfill no native function is available', function() {
+  it('returns the pollyfill no native function is available', function () {
     var orig = document.elementsFromPoint;
     var msOrig = document.msElementsFromPoint;
 
@@ -52,9 +52,9 @@ describe('document.elementsFromPoint pollyfills', function() {
     document.msElementsFromPoint = msOrig;
   });
 
-  describe('pollyfill function', function() {
+  describe('pollyfill function', function () {
     var orig, msOrig;
-    before(function() {
+    before(function () {
       orig = document.elementsFromPoint;
       msOrig = document.msElementsFromPoint;
 
@@ -64,12 +64,12 @@ describe('document.elementsFromPoint pollyfills', function() {
       document.elementsFromPoint = axe.utils.pollyfillElementsFromPoint();
     });
 
-    after(function() {
+    after(function () {
       document.elementsFromPoint = orig;
       document.msElementsFromPoint = msOrig;
     });
 
-    it('should return positioned elements properly', function() {
+    it('should return positioned elements properly', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="container" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; height: 100px; ' +
         'width: 90px; background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);">' +
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ describe('document.elementsFromPoint pollyfills', function() {
       assert.deepEqual(visualParents.slice(0, 3), [target, pos, container]);
     });
 
-    it('should return inline elements properly', function() {
+    it('should return inline elements properly', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="container" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; height: 100px; ' +
         'width: 90px; background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5);">' +
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ describe('document.elementsFromPoint pollyfills', function() {
       assert.deepEqual(visualParents.slice(0, 3), [target, pos, container]);
     });
 
-    it('should return normal flow elements properly', function() {
+    it('should return normal flow elements properly', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="parent" style="background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5); height: 40px; width: 30px;">' +
         '<div id="target" style="background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.5); height: 20px; width: 15px;">' +
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ describe('document.elementsFromPoint pollyfills', function() {
       assert.deepEqual(visualParents.slice(0, 3), [target, parent, fixture]);
     });
 
-    it('returns elements with negative z-index after the body', function() {
+    it('returns elements with negative z-index after the body', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="target" style="z-index:-1; position:absolute;">Target!</div>' +
         '<div id="sibling">Some text</div>';
diff --git a/test/core/utils/preload-cssom.js b/test/core/utils/preload-cssom.js
index ce5815c41..1b48cae82 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/preload-cssom.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/preload-cssom.js
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
  * so tests for disabled and external stylesheets are done in `integration` tests
  * Refer Directory: `./test/full/preload-cssom/**.*`
  */
-describe('axe.utils.preloadCssom', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.preloadCssom', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var treeRoot;
@@ -26,33 +26,33 @@ describe('axe.utils.preloadCssom', function() {
     }
   }
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     addStyleToHead();
     treeRoot = axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document);
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     removeStyleFromHead();
   });
 
-  it('returns CSSOM object containing an array of sheets', function(done) {
+  it('returns CSSOM object containing an array of sheets', function (done) {
     var actual = axe.utils.preloadCssom({ treeRoot: treeRoot });
     actual
-      .then(function(cssom) {
+      .then(function (cssom) {
         assert.isAtLeast(cssom.length, 2);
         done();
       })
-      .catch(function(error) {
+      .catch(function (error) {
         done(error);
       });
   });
 
-  it('returns CSSOM and ensure that each object have defined properties', function(done) {
+  it('returns CSSOM and ensure that each object have defined properties', function (done) {
     var actual = axe.utils.preloadCssom({ treeRoot: treeRoot });
     actual
-      .then(function(cssom) {
+      .then(function (cssom) {
         assert.isAtLeast(cssom.length, 2);
-        cssom.forEach(function(o) {
+        cssom.forEach(function (o) {
           assert.hasAllKeys(o, [
             'root',
             'shadowId',
@@ -63,34 +63,34 @@ describe('axe.utils.preloadCssom', function() {
         });
         done();
       })
-      .catch(function(error) {
+      .catch(function (error) {
         done(error);
       });
   });
 
-  it('returns false if number of sheets returned does not match stylesheets defined in document', function(done) {
+  it('returns false if number of sheets returned does not match stylesheets defined in document', function (done) {
     var actual = axe.utils.preloadCssom({ treeRoot: treeRoot });
     actual
-      .then(function(cssom) {
+      .then(function (cssom) {
         assert.isFalse(cssom.length <= 1);
         done();
       })
-      .catch(function(error) {
+      .catch(function (error) {
         done(error);
       });
   });
 
-  it('returns all stylesheets and ensure each sheet has property cssRules', function(done) {
+  it('returns all stylesheets and ensure each sheet has property cssRules', function (done) {
     var actual = axe.utils.preloadCssom({ treeRoot: treeRoot });
     actual
-      .then(function(cssom) {
-        cssom.forEach(function(s) {
+      .then(function (cssom) {
+        cssom.forEach(function (s) {
           assert.isDefined(s.sheet);
           assert.property(s.sheet, 'cssRules');
         });
         done();
       })
-      .catch(function(error) {
+      .catch(function (error) {
         done(error);
       });
   });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/preload-media.js b/test/core/utils/preload-media.js
index 376bb8c3b..6d092f95a 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/preload-media.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/preload-media.js
@@ -1,58 +1,45 @@
-describe('axe.utils.preloadMedia', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.preloadMedia', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-  var isIE11 = axe.testUtils.isIE11;
 
-  before(function() {
-    // our circle ci windows machine cannot play audio elements
-    // (mp3 nor wav formats). setting an onerror event handler
-    // resulted in error code 4: MEDIA_ERR_SRC_NOT_SUPPORTED.
-    // looking around it might be due to a setting in ie11 that
-    // prevents audio from playing
-    // @see https://stackoverflow.com/questions/34802319/audio-tag-is-not-working-in-ie11/41172831
-    if (isIE11) {
-      this.skip();
-    }
-  });
-
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns empty array when there are no media nodes to be preloaded', function(done) {
+  it('returns empty array when there are no media nodes to be preloaded', function (done) {
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document);
 
-    axe.utils.preloadMedia({ treeRoot: axe._tree[0] }).then(function(result) {
+    axe.utils.preloadMedia({ treeRoot: axe._tree[0] }).then(function (result) {
       assert.equal(result.length, 0);
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns empty array when <audio> has no source', function(done) {
+  it('returns empty array when <audio> has no source', function (done) {
     fixtureSetup('<audio autoplay="true" controls></audio>');
 
-    axe.utils.preloadMedia({ treeRoot: axe._tree[0] }).then(function(result) {
+    axe.utils.preloadMedia({ treeRoot: axe._tree[0] }).then(function (result) {
       assert.equal(result.length, 0);
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns empty array when <video> has no source', function(done) {
+  it('returns empty array when <video> has no source', function (done) {
     fixtureSetup('<video id="target"><source src=""/></video>');
-    axe.utils.preloadMedia({ treeRoot: axe._tree[0] }).then(function(result) {
+    axe.utils.preloadMedia({ treeRoot: axe._tree[0] }).then(function (result) {
       assert.equal(result.length, 0);
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns media node (audio) after their metadata has been preloaded', function(done) {
+  it('returns media node (audio) after their metadata has been preloaded', function (done) {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<audio src="/test/assets/moon-speech.mp3" autoplay="true" controls></audio>'
     );
 
-    axe.utils.preloadMedia({ treeRoot: axe._tree[0] }).then(function(result) {
+    axe.utils.preloadMedia({ treeRoot: axe._tree[0] }).then(function (result) {
       assert.equal(result.length, 1);
       assert.isTrue(result[0].readyState > 0);
       assert.equal(Math.round(result[0].duration), 27);
@@ -61,7 +48,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.preloadMedia', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns media nodes (audio, video) after their metadata has been preloaded', function(done) {
+  it('returns media nodes (audio, video) after their metadata has been preloaded', function (done) {
     fixtureSetup(
       // 1 audio elm
       '<audio src="/test/assets/moon-speech.mp3"></audio>' +
@@ -72,7 +59,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.preloadMedia', function() {
         '</video>'
     );
 
-    axe.utils.preloadMedia({ treeRoot: axe._tree[0] }).then(function(result) {
+    axe.utils.preloadMedia({ treeRoot: axe._tree[0] }).then(function (result) {
       assert.equal(result.length, 2);
       assert.isTrue(result[0].readyState > 0);
       assert.equal(Math.round(result[0].duration), 27);
diff --git a/test/core/utils/preload.js b/test/core/utils/preload.js
index a3a8f7431..7b2d20d3d 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/preload.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/preload.js
@@ -1,28 +1,28 @@
-describe('axe.utils.preload', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.preload', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     axe.setup(fixture);
   });
 
-  it('returns `undefined` when `preload` option is set to false.', function(done) {
+  it('returns `undefined` when `preload` option is set to false.', function (done) {
     var options = {
       preload: false
     };
     var actual = axe.utils.preload(options);
     actual
-      .then(function(results) {
+      .then(function (results) {
         assert.isUndefined(results);
         done();
       })
-      .catch(function(error) {
+      .catch(function (error) {
         done(error);
       });
   });
 
-  it('returns assets with `cssom`, verify result is same output from `preloadCssom` fn', function(done) {
+  it('returns assets with `cssom`, verify result is same output from `preloadCssom` fn', function (done) {
     var options = {
       preload: {
         assets: ['cssom']
@@ -30,11 +30,11 @@ describe('axe.utils.preload', function() {
     };
     var actual = axe.utils.preload(options);
     actual
-      .then(function(results) {
+      .then(function (results) {
         assert.isDefined(results);
         assert.property(results, 'cssom');
 
-        axe.utils.preloadCssom(options).then(function(resultFromPreloadCssom) {
+        axe.utils.preloadCssom(options).then(function (resultFromPreloadCssom) {
           assert.deepEqual(results.cssom, resultFromPreloadCssom);
           done();
         });
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.preload', function() {
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  describe('axe.utils.shouldPreload', function() {
-    it('should return true if preload configuration is valid', function() {
+  describe('axe.utils.shouldPreload', function () {
+    it('should return true if preload configuration is valid', function () {
       var actual = axe.utils.shouldPreload({
         preload: {
           assets: ['cssom']
@@ -52,26 +52,26 @@ describe('axe.utils.preload', function() {
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
 
-    it('should return true if preload is undefined', function() {
+    it('should return true if preload is undefined', function () {
       var actual = axe.utils.shouldPreload({
         preload: undefined
       });
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
 
-    it('should return true if preload is null', function() {
+    it('should return true if preload is null', function () {
       var actual = axe.utils.shouldPreload({
         preload: null
       });
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
 
-    it('should return true if preload is not set', function() {
+    it('should return true if preload is not set', function () {
       var actual = axe.utils.shouldPreload({});
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
 
-    it('should return false if preload configuration is invalid', function() {
+    it('should return false if preload configuration is invalid', function () {
       var options = {
         preload: {
           errorProperty: ['cssom']
@@ -82,39 +82,39 @@ describe('axe.utils.preload', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('axe.utils.getPreloadConfig', function() {
-    it('should return default assets if preload configuration is not set', function() {
+  describe('axe.utils.getPreloadConfig', function () {
+    it('should return default assets if preload configuration is not set', function () {
       var actual = axe.utils.getPreloadConfig({}).assets;
       var expected = ['cssom', 'media'];
       assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     });
 
-    it('should return default assets if preload options is set to true', function() {
+    it('should return default assets if preload options is set to true', function () {
       var actual = axe.utils.getPreloadConfig({}).assets;
       var expected = ['cssom', 'media'];
       assert.deepEqual(actual, expected);
     });
 
-    it('should return default timeout value if not configured', function() {
+    it('should return default timeout value if not configured', function () {
       var actual = axe.utils.getPreloadConfig({}).timeout;
       var expected = 10000;
       assert.equal(actual, expected);
     });
 
-    it('should throw error if requested asset type is not supported', function() {
+    it('should throw error if requested asset type is not supported', function () {
       var options = {
         preload: {
           assets: ['some-unsupported-asset']
         }
       };
-      var actual = function() {
+      var actual = function () {
         axe.utils.getPreloadConfig(options);
       };
       var expected = Error;
       assert.throws(actual, expected);
     });
 
-    it('should remove any duplicate assets passed via preload configuration', function() {
+    it('should remove any duplicate assets passed via preload configuration', function () {
       var options = {
         preload: {
           assets: ['cssom', 'cssom']
diff --git a/test/core/utils/process-message.js b/test/core/utils/process-message.js
index e7a222bb8..a5a4297e1 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/process-message.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/process-message.js
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-describe('axe.utils.processMessage', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.processMessage', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var original = axe._audit;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     axe._audit = {
       data: {
         incompleteFallbackMessage: 'fallback message'
@@ -11,48 +11,48 @@ describe('axe.utils.processMessage', function() {
     };
   });
 
-  after(function() {
+  after(function () {
     axe._audit = original;
   });
 
-  it('should replace a ${data}', function() {
+  it('should replace a ${data}', function () {
     var message = 'Hello ${data}';
     var output = axe.utils.processMessage(message, 'World!');
     assert.equal(output, 'Hello World!');
   });
 
-  it('should replace a ${ data } (with whitespace)', function() {
+  it('should replace a ${ data } (with whitespace)', function () {
     var message = 'Hello ${ data }';
     var output = axe.utils.processMessage(message, 'World!');
     assert.equal(output, 'Hello World!');
   });
 
-  it('should replace ${data.prop}', function() {
+  it('should replace ${data.prop}', function () {
     var message = 'Hello ${data.world}';
     var output = axe.utils.processMessage(message, { world: 'World!' });
     assert.equal(output, 'Hello World!');
   });
 
-  it('should replace ${data.prop}', function() {
+  it('should replace ${data.prop}', function () {
     var message = 'Hello ${data.world}';
     var output = axe.utils.processMessage(message, { world: undefined });
     assert.equal(output, 'Hello ');
   });
 
-  it('should replace ${ data.prop } (with whitespace)', function() {
+  it('should replace ${ data.prop } (with whitespace)', function () {
     var message = 'Hello ${ data.world }';
     var output = axe.utils.processMessage(message, { world: 'World!' });
     assert.equal(output, 'Hello World!');
   });
 
-  describe('data is array', function() {
-    it('should replace ${data.values} with comma separated list of values', function() {
+  describe('data is array', function () {
+    it('should replace ${data.values} with comma separated list of values', function () {
       var message = 'Output: ${data.values}';
       var output = axe.utils.processMessage(message, ['one', 'two']);
       assert.equal(output, 'Output: one, two');
     });
 
-    it('should handle singular message', function() {
+    it('should handle singular message', function () {
       var message = {
         singular: 'Singular message: ${data.values}',
         plural: 'Plural messages: ${ data.values }'
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.processMessage', function() {
       assert.equal(output, 'Singular message: one');
     });
 
-    it('should handle plural message', function() {
+    it('should handle plural message', function () {
       var message = {
         singular: 'Singular message: ${data.values}',
         plural: 'Plural messages: ${ data.values }'
@@ -71,8 +71,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.processMessage', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('message is object', function() {
-    it('should handle message based on messageKey', function() {
+  describe('message is object', function () {
+    it('should handle message based on messageKey', function () {
       var message = {
         prop1: 'prop1 message',
         prop2: 'prop2 message'
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.processMessage', function() {
       assert.equal(output, 'prop2 message');
     });
 
-    it('should replace ${data}', function() {
+    it('should replace ${data}', function () {
       var message = {
         prop1: 'prop1 message',
         prop2: '${data.world} message'
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.processMessage', function() {
       assert.equal(output, 'World! message');
     });
 
-    it('should use default message', function() {
+    it('should use default message', function () {
       var message = {
         default: 'default message',
         prop1: 'prop1 message',
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.processMessage', function() {
       assert.equal(output, 'default message');
     });
 
-    it('should use fallback message if no default', function() {
+    it('should use fallback message if no default', function () {
       var message = {
         prop1: 'prop1 message',
         prop2: 'prop2 message'
diff --git a/test/core/utils/publish-metadata.js b/test/core/utils/publish-metadata.js
index 0f9cd8110..2f6cdcc17 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/publish-metadata.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/publish-metadata.js
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     axe._audit = null;
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function() {
+  it('should be a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.publishMetaData);
   });
 
-  it('should pull data from rules from axe._audit.data', function() {
+  it('should pull data from rules from axe._audit.data', function () {
     var expected = {
       foo: 'bar',
       bob: 'loblaw'
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function() {
     assert.equal(result.bob, expected.bob);
   });
 
-  it('should pull data from checks from axe._audit.data', function() {
+  it('should pull data from checks from axe._audit.data', function () {
     var expected = {
       foo: 'bar',
       bob: 'loblaw'
@@ -68,13 +68,13 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function() {
     assert.equal(result.nodes[0].any[0].bar, expected.bar);
   });
 
-  it('should execute messages', function() {
+  it('should execute messages', function () {
     axe._load({
       rules: [],
       data: {
         rules: {
           cats: {
-            help: function() {
+            help: function () {
               return 'cats-rule';
             }
           }
@@ -82,30 +82,30 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function() {
         checks: {
           'cats-NONE': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function() {
+              fail: function () {
                 return 'fail-NONE';
               },
-              pass: function() {
+              pass: function () {
                 return 'pass-NONE';
               }
             }
           },
           'cats-ANY': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function() {
+              fail: function () {
                 return 'fail-ANY';
               },
-              pass: function() {
+              pass: function () {
                 return 'pass-ANY';
               }
             }
           },
           'cats-ALL': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function() {
+              fail: function () {
                 return 'fail-ALL';
               },
-              pass: function() {
+              pass: function () {
                 return 'pass-ALL';
               }
             }
@@ -215,13 +215,13 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should return default incomplete message with no reason specified by the check', function() {
+  it('should return default incomplete message with no reason specified by the check', function () {
     axe._load({
       rules: [],
       data: {
         rules: {
           cats: {
-            help: function() {
+            help: function () {
               return 'cats-rule';
             }
           }
@@ -229,10 +229,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function() {
         checks: {
           'cats-NONE': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function() {
+              fail: function () {
                 return 'fail-NONE';
               },
-              pass: function() {
+              pass: function () {
                 return 'pass-NONE';
               },
               incomplete: {
@@ -245,10 +245,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function() {
           },
           'cats-ANY': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function() {
+              fail: function () {
                 return 'fail-ANY';
               },
-              pass: function() {
+              pass: function () {
                 return 'pass-ANY';
               },
               incomplete: {
@@ -261,10 +261,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function() {
           },
           'cats-ALL': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function() {
+              fail: function () {
                 return 'fail-ALL';
               },
-              pass: function() {
+              pass: function () {
                 return 'pass-ALL';
               },
               incomplete: {
@@ -343,16 +343,16 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should fall back to a generic message if incomplete object fails', function() {
+  it('should fall back to a generic message if incomplete object fails', function () {
     axe._load({
       rules: [],
       data: {
-        incompleteFallbackMessage: function() {
+        incompleteFallbackMessage: function () {
           return 'Dogs are the best';
         },
         rules: {
           cats: {
-            help: function() {
+            help: function () {
               return 'cats-rule';
             }
           }
@@ -360,10 +360,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function() {
         checks: {
           'cats-NONE': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function() {
+              fail: function () {
                 return 'fail-NONE';
               },
-              pass: function() {
+              pass: function () {
                 return 'pass-NONE';
               },
               incomplete: {}
@@ -371,10 +371,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function() {
           },
           'cats-ANY': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function() {
+              fail: function () {
                 return 'fail-ANY';
               },
-              pass: function() {
+              pass: function () {
                 return 'pass-ANY';
               },
               incomplete: {}
@@ -382,10 +382,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function() {
           },
           'cats-ALL': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function() {
+              fail: function () {
                 return 'fail-ALL';
               },
-              pass: function() {
+              pass: function () {
                 return 'pass-ALL';
               },
               incomplete: {}
@@ -459,13 +459,13 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should handle incomplete reasons', function() {
+  it('should handle incomplete reasons', function () {
     axe._load({
       rules: [],
       data: {
         rules: {
           cats: {
-            help: function() {
+            help: function () {
               return 'cats-rule';
             }
           }
@@ -473,10 +473,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function() {
         checks: {
           'cats-NONE': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function() {
+              fail: function () {
                 return 'fail-NONE';
               },
-              pass: function() {
+              pass: function () {
                 return 'pass-NONE';
               },
               incomplete: {
@@ -489,10 +489,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function() {
           },
           'cats-ANY': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function() {
+              fail: function () {
                 return 'fail-ANY';
               },
-              pass: function() {
+              pass: function () {
                 return 'pass-ANY';
               },
               incomplete: {
@@ -505,10 +505,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function() {
           },
           'cats-ALL': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function() {
+              fail: function () {
                 return 'fail-ALL';
               },
-              pass: function() {
+              pass: function () {
                 return 'pass-ALL';
               },
               incomplete: {
@@ -599,13 +599,13 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should handle incomplete reasons with backwards compatibility', function() {
+  it('should handle incomplete reasons with backwards compatibility', function () {
     axe._load({
       rules: [],
       data: {
         rules: {
           cats: {
-            help: function() {
+            help: function () {
               return 'cats-rule';
             }
           }
@@ -613,10 +613,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function() {
         checks: {
           'cats-NONE': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function() {
+              fail: function () {
                 return 'fail-NONE';
               },
-              pass: function() {
+              pass: function () {
                 return 'pass-NONE';
               },
               incomplete: {
@@ -629,10 +629,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function() {
           },
           'cats-ANY': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function() {
+              fail: function () {
                 return 'fail-ANY';
               },
-              pass: function() {
+              pass: function () {
                 return 'pass-ANY';
               },
               incomplete: {
@@ -645,10 +645,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function() {
           },
           'cats-ALL': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function() {
+              fail: function () {
                 return 'fail-ALL';
               },
-              pass: function() {
+              pass: function () {
                 return 'pass-ALL';
               },
               incomplete: {
@@ -763,30 +763,30 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should not modify base configuration', function() {
+  it('should not modify base configuration', function () {
     axe._load({
       rules: [],
       data: {
         rules: {
           cats: {
-            help: function() {
+            help: function () {
               return 'cats-rule';
             }
           }
         },
         checks: {
           'cats-PASS': {
-            failureMessage: function() {
+            failureMessage: function () {
               return 'cats-check';
             }
           },
           'cats-ANY': {
-            failureMessage: function() {
+            failureMessage: function () {
               return 'cats-check2';
             }
           },
           'cats-ALL': {
-            failureMessage: function() {
+            failureMessage: function () {
               return 'cats-check2';
             }
           }
@@ -824,7 +824,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function() {
     assert.isNotNull(axe._audit.data.checks['cats-ALL'].failureMessage);
   });
 
-  it('should pull tags off rule object', function() {
+  it('should pull tags off rule object', function () {
     var expected = {
       foo: 'bar',
       bob: 'loblaw'
@@ -862,8 +862,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(result.tags, ['hai']);
   });
 
-  describe('non-doT syntax', function() {
-    it('should process ${data} syntax', function() {
+  describe('non-doT syntax', function () {
+    it('should process ${data} syntax', function () {
       axe._load({
         rules: [],
         data: {
@@ -922,7 +922,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should return default incomplete message with no reason specified by the check', function() {
+    it('should return default incomplete message with no reason specified by the check', function () {
       axe._load({
         rules: [],
         data: {
@@ -1036,7 +1036,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should fall back to a generic message if incomplete object fails', function() {
+    it('should fall back to a generic message if incomplete object fails', function () {
       axe._load({
         rules: [],
         data: {
@@ -1137,7 +1137,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should use fail message for rules with "reviewOnFaill: true"', function() {
+  it('should use fail message for rules with "reviewOnFaill: true"', function () {
     axe._load({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -1148,7 +1148,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function() {
       data: {
         rules: {
           cats: {
-            help: function() {
+            help: function () {
               return 'cats-rule';
             }
           }
@@ -1156,30 +1156,30 @@ describe('axe.utils.publishMetaData', function() {
         checks: {
           'cats-NONE': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function() {
+              fail: function () {
                 return 'fail-NONE';
               },
-              pass: function() {
+              pass: function () {
                 return 'pass-NONE';
               }
             }
           },
           'cats-ANY': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function() {
+              fail: function () {
                 return 'fail-ANY';
               },
-              pass: function() {
+              pass: function () {
                 return 'pass-ANY';
               }
             }
           },
           'cats-ALL': {
             messages: {
-              fail: function() {
+              fail: function () {
                 return 'fail-ALL';
               },
-              pass: function() {
+              pass: function () {
                 return 'pass-ALL';
               }
             }
diff --git a/test/core/utils/qsa.js b/test/core/utils/qsa.js
index db5dd63f3..8a7e32c98 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/qsa.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/qsa.js
@@ -53,202 +53,254 @@ function getTestDom() {
   return tree;
 }
 
-describe('axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter', function () {
   'use strict';
   var dom;
-  afterEach(function() {});
-  beforeEach(function() {
-    dom = getTestDom();
-  });
-  it('should find nodes using just the tag', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'li');
-    assert.equal(result.length, 4);
-  });
-  it('should find nodes using parent selector', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'ul > li');
-    assert.equal(result.length, 4);
-  });
-  it('should NOT find nodes using parent selector', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div > li');
-    assert.equal(result.length, 0);
-  });
-  it('should find nodes using nested parent selectors', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
-      dom,
-      'span > span > span > span'
-    );
-    assert.equal(result.length, 2);
-  });
-  it('should find nodes using hierarchical selector', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div li');
-    assert.equal(result.length, 4);
-  });
-  it('should find nodes using class selector', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '.breaking');
-    assert.equal(result.length, 2);
-  });
-  it('should find nodes using hierarchical class selector', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '.first .breaking');
-    assert.equal(result.length, 2);
-  });
-  it('should NOT find nodes using hierarchical class selector', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '.second .breaking');
-    assert.equal(result.length, 0);
-  });
-  it('should find nodes using multiple class selector', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '.second.third');
-    assert.equal(result.length, 1);
-  });
-  it('should find nodes using id', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '#one');
-    assert.equal(result.length, 1);
-  });
-  it('should find nodes using id, but not in shadow DOM', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom[0].children[0], '#one');
-    assert.equal(result.length, 1);
-  });
-  it('should find nodes using id, within a shadow DOM', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
-      dom[0].children[0].children[2],
-      '#one'
-    );
-    assert.equal(result.length, 1);
-  });
-  it('should find nodes using attribute', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '[role]');
-    assert.equal(result.length, 2);
-  });
-  it('should find nodes using attribute with value', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '[role=tab]');
-    assert.equal(result.length, 1);
-  });
-  it('should find nodes using attribute with value', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '[role="button"]');
-    assert.equal(result.length, 1);
-  });
-  it('should find nodes using parent attribute with value', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
-      dom,
-      '[data-a11yhero="faulkner"] > ul'
-    );
-    assert.equal(result.length, 1);
-  });
-  it('should find nodes using hierarchical attribute with value', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
-      dom,
-      '[data-a11yhero="faulkner"] li'
-    );
-    assert.equal(result.length, 2);
-  });
-  it('should find nodes using :not selector with class', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div:not(.first)');
-    assert.equal(result.length, 2);
-  });
-  it('should find nodes using :not selector with matching id', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div:not(#one)');
-    assert.equal(result.length, 2);
-  });
-  it('should find nodes using :not selector with matching attribute selector', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
-      dom,
-      'div:not([data-a11yhero])'
-    );
-    assert.equal(result.length, 2);
-  });
-  it('should find nodes using :not selector with matching attribute selector with value', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
-      dom,
-      'div:not([data-a11yhero=faulkner])'
-    );
-    assert.equal(result.length, 2);
-  });
-  it('should find nodes using :not selector with bogus attribute selector with value', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
-      dom,
-      'div:not([data-a11yhero=wilco])'
-    );
-    assert.equal(result.length, 3);
-  });
-  it('should find nodes using :not selector with bogus id', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div:not(#thangy)');
-    assert.equal(result.length, 3);
-  });
-  it('should find nodes using :not selector with attribute', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div:not([id])');
-    assert.equal(result.length, 2);
-  });
-  it('should find nodes hierarchically using :not selector', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div:not(.first) li');
-    assert.equal(result.length, 2);
-  });
-  it('should find same nodes hierarchically using more :not selector', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
-      dom,
-      'div:not(.first) li:not(.breaking)'
-    );
-    assert.equal(result.length, 2);
-  });
-  it('should NOT find nodes hierarchically using :not selector', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
-      dom,
-      'div:not(.second) li:not(.breaking)'
-    );
-    assert.equal(result.length, 0);
-  });
-  it('should find nodes using ^= attribute selector', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '[class^="sec"]');
-    assert.equal(result.length, 1);
-  });
-  it('should find nodes using $= attribute selector', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '[id$="ne"]');
-    assert.equal(result.length, 3);
-  });
-  it('should find nodes using *= attribute selector', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '[role*="t"]');
-    assert.equal(result.length, 2);
-  });
-  it('should put it all together', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
-      dom,
-      '.first[data-a11yhero="faulkner"] > ul li.breaking'
-    );
-    assert.equal(result.length, 2);
-  });
-  it('should find an element only once', function() {
-    var divs = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div');
-    var ones = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '#one');
-    var divOnes = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div, #one');
-
-    assert.isBelow(
-      divOnes.length,
-      divs.length + ones.length,
-      'Elements matching both parts of a selector should not be included twice'
-    );
-  });
-  it('should return nodes sorted by document position', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'ul, #one');
-    assert.equal(result[0].actualNode.nodeName, 'UL');
-    assert.equal(result[1].actualNode.nodeName, 'DIV');
-    assert.equal(result[2].actualNode.nodeName, 'UL');
-  });
-  it('should filter the returned nodes when passed a filter function', function() {
-    var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'ul, #one', function(
-      node
-    ) {
-      return node.actualNode.nodeName !== 'UL';
+  afterEach(function () {});
+
+  var tests = ['without cache', 'with cache'];
+  for (var i = 0; i < tests.length; i++) {
+    var describeName = tests[i];
+    describe(describeName, function () {
+      afterEach(function () {});
+
+      if (describeName === 'without cache') {
+        beforeEach(function () {
+          dom = getTestDom();
+
+          // prove we're using the DOM by deleting the cache
+          delete dom[0]._selectorCache;
+        });
+
+        it('should not have a primed cache', function () {
+          assert.isUndefined(dom[0]._selectorCache);
+        });
+      } else {
+        beforeEach(function () {
+          dom = getTestDom();
+
+          // prove we're using the cache by deleting all the children
+          dom[0].children = [];
+        });
+
+        it('should not use the cache if not using the top-level node', function () {
+          var nodes = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'ul');
+
+          // this would return 4 nodes if we were still using the
+          // top-level cache
+          var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(nodes[0], 'li');
+          assert.equal(result.length, 2);
+        });
+      }
+
+      it('should find nodes using just the tag', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'li');
+        assert.equal(result.length, 4);
+      });
+      it('should find nodes using parent selector', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'ul > li');
+        assert.equal(result.length, 4);
+      });
+      it('should NOT find nodes using parent selector', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div > li');
+        assert.equal(result.length, 0);
+      });
+      it('should find nodes using nested parent selectors', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
+          dom,
+          'span > span > span > span'
+        );
+        assert.equal(result.length, 2);
+      });
+      it('should find nodes using hierarchical selector', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div li');
+        assert.equal(result.length, 4);
+      });
+      it('should find nodes using class selector', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '.breaking');
+        assert.equal(result.length, 2);
+      });
+      it('should find nodes using hierarchical class selector', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '.first .breaking');
+        assert.equal(result.length, 2);
+      });
+      it('should NOT find nodes using hierarchical class selector', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '.second .breaking');
+        assert.equal(result.length, 0);
+      });
+      it('should find nodes using multiple class selector', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '.second.third');
+        assert.equal(result.length, 1);
+      });
+      it('should find nodes using id', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '#one');
+        assert.equal(result.length, 1);
+      });
+
+      // can only select shadow dom nodes when we're not using the
+      // top-level node. but since the top-level node is the one
+      // with the cache, this only works when we are testing the full
+      // tree (i.e. without cache)
+      if (describeName === 'without cache') {
+        it('should find nodes using id, but not in shadow DOM', function () {
+          var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
+            dom[0].children[0],
+            '#one'
+          );
+          assert.equal(result.length, 1);
+        });
+        it('should find nodes using id, within a shadow DOM', function () {
+          var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
+            dom[0].children[0].children[2],
+            '#one'
+          );
+          assert.equal(result.length, 1);
+        });
+      }
+
+      it('should find nodes using attribute', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '[role]');
+        assert.equal(result.length, 2);
+      });
+      it('should find nodes using attribute with value', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '[role=tab]');
+        assert.equal(result.length, 1);
+      });
+      it('should find nodes using attribute with value', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '[role="button"]');
+        assert.equal(result.length, 1);
+      });
+      it('should find nodes using parent attribute with value', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
+          dom,
+          '[data-a11yhero="faulkner"] > ul'
+        );
+        assert.equal(result.length, 1);
+      });
+      it('should find nodes using hierarchical attribute with value', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
+          dom,
+          '[data-a11yhero="faulkner"] li'
+        );
+        assert.equal(result.length, 2);
+      });
+      it('should find nodes using :not selector with class', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div:not(.first)');
+        assert.equal(result.length, 2);
+      });
+      it('should find nodes using :not selector with matching id', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div:not(#one)');
+        assert.equal(result.length, 2);
+      });
+      it('should find nodes using :not selector with matching attribute selector', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
+          dom,
+          'div:not([data-a11yhero])'
+        );
+        assert.equal(result.length, 2);
+      });
+      it('should find nodes using :not selector with matching attribute selector with value', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
+          dom,
+          'div:not([data-a11yhero=faulkner])'
+        );
+        assert.equal(result.length, 2);
+      });
+      it('should find nodes using :not selector with bogus attribute selector with value', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
+          dom,
+          'div:not([data-a11yhero=wilco])'
+        );
+        assert.equal(result.length, 3);
+      });
+      it('should find nodes using :not selector with bogus id', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div:not(#thangy)');
+        assert.equal(result.length, 3);
+      });
+      it('should find nodes using :not selector with attribute', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div:not([id])');
+        assert.equal(result.length, 2);
+      });
+      it('should find nodes hierarchically using :not selector', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
+          dom,
+          'div:not(.first) li'
+        );
+        assert.equal(result.length, 2);
+      });
+      it('should find same nodes hierarchically using more :not selector', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
+          dom,
+          'div:not(.first) li:not(.breaking)'
+        );
+        assert.equal(result.length, 2);
+      });
+      it('should NOT find nodes hierarchically using :not selector', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
+          dom,
+          'div:not(.second) li:not(.breaking)'
+        );
+        assert.equal(result.length, 0);
+      });
+      it('should find nodes using ^= attribute selector', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '[class^="sec"]');
+        assert.equal(result.length, 1);
+      });
+      it('should find nodes using $= attribute selector', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '[id$="ne"]');
+        assert.equal(result.length, 3);
+      });
+      it('should find nodes using *= attribute selector', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '[role*="t"]');
+        assert.equal(result.length, 2);
+      });
+      it('should put it all together', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
+          dom,
+          '.first[data-a11yhero="faulkner"] > ul li.breaking'
+        );
+        assert.equal(result.length, 2);
+      });
+      it('should find an element only once', function () {
+        var divs = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div');
+        var ones = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, '#one');
+        var divOnes = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'div, #one');
+
+        assert.isBelow(
+          divOnes.length,
+          divs.length + ones.length,
+          'Elements matching both parts of a selector should not be included twice'
+        );
+      });
+      it('should return nodes sorted by document position', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(dom, 'ul, #one');
+        assert.equal(result[0].actualNode.nodeName, 'UL');
+        assert.equal(result[1].actualNode.nodeName, 'DIV');
+        assert.equal(result[2].actualNode.nodeName, 'UL');
+      });
+      it('should filter the returned nodes when passed a filter function', function () {
+        var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAllFilter(
+          dom,
+          'ul, #one',
+          function (node) {
+            return node.actualNode.nodeName !== 'UL';
+          }
+        );
+        assert.equal(result[0].actualNode.nodeName, 'DIV');
+        assert.equal(result.length, 1);
+      });
     });
-    assert.equal(result[0].actualNode.nodeName, 'DIV');
-    assert.equal(result.length, 1);
-  });
+  }
 });
-describe('axe.utils.querySelectorAll', function() {
+
+describe('axe.utils.querySelectorAll', function () {
   'use strict';
   var dom;
-  afterEach(function() {});
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {});
+  beforeEach(function () {
     dom = getTestDom();
   });
-  it('should find nodes using just the tag', function() {
+  it('should find nodes using just the tag', function () {
     var result = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(dom, 'li');
     assert.equal(result.length, 4);
   });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/queue.js b/test/core/utils/queue.js
index 9b15d0e02..7db543719 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/queue.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/queue.js
@@ -1,50 +1,50 @@
-describe('axe.utils.queue', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.queue', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should be a function', function() {
+  it('should be a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.queue);
   });
 
-  describe('defer', function() {
-    it('should be a function', function() {
+  describe('defer', function () {
+    it('should be a function', function () {
       var q = axe.utils.queue();
       assert.isFunction(q.defer);
     });
 
-    it('should push onto the "axe.utils.queue"', function(done) {
+    it('should push onto the "axe.utils.queue"', function (done) {
       var q = axe.utils.queue();
 
-      q.defer(function(resolve) {
-        setTimeout(function() {
+      q.defer(function (resolve) {
+        setTimeout(function () {
           resolve(1);
         }, 0);
       });
 
-      q.defer(function(resolve) {
-        setTimeout(function() {
+      q.defer(function (resolve) {
+        setTimeout(function () {
           resolve(2);
         }, 0);
       });
 
-      q.then(function(data) {
+      q.then(function (data) {
         assert.deepEqual(data, [1, 2]);
         done();
       });
     });
 
-    it('should execute resolve immediately if defered functions are already complete', function() {
+    it('should execute resolve immediately if defered functions are already complete', function () {
       var q = axe.utils.queue(),
         complete = false;
 
-      q.defer(function(resolve) {
+      q.defer(function (resolve) {
         resolve(1);
       });
 
-      q.defer(function(resolve) {
+      q.defer(function (resolve) {
         resolve(2);
       });
 
-      q.then(function(data) {
+      q.then(function (data) {
         complete = true;
         assert.deepEqual(data, [1, 2]);
       });
@@ -52,41 +52,41 @@ describe('axe.utils.queue', function() {
       assert.isTrue(complete);
     });
 
-    it('is chainable', function() {
+    it('is chainable', function () {
       var q = axe.utils.queue();
       assert.equal(
         q,
-        q.defer(function() {})
+        q.defer(function () {})
       );
     });
 
-    it('throws if then was already called', function() {
-      assert.throws(function() {
+    it('throws if then was already called', function () {
+      assert.throws(function () {
         var q = axe.utils.queue();
-        q.defer(function(resolve) {
+        q.defer(function (resolve) {
           resolve();
         });
 
-        q.then(function() {});
+        q.then(function () {});
 
-        q.defer(function(resolve) {
+        q.defer(function (resolve) {
           resolve();
         });
       });
     });
 
-    it('can await another queue', function(done) {
+    it('can await another queue', function (done) {
       var q1 = axe.utils.queue();
       var q2 = axe.utils.queue();
 
-      q1.defer(function(resolve) {
-        setTimeout(function() {
+      q1.defer(function (resolve) {
+        setTimeout(function () {
           resolve(123);
         }, 10);
       });
 
       q2.defer(q1);
-      q2.then(function(res) {
+      q2.then(function (res) {
         // unwrap both queue results
         assert.equal(res[0][0], 123);
         done();
@@ -94,62 +94,62 @@ describe('axe.utils.queue', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('then', function() {
-    it('should be a function', function() {
+  describe('then', function () {
+    it('should be a function', function () {
       var q = axe.utils.queue();
       assert.isFunction(q.then);
     });
 
-    it('should execute immediately if axe.utils.queue is complete', function() {
+    it('should execute immediately if axe.utils.queue is complete', function () {
       var q = axe.utils.queue();
       var result = false;
 
-      q.then(function() {
+      q.then(function () {
         result = true;
       });
 
       assert.isTrue(result);
     });
 
-    it('is chainable', function() {
+    it('is chainable', function () {
       var q = axe.utils.queue();
       assert.equal(
         q,
-        q.then(function() {})
+        q.then(function () {})
       );
     });
 
-    it('throws when called more than once', function() {
-      assert.throws(function() {
+    it('throws when called more than once', function () {
+      assert.throws(function () {
         var q = axe.utils.queue();
-        q.defer(function() {});
-        q.then(function() {});
-        q.then(function() {});
+        q.defer(function () {});
+        q.then(function () {});
+        q.then(function () {});
       });
     });
   });
 
-  describe('abort', function() {
-    it('should be a function', function() {
+  describe('abort', function () {
+    it('should be a function', function () {
       var q = axe.utils.queue();
       assert.isFunction(q.abort);
     });
 
-    it('stops `then` from being called', function(done) {
+    it('stops `then` from being called', function (done) {
       var q = axe.utils.queue();
 
-      q.defer(function(resolve) {
-        setTimeout(function() {
+      q.defer(function (resolve) {
+        setTimeout(function () {
           resolve(true);
         }, 100);
       });
 
-      q.then(function() {
+      q.then(function () {
         assert.ok(false, 'should not execute');
       });
-      q.catch(function() {});
+      q.catch(function () {});
 
-      setTimeout(function() {
+      setTimeout(function () {
         var data = q.abort();
         assert.ok(true, 'Queue aborted');
         assert.isFunction(data[0]);
@@ -157,12 +157,12 @@ describe('axe.utils.queue', function() {
       }, 1);
     });
 
-    it('sends a message to `catch`', function(done) {
+    it('sends a message to `catch`', function (done) {
       var q = axe.utils.queue();
-      q.defer(function() {});
+      q.defer(function () {});
 
-      q.then(function() {});
-      q.catch(function(err) {
+      q.then(function () {});
+      q.catch(function (err) {
         assert.equal(err, 'Super sheep');
         done();
       });
@@ -171,27 +171,27 @@ describe('axe.utils.queue', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('catch', function() {
-    it('is called when defer throws an error', function(done) {
+  describe('catch', function () {
+    it('is called when defer throws an error', function (done) {
       var q = axe.utils.queue();
-      q.defer(function() {
+      q.defer(function () {
         throw 'error! 1';
       });
 
-      q.catch(function(e) {
+      q.catch(function (e) {
         assert.equal(e, 'error! 1');
         done();
       });
     });
 
-    it('can catch error synchronously', function(done) {
+    it('can catch error synchronously', function (done) {
       var q = axe.utils.queue();
       var sync = true;
-      q.defer(function() {
+      q.defer(function () {
         throw 'error! 2';
       });
 
-      q.catch(function(e) {
+      q.catch(function (e) {
         assert.equal(e, 'error! 2');
         assert.ok(sync, 'error caught in sync');
         done();
@@ -199,75 +199,75 @@ describe('axe.utils.queue', function() {
       sync = false;
     });
 
-    it('is called when the reject method is called', function(done) {
+    it('is called when the reject method is called', function (done) {
       /*eslint no-unused-vars: 0*/
       var q = axe.utils.queue();
       var errorsCaught = 0;
 
-      q.defer(function(resolve, reject) {
-        setTimeout(function() {
+      q.defer(function (resolve, reject) {
+        setTimeout(function () {
           reject('error! 2');
         }, 1);
       });
 
-      q.catch(function(e) {
+      q.catch(function (e) {
         assert.equal(e, 'error! 2');
         errorsCaught += 1;
         done();
       });
     });
 
-    it('will not run `then` if an error is thrown', function(done) {
+    it('will not run `then` if an error is thrown', function (done) {
       var q = axe.utils.queue();
-      q.defer(function() {
+      q.defer(function () {
         throw 'error! 3';
       });
 
-      q.then(function() {
+      q.then(function () {
         assert.ok(false, 'Should not be called');
       });
-      q.catch(function(e) {
+      q.catch(function (e) {
         assert.equal(e, 'error! 3');
         done();
       });
     });
 
-    it('does not continue other tasks if an error occurs', function(done) {
+    it('does not continue other tasks if an error occurs', function (done) {
       var q = axe.utils.queue();
       var aborted;
-      q.defer(function() {
+      q.defer(function () {
         throw 'error! 3';
       });
-      q.defer(function() {
+      q.defer(function () {
         aborted = false;
       });
 
-      q.then(function() {
+      q.then(function () {
         assert.ok(false, 'Should not be called');
       });
-      q.catch(function(e) {
+      q.catch(function (e) {
         assert.equal(e, 'error! 3');
       });
-      setTimeout(function() {
+      setTimeout(function () {
         assert.notEqual(aborted, false);
         done();
       }, 30);
     });
 
-    it('is chainable', function() {
+    it('is chainable', function () {
       var q = axe.utils.queue();
       assert.equal(
         q,
-        q.catch(function() {})
+        q.catch(function () {})
       );
     });
 
-    it('throws when called more than once', function() {
-      assert.throws(function() {
+    it('throws when called more than once', function () {
+      assert.throws(function () {
         var q = axe.utils.queue();
-        q.defer(function() {});
-        q.catch(function() {});
-        q.catch(function() {});
+        q.defer(function () {});
+        q.catch(function () {});
+        q.catch(function () {});
       });
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/respondable.js b/test/core/utils/respondable.js
index 590cdb364..f4e089788 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/respondable.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/respondable.js
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-describe('axe.utils.respondable', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.respondable', function () {
   var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
   var respondable = axe.utils.respondable;
   var noop = sinon.spy();
   var frameWin;
 
-  beforeEach(function(done) {
+  beforeEach(function (done) {
     var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
     frame.src = '../mock/frames/test.html';
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function() {
+    frame.addEventListener('load', function () {
       frameWin = frame.contentWindow;
       done();
     });
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@ describe('axe.utils.respondable', function() {
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.utils.setDefaultFrameMessenger(respondable);
   });
 
-  it('should error if open is not a function', function() {
-    assert.throws(function() {
+  it('should error if open is not a function', function () {
+    assert.throws(function () {
       respondable.updateMessenger({
         post: noop,
         close: noop
@@ -29,26 +29,26 @@ describe('axe.utils.respondable', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should error if post is not a function', function() {
-    assert.throws(function() {
+  it('should error if post is not a function', function () {
+    assert.throws(function () {
       respondable.updateMessenger({
         open: noop
       });
     });
   });
 
-  it('should error if open function return is not a function', function() {
-    assert.throws(function() {
+  it('should error if open function return is not a function', function () {
+    assert.throws(function () {
       respondable.updateMessenger({
         post: noop,
-        open: function() {
+        open: function () {
           return 1;
         }
       });
     });
   });
 
-  it('should call the open function and pass the listener', function() {
+  it('should call the open function and pass the listener', function () {
     var open = sinon.spy();
     respondable.updateMessenger({
       open: open,
@@ -59,10 +59,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.respondable', function() {
     assert.isTrue(typeof open.args[0][0] === 'function');
   });
 
-  it('should call previous close function', function() {
+  it('should call previous close function', function () {
     var close = sinon.spy();
     respondable.updateMessenger({
-      open: function() {
+      open: function () {
         return close;
       },
       post: noop
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.respondable', function() {
     assert.isTrue(close.called);
   });
 
-  it('should use the post function when making a frame post', function() {
+  it('should use the post function when making a frame post', function () {
     var post = sinon.spy();
     respondable.updateMessenger({
       open: noop,
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.respondable', function() {
     assert.isTrue(post.called);
   });
 
-  it('should pass the post function the correct parameters', function() {
+  it('should pass the post function the correct parameters', function () {
     var post = sinon.spy();
     var callback = sinon.spy();
 
@@ -110,15 +110,15 @@ describe('axe.utils.respondable', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should work as a full integration', function() {
+  it('should work as a full integration', function () {
     var listeners = {};
     var listener = sinon.spy();
 
     respondable.updateMessenger({
-      open: function() {
+      open: function () {
         listeners.greeting = listener;
       },
-      post: function(win, data) {
+      post: function (win, data) {
         if (listeners[data.topic]) {
           listeners[data.topic]();
         }
diff --git a/test/core/utils/rule-should-run.js b/test/core/utils/rule-should-run.js
index 42b577446..ce5d1c04f 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/rule-should-run.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/rule-should-run.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should return false if rule.pageOnly and !context.page', function() {
+  it('should return false if rule.pageOnly and !context.page', function () {
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
         {
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if rule.enabled is false, option.enabled is false and ruleID is not present runOnly', function() {
+  it('should return false if rule.enabled is false, option.enabled is false and ruleID is not present runOnly', function () {
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
         {
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if rule.enabled is false, option.enabled is false and ruleID is present in runOnly', function() {
+  it('should return true if rule.enabled is false, option.enabled is false and ruleID is present in runOnly', function () {
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
         {
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if rule.enabled is false, option is undefined and ruleID is present in runOnly', function() {
+  it('should return true if rule.enabled is false, option is undefined and ruleID is present in runOnly', function () {
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
         {
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false even if enabled is set to true if ruleID is not present in runOnly', function() {
+  it('should return false even if enabled is set to true if ruleID is not present in runOnly', function () {
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
         {
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if rule.enabled is false', function() {
+  it('should return false if rule.enabled is false', function () {
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
         {
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if rule.enabled is true', function() {
+  it('should return true if rule.enabled is true', function () {
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
         {
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return true if option is set to true but rule is set to false', function() {
+  it('should return true if option is set to true but rule is set to false', function () {
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
         {
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should return false if option is set to false but rule is set to true', function() {
+  it('should return false if option is set to false but rule is set to true', function () {
     assert.isFalse(
       axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
         {
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should use option.rules.enabled over option.runOnly tags', function() {
+  it('should use option.rules.enabled over option.runOnly tags', function () {
     assert.isTrue(
       axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
         {
@@ -209,21 +209,21 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  describe('default axe._tagExclude', function() {
+  describe('default axe._tagExclude', function () {
     var origTagExclude;
-    before(function() {
+    before(function () {
       axe._load({});
       origTagExclude = axe._audit.tagExclude;
     });
-    after(function() {
+    after(function () {
       axe._audit.tagExclude = origTagExclude;
     });
 
-    beforeEach(function() {
+    beforeEach(function () {
       axe._audit.tagExclude = [];
     });
 
-    it('excludes rules with a tag put in axe._tagExclude', function() {
+    it('excludes rules with a tag put in axe._tagExclude', function () {
       axe._audit.tagExclude = ['the-cheat'];
       assert.isTrue(
         axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('adds axe.tagExclude to the existing exclude tags', function() {
+    it('adds axe.tagExclude to the existing exclude tags', function () {
       axe._audit.tagExclude = ['the-cheat'];
       assert.isFalse(
         axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('does not exclude tags explicitly included', function() {
+    it('does not exclude tags explicitly included', function () {
       axe._audit.tagExclude = ['the-cheat'];
       assert.isTrue(
         axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
@@ -326,8 +326,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('runOnly type:tag', function() {
-    it('should return true if passed an array with a matching tag', function() {
+  describe('runOnly type:tag', function () {
+    it('should return true if passed an array with a matching tag', function () {
       assert.isTrue(
         axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
           {
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return false if passed an array with a matching tag', function() {
+    it('should return false if passed an array with a matching tag', function () {
       assert.isFalse(
         axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
           {
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should accept string as an include value', function() {
+    it('should accept string as an include value', function () {
       assert.isTrue(
         axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
           {
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should accept array as an include value', function() {
+    it('should accept array as an include value', function () {
       assert.isTrue(
         axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
           {
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should accept string as an exclude value', function() {
+    it('should accept string as an exclude value', function () {
       assert.isFalse(
         axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
           {
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should accept array as an exclude value', function() {
+    it('should accept array as an exclude value', function () {
       assert.isFalse(
         axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
           {
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return true if it matches include but not exclude', function() {
+    it('should return true if it matches include but not exclude', function () {
       assert.isTrue(
         axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
           {
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return false if it matches no include', function() {
+    it('should return false if it matches no include', function () {
       assert.isFalse(
         axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
           {
@@ -493,7 +493,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.ruleShouldRun', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should return false if it matches include and exclude', function() {
+    it('should return false if it matches include and exclude', function () {
       assert.isFalse(
         axe.utils.ruleShouldRun(
           {
diff --git a/test/core/utils/scroll-state.js b/test/core/utils/scroll-state.js
index ec4714a7e..e22534892 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/scroll-state.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/scroll-state.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('axe.utils.getScrollState', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.getScrollState', function () {
   'use strict';
   var mockWin;
   var getScrollState = axe.utils.getScrollState;
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     mockWin = {
       pageXOffset: 1,
       pageYOffset: 3,
@@ -21,15 +21,15 @@ describe('axe.utils.getScrollState', function() {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function() {
+  it('should be a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(getScrollState);
   });
 
-  it('takes the window object as an optional argument', function() {
+  it('takes the window object as an optional argument', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(getScrollState(), getScrollState(window));
   });
 
-  it('returns the window as the first item, if pageXOffset is supported', function() {
+  it('returns the window as the first item, if pageXOffset is supported', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(getScrollState(mockWin)[0], {
       elm: mockWin,
       top: mockWin.pageYOffset,
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getScrollState', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns the html as the first item, if pageXOffset is not supported', function() {
+  it('returns the html as the first item, if pageXOffset is not supported', function () {
     mockWin.pageYOffset = undefined;
     mockWin.pageXOffset = undefined;
     var html = mockWin.document.documentElement;
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.getScrollState', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('grabs scrollTop and scrollLeft from all descendants of body', function() {
+  it('grabs scrollTop and scrollLeft from all descendants of body', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="overflow:auto; height: 50px" id="tgt1">' +
       '<div style="height: 100px"> Han Solo </div>' +
@@ -66,20 +66,20 @@ describe('axe.utils.getScrollState', function() {
     var scrollState = getScrollState();
 
     assert.deepEqual(
-      scrollState.find(function(scroll) {
+      scrollState.find(function (scroll) {
         return scroll.elm === tgt1;
       }),
       { elm: tgt1, top: 10, left: 0 }
     );
     assert.deepEqual(
-      scrollState.find(function(scroll) {
+      scrollState.find(function (scroll) {
         return scroll.elm === tgt2;
       }),
       { elm: tgt2, top: 20, left: 0 }
     );
   });
 
-  it('ignores elements with overflow visible', function() {
+  it('ignores elements with overflow visible', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="overflow:visible; height: 50px" id="tgt1">' +
       '<div style="height: 100px" id="tgt2"> Han Solo </div>' +
@@ -90,18 +90,18 @@ describe('axe.utils.getScrollState', function() {
     var scrollState = getScrollState();
 
     assert.isUndefined(
-      scrollState.find(function(scroll) {
+      scrollState.find(function (scroll) {
         return scroll.elm === tgt1;
       })
     );
     assert.isUndefined(
-      scrollState.find(function(scroll) {
+      scrollState.find(function (scroll) {
         return scroll.elm === tgt2;
       })
     );
   });
 
-  it('ignores elements that do not overflow', function() {
+  it('ignores elements that do not overflow', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="overflow:auto; height: 300px" id="tgt1">' +
       '<div style="height: 100px"> Han Solo </div>' +
@@ -115,43 +115,43 @@ describe('axe.utils.getScrollState', function() {
     var scrollState = getScrollState();
 
     assert.isUndefined(
-      scrollState.find(function(scroll) {
+      scrollState.find(function (scroll) {
         return scroll.elm === tgt1;
       })
     );
     assert.isUndefined(
-      scrollState.find(function(scroll) {
+      scrollState.find(function (scroll) {
         return scroll.elm === tgt2;
       })
     );
   });
 
-  it('does not fail with svg elements', function() {
+  it('does not fail with svg elements', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<svg class="svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="13" height="17" viewBox="0 0 13 17">' +
       '<path fill="currentColor" d="M6.5 0L0 6.5 1.4 8l4-4v12.7h2V4l4.3 4L13 6.4z"></path>' +
       '</svg>';
 
-    assert.doesNotThrow(function() {
+    assert.doesNotThrow(function () {
       getScrollState();
     });
   });
 });
 
-describe('axe.utils.setScrollState', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.setScrollState', function () {
   'use strict';
   var setScrollState = axe.utils.setScrollState;
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should be a function', function() {
+  it('should be a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(setScrollState);
   });
 
-  it('sets scrollTop and scrollLeft for regular nodes', function() {
+  it('sets scrollTop and scrollLeft for regular nodes', function () {
     var elm1 = {},
       elm2 = {};
     setScrollState([
@@ -163,10 +163,10 @@ describe('axe.utils.setScrollState', function() {
     assert.deepEqual(elm2, { scrollTop: 30, scrollLeft: 40 });
   });
 
-  it('calls scroll() for the window element', function() {
+  it('calls scroll() for the window element', function () {
     var called;
     var winScroll = window.scroll;
-    window.scroll = function(left, top) {
+    window.scroll = function (left, top) {
       called = { top: top, left: left };
     };
     setScrollState([{ elm: window, top: 10, left: 20 }]);
diff --git a/test/core/utils/select.js b/test/core/utils/select.js
index 52acfb51a..c5a6a968e 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/select.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/select.js
@@ -1,157 +1,140 @@
-describe('axe.utils.select', function() {
-  'use strict';
+describe('axe.utils.select', () => {
+  const $id = id => document.getElementById(id);
+  const { Context } = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base;
+  const { fixtureSetup } = axe.testUtils;
 
-  function $id(id) {
-    return document.getElementById(id);
-  }
-
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-
-  afterEach(function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
-    axe._selectCache = undefined;
-  });
-
-  it('should be a function', function() {
+  it('should be a function', () => {
     assert.isFunction(axe.utils.select);
   });
 
-  it('should return an array', function() {
+  it('should return an array', () => {
     assert.isArray(axe.utils.select('div', { include: [] }));
   });
 
-  describe('selector', function() {
-    it('should accept a selector', function() {
-      var div = document.createElement('div');
-      div.id = 'monkeys';
-      fixture.appendChild(div);
-
-      var result = axe.utils.select('#monkeys', {
-        include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document)[0]]
-      });
-
-      assert.equal(result[0].actualNode, div);
+  describe('selector', () => {
+    it('should accept a selector', () => {
+      fixtureSetup('<div id="monkeys"></div>');
+      const context = new Context(document, axe._tree);
+      const result = axe.utils.select('#monkeys', context);
+      assert.equal(result[0].actualNode, $id('monkeys'));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('context', function() {
-    it('should include', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="monkeys"><div id="bananas" class="bananas"></div></div>';
-
-      var result = axe.utils.select('.bananas', {
-        include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree($id('monkeys'))[0]]
-      });
-
-      assert.deepEqual([result[0].actualNode], [$id('bananas')]);
+  describe('context', () => {
+    it('should include', () => {
+      fixtureSetup(
+        '<div id="monkeys"><div id="bananas" class="bananas"></div></div>'
+      );
+      const context = new Context('#monkeys', axe._tree);
+      const result = axe.utils.select('.bananas', context);
+      assert.deepEqual(result[0].actualNode, $id('bananas'));
     });
 
-    it('should exclude', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="monkeys"><div id="bananas" class="bananas"></div></div>';
-
-      var result = axe.utils.select('.bananas', {
-        include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree($id('fixture'))[0]],
-        exclude: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree($id('monkeys'))[0]]
-      });
-
-      assert.deepEqual(result, []);
+    it('should exclude', () => {
+      fixtureSetup(
+        '<div id="monkeys"><div id="bananas" class="bananas"></div></div>'
+      );
+      const context = new Context(
+        {
+          include: [['#fixture']],
+          exclude: [['#monkeys']]
+        },
+        axe._tree
+      );
+      const result = axe.utils.select('.bananas', context);
+      assert.isEmpty(result);
     });
 
-    it('should pick the deepest exclude/include - exclude winning', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="include1">' +
-        '	<div id="exclude1">' +
-        '		<div id="include2">' +
-        '			<div id="exclude2">' +
-        '				<div class="bananas"></div>' +
-        '			</div>' +
-        '		</div>' +
-        '	</div>' +
-        '</div>';
-
-      var result = axe.utils.select('.bananas', {
-        include: [
-          axe.utils.getFlattenedTree($id('include1'))[0],
-          axe.utils.getFlattenedTree($id('include2'))[0]
-        ],
-        exclude: [
-          axe.utils.getFlattenedTree($id('exclude1'))[0],
-          axe.utils.getFlattenedTree($id('exclude2'))[0]
-        ]
-      });
-
+    it('should pick the deepest exclude/include - exclude winning', () => {
+      fixtureSetup(
+        `<div id="include1">
+        	<div id="exclude1">
+        		<div id="include2">
+        			<div id="exclude2">
+        				<div class="bananas"></div>
+        			</div>
+        		</div>
+        	</div>
+        </div>`
+      );
+      const context = new Context(
+        {
+          include: [['#include1'], ['#include2']],
+          exclude: [['#exclude1'], ['#exclude2']]
+        },
+        axe._tree
+      );
+      const result = axe.utils.select('.bananas', context);
       assert.deepEqual(result, []);
     });
 
-    it('should pick the deepest exclude/include - include winning', function() {
-      fixture.innerHTML =
-        '<div id="include1">' +
-        '	<div id="exclude1">' +
-        '		<div id="include2">' +
-        '			<div id="exclude2">' +
-        '				<div id="include3">' +
-        '					<div id="bananas" class="bananas"></div>' +
-        '				</div>' +
-        '			</div>' +
-        '		</div>' +
-        '	</div>' +
-        '</div>';
-
-      var result = axe.utils.select('.bananas', {
-        include: [
-          axe.utils.getFlattenedTree($id('include3'))[0],
-          axe.utils.getFlattenedTree($id('include2'))[0],
-          axe.utils.getFlattenedTree($id('include1'))[0]
-        ],
-        exclude: [
-          axe.utils.getFlattenedTree($id('exclude1'))[0],
-          axe.utils.getFlattenedTree($id('exclude2'))[0]
-        ]
-      });
-
-      assert.deepEqual([result[0].actualNode], [$id('bananas')]);
+    it('should pick the deepest exclude/include - include winning', () => {
+      fixtureSetup(
+        `<div id="include1"> 
+        	<div id="exclude1"> 
+        		<div id="include2"> 
+        			<div id="exclude2"> 
+        				<div id="include3"> 
+        					<div id="bananas" class="bananas"></div> 
+        				</div> 
+        			</div> 
+        		</div> 
+        	</div> 
+        </div>`
+      );
+      const context = new Context(
+        {
+          include: [['#include3'], ['#include2'], ['#include1']],
+          exclude: [['#exclude1'], ['#exclude2']]
+        },
+        axe._tree
+      );
+      const result = axe.utils.select('.bananas', context);
+      assert.deepEqual(result[0].actualNode, $id('bananas'));
     });
   });
 
-  it('should only contain unique elements', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
-      '<div id="monkeys"><div id="bananas" class="bananas"></div></div>';
-    var tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree($id('fixture'))[0];
-    var monkeys = tree.children[0];
-    var result = axe.utils.select('.bananas', {
-      include: [tree, monkeys]
-    });
+  it('should only contain unique elements', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(
+      '<div id="monkeys"><div id="bananas" class="bananas"></div></div>'
+    );
+    const context = new Context(
+      {
+        include: [['#fixture'], ['#monkeys']]
+      },
+      axe._tree
+    );
 
+    const result = axe.utils.select('.bananas', context);
     assert.lengthOf(result, 1);
     assert.equal(result[0].actualNode, $id('bananas'));
   });
 
-  it('should not return duplicates on overlapping includes', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
+  it('should not return duplicates on overlapping includes', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(
       '<div id="zero"><div id="one"><div id="target1" class="bananas"></div></div>' +
-      '<div id="two"><div id="target2" class="bananas"></div></div></div>';
-
-    var result = axe.utils.select('.bananas', {
-      include: [
-        axe.utils.getFlattenedTree($id('zero'))[0],
-        axe.utils.getFlattenedTree($id('one'))[0]
-      ]
-    });
+        '<div id="two"><div id="target2" class="bananas"></div></div></div>'
+    );
+    const context = new Context(
+      {
+        include: [['#zero'], ['#one']]
+      },
+      axe._tree
+    );
 
+    const result = axe.utils.select('.bananas', context);
     assert.deepEqual(
-      result.map(function(n) {
-        return n.actualNode;
-      }),
+      result.map(n => n.actualNode),
       [$id('target1'), $id('target2')]
     );
     assert.equal(result.length, 2);
   });
 
-  it('should return the cached result if one exists', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML =
+  it('should return the cached result if one exists', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(
       '<div id="zero"><div id="one"><div id="target1" class="bananas"></div></div>' +
-      '<div id="two"><div id="target2" class="bananas"></div></div></div>';
+        '<div id="two"><div id="target2" class="bananas"></div></div></div>'
+    );
 
     axe._selectCache = [
       {
@@ -159,9 +142,8 @@ describe('axe.utils.select', function() {
         result: 'fruit bat'
       }
     ];
-    var result = axe.utils.select('.bananas', {
-      include: [axe.utils.getFlattenedTree($id('zero'))[0]]
-    });
+    const context = new Context([['#zero']], axe._tree);
+    const result = axe.utils.select('.bananas', context);
     assert.equal(result, 'fruit bat');
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/selector-cache.js b/test/core/utils/selector-cache.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..36d555407
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/core/utils/selector-cache.js
@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+describe('utils.selector-cache', () => {
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  const cacheNodeSelectors =
+    axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.utils.cacheNodeSelectors;
+  const getNodesMatchingExpression =
+    axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.utils.getNodesMatchingExpression;
+  const convertSelector = axe.utils.convertSelector;
+  const shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+
+  let vNode;
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="target" class="foo" aria-label="bar"></div>';
+    vNode = new axe.VirtualNode(fixture.firstChild);
+  });
+
+  describe('cacheNodeSelectors', () => {
+    it('should add the node to the global selector', () => {
+      const map = {};
+      cacheNodeSelectors(vNode, map);
+      assert.deepEqual(map['*'], [vNode]);
+    });
+
+    it('should add the node to the nodeName', () => {
+      const map = {};
+      cacheNodeSelectors(vNode, map);
+      assert.deepEqual(map.div, [vNode]);
+    });
+
+    it('should add the node to all attribute selectors', () => {
+      const map = {};
+      cacheNodeSelectors(vNode, map);
+      assert.deepEqual(map['[id]'], [vNode]);
+      assert.deepEqual(map['[class]'], [vNode]);
+      assert.deepEqual(map['[aria-label]'], [vNode]);
+    });
+
+    it('should add the node to the id map', () => {
+      const map = {};
+      cacheNodeSelectors(vNode, map);
+      assert.deepEqual(map[' [idsMap]'].target, [vNode]);
+    });
+
+    it('should not add the node to selectors it does not match', () => {
+      const map = {};
+      cacheNodeSelectors(vNode, map);
+      assert.isUndefined(map['[for]']);
+      assert.isUndefined(map.h1);
+    });
+
+    it('should ignore non-element nodes', () => {
+      const map = {};
+      fixture.innerHTML = 'Hello';
+      vNode = new axe.VirtualNode(fixture.firstChild);
+      cacheNodeSelectors(vNode, map);
+
+      assert.lengthOf(Object.keys(map), 0);
+    });
+
+    describe('with javascripty attribute selectors', () => {
+      const terms = [
+        'prototype',
+        'constructor',
+        '__proto__',
+        'Element',
+        'nodeName',
+        'valueOf',
+        'toString'
+      ];
+      for (const term of terms) {
+        it(`works with ${term}`, () => {
+          fixture.innerHTML = `<div id="${term}" class="${term}" aria-label="${term}"></div>`;
+          vNode = new axe.VirtualNode(fixture.firstChild);
+          const map = {};
+          cacheNodeSelectors(vNode, map);
+          assert.deepEqual(map['[id]'], [vNode]);
+          assert.deepEqual(map['[class]'], [vNode]);
+          assert.deepEqual(map['[aria-label]'], [vNode]);
+        });
+      }
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('getNodesMatchingExpression', () => {
+    let tree;
+    let spanVNode;
+    let headingVNode;
+
+    function createTree() {
+      for (let i = 0; i < fixture.children.length; i++) {
+        const child = fixture.children[i];
+        const isShadow = child.hasAttribute('data-shadow');
+        const html = child.innerHTML;
+        if (isShadow) {
+          const shadowRoot = child.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+          shadowRoot.innerHTML = html;
+          child.innerHTML = '';
+        }
+      }
+
+      return axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
+    }
+
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      fixture.firstChild.innerHTML =
+        '<h1><span class="bar" id="not-target" aria-labelledby="target"></span></h1>';
+      tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture.firstChild);
+
+      vNode = tree[0];
+      headingVNode = vNode.children[0];
+      spanVNode = headingVNode.children[0];
+    });
+
+    it('should return undefined if the cache is not primed', () => {
+      tree[0]._selectorMap = null;
+      const expression = convertSelector('div');
+      assert.isUndefined(getNodesMatchingExpression(tree, expression));
+    });
+
+    it('should return a list of matching nodes by global selector', () => {
+      const expression = convertSelector('*');
+      assert.deepEqual(getNodesMatchingExpression(tree, expression), [
+        vNode,
+        headingVNode,
+        spanVNode
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it('should return a list of matching nodes by nodeName', () => {
+      const expression = convertSelector('div');
+      assert.deepEqual(getNodesMatchingExpression(tree, expression), [vNode]);
+    });
+
+    it('should return a list of matching nodes by id', () => {
+      const expression = convertSelector('#target');
+      assert.deepEqual(getNodesMatchingExpression(tree, expression), [vNode]);
+    });
+
+    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
+      'should only return nodes matching shadowId when matching by id',
+      () => {
+        fixture.innerHTML =
+          '<div id="target"></div><div data-shadow><div id="target"></div></div>';
+        tree = createTree();
+        const expression = convertSelector('#target');
+        const expected = [tree[0].children[0]];
+        assert.deepEqual(
+          getNodesMatchingExpression(tree, expression),
+          expected
+        );
+      }
+    );
+
+    it('should return a list of matching nodes by class', () => {
+      const expression = convertSelector('.foo');
+      assert.deepEqual(getNodesMatchingExpression(tree, expression), [vNode]);
+    });
+
+    it('should return a list of matching nodes by attribute', () => {
+      const expression = convertSelector('[aria-label]');
+      assert.deepEqual(getNodesMatchingExpression(tree, expression), [vNode]);
+    });
+
+    it('should return an empty array if selector does not match', () => {
+      const expression = convertSelector('main');
+      assert.lengthOf(getNodesMatchingExpression(tree, expression), 0);
+    });
+
+    it('should return an empty array for complex selector that does not match', () => {
+      const expression = convertSelector('span.missingClass[id]');
+      assert.lengthOf(getNodesMatchingExpression(tree, expression), 0);
+    });
+
+    it('should return an empty array for a non-complex selector that does not match', () => {
+      const expression = convertSelector('div#not-target[id]');
+      assert.lengthOf(getNodesMatchingExpression(tree, expression), 0);
+    });
+
+    it('should return nodes for each expression', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML =
+        '<div role="button"></div><span aria-label="other"></span>';
+      tree = createTree();
+      const expression = convertSelector('[role], [aria-label]');
+      const expected = [tree[0].children[0], tree[0].children[1]];
+      assert.deepEqual(getNodesMatchingExpression(tree, expression), expected);
+    });
+
+    it('should return nodes for child combinator selector', () => {
+      const expression = convertSelector('div span');
+      assert.deepEqual(getNodesMatchingExpression(tree, expression), [
+        spanVNode
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it('should return nodes for direct child combinator selector', () => {
+      const expression = convertSelector('div > h1');
+      assert.deepEqual(getNodesMatchingExpression(tree, expression), [
+        headingVNode
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it('should not return nodes for direct child combinator selector that does not match', () => {
+      const expression = convertSelector('div > span');
+      assert.lengthOf(getNodesMatchingExpression(tree, expression), 0);
+    });
+
+    it('should return nodes for attribute value selector', () => {
+      const expression = convertSelector('[id="target"]');
+      assert.deepEqual(getNodesMatchingExpression(tree, expression), [vNode]);
+    });
+
+    it('should return undefined for combinator selector with global selector', () => {
+      const expression = convertSelector('body *');
+      assert.isUndefined(getNodesMatchingExpression(tree, expression));
+    });
+
+    it('should return nodes for multipart selectors', () => {
+      const expression = convertSelector('div.foo[id]');
+      assert.deepEqual(getNodesMatchingExpression(tree, expression), [vNode]);
+    });
+
+    it('should remove duplicates', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="button" aria-label="other"></div>';
+      tree = createTree();
+      const expression = convertSelector('div[role], [aria-label]');
+      const expected = [tree[0].children[0]];
+      assert.deepEqual(getNodesMatchingExpression(tree, expression), expected);
+    });
+
+    it('should sort nodes by added order', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML =
+        '<div id="id0"></div>' +
+        '<span id="id1"></span>' +
+        '<div id="id2"></div>' +
+        '<span id="id3"></span>' +
+        '<div id="id4"></div>' +
+        '<span id="id5"></span>' +
+        '<div id="id6"></div>' +
+        '<span id="id7"></span>' +
+        '<div id="id8"></div>' +
+        '<span id="id9"></span>';
+      tree = createTree();
+
+      const expression = convertSelector('div, span');
+      const nodes = getNodesMatchingExpression(tree, expression);
+      const ids = [];
+      for (let i = 0; i < nodes.length; i++) {
+        ids.push(nodes[i].attr('id'));
+      }
+
+      assert.deepEqual(ids, [
+        'fixture',
+        'id0',
+        'id1',
+        'id2',
+        'id3',
+        'id4',
+        'id5',
+        'id6',
+        'id7',
+        'id8',
+        'id9'
+      ]);
+    });
+
+    it('should filter nodes', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML =
+        '<div role="button" aria-label="other"></div><div></div>';
+      tree = createTree();
+
+      function filter(node) {
+        return node.hasAttr('role');
+      }
+
+      const nonFilteredNodes = getNodesMatchingExpression(
+        tree,
+        convertSelector('div, [aria-label]')
+      );
+      const nonFilteredExpected = [
+        tree[0],
+        tree[0].children[0],
+        tree[0].children[1]
+      ];
+
+      const filteredNodes = getNodesMatchingExpression(
+        tree,
+        convertSelector('div, [aria-label]'),
+        filter
+      );
+      const filteredExpected = [tree[0].children[0]];
+
+      assert.deepEqual(nonFilteredNodes, nonFilteredExpected);
+      assert.deepEqual(filteredNodes, filteredExpected);
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/core/utils/send-command-to-frame.js b/test/core/utils/send-command-to-frame.js
index 4b9eddd97..0fe4412e1 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/send-command-to-frame.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/send-command-to-frame.js
@@ -1,32 +1,34 @@
-describe('axe.utils.sendCommandToFrame', function() {
-  'use strict';
+describe('axe.utils.sendCommandToFrame', () => {
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  let params;
+  const captureError = axe.testUtils.captureError;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var params = { command: 'rules' };
-  var captureError = axe.testUtils.captureError;
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    params = { command: 'rules' };
+  });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(() => {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
     axe._selectorData = undefined;
   });
 
-  var assertNotCalled = function() {
+  const assertNotCalled = () => {
     assert.ok(false, 'should not be called');
   };
 
-  it('should return results from frames', function(done) {
-    var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function() {
+  it('should return results from frames', done => {
+    const frame = document.createElement('iframe');
+    frame.addEventListener('load', () => {
       axe.utils.sendCommandToFrame(
         frame,
         params,
-        captureError(function(res) {
+        captureError(function (res) {
           assert.lengthOf(res, 1);
           assert.equal(res[0].id, 'html');
           done();
         }, done),
-        function() {
+        () => {
           done(new Error('sendCommandToFrame should not error'));
         }
       );
@@ -37,16 +39,16 @@ describe('axe.utils.sendCommandToFrame', function() {
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   });
 
-  it('adjusts skips ping with options.pingWaitTime=0', function(done) {
-    var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
-    var params = {
+  it('adjusts skips ping with options.pingWaitTime=0', done => {
+    const frame = document.createElement('iframe');
+    params = {
       command: 'rules',
       options: { pingWaitTime: 0 }
     };
 
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function() {
-      var topics = [];
-      frame.contentWindow.addEventListener('message', function(event) {
+    frame.addEventListener('load', () => {
+      const topics = [];
+      frame.contentWindow.addEventListener('message', function (event) {
         try {
           topics.push(JSON.parse(event.data).topic);
         } catch (_) {
@@ -56,7 +58,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.sendCommandToFrame', function() {
       axe.utils.sendCommandToFrame(
         frame,
         params,
-        captureError(function() {
+        captureError(() => {
           try {
             assert.deepEqual(topics, ['axe.start']);
             done();
@@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.sendCommandToFrame', function() {
             done(e);
           }
         }, done),
-        function() {
+        () => {
           done(new Error('sendCommandToFrame should not error'));
         }
       );
@@ -75,9 +77,9 @@ describe('axe.utils.sendCommandToFrame', function() {
     fixture.appendChild(frame);
   });
 
-  it('should timeout if there is no response from frame', function(done) {
-    var orig = window.setTimeout;
-    window.setTimeout = function(fn, to) {
+  it('should timeout if there is no response from frame', done => {
+    const orig = window.setTimeout;
+    window.setTimeout = function (fn, to) {
       if (to === 30000) {
         assert.ok('timeout set');
         fn();
@@ -88,13 +90,13 @@ describe('axe.utils.sendCommandToFrame', function() {
       return 'cats';
     };
 
-    var frame = document.createElement('iframe');
-    frame.addEventListener('load', function() {
+    const frame = document.createElement('iframe');
+    frame.addEventListener('load', () => {
       axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document.documentElement);
       axe.utils.sendCommandToFrame(
         frame,
         params,
-        function(result) {
+        function (result) {
           assert.equal(result, null);
           done();
         },
diff --git a/test/core/utils/shadow-select-all.js b/test/core/utils/shadow-select-all.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..225f6685b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/core/utils/shadow-select-all.js
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+describe('utils.shadowSelectAll', () => {
+  const shadowSelectAll = axe.utils.shadowSelectAll;
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  const mapNodeName = elms => elms.map(elm => elm.nodeName.toLowerCase());
+
+  it('throws when not passed a string or array', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
+      shadowSelectAll(123);
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('throws when passed an array with non-string values', () => {
+    assert.throws(() => {
+      shadowSelectAll([123]);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('given a string', () => {
+    it('returns [] if no node is found', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<b class="hello"></b>';
+      assert.deepEqual(shadowSelectAll('.goodbye'), []);
+    });
+
+    it('returns the each matching element in the document', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = `<b class="hello"></b>
+        <s class="goodbye"></s>
+        <i class="hello"></i>`;
+      const nodes = shadowSelectAll('#fixture > .hello');
+      assert.deepEqual(mapNodeName(nodes), ['b', 'i']);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('given an array of string', () => {
+    function addShadowTree(host, html) {
+      const root = host.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      root.innerHTML = html;
+      return root;
+    }
+
+    it('returns [] given an empty array', () => {
+      assert.deepEqual(shadowSelectAll([]), []);
+    });
+
+    it('returns [] if the shadow host does not exist', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
+      addShadowTree(fixture.children[0], `<b></b>`);
+      assert.deepEqual(shadowSelectAll(['#fixture > span', 'b']), []);
+    });
+
+    it('returns [] if the no final element exists', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<span></span>';
+      addShadowTree(fixture.children[0], `<i></i>`);
+      assert.deepEqual(shadowSelectAll(['span', 'b']), []);
+    });
+
+    it('returns nodes from a shadow tree', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<span></span>';
+      addShadowTree(fixture.children[0], `<b></b><i></i>`);
+      const nodeNames = mapNodeName(shadowSelectAll(['#fixture > span', '*']));
+      assert.deepEqual(nodeNames, ['b', 'i']);
+    });
+
+    it('returns nodes from multiple shadow trees', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<span></span><span></span>';
+      addShadowTree(fixture.children[0], `<a></a><b></b>`);
+      addShadowTree(fixture.children[1], `<i></i><s></s>`);
+      const nodeNames = mapNodeName(shadowSelectAll(['#fixture > span', '*']));
+      assert.deepEqual(nodeNames, ['a', 'b', 'i', 's']);
+    });
+
+    it('returns nodes from multiple trees deep', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div><div></div>';
+      const root1 = addShadowTree(
+        fixture.children[0],
+        '<span></span><span></span>'
+      );
+      const root2 = addShadowTree(
+        fixture.children[1],
+        '<div></div><span></span>'
+      );
+
+      addShadowTree(root1.children[0], '<a></a>');
+      addShadowTree(root1.children[1], '<b></b>');
+      addShadowTree(root2.children[0], '<i></i>');
+      addShadowTree(root2.children[1], '<s></s>');
+
+      const nodeNames = mapNodeName(
+        shadowSelectAll(['#fixture > div', 'span', '*'])
+      );
+      assert.deepEqual(nodeNames, ['a', 'b', 's']);
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/core/utils/shadow-select.js b/test/core/utils/shadow-select.js
index 574d385b6..bc9488d9c 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/shadow-select.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/shadow-select.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-var testSuite = (shadowSupported ? describe : describe.skip)
+var testSuite = shadowSupported ? describe : describe.skip;
 
 testSuite('utils.shadowSelect', function () {
   var shadowSelect = axe.utils.shadowSelect;
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ testSuite('utils.shadowSelect', function () {
     });
 
     it('returns null if the node does not exist in the shadow tree', function () {
-      var shadowRoot = appendShadowTree(fixture, 'div')
+      var shadowRoot = appendShadowTree(fixture, 'div');
       shadowRoot.innerHTML = '<b class="hello"></b>';
       assert.isNull(shadowSelect(['#fixture > div', '.goodbye']));
     });
@@ -80,10 +80,10 @@ testSuite('utils.shadowSelect', function () {
       root.innerHTML = '<b class="hello"></b><i class="hello"></i>';
 
       var node = shadowSelect([
-        '#fixture > article', 
-        'section', 
-        'div', 
-        'p', 
+        '#fixture > article',
+        'section',
+        'div',
+        'p',
         '.hello'
       ]);
       assert.equal(node.nodeName.toLowerCase(), 'b');
diff --git a/test/core/utils/to-array.js b/test/core/utils/to-array.js
index 7e1a62ac3..e60971286 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/to-array.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/to-array.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('axe.utils.toArray', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.toArray', function () {
   'use strict';
-  it('should call Array.prototype.slice', function() {
+  it('should call Array.prototype.slice', function () {
     var orig = Array.prototype.slice,
       called = false,
-      arrayLike = { '0': 'cats', length: 1 };
+      arrayLike = { 0: 'cats', length: 1 };
 
-    Array.prototype.slice = function() {
+    Array.prototype.slice = function () {
       called = true;
       assert.equal(this, arrayLike);
     };
@@ -17,18 +17,18 @@ describe('axe.utils.toArray', function() {
     Array.prototype.slice = orig;
   });
 
-  it('should return an array', function() {
-    var arrayLike = { '0': 'cats', length: 1 };
+  it('should return an array', function () {
+    var arrayLike = { 0: 'cats', length: 1 };
 
     var result = axe.utils.toArray(arrayLike);
     assert.isArray(result);
   });
 });
 
-describe('axe.utils.uniqueArray', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.uniqueArray', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should filter duplicate values', function() {
+  it('should filter duplicate values', function () {
     var array1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
     var array2 = [1, 3, 7];
 
diff --git a/test/core/utils/token-list.js b/test/core/utils/token-list.js
index 93e224a0f..6606b03db 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/token-list.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/token-list.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-describe('axe.utils.tokenList', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.tokenList', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should split by space', function() {
+  it('should split by space', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(axe.utils.tokenList('bananas monkeys 42'), [
       'bananas',
       'monkeys',
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.tokenList', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should trim first', function() {
+  it('should trim first', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(axe.utils.tokenList(' \r   bananas monkeys 42	\n  '), [
       'bananas',
       'monkeys',
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.tokenList', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should collapse whitespace', function() {
+  it('should collapse whitespace', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(axe.utils.tokenList(' \r   bananas \r \n	monkeys		42	\n  '), [
       'bananas',
       'monkeys',
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.tokenList', function() {
     ]);
   });
 
-  it('should return empty string array for null value', function() {
+  it('should return empty string array for null value', function () {
     assert.deepEqual(axe.utils.tokenList(null), ['']);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/core/utils/valid-langs.js b/test/core/utils/valid-langs.js
index 880cc3095..0cb0c5b51 100644
--- a/test/core/utils/valid-langs.js
+++ b/test/core/utils/valid-langs.js
@@ -1,46 +1,46 @@
-describe('axe.utils.isValidLang', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.isValidLang', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  describe('isValidLang', function() {
-    it('should return true for valid 3-character lang', function() {
+  describe('isValidLang', function () {
+    it('should return true for valid 3-character lang', function () {
       assert.isTrue(axe.utils.isValidLang('bbb'));
     });
 
-    it('should return true for valid 2-character lang', function() {
+    it('should return true for valid 2-character lang', function () {
       assert.isTrue(axe.utils.isValidLang('aa'));
     });
 
-    it('should return false for invalid lang', function() {
+    it('should return false for invalid lang', function () {
       assert.isFalse(axe.utils.isValidLang('xyz'));
     });
 
-    it('should return false for invalid 2-character lang', function() {
+    it('should return false for invalid 2-character lang', function () {
       assert.isFalse(axe.utils.isValidLang('bb'));
     });
 
-    it('should return false for invalid 1-character lang code', function() {
+    it('should return false for invalid 1-character lang code', function () {
       assert.isFalse(axe.utils.isValidLang('a'));
     });
 
-    it('should return false for invalid 4-character lang code', function() {
+    it('should return false for invalid 4-character lang code', function () {
       assert.isFalse(axe.utils.isValidLang('abcd'));
     });
 
-    it('should return false for empty string', function() {
+    it('should return false for empty string', function () {
       assert.isFalse(axe.utils.isValidLang(''));
     });
 
-    it('should return false for invalid lang code', function() {
+    it('should return false for invalid lang code', function () {
       assert.isFalse(axe.utils.isValidLang('123'));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('validLangs', function() {
-    it('should return an array of langs', function() {
+  describe('validLangs', function () {
+    it('should return an array of langs', function () {
       assert.isTrue(Array.isArray(axe.utils.validLangs()));
     });
 
-    it('should include valid langs', function() {
+    it('should include valid langs', function () {
       var langs = axe.utils.validLangs();
       assert.isTrue(langs.indexOf('aaa') !== -1);
       assert.isTrue(langs.indexOf('aa') !== -1);
diff --git a/test/get-webdriver.js b/test/get-webdriver.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6ead098e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/get-webdriver.js
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+const { Builder } = require('selenium-webdriver');
+const chrome = require('selenium-webdriver/chrome');
+const chromedriverPath = require('chromedriver').path;
+
+const getWebdriver = () => {
+  const service = new chrome.ServiceBuilder(chromedriverPath);
+
+  const webdriver = new Builder()
+    .setChromeOptions(new chrome.Options().addArguments('headless'))
+    .forBrowser('chrome')
+    .setChromeService(service)
+    .build();
+  return webdriver;
+};
+
+module.exports.getWebdriver = getWebdriver;
diff --git a/test/integration/adapter.js b/test/integration/adapter.js
index c50fa527f..4848785ee 100644
--- a/test/integration/adapter.js
+++ b/test/integration/adapter.js
@@ -1,22 +1,23 @@
 /*global mocha */
-var failedTests = [];
-(function() {
+const failedTests = [];
+function flattenTitles(test) {
+  const titles = [];
+  while (test.parent.title) {
+    titles.push(test.parent.title);
+    test = test.parent;
+  }
+  return titles.reverse();
+}
+
+(function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var runner = mocha.run();
-  runner.on('end', function() {
+  runner.on('end', function () {
     window.mochaResults = runner.stats;
     window.mochaResults.reports = failedTests;
   });
   runner.on('fail', function logFailure(test, err) {
-    var flattenTitles = function(test) {
-      var titles = [];
-      while (test.parent.title) {
-        titles.push(test.parent.title);
-        test = test.parent;
-      }
-      return titles.reverse();
-    };
     failedTests.push({
       name: test.title,
       result: false,
diff --git a/test/integration/api/external/index.js b/test/integration/api/external/index.js
index caecd5227..23566107b 100644
--- a/test/integration/api/external/index.js
+++ b/test/integration/api/external/index.js
@@ -1,52 +1,50 @@
 // describes the API used by axe Pro
-describe('external API', function() {
-  'use strict';
-
-  afterEach(function() {
+describe('external API', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
     // setup _tree as needed, always reset
     axe._tree = null;
   });
 
-  describe('axe.commons.text.sanitize', function() {
-    it('must be a function with the signature String -> String', function() {
+  describe('axe.commons.text.sanitize', () => {
+    it('must be a function with the signature String -> String', () => {
       assert.isString(axe.commons.text.sanitize(''));
       assert.isString(axe.commons.text.sanitize('not empty'));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('axe.utils.getBaseLang', function() {
-    it('must be a function with the signature String -> String', function() {
+  describe('axe.utils.getBaseLang', () => {
+    it('must be a function with the signature String -> String', () => {
       assert.isString(axe.utils.getBaseLang(''));
       assert.isString(axe.utils.getBaseLang('not empty'));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('axe.utils.validLangs', function() {
-    it('be a function with the signature * -> [String]', function() {
-      assert.isArray(axe.utils.validLangs());
-      axe.utils.validLangs().forEach(assert.isString);
+  describe('axe.utils.validLangs', () => {
+    it('be a function with the signature * -> [String]', () => {
+      const langs = axe.utils.validLangs();
+      assert.isArray(langs);
+      langs.forEach(assert.isString);
       assert.isArray(axe.utils.validLangs(document));
-      assert.isArray(axe.utils.validLangs({}));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('axe.commons.dom.isVisible', function() {
-    it('must be a function with the signature Element -> Boolean', function() {
-      var el = randomNodeInTree(isElement);
+  describe('axe.commons.dom.isVisible', () => {
+    it('must be a function with the signature Element -> Boolean', () => {
+      const el = randomNodeInTree(isElement);
       assert.isBoolean(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(el));
       assert.isBoolean(axe.commons.dom.isVisible(randomNodeInTree(isElement)));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('axe.commons.aria.implicitRole', function() {
-    it('must be a function with the signature Element -> String|null', function() {
+  describe('axe.commons.aria.implicitRole', () => {
+    it('must be a function with the signature Element -> String|null', () => {
       axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document.documentElement);
-      var implicitRolesOrNull = getEntries(
+      const implicitRolesOrNull = getEntries(
         axe.commons.aria.lookupTable.role
       ).reduce(
-        function(roles, entry) {
-          var role = entry[0];
-          var val = entry[1];
+        function (roles, entry) {
+          const role = entry[0];
+          const val = entry[1];
           if (val.implicit) {
             roles.push(role);
           }
@@ -54,29 +52,29 @@ describe('external API', function() {
         },
         [null]
       );
-      var role = axe.commons.aria.implicitRole(randomNodeInTree());
+      const role = axe.commons.aria.implicitRole(randomNodeInTree());
       assert.oneOf(role, implicitRolesOrNull);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('axe.commons.aria.lookupTable.role', function() {
-    it('must be an object (dict)', function() {
+  describe('axe.commons.aria.lookupTable.role', () => {
+    it('must be an object (dict)', () => {
       assert.isObject(axe.commons.aria.lookupTable.role);
     });
-    it('must have the signature String -> String {role.type}', function() {
-      var keys = getKeys(axe.commons.aria.lookupTable.role);
-      var types = getValues(axe.commons.aria.lookupTable.role).map(function(
-        role
-      ) {
-        return role.type;
-      });
+    it('must have the signature String -> String {role.type}', () => {
+      const keys = getKeys(axe.commons.aria.lookupTable.role);
+      const types = getValues(axe.commons.aria.lookupTable.role).map(
+        function (role) {
+          return role.type;
+        }
+      );
       keys.forEach(assert.isString);
       types.forEach(assert.isString);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('axe.utils.getFlattenedTree', function() {
-    it('must be a function with the signature Element -> [vnode]', function() {
+  describe('axe.utils.getFlattenedTree', () => {
+    it('must be a function with the signature Element -> [vnode]', () => {
       assert.isArray(axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document.body));
       assert.lengthOf(
         axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(randomNodeInTree(isElement)),
@@ -85,48 +83,48 @@ describe('external API', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('axe.utils.getNodeFromTree', function() {
-    it('must be a function with the signature Node -> vnode', function() {
+  describe('axe.utils.getNodeFromTree', () => {
+    it('must be a function with the signature Node -> vnode', () => {
       axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document.body);
       assert.oneOf(
         axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(randomNodeInTree()),
         flat(axe._tree[0])
       );
     });
-    it('must return null for nodes not in the axe._tree', function() {
+    it('must return null for nodes not in the axe._tree', () => {
       assert.isNull(axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(randomElement()));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('axe.commons.dom.isOpaque', function() {
-    it('must be a function with the signature Element -> Boolean', function() {
+  describe('axe.commons.dom.isOpaque', () => {
+    it('must be a function with the signature Element -> Boolean', () => {
       assert.isBoolean(axe.commons.dom.isOpaque(randomNodeInTree(isElement)));
     });
   });
 
-  describe('axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual', function() {
-    it('must be a function with the signature Element vnode -> String', function() {
+  describe('axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual', () => {
+    it('must be a function with the signature Element vnode -> String', () => {
       axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(document.body);
-      var vnode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(randomNodeInTree(isElement));
+      const vnode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(randomNodeInTree(isElement));
       assert.isString(axe.commons.text.accessibleTextVirtual(vnode));
     });
   });
 });
 
-var elements = [
+const elements = [
   document.createElement('div'),
   document.createElement('button'),
   document.createElement('article')
 ];
 
-var inTree = [];
-var walker = collectNodes();
-var next = walker.iterate().next();
+const inTree = [];
+const treeWalker = collectNodes();
+let next = treeWalker.iterate().next();
 while (!next.done) {
   if (next.value.nodeType === 1) {
     inTree.push(next.value);
   }
-  next = walker.iterate().next();
+  next = treeWalker.iterate().next();
 }
 
 function isElement(el) {
@@ -134,10 +132,10 @@ function isElement(el) {
 }
 
 function random(fromArr) {
-  return function(filter) {
+  return function (filter) {
     filter = filter || isTrue;
-    var arr = fromArr.filter(filter);
-    var seed = Math.random();
+    const arr = fromArr.filter(filter);
+    const seed = Math.random();
     return arr[Math.floor(seed * arr.length)];
   };
 }
@@ -152,10 +150,10 @@ function randomElement(filter) {
 
 // mimic tree: body and all element and text children
 function collectNodes() {
-  var walker = document.createTreeWalker(
+  const walker = document.createTreeWalker(
     document,
     NodeFilter.SHOW_ALL,
-    function(node) {
+    function (node) {
       if (!document.body.contains(node)) {
         return NodeFilter.FILTER_SKIP;
       }
@@ -163,22 +161,22 @@ function collectNodes() {
     },
     false
   );
-  var next = function() {
-    var value = walker.nextNode();
+  const nextNode = () => {
+    const value = walker.nextNode();
     return {
       value: value,
       done: !value
     };
   };
-  walker.iterate = function() {
-    return { next: next };
+  walker.iterate = () => {
+    return { next: nextNode };
   };
   return walker;
 }
 
 function flat(tree) {
-  var result = [];
-  var insert = function(node) {
+  const result = [];
+  const insert = function (node) {
     result.push(node);
     (node.children || []).forEach(insert);
   };
@@ -193,8 +191,8 @@ function isTrue() {
 }
 
 function getEntries(obj) {
-  var results = [];
-  var key;
+  const results = [];
+  let key;
   for (key in obj) {
     if (obj.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
       results.push([key, obj[key]]);
@@ -204,13 +202,13 @@ function getEntries(obj) {
 }
 
 function getValues(obj) {
-  return getEntries(obj).map(function(entry) {
+  return getEntries(obj).map(function (entry) {
     return entry[1];
   });
 }
 
 function getKeys(obj) {
-  return getEntries(obj).map(function(entry) {
+  return getEntries(obj).map(function (entry) {
     return entry[0];
   });
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/full/README.md b/test/integration/full/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c09792bc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# Full Integration Tests
+
+Full Integration tests are tests that require a complete HTML page rather than testing content inside of a fixture element. Full integration tests are run using a non-headless browser and requires a page navigation to the relevant HTML test file.
+
+To run the full integration tests, run `npm run test:integration`. Different browsers can be used using various npm scripts:
+
+- `npm run test:integration:chrome` - Run the tests using Chrome (default when using `test:integration`)
+- `npm run test:integration:firefox` - Run the tests using Firefox
+- `npm run test:integration:ie` - Run the tests using Internet Explorer (requires running on Windows machine)
+
+Because the full integration tests are not run using Mocha, Mocha styles and scripts, Chai, axe-core, [testutils.js](../../tesstutils.js), and the [adapter.js](../adapter.js) file will need to be loaded on the page.
+
+If the Mocha output would interfere with the axe-core results, you can load the [no-ui-reporter.js](../no-ui-reporter.js) to hide the Mocha test output in the browser UI and instead report the results in the browsers devtools console.
diff --git a/test/integration/full/all-rules/all-rules.html b/test/integration/full/all-rules/all-rules.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..62eaae44e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/all-rules/all-rules.html
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en" xml:lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <title>all rules test</title>
+    <meta charset="utf8" />
+    <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="foo" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="maximum-scale=2" />
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
+    />
+    <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      mocha.setup({
+        timeout: 10000,
+        ui: 'bdd'
+      });
+      var assert = chai.assert;
+    </script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div>
+      <a href="#fail1-tgt" style="position: absolute; margin: -10000px"
+        >bad link 1</a
+      >
+      <banner></banner>
+      <main>
+        <div accesskey="B" id="__proto__"></div>
+        <map>
+          <area href="#" id="pass1" alt="monkeys" />
+        </map>
+        <div aria-label="foo" id="constructor">Foo</div>
+        <div role="contentinfo"></div>
+        <div role="link">Home</div>
+        <div role="dialog" aria-label="Cookies"></div>
+        <p aria-hidden="true">Some text</p>
+        <div role="spinbutton" aria-label="foo"></div>
+        <div role="meter" title="foo"></div>
+        <div role="progressbar" title="foo"></div>
+        <div role="list">
+          <div role="listitem">Item 1</div>
+        </div>
+        <button aria-roledescription="my button">button</button>
+        <div role="text">Some text<span> and some more text</span></div>
+        <div role="checkbox">Newspaper</div>
+        <div role="tooltip">Copy this content</div>
+        <div role="tree">
+          <div role="treeitem">Item</div>
+        </div>
+        <audio id="caption"><track kind="captions" /></audio>
+        <input autocomplete="username" id="toString" />
+        <p id="fail1" style="line-height: 1.5 !important">Banana error</p>
+        <p><blink>text</blink></p>
+        <button id="text">Name</button>
+        <dl>
+          <dt>foo</dt>
+          <dd>bar</dd>
+        </dl>
+        <div id="foo"></div>
+        <h1>Ok</h1>
+        <h2>Ok</h2>
+        <table>
+          <tr>
+            <th scope="col">Ok</th>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+
+        <img src="img.jpg" alt="" aria-braillelabel="image" />
+        <video><track kind="captions" /></video>
+        <svg
+          xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+          role="img"
+          width="100"
+          height="100"
+        >
+          <title>I am a circle</title>
+          <circle cx="50" cy="50" r="40" fill="yellow"></circle>
+        </svg>
+        <div lang="en">English</div>
+        <object
+          title="This object has text"
+          data="data:text/html,Object%20content"
+        ></object>
+        <li role="presentation" aria-label="My Heading">Hello</li>
+        <div role="img" aria-label="blah"></div>
+        <div style="overflow-y: scroll; height: 5px">
+          <input type="text" />
+        </div>
+        <select aria-label="foo"></select>
+        <img ismap src="image.jpg" />
+        <p tabindex="-1">Paragraph.</p>
+        <input type="button" />
+        <input type="image" src="img.jpg" />
+        <marquee>This content is inside a marquee.</marquee>
+        <div role="navigation">
+          <div role="banner"></div>
+          <div role="complementary"></div>
+        </div>
+        <span id="fail1" class="fail1"></span>
+        <button id="fail1"></button>
+        <span id="pass1"></span>
+        <button id="pass2"></button>
+        <div aria-labelledby="fail1 pass1 pass2"></div>
+        <audio
+          id="incomplete1"
+          src="/test/assets/moon-speech.mp3"
+          autoplay="true"
+        ></audio>
+      </main>
+      <footer></footer>
+
+      <iframe
+        id="focusable-iframe"
+        title="foo"
+        src="frames/focusable.html"
+      ></iframe>
+      <iframe
+        id="focusable-iframe"
+        title="bar"
+        src="frames/focusable.html"
+        tabindex="-1"
+      ></iframe>
+
+      <p>Paragraph with a <a href="#">link</a>.</p>
+      <ul>
+        <li>Hello</li>
+        <li>World</li>
+      </ul>
+
+      <div style="height: 100vh">Large scroll area</div>
+      <button id="end-of-page">End of page</button>
+    </div>
+    <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <script src="/test/integration/no-ui-reporter.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
+    <script src="all-rules.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/all-rules/all-rules.js b/test/integration/full/all-rules/all-rules.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4daeaa736
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/all-rules/all-rules.js
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+describe('all rules test', () => {
+  let results;
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(async () => {
+      results = await axe.run();
+      done();
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should run all rules', () => {
+    assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should find same results when scrolled', async () => {
+    const endButton = document.querySelector('#end-of-page');
+    endButton.focus();
+    const scrollResults = await axe.run();
+    scrollResults.testEnvironment = results.testEnvironment;
+    scrollResults.timestamp = results.timestamp;
+    assert.deepEqual(results, scrollResults);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/full/all-rules/frames/focusable.html b/test/integration/full/all-rules/frames/focusable.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c750c4c73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/all-rules/frames/focusable.html
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html id="focusable">
+  <head>
+    <title>Hello</title>
+    <meta charset="utf8" />
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <button>Click</button>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-body/fail.js b/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-body/fail.js
index 17b60c2ab..4a0a54a23 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-body/fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-body/fail.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('aria-hidden on body test ' + window.location.pathname, function() {
+describe('aria-hidden on body test ' + window.location.pathname, function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['aria-hidden-body'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ describe('aria-hidden on body test ' + window.location.pathname, function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find some', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find some', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-body/frames/frame-hidden-body.html b/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-body/frames/frame-hidden-body.html
index a9cfa4098..202f9c4fb 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-body/frames/frame-hidden-body.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-body/frames/frame-hidden-body.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html>
   <head>
     <script src="/axe.js"></script>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-body/pass.js b/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-body/pass.js
index 900be8ac9..5b58b2375 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-body/pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-body/pass.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('aria-hidden on body test ' + window.location.pathname, function() {
+describe('aria-hidden on body test ' + window.location.pathname, function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['aria-hidden-body'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ describe('aria-hidden on body test ' + window.location.pathname, function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find none', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find none', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-focus/modal.html b/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-focus/modal.html
index c40964a62..c6d9449b0 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-focus/modal.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-focus/modal.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html>
   <head>
     <title>html-has-lang test</title>
@@ -50,9 +50,7 @@
       <button>Click me</button>
     </main>
     <div class="a"></div>
-    <div class="b">
-      Subscribe to our newsletter!
-    </div>
+    <div class="b">Subscribe to our newsletter!</div>
     <div id="mocha"></div>
     <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
     <script src="modal.js"></script>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-focus/modal.js b/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-focus/modal.js
index e3715e2c6..dc981942d 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-focus/modal.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/aria-hidden-focus/modal.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('aria-hidden-focus test', function() {
+describe('aria-hidden-focus test', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['aria-hidden-focus'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,24 +14,24 @@ describe('aria-hidden-focus test', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 0 violations', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0 violations', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 0 passes', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 0 passes', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('incomplete', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('incomplete', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #incomplete1', function() {
+    it('should find #incomplete1', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.incomplete[0].nodes[0].target, ['#incomplete1']);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/async/async.js b/test/integration/full/async/async.js
index 9a96513ed..6992adfe5 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/async/async.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/async/async.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('async rule test', function() {
+describe('async rule test', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
 
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ describe('async rule test', function() {
     /*eslint indent: 0*/
     var check = this;
     var done = check.async();
-    setTimeout(function() {
+    setTimeout(function () {
       var dataOut = node.getAttribute('data-out');
       check.data(dataOut);
       switch (dataOut) {
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ describe('async rule test', function() {
     }, 10);
   }
 
-  before(function(done) {
+  before(function (done) {
     axe.configure({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -57,23 +57,23 @@ describe('async rule test', function() {
       ]
     });
 
-    axe.run({ runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['my-async'] } }, function(
-      err,
-      r
-    ) {
-      assert.isNull(err);
-      results = r;
-      done();
-    });
+    axe.run(
+      { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['my-async'] } },
+      function (err, r) {
+        assert.isNull(err);
+        results = r;
+        done();
+      }
+    );
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #violation', function() {
+    it('should find #violation', function () {
       assert.equal(
         results.violations[0].nodes[0].any[0].message,
         'failed with false'
@@ -82,13 +82,13 @@ describe('async rule test', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass', function() {
+    it('should find #pass', function () {
       assert.equal(
         results.passes[0].nodes[0].any[0].message,
         'passed with true'
@@ -97,13 +97,13 @@ describe('async rule test', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('incomplete', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('incomplete', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
       assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #incomplete', function() {
+    it('should find #incomplete', function () {
       assert.equal(
         results.incomplete[0].nodes[0].any[0].message,
         'incomplete with undefined'
diff --git a/test/integration/full/bypass/fail.js b/test/integration/full/bypass/fail.js
index 3f7c1721a..8e1299491 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/bypass/fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/bypass/fail.js
@@ -1,36 +1,36 @@
-describe('bypass fail test', function() {
+describe('bypass fail test', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
+  before(function (done) {
     var mocha = document.getElementById('mocha'),
       html = mocha.innerHTML;
     mocha.innerHTML = '';
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
-      axe.run({ runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['bypass'] } }, function(
-        err,
-        r
-      ) {
-        assert.isNull(err);
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+      axe.run(
+        { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['bypass'] } },
+        function (err, r) {
+          assert.isNull(err);
 
-        results = r;
-        mocha.innerHTML = html;
-        done();
-      });
+          results = r;
+          mocha.innerHTML = html;
+          done();
+        }
+      );
     });
   });
 
-  describe('incomplete', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('incomplete', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find html', function() {
+    it('should find html', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.incomplete[0].nodes[0].target, ['html']);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find none', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find none', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/bypass/frames/level1-fail.html b/test/integration/full/bypass/frames/level1-fail.html
index a2276f458..a3bf2d229 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/bypass/frames/level1-fail.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/bypass/frames/level1-fail.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="violation2">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/bypass/frames/level1.html b/test/integration/full/bypass/frames/level1.html
index f0910a1aa..c45d967b5 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/bypass/frames/level1.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/bypass/frames/level1.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass2">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/bypass/frames/level2-a.html b/test/integration/full/bypass/frames/level2-a.html
index 5346c9521..ff4536c14 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/bypass/frames/level2-a.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/bypass/frames/level2-a.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass3">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/bypass/frames/level2.html b/test/integration/full/bypass/frames/level2.html
index 901bb8549..dbd48809e 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/bypass/frames/level2.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/bypass/frames/level2.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass4">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/bypass/header-iframe-fail.html b/test/integration/full/bypass/header-iframe-fail.html
index 77d497d4e..3b152a00b 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/bypass/header-iframe-fail.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/bypass/header-iframe-fail.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="fail1">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/bypass/header-iframe-fail.js b/test/integration/full/bypass/header-iframe-fail.js
index d54d24480..eed2f0550 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/bypass/header-iframe-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/bypass/header-iframe-fail.js
@@ -1,37 +1,37 @@
-describe('bypass iframe test fail', function() {
+describe('bypass iframe test fail', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       // Stop messing with my tests Mocha!
       var heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
       if (heading) {
         heading.outerHTML = '<div><b>bypass iframe test fail</b></div>';
       }
 
-      axe.run({ runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['bypass'] } }, function(
-        err,
-        r
-      ) {
-        assert.isNull(err);
-        results = r;
-        done();
-      });
+      axe.run(
+        { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['bypass'] } },
+        function (err, r) {
+          assert.isNull(err);
+          results = r;
+          done();
+        }
+      );
     });
   });
 
-  describe('incomplete', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('incomplete', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1', function() {
+    it('should find #frame1', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.incomplete[0].nodes[0].target, ['#fail1']);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find none', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find none', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/bypass/header-iframe-pass.html b/test/integration/full/bypass/header-iframe-pass.html
index edcd98d42..db43c8028 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/bypass/header-iframe-pass.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/bypass/header-iframe-pass.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass1">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/bypass/header-iframe-pass.js b/test/integration/full/bypass/header-iframe-pass.js
index d94699c98..0db2ebd9b 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/bypass/header-iframe-pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/bypass/header-iframe-pass.js
@@ -1,38 +1,38 @@
-describe('bypass iframe test pass', function() {
+describe('bypass iframe test pass', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
+  before(function (done) {
     this.timeout = 50000;
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       // Stop messing with my tests Mocha!
       var heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
       if (heading) {
         heading.outerHTML = '<div><b>bypass pass test fail</b></div>';
       }
 
-      axe.run({ runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['bypass'] } }, function(
-        err,
-        r
-      ) {
-        assert.isNull(err);
-        results = r;
-        done();
-      });
+      axe.run(
+        { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['bypass'] } },
+        function (err, r) {
+          assert.isNull(err);
+          results = r;
+          done();
+        }
+      );
     });
   });
 
-  describe('incomplete', function() {
-    it('should find none', function() {
+  describe('incomplete', function () {
+    it('should find none', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass1', function() {
+    it('should find #pass1', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass1']);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/bypass/pass-tests.js b/test/integration/full/bypass/pass-tests.js
index 9a40194a3..7b56d6a4d 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/bypass/pass-tests.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/bypass/pass-tests.js
@@ -1,31 +1,31 @@
-describe('bypass aria header test ' + window.location.pathname, function() {
+describe('bypass aria header test ' + window.location.pathname, function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
-      axe.run({ runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['bypass'] } }, function(
-        err,
-        r
-      ) {
-        assert.isNull(err);
-        results = r;
-        done();
-      });
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+      axe.run(
+        { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['bypass'] } },
+        function (err, r) {
+          assert.isNull(err);
+          results = r;
+          done();
+        }
+      );
     });
   });
 
-  describe('incomplete', function() {
-    it('should find none', function() {
+  describe('incomplete', function () {
+    it('should find none', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find html', function() {
+    it('should find html', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['html']);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/configure-options/configure-options.html b/test/integration/full/configure-options/configure-options.html
index d43f9d6df..7753618f3 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/configure-options/configure-options.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/configure-options/configure-options.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="main">
   <head>
     <title></title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/configure-options/configure-options.js b/test/integration/full/configure-options/configure-options.js
index 707ee1f40..43f83bb7f 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/configure-options/configure-options.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/configure-options/configure-options.js
@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
-describe('Configure Options', function() {
-  'use strict';
+describe('Configure Options', () => {
+  const target = document.querySelector('#target');
 
-  var target = document.querySelector('#target');
-
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(() => {
     axe.reset();
     target.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  describe('Check', function() {
-    describe('aria-allowed-attr', function() {
-      it('should allow an attribute supplied in options', function(done) {
+  describe('Check', () => {
+    describe('aria-allowed-attr', () => {
+      it('should allow an attribute supplied in options', done => {
         target.setAttribute('role', 'separator');
         target.setAttribute('aria-valuenow', '0');
 
@@ -30,14 +28,14 @@ describe('Configure Options', function() {
               values: ['aria-allowed-attr']
             }
           },
-          function(error, results) {
+          function (error, results) {
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
             done();
           }
         );
       });
 
-      it('should not normalize external check options', function(done) {
+      it('should not normalize external check options', done => {
         target.setAttribute('lang', 'en');
 
         axe.configure({
@@ -46,7 +44,7 @@ describe('Configure Options', function() {
               id: 'dylang',
               options: ['dylan'],
               evaluate:
-                'function (node, options) {\n        var lang = (node.getAttribute("lang") || "").trim().toLowerCase();\n        var xmlLang = (node.getAttribute("xml:lang") || "").trim().toLowerCase();\n        var invalid = [];\n        (options || []).forEach(function(cc) {\n          cc = cc.toLowerCase();\n          if (lang && (lang === cc || lang.indexOf(cc.toLowerCase() + "-") === 0)) {\n            lang = null;\n          }\n          if (xmlLang && (xmlLang === cc || xmlLang.indexOf(cc.toLowerCase() + "-") === 0)) {\n            xmlLang = null;\n          }\n        });\n        if (xmlLang) {\n          invalid.push(\'xml:lang="\' + xmlLang + \'"\');\n        }\n        if (lang) {\n          invalid.push(\'lang="\' + lang + \'"\');\n        }\n        if (invalid.length) {\n          this.data(invalid);\n          return true;\n        }\n        return false;\n      }',
+                'function (node, options) {\n        const lang = (node.getAttribute("lang") || "").trim().toLowerCase();\n        const xmlLang = (node.getAttribute("xml:lang") || "").trim().toLowerCase();\n        const invalid = [];\n        (options || []).forEach(function(cc) {\n          cc = cc.toLowerCase();\n          if (lang && (lang === cc || lang.indexOf(cc.toLowerCase() + "-") === 0)) {\n            lang = null;\n          }\n          if (xmlLang && (xmlLang === cc || xmlLang.indexOf(cc.toLowerCase() + "-") === 0)) {\n            xmlLang = null;\n          }\n        });\n        if (xmlLang) {\n          invalid.push(\'xml:lang="\' + xmlLang + \'"\');\n        }\n        if (lang) {\n          invalid.push(\'lang="\' + lang + \'"\');\n        }\n        if (invalid.length) {\n          this.data(invalid);\n          return true;\n        }\n        return false;\n      }',
               messages: {
                 pass: 'Good language',
                 fail: 'You mst use the DYLAN language'
@@ -87,7 +85,7 @@ describe('Configure Options', function() {
               values: ['dylang']
             }
           },
-          function(err, results) {
+          function (err, results) {
             try {
               assert.isNull(err);
               assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
@@ -100,8 +98,8 @@ describe('Configure Options', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('aria-required-attr', function() {
-      it('should report unique attributes when supplied from options', function(done) {
+    describe('aria-required-attr', () => {
+      it('should report unique attributes when supplied from options', done => {
         target.setAttribute('role', 'slider');
         axe.configure({
           checks: [
@@ -119,7 +117,7 @@ describe('Configure Options', function() {
               values: ['aria-required-attr']
             }
           },
-          function(error, results) {
+          function (error, results) {
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
             assert.sameMembers(results.violations[0].nodes[0].any[0].data, [
               'aria-snuggles'
@@ -131,8 +129,8 @@ describe('Configure Options', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('disableOtherRules', function() {
-    it('disables rules that are not in the `rules` array', function(done) {
+  describe('disableOtherRules', () => {
+    it('disables rules that are not in the `rules` array', done => {
       axe.configure({
         disableOtherRules: true,
         rules: [
@@ -147,7 +145,7 @@ describe('Configure Options', function() {
         ]
       });
 
-      axe.run(function(error, results) {
+      axe.run(function (error, results) {
         assert.isNull(error);
         assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
         assert.equal(results.passes[0].id, 'html-has-lang');
@@ -160,9 +158,9 @@ describe('Configure Options', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('noHtml', function() {
-    var captureError = axe.testUtils.captureError;
-    it('prevents html property on nodes', function(done) {
+  describe('noHtml', () => {
+    const captureError = axe.testUtils.captureError;
+    it('prevents html property on nodes', done => {
       target.setAttribute('role', 'slider');
       axe.configure({
         noHtml: true,
@@ -181,7 +179,7 @@ describe('Configure Options', function() {
             values: ['aria-required-attr']
           }
         },
-        captureError(function(error, results) {
+        captureError(function (error, results) {
           assert.isNull(error);
           assert.isNull(results.violations[0].nodes[0].html);
           done();
@@ -189,8 +187,8 @@ describe('Configure Options', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('prevents html property on nodes from iframes', function(done) {
-      var config = {
+    it('prevents html property on nodes from iframes', done => {
+      const config = {
         noHtml: true,
         rules: [
           {
@@ -202,11 +200,10 @@ describe('Configure Options', function() {
         ]
       };
 
-      var iframe = document.createElement('iframe');
-      iframe.src = '/test/mock/frames/context.html';
-      iframe.onload = function() {
+      const iframe = document.createElement('iframe');
+      iframe.src = '/test/mock/frames/noHtml-config.html';
+      iframe.onload = () => {
         axe.configure(config);
-
         axe.run(
           '#target',
           {
@@ -215,7 +212,7 @@ describe('Configure Options', function() {
               values: ['div#target']
             }
           },
-          captureError(function(error, results) {
+          captureError(function (error, results) {
             assert.isNull(error);
             assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, [
               'iframe',
@@ -229,8 +226,8 @@ describe('Configure Options', function() {
       target.appendChild(iframe);
     });
 
-    it('prevents html property in postMesage', function(done) {
-      var config = {
+    it('prevents html property in postMesage', done => {
+      const config = {
         noHtml: true,
         rules: [
           {
@@ -242,9 +239,9 @@ describe('Configure Options', function() {
         ]
       };
 
-      var iframe = document.createElement('iframe');
+      const iframe = document.createElement('iframe');
       iframe.src = '/test/mock/frames/noHtml-config.html';
-      iframe.onload = function() {
+      iframe.onload = () => {
         axe.configure(config);
 
         axe.run('#target', {
@@ -256,14 +253,14 @@ describe('Configure Options', function() {
       };
       target.appendChild(iframe);
 
-      window.addEventListener('message', function(e) {
-        var data = JSON.parse(e.data);
+      window.addEventListener('message', function (evt) {
+        const data = JSON.parse(evt.data);
         if (Array.isArray(data.payload)) {
           try {
             assert.isNull(data.payload[0].nodes[0].node.source);
             done();
-          } catch (e) {
-            done(e);
+          } catch (err) {
+            done(err);
           }
         }
       });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/context/context.html b/test/integration/full/context/context.html
index 55a3e3456..30d16862e 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/context/context.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/context/context.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="main">
   <head>
     <title>frame exclude test</title>
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
     <div id="frame-container">
       <iframe id="myframe" src="frames/level1.html"></iframe>
     </div>
-    <ul style="display: none;">
+    <ul style="display: none">
       <p>Text</p>
       <p>Text 2</p>
     </ul>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/context/context.js b/test/integration/full/context/context.js
index 6ed2b6ae8..09599daa8 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/context/context.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/context/context.js
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
-describe('context test', function() {
+describe('context test', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var config = { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['html-lang-valid'] } };
   var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
 
-  before(function(done) {
+  before(function (done) {
     axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(done);
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  describe('direct exclude', function() {
-    describe('no include', function() {
-      it('should find no violations given a selector array', function(done) {
-        axe.run({ exclude: [['iframe']] }, config, function(err, results) {
+  describe('direct exclude', function () {
+    describe('no include', function () {
+      it('should find no violations given a selector array', function (done) {
+        axe.run({ exclude: [['iframe']] }, config, function (err, results) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
@@ -25,33 +25,34 @@ describe('context test', function() {
         });
       });
 
-      it('should find one violation given a multi-level selector array', function(done) {
-        axe.run({ exclude: [['iframe', 'iframe']] }, config, function(
-          err,
-          results
-        ) {
-          assert.isNull(err);
-          assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
-          assert.lengthOf(
-            results.violations[0].nodes,
-            1,
-            'level1.html; 2-a & 2-b excluded'
-          );
-          assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
-          assert.lengthOf(
-            results.passes[0].nodes,
-            1,
-            'context.html (main doc) not excluded'
-          );
-          done();
-        });
+      it('should find one violation given a multi-level selector array', function (done) {
+        axe.run(
+          { exclude: [['iframe', 'iframe']] },
+          config,
+          function (err, results) {
+            assert.isNull(err);
+            assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
+            assert.lengthOf(
+              results.violations[0].nodes,
+              1,
+              'level1.html; 2-a & 2-b excluded'
+            );
+            assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
+            assert.lengthOf(
+              results.passes[0].nodes,
+              1,
+              'context.html (main doc) not excluded'
+            );
+            done();
+          }
+        );
       });
 
-      it('should find no violations given a direct reference', function(done) {
+      it('should find no violations given a direct reference', function (done) {
         axe.run(
           { exclude: [document.querySelector('iframe')] },
           config,
-          function(err, results) {
+          function (err, results) {
             assert.isNull(err);
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
             assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
@@ -65,11 +66,11 @@ describe('context test', function() {
         );
       });
 
-      it('should find no violations given a NodeList', function(done) {
+      it('should find no violations given a NodeList', function (done) {
         axe.run(
           { exclude: document.getElementsByTagName('iframe') },
           config,
-          function(err, results) {
+          function (err, results) {
             assert.isNull(err);
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
             assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
@@ -84,12 +85,12 @@ describe('context test', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('body include', function() {
-      it('should find no violations given a selector array', function(done) {
+    describe('body include', function () {
+      it('should find no violations given a selector array', function (done) {
         axe.run(
           { include: [document.body], exclude: [['iframe']] },
           config,
-          function(err, results) {
+          function (err, results) {
             assert.isNull(err);
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
             assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
@@ -98,11 +99,11 @@ describe('context test', function() {
         );
       });
 
-      it('should find one violation given a multi-level selector array', function(done) {
+      it('should find one violation given a multi-level selector array', function (done) {
         axe.run(
           { include: [document.body], exclude: [['iframe', 'iframe']] },
           config,
-          function(err, results) {
+          function (err, results) {
             assert.isNull(err);
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
             assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
@@ -111,14 +112,14 @@ describe('context test', function() {
         );
       });
 
-      it('should find no violations given a direct reference', function(done) {
+      it('should find no violations given a direct reference', function (done) {
         axe.run(
           {
             include: [document.body],
             exclude: [document.querySelector('iframe')]
           },
           config,
-          function(err, results) {
+          function (err, results) {
             assert.isNull(err);
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
             assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
@@ -127,14 +128,14 @@ describe('context test', function() {
         );
       });
 
-      it('should find no violations given a NodeList', function(done) {
+      it('should find no violations given a NodeList', function (done) {
         axe.run(
           {
             include: [document.body],
             exclude: document.getElementsByTagName('iframe')
           },
           config,
-          function(err, results) {
+          function (err, results) {
             assert.isNull(err);
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
             assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
@@ -145,12 +146,12 @@ describe('context test', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('indirect exclude', function() {
-    it('should find no nodes', function(done) {
+  describe('indirect exclude', function () {
+    it('should find no nodes', function (done) {
       axe.run(
         { include: [document.body], exclude: [['#myframe']] },
         config,
-        function(err, results) {
+        function (err, results) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
@@ -159,71 +160,74 @@ describe('context test', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)('should find no nodes in Shadow DOM', function(
-      done
-    ) {
-      var sConfig = { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['color-contrast'] } };
-      axe.run(
-        { include: [['#shadow-container']], exclude: [['#shadow-host']] },
-        sConfig,
-        function(err, results) {
-          try {
+    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
+      'should find no nodes in Shadow DOM',
+      function (done) {
+        var sConfig = { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['color-contrast'] } };
+        axe.run(
+          { include: [['#shadow-container']], exclude: [['#shadow-host']] },
+          sConfig,
+          function (err, results) {
+            try {
+              assert.isNull(err);
+              assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
+              assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
+              done();
+            } catch (e) {
+              done(e);
+            }
+          }
+        );
+      }
+    );
+
+    describe('no include', function () {
+      it('should find no violations given a selector array', function (done) {
+        axe.run(
+          { exclude: [['#frame-container']] },
+          config,
+          function (err, results) {
             assert.isNull(err);
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
             assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
+            assert.lengthOf(
+              results.passes[0].nodes,
+              1,
+              'context.html has a lang attribute'
+            );
             done();
-          } catch (e) {
-            done(e);
           }
-        }
-      );
-    });
-
-    describe('no include', function() {
-      it('should find no violations given a selector array', function(done) {
-        axe.run({ exclude: [['#frame-container']] }, config, function(
-          err,
-          results
-        ) {
-          assert.isNull(err);
-          assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
-          assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
-          assert.lengthOf(
-            results.passes[0].nodes,
-            1,
-            'context.html has a lang attribute'
-          );
-          done();
-        });
+        );
       });
 
-      it('should find one violation given a multi-level selector array', function(done) {
-        axe.run({ exclude: [['iframe', 'body']] }, config, function(
-          err,
-          results
-        ) {
-          assert.isNull(err);
-          assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
-          assert.lengthOf(
-            results.violations[0].nodes,
-            1,
-            'level1.html; 2-a & 2-b excluded'
-          );
-          assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
-          assert.lengthOf(
-            results.passes[0].nodes,
-            1,
-            'context.html (main doc) not excluded'
-          );
-          done();
-        });
+      it('should find one violation given a multi-level selector array', function (done) {
+        axe.run(
+          { exclude: [['iframe', 'body']] },
+          config,
+          function (err, results) {
+            assert.isNull(err);
+            assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
+            assert.lengthOf(
+              results.violations[0].nodes,
+              1,
+              'level1.html; 2-a & 2-b excluded'
+            );
+            assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
+            assert.lengthOf(
+              results.passes[0].nodes,
+              1,
+              'context.html (main doc) not excluded'
+            );
+            done();
+          }
+        );
       });
 
-      it('should find no violations given a direct reference', function(done) {
+      it('should find no violations given a direct reference', function (done) {
         axe.run(
           { exclude: [document.querySelector('#frame-container')] },
           config,
-          function(err, results) {
+          function (err, results) {
             assert.isNull(err);
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
             assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
@@ -237,11 +241,11 @@ describe('context test', function() {
         );
       });
 
-      it('should find no violations given a NodeList', function(done) {
+      it('should find no violations given a NodeList', function (done) {
         axe.run(
           { exclude: document.getElementsByTagName('div') },
           config,
-          function(err, results) {
+          function (err, results) {
             assert.isNull(err);
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
             assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
@@ -256,12 +260,12 @@ describe('context test', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    describe('body include', function() {
-      it('should find no violations given a selector array', function(done) {
+    describe('body include', function () {
+      it('should find no violations given a selector array', function (done) {
         axe.run(
           { include: [document.body], exclude: [['#frame-container']] },
           config,
-          function(err, results) {
+          function (err, results) {
             assert.isNull(err);
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
             assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
@@ -270,11 +274,11 @@ describe('context test', function() {
         );
       });
 
-      it('should find one violation given a multi-level selector array', function(done) {
+      it('should find one violation given a multi-level selector array', function (done) {
         axe.run(
           { include: [document.body], exclude: [['iframe', 'body']] },
           config,
-          function(err, results) {
+          function (err, results) {
             assert.isNull(err);
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
             assert.lengthOf(
@@ -288,14 +292,14 @@ describe('context test', function() {
         );
       });
 
-      it('should find no violations given a direct reference', function(done) {
+      it('should find no violations given a direct reference', function (done) {
         axe.run(
           {
             include: [document.body],
             exclude: [document.querySelector('#frame-container')]
           },
           config,
-          function(err, results) {
+          function (err, results) {
             assert.isNull(err);
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
             assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
@@ -304,14 +308,14 @@ describe('context test', function() {
         );
       });
 
-      it('should find no violations given a NodeList', function(done) {
+      it('should find no violations given a NodeList', function (done) {
         axe.run(
           {
             include: [document.body],
             exclude: document.getElementsByTagName('div')
           },
           config,
-          function(err, results) {
+          function (err, results) {
             assert.isNull(err);
             assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
             assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
@@ -322,9 +326,9 @@ describe('context test', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('direct include', function() {
-    it('should find the frames given a context object', function(done) {
-      axe.run({ include: [['#myframe']] }, config, function(err, results) {
+  describe('direct include', function () {
+    it('should find the frames given a context object', function (done) {
+      axe.run({ include: [['#myframe']] }, config, function (err, results) {
         assert.isNull(err);
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 3, 'violation nodes');
@@ -332,35 +336,37 @@ describe('context test', function() {
         done();
       });
     });
-    it('should find the frames given a direct reference', function(done) {
-      axe.run(document.getElementById('myframe'), config, function(
-        err,
-        results
-      ) {
-        assert.isNull(err);
-        assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
-        assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 3, 'violation nodes');
-        assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
-        done();
-      });
+    it('should find the frames given a direct reference', function (done) {
+      axe.run(
+        document.getElementById('myframe'),
+        config,
+        function (err, results) {
+          assert.isNull(err);
+          assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
+          assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 3, 'violation nodes');
+          assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
+          done();
+        }
+      );
     });
-    it('should find the frames given a NodeList', function(done) {
-      axe.run(document.getElementsByTagName('iframe'), config, function(
-        err,
-        results
-      ) {
-        assert.isNull(err);
-        assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
-        assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 3, 'violation nodes');
-        assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
-        done();
-      });
+    it('should find the frames given a NodeList', function (done) {
+      axe.run(
+        document.getElementsByTagName('iframe'),
+        config,
+        function (err, results) {
+          assert.isNull(err);
+          assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
+          assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 3, 'violation nodes');
+          assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
+          done();
+        }
+      );
     });
   });
 
-  describe('indirect include', function() {
-    it('should find the frames given context object with a node reference', function(done) {
-      axe.run({ include: [document.body] }, config, function(err, results) {
+  describe('indirect include', function () {
+    it('should find the frames given context object with a node reference', function (done) {
+      axe.run({ include: [document.body] }, config, function (err, results) {
         assert.isNull(err);
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 3, 'violation nodes');
@@ -368,8 +374,8 @@ describe('context test', function() {
         done();
       });
     });
-    it('should find the frames give a node', function(done) {
-      axe.run(document.body, config, function(err, results) {
+    it('should find the frames give a node', function (done) {
+      axe.run(document.body, config, function (err, results) {
         assert.isNull(err);
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 3, 'violation nodes');
@@ -377,17 +383,18 @@ describe('context test', function() {
         done();
       });
     });
-    it('should find the frames give a NodeList', function(done) {
-      axe.run(document.getElementsByTagName('body'), config, function(
-        err,
-        results
-      ) {
-        assert.isNull(err);
-        assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
-        assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 3, 'violation nodes');
-        assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
-        done();
-      });
+    it('should find the frames give a NodeList', function (done) {
+      axe.run(
+        document.getElementsByTagName('body'),
+        config,
+        function (err, results) {
+          assert.isNull(err);
+          assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
+          assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 3, 'violation nodes');
+          assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
+          done();
+        }
+      );
     });
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/context/frames/level1.html b/test/integration/full/context/frames/level1.html
index 951de6551..e423cb642 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/context/frames/level1.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/context/frames/level1.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="level1" lang="@(#$*">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/context/frames/level2-a.html b/test/integration/full/context/frames/level2-a.html
index c6d5ba36e..5f384fd4e 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/context/frames/level2-a.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/context/frames/level2-a.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="level2-a" lang="!@£">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/context/frames/level2-b.html b/test/integration/full/context/frames/level2-b.html
index 081160d68..7d5c84d47 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/context/frames/level2-b.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/context/frames/level2-b.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="level2-b" xml:lang="$%^">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/context/frames/shadow-frame.html b/test/integration/full/context/frames/shadow-frame.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5f2e90739
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/context/frames/shadow-frame.html
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <title>Shadow frame</title>
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <input id="outOfContext3" />
+    <div id="shadowFrameHost">
+      <input id="outOfContext4" />
+    </div>
+    <script>
+      const shadowRoot = shadowFrameHost.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      shadowRoot.innerHTML = `<main>
+        <div> <input id="fail" value="fail" /> </div>
+        <aside> <input id="outOfContext5" /> </aside>
+      </main>
+      <slot />`;
+    </script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/context/shadow-dom.html b/test/integration/full/context/shadow-dom.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7684a382f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/context/shadow-dom.html
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en" id="main">
+  <head>
+    <title>frame exclude test</title>
+    <meta charset="utf8" />
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
+    />
+    <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      mocha.setup({
+        timeout: 10000,
+        ui: 'bdd'
+      });
+      const assert = chai.assert;
+    </script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <input id="outOfContext1" />
+    <div id="shadowHost">
+      <input id="outOfContext2" />
+    </div>
+
+    <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      const shadowRoot = shadowHost.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      shadowRoot.innerHTML = `<iframe id="shadowFrame1" src="frames/shadow-frame.html"></iframe>
+        <iframe id="shadowFrame2" src="frames/shadow-frame.html"></iframe>
+        <br>
+        <slot />`;
+    </script>
+
+    <script src="shadow-dom.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/context/shadow-dom.js b/test/integration/full/context/shadow-dom.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..76d953c57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/context/shadow-dom.js
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+describe('context test', () => {
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(done);
+  });
+
+  it('is able to include & exclude from frames in shadow DOM trees', async () => {
+    const { violations } = await axe.run(
+      {
+        include: [
+          [
+            ['#shadowHost', '#shadowFrame1'],
+            ['#shadowFrameHost', 'main']
+          ],
+          [
+            ['#shadowHost', '#shadowFrame2'],
+            ['#shadowFrameHost', 'main']
+          ]
+        ],
+        exclude: [
+          [
+            ['#shadowHost', '#shadowFrame1'],
+            ['#shadowFrameHost', 'main aside']
+          ],
+          [
+            ['#shadowHost', '#shadowFrame2'],
+            ['#shadowFrameHost', 'main aside']
+          ]
+        ]
+      },
+      { runOnly: 'label' }
+    );
+
+    const targets = violations[0].nodes.map(({ target }) => target);
+    assert.deepEqual(targets, [
+      [
+        ['#shadowHost', '#shadowFrame1'],
+        ['#shadowFrameHost', '#fail']
+      ],
+      [
+        ['#shadowHost', '#shadowFrame2'],
+        ['#shadowFrameHost', '#fail']
+      ]
+    ]);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/full/contrast-enhanced/simple.html b/test/integration/full/contrast-enhanced/simple.html
index a38da200f..aa98a1e63 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/contrast-enhanced/simple.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/contrast-enhanced/simple.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>Test Page</title>
@@ -23,21 +23,71 @@
 
   <body>
     <div id="fixture">
-      <div style="background: #ffffff; color: #000000;">Pass (Regular size text, 21:1)</div>
-      <div style="background: #ffffff; color: #556666;">Fail (Regular size text, 6:1)</div>
-      <div style="background: #ffffff; color: #556000;">Fail (Regular size text, 6.9:1)</div>
-      <div style="background: #ffffff; color: #555e00;">Pass (Regular size text, 7:1)</div>
-      
-      <div style="background: #ffffff; color: #118488; font-size: 18pt;">Fail (Large text, 4.487:1)</div>
-      <div style="background: #ffffff; color: #048488; font-size: 18pt;">Pass (Large text, 4.5:1)</div>
-      <div style="background: #ffffff; color: #048488; font-size: 17.9pt;">Fail (Large text, but not quite large enough, 4.5:1)</div>
-      
-      <div style="background: #ffffff; color: #118488; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold;">Fail (Bold text, 4.487:1)</div>
-      <div style="background: #ffffff; color: #048488; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold;">Pass (Bold text, 4.5:1)</div>
-      <div style="background: #ffffff; color: #048488; font-size: 13.9pt; font-weight: bold;">Fail (Bold text, but not quite large enough, 4.5:1)</div>
-      <div style="background: #ffffff; color: #048488; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 699;">Fail (Bold text, but not quite bold enough, 4.5:1)</div>
+      <div style="background: #ffffff; color: #000000">
+        Pass (Regular size text, 21:1)
+      </div>
+      <div style="background: #ffffff; color: #556666">
+        Fail (Regular size text, 6:1)
+      </div>
+      <div style="background: #ffffff; color: #556000">
+        Fail (Regular size text, 6.9:1)
+      </div>
+      <div style="background: #ffffff; color: #555e00">
+        Pass (Regular size text, 7:1)
+      </div>
+
+      <div style="background: #ffffff; color: #118488; font-size: 18pt">
+        Fail (Large text, 4.487:1)
+      </div>
+      <div style="background: #ffffff; color: #048488; font-size: 18pt">
+        Pass (Large text, 4.5:1)
+      </div>
+      <div style="background: #ffffff; color: #048488; font-size: 17.9pt">
+        Fail (Large text, but not quite large enough, 4.5:1)
+      </div>
+
+      <div
+        style="
+          background: #ffffff;
+          color: #118488;
+          font-size: 14pt;
+          font-weight: bold;
+        "
+      >
+        Fail (Bold text, 4.487:1)
+      </div>
+      <div
+        style="
+          background: #ffffff;
+          color: #048488;
+          font-size: 14pt;
+          font-weight: bold;
+        "
+      >
+        Pass (Bold text, 4.5:1)
+      </div>
+      <div
+        style="
+          background: #ffffff;
+          color: #048488;
+          font-size: 13.9pt;
+          font-weight: bold;
+        "
+      >
+        Fail (Bold text, but not quite large enough, 4.5:1)
+      </div>
+      <div
+        style="
+          background: #ffffff;
+          color: #048488;
+          font-size: 14pt;
+          font-weight: 699;
+        "
+      >
+        Fail (Bold text, but not quite bold enough, 4.5:1)
+      </div>
     </div>
-    
+
     <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
     <script src="simple.js"></script>
     <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/contrast-enhanced/simple.js b/test/integration/full/contrast-enhanced/simple.js
index 471f35158..4b60cfd9f 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/contrast-enhanced/simple.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/contrast-enhanced/simple.js
@@ -1,30 +1,50 @@
-describe('color-contrast shadow dom test', function() {
+describe('color-contrast shadow dom test', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find issues in simple tree', function(done) {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find issues in simple tree', function (done) {
       axe.run(
         '#fixture',
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['color-contrast-enhanced'] } },
-        function(err, results) {
+        function (err, results) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 4);
           assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
           assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
           assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 7);
-          assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes[0].any[0].data.fgColor, '#556666');
-          assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes[1].any[0].data.fgColor, '#556000');
-          assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes[2].any[0].data.fgColor, '#118488');
-          assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes[3].any[0].data.fgColor, '#048488');
-          assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes[4].any[0].data.fgColor, '#118488');
-          assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes[5].any[0].data.fgColor, '#048488');
-          assert.equal(results.violations[0].nodes[6].any[0].data.fgColor, '#048488');
+          assert.equal(
+            results.violations[0].nodes[0].any[0].data.fgColor,
+            '#556666'
+          );
+          assert.equal(
+            results.violations[0].nodes[1].any[0].data.fgColor,
+            '#556000'
+          );
+          assert.equal(
+            results.violations[0].nodes[2].any[0].data.fgColor,
+            '#118488'
+          );
+          assert.equal(
+            results.violations[0].nodes[3].any[0].data.fgColor,
+            '#048488'
+          );
+          assert.equal(
+            results.violations[0].nodes[4].any[0].data.fgColor,
+            '#118488'
+          );
+          assert.equal(
+            results.violations[0].nodes[5].any[0].data.fgColor,
+            '#048488'
+          );
+          assert.equal(
+            results.violations[0].nodes[6].any[0].data.fgColor,
+            '#048488'
+          );
           assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
           done();
         }
       );
     });
   });
-  
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/contrast/blending.html b/test/integration/full/contrast/blending.html
index 1af0520c5..0a5b6b617 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/contrast/blending.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/contrast/blending.html
@@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>Color Contrast Blending Verification Tests</title>
-    <link
-      rel="stylesheet"
-      type="text/css"
-      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
-    />
+
     <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
     <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
     <script src="/axe.js"></script>
@@ -62,11 +58,11 @@
       <h2>normal</h2>
       <div class="test-group">
         <div id="test1">
-          <div style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1.0);">
-            <div style="background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.25);">
+          <div style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)">
+            <div style="background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.25)">
               <div
                 id="test1-target"
-                style="background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5);"
+                style="background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5)"
               >
                 Test1
               </div>
@@ -76,10 +72,10 @@ <h2>normal</h2>
         </div>
 
         <div id="test2">
-          <div style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1.0);">
+          <div style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)">
             <div
               id="test2-target"
-              style="background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5);"
+              style="background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5)"
             >
               Test2
             </div>
@@ -88,10 +84,10 @@ <h2>normal</h2>
         </div>
 
         <div id="test3">
-          <div style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1.0);">
+          <div style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)">
             <div
               id="test3-target"
-              style="background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.25);"
+              style="background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.25)"
             >
               Test3
             </div>
@@ -100,11 +96,11 @@ <h2>normal</h2>
         </div>
 
         <div id="test4">
-          <div style="background-color: red;">
-            <div style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 0.3);">
+          <div style="background-color: red">
+            <div style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 0.3)">
               <div
                 id="test4-target"
-                style="background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.3);"
+                style="background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.3)"
               >
                 Test4
               </div>
@@ -114,10 +110,10 @@ <h2>normal</h2>
         </div>
 
         <div id="test5">
-          <div style="background-color: red;">
+          <div style="background-color: red">
             <div
               id="test5-target"
-              style="background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.3);"
+              style="background-color: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.3)"
             >
               Test5
             </div>
@@ -126,10 +122,10 @@ <h2>normal</h2>
         </div>
 
         <div id="test6">
-          <div style="background-color: red;">
+          <div style="background-color: red">
             <div
               id="test6-target"
-              style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 0.3);"
+              style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 0.3)"
             >
               Test6
             </div>
@@ -138,12 +134,12 @@ <h2>normal</h2>
         </div>
 
         <div id="test7">
-          <div style="background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.25);">
-            <div style="background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.25);">
-              <div style="background-color: rgba(0, 255, 0, 0.25);">
+          <div style="background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.25)">
+            <div style="background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.25)">
+              <div style="background-color: rgba(0, 255, 0, 0.25)">
                 <div
                   id="test7-target"
-                  style="background-color: rgba(0, 255, 0, 0.25);"
+                  style="background-color: rgba(0, 255, 0, 0.25)"
                 >
                   Test7
                 </div>
@@ -154,14 +150,14 @@ <h2>normal</h2>
         </div>
 
         <div id="test8">
-          <div style="background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.25);">
-            <div style="background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.25);">
-              <div style="background-color: rgba(0, 255, 0, 0.25);">
-                <div style="background-color: rgba(0, 255, 0, 0.10);">
-                  <div style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 0.10);">
+          <div style="background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.25)">
+            <div style="background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.25)">
+              <div style="background-color: rgba(0, 255, 0, 0.25)">
+                <div style="background-color: rgba(0, 255, 0, 0.1)">
+                  <div style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 0.1)">
                     <div
                       id="test8-target"
-                      style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 0.05);"
+                      style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 0.05)"
                     >
                       Test8
                     </div>
@@ -174,10 +170,10 @@ <h2>normal</h2>
         </div>
 
         <div id="test9">
-          <div style="background-color: rgba(204, 204, 204, 0.43);">
+          <div style="background-color: rgba(204, 204, 204, 0.43)">
             <div
               id="test9-target"
-              style="background-color: rgba(204, 204, 204, 0.43);"
+              style="background-color: rgba(204, 204, 204, 0.43)"
             >
               Test9
             </div>
@@ -189,6 +185,7 @@ <h2>normal</h2>
 
     <div id="mocha"></div>
     <script src="blending.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/no-ui-reporter.js"></script>
     <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
   </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/contrast/blending.js b/test/integration/full/contrast/blending.js
index 6a006afb5..b103be987 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/contrast/blending.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/contrast/blending.js
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-var isIE11 = axe.testUtils.isIE11;
-
-describe('color-contrast blending test', function() {
-  var include = [];
-  var resultElms = [];
-  var expected = [
+describe('color-contrast blending test', () => {
+  const include = [];
+  const resultElms = [];
+  const expected = [
     // normal
     'rgb(223, 112, 96)',
     'rgb(255, 128, 128)',
@@ -123,11 +121,51 @@ describe('color-contrast blending test', function() {
     'rgb(255, 0, 77)',
     'rgb(165, 176, 81)',
     'rgb(150, 157, 119)',
-    'rgb(198, 198, 198)'
+    'rgb(198, 198, 198)',
+    // hue
+    'rgb(212, 212, 196)',
+    'rgb(255, 255, 255)',
+    'rgb(255, 255, 255)',
+    'rgb(125, 32, 54)',
+    'rgb(179, 39, 0)',
+    'rgb(195, 16, 77)',
+    'rgb(147, 180, 84)',
+    'rgb(150, 156, 117)',
+    'rgb(221, 221, 221)',
+    // saturation
+    'rgb(168, 239, 168)',
+    'rgb(255, 255, 255)',
+    'rgb(255, 255, 255)',
+    'rgb(169, 5, 76)',
+    'rgb(228, 11, 11)',
+    'rgb(255, 0, 0)',
+    'rgb(165, 171, 81)',
+    'rgb(150, 157, 112)',
+    'rgb(221, 221, 221)',
+    // color
+    'rgb(223, 207, 191)',
+    'rgb(255, 255, 255)',
+    'rgb(255, 255, 255)',
+    'rgb(125, 32, 54)',
+    'rgb(179, 39, 0)',
+    'rgb(195, 16, 77)',
+    'rgb(144, 182, 81)',
+    'rgb(150, 156, 120)',
+    'rgb(221, 221, 221)',
+    // luminosity
+    'rgb(124, 156, 124)',
+    'rgb(166, 166, 166)',
+    'rgb(210, 210, 210)',
+    'rgb(183, 4, 81)',
+    'rgb(254, 0, 0)',
+    'rgb(207, 0, 0)',
+    'rgb(171, 177, 87)',
+    'rgb(148, 154, 112)',
+    'rgb(221, 221, 221)'
   ];
 
-  var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
-  var testGroup = document.querySelector('.test-group');
+  const fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+  const testGroup = document.querySelector('.test-group');
   [
     'multiply',
     'screen',
@@ -139,20 +177,24 @@ describe('color-contrast blending test', function() {
     'hard-light',
     'soft-light',
     'difference',
-    'exclusion'
-  ].forEach(function(blendMode) {
-    var nodes = testGroup.cloneNode(true);
-    var group = testGroup.cloneNode();
+    'exclusion',
+    'hue',
+    'saturation',
+    'color',
+    'luminosity'
+  ].forEach(blendMode => {
+    const nodes = testGroup.cloneNode(true);
+    const group = testGroup.cloneNode();
 
-    var heading = document.createElement('h2');
+    const heading = document.createElement('h2');
     heading.textContent = blendMode;
     fixture.appendChild(heading);
 
-    Array.from(nodes.children).forEach(function(node, index) {
-      var id = node.id;
-      var target = node.querySelector('#' + id + '-target');
-      var result = node.querySelector('#' + id + '-result');
-      var blendModeIndex = blendMode + (index + 1);
+    Array.from(nodes.children).forEach((node, index) => {
+      const id = node.id;
+      const target = node.querySelector('#' + id + '-target');
+      const result = node.querySelector('#' + id + '-result');
+      const blendModeIndex = blendMode + (index + 1);
 
       node.id = blendModeIndex;
       target.id = blendModeIndex + '-target';
@@ -167,53 +209,48 @@ describe('color-contrast blending test', function() {
 
     fixture.appendChild(group);
   });
-  var testElms = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('.test-group > div'));
-  testElms.forEach(function(testElm) {
-    var id = testElm.id;
-    var target = testElm.querySelector('#' + id + '-target');
-    var result = testElm.querySelector('#' + id + '-result');
+  const testElms = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('.test-group > div'));
+  testElms.forEach(testElm => {
+    const id = testElm.id;
+    const target = testElm.querySelector('#' + id + '-target');
+    const result = testElm.querySelector('#' + id + '-result');
     include.push(target);
     resultElms.push(result);
   });
 
-  before(function(done) {
-    // mix-blend-mode is not supported on IE11
-    // @see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/mix-blend-mode
-    if (isIE11) {
-      this.skip();
-    } else {
-      axe.run({ include: include }, { runOnly: ['color-contrast'] }, function(
-        err,
-        res
-      ) {
+  before(done => {
+    axe.run(
+      { include: include },
+      { runOnly: ['color-contrast'] },
+      (err, res) => {
         assert.isNull(err);
 
         // don't care where the result goes as we just want to
         // extract the background color for each one
-        var results = []
+        const results = []
           .concat(res.passes)
           .concat(res.violations)
           .concat(res.incomplete);
-        results.forEach(function(result) {
-          result.nodes.forEach(function(node) {
-            var bgColor = node.any[0].data.bgColor;
-            var id = node.target[0].substring(
+        results.forEach(result => {
+          result.nodes.forEach(node => {
+            const bgColor = node.any[0].data.bgColor;
+            const id = node.target[0].substring(
               0,
               node.target[0].lastIndexOf('-')
             );
-            var result = document.querySelector(id + '-result');
-            result.style.backgroundColor = bgColor;
+            const resultNode = document.querySelector(id + '-result');
+            resultNode.style.backgroundColor = bgColor;
           });
         });
 
         done();
-      });
-    }
+      }
+    );
   });
 
-  resultElms.forEach(function(elm, index) {
-    it('produces the correct blended color for ' + elm.id, function() {
-      var style = window.getComputedStyle(elm);
+  resultElms.forEach((elm, index) => {
+    it('produces the correct blended color for ' + elm.id, () => {
+      const style = window.getComputedStyle(elm);
       assert.equal(style.getPropertyValue('background-color'), expected[index]);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/contrast/code-highlighting.html b/test/integration/full/contrast/code-highlighting.html
index 525f721a4..afb4019d3 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/contrast/code-highlighting.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/contrast/code-highlighting.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>Test Page</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/contrast/code-highlighting.js b/test/integration/full/contrast/code-highlighting.js
index 15cc121e8..427fe8f4e 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/contrast/code-highlighting.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/contrast/code-highlighting.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('color-contrast code highlighting test', function() {
+describe('color-contrast code highlighting test', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var results;
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ describe('color-contrast code highlighting test', function() {
     axe.run(
       '#fixture',
       { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['color-contrast'] } },
-      function(err, r) {
+      function (err, r) {
         assert.isNull(err);
         results = r;
         done();
@@ -14,41 +14,36 @@ describe('color-contrast code highlighting test', function() {
     );
   }
 
-  before(function(done) {
+  before(function (done) {
     // wait for window load event (or if the window has already loaded) so the
     // prism styles have loaded before running the tests (in Chrome the load
     // even was already fired before Mocha starts the test suite)
     if (document.readyState === 'complete') {
       run(done);
     } else {
-      window.addEventListener('load', function() {
+      window.addEventListener('load', function () {
         run(done);
       });
     }
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find issues', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find issues', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 32);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find passes', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find passes', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
-      assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 27);
+      assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 28);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('incomplete', function() {
-    it('should find just the code block', function() {
-      assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
-      assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete[0].nodes, 1);
-      assert.equal(
-        results.incomplete[0].nodes[0].html,
-        '<code class=" language-html">'
-      );
+  describe('incomplete', function () {
+    it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+      assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
     });
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/contrast/memory.html b/test/integration/full/contrast/memory.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..96a4616c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/contrast/memory.html
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <title>Test Page</title>
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
+    />
+    <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      mocha.setup({
+        timeout: 2000,
+        ui: 'bdd'
+      });
+      var assert = chai.assert;
+    </script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/no-ui-reporter.js"></script>
+    <style>
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+      html,
+      body {
+        padding: 0;
+        margin: 0;
+        height: 100%;
+        background: #fff;
+        color: #000;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="fixture">
+      <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 200px; height: 200px">
+        <!-- browsers each have their own CSS size limit so this number (which should be greater than the limit) will be capped to that -->
+        <div style="width: 1e9px; height: 1e9px">Hello World</div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <script src="memory.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/contrast/memory.js b/test/integration/full/contrast/memory.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ed78d06d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/contrast/memory.js
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/*
+  Since we can't easily test for memory issue we'll assume that if this test doesn't time out then the memory issue isn't a problem
+*/
+describe('color-contrast memory test', () => {
+  describe('violations', () => {
+    it('should find none', done => {
+      axe.run(
+        '#fixture',
+        { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['color-contrast'] } },
+        (err, results) => {
+          assert.isNull(err);
+          assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+          done();
+        }
+      );
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/full/contrast/prism-okaidia.min.css b/test/integration/full/contrast/prism-okaidia.min.css
index bd7f4b1f9..fe92b723a 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/contrast/prism-okaidia.min.css
+++ b/test/integration/full/contrast/prism-okaidia.min.css
@@ -1,2 +1,99 @@
-code[class*=language-],pre[class*=language-]{color:#f8f8f2;background:0 0;text-shadow:0 1px rgba(0,0,0,.3);font-family:Consolas,Monaco,'Andale Mono','Ubuntu Mono',monospace;font-size:1em;text-align:left;white-space:pre;word-spacing:normal;word-break:normal;word-wrap:normal;line-height:1.5;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-hyphens:none;-moz-hyphens:none;-ms-hyphens:none;hyphens:none}pre[class*=language-]{padding:1em;margin:.5em 0;overflow:auto;border-radius:.3em}:not(pre)>code[class*=language-],pre[class*=language-]{background:#272822}:not(pre)>code[class*=language-]{padding:.1em;border-radius:.3em;white-space:normal}.token.cdata,.token.comment,.token.doctype,.token.prolog{color:#708090}.token.punctuation{color:#f8f8f2}.namespace{opacity:.7}.token.constant,.token.deleted,.token.property,.token.symbol,.token.tag{color:#f92672}.token.boolean,.token.number{color:#ae81ff}.token.attr-name,.token.builtin,.token.char,.token.inserted,.token.selector,.token.string{color:#a6e22e}.language-css .token.string,.style .token.string,.token.entity,.token.operator,.token.url,.token.variable{color:#f8f8f2}.token.atrule,.token.attr-value,.token.class-name,.token.function{color:#e6db74}.token.keyword{color:#66d9ef}.token.important,.token.regex{color:#fd971f}.token.bold,.token.important{font-weight:700}.token.italic{font-style:italic}.token.entity{cursor:help}
-/*# sourceMappingURL=prism-okaidia.min.css.map */
\ No newline at end of file
+code[class*='language-'],
+pre[class*='language-'] {
+  color: #f8f8f2;
+  background: 0 0;
+  text-shadow: 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
+  font-family: Consolas, Monaco, 'Andale Mono', 'Ubuntu Mono', monospace;
+  font-size: 1em;
+  text-align: left;
+  white-space: pre;
+  word-spacing: normal;
+  word-break: normal;
+  word-wrap: normal;
+  line-height: 1.5;
+  -moz-tab-size: 4;
+  -o-tab-size: 4;
+  tab-size: 4;
+  -webkit-hyphens: none;
+  -moz-hyphens: none;
+  -ms-hyphens: none;
+  hyphens: none;
+}
+pre[class*='language-'] {
+  padding: 1em;
+  margin: 0.5em 0;
+  overflow: auto;
+  border-radius: 0.3em;
+}
+:not(pre) > code[class*='language-'],
+pre[class*='language-'] {
+  background: #272822;
+}
+:not(pre) > code[class*='language-'] {
+  padding: 0.1em;
+  border-radius: 0.3em;
+  white-space: normal;
+}
+.token.cdata,
+.token.comment,
+.token.doctype,
+.token.prolog {
+  color: #708090;
+}
+.token.punctuation {
+  color: #f8f8f2;
+}
+.namespace {
+  opacity: 0.7;
+}
+.token.constant,
+.token.deleted,
+.token.property,
+.token.symbol,
+.token.tag {
+  color: #f92672;
+}
+.token.boolean,
+.token.number {
+  color: #ae81ff;
+}
+.token.attr-name,
+.token.builtin,
+.token.char,
+.token.inserted,
+.token.selector,
+.token.string {
+  color: #a6e22e;
+}
+.language-css .token.string,
+.style .token.string,
+.token.entity,
+.token.operator,
+.token.url,
+.token.variable {
+  color: #f8f8f2;
+}
+.token.atrule,
+.token.attr-value,
+.token.class-name,
+.token.function {
+  color: #e6db74;
+}
+.token.keyword {
+  color: #66d9ef;
+}
+.token.important,
+.token.regex {
+  color: #fd971f;
+}
+.token.bold,
+.token.important {
+  font-weight: 700;
+}
+.token.italic {
+  font-style: italic;
+}
+.token.entity {
+  cursor: help;
+}
+/*# sourceMappingURL=prism-okaidia.min.css.map */
diff --git a/test/integration/full/contrast/prism.min.css b/test/integration/full/contrast/prism.min.css
index 43bcedafe..f029935c7 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/contrast/prism.min.css
+++ b/test/integration/full/contrast/prism.min.css
@@ -1,2 +1,117 @@
-code[class*=language-],pre[class*=language-]{color:#000;background:0 0;text-shadow:0 1px #fff;font-family:Consolas,Monaco,'Andale Mono','Ubuntu Mono',monospace;font-size:1em;text-align:left;white-space:pre;word-spacing:normal;word-break:normal;word-wrap:normal;line-height:1.5;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-hyphens:none;-moz-hyphens:none;-ms-hyphens:none;hyphens:none}code[class*=language-] ::-moz-selection,code[class*=language-]::-moz-selection,pre[class*=language-] ::-moz-selection,pre[class*=language-]::-moz-selection{text-shadow:none;background:#b3d4fc}code[class*=language-] ::selection,code[class*=language-]::selection,pre[class*=language-] ::selection,pre[class*=language-]::selection{text-shadow:none;background:#b3d4fc}@media print{code[class*=language-],pre[class*=language-]{text-shadow:none}}pre[class*=language-]{padding:1em;margin:.5em 0;overflow:auto}:not(pre)>code[class*=language-],pre[class*=language-]{background:#f5f2f0}:not(pre)>code[class*=language-]{padding:.1em;border-radius:.3em;white-space:normal}.token.cdata,.token.comment,.token.doctype,.token.prolog{color:#708090}.token.punctuation{color:#999}.namespace{opacity:.7}.token.boolean,.token.constant,.token.deleted,.token.number,.token.property,.token.symbol,.token.tag{color:#905}.token.attr-name,.token.builtin,.token.char,.token.inserted,.token.selector,.token.string{color:#690}.language-css .token.string,.style .token.string,.token.entity,.token.operator,.token.url{color:#9a6e3a;background:hsla(0,0%,100%,.5)}.token.atrule,.token.attr-value,.token.keyword{color:#07a}.token.class-name,.token.function{color:#dd4a68}.token.important,.token.regex,.token.variable{color:#e90}.token.bold,.token.important{font-weight:700}.token.italic{font-style:italic}.token.entity{cursor:help}
-/*# sourceMappingURL=prism.min.css.map */
\ No newline at end of file
+code[class*='language-'],
+pre[class*='language-'] {
+  color: #000;
+  background: 0 0;
+  text-shadow: 0 1px #fff;
+  font-family: Consolas, Monaco, 'Andale Mono', 'Ubuntu Mono', monospace;
+  font-size: 1em;
+  text-align: left;
+  white-space: pre;
+  word-spacing: normal;
+  word-break: normal;
+  word-wrap: normal;
+  line-height: 1.5;
+  -moz-tab-size: 4;
+  -o-tab-size: 4;
+  tab-size: 4;
+  -webkit-hyphens: none;
+  -moz-hyphens: none;
+  -ms-hyphens: none;
+  hyphens: none;
+}
+code[class*='language-'] ::-moz-selection,
+code[class*='language-']::-moz-selection,
+pre[class*='language-'] ::-moz-selection,
+pre[class*='language-']::-moz-selection {
+  text-shadow: none;
+  background: #b3d4fc;
+}
+code[class*='language-'] ::selection,
+code[class*='language-']::selection,
+pre[class*='language-'] ::selection,
+pre[class*='language-']::selection {
+  text-shadow: none;
+  background: #b3d4fc;
+}
+@media print {
+  code[class*='language-'],
+  pre[class*='language-'] {
+    text-shadow: none;
+  }
+}
+pre[class*='language-'] {
+  padding: 1em;
+  margin: 0.5em 0;
+  overflow: auto;
+}
+:not(pre) > code[class*='language-'],
+pre[class*='language-'] {
+  background: #f5f2f0;
+}
+:not(pre) > code[class*='language-'] {
+  padding: 0.1em;
+  border-radius: 0.3em;
+  white-space: normal;
+}
+.token.cdata,
+.token.comment,
+.token.doctype,
+.token.prolog {
+  color: #708090;
+}
+.token.punctuation {
+  color: #999;
+}
+.namespace {
+  opacity: 0.7;
+}
+.token.boolean,
+.token.constant,
+.token.deleted,
+.token.number,
+.token.property,
+.token.symbol,
+.token.tag {
+  color: #905;
+}
+.token.attr-name,
+.token.builtin,
+.token.char,
+.token.inserted,
+.token.selector,
+.token.string {
+  color: #690;
+}
+.language-css .token.string,
+.style .token.string,
+.token.entity,
+.token.operator,
+.token.url {
+  color: #9a6e3a;
+  background: hsla(0, 0%, 100%, 0.5);
+}
+.token.atrule,
+.token.attr-value,
+.token.keyword {
+  color: #07a;
+}
+.token.class-name,
+.token.function {
+  color: #dd4a68;
+}
+.token.important,
+.token.regex,
+.token.variable {
+  color: #e90;
+}
+.token.bold,
+.token.important {
+  font-weight: 700;
+}
+.token.italic {
+  font-style: italic;
+}
+.token.entity {
+  cursor: help;
+}
+/*# sourceMappingURL=prism.min.css.map */
diff --git a/test/integration/full/contrast/shadow-dom.html b/test/integration/full/contrast/shadow-dom.html
index efdbf04ea..904c2f693 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/contrast/shadow-dom.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/contrast/shadow-dom.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>Test Page</title>
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@
   </head>
 
   <body>
-    <div style="background-color: darkred;" id="redHerring">Text</div>
-    <div id="fixture" style="background-color: black;"></div>
+    <div style="background-color: darkred" id="redHerring">Text</div>
+    <div id="fixture" style="background-color: black"></div>
     <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
     <script src="shadow-dom.js"></script>
     <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/contrast/shadow-dom.js b/test/integration/full/contrast/shadow-dom.js
index c4ecb6775..9e020a1d2 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/contrast/shadow-dom.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/contrast/shadow-dom.js
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-describe('color-contrast shadow dom test', function() {
+describe('color-contrast shadow dom test', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
 
-  before(function() {
+  before(function () {
     var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
     if (shadowSupported) {
       var shadow = fixture.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
@@ -17,25 +17,26 @@ describe('color-contrast shadow dom test', function() {
     }
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)('should find issues in shadow tree', function(
-      done
-    ) {
-      axe.run(
-        '#fixture',
-        { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['color-contrast'] } },
-        function(err, results) {
-          assert.isNull(err);
-          assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
-          assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 2);
-          assert.equal(
-            results.violations[0].nodes[1].any[0].data.bgColor,
-            '#000000'
-          );
-          assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
-          done();
-        }
-      );
-    });
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
+      'should find issues in shadow tree',
+      function (done) {
+        axe.run(
+          '#fixture',
+          { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['color-contrast'] } },
+          function (err, results) {
+            assert.isNull(err);
+            assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+            assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 2);
+            assert.equal(
+              results.violations[0].nodes[1].any[0].data.bgColor,
+              '#000000'
+            );
+            assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+            done();
+          }
+        );
+      }
+    );
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/contrast/sticky-header.html b/test/integration/full/contrast/sticky-header.html
index a457d7951..f5a2894c8 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/contrast/sticky-header.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/contrast/sticky-header.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>Test Page</title>
@@ -98,9 +98,7 @@ <h1>Hi</h1>
         <p>Some content</p>
         <p>Some content</p>
       </main>
-      <footer>
-        Footer
-      </footer>
+      <footer>Footer</footer>
     </div>
     <script src="sticky-header.js"></script>
     <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/contrast/sticky-header.js b/test/integration/full/contrast/sticky-header.js
index 9474cd60b..1efb2b262 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/contrast/sticky-header.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/contrast/sticky-header.js
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-describe('color-contrast sticky header test', function() {
+describe('color-contrast sticky header test', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find none', function(done) {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find none', function (done) {
       axe.run(
         '#fixture',
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['color-contrast'] } },
-        function(err, results) {
+        function (err, results) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
           done();
diff --git a/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/incomplete.html b/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/incomplete.html
index 9c209d44c..91a5a3499 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/incomplete.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/incomplete.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>css orientation lock test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/incomplete.js b/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/incomplete.js
index 9d0018ff5..9731eecba 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/incomplete.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/incomplete.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-describe('css-orientation-lock incomplete test', function() {
+describe('css-orientation-lock incomplete test', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('returns INCOMPLETE if preload is set to FALSE', function(done) {
+  it('returns INCOMPLETE if preload is set to FALSE', function (done) {
     axe.run(
       {
         runOnly: {
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock incomplete test', function() {
         },
         preload: false
       },
-      function(err, res) {
+      function (err, res) {
         assert.isNull(err);
         assert.isDefined(res);
 
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock incomplete test', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('returns INCOMPLETE as page has no styles (not even mocha styles)', function(done) {
+  it('returns INCOMPLETE as page has no styles (not even mocha styles)', function (done) {
     axe.run(
       {
         runOnly: {
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock incomplete test', function() {
           values: ['css-orientation-lock']
         }
       },
-      function(err, res) {
+      function (err, res) {
         assert.isNull(err);
         assert.isDefined(res);
 
diff --git a/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/passes.html b/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/passes.html
index 5ce66e952..aa006af27 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/passes.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/passes.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>css orientation lock test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/passes.js b/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/passes.js
index 72586b02a..7d95a56da 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/passes.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/passes.js
@@ -1,31 +1,29 @@
-describe('css-orientation-lock passes test', function() {
+describe('css-orientation-lock passes test', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
 
   var styleSheets = [
     {
-      href:
-        'https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.0.0/css/bootstrap.min.css'
+      href: 'https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.0.0/css/bootstrap.min.css'
     },
     {
-      text:
-        '@media screen and (min-width: 10px) and (max-width: 3000px) {	html { width: 100vh; } }'
+      text: '@media screen and (min-width: 10px) and (max-width: 3000px) {	html { width: 100vh; } }'
     }
   ];
 
-  before(function(done) {
+  before(function (done) {
     axe.testUtils
       .addStyleSheets(styleSheets)
-      .then(function() {
+      .then(function () {
         done();
       })
-      .catch(function(error) {
+      .catch(function (error) {
         done(new Error('Could not load stylesheets for testing. ' + error));
       });
   });
 
-  it('returns PASSES when page has STYLE with MEDIA rules (not orientation)', function(done) {
+  it('returns PASSES when page has STYLE with MEDIA rules (not orientation)', function (done) {
     // the sheets included in the html, have styles for transform and rotate, hence the violation
     axe.run(
       {
@@ -34,7 +32,7 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock passes test', function() {
           values: ['css-orientation-lock']
         }
       },
-      function(err, res) {
+      function (err, res) {
         assert.isNull(err);
         assert.isDefined(res);
 
@@ -51,7 +49,7 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock passes test', function() {
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'returns PASSES whilst also accommodating shadowDOM styles with MEDIA rules (not orientation)',
-    function(done) {
+    function (done) {
       // here although media styles are pumped into shadow dom
       // they are not orientation locks, so returns as passes
       var fixture = document.getElementById('shadow-fixture');
@@ -68,7 +66,7 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock passes test', function() {
             values: ['css-orientation-lock']
           }
         },
-        function(err, res) {
+        function (err, res) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           assert.isDefined(res);
 
diff --git a/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/violations.css b/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/violations.css
index 48556c614..ebed686f2 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/violations.css
+++ b/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/violations.css
@@ -1,14 +1,20 @@
 @media screen and (min-width: 20px) and (max-width: 2300px) and (orientation: portrait) {
-	.thatDiv {
-		transform: rotate(90deg);
-	}
+  .thatDiv {
+    transform: rotate(90deg);
+  }
+  .rotateDiv {
+    rotate: 90deg;
+  }
 }
 
 @media screen and (min-width: 10px) and (max-width: 3000px) and (orientation: landscape) {
-	html {
-		transform: rotateZ(0, 0, 1, 1.5708rad);
-	}
-	.someDiv {
-		transform: matrix3d(0,-1,0.00,0,1.00,0,0.00,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,1);
-	}
+  html {
+    transform: rotateZ(0, 0, 1, 1.5708rad);
+  }
+  .someDiv {
+    transform: matrix3d(0, -1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1);
+  }
+  .rotateMatrix {
+    rotate: 0 0 1 1.5708rad;
+  }
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/violations.html b/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/violations.html
index b80196b5f..8451f2fcd 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/violations.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/violations.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>css orientation lock test</title>
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@
     <div id="mocha"></div>
     <div class="someDiv">some div content</div>
     <div class="thatDiv">that div content</div>
+    <div class="rotateDiv">that div content</div>
+    <div class="rotateMatrix">that div content</div>
     <div id="shadow-fixture"></div>
     <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
     <script src="violations.js"></script>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/violations.js b/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/violations.js
index 962f694ab..e3821dbf4 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/violations.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/css-orientation-lock/violations.js
@@ -1,38 +1,35 @@
-describe('css-orientation-lock violations test', function() {
-  'use strict';
+describe('css-orientation-lock violations test', () => {
+  const shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
 
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-
-  var styleSheets = [
+  const styleSheets = [
     {
-      href:
-        'https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.0.0/css/bootstrap.min.css'
+      href: 'https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.0.0/css/bootstrap.min.css'
     },
     {
       href: 'violations.css'
     }
   ];
 
-  before(function(done) {
+  before(done => {
     axe.testUtils
       .addStyleSheets(styleSheets)
-      .then(function() {
+      .then(() => {
         done();
       })
-      .catch(function(error) {
+      .catch(error => {
         done(new Error('Could not load stylesheets for testing. ' + error));
       });
   });
 
   function assertViolatedSelectors(relatedNodes, violatedSelectors) {
-    relatedNodes.forEach(function(node) {
-      var target = node.target[0];
-      var className = Array.isArray(target) ? target.reverse()[0] : target;
+    relatedNodes.forEach(node => {
+      const target = node.target[0];
+      const className = Array.isArray(target) ? target.reverse()[0] : target;
       assert.isTrue(violatedSelectors.indexOf(className) !== -1);
     });
   }
 
-  it('returns VIOLATIONS if preload is set to TRUE', function(done) {
+  it('returns VIOLATIONS if preload is set to TRUE', done => {
     // the sheets included in the html, have styles for transform and rotate, hence the violation
     axe.run(
       {
@@ -41,36 +38,42 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock violations test', function() {
           values: ['css-orientation-lock']
         }
       },
-      function(err, res) {
-        assert.isNull(err);
-        assert.isDefined(res);
+      (err, res) => {
+        try {
+          assert.isNull(err);
+          assert.isDefined(res);
 
-        // check for violation
-        assert.property(res, 'violations');
-        assert.lengthOf(res.violations, 1);
+          // check for violation
+          assert.property(res, 'violations');
+          assert.lengthOf(res.violations, 1);
 
-        // assert the node
-        var checkedNode = res.violations[0].nodes[0];
-        assert.isTrue(/html/i.test(checkedNode.html));
+          // assert the node
+          const checkedNode = res.violations[0].nodes[0];
+          assert.isTrue(/html/i.test(checkedNode.html));
 
-        // assert the relatedNodes
-        var checkResult = checkedNode.all[0];
-        assert.lengthOf(checkResult.relatedNodes, 2);
-        assertViolatedSelectors(checkResult.relatedNodes, [
-          '.someDiv',
-          '.thatDiv'
-        ]);
+          // assert the relatedNodes
+          const checkResult = checkedNode.all[0];
+          assert.lengthOf(checkResult.relatedNodes, 4);
+          assertViolatedSelectors(checkResult.relatedNodes, [
+            '.someDiv',
+            '.thatDiv',
+            '.rotateDiv',
+            '.rotateMatrix'
+          ]);
 
-        done();
+          done();
+        } catch (e) {
+          done(e);
+        }
       }
     );
   });
 
   (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
     'returns VIOLATIONS whilst also accommodating shadowDOM styles',
-    function(done) {
-      var fixture = document.getElementById('shadow-fixture');
-      var shadow = fixture.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    done => {
+      const fixture = document.getElementById('shadow-fixture');
+      const shadow = fixture.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadow.innerHTML =
         '<style> @media screen and (min-width: 10px) and (max-width: 2000px) and (orientation: portrait) { .shadowDiv { transform: rotate3d(0,0,1,90deg); } } .green { background-color: green; } </style>' +
         '<div class="green">green</div>' +
@@ -83,28 +86,34 @@ describe('css-orientation-lock violations test', function() {
             values: ['css-orientation-lock']
           }
         },
-        function(err, res) {
-          assert.isNull(err);
-          assert.isDefined(res);
+        (err, res) => {
+          try {
+            assert.isNull(err);
+            assert.isDefined(res);
 
-          // check for violation
-          assert.property(res, 'violations');
-          assert.lengthOf(res.violations, 1);
+            // check for violation
+            assert.property(res, 'violations');
+            assert.lengthOf(res.violations, 1);
 
-          // assert the node
-          var checkedNode = res.violations[0].nodes[0];
-          assert.isTrue(/html/i.test(checkedNode.html));
+            // assert the node
+            const checkedNode = res.violations[0].nodes[0];
+            assert.isTrue(/html/i.test(checkedNode.html));
 
-          // assert the relatedNodes
-          var checkResult = checkedNode.all[0];
-          assert.lengthOf(checkResult.relatedNodes, 3);
-          assertViolatedSelectors(checkResult.relatedNodes, [
-            '.someDiv',
-            '.thatDiv',
-            '.shadowDiv'
-          ]);
+            // assert the relatedNodes
+            const checkResult = checkedNode.all[0];
+            assert.lengthOf(checkResult.relatedNodes, 5);
+            assertViolatedSelectors(checkResult.relatedNodes, [
+              '.someDiv',
+              '.thatDiv',
+              '.rotateDiv',
+              '.rotateMatrix',
+              '.shadowDiv'
+            ]);
 
-          done();
+            done();
+          } catch (e) {
+            done(e);
+          }
         }
       );
     }
diff --git a/test/integration/full/definition-list/dl-role.html b/test/integration/full/definition-list/dl-role.html
index 5a955419b..a6fe60c1e 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/definition-list/dl-role.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/definition-list/dl-role.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>dl aria test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/definition-list/dl-role.js b/test/integration/full/definition-list/dl-role.js
index 5c5a97479..85227c16b 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/definition-list/dl-role.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/definition-list/dl-role.js
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-describe('definition-list overriden with ARIA role', function() {
+describe('definition-list overriden with ARIA role', function () {
   'use strict';
-  it('should find no matches', function(done) {
+  it('should find no matches', function (done) {
     axe.run(
       { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['definition-list'] } },
-      function(err, results) {
+      function (err, results) {
         assert.isNull(err);
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
         assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
diff --git a/test/integration/full/definition-list/dlitem-role.html b/test/integration/full/definition-list/dlitem-role.html
index 00caae3d5..5cd74b0be 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/definition-list/dlitem-role.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/definition-list/dlitem-role.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>dlitem aria test</title>
@@ -25,9 +25,7 @@
         <dd role="presentation">
           <a href="#somethin">Stuff</a>
         </dd>
-        <dt role="presentation">
-          Thing
-        </dt>
+        <dt role="presentation">Thing</dt>
       </div>
     </div>
     <div id="mocha"></div>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/definition-list/dlitem-role.js b/test/integration/full/definition-list/dlitem-role.js
index 89b452c42..eb02489d5 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/definition-list/dlitem-role.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/definition-list/dlitem-role.js
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-describe('dlitem overriden with ARIA role', function() {
+describe('dlitem overriden with ARIA role', function () {
   'use strict';
-  it('should find no matches', function(done) {
-    axe.run({ runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['dlitem'] } }, function(
-      err,
-      results
-    ) {
-      assert.isNull(err);
-      assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
-      assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
-      done();
-    });
+  it('should find no matches', function (done) {
+    axe.run(
+      { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['dlitem'] } },
+      function (err, results) {
+        assert.isNull(err);
+        assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+        assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+        done();
+      }
+    );
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/dialog/dialog.html b/test/integration/full/dialog/dialog.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fbffe2267
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/dialog/dialog.html
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <title>dialog test</title>
+    <meta charset="utf8" />
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
+    />
+    <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      mocha.setup({
+        timeout: 10000,
+        ui: 'bdd'
+      });
+      var assert = chai.assert;
+    </script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="target">
+      <button id="root-button"></button>
+      <div style="background-color: #333; color: #000">
+        <span id="root-color">Contrast failure</span>
+      </div>
+      <dialog>
+        <button id="dialog-button"></button>
+        <div style="background-color: #333; color: #000">
+          <span id="dialog-color">Contrast failure</span>
+        </div>
+      </dialog>
+    </div>
+    <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
+    <script src="dialog.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/dialog/dialog.js b/test/integration/full/dialog/dialog.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..228c2abed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/dialog/dialog.js
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+describe('dialog tests', () => {
+  const dialog = document.querySelector('dialog');
+  const target = document.querySelector('#target');
+
+  async function getViolations() {
+    const results = await axe.run(target);
+    const buttonName = results.violations.find(
+      ({ id }) => id === 'button-name'
+    );
+    const colorContrast = results.violations.find(
+      ({ id }) => id === 'color-contrast'
+    );
+
+    return { buttonName, colorContrast };
+  }
+
+  afterEach(function () {
+    dialog.close();
+  });
+
+  it('should not find violations inside a closed dialog', async () => {
+    const { buttonName, colorContrast } = await getViolations();
+
+    assert.lengthOf(buttonName.nodes, 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(buttonName.nodes[0].target, ['#root-button']);
+    assert.lengthOf(colorContrast.nodes, 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(colorContrast.nodes[0].target, ['#root-color']);
+  });
+
+  it('should not find violations outside a modal dialog', async () => {
+    dialog.showModal();
+    const { buttonName, colorContrast } = await getViolations();
+
+    assert.lengthOf(buttonName.nodes, 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(buttonName.nodes[0].target, ['#dialog-button']);
+    assert.lengthOf(colorContrast.nodes, 1);
+    assert.deepEqual(colorContrast.nodes[0].target, ['#dialog-color']);
+  });
+
+  it('should find violations inside and outside an open dialog', async () => {
+    dialog.show();
+    const { buttonName, colorContrast } = await getViolations();
+
+    assert.lengthOf(buttonName.nodes, 2);
+    assert.deepEqual(buttonName.nodes[0].target, ['#root-button']);
+    assert.deepEqual(buttonName.nodes[1].target, ['#dialog-button']);
+    assert.lengthOf(colorContrast.nodes, 2);
+    assert.deepEqual(colorContrast.nodes[0].target, ['#root-color']);
+    assert.deepEqual(colorContrast.nodes[1].target, ['#dialog-color']);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/full/document-title/document-title-fail.html b/test/integration/full/document-title/document-title-fail.html
index 42837a2af..d21b5b127 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/document-title/document-title-fail.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/document-title/document-title-fail.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="fail1">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/document-title/document-title-fail.js b/test/integration/full/document-title/document-title-fail.js
index 02d38eb31..b3a52767f 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/document-title/document-title-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/document-title/document-title-fail.js
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-describe('document-title test failure', function() {
+describe('document-title test failure', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
 
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['document-title'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -15,26 +15,26 @@ describe('document-title test failure', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 1);
     });
-    it('should find first level iframe', function() {
+    it('should find first level iframe', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, ['#fail1']);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/document-title/document-title-pass.html b/test/integration/full/document-title/document-title-pass.html
index 1d7e51cd6..a18d8ded7 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/document-title/document-title-pass.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/document-title/document-title-pass.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass1">
   <head>
     <title>document-title test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/document-title/document-title-pass.js b/test/integration/full/document-title/document-title-pass.js
index fbbc10f44..a15097651 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/document-title/document-title-pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/document-title/document-title-pass.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('document-title test pass', function() {
+describe('document-title test pass', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['document-title'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,27 +14,27 @@ describe('document-title test pass', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass1', function() {
+    it('should find #pass1', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass1']);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/document-title/frames/level1.html b/test/integration/full/document-title/frames/level1.html
index 181ff6894..1de1925c2 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/document-title/frames/level1.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/document-title/frames/level1.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="violation1">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/document-title/frames/level2-a.html b/test/integration/full/document-title/frames/level2-a.html
index 3228b27d6..dc9827f10 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/document-title/frames/level2-a.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/document-title/frames/level2-a.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="pass2">
   <head>
     <title>No lang test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/document-title/frames/level2.html b/test/integration/full/document-title/frames/level2.html
index daa295209..b9e49ab10 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/document-title/frames/level2.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/document-title/frames/level2.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="violation2">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-fail.html b/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-fail.html
index a9818eb1d..da9efa76c 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-fail.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-fail.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>frame-tested test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-fail.js b/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-fail.js
index 970619da6..cf4e9aa01 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-fail.js
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-describe('frame-tested-fail test', function() {
+describe('frame-tested-fail test', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         {
           runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['frame-tested'] },
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ describe('frame-tested-fail test', function() {
             'frame-tested': { options: { isViolation: true } }
           }
         },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ describe('frame-tested-fail test', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 1);
     });
-    it('should find the failing iframe', function() {
+    it('should find the failing iframe', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, [
         '#frame',
         '#fail'
@@ -32,14 +32,14 @@ describe('frame-tested-fail test', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('incomplete', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('incomplete', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 2', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 2', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 2);
 
diff --git a/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-incomplete.html b/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-incomplete.html
index 0dd39d390..946b3a850 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-incomplete.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-incomplete.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>frame-tested test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-incomplete.js b/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-incomplete.js
index 6729d4ee3..9e0880af2 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-incomplete.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-incomplete.js
@@ -1,37 +1,37 @@
-describe('frame-tested-incomplete test', function() {
+describe('frame-tested-incomplete test', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
-      axe.run({ runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['frame-tested'] } }, function(
-        err,
-        r
-      ) {
-        assert.isNull(err);
-        results = r;
-        done();
-      });
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+      axe.run(
+        { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['frame-tested'] } },
+        function (err, r) {
+          assert.isNull(err);
+          results = r;
+          done();
+        }
+      );
     });
   });
 
-  describe('incomplete', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('incomplete', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete[0].nodes, 1);
     });
-    it('should find first iframe', function() {
+    it('should find first iframe', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.incomplete[0].nodes[0].target, ['#incomplete']);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-pass.html b/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-pass.html
index 5a049aa72..faea10eaa 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-pass.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-pass.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>frame-tested test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-pass.js b/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-pass.js
index 35bdb5205..e28c09f1f 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frame-tested-pass.js
@@ -1,37 +1,37 @@
-describe('frame-tested-pass test', function() {
+describe('frame-tested-pass test', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
-      axe.run({ runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['frame-tested'] } }, function(
-        err,
-        r
-      ) {
-        assert.isNull(err);
-        results = r;
-        done();
-      });
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+      axe.run(
+        { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['frame-tested'] } },
+        function (err, r) {
+          assert.isNull(err);
+          results = r;
+          done();
+        }
+      );
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
-    it('should find first iframe', function() {
+    it('should find first iframe', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass']);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('incomplete', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('incomplete', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frames/nested-no-axe.html b/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frames/nested-no-axe.html
index bc41785a4..af92b57f7 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frames/nested-no-axe.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frames/nested-no-axe.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="pass1">
   <head>
     <title>Frame with axe-core</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frames/no-axe.html b/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frames/no-axe.html
index d33b17045..d59c9d585 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frames/no-axe.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frames/no-axe.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html>
   <head>
     <title>Frame without axe-core</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frames/with-axe.html b/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frames/with-axe.html
index 0b63ecad4..dea3d983f 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frames/with-axe.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/frame-tested/frames/with-axe.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html>
   <head>
     <title>Frame with axe-core</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/frame-wait-time/frame-wait-time.html b/test/integration/full/frame-wait-time/frame-wait-time.html
index 059da2ed8..d90c97b2f 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/frame-wait-time/frame-wait-time.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/frame-wait-time/frame-wait-time.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>frame-wait-time test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/frame-wait-time/frame-wait-time.js b/test/integration/full/frame-wait-time/frame-wait-time.js
index beea0aab0..c3420674f 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/frame-wait-time/frame-wait-time.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/frame-wait-time/frame-wait-time.js
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 /* global sinon */
 
 // TODO: remove when tests are fixed
-describe('frame-wait-time optin', function() {
-  it('works', function() {
+describe('frame-wait-time optin', function () {
+  it('works', function () {
     assert.isTrue(true);
   });
 });
 
-describe.skip('frame-wait-time option', function() {
+describe.skip('frame-wait-time option', function () {
   'use strict';
   var spy;
   var respondable = axe.utils.respondable;
 
-  before(function(done) {
+  before(function (done) {
     // Fix Function#name on browsers that do not support it (IE):
     // @see https://stackoverflow.com/a/17056530
     if (!function f() {}.name) {
       Object.defineProperty(Function.prototype, 'name', {
-        get: function() {
+        get: function () {
           var name = (this.toString().match(/^function\s*([^\s(]+)/) || [])[1];
           // For better performance only parse once, and then cache the
           // result through a new accessor for repeated access.
@@ -27,22 +27,22 @@ describe.skip('frame-wait-time option', function() {
       });
     }
 
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     // prevent test from running axe inside the iframe multiple times
-    axe.utils.respondable = function(a, b, c, d, callback) {
-      setTimeout(function() {
+    axe.utils.respondable = function (a, b, c, d, callback) {
+      setTimeout(function () {
         callback();
       }, 50);
     };
     spy = sinon.spy(window, 'setTimeout');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     axe.utils.respondable = respondable;
     spy.restore();
   });
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ describe.skip('frame-wait-time option', function() {
     return timeoutCall;
   }
 
-  describe('when set', function() {
-    it('should modify the default frame timeout', function(done) {
+  describe('when set', function () {
+    it('should modify the default frame timeout', function (done) {
       var opts = {
         frameWaitTime: 1,
         runOnly: {
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ describe.skip('frame-wait-time option', function() {
           values: ['html-has-lang']
         }
       };
-      axe.run('#frame', opts, function() {
+      axe.run('#frame', opts, function () {
         var timeoutCall = getTimeoutCall();
         assert.exists(timeoutCall, 'FrameTimeout not called');
         assert.equal(timeoutCall.args[1], 1);
@@ -79,9 +79,9 @@ describe.skip('frame-wait-time option', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('when not set', function() {
-    it('should use the default frame timeout', function(done) {
-      axe.run('#frame', function() {
+  describe('when not set', function () {
+    it('should use the default frame timeout', function (done) {
+      axe.run('#frame', function () {
         var timeoutCall = getTimeoutCall();
         assert.exists(timeoutCall, 'FrameTimeout not called');
         assert.equal(timeoutCall.args[1], 60000);
diff --git a/test/integration/full/frame-wait-time/frames/frame.html b/test/integration/full/frame-wait-time/frames/frame.html
index 6246f6cf3..dfed976b8 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/frame-wait-time/frames/frame.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/frame-wait-time/frames/frame.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>frame-wait-time test frame</title>
@@ -6,6 +6,6 @@
     <script src="/axe.js"></script>
   </head>
   <body>
-    <h1 style="opacity: 0.1;">So Dim</h1>
+    <h1 style="opacity: 0.1">So Dim</h1>
   </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/get-selector/get-selector.js b/test/integration/full/get-selector/get-selector.js
index dab3db348..05289f6c2 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/get-selector/get-selector.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/get-selector/get-selector.js
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.getSelector', function () {
   'use strict';
-  before(function() {
+  before(function () {
     axe.setup();
   });
-  it('should work on namespaced elements', function() {
+  it('should work on namespaced elements', function () {
     var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
     var node = fixture.firstElementChild;
     var sel = axe.utils.getSelector(node);
diff --git a/test/integration/full/heading-order/frames/heading.html b/test/integration/full/heading-order/frames/heading.html
index 75c1790e4..12c3bc666 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/heading-order/frames/heading.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/heading-order/frames/heading.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="level1">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/heading-order/frames/nested-heading.html b/test/integration/full/heading-order/frames/nested-heading.html
index 27dfbc407..d575f1d81 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/heading-order/frames/nested-heading.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/heading-order/frames/nested-heading.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="level1">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/heading-order/no-heading-page.html b/test/integration/full/heading-order/no-heading-page.html
index 1f0f76df2..6c9b3b751 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/heading-order/no-heading-page.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/heading-order/no-heading-page.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="main">
   <head>
     <title>frame exclude test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/heading-order/no-heading-page.js b/test/integration/full/heading-order/no-heading-page.js
index 2dd47b8ba..c3d94c6b8 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/heading-order/no-heading-page.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/heading-order/no-heading-page.js
@@ -1,30 +1,31 @@
-describe('heading-order-partial-context-with-iframe test', function() {
+describe('heading-order-partial-context-with-iframe test', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
-      axe.run({ exclude: ['#mocha'] }, { runOnly: ['heading-order'] }, function(
-        err,
-        r
-      ) {
-        assert.isNull(err);
-        results = r;
-        done();
-      });
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+      axe.run(
+        { exclude: ['#mocha'] },
+        { runOnly: ['heading-order'] },
+        function (err, r) {
+          assert.isNull(err);
+          results = r;
+          done();
+        }
+      );
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 2 passes', function() {
+  it('should find 2 passes', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 2);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 violations', function() {
+  it('should find 0 violations', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incompletes', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incompletes', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context-with-iframe-excluded.html b/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context-with-iframe-excluded.html
index 3ab91c2f2..cc6e66de4 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context-with-iframe-excluded.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context-with-iframe-excluded.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="main">
   <head>
     <title>frame exclude test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context-with-iframe-excluded.js b/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context-with-iframe-excluded.js
index 5d17c06c3..5cfe7bf98 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context-with-iframe-excluded.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context-with-iframe-excluded.js
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-describe('heading-order-partial-context-with-iframe test', function() {
+describe('heading-order-partial-context-with-iframe test', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         { include: [['header'], ['footer']] },
         { runOnly: ['heading-order'] },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -16,17 +16,17 @@ describe('heading-order-partial-context-with-iframe test', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 1 passes', function() {
+  it('should find 1 passes', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should find 1 violation', function() {
+  it('should find 1 violation', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incompletes', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incompletes', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context-with-iframe.html b/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context-with-iframe.html
index c500c7dab..5f166cade 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context-with-iframe.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context-with-iframe.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="main">
   <head>
     <title>frame exclude test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context-with-iframe.js b/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context-with-iframe.js
index 839016d3e..527069f77 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context-with-iframe.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context-with-iframe.js
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-describe('heading-order-partial-context-with-iframe test', function() {
+describe('heading-order-partial-context-with-iframe test', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         { include: [['header'], ['footer'], ['iframe']] },
         { runOnly: ['heading-order'] },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -16,16 +16,16 @@ describe('heading-order-partial-context-with-iframe test', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 4 passes', function() {
+  it('should find 4 passes', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 4);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 violations', function() {
+  it('should find 0 violations', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context.html b/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context.html
index 917aff31c..0d0dd8b44 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="main">
   <head>
     <title>frame exclude test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context.js b/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context.js
index 3127cbe98..1add8ca25 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/heading-order/partial-context.js
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-describe('heading-order-partial-context test', function() {
+describe('heading-order-partial-context test', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
+  before(function (done) {
     axe.run(
       { include: [['header'], ['footer']] },
       { runOnly: ['heading-order'] },
-      function(err, r) {
+      function (err, r) {
         assert.isNull(err);
         results = r;
         done();
@@ -14,16 +14,16 @@ describe('heading-order-partial-context test', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should find 2 passes', function() {
+  it('should find 2 passes', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 2);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 violations', function() {
+  it('should find 0 violations', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/frames/level1.html b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/frames/level1.html
index 353cd8998..db3c8061e 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/frames/level1.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/frames/level1.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="violation1">
   <head>
     <title>No lang test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/frames/level2-a.html b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/frames/level2-a.html
index d964e1824..273a3a0d1 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/frames/level2-a.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/frames/level2-a.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="pass2" lang="Elven">
   <head>
     <title>No lang test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/frames/level2.html b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/frames/level2.html
index 723aa4d32..461a52300 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/frames/level2.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/frames/level2.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="violation2" lang="">
   <head>
     <title>No lang test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-fail-xml-lang.html b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-fail-xml-lang.html
index 29665fb4c..6a266f3ec 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-fail-xml-lang.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-fail-xml-lang.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="fail1" xml:lang="fr">
   <head>
     <title>html-has-lang test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-fail-xml-lang.js b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-fail-xml-lang.js
index 03cb08539..c548cc485 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-fail-xml-lang.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-fail-xml-lang.js
@@ -2,15 +2,15 @@
  * Note:
  * This rule does not include `iframe` uses matches "window-is-top.js"
  */
-describe('html-has-lang fail test', function() {
+describe('html-has-lang fail test', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['html-has-lang'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -19,18 +19,18 @@ describe('html-has-lang fail test', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 1 violations', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 1 violations', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #fail1', function() {
+    it('should find #fail1', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, ['#fail1']);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 0 passes', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 0 passes', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-fail.html b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-fail.html
index 382262e8c..8b50674bd 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-fail.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-fail.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="fail1">
   <head>
     <title>html-has-lang test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-fail.js b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-fail.js
index 03cb08539..c548cc485 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-fail.js
@@ -2,15 +2,15 @@
  * Note:
  * This rule does not include `iframe` uses matches "window-is-top.js"
  */
-describe('html-has-lang fail test', function() {
+describe('html-has-lang fail test', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['html-has-lang'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -19,18 +19,18 @@ describe('html-has-lang fail test', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 1 violations', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 1 violations', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #fail1', function() {
+    it('should find #fail1', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, ['#fail1']);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 0 passes', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 0 passes', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-pass-xhtml.js b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-pass-xhtml.js
index b782c80ad..7bf0e3827 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-pass-xhtml.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-pass-xhtml.js
@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@
  * Note:
  * This rule does not include `iframe` uses matches "window-is-top.js"
  */
-describe('html-has-lang pass test', function() {
+describe('html-has-lang pass test', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['html-has-lang'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -18,18 +18,18 @@ describe('html-has-lang pass test', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 0 violations', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0 violations', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass1', function() {
+    it('should find #pass1', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass1']);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-pass-xhtml.xhtml b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-pass-xhtml.xhtml
index 69a9ab273..7736db058 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-pass-xhtml.xhtml
+++ b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-pass-xhtml.xhtml
@@ -1,33 +1,38 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="klingon" xml:lang="klingon" id="pass1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
-	<head>
-		<title>html-has-lang test</title>
-		<meta charset="utf8" />
-		<link
-			rel="stylesheet"
-			type="text/css"
-			href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
-		/>
-		<script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
-		<script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
-		<script src="/axe.js"></script>
-		<script>
-			mocha.setup({
-				timeout: 10000,
-				ui: 'bdd'
-			});
-			var assert = chai.assert;
-		</script>
-	</head>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+<html
+  lang="klingon"
+  xml:lang="klingon"
+  id="pass1"
+  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
+>
+  <head>
+    <title>html-has-lang test</title>
+    <meta charset="utf8" />
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
+    />
+    <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      mocha.setup({
+        timeout: 10000,
+        ui: 'bdd'
+      });
+      var assert = chai.assert;
+    </script>
+  </head>
 
-	<body>
-		<!--
+  <body>
+    <!--
 			Note:
 			This rule excludes `iframe`, uses matches "window-is-top.js"
 		-->
-		<div id="mocha"></div>
-		<script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
-		<script src="html-has-lang-pass-xhtml.js"></script>
-		<script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
-	</body>
+    <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
+    <script src="html-has-lang-pass-xhtml.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
+  </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-pass.html b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-pass.html
index 57d8b39a5..ef6ad8a5b 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-pass.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-pass.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="klingon" id="pass1">
   <head>
     <title>html-has-lang test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-pass.js b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-pass.js
index b782c80ad..7bf0e3827 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/html-has-lang/html-has-lang-pass.js
@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@
  * Note:
  * This rule does not include `iframe` uses matches "window-is-top.js"
  */
-describe('html-has-lang pass test', function() {
+describe('html-has-lang pass test', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['html-has-lang'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -18,18 +18,18 @@ describe('html-has-lang pass test', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 0 violations', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0 violations', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass1', function() {
+    it('should find #pass1', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass1']);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/frames/level1.html b/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/frames/level1.html
index e35f20b5e..2fe698c47 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/frames/level1.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/frames/level1.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="violation1" lang="@(#$*">
   <head>
     <title>No lang test</title>
@@ -10,5 +10,7 @@
     <iframe id="frame3" src="level2-a.html"></iframe>
     <iframe id="frame4" src="level2-b.html"></iframe>
     <iframe id="frame5" src="level2-c.html"></iframe>
+    <iframe id="frame6" src="level2-d.html"></iframe>
+    <iframe id="frame7" src="level2-e.html"></iframe>
   </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/frames/level2-a.html b/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/frames/level2-a.html
index 0eb9ba1bf..9bb9a2bd3 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/frames/level2-a.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/frames/level2-a.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="pass1" lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>No lang test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/frames/level2-b.html b/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/frames/level2-b.html
index 542853734..3cd4dcb09 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/frames/level2-b.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/frames/level2-b.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="pass2b" xml:lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>No lang test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/frames/level2-c.html b/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/frames/level2-c.html
index d8951db70..58b3c7e90 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/frames/level2-c.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/frames/level2-c.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="violation2c" xml:lang="unknownLang">
   <head>
     <title>No lang test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/frames/level2-d.html b/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/frames/level2-d.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4135712d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/frames/level2-d.html
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html id="inapplicable2d" lang="">
+  <head>
+    <title>No lang test</title>
+    <meta charset="utf8" />
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    Empty lang
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/frames/level2-e.html b/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/frames/level2-e.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..471c9d3bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/frames/level2-e.html
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html id="inapplicable2e" xml:lang="">
+  <head>
+    <title>No lang test</title>
+    <meta charset="utf8" />
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    Empty xml:lang
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/frames/level2.html b/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/frames/level2.html
index 8e93ecfae..a57e59d46 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/frames/level2.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/frames/level2.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="violation2" lang="english">
   <head>
     <title>No lang test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/html-lang-valid.html b/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/html-lang-valid.html
index 9e527fb9a..fd1905374 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/html-lang-valid.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/html-lang-valid.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="ignored1">
   <head>
     <title>html-lang-valid test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/html-lang-valid.js b/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/html-lang-valid.js
index 8ad72b14e..423a4674b 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/html-lang-valid.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/html-lang-valid/html-lang-valid.js
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-describe('html-lang-valid test', function() {
+describe('html-lang-valid test', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var results;
 
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['html-lang-valid'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -16,19 +16,19 @@ describe('html-lang-valid test', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 3', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 3', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 3);
     });
 
-    it('should find first level iframe', function() {
+    it('should find first level iframe', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#violation1'
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('should find second level iframe', function() {
+    it('should find second level iframe', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[1].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#frame2',
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ describe('html-lang-valid test', function() {
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('should find #violation2c', function() {
+    it('should find #violation2c', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[2].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#frame5',
@@ -45,12 +45,12 @@ describe('html-lang-valid test', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 2', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 2', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 2);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass1', function() {
+    it('should find #pass1', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#frame3',
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ describe('html-lang-valid test', function() {
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass2b', function() {
+    it('should find #pass2b', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[1].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#frame4',
diff --git a/test/integration/full/identical-links-same-purpose/frames/level1.html b/test/integration/full/identical-links-same-purpose/frames/level1.html
index 90029d0fd..916b356a3 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/identical-links-same-purpose/frames/level1.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/identical-links-same-purpose/frames/level1.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="level1" lang="en">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/identical-links-same-purpose/page.html b/test/integration/full/identical-links-same-purpose/page.html
index 886a3958e..a0c7d8066 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/identical-links-same-purpose/page.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/identical-links-same-purpose/page.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="main">
   <head>
     <title>identical-links-same-purpose test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/identical-links-same-purpose/page.js b/test/integration/full/identical-links-same-purpose/page.js
index 0538ed590..1f476f6c9 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/identical-links-same-purpose/page.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/identical-links-same-purpose/page.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('identical-links-same-purpose test', function() {
+describe('identical-links-same-purpose test', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var config = {
@@ -8,13 +8,13 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose test', function() {
     }
   };
 
-  before(function(done) {
+  before(function (done) {
     axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(done);
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('should find no violations given a selector array', function(done) {
-    axe.run(config, function(err, results) {
+  it('should find no violations given a selector array', function (done) {
+    axe.run(config, function (err, results) {
       assert.isNull(err);
 
       /**
diff --git a/test/integration/full/incomplete/color-contrast.html b/test/integration/full/incomplete/color-contrast.html
index b7f333048..1828e5d0c 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/incomplete/color-contrast.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/incomplete/color-contrast.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html>
   <head>
     <title>Contrast Incomplete test</title>
@@ -20,27 +20,44 @@
     </script>
   </head>
   <body>
-    <div id="fixture" style="width: 100%; position: relative;">
+    <div id="fixture" style="width: 100%; position: relative">
       <div
         id="parent"
-        style="height: 40px; width: 30px;
-		 background-color: white; position: relative; z-index: 5"
+        style="
+          height: 50px;
+          width: 50px;
+          background-color: white;
+          position: relative;
+          z-index: 5;
+        "
       >
         <div
           id="shifted"
-          style="position: absolute; top: -10px; height: 40px;width: 35px; z-index: 15;"
+          style="
+            position: absolute;
+            top: -10px;
+            height: 50px;
+            width: 50px;
+            z-index: 15;
+          "
         >
-          <img src="some-img.png" width="35" height="40" />
+          <img src="some-img.png" width="50" height="50" />
         </div>
         <div
           id="target"
-          style="position: relative; top: 1px; height: 20px
-			 width: 25px; z-index: 25; background:rgba(0,125,0,0.5);"
+          style="
+            position: relative;
+            top: 1px;
+            height: 20px;
+            width: 50px;
+            z-index: 25;
+            background: rgba(0, 125, 0, 0.5);
+          "
         >
           Text
         </div>
       </div>
-      <div style="background-image:linear-gradient(red, orange); color:#fff;">
+      <div style="background-image: linear-gradient(red, orange); color: #fff">
         Text over gradient
       </div>
 
@@ -56,13 +73,18 @@
       </style>
       <button
         id="pseudoOnButton"
-        style="position: relative; background-color: transparent; color: #ffffaa"
+        style="
+          position: relative;
+          background-color: transparent;
+          color: #ffffaa;
+        "
       >
         Button with ::before
       </button>
     </div>
 
     <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <script src="/test/integration/no-ui-reporter.js"></script>
     <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
     <script src="color-contrast.js"></script>
     <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/incomplete/color-contrast.js b/test/integration/full/incomplete/color-contrast.js
index 8cec87ad8..cb85adf6a 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/incomplete/color-contrast.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/incomplete/color-contrast.js
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-describe('contrast cantTell test', function() {
+describe('contrast cantTell test', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         '#fixture',
         {
           runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['color-contrast'] }
         },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -17,31 +17,31 @@ describe('contrast cantTell test', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes/violations', function() {
-    it('should find 0 passes', function() {
+  describe('passes/violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0 passes', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
-    it('should find 0 violations', function() {
+    it('should find 0 violations', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('incomplete data', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('incomplete data', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
     });
 
-    describe('indicating specific reasons', function() {
-      it('works for image nodes', function() {
+    describe('indicating specific reasons', function () {
+      it('works for image nodes', function () {
         var resultNodes = results.incomplete[0].nodes;
-        resultNodes[0].any.forEach(function(check) {
+        resultNodes[0].any.forEach(function (check) {
           assert.match(check.message, /image node/);
         });
       });
 
-      it('works for background gradients', function() {
+      it('works for background gradients', function () {
         var resultNodes = results.incomplete[0].nodes;
-        resultNodes[1].any.forEach(function(check) {
+        resultNodes[1].any.forEach(function (check) {
           assert.match(check.message, /background gradient/);
         });
       });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/incomplete/th-has-data-cells.html b/test/integration/full/incomplete/th-has-data-cells.html
index 01770dcef..c592472dd 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/incomplete/th-has-data-cells.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/incomplete/th-has-data-cells.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html>
   <head>
     <title>th-has-data-cells incomplete test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/incomplete/th-has-data-cells.js b/test/integration/full/incomplete/th-has-data-cells.js
index b02d9f1d9..3bb9197dc 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/incomplete/th-has-data-cells.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/incomplete/th-has-data-cells.js
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-describe('th-has-data-cells cantTell test', function() {
+describe('th-has-data-cells cantTell test', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         '#fixture',
         {
           runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['th-has-data-cells'] }
         },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -17,20 +17,20 @@ describe('th-has-data-cells cantTell test', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes/violations', function() {
-    it('should find 0 passes', function() {
+  describe('passes/violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0 passes', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
-    it('should find 0 violations', function() {
+    it('should find 0 violations', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('incomplete data', function() {
-    it('should be incomplete for missing or empty data cells', function() {
+  describe('incomplete data', function () {
+    it('should be incomplete for missing or empty data cells', function () {
       var resultNodes = results.incomplete[0].nodes;
       assert.lengthOf(resultNodes, 2);
-      resultNodes[0].any.forEach(function(check) {
+      resultNodes[0].any.forEach(function (check) {
         assert.match(check.message, 'Table data cells are missing or empty');
       });
     });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/is-xhtml/is-xhtml.js b/test/integration/full/is-xhtml/is-xhtml.js
index 7a6ee89d0..5facfc694 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/is-xhtml/is-xhtml.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/is-xhtml/is-xhtml.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-describe('axe.utils.isXHTML', function() {
+describe('axe.utils.isXHTML', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should return true on any document that is XHTML', function() {
+  it('should return true on any document that is XHTML', function () {
     assert.isTrue(axe.utils.isXHTML(document));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/is-xhtml/is-xhtml.xhtml b/test/integration/full/is-xhtml/is-xhtml.xhtml
index c0b6e4f70..5179fe5cc 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/is-xhtml/is-xhtml.xhtml
+++ b/test/integration/full/is-xhtml/is-xhtml.xhtml
@@ -1,24 +1,27 @@
 <html lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
-<head>
-	<title>axe.utils.isXHTML test</title>
-	<meta charset="utf-8"/>
-	<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css" />
-	<script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
-	<script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
-	<script src="/axe.js"></script>
-	<script>
-		mocha.setup({
-			timeout: 10000,
-			ui: 'bdd'
-		});
-		var assert = chai.assert;
-	</script>
-</head>
-<body>
-	<div id="fixture">
-	</div>
-<div id="mocha"></div>
-<script src="is-xhtml.js"></script>
-<script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
-</body>
+  <head>
+    <title>axe.utils.isXHTML test</title>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
+    />
+    <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      mocha.setup({
+        timeout: 10000,
+        ui: 'bdd'
+      });
+      var assert = chai.assert;
+    </script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="fixture"></div>
+    <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <script src="is-xhtml.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
+  </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/isolated-env/frames/focusable.html b/test/integration/full/isolated-env/frames/focusable.html
index de5374ba3..c750c4c73 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/isolated-env/frames/focusable.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/isolated-env/frames/focusable.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="focusable">
   <head>
     <title>Hello</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/isolated-env/frames/isolated.html b/test/integration/full/isolated-env/frames/isolated.html
index b93be6ab7..55dfd3b1a 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/isolated-env/frames/isolated.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/isolated-env/frames/isolated.html
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html>
   <body>
     <script>
       window
         .fetch('/axe.js')
-        .then(function(response) {
+        .then(function (response) {
           return response.text();
         })
-        .then(function(axeSource) {
+        .then(function (axeSource) {
           // add axe to the "this" object instead of
           // window so we can ensure window and document
           // do not exist for after and reporter
diff --git a/test/integration/full/isolated-env/isolated-env.html b/test/integration/full/isolated-env/isolated-env.html
index defb21a83..74c794e1b 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/isolated-env/isolated-env.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/isolated-env/isolated-env.html
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" xml:lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>all rules test</title>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
     <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="foo" />
-    <meta name="viewport" content="maximum-scale=2;" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="maximum-scale=2" />
     <link
       rel="stylesheet"
       type="text/css"
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
         </div>
         <audio id="caption"><track kind="captions" /></audio>
         <input autocomplete="username" />
-        <p id="fail1" style="line-height: 1.5 !important;">Banana error</p>
+        <p id="fail1" style="line-height: 1.5 !important">Banana error</p>
         <p><blink>text</blink></p>
         <button id="text">Name</button>
         <dl>
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ <h2>Ok</h2>
           </tr>
         </table>
 
-        <img src="img.jpg" alt="" />
+        <img src="img.jpg" alt="" aria-braillelabel="my image" />
         <video><track kind="captions" /></video>
         <svg
           xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
@@ -79,11 +79,14 @@ <h2>Ok</h2>
           <title>I am a circle</title>
           <circle cx="50" cy="50" r="40" fill="yellow"></circle>
         </svg>
-        <div lang="en"></div>
-        <object title="This object has text"></object>
+        <div lang="en">English</div>
+        <object
+          title="This object has text"
+          data="data:text/html,Object%20content"
+        ></object>
         <li role="presentation" aria-label="My Heading">Hello</li>
         <div role="img" aria-label="blah"></div>
-        <div style="overflow-y: scroll; height: 5px;">
+        <div style="overflow-y: scroll; height: 5px">
           <input type="text" />
         </div>
         <select aria-label="foo"></select>
@@ -101,6 +104,11 @@ <h2>Ok</h2>
         <span id="pass1"></span>
         <button id="pass2"></button>
         <div aria-labelledby="fail1 pass1 pass2"></div>
+        <audio
+          id="incomplete1"
+          src="/test/assets/moon-speech.mp3"
+          autoplay="true"
+        ></audio>
       </main>
       <footer></footer>
 
@@ -115,6 +123,7 @@ <h2>Ok</h2>
         src="frames/focusable.html"
         tabindex="-1"
       ></iframe>
+      <p>Paragraph with a <a href="#">link</a>.</p>
     </div>
     <div id="mocha"></div>
     <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/isolated-env/isolated-env.js b/test/integration/full/isolated-env/isolated-env.js
index 1c054808e..f10b44858 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/isolated-env/isolated-env.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/isolated-env/isolated-env.js
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 /* global chai */
 
-describe('isolated-env test', function() {
+describe('isolated-env test', function () {
   'use strict';
   var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
-  var isIE11 = axe.testUtils.isIE11;
   var origPartialResults;
   var partialResults;
   var win;
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ describe('isolated-env test', function() {
 
   function setEmptyReporter() {
     win.axeConfigure({
-      reporter: function(results, options, callback) {
+      reporter: function (results, options, callback) {
         if (typeof options === 'function') {
           callback = options;
           options = {};
@@ -35,46 +34,47 @@ describe('isolated-env test', function() {
     });
   }
 
-  before(function(done) {
-    if (isIE11) {
-      return this.skip();
-    }
-
-    var nestedLoadPromise = new Promise(function(resolve) {
-      axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(resolve);
+  before(function (done) {
+    var nestedLoadPromise = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
+      axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(resolve, reject);
     });
 
-    var isloadedPromise = new Promise(function(resolve) {
-      window.addEventListener('message', function(msg) {
+    var isloadedPromise = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
+      window.addEventListener('message', function (msg) {
         if (msg.data === 'axe-loaded') {
           resolve();
         }
       });
+      setTimeout(function () {
+        reject(new Error('axe-loaded message not called'));
+      }, 5000);
     });
 
-    Promise.all([nestedLoadPromise, isloadedPromise]).then(function() {
-      win = fixture.querySelector('#isolated-frame').contentWindow;
-      var focusableFrame = fixture.querySelector('#focusable-iframe');
-
-      // trigger frame-focusable-content rule
-      var iframePromise = focusableFrame.contentWindow.axe.runPartial({
-        include: [],
-        exclude: [],
-        initiator: false,
-        focusable: false,
-        size: { width: 10, height: 10 }
-      });
-
-      Promise.all([axe.runPartial(), iframePromise])
-        .then(function(r) {
-          origPartialResults = r;
-          done();
-        })
-        .catch(done);
-    });
+    Promise.all([nestedLoadPromise, isloadedPromise])
+      .then(function () {
+        win = fixture.querySelector('#isolated-frame').contentWindow;
+        var focusableFrame = fixture.querySelector('#focusable-iframe');
+
+        // trigger frame-focusable-content rule
+        var iframePromise = focusableFrame.contentWindow.axe.runPartial({
+          include: [],
+          exclude: [],
+          initiator: false,
+          focusable: false,
+          size: { width: 10, height: 10 }
+        });
+
+        Promise.all([axe.runPartial(), iframePromise])
+          .then(function (r) {
+            origPartialResults = r;
+            done();
+          })
+          .catch(done);
+      })
+      .catch(done);
   });
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     // calling axe.finishRun mutates the partial results
     // object and prevents calling finishRun again with
     // the same object
@@ -85,56 +85,56 @@ describe('isolated-env test', function() {
     }
   });
 
-  it('successfully isolates axe object in iframe', function() {
+  it('successfully isolates axe object in iframe', function () {
     assert.isUndefined(win.axe);
     assert.isDefined(win.axeFinishRun);
     assert.isDefined(win.axeConfigure);
   });
 
-  it('after methods do not error by calling window or DOM methods', function(done) {
+  it('after methods do not error by calling window or DOM methods', function (done) {
     setEmptyReporter();
 
     win
       .axeFinishRun(partialResults)
-      .then(function(results) {
+      .then(function (results) {
         assert.isDefined(results);
         done();
       })
-      .catch(function(err) {
+      .catch(function (err) {
         doesNotThrow(err, done);
       });
   });
 
-  it('runs all rules and after methods', function(done) {
+  it('runs all rules and after methods', function (done) {
     win
       .axeFinishRun(partialResults)
-      .then(function(results) {
+      .then(function (results) {
         assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
         done();
       })
-      .catch(function(err) {
+      .catch(function (err) {
         doesNotThrow(err, done);
       });
   });
 
-  describe('reporters', function() {
+  describe('reporters', function () {
     var reporters = axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.public.reporters;
-    Object.keys(reporters).forEach(function(reporterName) {
+    Object.keys(reporters).forEach(function (reporterName) {
       it(
         reporterName +
           ' reporter does not error by calling window or DOM methods',
-        function(done) {
+        function (done) {
           win.axeConfigure({
             reporter: reporterName
           });
 
           win
             .axeFinishRun(partialResults)
-            .then(function(results) {
+            .then(function (results) {
               assert.isDefined(results);
               done();
             })
-            .catch(function(err) {
+            .catch(function (err) {
               doesNotThrow(err, done);
             });
         }
diff --git a/test/integration/full/jquery/run-include-exclude.html b/test/integration/full/jquery/run-include-exclude.html
index d285a4c99..35dc1e51d 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/jquery/run-include-exclude.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/jquery/run-include-exclude.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>jQuery include test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/jquery/run-include-exclude.js b/test/integration/full/jquery/run-include-exclude.js
index d270992cb..162d667d0 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/jquery/run-include-exclude.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/jquery/run-include-exclude.js
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 /*global $ */
 
-describe('jQuery object with axe.run', function() {
+describe('jQuery object with axe.run', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var config = { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['aria-roles'] } };
 
-  describe('include', function() {
-    it('should find violations', function(done) {
+  describe('include', function () {
+    it('should find violations', function (done) {
       var target = $('#target')[0];
-      axe.run({ include: [target] }, config, function(err, results) {
+      axe.run({ include: [target] }, config, function (err, results) {
         assert.isNull(err);
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
         assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@ describe('jQuery object with axe.run', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('exclude', function() {
-    it('should find no violations', function(done) {
+  describe('exclude', function () {
+    it('should find no violations', function (done) {
       var target = $('#target')[0];
-      axe.run({ exclude: [target] }, config, function(err, results) {
+      axe.run({ exclude: [target] }, config, function (err, results) {
         assert.isNull(err);
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
         assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
diff --git a/test/integration/full/jquery/run-object.html b/test/integration/full/jquery/run-object.html
index 02e885e5c..8cf2bca28 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/jquery/run-object.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/jquery/run-object.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>jQuery object test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/jquery/run-object.js b/test/integration/full/jquery/run-object.js
index 3d7c967d4..74a65bd9a 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/jquery/run-object.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/jquery/run-object.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 /*global $ */
 
-describe('jQuery object as axe.run context', function() {
+describe('jQuery object as axe.run context', function () {
   'use strict';
   var config = { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['aria-roles'] } };
-  it('should find no violations', function(done) {
+  it('should find no violations', function (done) {
     var fixture = $('#fixture');
-    axe.run(fixture, config, function(err, results) {
+    axe.run(fixture, config, function (err, results) {
       assert.isNull(err);
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/frames/level1-fail.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/frames/level1-fail.html
index e2d63a298..7be8fadcb 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/frames/level1-fail.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/frames/level1-fail.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="violation2">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/frames/level1.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/frames/level1.html
index 19d03eeb4..08ca5610c 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/frames/level1.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/frames/level1.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="pass2">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/frames/level2.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/frames/level2.html
index 481be51b3..7911fef06 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/frames/level2.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/frames/level2.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="pass3">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/landmark-banner-is-top-level-fail.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/landmark-banner-is-top-level-fail.html
index a6e9b99e3..c974c0859 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/landmark-banner-is-top-level-fail.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/landmark-banner-is-top-level-fail.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="violation1">
   <head>
     <title>landmark-banner-is-top-level test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/landmark-banner-is-top-level-fail.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/landmark-banner-is-top-level-fail.js
index 42c845d66..279bcabe4 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/landmark-banner-is-top-level-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/landmark-banner-is-top-level-fail.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('landmark-banner-is-top-level test fail', function() {
+describe('landmark-banner-is-top-level test fail', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['landmark-banner-is-top-level'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,27 +14,27 @@ describe('landmark-banner-is-top-level test fail', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find 2 nodes', function() {
+    it('should find 2 nodes', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 2);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find none', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find none', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/landmark-banner-is-top-level-pass.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/landmark-banner-is-top-level-pass.html
index c91862fcb..f60d1f737 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/landmark-banner-is-top-level-pass.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/landmark-banner-is-top-level-pass.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass1">
   <head>
     <title>landmark-banner-is-top-level test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/landmark-banner-is-top-level-pass.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/landmark-banner-is-top-level-pass.js
index e04466552..87107ca79 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/landmark-banner-is-top-level-pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-banner-is-top-level/landmark-banner-is-top-level-pass.js
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-describe('landmark-banner-is-top-level test pass', function() {
+describe('landmark-banner-is-top-level test pass', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
 
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['landmark-banner-is-top-level'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -15,23 +15,23 @@ describe('landmark-banner-is-top-level test pass', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 3', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 3', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 2);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/frames/level1-fail.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/frames/level1-fail.html
index ac3e6cc56..f1ebc9588 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/frames/level1-fail.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/frames/level1-fail.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="violation2">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/frames/level1.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/frames/level1.html
index 19d03eeb4..08ca5610c 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/frames/level1.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/frames/level1.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="pass2">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/frames/level2.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/frames/level2.html
index cb64a008a..c8e400a40 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/frames/level2.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/frames/level2.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="pass3">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/landmark-complementary-is-top-level-fail.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/landmark-complementary-is-top-level-fail.html
index 392e36d08..c28716cae 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/landmark-complementary-is-top-level-fail.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/landmark-complementary-is-top-level-fail.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="violation1">
   <head>
     <title>landmark-complementary-is-top-level test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/landmark-complementary-is-top-level-fail.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/landmark-complementary-is-top-level-fail.js
index 483904b9b..db9699e58 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/landmark-complementary-is-top-level-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/landmark-complementary-is-top-level-fail.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-describe('landmark-complementary-is-top-level test fail', function() {
+describe('landmark-complementary-is-top-level test fail', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         {
           runOnly: {
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ describe('landmark-complementary-is-top-level test fail', function() {
             values: ['landmark-complementary-is-top-level']
           }
         },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -19,27 +19,27 @@ describe('landmark-complementary-is-top-level test fail', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find 2 nodes', function() {
+    it('should find 2 nodes', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 2);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find none', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find none', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/landmark-complementary-is-top-level-pass.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/landmark-complementary-is-top-level-pass.html
index d3a77b041..a41ec0fe0 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/landmark-complementary-is-top-level-pass.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/landmark-complementary-is-top-level-pass.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass1">
   <head>
     <title>landmark-complementary-is-top-level test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/landmark-complementary-is-top-level-pass.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/landmark-complementary-is-top-level-pass.js
index fcce8552d..fba93feb3 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/landmark-complementary-is-top-level-pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-complementary-is-top-level/landmark-complementary-is-top-level-pass.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-describe('landmark-complementary-is-top-level test pass', function() {
+describe('landmark-complementary-is-top-level test pass', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         {
           runOnly: {
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ describe('landmark-complementary-is-top-level test pass', function() {
             values: ['landmark-complementary-is-top-level']
           }
         },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -19,23 +19,23 @@ describe('landmark-complementary-is-top-level test pass', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 5', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 5', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 5);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/frames/level1-fail.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/frames/level1-fail.html
index 98365c787..00a637ab7 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/frames/level1-fail.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/frames/level1-fail.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="violation2">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/frames/level1.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/frames/level1.html
index aac50bbdc..8ee7dde6e 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/frames/level1.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/frames/level1.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="pass2">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/frames/level2.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/frames/level2.html
index d3f922631..d6ca3a742 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/frames/level2.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/frames/level2.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="pass3">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level-fail.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level-fail.html
index 1fa878e68..6ae4afeb4 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level-fail.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level-fail.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="violation1">
   <head>
     <title>landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level-fail.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level-fail.js
index be84195f4..5266d6190 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level-fail.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-describe('landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level test fail', function() {
+describe('landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level test fail', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         {
           runOnly: {
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ describe('landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level test fail', function() {
             values: ['landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level']
           }
         },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -19,27 +19,27 @@ describe('landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level test fail', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find 2 nodes', function() {
+    it('should find 2 nodes', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 2);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find none', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find none', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level-pass.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level-pass.html
index 4ff77ed06..66e475289 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level-pass.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level-pass.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass1">
   <head>
     <title>landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level-pass.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level-pass.js
index 6c249e933..7db0640af 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level-pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level/landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level-pass.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-describe('landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level test pass', function() {
+describe('landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level test pass', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         {
           runOnly: {
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ describe('landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level test pass', function() {
             values: ['landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level']
           }
         },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -19,23 +19,23 @@ describe('landmark-contentinfo-is-top-level test pass', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 2', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 2', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 2);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/frames/level1-fail.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/frames/level1-fail.html
index 7b0017486..a95085157 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/frames/level1-fail.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/frames/level1-fail.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="violation2">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/frames/level1.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/frames/level1.html
index 098a60eb1..5e16b4e5d 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/frames/level1.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/frames/level1.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="pass2">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/frames/level2-a.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/frames/level2-a.html
index 376523400..de4b9e59c 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/frames/level2-a.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/frames/level2-a.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="violation4">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/frames/level2.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/frames/level2.html
index fe2dcb957..ed97c1d98 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/frames/level2.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/frames/level2.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="violation3">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/landmark-main-is-top-level-fail.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/landmark-main-is-top-level-fail.html
index ed236efc8..083c8ced8 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/landmark-main-is-top-level-fail.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/landmark-main-is-top-level-fail.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="violation1">
   <head>
     <title>landmark-main-is-top-level test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/landmark-main-is-top-level-fail.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/landmark-main-is-top-level-fail.js
index 0b611de8b..25c2fdcda 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/landmark-main-is-top-level-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/landmark-main-is-top-level-fail.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('landmark-main-is-top-level test fail', function() {
+describe('landmark-main-is-top-level test fail', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['landmark-main-is-top-level'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,27 +14,27 @@ describe('landmark-main-is-top-level test fail', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find 4 nodes', function() {
+    it('should find 4 nodes', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 4);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find none', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find none', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/landmark-main-is-top-level-pass.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/landmark-main-is-top-level-pass.html
index 3d420cd53..c08ade8d8 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/landmark-main-is-top-level-pass.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/landmark-main-is-top-level-pass.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass1">
   <head>
     <title>landmark-main-is-top-level test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/landmark-main-is-top-level-pass.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/landmark-main-is-top-level-pass.js
index 3d72c8a43..3a9fb9852 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/landmark-main-is-top-level-pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-main-is-top-level/landmark-main-is-top-level-pass.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('landmark-main-is-top-level test pass', function() {
+describe('landmark-main-is-top-level test pass', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['landmark-main-is-top-level'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,23 +14,23 @@ describe('landmark-main-is-top-level test pass', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 2', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 2', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 2);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/frames/level1-fail.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/frames/level1-fail.html
index 11ac52957..6e27df071 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/frames/level1-fail.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/frames/level1-fail.html
@@ -1,16 +1,12 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
     <script src="/axe.js"></script>
   </head>
   <body>
-    <header id="fail2">
-      Header 1
-    </header>
-    <header>
-      Header 2
-    </header>
+    <header id="fail2">Header 1</header>
+    <header>Header 2</header>
     <iframe id="frame2" src="level2.html"></iframe>
   </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/frames/level1.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/frames/level1.html
index c2ae01f08..01390c14a 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/frames/level1.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/frames/level1.html
@@ -1,37 +1,40 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
     <script src="/axe.js"></script>
   </head>
   <body>
-    <header id="pass2">
-      Top level header
-    </header>
+    <header id="pass2">Top level header</header>
     <article>
-      <header>
-        Header in article
-      </header>
+      <header>Header in article</header>
     </article>
     <aside>
-      <header>
-        Header in aside
-      </header>
+      <header>Header in aside</header>
     </aside>
     <main>
-      <header>
-        Header in main landmark
-      </header>
+      <header>Header in main landmark</header>
     </main>
     <nav>
-      <header>
-        Header in nav
-      </header>
+      <header>Header in nav</header>
     </nav>
     <section>
-      <header>
-        Header in section
-      </header>
+      <header>Header in section</header>
     </section>
+    <div role="article">
+      <header>Header in role=article</header>
+    </div>
+    <div role="complementary">
+      <header>Header in role=complementary</header>
+    </div>
+    <div role="main">
+      <header>Header in role=main landmark</header>
+    </div>
+    <div role="navigation">
+      <header>Header in role=navigation</header>
+    </div>
+    <div role="region">
+      <header>Header in role=region</header>
+    </div>
   </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/frames/level2.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/frames/level2.html
index 51878b751..bf07d6ede 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/frames/level2.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/frames/level2.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
@@ -9,9 +9,7 @@
       <div role="banner" id="fail3">
         Div 1 with role banner in main landmark
       </div>
-      <div role="banner">
-        Div 2 with role banner in main landmark
-      </div>
+      <div role="banner">Div 2 with role banner in main landmark</div>
     </main>
   </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/landmark-no-duplicate-banner-fail.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/landmark-no-duplicate-banner-fail.html
index 7b2ea4e47..46d79e3ea 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/landmark-no-duplicate-banner-fail.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/landmark-no-duplicate-banner-fail.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
@@ -19,12 +19,8 @@
     </script>
   </head>
   <body>
-    <div role="banner" id="fail1">
-      Div 1 with role of "banner"
-    </div>
-    <div role="banner">
-      Div 2 with role of "banner"
-    </div>
+    <div role="banner" id="fail1">Div 1 with role of "banner"</div>
+    <div role="banner">Div 2 with role of "banner"</div>
     <iframe id="frame1" src="frames/level1-fail.html"></iframe>
     <div id="mocha"></div>
     <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/landmark-no-duplicate-banner-fail.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/landmark-no-duplicate-banner-fail.js
index 1895b8ec1..169b1249b 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/landmark-no-duplicate-banner-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/landmark-no-duplicate-banner-fail.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('landmark-no-duplicate-banner test failure', function() {
+describe('landmark-no-duplicate-banner test failure', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['landmark-no-duplicate-banner'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,23 +14,23 @@ describe('landmark-no-duplicate-banner test failure', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 3', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 3', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 3);
     });
 
-    it('should find #fail1', function() {
+    it('should find #fail1', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, ['#fail1']);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #fail2', function() {
+    it('should find #frame1, #fail2', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[1].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#fail2'
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #frame2, #fail3', function() {
+    it('should find #frame1, #frame2, #fail3', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[2].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#frame2',
@@ -39,17 +39,17 @@ describe('landmark-no-duplicate-banner test failure', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/landmark-no-duplicate-banner-pass.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/landmark-no-duplicate-banner-pass.html
index 2100555e7..0814cfa01 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/landmark-no-duplicate-banner-pass.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/landmark-no-duplicate-banner-pass.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass1">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/landmark-no-duplicate-banner-pass.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/landmark-no-duplicate-banner-pass.js
index edda4bb69..7c03bdc84 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/landmark-no-duplicate-banner-pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-banner/landmark-no-duplicate-banner-pass.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('landmark-no-duplicate-banner test pass', function() {
+describe('landmark-no-duplicate-banner test pass', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['landmark-no-duplicate-banner'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,18 +14,18 @@ describe('landmark-no-duplicate-banner test pass', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #pass2', function() {
+    it('should find #frame1, #pass2', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#pass2'
@@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ describe('landmark-no-duplicate-banner test pass', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/frames/level1-fail.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/frames/level1-fail.html
index b168602fa..637abc2ab 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/frames/level1-fail.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/frames/level1-fail.html
@@ -1,16 +1,12 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
     <script src="/axe.js"></script>
   </head>
   <body>
-    <footer id="fail2">
-      Footer 1
-    </footer>
-    <footer>
-      Footer 2
-    </footer>
+    <footer id="fail2">Footer 1</footer>
+    <footer>Footer 2</footer>
     <iframe id="frame2" src="level2.html"></iframe>
   </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/frames/level1.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/frames/level1.html
index 6d132f8c3..87a2079c0 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/frames/level1.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/frames/level1.html
@@ -1,37 +1,40 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
     <script src="/axe.js"></script>
   </head>
   <body>
-    <footer id="pass2">
-      Top level footer
-    </footer>
+    <footer id="pass2">Top level footer</footer>
     <article>
-      <footer>
-        Footer in article
-      </footer>
+      <footer>Footer in article</footer>
     </article>
     <aside>
-      <footer>
-        Footer in aside
-      </footer>
+      <footer>Footer in aside</footer>
     </aside>
     <main>
-      <footer>
-        Footer in main landmark
-      </footer>
+      <footer>Footer in main landmark</footer>
     </main>
     <nav>
-      <footer>
-        Footer in nav
-      </footer>
+      <footer>Footer in nav</footer>
     </nav>
     <section>
-      <footer>
-        Footer in section
-      </footer>
+      <footer>Footer in section</footer>
     </section>
+    <div role="article">
+      <footer>Footer in role=article</footer>
+    </div>
+    <div role="complementary">
+      <footer>Footer in role=complementary</footer>
+    </div>
+    <div role="main">
+      <footer>Footer in role=main landmark</footer>
+    </div>
+    <div role="navigation">
+      <footer>Footer in role=navigation</footer>
+    </div>
+    <div role="region">
+      <footer>Footer in role=region</footer>
+    </div>
   </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/frames/level2.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/frames/level2.html
index da1ff8a38..37af069fe 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/frames/level2.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/frames/level2.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
@@ -9,9 +9,7 @@
       <div role="contentinfo" id="fail3">
         Div 1 with role contentinfo in main landmark
       </div>
-      <div role="contentinfo">
-        Div 2 with role contentinfo in main landmark
-      </div>
+      <div role="contentinfo">Div 2 with role contentinfo in main landmark</div>
     </main>
   </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo-fail.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo-fail.html
index bb06d058e..b4ee5ec60 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo-fail.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo-fail.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
@@ -19,12 +19,8 @@
     </script>
   </head>
   <body>
-    <div role="contentinfo" id="fail1">
-      Div 1 with role of "contentinfo"
-    </div>
-    <div role="contentinfo">
-      Div 2 with role of "contentinfo"
-    </div>
+    <div role="contentinfo" id="fail1">Div 1 with role of "contentinfo"</div>
+    <div role="contentinfo">Div 2 with role of "contentinfo"</div>
     <iframe id="frame1" src="frames/level1-fail.html"></iframe>
     <div id="mocha"></div>
     <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo-fail.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo-fail.js
index 68bc46959..469e4551a 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo-fail.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-describe('landmark-no-more-than-one-contentinfo test failure', function() {
+describe('landmark-no-more-than-one-contentinfo test failure', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         {
           runOnly: {
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ describe('landmark-no-more-than-one-contentinfo test failure', function() {
             values: ['landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo']
           }
         },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -19,23 +19,23 @@ describe('landmark-no-more-than-one-contentinfo test failure', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 3', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 3', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 3);
     });
 
-    it('should find #fail1', function() {
+    it('should find #fail1', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, ['#fail1']);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #fail2', function() {
+    it('should find #frame1, #fail2', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[1].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#fail2'
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #frame2, #fail3', function() {
+    it('should find #frame1, #frame2, #fail3', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[2].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#frame2',
@@ -44,17 +44,17 @@ describe('landmark-no-more-than-one-contentinfo test failure', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo-pass.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo-pass.html
index a03b3c735..e0a514c68 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo-pass.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo-pass.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo-pass.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo-pass.js
index 3f5fa1f8a..7dc0657da 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo-pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo/landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo-pass.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-describe('landmark-no-more-than-one-contentinfo test pass', function() {
+describe('landmark-no-more-than-one-contentinfo test pass', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         {
           runOnly: {
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ describe('landmark-no-more-than-one-contentinfo test pass', function() {
             values: ['landmark-no-duplicate-contentinfo']
           }
         },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -19,18 +19,18 @@ describe('landmark-no-more-than-one-contentinfo test pass', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #pass2', function() {
+    it('should find #frame1, #pass2', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#pass2'
@@ -38,11 +38,11 @@ describe('landmark-no-more-than-one-contentinfo test pass', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/frames/level1-fail.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/frames/level1-fail.html
index 47e0ba71d..bfcc52007 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/frames/level1-fail.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/frames/level1-fail.html
@@ -1,16 +1,12 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
     <script src="/axe.js"></script>
   </head>
   <body>
-    <main id="fail2">
-      Main 1
-    </main>
-    <main>
-      Main 2
-    </main>
+    <main id="fail2">Main 1</main>
+    <main>Main 2</main>
     <iframe id="frame2" src="level2.html"></iframe>
   </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/frames/level1.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/frames/level1.html
index 7e81d9eb1..64504b77e 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/frames/level1.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/frames/level1.html
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
     <script src="/axe.js"></script>
   </head>
   <body>
-    <main id="pass2">
-      Top level main
-    </main>
+    <main id="pass2">Top level main</main>
   </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/frames/level2.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/frames/level2.html
index 408ade638..527137a4a 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/frames/level2.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/frames/level2.html
@@ -1,15 +1,11 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
     <script src="/axe.js"></script>
   </head>
   <body>
-    <div role="main" id="fail3">
-      Div 1 with role main in main landmark
-    </div>
-    <div role="main">
-      Div 2 with role main in main landmark
-    </div>
+    <div role="main" id="fail3">Div 1 with role main in main landmark</div>
+    <div role="main">Div 2 with role main in main landmark</div>
   </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/landmark-no-duplicate-main-fail.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/landmark-no-duplicate-main-fail.html
index f48d2933e..d3d598c36 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/landmark-no-duplicate-main-fail.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/landmark-no-duplicate-main-fail.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
@@ -19,12 +19,8 @@
     </script>
   </head>
   <body>
-    <div role="main" id="fail1">
-      Div 1 with role of "main"
-    </div>
-    <div role="main">
-      Div 2 with role of "main"
-    </div>
+    <div role="main" id="fail1">Div 1 with role of "main"</div>
+    <div role="main">Div 2 with role of "main"</div>
     <iframe id="frame1" src="frames/level1-fail.html"></iframe>
     <div id="mocha"></div>
     <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/landmark-no-duplicate-main-fail.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/landmark-no-duplicate-main-fail.js
index 1cbf7b55f..f0cfe4f5a 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/landmark-no-duplicate-main-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/landmark-no-duplicate-main-fail.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('landmark-no-duplicate-main test failure', function() {
+describe('landmark-no-duplicate-main test failure', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['landmark-no-duplicate-main'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,23 +14,23 @@ describe('landmark-no-duplicate-main test failure', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 3', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 3', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 3);
     });
 
-    it('should find #fail1', function() {
+    it('should find #fail1', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, ['#fail1']);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #fail2', function() {
+    it('should find #frame1, #fail2', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[1].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#fail2'
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #frame2, #fail3', function() {
+    it('should find #frame1, #frame2, #fail3', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[2].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#frame2',
@@ -39,17 +39,17 @@ describe('landmark-no-duplicate-main test failure', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/landmark-no-duplicate-main-pass.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/landmark-no-duplicate-main-pass.html
index f4e03773f..d16d7966a 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/landmark-no-duplicate-main-pass.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/landmark-no-duplicate-main-pass.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass1">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/landmark-no-duplicate-main-pass.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/landmark-no-duplicate-main-pass.js
index a98b0e6bb..f90296c12 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/landmark-no-duplicate-main-pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-no-duplicate-main/landmark-no-duplicate-main-pass.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('landmark-no-duplicate-main test pass', function() {
+describe('landmark-no-duplicate-main test pass', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['landmark-no-duplicate-main'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,18 +14,18 @@ describe('landmark-no-duplicate-main test pass', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #pass2', function() {
+    it('should find #frame1, #pass2', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#pass2'
@@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ describe('landmark-no-duplicate-main test pass', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/frames/level1-fail.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/frames/level1-fail.html
index afd1788c5..c39c10c2f 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/frames/level1-fail.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/frames/level1-fail.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="violation2">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/frames/level1.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/frames/level1.html
index d3f3f2710..c8c08eaba 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/frames/level1.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/frames/level1.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass2">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/frames/level2-a.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/frames/level2-a.html
index 84440f94f..284c038b2 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/frames/level2-a.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/frames/level2-a.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass3">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/frames/level2.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/frames/level2.html
index 580f13d04..16768ad5a 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/frames/level2.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/frames/level2.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass4">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-fail.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-fail.html
index 7454e099b..48e20b4d7 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-fail.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-fail.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="fail1">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-fail.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-fail.js
index 06fbd5c8b..37e03b709 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-fail.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('landmark-one-main test failure', function() {
+describe('landmark-one-main test failure', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['landmark-one-main'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,16 +14,16 @@ describe('landmark-one-main test failure', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 2);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1', function() {
+    it('should find #frame1', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, ['#fail1']);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #violation2', function() {
+    it('should find #frame1, #violation2', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[1].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#violation2'
@@ -31,17 +31,17 @@ describe('landmark-one-main test failure', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass1.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass1.html
index 39bf5eb82..28662d483 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass1.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass1.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass1">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass1.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass1.js
index 1a93c9167..0f992c2b0 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass1.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass1.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('landmark-one-main test pass', function() {
+describe('landmark-one-main test pass', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['landmark-one-main'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,29 +14,29 @@ describe('landmark-one-main test pass', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 4', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 4', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 4);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass1', function() {
+    it('should find #pass1', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass1']);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #pass2', function() {
+    it('should find #frame1, #pass2', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[1].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#pass2'
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #frame2, #pass3', function() {
+    it('should find #frame1, #frame2, #pass3', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[2].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#frame2',
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ describe('landmark-one-main test pass', function() {
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #frame3, #pass4', function() {
+    it('should find #frame1, #frame3, #pass4', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[3].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#frame3',
@@ -53,11 +53,11 @@ describe('landmark-one-main test pass', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass2.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass2.html
index 73100def3..9e2c1563e 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass2.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass2.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass1">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass2.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass2.js
index 0c41f44d1..63de982d5 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass2.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass2.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('landmark-one-main test pass', function() {
+describe('landmark-one-main test pass', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['landmark-one-main'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,27 +14,27 @@ describe('landmark-one-main test pass', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass1', function() {
+    it('should find #pass1', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass1']);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass3.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass3.html
index b2cc0c578..703adcab3 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass3.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass3.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass1">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass3.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass3.js
index 0c41f44d1..63de982d5 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass3.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass3.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('landmark-one-main test pass', function() {
+describe('landmark-one-main test pass', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['landmark-one-main'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -14,27 +14,27 @@ describe('landmark-one-main test pass', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass1', function() {
+    it('should find #pass1', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass1']);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass4.html b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass4.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5bce4b821
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass4.html
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en" id="pass4">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf8" />
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
+    />
+    <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      mocha.setup({
+        timeout: 10000,
+        ui: 'bdd'
+      });
+      var assert = chai.assert;
+    </script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <main aria-hidden="true">
+      <h1>Level one heading!</h1>
+    </main>
+    <div role="dialog">Modal open</div>
+    <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
+    <script src="landmark-one-main-pass4.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass4.js b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass4.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb1fc876a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/landmark-one-main/landmark-one-main-pass4.js
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+describe('landmark-one-main test pass', function () {
+  'use strict';
+  var results;
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+      axe.run(
+        { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['landmark-one-main'] } },
+        function (err, r) {
+          assert.isNull(err);
+          results = r;
+          done();
+        }
+      );
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
+      assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
+      assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
+    });
+
+    it('should find #pass4', function () {
+      assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass4']);
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+    assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/full/list/li-role.html b/test/integration/full/list/li-role.html
index 68ef09e66..b10156e40 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/list/li-role.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/list/li-role.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>li role test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/list/li-role.js b/test/integration/full/list/li-role.js
index 11f0bd93b..f7a1b5b4b 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/list/li-role.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/list/li-role.js
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-describe('li overriden with ARIA role', function() {
+describe('li overriden with ARIA role', function () {
   'use strict';
-  it('should find no matching violations and one pass', function(done) {
+  it('should find no matching violations and one pass', function (done) {
     axe.run(
       '#fixture',
       { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['listitem'] } },
-      function(err, results) {
+      function (err, results) {
         assert.isNull(err);
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
         assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
diff --git a/test/integration/full/list/list-role.html b/test/integration/full/list/list-role.html
index e181a568e..478e73794 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/list/list-role.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/list/list-role.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>list role test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/list/list-role.js b/test/integration/full/list/list-role.js
index 689fae121..7bc2b7b3e 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/list/list-role.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/list/list-role.js
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-describe('list overriden with ARIA role', function() {
+describe('list overriden with ARIA role', function () {
   'use strict';
-  it('should find no matches', function(done) {
+  it('should find no matches', function (done) {
     axe.run(
       '#fixture',
       { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['list'] } },
-      function(err, results) {
+      function (err, results) {
         assert.isNull(err);
         assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
         assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
diff --git a/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-fail.js b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-fail.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c2af98b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-fail.js
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+describe('meta-refresh-no-exceptions fail', function () {
+  'use strict';
+
+  it('should be a violation', function (done) {
+    axe.run({ runOnly: 'meta-refresh-no-exceptions' }, function (err, results) {
+      try {
+        assert.isNull(err);
+        assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
+        assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
+        assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0, 'passes');
+        assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0, 'inapplicable');
+        done();
+      } catch (e) {
+        done(e);
+      }
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-fail1.html b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-fail1.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..100d9638a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-fail1.html
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf8" />
+    <title>Meta-refresh-no-exceptions fail 1</title>
+    <!-- Greater than 20 hour is still not allowed at Level AAA -->
+    <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="90000; https://deque.com/" />
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
+    />
+    <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      mocha.setup({
+        timeout: 10000,
+        ui: 'bdd'
+      });
+      var assert = chai.assert;
+    </script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <script src="meta-refresh-fail.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-inapplicable.js b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-inapplicable.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a4c6af2ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-inapplicable.js
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+describe('meta-refresh-no-exceptions inapplicable', function () {
+  'use strict';
+
+  it('should be inapplicable', function (done) {
+    axe.run({ runOnly: 'meta-refresh-no-exceptions' }, function (err, results) {
+      try {
+        assert.isNull(err);
+        assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
+        assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
+        assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0, 'passes');
+        assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 1, 'inapplicable');
+        done();
+      } catch (e) {
+        done(e);
+      }
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-inapplicable1.html b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-inapplicable1.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2401fd1fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-inapplicable1.html
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf8" />
+    <title>Meta-refresh-no-exceptions inapplicable 1</title>
+    <!-- no content attribute -->
+    <meta http-equiv="refresh" />
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
+    />
+    <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      mocha.setup({
+        timeout: 10000,
+        ui: 'bdd'
+      });
+      var assert = chai.assert;
+    </script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <script src="meta-refresh-inapplicable.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-inapplicable2.html b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-inapplicable2.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..70865b094
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-inapplicable2.html
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf8" />
+    <title>Meta-refresh-no-exceptions inapplicable 2</title>
+    <!-- no http-equiv="refresh" attribute -->
+    <meta http-equiv="something-else" content="5" />
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
+    />
+    <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      mocha.setup({
+        timeout: 10000,
+        ui: 'bdd'
+      });
+      var assert = chai.assert;
+    </script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <script src="meta-refresh-inapplicable.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-pass.js b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-pass.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6cd665da3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-pass.js
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+describe('meta-refresh-no-exceptions pass', function () {
+  'use strict';
+
+  it('should pass', function (done) {
+    axe.run({ runOnly: 'meta-refresh-no-exceptions' }, function (err, results) {
+      console.log(results);
+      try {
+        assert.isNull(err);
+        assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
+        assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
+        assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0, 'passes');
+        done();
+      } catch (e) {
+        done(e);
+      }
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-pass1.html b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-pass1.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5b3a8fb28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-pass1.html
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf8" />
+    <title>Meta-refresh-no-exceptions pass 1</title>
+    <!-- invalid, but will be caught by meta-refresh -->
+    <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="10 https://deque.com/" />
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
+    />
+    <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      mocha.setup({
+        timeout: 10000,
+        ui: 'bdd'
+      });
+      var assert = chai.assert;
+    </script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <script src="meta-refresh-pass.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-pass2.html b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-pass2.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b59550765
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh-no-exceptions/meta-refresh-pass2.html
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf8" />
+    <title>Meta-refresh-no-exceptions pass 2</title>
+    <!-- "-10" is not valid, this will be ignored -->
+    <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="-10 https://deque.com/" />
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
+    />
+    <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      mocha.setup({
+        timeout: 10000,
+        ui: 'bdd'
+      });
+      var assert = chai.assert;
+    </script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <script src="meta-refresh-pass.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-fail.js b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-fail.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da698b734
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-fail.js
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+describe('meta-refresh fail', function () {
+  'use strict';
+
+  it('should be a violation', function (done) {
+    axe.run({ runOnly: 'meta-refresh' }, function (err, results) {
+      try {
+        assert.isNull(err);
+        assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1, 'violations');
+        assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
+        assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0, 'passes');
+        assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0, 'inapplicable');
+        done();
+      } catch (e) {
+        done(e);
+      }
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-fail1.html b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-fail1.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b01314b3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-fail1.html
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf8" />
+    <title>Meta-refresh fail 1</title>
+    <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="10 https://deque.com/" />
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
+    />
+    <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      mocha.setup({
+        timeout: 10000,
+        ui: 'bdd'
+      });
+      var assert = chai.assert;
+    </script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <script src="meta-refresh-fail.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-inapplicable.js b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-inapplicable.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..15565b3f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-inapplicable.js
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+describe('meta-refresh inapplicable', function () {
+  'use strict';
+
+  it('should be inapplicable', function (done) {
+    axe.run({ runOnly: 'meta-refresh' }, function (err, results) {
+      try {
+        assert.isNull(err);
+        assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
+        assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0, 'passes');
+        assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0, 'passes');
+        assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 1, 'inapplicable');
+        done();
+      } catch (e) {
+        done(e);
+      }
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-inapplicable1.html b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-inapplicable1.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e2ee41048
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-inapplicable1.html
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf8" />
+    <title>Meta-refresh inapplicable 1</title>
+    <!-- no content attribute -->
+    <meta http-equiv="refresh" />
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
+    />
+    <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      mocha.setup({
+        timeout: 10000,
+        ui: 'bdd'
+      });
+      var assert = chai.assert;
+    </script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <script src="meta-refresh-inapplicable.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-inapplicable2.html b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-inapplicable2.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2a8e32e23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-inapplicable2.html
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf8" />
+    <title>Meta-refresh inapplicable 2</title>
+    <!-- no http-equiv="refresh" attribute -->
+    <meta http-equiv="something-else" content="5" />
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
+    />
+    <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      mocha.setup({
+        timeout: 10000,
+        ui: 'bdd'
+      });
+      var assert = chai.assert;
+    </script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <script src="meta-refresh-inapplicable.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-pass.js b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-pass.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..34b054292
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-pass.js
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+describe('meta-refresh pass', function () {
+  'use strict';
+
+  it('should pass', function (done) {
+    axe.run({ runOnly: 'meta-refresh' }, function (err, results) {
+      try {
+        assert.isNull(err);
+        assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
+        assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
+        assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0, 'passes');
+        done();
+      } catch (e) {
+        done(e);
+      }
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-pass1.html b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-pass1.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c02ac2c76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-pass1.html
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf8" />
+    <title>Meta-refresh pass 1</title>
+    <!-- "-10" is not valid, this will be ignored -->
+    <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="-10 https://deque.com/" />
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
+    />
+    <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      mocha.setup({
+        timeout: 10000,
+        ui: 'bdd'
+      });
+      var assert = chai.assert;
+    </script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <script src="meta-refresh-pass.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-pass2.html b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-pass2.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bba282084
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/meta-refresh/meta-refresh-pass2.html
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf8" />
+    <title>Meta-refresh pass 1</title>
+    <!-- "90000" is greater than the minimum 20 hours (72000 seconds) -->
+    <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="90000; https://deque.com/" />
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
+    />
+    <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      mocha.setup({
+        timeout: 10000,
+        ui: 'bdd'
+      });
+      var assert = chai.assert;
+    </script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <script src="meta-refresh-pass.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/no-autoplay-audio/no-autoplay-audio.html b/test/integration/full/no-autoplay-audio/no-autoplay-audio.html
index 7b57d9c1a..e5556361a 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/no-autoplay-audio/no-autoplay-audio.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/no-autoplay-audio/no-autoplay-audio.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
@@ -54,26 +54,26 @@
         controls
       ></audio>
 
-      <!-- Failed  -->
-      <!-- fail 1 -->
+      <!-- Incomplete  -->
+      <!-- incomplete 1 -->
       <audio
-        id="fail1"
+        id="incomplete1"
         src="/test/assets/moon-speech.mp3"
         autoplay="true"
       ></audio>
-      <!-- fail 2 -->
-      <video id="fail2" autoplay="true">
+      <!-- incomplete 2 -->
+      <video id="incomplete2" autoplay="true">
         <source src="/test/assets/video.webm" type="video/webm" />
         <source src="/test/assets/video.mp4" type="video/mp4" />
       </video>
-      <!-- fail 3 -->
-      <video id="fail3" autoplay="true" loop="true">
+      <!-- incomplete 3 -->
+      <video id="incomplete3" autoplay="true" loop="true">
         <source src="/test/assets/video.webm#t=8,10" type="video/webm" />
         <source src="/test/assets/video.mp4#t=8,10" type="video/mp4" />
       </video>
-      <!-- fail 4  -->
+      <!-- incomplete 4  -->
       <audio
-        id="fail4"
+        id="incomplete4"
         src="/test/assets/moon-speech.mp3#t=1,3"
         autoplay="true"
         loop="true"
diff --git a/test/integration/full/no-autoplay-audio/no-autoplay-audio.js b/test/integration/full/no-autoplay-audio/no-autoplay-audio.js
index e88cf16e4..87b573b9c 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/no-autoplay-audio/no-autoplay-audio.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/no-autoplay-audio/no-autoplay-audio.js
@@ -1,28 +1,23 @@
-describe('landmark-no-duplicate-main test failure', function() {
+describe('landmark-no-duplicate-main test failure', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var results;
-  var isIE11 = axe.testUtils.isIE11;
-
-  before(function(done) {
-    if (isIE11) {
-      this.skip();
-    } else {
-      axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
-        axe.run(
-          { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['no-autoplay-audio'] } },
-          function(err, r) {
-            assert.isNull(err);
-            results = r;
-            done();
-          }
-        );
-      });
-    }
+
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+      axe.run(
+        { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['no-autoplay-audio'] } },
+        function (err, r) {
+          assert.isNull(err);
+          results = r;
+          done();
+        }
+      );
+    });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 5', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 5', function () {
       assert.isDefined(results.passes);
 
       var passNodes = results.passes[0].nodes;
@@ -35,24 +30,24 @@ describe('landmark-no-duplicate-main test failure', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 4', function() {
-      assert.isDefined(results.violations);
-
-      var failNodes = results.violations[0].nodes;
-      assert.lengthOf(failNodes, 4);
-      assert.deepEqual(failNodes[0].target, ['#fail1']);
-      assert.deepEqual(failNodes[1].target, ['#fail2']);
-      assert.deepEqual(failNodes[2].target, ['#fail3']);
-      assert.deepEqual(failNodes[3].target, ['#fail4']);
-    });
+  it('should find 0 violations', function () {
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
-    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  describe('incomplete', function () {
+    it('should find 4', function () {
+      assert.isDefined(results.incomplete);
+
+      var incompleteNodes = results.incomplete[0].nodes;
+      assert.lengthOf(incompleteNodes, 4);
+      assert.deepEqual(incompleteNodes[0].target, ['#incomplete1']);
+      assert.deepEqual(incompleteNodes[1].target, ['#incomplete2']);
+      assert.deepEqual(incompleteNodes[2].target, ['#incomplete3']);
+      assert.deepEqual(incompleteNodes[3].target, ['#incomplete4']);
+    });
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/options-parameter/frames/frame.html b/test/integration/full/options-parameter/frames/frame.html
index d754e1f28..2ecc3be7b 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/options-parameter/frames/frame.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/options-parameter/frames/frame.html
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="level1">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
     <script src="/axe.js"></script>
   </head>
   <body>
-    <span id="target">
-      This is the target
-    </span>
+    <span id="target"> This is the target </span>
     <script>
       axe._load({
         rules: [
@@ -20,7 +18,7 @@
         checks: [
           {
             id: 'has-target',
-            evaluate: function() {
+            evaluate: function () {
               return true;
             }
           }
diff --git a/test/integration/full/options-parameter/options-parameter.html b/test/integration/full/options-parameter/options-parameter.html
index 6b210b39f..01a8a3e32 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/options-parameter/options-parameter.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/options-parameter/options-parameter.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="main">
   <head>
     <title>frame exclude test</title>
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
         checks: [
           {
             id: 'has-target',
-            evaluate: function() {
+            evaluate: function () {
               return true;
             }
           }
@@ -41,9 +41,7 @@
     <div id="frame-container">
       <iframe id="myframe" src="frames/frame.html"></iframe>
     </div>
-    <div id="target">
-      This is the target in the parent frame.
-    </div>
+    <div id="target">This is the target in the parent frame.</div>
 
     <div id="mocha"></div>
     <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/options-parameter/options-parameter.js b/test/integration/full/options-parameter/options-parameter.js
index 59f636c77..d17e4d360 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/options-parameter/options-parameter.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/options-parameter/options-parameter.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-describe('Options parameter', function() {
+describe('Options parameter', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  before(function(done) {
+  before(function (done) {
     axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(done);
   });
 
@@ -9,15 +9,15 @@ describe('Options parameter', function() {
     return document.getElementById(id);
   }
 
-  describe('iframes', function() {
-    it('should include iframes if `iframes` is true', function(done) {
+  describe('iframes', function () {
+    it('should include iframes if `iframes` is true', function (done) {
       var config = { iframes: true };
-      axe.run(document, config, function(err, results) {
+      axe.run(document, config, function (err, results) {
         try {
           assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
           assert.isTrue(
-            results.passes[0].nodes.some(function(node) {
+            results.passes[0].nodes.some(function (node) {
               if (node.target.length !== 2) {
                 return false;
               }
@@ -37,14 +37,14 @@ describe('Options parameter', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should exclude iframes if `iframes` is false', function(done) {
+    it('should exclude iframes if `iframes` is false', function (done) {
       var config = { iframes: false };
-      axe.run(document, config, function(err, results) {
+      axe.run(document, config, function (err, results) {
         try {
           assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
           assert.isFalse(
-            results.passes[0].nodes.some(function(node) {
+            results.passes[0].nodes.some(function (node) {
               if (node.target.length !== 2) {
                 return false;
               }
@@ -64,14 +64,14 @@ describe('Options parameter', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should include iframes by default', function(done) {
+    it('should include iframes by default', function (done) {
       var config = {};
-      axe.run(document, config, function(err, results) {
+      axe.run(document, config, function (err, results) {
         try {
           assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
           assert.isTrue(
-            results.passes[0].nodes.some(function(node) {
+            results.passes[0].nodes.some(function (node) {
               if (node.target.length !== 2) {
                 return false;
               }
@@ -92,16 +92,16 @@ describe('Options parameter', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('elementRef', function() {
-    it('should not return an elementRef by default', function(done) {
+  describe('elementRef', function () {
+    it('should not return an elementRef by default', function (done) {
       var config = {};
-      axe.run(document, config, function(err, results) {
+      axe.run(document, config, function (err, results) {
         try {
           assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 2, '');
           assert.isFalse(
-            results.passes[0].nodes.some(function(node) {
+            results.passes[0].nodes.some(function (node) {
               return 'element' in node;
             }),
             'unexpectedly foud element ref'
@@ -113,9 +113,9 @@ describe('Options parameter', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should not return an elementRef if `elementRef` is false', function(done) {
+    it('should not return an elementRef if `elementRef` is false', function (done) {
       var config = { elementRef: false };
-      axe.run(document, config, function(err, results) {
+      axe.run(document, config, function (err, results) {
         try {
           assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ describe('Options parameter', function() {
             'results from main frame and iframe'
           );
           assert.isFalse(
-            results.passes[0].nodes.some(function(node) {
+            results.passes[0].nodes.some(function (node) {
               return 'element' in node;
             }),
             'unexpectedly found element ref'
@@ -137,15 +137,15 @@ describe('Options parameter', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should return element refs for the top frame only if `elementRef` is true', function(done) {
+    it('should return element refs for the top frame only if `elementRef` is true', function (done) {
       var config = { elementRef: true };
-      axe.run(document, config, function(err, results) {
+      axe.run(document, config, function (err, results) {
         try {
           assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 2, '');
           assert.isTrue(
-            results.passes[0].nodes.every(function(node) {
+            results.passes[0].nodes.every(function (node) {
               if ('element' in node) {
                 return node.element === $id('target');
               }
@@ -161,16 +161,16 @@ describe('Options parameter', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('no selectors', function() {
-    it('should return a selector by default', function(done) {
+  describe('no selectors', function () {
+    it('should return a selector by default', function (done) {
       var config = {};
-      axe.run(document, config, function(err, results) {
+      axe.run(document, config, function (err, results) {
         try {
           assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 2, '');
           assert.isTrue(
-            results.passes[0].nodes.every(function(node) {
+            results.passes[0].nodes.every(function (node) {
               return 'target' in node;
             }),
             'every result node should have a target'
@@ -182,15 +182,15 @@ describe('Options parameter', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should return a selector if `selectors` is true', function(done) {
+    it('should return a selector if `selectors` is true', function (done) {
       var config = { selectors: true };
-      axe.run(document, config, function(err, results) {
+      axe.run(document, config, function (err, results) {
         try {
           assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 2, '');
           assert.isTrue(
-            results.passes[0].nodes.every(function(node) {
+            results.passes[0].nodes.every(function (node) {
               return 'target' in node;
             }),
             'every result node should have a target'
@@ -202,15 +202,15 @@ describe('Options parameter', function() {
       });
     });
 
-    it('should return no selector in top frame if `selectors` is false', function(done) {
+    it('should return no selector in top frame if `selectors` is false', function (done) {
       var config = { selectors: false };
-      axe.run(document, config, function(err, results) {
+      axe.run(document, config, function (err, results) {
         try {
           assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0, 'violations');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1, 'passes');
           assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 2, '');
           assert.isFalse(
-            results.passes[0].nodes.some(function(node) {
+            results.passes[0].nodes.some(function (node) {
               return 'target' in node && node.target.length === 1;
             }),
             'only iframe result nodes should have a target'
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/frames/level1-fail.html b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/frames/level1-fail.html
index a2276f458..a3bf2d229 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/frames/level1-fail.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/frames/level1-fail.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="violation2">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/frames/level1.html b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/frames/level1.html
index f0910a1aa..c45d967b5 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/frames/level1.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/frames/level1.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass2">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/frames/level2-a.html b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/frames/level2-a.html
index 5346c9521..ff4536c14 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/frames/level2-a.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/frames/level2-a.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass3">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/frames/level2.html b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/frames/level2.html
index 901bb8549..dbd48809e 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/frames/level2.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/frames/level2.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass4">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-fail.html b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-fail.html
index cd1e62cad..4ce819449 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-fail.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-fail.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="fail1">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-fail.js b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-fail.js
index 7eb51f38f..6c4a27eeb 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-fail.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-describe('page-has-heading-one test failure', function() {
+describe('page-has-heading-one test failure', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       // Stop messing with my tests Mocha!
       var heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
       if (heading) {
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test failure', function() {
 
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['page-has-heading-one'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -20,16 +20,16 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test failure', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 2);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1', function() {
+    it('should find #frame1', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, ['#fail1']);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #violation2', function() {
+    it('should find #frame1, #violation2', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[1].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#violation2'
@@ -37,17 +37,17 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test failure', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass1.html b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass1.html
index 3c2058bac..8ded48e7a 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass1.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass1.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass1">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass1.js b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass1.js
index 55ba6d7f0..07d3680a2 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass1.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass1.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 1', function() {
+describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 1', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       // Stop messing with my tests Mocha!
       var heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
       if (heading) {
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 1', function() {
 
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['page-has-heading-one'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -20,29 +20,29 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 1', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 4', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 4', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 4);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass1', function() {
+    it('should find #pass1', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass1']);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #pass2', function() {
+    it('should find #frame1, #pass2', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[1].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#pass2'
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #frame2, #pass3', function() {
+    it('should find #frame1, #frame2, #pass3', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[2].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#frame2',
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 1', function() {
       ]);
     });
 
-    it('should find #frame1, #frame3, #pass4', function() {
+    it('should find #frame1, #frame3, #pass4', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[3].target, [
         '#frame1',
         '#frame3',
@@ -59,11 +59,11 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 1', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass10.html b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass10.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..684ab15da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass10.html
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en" id="pass10">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf8" />
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
+    />
+    <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      mocha.setup({
+        timeout: 10000,
+        ui: 'bdd'
+      });
+      var assert = chai.assert;
+    </script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <main aria-hidden="true">
+      <h1>Level one heading!</h1>
+    </main>
+    <div role="dialog">Modal open</div>
+    <div id="mocha"></div>
+    <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
+    <script src="page-has-heading-one-pass10.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass10.js b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass10.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..10f4c87de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass10.js
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 2', function () {
+  'use strict';
+  var results;
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+      // Stop messing with my tests Mocha!
+      var heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
+      if (heading) {
+        heading.outerHTML = '<h2>page-has-heading-one test</h2>';
+      }
+
+      axe.run(
+        { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['page-has-heading-one'] } },
+        function (err, r) {
+          assert.isNull(err);
+          results = r;
+          done();
+        }
+      );
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
+      assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
+      assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
+    });
+
+    it('should find #pass10', function () {
+      assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass10']);
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
+    assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass2.html b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass2.html
index f6609aba7..21589d508 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass2.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass2.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass2">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass2.js b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass2.js
index d437e9365..c8b6efa8d 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass2.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass2.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 2', function() {
+describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 2', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       // Stop messing with my tests Mocha!
       var heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
       if (heading) {
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 2', function() {
 
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['page-has-heading-one'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -20,27 +20,27 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 2', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass2', function() {
+    it('should find #pass2', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass2']);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass3.html b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass3.html
index 389f51f69..9f8850022 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass3.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass3.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass3">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass3.js b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass3.js
index 49e1241ad..3d36662b4 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass3.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass3.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 3', function() {
+describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 3', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       // Stop messing with my tests Mocha!
       var heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
       if (heading) {
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 3', function() {
 
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['page-has-heading-one'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -20,27 +20,27 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 3', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass3', function() {
+    it('should find #pass3', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass3']);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass4.html b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass4.html
index 96ceccc2b..752b1e812 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass4.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass4.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass4">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass4.js b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass4.js
index 7510227ce..417c511ab 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass4.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass4.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 4', function() {
+describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 4', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       // Stop messing with my tests Mocha!
       var heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
       if (heading) {
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 4', function() {
 
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['page-has-heading-one'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -20,27 +20,27 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 4', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass4', function() {
+    it('should find #pass4', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass4']);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass5.html b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass5.html
index 2c5d4f8a2..cc2ba696e 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass5.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass5.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass5">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass5.js b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass5.js
index 61513efb9..8cbc2ba82 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass5.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass5.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 5', function() {
+describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 5', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       // Stop messing with my tests Mocha!
       var heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
       if (heading) {
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 5', function() {
 
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['page-has-heading-one'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -20,27 +20,27 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 5', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass5', function() {
+    it('should find #pass5', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass5']);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass6.html b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass6.html
index aaff6d92c..b413ea09e 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass6.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass6.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass6">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass6.js b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass6.js
index 3280a8689..c452f147c 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass6.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass6.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 6', function() {
+describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 6', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       // Stop messing with my tests Mocha!
       var heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
       if (heading) {
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 6', function() {
 
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['page-has-heading-one'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -20,27 +20,27 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 6', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass6', function() {
+    it('should find #pass6', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass6']);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass7.html b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass7.html
index f1d6f011a..c9703be0d 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass7.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass7.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass7">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass7.js b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass7.js
index 76ceeef1d..dc9052474 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass7.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass7.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 7', function() {
+describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 7', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       // Stop messing with my tests Mocha!
       var heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
       if (heading) {
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 7', function() {
 
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['page-has-heading-one'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -20,27 +20,27 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 7', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass7', function() {
+    it('should find #pass7', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass7']);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass8.html b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass8.html
index cd3cbc5a1..010e80c0a 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass8.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass8.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass8">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass8.js b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass8.js
index fe0711ab2..32527ea06 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass8.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass8.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 8', function() {
+describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 8', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       // Stop messing with my tests Mocha!
       var heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
       if (heading) {
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 8', function() {
 
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['page-has-heading-one'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -20,27 +20,27 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 8', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass8', function() {
+    it('should find #pass8', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass8']);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass9.html b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass9.html
index 52432f464..f2df6ec39 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass9.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass9.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass9">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass9.js b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass9.js
index 05977bc27..006eccb56 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass9.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/page-has-heading-one/page-has-heading-one-pass9.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 9', function() {
+describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 9', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       // Stop messing with my tests Mocha!
       var heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
       if (heading) {
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 9', function() {
 
       axe.run(
         { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['page-has-heading-one'] } },
-        function(err, r) {
+        function (err, r) {
           assert.isNull(err);
           results = r;
           done();
@@ -20,27 +20,27 @@ describe('page-has-heading-one test pass 9', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find #pass9', function() {
+    it('should find #pass9', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['#pass9']);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/plugin/plugin.html b/test/integration/full/plugin/plugin.html
index 32f2568a0..d0becdbd9 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/plugin/plugin.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/plugin/plugin.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>Plugin Test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/plugin/plugin.js b/test/integration/full/plugin/plugin.js
index ebfb7c678..fb9a14a05 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/plugin/plugin.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/plugin/plugin.js
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-describe('plugin test', function() {
-  it('should register the plugin', function() {
+describe('plugin test', function () {
+  it('should register the plugin', function () {
     axe.registerPlugin({
       id: 'doStuff',
-      run: function(id, action, options, callback) {
+      run: function (id, action, options, callback) {
         var frames;
         var q = axe.utils.queue();
         var that = this;
         frames = axe.utils.toArray(document.querySelectorAll('iframe, frame'));
 
-        frames.forEach(function(frame) {
-          q.defer(function(done) {
+        frames.forEach(function (frame) {
+          q.defer(function (done) {
             axe.utils.sendCommandToFrame(
               frame,
               {
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ describe('plugin test', function() {
                 parameter: id,
                 action: action
               },
-              function() {
+              function () {
                 done();
               }
             );
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ describe('plugin test', function() {
         });
 
         if (!options.context.length) {
-          q.defer(function(done) {
+          q.defer(function (done) {
             that._registry[id][action].call(
               that._registry[id],
               document,
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ describe('plugin test', function() {
       commands: [
         {
           id: 'run-doStuff',
-          callback: function(data, callback) {
+          callback: function (data, callback) {
             return axe.plugins.doStuff.run(
               data.parameter,
               data.action,
@@ -55,23 +55,23 @@ describe('plugin test', function() {
     assert.isOk(axe.plugins.doStuff);
   });
 
-  it('should add plugin instance', function() {
+  it('should add plugin instance', function () {
     var highlight = {
       id: 'highlight',
-      highlighter: function(node) {
+      highlighter: function (node) {
         node.style.backgroundColor = 'yellow';
         this._node = node;
       },
-      run: function(contextNode, options, done) {
+      run: function (contextNode, options, done) {
         var that = this;
         Array.prototype.slice
           .call(contextNode.querySelectorAll(options.selector))
-          .forEach(function(node) {
+          .forEach(function (node) {
             that.highlighter(node, options);
           });
         done();
       },
-      cleanup: function(done) {
+      cleanup: function (done) {
         this._node.style.backgroundColor = '';
         done();
       }
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ describe('plugin test', function() {
     assert.equal(axe.plugins.doStuff._registry.highlight, highlight);
   });
 
-  it('should run the plugin', function(done) {
+  it('should run the plugin', function (done) {
     var h1 = document.querySelector('.my-heading');
 
     axe.plugins.doStuff.run(
@@ -91,14 +91,14 @@ describe('plugin test', function() {
         selector: '.my-heading',
         context: []
       },
-      function() {
+      function () {
         assert.equal(h1.style.backgroundColor, 'yellow');
         done();
       }
     );
   });
 
-  it('should cleanup the plugin', function() {
+  it('should cleanup the plugin', function () {
     var h1 = document.querySelector('.my-heading');
 
     axe.cleanup();
diff --git a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/base.css b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/base.css
index 5de9d516e..d685e2b6e 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/base.css
+++ b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/base.css
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /* stylesheet used for preload cssom testing */
 
 .style-from-base-css {
-	font-size: 100%;
+  font-size: 100%;
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/cyclic-cross-origin-import-1.css b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/cyclic-cross-origin-import-1.css
index aed040efe..3a5d55eb0 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/cyclic-cross-origin-import-1.css
+++ b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/cyclic-cross-origin-import-1.css
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 /* calls a stylesheets, which inturn refers back to this one , but also imports a cross-origin stylesheet */
 
 @import 'cyclic-cross-origin-import-2.css';
-@import 'https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/skeleton/2.0.4/skeleton.css';
\ No newline at end of file
+@import 'https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/skeleton/2.0.4/skeleton.css';
diff --git a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/cyclic-cross-origin-import-2.css b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/cyclic-cross-origin-import-2.css
index 49e1dbddb..2dde38971 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/cyclic-cross-origin-import-2.css
+++ b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/cyclic-cross-origin-import-2.css
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 /* calls a stylesheets, which inturn refers back to this one */
 
-@import 'cyclic-cross-origin-import-1.css';
\ No newline at end of file
+@import 'cyclic-cross-origin-import-1.css';
diff --git a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/cyclic-import-1.css b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/cyclic-import-1.css
index 700379743..b5e8f8562 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/cyclic-import-1.css
+++ b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/cyclic-import-1.css
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 /* calls a stylesheets, which inturn refers back to this one */
 
-@import 'cyclic-import-2.css';
\ No newline at end of file
+@import 'cyclic-import-2.css';
diff --git a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/cyclic-import-2.css b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/cyclic-import-2.css
index 0f4878afa..59d4578bf 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/cyclic-import-2.css
+++ b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/cyclic-import-2.css
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-
 /* calls a stylesheet, from which this stylesheet was called (cyclic references) */
 
 @import 'cyclic-import-1.css';
 
 .style-from-cyclic-import-2-css {
   font-family: inherit;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/frames/level1.html b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/frames/level1.html
index 25d02fb22..f81d013c0 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/frames/level1.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/frames/level1.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/import-non-existing-cross-origin.css b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/import-non-existing-cross-origin.css
index 0d71d1f55..ead42bf29 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/import-non-existing-cross-origin.css
+++ b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/import-non-existing-cross-origin.css
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 /* loads a non existing cross origin stylesheet */
 
-@import "https://non.existing/style.css"
\ No newline at end of file
+@import 'https://non.existing/style.css';
diff --git a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/multiple-import-1.css b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/multiple-import-1.css
index fc46302df..0f97e4dde 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/multiple-import-1.css
+++ b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/multiple-import-1.css
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 /* import multiple stylesheets */
 
 @import 'multiple-import-2.css';
-@import 'multiple-import-3.css';
\ No newline at end of file
+@import 'multiple-import-3.css';
diff --git a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/multiple-import-2.css b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/multiple-import-2.css
index 541d6910b..dab9060e8 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/multiple-import-2.css
+++ b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/multiple-import-2.css
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /* this is referenced by multiple-import-1.css */
 
 .style-from-multiple-import-2-css {
-	font-size: 100%;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+  font-size: 100%;
+}
diff --git a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/multiple-import-3.css b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/multiple-import-3.css
index d83324ad9..459a79fa6 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/multiple-import-3.css
+++ b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/multiple-import-3.css
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /* this is referenced by multiple-import-1.css */
 
 .style-from-multiple-import-3-css {
-	font-size: 100%;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+  font-size: 100%;
+}
diff --git a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/nested-import-1.css b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/nested-import-1.css
index 094c2fbea..f594036f7 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/nested-import-1.css
+++ b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/nested-import-1.css
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 /* entry point for nested import scenario */
 
-@import 'nested-import-2.css';
\ No newline at end of file
+@import 'nested-import-2.css';
diff --git a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/nested-import-2.css b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/nested-import-2.css
index 7aa351604..d96bfc62a 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/nested-import-2.css
+++ b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/nested-import-2.css
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 /* referred by nested-import-1.css */
 
-@import 'nested-import-3.css';
\ No newline at end of file
+@import 'nested-import-3.css';
diff --git a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/nested-import-3.css b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/nested-import-3.css
index e0e2e6082..3d6f7fd54 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/nested-import-3.css
+++ b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/nested-import-3.css
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /* referred by nested-import-2.css */
 
 .style-from-nested-import-3-css {
-	font-size: inherit
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+  font-size: inherit;
+}
diff --git a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/preload-cssom.html b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/preload-cssom.html
index b8e0d8b35..a2a8b95c0 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/preload-cssom.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/preload-cssom.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass1">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/preload-cssom.js b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/preload-cssom.js
index 2dcf0f35c..24a998063 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/preload-cssom.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/preload-cssom/preload-cssom.js
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-/* global axe */
-describe('preload cssom integration test', function() {
+describe('preload cssom integration test', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   // axe-core preload timeout is set to 10s so we need a
@@ -7,18 +6,15 @@ describe('preload cssom integration test', function() {
   // time to resolve tests that we want to throw
   this.timeout(15000);
 
-  var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
-  var isIE11 = axe.testUtils.isIE11;
-  var styleSheets = {
+  const shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
+  const styleSheets = {
     crossOriginLinkHref: {
       id: 'crossOriginLinkHref',
-      href:
-        'https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.0.0/css/bootstrap.min.css'
+      href: 'https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.0.0/css/bootstrap.min.css'
     },
     crossOriginLinkHrefMediaPrint: {
       id: 'crossOriginLinkHrefMediaPrint',
-      href:
-        'https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/skeleton/2.0.4/skeleton.css',
+      href: 'https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/skeleton/2.0.4/skeleton.css',
       mediaPrint: true
     },
     styleTag: {
@@ -46,11 +42,11 @@ describe('preload cssom integration test', function() {
       text: '@import "cyclic-cross-origin-import-1.css";'
     }
   };
-  var stylesForPage;
-  var nestedFrame;
+  let stylesForPage;
+  let nestedFrame;
 
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
       nestedFrame = document.getElementById('frame1').contentDocument;
       done();
     });
@@ -59,10 +55,10 @@ describe('preload cssom integration test', function() {
   function attachStylesheets(options, callback) {
     axe.testUtils
       .addStyleSheets(options.styles, options.root)
-      .then(function() {
+      .then(() => {
         callback();
       })
-      .catch(function(error) {
+      .catch(error => {
         callback(new Error('Could not load stylesheets for testing. ' + error));
       });
   }
@@ -73,37 +69,37 @@ describe('preload cssom integration test', function() {
     }
     axe.testUtils
       .removeStyleSheets(stylesForPage)
-      .then(function() {
+      .then(() => {
         done();
         stylesForPage = undefined;
       })
-      .catch(function(err) {
+      .catch(err => {
         done(err);
         stylesForPage = undefined;
       });
   }
 
   function getPreloadCssom(root) {
-    var treeRoot = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(root ? root : document);
+    const treeRoot = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(root ? root : document);
     return axe.utils.preloadCssom({ treeRoot: treeRoot });
   }
 
   function commonTestsForRootNodeAndNestedFrame(root) {
-    it('returns cross-origin stylesheet', function(done) {
+    it('returns cross-origin stylesheet', done => {
       stylesForPage = [styleSheets.crossOriginLinkHref];
       attachStylesheets(
         {
           root: root,
           styles: stylesForPage
         },
-        function(err) {
+        err => {
           if (err) {
             done(err);
           }
           getPreloadCssom(root)
-            .then(function(sheets) {
+            .then(sheets => {
               assert.lengthOf(sheets, 1);
-              var sheetData = sheets[0].sheet;
+              const sheetData = sheets[0].sheet;
               axe.testUtils.assertStylesheet(
                 sheetData,
                 ':root',
@@ -112,7 +108,7 @@ describe('preload cssom integration test', function() {
               );
               done();
             })
-            .catch(function() {
+            .catch(() => {
               done(new Error('Expected getPreload to resolve.'));
             });
         },
@@ -120,23 +116,23 @@ describe('preload cssom integration test', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('returns no stylesheets when cross-origin stylesheets are of media=print', function(done) {
+    it('returns no stylesheets when cross-origin stylesheets are of media=print', done => {
       stylesForPage = [styleSheets.crossOriginLinkHrefMediaPrint];
       attachStylesheets(
         {
           root: root,
           styles: stylesForPage
         },
-        function(err) {
+        err => {
           if (err) {
             done(err);
           }
           getPreloadCssom(root)
-            .then(function(sheets) {
+            .then(sheets => {
               assert.lengthOf(sheets, 0);
               done();
             })
-            .catch(function() {
+            .catch(() => {
               done(new Error('Expected getPreload to resolve.'));
             });
         },
@@ -144,7 +140,7 @@ describe('preload cssom integration test', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('throws if cross-origin stylesheet fail to load', function(done) {
+    it('throws if cross-origin stylesheet fail to load', done => {
       stylesForPage = [
         {
           id: 'nonExistingStylesheet',
@@ -156,16 +152,16 @@ describe('preload cssom integration test', function() {
           root: root,
           styles: stylesForPage
         },
-        function(err) {
+        err => {
           if (err) {
             done(err);
           }
           getPreloadCssom(root)
-            .then(function() {
+            .then(() => {
               done(new Error('Expected getPreload to reject.'));
             })
-            .catch(function(err) {
-              assert.isDefined(err);
+            .catch(e => {
+              assert.isDefined(e);
               done();
             });
         },
@@ -174,33 +170,33 @@ describe('preload cssom integration test', function() {
     });
   }
 
-  describe('tests for root (document)', function() {
-    var shadowFixture;
+  describe('tests for root (document)', () => {
+    let shadowFixture;
 
-    beforeEach(function() {
-      var shadowNode = document.createElement('div');
+    beforeEach(() => {
+      const shadowNode = document.createElement('div');
       shadowNode.id = 'shadow-fixture';
       document.body.appendChild(shadowNode);
       shadowFixture = document.getElementById('shadow-fixture');
     });
 
-    afterEach(function(done) {
+    afterEach(done => {
       if (shadowFixture) {
         document.body.removeChild(shadowFixture);
       }
       detachStylesheets(done);
     });
 
-    it('returns stylesheets defined via <style> tag', function(done) {
+    it('returns stylesheets defined via <style> tag', done => {
       stylesForPage = [styleSheets.styleTag];
-      attachStylesheets({ styles: stylesForPage }, function(err) {
+      attachStylesheets({ styles: stylesForPage }, err => {
         if (err) {
           done(err);
         }
         getPreloadCssom()
-          .then(function(sheets) {
+          .then(sheets => {
             assert.lengthOf(sheets, 1);
-            var sheetData = sheets[0].sheet;
+            const sheetData = sheets[0].sheet;
             axe.testUtils.assertStylesheet(
               sheetData,
               '.inline-css-test',
@@ -208,22 +204,22 @@ describe('preload cssom integration test', function() {
             );
             done();
           })
-          .catch(function() {
+          .catch(() => {
             done(new Error('Expected getPreload to resolve.'));
           });
       });
     });
 
-    it('returns stylesheets with in same-origin', function(done) {
+    it('returns stylesheets with in same-origin', done => {
       stylesForPage = [styleSheets.styleTagWithOneImport];
-      attachStylesheets({ styles: stylesForPage }, function(err) {
+      attachStylesheets({ styles: stylesForPage }, err => {
         if (err) {
           done(err);
         }
         getPreloadCssom()
-          .then(function(sheets) {
+          .then(sheets => {
             assert.lengthOf(sheets, 1);
-            var nonCrossOriginSheets = sheets.filter(function(s) {
+            const nonCrossOriginSheets = sheets.filter(s => {
               return !s.isCrossOrigin;
             });
             assert.lengthOf(nonCrossOriginSheets, 1);
@@ -234,7 +230,7 @@ describe('preload cssom integration test', function() {
             );
             done();
           })
-          .catch(function() {
+          .catch(() => {
             done(new Error('Expected getPreload to resolve.'));
           });
       });
@@ -242,8 +238,8 @@ describe('preload cssom integration test', function() {
 
     (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
       'returns styles from shadow DOM (handles @import in <style>)',
-      function(done) {
-        var shadow = shadowFixture.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      done => {
+        const shadow = shadowFixture.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
         shadow.innerHTML =
           '<style>' +
           // stylesheet -> 1
@@ -253,13 +249,13 @@ describe('preload cssom integration test', function() {
           '</style>' +
           '<div class="initialism">Some text</div>';
         getPreloadCssom(shadowFixture)
-          .then(function(sheets) {
+          .then(sheets => {
             assert.lengthOf(sheets, 2);
-            var nonCrossOriginSheetsWithInShadowDOM = sheets
-              .filter(function(s) {
+            const nonCrossOriginSheetsWithInShadowDOM = sheets
+              .filter(s => {
                 return !s.isCrossOrigin;
               })
-              .filter(function(s) {
+              .filter(s => {
                 return s.shadowId;
               });
             axe.testUtils.assertStylesheet(
@@ -271,7 +267,7 @@ describe('preload cssom integration test', function() {
             );
             done();
           })
-          .catch(function() {
+          .catch(() => {
             done(new Error('Expected getPreload to resolve.'));
           });
       }
@@ -279,8 +275,8 @@ describe('preload cssom integration test', function() {
 
     (shadowSupported ? it : xit)(
       'returns styles from base document and shadow DOM with right priority',
-      function(done) {
-        var shadow = shadowFixture.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+      done => {
+        const shadow = shadowFixture.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
         shadow.innerHTML =
           '<style>' +
           // stylesheet -> 1 -> inside shadow DOM
@@ -290,15 +286,15 @@ describe('preload cssom integration test', function() {
 
         // sheet appended to root document
         stylesForPage = [styleSheets.styleTag];
-        attachStylesheets({ styles: stylesForPage }, function(err) {
+        attachStylesheets({ styles: stylesForPage }, err => {
           if (err) {
             done(err);
           }
           getPreloadCssom(shadowFixture)
-            .then(function(sheets) {
+            .then(sheets => {
               assert.lengthOf(sheets, 2);
 
-              var shadowDomStyle = sheets.filter(function(s) {
+              const shadowDomStyle = sheets.filter(s => {
                 return s.shadowId;
               })[0];
               axe.testUtils.assertStylesheet(
@@ -307,7 +303,7 @@ describe('preload cssom integration test', function() {
                 '.style-from-base-css { font-size: 100%; }'
               );
 
-              var rootDocumentStyle = sheets.filter(function(s) {
+              const rootDocumentStyle = sheets.filter(s => {
                 return !s.shadowId;
               })[0];
               assert.isAbove(
@@ -316,25 +312,25 @@ describe('preload cssom integration test', function() {
               );
               done();
             })
-            .catch(function() {
+            .catch(() => {
               done(new Error('Expected getPreload to resolve.'));
             });
         });
       }
     );
 
-    it('returns styles from various @import(ed) styles from an @import(ed) stylesheet', function(done) {
+    it('returns styles from various @import(ed) styles from an @import(ed) stylesheet', done => {
       stylesForPage = [
         styleSheets.styleTagWithMultipleImports // this imports 2 other stylesheets
       ];
-      attachStylesheets({ styles: stylesForPage }, function(err) {
+      attachStylesheets({ styles: stylesForPage }, err => {
         if (err) {
           done(err);
         }
         getPreloadCssom()
-          .then(function(sheets) {
+          .then(sheets => {
             assert.lengthOf(sheets, 2);
-            var nonCrossOriginSheets = sheets.filter(function(s) {
+            const nonCrossOriginSheets = sheets.filter(s => {
               return !s.isCrossOrigin;
             });
             assert.lengthOf(nonCrossOriginSheets, 2);
@@ -350,22 +346,22 @@ describe('preload cssom integration test', function() {
             );
             done();
           })
-          .catch(function() {
+          .catch(() => {
             done(new Error('Expected getPreload to resolve.'));
           });
       });
     });
 
-    it('returns style from nested @import (3 levels deep)', function(done) {
+    it('returns style from nested @import (3 levels deep)', done => {
       stylesForPage = [styleSheets.styleTagWithNestedImports];
-      attachStylesheets({ styles: stylesForPage }, function(err) {
+      attachStylesheets({ styles: stylesForPage }, err => {
         if (err) {
           done(err);
         }
         getPreloadCssom()
-          .then(function(sheets) {
+          .then(sheets => {
             assert.lengthOf(sheets, 1);
-            var nonCrossOriginSheets = sheets.filter(function(s) {
+            const nonCrossOriginSheets = sheets.filter(s => {
               return !s.isCrossOrigin;
             });
             assert.lengthOf(nonCrossOriginSheets, 1);
@@ -376,20 +372,20 @@ describe('preload cssom integration test', function() {
             );
             done();
           })
-          .catch(function() {
+          .catch(() => {
             done(new Error('Expected getPreload to resolve.'));
           });
       });
     });
 
-    it('returns style from cyclic @import (exits recursion successfully)', function(done) {
+    it('returns style from cyclic @import (exits recursion successfully)', done => {
       stylesForPage = [styleSheets.styleTagWithCyclicImports];
-      attachStylesheets({ styles: stylesForPage }, function(err) {
+      attachStylesheets({ styles: stylesForPage }, err => {
         if (err) {
           done(err);
         }
         getPreloadCssom()
-          .then(function(sheets) {
+          .then(sheets => {
             assert.lengthOf(sheets, 1);
             axe.testUtils.assertStylesheet(
               sheets[0].sheet,
@@ -398,20 +394,20 @@ describe('preload cssom integration test', function() {
             );
             done();
           })
-          .catch(function() {
+          .catch(() => {
             done(new Error('Expected getPreload to resolve.'));
           });
       });
     });
 
-    it('returns style from cyclic @import which only imports one cross-origin stylesheet', function(done) {
+    it('returns style from cyclic @import which only imports one cross-origin stylesheet', done => {
       stylesForPage = [styleSheets.styleTagWithCyclicCrossOriginImports];
-      attachStylesheets({ styles: stylesForPage }, function(err) {
+      attachStylesheets({ styles: stylesForPage }, err => {
         if (err) {
           done(err);
         }
         getPreloadCssom()
-          .then(function(sheets) {
+          .then(sheets => {
             assert.lengthOf(sheets, 1);
             axe.testUtils.assertStylesheet(
               sheets[0].sheet,
@@ -420,7 +416,7 @@ describe('preload cssom integration test', function() {
             );
             done();
           })
-          .catch(function() {
+          .catch(() => {
             done(new Error('Expected getPreload to resolve.'));
           });
       });
@@ -429,23 +425,17 @@ describe('preload cssom integration test', function() {
     commonTestsForRootNodeAndNestedFrame();
   });
 
-  describe('tests for nested document', function() {
-    before(function() {
-      if (!nestedFrame || isIE11) {
-        this.skip();
-      }
-    });
-
-    afterEach(function(done) {
+  describe('tests for nested document', () => {
+    afterEach(done => {
       detachStylesheets(done);
     });
 
-    it('returns styles defined using <style> tag', function(done) {
+    it('returns styles defined using <style> tag', done => {
       getPreloadCssom(nestedFrame)
-        .then(function(sheets) {
+        .then(sheets => {
           assert.lengthOf(sheets, 2);
 
-          var nonCrossOriginSheet = sheets.filter(function(s) {
+          const nonCrossOriginSheet = sheets.filter(s => {
             return !s.isCrossOrigin;
           })[0].sheet;
           axe.testUtils.assertStylesheet(
@@ -455,7 +445,7 @@ describe('preload cssom integration test', function() {
           );
           done();
         })
-        .catch(function() {
+        .catch(() => {
           done(new Error('Expected getPreload to resolve.'));
         });
     });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/preload/import-non-existing-cross-origin.css b/test/integration/full/preload/import-non-existing-cross-origin.css
index 0d71d1f55..ead42bf29 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/preload/import-non-existing-cross-origin.css
+++ b/test/integration/full/preload/import-non-existing-cross-origin.css
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 /* loads a non existing cross origin stylesheet */
 
-@import "https://non.existing/style.css"
\ No newline at end of file
+@import 'https://non.existing/style.css';
diff --git a/test/integration/full/preload/preload.html b/test/integration/full/preload/preload.html
index 018637861..a696be988 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/preload/preload.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/preload/preload.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass1">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
@@ -19,9 +19,7 @@
     <script src="/axe.js"></script>
   </head>
   <body>
-    <div id="run-now-target">
-      Sample DIV which acts as target for run now
-    </div>
+    <div id="run-now-target">Sample DIV which acts as target for run now</div>
     <div id="run-later-target">
       Sample DIV which acts as target for run later
     </div>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/preload/preload.js b/test/integration/full/preload/preload.js
index f0b6ffb57..0a3fbb61e 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/preload/preload.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/preload/preload.js
@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
-/* global axe, Promise */
-
-describe('axe.utils.preload integration test', function() {
-  'use strict';
-
-  var isIE11 = axe.testUtils.isIE11;
-  var styleSheets = {
+describe('axe.utils.preload integration test', () => {
+  const styleSheets = {
     crossOriginLinkHref: {
       id: 'crossOriginLinkHref',
       href: 'https://unpkg.com/gutenberg-css@0.4'
@@ -15,8 +10,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.preload integration test', function() {
     },
     crossOriginLinkHrefMediaPrint: {
       id: 'crossOriginLinkHrefMediaPrint',
-      href:
-        'https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/skeleton/2.0.4/skeleton.css',
+      href: 'https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/skeleton/2.0.4/skeleton.css',
       mediaPrint: true
     },
     styleTag: {
@@ -24,15 +18,15 @@ describe('axe.utils.preload integration test', function() {
       text: '.inline-css-test{font-size:inherit;}'
     }
   };
-  var stylesForPage;
+  let stylesForPage;
 
   function attachStylesheets(options, callback) {
     axe.testUtils
       .addStyleSheets(options.styles, document)
-      .then(function() {
+      .then(() => {
         callback();
       })
-      .catch(function(error) {
+      .catch(error => {
         callback(new Error('Could not load stylesheets for testing. ' + error));
       });
   }
@@ -43,11 +37,11 @@ describe('axe.utils.preload integration test', function() {
     }
     axe.testUtils
       .removeStyleSheets(stylesForPage)
-      .then(function() {
+      .then(() => {
         done();
         stylesForPage = undefined;
       })
-      .catch(function(err) {
+      .catch(err => {
         done(err);
         stylesForPage = undefined;
       });
@@ -64,22 +58,22 @@ describe('axe.utils.preload integration test', function() {
     });
   }
 
-  afterEach(function(done) {
+  afterEach(done => {
     axe._tree = undefined;
     detachStylesheets(done);
   });
 
-  it('returns preloaded assets defined via <style> tag', function(done) {
+  it('returns preloaded assets defined via <style> tag', done => {
     stylesForPage = [styleSheets.styleTag];
-    attachStylesheets({ styles: stylesForPage }, function(err) {
+    attachStylesheets({ styles: stylesForPage }, err => {
       if (err) {
         done(err);
       }
       getPreload()
-        .then(function(preloadedAssets) {
+        .then(preloadedAssets => {
           assert.property(preloadedAssets, 'cssom');
           assert.lengthOf(preloadedAssets.cssom, 1);
-          var sheetData = preloadedAssets.cssom[0].sheet;
+          const sheetData = preloadedAssets.cssom[0].sheet;
           axe.testUtils.assertStylesheet(
             sheetData,
             '.inline-css-test',
@@ -91,14 +85,14 @@ describe('axe.utils.preload integration test', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns NO preloaded CSSOM assets when requested stylesheets are of media=print', function(done) {
+  it('returns NO preloaded CSSOM assets when requested stylesheets are of media=print', done => {
     stylesForPage = [styleSheets.crossOriginLinkHrefMediaPrint];
-    attachStylesheets({ styles: stylesForPage }, function(err) {
+    attachStylesheets({ styles: stylesForPage }, err => {
       if (err) {
         done(err);
       }
       getPreload()
-        .then(function(preloadedAssets) {
+        .then(preloadedAssets => {
           assert.property(preloadedAssets, 'cssom');
           assert.lengthOf(preloadedAssets.cssom, 0);
           done();
@@ -107,120 +101,115 @@ describe('axe.utils.preload integration test', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it.skip('returns NO preloaded CSSOM assets when requested stylesheet does not exist`', function(done) {
+  it.skip('returns NO preloaded CSSOM assets when requested stylesheet does not exist`', done => {
     stylesForPage = [styleSheets.crossOriginDoesNotExist];
-    attachStylesheets({ styles: stylesForPage }, function(err) {
+    attachStylesheets({ styles: stylesForPage }, err => {
       if (err) {
         done(err);
       }
       getPreload()
-        .then(function() {
+        .then(() => {
           done(new Error('Not expecting to complete the promise'));
         })
-        .catch(function(err) {
-          assert.isNotNull(err);
-          assert.isTrue(!err.message.includes('Preload assets timed out'));
+        .catch(e => {
+          assert.isNotNull(e);
+          assert.isTrue(!e.message.includes('Preload assets timed out'));
           done();
         })
         .catch(done);
     });
   });
 
-  it.skip('rejects preload function when timed out before fetching assets', function(done) {
+  it.skip('rejects preload function when timed out before fetching assets', done => {
     stylesForPage = [styleSheets.crossOriginLinkHref];
 
-    var origPreloadCssom = axe.utils.preloadCssom;
-    axe.utils.preloadCssom = function() {
-      return new Promise(function(res) {
-        setTimeout(function() {
+    const origPreloadCssom = axe.utils.preloadCssom;
+    axe.utils.preloadCssom = () => {
+      return new Promise(res => {
+        setTimeout(() => {
           res(true);
         }, 2000);
       });
     };
 
-    attachStylesheets({ styles: stylesForPage }, function(err) {
+    attachStylesheets({ styles: stylesForPage }, err => {
       if (err) {
         done(err);
       }
       getPreload(1)
-        .then(function() {
+        .then(() => {
           done(new Error('Not expecting to complete the promise'));
         })
-        .catch(function(err) {
-          assert.isNotNull(err);
-          assert.isTrue(err.message.includes('Preload assets timed out'));
+        .catch(e => {
+          assert.isNotNull(e);
+          assert.isTrue(e.message.includes('Preload assets timed out'));
           axe.utils.preloadCssom = origPreloadCssom;
           done();
         })
-        .catch(function (e) {
+        .catch(e => {
           axe.utils.preloadCssom = origPreloadCssom;
           done(e);
         });
     });
   });
 
-  describe('verify preloaded assets via axe.run against custom rules', function() {
+  describe('verify preloaded assets via axe.run against custom rules', () => {
     function customCheckEvalFn(node, options, virtualNode, context) {
       // populate the data here which is asserted in tests
       this.data(context);
       return true;
     }
 
-    beforeEach(function(done) {
-      // These tests currently break in IE11
-      if (isIE11) {
-        this.skip();
-      } else {
-        /**
-         * Load custom rule & check
-         * -> one check is preload dependent
-         * -> another check is not preload dependent
-         */
-        axe._load({
-          rules: [
-            {
-              // this rule is not preload dependent and can run immediately
-              id: 'run-now-rule',
-              selector: 'div#run-now-target',
-              any: ['check-context-exists']
-            },
-            {
-              // this rule requires preload and will run after preload assets are ready
-              id: 'run-later-rule',
-              selector: 'div#run-later-target',
-              any: ['check-context-has-assets'],
-              preload: {
-                assets: ['cssom']
-              }
-            }
-          ],
-          checks: [
-            {
-              id: 'check-context-exists',
-              evaluate: customCheckEvalFn
-            },
-            {
-              id: 'check-context-has-assets',
-              evaluate: customCheckEvalFn
+    beforeEach(done => {
+      /**
+       * Load custom rule & check
+       * -> one check is preload dependent
+       * -> another check is not preload dependent
+       */
+      axe._load({
+        rules: [
+          {
+            // this rule is not preload dependent and can run immediately
+            id: 'run-now-rule',
+            selector: 'div#run-now-target',
+            any: ['check-context-exists']
+          },
+          {
+            // this rule requires preload and will run after preload assets are ready
+            id: 'run-later-rule',
+            selector: 'div#run-later-target',
+            any: ['check-context-has-assets'],
+            preload: {
+              assets: ['cssom']
             }
-          ]
-        });
+          }
+        ],
+        checks: [
+          {
+            id: 'check-context-exists',
+            evaluate: customCheckEvalFn
+          },
+          {
+            id: 'check-context-has-assets',
+            evaluate: customCheckEvalFn
+          }
+        ]
+      });
 
-        // load stylesheets
-        stylesForPage = [
-          styleSheets.crossOriginLinkHref,
-          styleSheets.crossOriginLinkHrefMediaPrint,
-          styleSheets.styleTag
-        ];
-        attachStylesheets({ styles: stylesForPage }, done);
-      }
+      // load stylesheets
+      stylesForPage = [
+        styleSheets.crossOriginLinkHref,
+        styleSheets.crossOriginLinkHrefMediaPrint,
+        styleSheets.styleTag
+      ];
+      attachStylesheets({ styles: stylesForPage }, done);
     });
 
-    after(function(done) {
+    after(done => {
       detachStylesheets(done);
     });
 
-    it("returns preloaded assets to the check's evaluate fn for the rule which has `preload:true`", function(done) {
+    it("returns preloaded assets to the check's evaluate fn for the rule which has `preload:true`", done => {
       axe.run(
         {
           runOnly: {
@@ -229,28 +218,28 @@ describe('axe.utils.preload integration test', function() {
           },
           preload: true
         },
-        function(err, res) {
+        (err, res) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           assert.isDefined(res);
           assert.property(res, 'passes');
           assert.lengthOf(res.passes, 1);
 
-          var checkData = res.passes[0].nodes[0].any[0].data;
+          const checkData = res.passes[0].nodes[0].any[0].data;
           assert.property(checkData, 'cssom');
 
-          var cssom = checkData.cssom;
+          const cssom = checkData.cssom;
 
           // ignores all media='print' styleSheets
           assert.lengthOf(cssom, 2);
 
           // there should be no external sheet returned
-          var crossOriginSheet = cssom.filter(function(s) {
+          const crossOriginSheet = cssom.filter(s => {
             return s.isCrossOrigin;
           });
           assert.lengthOf(crossOriginSheet, 1);
 
           // verify content of stylesheet
-          var inlineStylesheet = cssom.filter(function(s) {
+          const inlineStylesheet = cssom.filter(s => {
             return s.sheet.cssRules.length === 1 && !s.isCrossOrigin;
           })[0].sheet;
           axe.testUtils.assertStylesheet(
@@ -264,7 +253,7 @@ describe('axe.utils.preload integration test', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it("returns NO preloaded assets to the check which does not require preload'", function(done) {
+    it("returns NO preloaded assets to the check which does not require preload'", done => {
       axe.run(
         {
           runOnly: {
@@ -273,13 +262,13 @@ describe('axe.utils.preload integration test', function() {
           },
           preload: true
         },
-        function(err, res) {
+        (err, res) => {
           assert.isNull(err);
           assert.isDefined(res);
           assert.property(res, 'passes');
           assert.lengthOf(res.passes, 1);
 
-          var checkData = res.passes[0].nodes[0].any[0];
+          const checkData = res.passes[0].nodes[0].any[0];
           assert.notProperty(checkData, 'cssom');
           done();
         }
diff --git a/test/integration/full/region/frames/region-fail.html b/test/integration/full/region/frames/region-fail.html
index 8b15082b2..c18169868 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/region/frames/region-fail.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/region/frames/region-fail.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/region/frames/region-nested.html b/test/integration/full/region/frames/region-nested.html
index edb9b0ec8..5efd96584 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/region/frames/region-nested.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/region/frames/region-nested.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/region/frames/region.html b/test/integration/full/region/frames/region.html
index 4f2a4504c..82b93d478 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/region/frames/region.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/region/frames/region.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="violation2">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/region/region-fail-iframe.html b/test/integration/full/region/region-fail-iframe.html
index 85047be8d..afb01ed6e 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/region/region-fail-iframe.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/region/region-fail-iframe.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>Region Test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/region/region-fail-iframe.js b/test/integration/full/region/region-fail-iframe.js
index 255d196be..5f598c02a 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/region/region-fail-iframe.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/region/region-fail-iframe.js
@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
-describe('region fail test', function() {
+describe('region fail test', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
-      axe.run({ runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['region'] } }, function(
-        err,
-        r
-      ) {
-        assert.isNull(err);
-        results = r;
-        done();
-      });
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+      axe.run(
+        { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['region'] } },
+        function (err, r) {
+          assert.isNull(err);
+          results = r;
+          done();
+        }
+      );
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find one', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find one', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find wrapper', function() {
+    it('should find wrapper', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, [
         'iframe',
         '#wrapper'
diff --git a/test/integration/full/region/region-fail-nested-iframe.html b/test/integration/full/region/region-fail-nested-iframe.html
index ca5669fc6..63cc33218 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/region/region-fail-nested-iframe.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/region/region-fail-nested-iframe.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>Region Test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/region/region-fail-nested-iframe.js b/test/integration/full/region/region-fail-nested-iframe.js
index a3638c94b..d7a9b1e27 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/region/region-fail-nested-iframe.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/region/region-fail-nested-iframe.js
@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
-describe('region fail test', function() {
+describe('region fail test', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
-      axe.run({ runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['region'] } }, function(
-        err,
-        r
-      ) {
-        assert.isNull(err);
-        results = r;
-        done();
-      });
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+      axe.run(
+        { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['region'] } },
+        function (err, r) {
+          assert.isNull(err);
+          results = r;
+          done();
+        }
+      );
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find one', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find one', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find wrapper', function() {
+    it('should find wrapper', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, [
         'iframe',
         'iframe',
diff --git a/test/integration/full/region/region-fail.html b/test/integration/full/region/region-fail.html
index 56a92bab3..79fc58c0f 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/region/region-fail.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/region/region-fail.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>Region Test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/region/region-fail.js b/test/integration/full/region/region-fail.js
index b593e0c1d..a1fd2952a 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/region/region-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/region/region-fail.js
@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
-describe('region fail test', function() {
+describe('region fail test', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
-      axe.run({ runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['region'] } }, function(
-        err,
-        r
-      ) {
-        assert.isNull(err);
-        results = r;
-        done();
-      });
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+      axe.run(
+        { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['region'] } },
+        function (err, r) {
+          assert.isNull(err);
+          results = r;
+          done();
+        }
+      );
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find one', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find one', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find wrapper', function() {
+    it('should find wrapper', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, ['#wrapper']);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/region/region-iframe-with-landmarks.html b/test/integration/full/region/region-iframe-with-landmarks.html
index 12e75457d..ad01c5794 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/region/region-iframe-with-landmarks.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/region/region-iframe-with-landmarks.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>Region Test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/region/region-iframe-within-landmark.html b/test/integration/full/region/region-iframe-within-landmark.html
index 53c32160c..3e30f8446 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/region/region-iframe-within-landmark.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/region/region-iframe-within-landmark.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>Region Test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/region/region-pass-nested-iframe.html b/test/integration/full/region/region-pass-nested-iframe.html
index 6e7400563..aca03be23 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/region/region-pass-nested-iframe.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/region/region-pass-nested-iframe.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>Region Test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/region/region-pass.html b/test/integration/full/region/region-pass.html
index 9a5d7de0f..3c1a88111 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/region/region-pass.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/region/region-pass.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>Region Test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/region/region-pass.js b/test/integration/full/region/region-pass.js
index 33b6ef1bc..12e7e2bba 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/region/region-pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/region/region-pass.js
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-describe('region pass test', function() {
+describe('region pass test', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
-      axe.run({ runOnly: ['region'] }, function(err, r) {
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+      axe.run({ runOnly: ['region'] }, function (err, r) {
         assert.isNull(err);
         results = r;
         done();
@@ -11,16 +11,16 @@ describe('region pass test', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should pass nodes', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should pass nodes', function () {
       // it seems CircleCI and localhost have different number of DOM nodes,
       // so as long as everything passes and nothing fails, the rule is working
       assert.isTrue(results.passes[0].nodes.length > 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find none', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find none', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/rerun/frames/frame.html b/test/integration/full/rerun/frames/frame.html
index 7f11ea1fa..3f9b7ad56 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/rerun/frames/frame.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/rerun/frames/frame.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/rerun/rerun.html b/test/integration/full/rerun/rerun.html
index 6e528ac6c..5296cb125 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/rerun/rerun.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/rerun/rerun.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>Rerun Test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/rerun/rerun.js b/test/integration/full/rerun/rerun.js
index efd2b7749..d40a02810 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/rerun/rerun.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/rerun/rerun.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('rerun axe in the same tick' + window.location.pathname, function() {
+describe('rerun axe in the same tick' + window.location.pathname, function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  before(function(done) {
+  before(function (done) {
     axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(done);
   });
 
-  it('can run multiple times without interfering with itself', function(done) {
+  it('can run multiple times without interfering with itself', function (done) {
     var options = {
       runOnly: {
         type: 'rule',
@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@ describe('rerun axe in the same tick' + window.location.pathname, function() {
     };
 
     // First run
-    axe.run(options, function(err1, res1) {
+    axe.run(options, function (err1, res1) {
       assert.isNull(err1);
 
       // Second run, on the same tick
-      axe.run(options, function(err2, res2) {
+      axe.run(options, function (err2, res2) {
         assert.isNull(err2);
 
         delete res1.timestamp;
diff --git a/test/integration/full/run-partial/after-method.html b/test/integration/full/run-partial/after-method.html
index cc805e96d..43a3fbe7b 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/run-partial/after-method.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/run-partial/after-method.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>runPartial, test after methods</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/run-partial/after-method.js b/test/integration/full/run-partial/after-method.js
index f6a224d8b..88fdfdd6f 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/run-partial/after-method.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/run-partial/after-method.js
@@ -1,28 +1,28 @@
-describe('run-partial, after-method', function() {
+describe('run-partial, after-method', function () {
   'use strict';
   var ruleName = 'heading-order';
   var runPartialRecursive = axe.testUtils.runPartialRecursive;
   var clone = axe.utils.clone;
 
-  beforeEach(function(done) {
+  beforeEach(function (done) {
     axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(done);
   });
 
-  it('gives the same passed results as axe.run with a complex "after" method', function(done) {
+  it('gives the same passed results as axe.run with a complex "after" method', function (done) {
     var options = { runOnly: ruleName };
     var context = { exclude: [] };
     Promise.all(runPartialRecursive(clone(context), options))
-      .then(function(partialResults) {
+      .then(function (partialResults) {
         return Promise.all([
           axe.finishRun(partialResults, options),
           axe.run(clone(context), options)
         ]);
       })
-      .then(function(results) {
+      .then(function (results) {
         var axeRunPartialResult = results[0];
         var axeRunResult = results[1];
         assert.lengthOf(axeRunPartialResult.violations, 0);
-
+        axeRunPartialResult.testEnvironment = axeRunResult.testEnvironment;
         axeRunPartialResult.timestamp = axeRunResult.timestamp;
         assert.deepEqual(axeRunPartialResult, axeRunResult);
         done();
@@ -30,17 +30,17 @@ describe('run-partial, after-method', function() {
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('gives the same failed results as axe.run with a complex "after" method', function(done) {
+  it('gives the same failed results as axe.run with a complex "after" method', function (done) {
     var options = { runOnly: ruleName };
     var context = { exclude: [['#frame1', '#frame1a']] };
     Promise.all(runPartialRecursive(clone(context), options))
-      .then(function(partialResults) {
+      .then(function (partialResults) {
         return Promise.all([
           axe.finishRun(partialResults, options),
           axe.run(clone(context), options)
         ]);
       })
-      .then(function(results) {
+      .then(function (results) {
         var axeRunPartialResult = results[0];
         var axeRunResult = results[1];
 
diff --git a/test/integration/full/run-partial/context-size-focusable.html b/test/integration/full/run-partial/context-size-focusable.html
index 9c9ebfd7a..ac5ab63c2 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/run-partial/context-size-focusable.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/run-partial/context-size-focusable.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>runPartial, test context.size and context.focusable</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/run-partial/context-size-focusable.js b/test/integration/full/run-partial/context-size-focusable.js
index 58c26ac97..03c56ca09 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/run-partial/context-size-focusable.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/run-partial/context-size-focusable.js
@@ -1,31 +1,31 @@
-describe('run-partial, context-size-focusable', function() {
+describe('run-partial, context-size-focusable', function () {
   'use strict';
   var ruleName = 'frame-focusable-content';
   var runPartialRecursive = axe.testUtils.runPartialRecursive;
   var clone = axe.utils.clone;
 
-  beforeEach(function(done) {
+  beforeEach(function (done) {
     axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(done);
   });
 
-  it('gives the same passed results as axe.run when context.size and context.focusable are used', function(done) {
+  it('gives the same passed results as axe.run when context.size and context.focusable are used', function (done) {
     var options = { runOnly: ruleName };
     var context = {
       exclude: [['#fail1'], ['#fail2', 'iframe']]
     };
 
     Promise.all(runPartialRecursive(clone(context), options))
-      .then(function(partialResults) {
+      .then(function (partialResults) {
         return Promise.all([
           axe.finishRun(partialResults, options),
           axe.run(clone(context), options)
         ]);
       })
-      .then(function(results) {
+      .then(function (results) {
         var axeRunPartialResult = results[0];
         var axeRunResult = results[1];
         assert.lengthOf(axeRunPartialResult.violations, 0);
-
+        axeRunPartialResult.testEnvironment = axeRunResult.testEnvironment;
         axeRunPartialResult.timestamp = axeRunResult.timestamp;
         assert.deepEqual(axeRunPartialResult, axeRunResult);
         done();
@@ -33,16 +33,16 @@ describe('run-partial, context-size-focusable', function() {
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('gives the same failed results as axe.run when context.size and context.focusable are used', function(done) {
+  it('gives the same failed results as axe.run when context.size and context.focusable are used', function (done) {
     var options = { runOnly: ruleName };
     Promise.all(runPartialRecursive({ exclude: [] }, options))
-      .then(function(partialResults) {
+      .then(function (partialResults) {
         return Promise.all([
           axe.finishRun(partialResults, options),
           axe.run({ exclude: [] }, options)
         ]);
       })
-      .then(function(results) {
+      .then(function (results) {
         var axeRunPartialResult = results[0];
         var axeRunResult = results[1];
 
diff --git a/test/integration/full/run-partial/initiator.html b/test/integration/full/run-partial/initiator.html
index 47805e778..bcb6940f2 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/run-partial/initiator.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/run-partial/initiator.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>runPartial, test context.initiator</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/run-partial/initiator.js b/test/integration/full/run-partial/initiator.js
index 5fa442cd2..8c0dff6a9 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/run-partial/initiator.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/run-partial/initiator.js
@@ -1,28 +1,28 @@
-describe('run-partial, initiator', function() {
+describe('run-partial, initiator', function () {
   'use strict';
   var ruleName = 'document-title';
   var runPartialRecursive = axe.testUtils.runPartialRecursive;
   var clone = axe.utils.clone;
 
-  beforeEach(function(done) {
+  beforeEach(function (done) {
     axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(done);
   });
 
-  it('gives the same results as axe.run when context.initiator is used', function(done) {
+  it('gives the same results as axe.run when context.initiator is used', function (done) {
     var options = { runOnly: ruleName };
     var context = { exclude: [] };
     Promise.all(runPartialRecursive(clone(context), options))
-      .then(function(partialResults) {
+      .then(function (partialResults) {
         return Promise.all([
           axe.finishRun(partialResults, options),
           axe.run(clone(context), options)
         ]);
       })
-      .then(function(results) {
+      .then(function (results) {
         var axeRunPartialResult = results[0];
         var axeRunResult = results[1];
         assert.lengthOf(axeRunPartialResult.violations, 0);
-
+        axeRunPartialResult.testEnvironment = axeRunResult.testEnvironment;
         axeRunPartialResult.timestamp = axeRunResult.timestamp;
         assert.deepEqual(axeRunPartialResult, axeRunResult);
         done();
diff --git a/test/integration/full/run-partial/page-level.html b/test/integration/full/run-partial/page-level.html
index d1069a908..41e293da8 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/run-partial/page-level.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/run-partial/page-level.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>runPartial, test rule.pageLevel</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/run-partial/page-level.js b/test/integration/full/run-partial/page-level.js
index 7d8cac8e0..589058efc 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/run-partial/page-level.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/run-partial/page-level.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('run-partial, page-level', function() {
+describe('run-partial, page-level', function () {
   'use strict';
   var ruleName = 'bypass';
   var runPartialRecursive = axe.testUtils.runPartialRecursive;
   var clone = axe.utils.clone;
 
-  beforeEach(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
+  beforeEach(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
       // Stop messing with my tests Mocha!
       var heading = document.querySelector('#mocha h1');
       if (heading) {
@@ -15,41 +15,41 @@ describe('run-partial, page-level', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('gives the same empty results as axe.run with a pageLevel rule', function(done) {
+  it('gives the same empty results as axe.run with a pageLevel rule', function (done) {
     var options = { runOnly: ruleName };
     // pageLevel rules are inapplicable when they don't test the entire page
     var context = { include: ['article'] };
     Promise.all(runPartialRecursive(clone(context), options))
-      .then(function(partialResults) {
+      .then(function (partialResults) {
         return Promise.all([
           axe.finishRun(partialResults, options),
           axe.run(clone(context), options)
         ]);
       })
-      .then(function(results) {
+      .then(function (results) {
         var axeRunPartialResult = results[0];
         var axeRunResult = results[1];
         assert.lengthOf(axeRunPartialResult.incomplete, 0);
         assert.lengthOf(axeRunPartialResult.passes, 0);
-
         axeRunPartialResult.timestamp = axeRunResult.timestamp;
+        axeRunPartialResult.testEnvironment = axeRunResult.testEnvironment;
         assert.deepEqual(axeRunPartialResult, axeRunResult);
         done();
       })
       .catch(done);
   });
 
-  it('gives the same failed results as axe.run with a pageLevel rule', function(done) {
+  it('gives the same failed results as axe.run with a pageLevel rule', function (done) {
     var options = { runOnly: ruleName };
     var context = { exclude: [] };
     Promise.all(runPartialRecursive(clone(context), options))
-      .then(function(partialResults) {
+      .then(function (partialResults) {
         return Promise.all([
           axe.finishRun(partialResults, options),
           axe.run(clone(context), options)
         ]);
       })
-      .then(function(results) {
+      .then(function (results) {
         var axeRunPartialResult = results[0];
         var axeRunResult = results[1];
         assert.isObject(axeRunPartialResult);
diff --git a/test/integration/full/serializer/custom-source-serializer.js b/test/integration/full/serializer/custom-source-serializer.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d151847f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/serializer/custom-source-serializer.js
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+axe.utils.nodeSerializer.update({
+  toSpec(dqElm) {
+    const result = dqElm.toJSON();
+    result.source = dqElm.element.id;
+    return result;
+  },
+  mergeSpecs(childSpec, parentSpec) {
+    const result = axe.utils.DqElement.mergeSpecs(childSpec, parentSpec);
+    result.source = `${parentSpec.source} > ${childSpec.source}`;
+    return result;
+  }
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/full/serializer/frames/level1.html b/test/integration/full/serializer/frames/level1.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c256ff4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/serializer/frames/level1.html
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html id="level1" lang="INVALID">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf8" />
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script src="../custom-source-serializer.js"></script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <iframe id="frame2-a" src="level2-a.html"></iframe>
+    <iframe id="frame2-b" src="level2-b.html"></iframe>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/serializer/frames/level2-a.html b/test/integration/full/serializer/frames/level2-a.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cdf4f3bdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/serializer/frames/level2-a.html
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html id="level2-a" lang="INVALID">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf8" />
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script src="../custom-source-serializer.js"></script>
+  </head>
+  <body></body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/serializer/frames/level2-b.html b/test/integration/full/serializer/frames/level2-b.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b4c4bf0c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/serializer/frames/level2-b.html
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html id="level2-b" xml:lang="INVALID">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf8" />
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script src="../custom-source-serializer.js"></script>
+  </head>
+  <body></body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/serializer/serializer.html b/test/integration/full/serializer/serializer.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..817cdccde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/serializer/serializer.html
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html id="level0" lang="INVALID">
+  <head>
+    <title>Serializer Test</title>
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
+    />
+    <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script src="custom-source-serializer.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      mocha.setup({
+        timeout: 10000,
+        ui: 'bdd'
+      });
+      var assert = chai.assert;
+    </script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <iframe id="frame1" src="frames/level1.html"></iframe>
+    <main id="mocha"></main>
+    <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
+    <script src="serializer.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/serializer/serializer.js b/test/integration/full/serializer/serializer.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3ae276640
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/serializer/serializer.js
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+describe('serializer', () => {
+  const { awaitNestedLoad, runPartialRecursive } = axe.testUtils;
+
+  beforeEach(async () => {
+    await new Promise(res => awaitNestedLoad(res));
+  });
+
+  const runOptions = { runOnly: 'html-lang-valid' };
+  const expectedCustomNodeSources = [
+    'level0',
+    'frame1 > level1',
+    'frame1 > frame2-a > level2-a',
+    'frame1 > frame2-b > level2-b'
+  ];
+
+  it('applies serializer hooks with axe.runPartial/finishRun', async () => {
+    const partialResults = await Promise.all(
+      runPartialRecursive(document, runOptions)
+    );
+    const results = await axe.finishRun(partialResults, runOptions);
+    const nodesHtml = results.violations[0].nodes.map(n => n.html);
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(nodesHtml, expectedCustomNodeSources);
+  });
+
+  it('applies serializer hooks with axe.run', async () => {
+    const results = await axe.run(document, runOptions);
+    const nodesHtml = results.violations[0].nodes.map(n => n.html);
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(nodesHtml, expectedCustomNodeSources);
+  });
+
+  it('still supports axe.run with options.elementRef', async () => {
+    const results = await axe.run(document, {
+      ...runOptions,
+      elementRef: true
+    });
+    const nodeElements = results.violations[0].nodes.map(n => n.element);
+
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(nodeElements, [
+      document.querySelector('html'),
+      // as usual, elementRef only works for the top frame
+      undefined,
+      undefined,
+      undefined
+    ]);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/full/skip-link/skip-link-fail.html b/test/integration/full/skip-link/skip-link-fail.html
index 0767255d2..70b120abd 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/skip-link/skip-link-fail.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/skip-link/skip-link-fail.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass1">
   <head>
     <title>skip-link test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/skip-link/skip-link-fail.js b/test/integration/full/skip-link/skip-link-fail.js
index f2e355fed..e48eec6a5 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/skip-link/skip-link-fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/skip-link/skip-link-fail.js
@@ -1,41 +1,41 @@
-describe('skip-link test pass', function() {
+describe('skip-link test pass', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
 
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
-      axe.run({ runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['skip-link'] } }, function(
-        err,
-        r
-      ) {
-        assert.isNull(err);
-        results = r;
-        done();
-      });
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+      axe.run(
+        { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['skip-link'] } },
+        function (err, r) {
+          assert.isNull(err);
+          results = r;
+          done();
+        }
+      );
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 1', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 1', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find 1 nodes', function() {
+    it('should find 1 nodes', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 1);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 0 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/skip-link/skip-link-pass.html b/test/integration/full/skip-link/skip-link-pass.html
index 6432c08e7..661b80a60 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/skip-link/skip-link-pass.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/skip-link/skip-link-pass.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" id="pass1">
   <head>
     <title>skip-link test</title>
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
     <div id="pass3-tgt"></div>
     <a href="/#pass3-tgt" class="sr-only" id="pass3">Link (angular)</a>
 
-    <div id="canttell1-tgt" style="display:none"></div>
+    <div id="canttell1-tgt" style="display: none"></div>
     <a href="#canttell1-tgt" class="sr-only" id="canttell1">Link</a>
 
     <!-- since these elements are page links, they needs to be at the bottom
diff --git a/test/integration/full/skip-link/skip-link-pass.js b/test/integration/full/skip-link/skip-link-pass.js
index 3484d6af5..2fe6c5bff 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/skip-link/skip-link-pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/skip-link/skip-link-pass.js
@@ -1,37 +1,37 @@
-describe('skip-link test pass', function() {
+describe('skip-link test pass', function () {
   'use strict';
   var results;
 
-  before(function(done) {
-    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function() {
-      axe.run({ runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['skip-link'] } }, function(
-        err,
-        r
-      ) {
-        assert.isNull(err);
-        results = r;
-        done();
-      });
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+      axe.run(
+        { runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: ['skip-link'] } },
+        function (err, r) {
+          assert.isNull(err);
+          results = r;
+          done();
+        }
+      );
     });
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find 0', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find 0', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find 3', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find 3', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 3);
     });
   });
 
-  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function() {
+  it('should find 0 inapplicable', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should find 1 incomplete', function() {
+  it('should find 1 incomplete', function () {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/strict-csp/strict-csp.html b/test/integration/full/strict-csp/strict-csp.html
index 6ae904d74..0387fff86 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/strict-csp/strict-csp.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/strict-csp/strict-csp.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/full/strict-csp/strict-csp.js b/test/integration/full/strict-csp/strict-csp.js
index 374479307..c9f0e0de7 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/strict-csp/strict-csp.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/strict-csp/strict-csp.js
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-describe('strict-csp', function() {
+describe('strict-csp', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should parse without errors', function() {
+  it('should parse without errors', function () {
     assert.isDefined(window.axe), 'axe is not defined';
     assert.isDefined(window.axe.run, 'axe.run is not defined');
   });
 
-  it('should run without errors', function(done) {
-    axe.run(function(err, results) {
+  it('should run without errors', function (done) {
+    axe.run(function (err, results) {
       assert.isNull(err);
       assert.isDefined(results);
       done();
diff --git a/test/integration/full/target-size/target-size.html b/test/integration/full/target-size/target-size.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a393199c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/target-size/target-size.html
@@ -0,0 +1,658 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <title>Target-size Test</title>
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
+    />
+    <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      mocha.setup({
+        timeout: 10000,
+        ui: 'bdd'
+      });
+      var assert = chai.assert;
+    </script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <main id="mocha"></main>
+    <style>
+      /* color */
+      .failed.passes {
+        background: blueviolet !important;
+      }
+      .incomplete {
+        background: yellow !important;
+      }
+      .passed.violations {
+        background: blueviolet !important;
+      }
+      [hidden] {
+        display: none !important;
+      }
+      p {
+        font-size: 12px;
+        margin: 1.3em 0 0.3em;
+      }
+      .sample {
+        display: flex;
+      }
+      .sample > div {
+        outline: solid 1px #ddd;
+        padding: 12px 6px;
+        flex-basis: 95px;
+        justify-content: center;
+      }
+      .sample div {
+        position: relative;
+        display: flex;
+      }
+      .sample > div span {
+        box-shadow:
+          inset -2px -2px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4),
+          inset 2px 2px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);
+        display: flex;
+        z-index: 1;
+      }
+      .sample p {
+        position: absolute;
+        font-size: 10px;
+        top: -9px;
+        left: 3px;
+        color: #333;
+      }
+      .rnd-50 {
+        border-radius: 50%;
+      }
+      .rnd-0-25 {
+        border-radius: 0 25%;
+      }
+      .rnd-0-50 {
+        border-radius: 0 50%;
+      }
+      .rnd-0-75 {
+        border-radius: 0 75%;
+      }
+      .rnd-0-100 {
+        border-radius: 0 100%;
+      }
+      .rot30 {
+        transform: rotate(-30deg);
+      }
+      .rot45 {
+        transform: rotate(-45deg);
+      }
+
+      svg path {
+        stroke: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);
+        stroke-width: 2px;
+      }
+
+      /* color */
+      .passed {
+        background: linear-gradient(90deg, darkgreen 0%, lightgreen 100%);
+      }
+      .failed {
+        background: linear-gradient(90deg, pink 0%, darkred 100%);
+      }
+
+      /* height */
+      .h1 {
+        height: 6px;
+      }
+      .h2 {
+        height: 12px;
+      }
+      .h3 {
+        height: 18px;
+      }
+      .h4 {
+        height: 24px;
+      }
+      .h6 {
+        height: 36px;
+      }
+      .h7 {
+        height: 42px;
+      }
+      .h8 {
+        height: 48px;
+      }
+      .h10 {
+        height: 60px;
+      }
+      /* With */
+      .w1 {
+        width: 6px;
+      }
+      .w2 {
+        width: 12px;
+      }
+      .w3 {
+        width: 18px;
+      }
+      .w4 {
+        width: 24px;
+      }
+      .w5 {
+        width: 30px;
+      }
+      .w6 {
+        width: 36px;
+      }
+      .w7 {
+        width: 42px;
+      }
+      .w8 {
+        width: 48px;
+      }
+      .w10 {
+        width: 60px;
+      }
+      .w11 {
+        width: 66px;
+      }
+      /* Margins */
+      .m4-n2 {
+        margin-right: -12px;
+      }
+      .m4-n1 {
+        margin-right: -6px;
+      }
+      .mr1 {
+        margin-right: 6px;
+      }
+      .mr2 {
+        margin-right: 12px;
+      }
+      .mr3 {
+        margin-right: 18px;
+      }
+      .mr4 {
+        margin-right: 24px;
+      }
+      .ml-n6 {
+        margin-left: -36px;
+      }
+      .ml-n5 {
+        margin-left: -30px;
+      }
+      .ml-n4 {
+        margin-left: -24px;
+      }
+      .ml-n3 {
+        margin-left: -18px;
+      }
+      .ml-n2 {
+        margin-left: -12px;
+      }
+      .ml-n1 {
+        margin-left: -6px;
+      }
+      .ml1 {
+        margin-left: 6px;
+      }
+      .ml2 {
+        margin-left: 12px;
+      }
+      .ml3 {
+        margin-left: 18px;
+      }
+      .ml4 {
+        margin-left: 24px;
+      }
+      .ml5 {
+        margin-left: 30px;
+      }
+      .ml6 {
+        margin-left: 36px;
+      }
+      .mt-n1 {
+        margin-top: -6px;
+      }
+      .mt1 {
+        margin-top: 6px;
+      }
+      .mt2 {
+        margin-top: 12px;
+      }
+      .mt3 {
+        margin-top: 18px;
+      }
+      .mt4 {
+        margin-top: 24px;
+      }
+      .mt5 {
+        margin-top: 30px;
+      }
+      .mt6 {
+        margin-top: 36px;
+      }
+      .mt8 {
+        margin-top: 48px;
+      }
+      .mb-n1 {
+        margin-bottom: -6px;
+      }
+      .mb1 {
+        margin-bottom: 6px;
+      }
+      .mb2 {
+        margin-bottom: 12px;
+      }
+      .mb3 {
+        margin-bottom: 18px;
+      }
+      .mb4 {
+        margin-bottom: 24px;
+      }
+      .mb5 {
+        margin-bottom: 30px;
+      }
+      .mb6 {
+        margin-bottom: 36px;
+      }
+    </style>
+
+    <p>Examples A1 - A4 all pass.</p>
+    <section class="sample">
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h4 w4"></span>
+        <span class="passed h4 w4"></span>
+        <span class="passed h4 w4"></span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h3 w4"></span>
+        <span class="passed h3 w4"></span>
+        <span class="passed h3 w4"></span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h2 w4"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w4"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w4"></span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h1 w4"></span>
+        <span class="passed h1 w4"></span>
+        <span class="passed h1 w4"></span>
+      </div>
+    </section>
+
+    <p>Examples B1 - B3 pass, B4 fails.</p>
+    <section class="sample">
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h2 w3"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w3 ml3 mr3"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w3"></span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h2 w3"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w3 ml2 mr2"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w3"></span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h2 w3"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w3 ml1 mr1"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w3"></span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="failed h2 w3"></span>
+        <span class="failed h2 w3"></span>
+        <span class="failed h2 w3"></span>
+      </div>
+    </section>
+
+    <p>Examples C1 and C2 pass, C3 and C4 fail.</p>
+    <section class="sample">
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h2 w2"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w2 ml3 mr3"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w2"></span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h2 w2"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w2 ml2 mr2"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w2"></span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="failed h2 w2"></span>
+        <span class="failed h2 w2 ml1 mr1"></span>
+        <span class="failed h2 w2"></span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="failed h2 w2"></span>
+        <span class="failed h2 w2"></span>
+        <span class="failed h2 w2"></span>
+      </div>
+    </section>
+
+    <p>Example D1 passes, D2 - D4 fail.</p>
+    <section class="sample">
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h2 w1"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w1 ml3 mr3"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w1"></span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="failed h2 w1"></span>
+        <span class="failed h2 w1 ml2 mr2"></span>
+        <span class="failed h2 w1"></span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="failed h2 w1"></span>
+        <span class="failed h2 w1 ml1 mr1"></span>
+        <span class="failed h2 w1"></span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="failed h2 w1"></span>
+        <span class="failed h2 w1"></span>
+        <span class="failed h2 w1"></span>
+      </div>
+    </section>
+
+    <p>Example E1 - E3 pass, E4 fails.</p>
+    <section class="sample">
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h2 w2"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w4 ml3 mr3"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w2"></span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h2 w2"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w4 ml2 mr2"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w2"></span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h2 w2"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w4 ml1 mr1"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w2"></span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="failed h2 w2"></span>
+        <span class="failed h2 w4"></span>
+        <span class="failed h2 w2"></span>
+      </div>
+    </section>
+
+    <p>Example F1 - F3 pass, F4 fails.</p>
+    <section class="sample">
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h2 w4"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w2 ml3 mr3"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w4"></span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h2 w4"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w2 ml2 mr2"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w4"></span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h2 w4"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w2 ml1 mr1"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w4"></span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="failed h2 w4"></span>
+        <span class="failed h2 w2"></span>
+        <span class="failed h2 w4"></span>
+      </div>
+    </section>
+
+    <p>Example G1 - G3 pass, the outer element of G4 fail.</p>
+    <section class="sample">
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h6 w6 ml4">
+          <span class="passed h4 w4 mt1 ml-n4"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h6 w6 ml3">
+          <span class="passed h4 w4 mt1 ml-n3"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h6 w6 ml2">
+          <span class="passed h4 w4 mt1 ml-n2"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="failed h6 w6 ml1">
+          <span class="passed h4 w4 mt1 ml-n1"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+    </section>
+
+    <p>Example H1 and H2 pass, the outer element of H3 and H4 fail.</p>
+    <section class="sample">
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h6 w10">
+          <span class="passed h4 w4 mt1 ml1"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h6 w10">
+          <span class="passed h4 w4 mt1 ml2"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="failed h6 w10">
+          <span class="passed h4 w4 mt1 ml3"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="failed h6 w10">
+          <span class="passed h4 w4 mt1 ml1"></span>
+          <span class="passed h4 w4 mt1"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+    </section>
+
+    <p>Example I1 and I2 pass, I3 and I4 fail.</p>
+    <section class="sample">
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h4 w6 ml6">
+          <span class="passed h2 w6 mt1 ml-n6"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h4 w6 ml4">
+          <span class="passed h2 w6 mt1 ml-n5"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="failed h4 w6 ml2">
+          <span class="failed h2 w6 mt1 ml-n2"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="failed h4 w6">
+          <span class="failed h2 w6 mt1"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+    </section>
+
+    <p>Example J1 and J2 pass, J3 and J4 fail.</p>
+    <section class="sample">
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h4 w6 ml6">
+          <span class="passed h2 w6 ml-n6"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h4 w6 ml4">
+          <span class="passed h2 w6 ml-n5"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="failed h4 w6 ml2">
+          <span class="failed h2 w6 ml-n2"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="failed h4 w6">
+          <span class="failed h2 w6"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+    </section>
+
+    <p>Example K1 and K2 pass, K3 and K4 fail.</p>
+    <section class="sample">
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h4 w6 ml4">
+          <span class="passed h2 w5 mt1 ml-n5"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h4 w6 ml4">
+          <span class="passed h2 w6 mt1 ml-n5"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="failed h4 w6 ml4">
+          <span class="failed h2 w7 mt1 ml-n4"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="failed h4 w6 ml4">
+          <span class="failed h2 w8 mt1 ml-n5"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+    </section>
+
+    <p>Example L1 and L2 pass, the outer element of L3 and L4 fail.</p>
+    <section class="sample">
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h2 w2 rnd-50"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w2 mt4 ml-n2 rnd-50"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w2 mt8 ml-n2 rnd-50"></span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <div class="rot30">
+          <span class="passed h2 w2 rnd-50"></span>
+          <span class="passed h2 w2 mt4 ml-n2 rnd-50"></span>
+          <span class="passed h2 w2 mt8 ml-n2 rnd-50"></span>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h2 w2 rnd-50"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w2 mt3 ml1 rnd-50"></span>
+        <span class="passed h2 w2 mt6 ml1 rnd-50"></span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="failed h2 w2 rnd-50"></span>
+        <span class="failed h2 w2 mt3 rnd-50"></span>
+        <span class="failed h2 w2 mt6 rnd-50"></span>
+      </div>
+    </section>
+
+    <p>Example M1 - M3 pass, the outer element of M4 fail.</p>
+    <section class="sample">
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h6 w6 ml3 rnd-50">
+          <span class="passed h4 w4 mt1 ml-n3"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h6 w6 ml2 rnd-50">
+          <span class="passed h4 w4 mt1 ml-n2"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="failed h6 w6 ml1 rnd-50">
+          <span class="passed h4 w4 mt1 ml-n1"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="failed h6 w6 ml1 rnd-50">
+          <span class="failed h2 w2 mt2 ml1"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+    </section>
+
+    <p>Example N1 - N3 pass, the outer element of N4 fail.</p>
+    <section class="sample">
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h6 w10 rnd-50">
+          <span class="passed h4 w4 mt1 ml1"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h6 w10 rnd-50">
+          <span class="passed h4 w4 mt1 ml2"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="failed h6 w10 rnd-50">
+          <span class="passed h4 w4 mt1 ml3"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <!-- this should technically fail the target-size rule if we were implementing the size based on the largest inscribed square -->
+        <span class="passed h6 w10 rnd-50">
+          <span class="failed h2 w2 mt2 ml4"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+    </section>
+
+    <p>Example O1 and O2 pass, the inner element of O3 and O4 fail.</p>
+    <section class="sample">
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h6 w6 ml4">
+          <span class="passed h4 w4 mt1 ml-n4"></span>
+        </span>
+        <span class="passed h4 w4 mt1 ml-n1"></span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h6 w6 ml3">
+          <span class="passed h4 w4 mt1 ml-n3"></span>
+        </span>
+        <span class="passed h4 w4 mt1 ml-n1"></span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="failed h6 w6 ml2">
+          <span class="passed h4 w4 mt1 ml-n2"></span>
+        </span>
+        <span class="passed h4 w4 mt1 ml-n1"></span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="failed h6 w6 ml1">
+          <span class="passed h4 w4 mt1 ml-n1"></span>
+        </span>
+        <span class="passed h4 w4 mt1 ml-n1"></span>
+      </div>
+    </section>
+
+    <p>Example P.</p>
+    <section class="sample">
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h6 w10 rnd-0-25">
+          <span class="passed h4 w4 mt1 ml1"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h6 w10 rnd-0-50">
+          <span class="passed h4 w4 mt1 ml1"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <span class="passed h6 w10 rnd-0-75">
+          <span class="passed h4 w4 mt1 ml1"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+      <div>
+        <!-- this should technically fail the target-size rule if we were implementing the size based on the largest inscribed square -->
+        <span class="passed h6 w10 rnd-0-100">
+          <span class="passed h4 w4 mt1 ml1"></span>
+        </span>
+      </div>
+    </section>
+
+    <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
+    <script src="target-size.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/target-size/target-size.js b/test/integration/full/target-size/target-size.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..68287e6a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/target-size/target-size.js
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+describe('target-size test', function () {
+  'use strict';
+  var results;
+
+  before(function (done) {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(function () {
+      // Add necessary markup for axe to recognize these as components:
+      document.querySelectorAll('section span').forEach(function (link) {
+        link.setAttribute('role', 'link');
+        link.setAttribute('tabindex', '0');
+      });
+
+      var options = {
+        runOnly: ['target-size'],
+        elementRef: true
+      };
+      axe.run('section', options, function (err, r) {
+        if (err) {
+          done(err);
+        }
+        results = r;
+        // Add some highlighting for visually identifying issues.
+        // There are too many test cases to just do this by selector.
+        results.violations[0] &&
+          results.violations[0].nodes.forEach(function (node) {
+            node.element.className += ' violations';
+          });
+        results.passes[0] &&
+          results.passes[0].nodes.forEach(function (node) {
+            node.element.className += ' passes';
+          });
+        console.log(results);
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('finds all passing nodes', function () {
+    var passResults = results.passes[0] ? results.passes[0].nodes : [];
+    var passedElms = document.querySelectorAll(
+      'section:not([hidden]) div:not([hidden]) .passed'
+    );
+    passResults.forEach(function (result) {
+      assert.include(passedElms, result.element);
+    });
+    assert.lengthOf(passResults, passedElms.length);
+  });
+
+  it('finds all failed nodes', function () {
+    var failResults = results.violations[0] ? results.violations[0].nodes : [];
+    var failedElms = document.querySelectorAll(
+      'section:not([hidden]) div:not([hidden])  .failed'
+    );
+    failResults.forEach(function (result) {
+      assert.include(failedElms, result.element);
+    });
+    assert.lengthOf(failResults, failedElms.length);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/full/target-size/too-many-rects.html b/test/integration/full/target-size/too-many-rects.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0a90cd478
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/target-size/too-many-rects.html
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <title>Target-size too many rects Test</title>
+    <link
+      rel="stylesheet"
+      type="text/css"
+      href="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.css"
+    />
+    <script src="/node_modules/mocha/mocha.js"></script>
+    <script src="/node_modules/chai/chai.js"></script>
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+    <script>
+      mocha.setup({
+        timeout: 10000,
+        ui: 'bdd'
+      });
+      var assert = chai.assert;
+    </script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <main id="mocha"></main>
+
+    <section id="incomplete">
+      <div
+        id="incomplete-many-rects"
+        role="tabpanel"
+        tabindex="0"
+        style="display: inline-block"
+      >
+        <table id="tab-table"></table>
+      </div>
+    </section>
+
+    <script>
+      let html = '';
+      for (let i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+        html += `
+        <tr>
+          <td><a href="#">A</a></td>
+          <td><button>B</button></td>
+          <td><button>C</button></td>
+          <td><button>D</button></td>
+        </tr>`;
+      }
+      document.querySelector('#tab-table').innerHTML = html;
+    </script>
+    <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
+    <script src="too-many-rects.js"></script>
+    <script src="/test/integration/adapter.js"></script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/target-size/too-many-rects.js b/test/integration/full/target-size/too-many-rects.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d1364b0d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/full/target-size/too-many-rects.js
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+describe('target-size too many rects test', () => {
+  'use strict';
+  let results;
+
+  before(done => {
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(() => {
+      const options = {
+        runOnly: ['target-size'],
+        elementRef: true
+      };
+      const context = {
+        // ignore the incomplete table results
+        exclude: 'table tr'
+      };
+      axe.run(context, options, (err, r) => {
+        if (err) {
+          done(err);
+        }
+        results = r;
+        console.log(results);
+        done();
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('incompletes with too many rects', () => {
+    const incompleteNodes = results.incomplete[0]
+      ? results.incomplete[0].nodes
+      : [];
+    assert.lengthOf(incompleteNodes, 1);
+    assert.include(
+      incompleteNodes[0].element,
+      document.querySelector('#incomplete-many-rects')
+    );
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/full/test-webdriver.js b/test/integration/full/test-webdriver.js
index 974db1f71..89d9e8a86 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/test-webdriver.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/test-webdriver.js
@@ -1,20 +1,18 @@
-/*global window, Promise */
+const { globSync } = require('glob');
+const chrome = require('selenium-webdriver/chrome');
+const firefox = require('selenium-webdriver/firefox');
+const chromedriver = require('chromedriver');
 
-var globby = require('globby');
-var WebDriver = require('selenium-webdriver');
-var chrome = require('selenium-webdriver/chrome');
-var chromedriver = require('chromedriver');
-
-var args = process.argv.slice(2);
+const args = process.argv.slice(2);
 
 // allow running certain browsers through command line args
 // (only one browser supported, run multiple times for more browsers)
-var browser = 'chrome';
-args.forEach(function(arg) {
+let browserArg = 'chrome';
+args.forEach(arg => {
   // pattern: browsers=Chrome
-  var parts = arg.split('=');
+  const parts = arg.split('=');
   if (parts[0] === 'browser') {
-    browser = parts[1].toLowerCase();
+    browserArg = parts[1].toLowerCase();
   }
 });
 
@@ -24,9 +22,9 @@ args.forEach(function(arg) {
 function collectTestResults(driver) {
   // inject a script that waits half a second
   return driver
-    .executeAsyncScript(function() {
-      var callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
-      setTimeout(function() {
+    .executeAsyncScript(() => {
+      const callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];
+      setTimeout(() => {
         if (!window.mocha) {
           callback('mocha-missing;' + window.location.href);
         }
@@ -34,7 +32,7 @@ function collectTestResults(driver) {
         callback(window.mochaResults);
       }, 500);
     })
-    .then(function(result) {
+    .then(result => {
       // If there are no results, listen a little longer
       if (typeof result === 'string' && result.includes('mocha-missing')) {
         throw new Error(
@@ -57,30 +55,30 @@ function collectTestResults(driver) {
  * Test each URL
  */
 function runTestUrls(driver, isMobile, urls, errors) {
-  var url = urls.shift();
+  const url = urls.shift();
   errors = errors || [];
 
   return (
     driver
       .get(url)
       // Get results
-      .then(function() {
+      .then(() => {
         return Promise.all([
           driver.getCapabilities(),
           collectTestResults(driver)
         ]);
       })
       // And process them
-      .then(function(promiseResults) {
-        var capabilities = promiseResults[0];
-        var result = promiseResults[1];
-        var browserName =
+      .then(promiseResults => {
+        const capabilities = promiseResults[0];
+        const result = promiseResults[1];
+        const browserName =
           capabilities.get('browserName') +
           (capabilities.get('mobileEmulationEnabled') ? '-mobile' : '');
         console.log(url + ' [' + browserName + ']');
 
         // Remember the errors
-        (result.reports || []).forEach(function(err) {
+        (result.reports || []).forEach(err => {
           console.log(err.message);
           err.url = url;
           err.browser = browserName;
@@ -101,7 +99,7 @@ function runTestUrls(driver, isMobile, urls, errors) {
         );
         console.log();
       })
-      .then(function() {
+      .then(() => {
         // Start the next job, if any
         if (urls.length > 0) {
           return runTestUrls(driver, isMobile, urls, errors);
@@ -117,84 +115,48 @@ function runTestUrls(driver, isMobile, urls, errors) {
  * Build web driver depends whether REMOTE_SELENIUM_URL is set
  */
 function buildWebDriver(browser) {
-  var capabilities;
-  var mobileBrowser = browser.split('-mobile');
-
-  if (mobileBrowser.length > 1) {
-    browser = mobileBrowser[0];
-    capabilities = {
-      browserName: mobileBrowser[0],
-      chromeOptions: {
-        mobileEmulation: {
-          deviceMetrics: {
-            width: 320,
-            height: 568,
-            pixelRatio: 2
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    };
-  }
+  let webdriver;
+  const mobileBrowser = browser.split('-mobile');
 
   // fix chrome DevToolsActivePort file doesn't exist in CricleCI (as well as a
   // host of other problems with starting Chrome). the only thing that seems to
   // allow Chrome to start without problems consistently is using ChromeHeadless
   // @see https://stackoverflow.com/questions/50642308/webdriverexception-unknown-error-devtoolsactiveport-file-doesnt-exist-while-t
   if (browser === 'chrome') {
-    var service = new chrome.ServiceBuilder(chromedriver.path).build();
-    chrome.setDefaultService(service);
-
-    capabilities = WebDriver.Capabilities.chrome();
-    capabilities.set('chromeOptions', {
-      args: [
-        '--no-sandbox',
-        '--headless',
-        '--disable-extensions',
-        '--disable-dev-shm-usage'
-      ]
-    });
+    const service = new chrome.ServiceBuilder(chromedriver.path).build();
+
+    const options = new chrome.Options().addArguments([
+      'headless',
+      '--no-sandbox',
+      '--disable-extensions',
+      '--disable-dev-shm-usage'
+    ]);
+    webdriver = chrome.Driver.createSession(options, service);
+  } else if (browser === 'firefox') {
+    const options = new firefox.Options().addArguments('--headless');
+    webdriver = firefox.Driver.createSession(options);
   }
 
-  var webdriver = new WebDriver.Builder()
-    .withCapabilities(capabilities)
-    .forBrowser(browser);
-
   if (process.env.REMOTE_SELENIUM_URL) {
     webdriver.usingServer(process.env.REMOTE_SELENIUM_URL);
   }
 
-  // @see https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/issues/6026
-  if (browser === 'safari') {
-    var safari = require('selenium-webdriver/safari');
-    var server = new safari.ServiceBuilder()
-      .addArguments('--legacy')
-      .build()
-      .start();
-
-    webdriver.usingServer(server);
-  }
-
   return {
-    driver: webdriver.build(),
+    driver: webdriver,
     isMobile: mobileBrowser.length > 1
   };
 }
 
 function start(options) {
-  var driver;
-  var isMobile = false;
   // yes, really, and this isn't documented anywhere either.
   options.browser =
     options.browser === 'edge' ? 'MicrosoftEdge' : options.browser;
 
-  var testUrls = globby
-    .sync([
-      'test/integration/full/**/*.{html,xhtml}',
-      '!**/frames/**/*.{html,xhtml}'
-    ])
-    .map(function(url) {
-      return 'http://localhost:9876/' + url;
-    });
+  const testUrls = globSync(['test/integration/full/**/*.{html,xhtml}'], {
+    ignore: '**/frames/**/*.{html,xhtml}'
+  }).map(url => {
+    return 'http://localhost:9876/' + url;
+  });
 
   if (
     (process.platform === 'win32' && options.browser === 'safari') ||
@@ -211,34 +173,20 @@ function start(options) {
   }
 
   // try to load the browser
-  try {
-    var webDriver = buildWebDriver(options.browser);
-    driver = webDriver.driver;
-    isMobile = webDriver.isMobile;
-    // If load fails, warn user and move to the next task
-  } catch (err) {
-    console.log();
-    console.log(err.message);
-    console.log('Aborted testing using ' + options.browser);
-    return process.exit();
-  }
+  const webDriver = buildWebDriver(options.browser);
+  const driver = webDriver.driver;
+  const isMobile = webDriver.isMobile;
 
-  // Give driver timeout options for scripts
-  driver
-    .manage()
-    .timeouts()
-    .setScriptTimeout(!isMobile ? 60000 * 5 : 60000 * 10);
-  // allow to wait for page load implicitly
-  driver
-    .manage()
-    .timeouts()
-    .implicitlyWait(50000);
+  driver.manage().setTimeouts({
+    pageLoad: 50000,
+    script: !isMobile ? 60000 * 5 : 60000 * 10
+  });
 
   // Test all pages
   runTestUrls(driver, isMobile, testUrls)
-    .then(function(testErrors) {
+    .then(testErrors => {
       // log each error and abort
-      testErrors.forEach(function(err) {
+      testErrors.forEach(err => {
         console.log();
         console.log('URL: ' + err.url);
         console.log('Browser: ' + err.browser);
@@ -252,10 +200,10 @@ function start(options) {
 
       // catch any potential problems
     })
-    .catch(function(err) {
+    .catch(err => {
       console.log(err);
       process.exit(1);
     });
 }
 
-start({ browser: browser });
+start({ browser: browserArg });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/umd/umd-define.html b/test/integration/full/umd/umd-define.html
index 9af3a3358..3e67d618e 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/umd/umd-define.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/umd/umd-define.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>UMD define Test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/umd/umd-define.js b/test/integration/full/umd/umd-define.js
index 5a105931b..d8b4c937b 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/umd/umd-define.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/umd/umd-define.js
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 /* global defineCalls */
-describe('UMD define', function() {
+describe('UMD define', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should have atleast one umd global', function() {
+  it('should have atleast one umd global', function () {
     assert.isAtLeast(defineCalls.length, 1);
   });
 
-  it('calls define and passes it axe', function() {
+  it('calls define and passes it axe', function () {
     var call = defineCalls[defineCalls.length - 1];
     assert.isFunction(call[2]);
     assert.strictEqual(call[2](), axe);
   });
 
-  it('defines module name as axe-core', function() {
+  it('defines module name as axe-core', function () {
     var call = defineCalls[defineCalls.length - 1];
     assert.equal(call[0], 'axe-core');
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/umd/umd-module-exports.html b/test/integration/full/umd/umd-module-exports.html
index 150c87d7f..3dc6b6ae1 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/umd/umd-module-exports.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/umd/umd-module-exports.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>UMD module.exports Test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/umd/umd-module-exports.js b/test/integration/full/umd/umd-module-exports.js
index eb3dae3c5..96339269b 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/umd/umd-module-exports.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/umd/umd-module-exports.js
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 /* global module */
-describe('UMD module.export', function() {
+describe('UMD module.export', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('registers axe to module.exports', function() {
+  it('registers axe to module.exports', function () {
     assert.strictEqual(module.exports, axe);
   });
 
-  it('does not use `require` functions', function() {
+  it('does not use `require` functions', function () {
     var result;
     var requireRegex = /[^.]require\(([^\)])\)/g;
 
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ describe('UMD module.export', function() {
     }
   });
 
-  it('should include doT', function() {
+  it('should include doT', function () {
     var doT = axe.imports.doT;
     assert(doT, 'doT is registered on axe.imports');
     assert.equal(doT.name, 'doT');
diff --git a/test/integration/full/umd/umd-window.html b/test/integration/full/umd/umd-window.html
index 922912408..f536cd96f 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/umd/umd-window.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/umd/umd-window.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>UMD window.axe Test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/full/umd/umd-window.js b/test/integration/full/umd/umd-window.js
index 8c8ea6964..636ea1e4e 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/umd/umd-window.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/umd/umd-window.js
@@ -1,52 +1,52 @@
 /*global Promise */
-describe('UMD window', function() {
+describe('UMD window', function () {
   'use strict';
 
-  it('should expose axe as a property of window', function() {
+  it('should expose axe as a property of window', function () {
     assert.property(window, 'axe');
   });
 
-  it('should expose Promise as a property of window', function() {
+  it('should expose Promise as a property of window', function () {
     assert.property(window, 'Promise');
   });
 
-  it('should resolve Promise(s)', function(done) {
-    var p1 = new Promise(function(resolve) {
-      setTimeout(function() {
+  it('should resolve Promise(s)', function (done) {
+    var p1 = new Promise(function (resolve) {
+      setTimeout(function () {
         resolve('Hello');
       });
     });
-    var p2 = new Promise(function(resolve) {
-      setTimeout(function() {
+    var p2 = new Promise(function (resolve) {
+      setTimeout(function () {
         resolve('World!');
       });
     });
     Promise.all([p1, p2])
-      .then(function(values) {
+      .then(function (values) {
         assert.lengthOf(values, 2);
         assert.equal(values.join(' '), 'Hello World!');
         done();
       })
-      .catch(function() {
+      .catch(function () {
         done(new Error('Expected to resolve.'));
       });
   });
-  it('should reject Promise', function(done) {
-    new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
-      setTimeout(function() {
+  it('should reject Promise', function (done) {
+    new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
+      setTimeout(function () {
         reject(new Error('Boom!'));
       });
     })
-      .then(function() {
+      .then(function () {
         done(new Error('Expected to reject.'));
       })
-      .catch(function(err) {
+      .catch(function (err) {
         assert.isDefined(err);
         done();
       });
   });
 
-  it('should ensure axe has prototype chained keys', function() {
+  it('should ensure axe has prototype chained keys', function () {
     assert.hasAnyKeys(axe, ['utils', 'commons', 'core']);
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.fail.js b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.fail.js
index 644f7fe73..df4507105 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.fail.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.fail.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-describe('html-xml-lang-mismatch test', function() {
+describe('html-xml-lang-mismatch test', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
+  before(function (done) {
     axe.run(
       {
         runOnly: {
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ describe('html-xml-lang-mismatch test', function() {
           values: ['html-xml-lang-mismatch']
         }
       },
-      function(err, r) {
+      function (err, r) {
         assert.isNull(err);
         results = r;
         done();
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ describe('html-xml-lang-mismatch test', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  describe('violations', function() {
-    it('should find one', function() {
+  describe('violations', function () {
+    it('should find one', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find html', function() {
+    it('should find html', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.violations[0].nodes[0].target, ['html']);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.fail1.html b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.fail1.html
index 29e10a3ff..0b2aeae4c 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.fail1.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.fail1.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="fr" xml:lang="en">
   <head>
     <link
diff --git a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.fail2.html b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.fail2.html
index 2e30d52c7..0d7b6e2aa 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.fail2.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.fail2.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="fr-CA" xml:lang="en-CA">
   <head>
     <link
diff --git a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.inapplicable.js b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.inapplicable.js
index dfa934d82..756bc1f34 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.inapplicable.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.inapplicable.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-describe('html-xml-lang-mismatch test', function() {
+describe('html-xml-lang-mismatch test', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
+  before(function (done) {
     axe.run(
       {
         runOnly: {
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ describe('html-xml-lang-mismatch test', function() {
           values: ['html-xml-lang-mismatch']
         }
       },
-      function(err, r) {
+      function (err, r) {
         assert.isNull(err);
         results = r;
         done();
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ describe('html-xml-lang-mismatch test', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  describe('inapplicable', function() {
-    it('should find one', function() {
+  describe('inapplicable', function () {
+    it('should find one', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 1);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.inapplicable1.html b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.inapplicable1.html
index 014f0c4b5..d8c96c5d9 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.inapplicable1.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.inapplicable1.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="fr" xml:lang="">
   <head>
     <link
diff --git a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.inapplicable2.html b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.inapplicable2.html
index 0ea29b447..027f6cd63 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.inapplicable2.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.inapplicable2.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="" xml:lang="">
   <head>
     <link
diff --git a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.pass.js b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.pass.js
index f22a5758b..23de4bba4 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.pass.js
+++ b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.pass.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-describe('html-xml-lang-mismatch test', function() {
+describe('html-xml-lang-mismatch test', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var results;
-  before(function(done) {
+  before(function (done) {
     axe.run(
       {
         runOnly: {
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ describe('html-xml-lang-mismatch test', function() {
           values: ['html-xml-lang-mismatch']
         }
       },
-      function(err, r) {
+      function (err, r) {
         assert.isNull(err);
         results = r;
         done();
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ describe('html-xml-lang-mismatch test', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  describe('passes', function() {
-    it('should find one', function() {
+  describe('passes', function () {
+    it('should find one', function () {
       assert.lengthOf(results.passes[0].nodes, 1);
     });
 
-    it('should find html', function() {
+    it('should find html', function () {
       assert.deepEqual(results.passes[0].nodes[0].target, ['html']);
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.pass1.html b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.pass1.html
index e9249902f..aabde151e 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.pass1.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.pass1.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" xml:lang="en">
   <head>
     <link
diff --git a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.pass2.html b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.pass2.html
index 0544364de..b65aab718 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.pass2.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.pass2.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" xml:lang="En">
   <head>
     <link
diff --git a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.pass3.html b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.pass3.html
index 71be51237..0dcd1c54f 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.pass3.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.pass3.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en" xml:lang="en-GB">
   <head>
     <link
diff --git a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.pass4.html b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.pass4.html
index 8834ef776..64b86c9c4 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.pass4.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.pass4.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en-GB" xml:lang="en">
   <head>
     <link
diff --git a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.pass5.html b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.pass5.html
index 48cc243b8..fc3a3993c 100644
--- a/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.pass5.html
+++ b/test/integration/full/xml-lang-mismatch/xml-lang-mismatch.pass5.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en-XYZ" xml:lang="en">
   <head>
     <link
diff --git a/test/integration/no-ui-reporter.js b/test/integration/no-ui-reporter.js
index ec66aed58..b95b0c80a 100644
--- a/test/integration/no-ui-reporter.js
+++ b/test/integration/no-ui-reporter.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*global mocha, console */
-(function() {
+(function () {
   'use strict';
 
   if (!mocha || !mocha.reporter || !mocha.reporter('base')) {
@@ -7,22 +7,22 @@
   }
 
   var Base = mocha.reporter('base')._reporter;
-  mocha.reporter(function(runner) {
+  mocha.reporter(function (runner) {
     Base.call(this, runner);
     var passes = 0;
     var failures = 0;
 
-    runner.on('pass', function(test) {
+    runner.on('pass', function (test) {
       passes++;
       console.log('pass: %s', test.fullTitle());
     });
 
-    runner.on('fail', function(test, err) {
+    runner.on('fail', function (test, err) {
       failures++;
       console.error('fail: %s -- error: %s', test.fullTitle(), err.message);
     });
 
-    runner.on('end', function() {
+    runner.on('end', function () {
       console.log('end: %d/%d', passes, passes + failures);
       var mochaFixture = document.getElementById('mocha');
       if (mochaFixture) {
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/README.md b/test/integration/rules/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d9a6e54f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/rules/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# Rule Integration Tests
+
+Rule Integration tests take an HTML snippet file and runs an axe-core rule against it. The results for the run are then compared against the companion JSON file to ensure that every node returns as the expected result (passes, violation, incomplete, inapplicable).
+
+To run the rule integration tests, run `npm run test:unit:integration`. You can run and debug the tests in a non-headless browser by running `npm run test:debug -- testDirs=integration`.
+
+When the tests are run, each JSON file is converted into a test suite file using [Karmas preprocessor](https://karma-runner.github.io/latest/config/preprocessors.html) and [runner.js](./runner.js) as the test suite template.
+
+The JSON file for a rule integration test contains the following information:
+
+- `description` - string(required). The title of the test. Used in the `describe` block of the test suite
+- `rule` - string(required) The axe-core rule to run
+- `violations` array(optional). List of axe-core selectors of nodes that should return as Violations
+- `passes` array(optional). List of axe-core selectors of nodes that should return as Passes
+- `incomplete` array(optional). List of axe-core selectors of nodes that should return as Needs Review
+
+The JSON file should have at least one of the `violations`, `passes`, or `incomplete` arrays. Inapplicable results are not listed as the test will fail if any node is found in one of the 3 arrays that is not explicitly listed.
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/accesskeys/accesskeys.html b/test/integration/rules/accesskeys/accesskeys.html
index d378dc847..782b8101c 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/accesskeys/accesskeys.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/accesskeys/accesskeys.html
@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@
   id="frame"
 ></iframe>
 
-<div id="ignore1" accesskey="C" style="display:none;">ignore 1</div>
+<div id="ignore1" accesskey="C" style="display: none">ignore 1</div>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/accesskeys/frame.html b/test/integration/rules/accesskeys/frame.html
index 5799cae24..de938e2d6 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/accesskeys/frame.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/accesskeys/frame.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/failures.html b/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/failures.html
index c12fd3c7e..cdb251a24 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/failures.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/failures.html
@@ -2,53 +2,10 @@
 <div role="link" aria-selected="true" id="fail2"></div>
 <div role="row" aria-colcount="value" id="fail3"></div>
 <div role="row" aria-rowcount="value" id="fail4"></div>
-<div role="caption" aria-label="value" id="fail5"></div>
-<div role="caption" aria-labelledby="value" id="fail6"></div>
-<div role="code" aria-label="value" id="fail7"></div>
-<div role="code" aria-labelledby="value" id="fail8"></div>
-<div role="deletion" aria-label="value" id="fail9"></div>
-<div role="deletion" aria-labelledby="value" id="fail10"></div>
-<div role="emphasis" aria-label="value" id="fail11"></div>
-<div role="emphasis" aria-labelledby="value" id="fail12"></div>
-<div role="insertion" aria-label="value" id="fail13"></div>
-<div role="insertion" aria-labelledby="value" id="fail14"></div>
-<div role="paragraph" aria-label="value" id="fail15"></div>
-<div role="paragraph" aria-labelledby="value" id="fail16"></div>
-<div role="strong" aria-label="value" id="fail17"></div>
-<div role="strong" aria-labelledby="value" id="fail18"></div>
-<div role="subscript" aria-label="value" id="fail19"></div>
-<div role="subscript" aria-labelledby="value" id="fail20"></div>
-<div role="superscript" aria-label="value" id="fail21"></div>
-<div role="superscript" aria-labelledby="value" id="fail22"></div>
-<div aria-label="value" id="fail23"></div>
-<div aria-labelledby="value" id="fail24"></div>
-<!-- technically presentation and none roles do not allow aria-label and aria-labelledby, but since those are global attributes the presentation role conflict will not resolve the roles to none or presentation -->
-<span aria-label="value" id="fail25"></span>
-<strong aria-label="value" id="fail26"></strong>
-<kbd aria-label="value" id="fail27"></kbd>
-<abbr aria-label="value" id="fail28"></abbr>
-<custom-elm aria-label="value" id="fail29"></custom-elm>
+
 <audio
   src="/test/assets/moon-speech.mp3"
   controls
   aria-orientation="horizontal"
-  id="fail30"
+  id="fail5"
 ></audio>
-<div role="mark" aria-label="value" id="fail31"></div>
-<div role="mark" aria-labelledby="value" id="fail32"></div>
-<div role="suggestion" aria-label="value" id="fail33"></div>
-<div role="suggestion" aria-labelledby="value" id="fail34"></div>
-
-<div role="table">
-  <div role="row" aria-expanded="false" id="fail35"></div>
-  <div role="row" aria-posinset="1" id="fail36"></div>
-  <div role="row" aria-setsize="10" id="fail37"></div>
-  <div role="row" aria-level="1" id="fail38"></div>
-</div>
-
-<div role="grid">
-  <div role="row" aria-expanded="false" id="fail39"></div>
-  <div role="row" aria-posinset="1" id="fail40"></div>
-  <div role="row" aria-setsize="10" id="fail41"></div>
-  <div role="row" aria-level="1" id="fail42"></div>
-</div>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/failures.json b/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/failures.json
index ccedf0b10..cedecf081 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/failures.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/failures.json
@@ -1,48 +1,5 @@
 {
   "description": "aria-allowed-attr failing tests",
   "rule": "aria-allowed-attr",
-  "violations": [
-    ["#fail1"],
-    ["#fail2"],
-    ["#fail3"],
-    ["#fail4"],
-    ["#fail5"],
-    ["#fail6"],
-    ["#fail7"],
-    ["#fail8"],
-    ["#fail9"],
-    ["#fail10"],
-    ["#fail11"],
-    ["#fail12"],
-    ["#fail13"],
-    ["#fail14"],
-    ["#fail15"],
-    ["#fail16"],
-    ["#fail17"],
-    ["#fail18"],
-    ["#fail19"],
-    ["#fail20"],
-    ["#fail21"],
-    ["#fail22"],
-    ["#fail23"],
-    ["#fail24"],
-    ["#fail25"],
-    ["#fail26"],
-    ["#fail27"],
-    ["#fail28"],
-    ["#fail29"],
-    ["#fail30"],
-    ["#fail31"],
-    ["#fail32"],
-    ["#fail33"],
-    ["#fail34"],
-    ["#fail35"],
-    ["#fail36"],
-    ["#fail37"],
-    ["#fail38"],
-    ["#fail39"],
-    ["#fail40"],
-    ["#fail41"],
-    ["#fail42"]
-  ]
+  "violations": [["#fail1"], ["#fail2"], ["#fail3"], ["#fail4"], ["#fail5"]]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/incomplete.html b/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/incomplete.html
index e187dba1c..b98bc3380 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/incomplete.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/incomplete.html
@@ -1,4 +1 @@
-<div id="incomplete0" aria-label="foo">Foo</div>
-<div id="incomplete1" aria-labelledby="missing">Foo</div>
-<my-custom-elm id="incomplete2" aria-expanded="true">Foo</my-custom-elm>
-<div id="incomplete3" aria-label="foo" role="code">Foo</div>
+<my-custom-elm id="incomplete1" aria-expanded="true">Foo</my-custom-elm>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/incomplete.json b/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/incomplete.json
index fa3718712..5a2b2b4fc 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/incomplete.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/incomplete.json
@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
 {
   "description": "aria-allowed-attr incomplete tests",
   "rule": "aria-allowed-attr",
-  "incomplete": [
-    ["#incomplete0"],
-    ["#incomplete1"],
-    ["#incomplete2"],
-    ["#incomplete3"]
-  ]
+  "incomplete": [["#incomplete1"]]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/passes.html b/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/passes.html
index d27880688..dfef5d3ed 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/passes.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/passes.html
@@ -7,9 +7,12 @@
   id="pass1"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -33,9 +36,12 @@
   id="pass2"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -61,9 +67,12 @@
   aria-activedescendant="value"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -89,9 +98,12 @@
   aria-posinset="value"
   aria-setsize="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -115,9 +127,12 @@
   id="pass5"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -142,9 +157,12 @@
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-pressed="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -168,9 +186,12 @@
   id="pass7"
   aria-checked="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -203,9 +224,12 @@
   aria-selected="value"
   aria-required="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -233,9 +257,12 @@
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-orientation="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -259,9 +286,12 @@
   id="pass10"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -285,9 +315,12 @@
   id="pass11"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -311,9 +344,12 @@
   id="pass12"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -337,9 +373,12 @@
   id="pass13"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -364,9 +403,12 @@
   id="pass14"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -390,9 +432,12 @@
   id="pass15"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -416,9 +461,12 @@
   id="pass16"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -442,9 +490,12 @@
   id="pass17"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -472,9 +523,12 @@
   aria-activedescendant="value"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -507,9 +561,12 @@
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-required="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -534,9 +591,12 @@
   aria-activedescendant="value"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -560,9 +620,12 @@
   id="pass21"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -586,9 +649,12 @@
   id="pass22"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -612,9 +678,12 @@
   id="pass23"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -638,9 +707,12 @@
   id="pass24"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -668,9 +740,12 @@
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-orientation="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -698,9 +773,12 @@
   aria-setsize="value"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -724,9 +802,12 @@
   id="pass27"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -750,9 +831,12 @@
   id="pass28"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -776,9 +860,12 @@
   id="pass29"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -802,9 +889,12 @@
   id="pass30"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -830,9 +920,12 @@
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-orientation="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -858,9 +951,12 @@
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-orientation="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -886,9 +982,12 @@
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-setsize="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -914,9 +1013,12 @@
   aria-posinset="value"
   aria-setsize="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -931,6 +1033,7 @@
   aria-live="value"
   aria-owns="value"
   aria-relevant="value"
+  aria-expanded="value"
 >
   ok
 </div>
@@ -942,9 +1045,12 @@
   aria-setsize="value"
   aria-checked="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -959,6 +1065,7 @@
   aria-live="value"
   aria-owns="value"
   aria-relevant="value"
+  aria-expanded="value"
 >
   ok
 </div>
@@ -968,9 +1075,12 @@
   id="pass36"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -994,9 +1104,12 @@
   id="pass37"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1023,9 +1136,12 @@
   aria-setsize="value"
   aria-checked="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1052,9 +1168,12 @@
   aria-valuemax="value"
   aria-valuemin="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1081,9 +1200,12 @@
   aria-setsize="value"
   aria-checked="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1109,9 +1231,12 @@
   aria-required="value"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1136,9 +1261,12 @@
   id="pass42"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1167,9 +1295,12 @@
   aria-activedescendant="value"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1192,9 +1323,12 @@
   role="rowgroup"
   id="pass44"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1226,9 +1360,12 @@
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-selected="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1257,8 +1394,11 @@
   aria-valuemax="value"
   aria-valuemin="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1282,9 +1422,12 @@
   id="pass47"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1308,9 +1451,12 @@
   id="pass48"
   aria-orientation="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1342,9 +1488,12 @@
   aria-valuemax="value"
   aria-valuemin="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1360,6 +1509,7 @@
   aria-owns="value"
   aria-relevant="value"
   aria-readonly="value"
+  aria-required="value"
 >
   ok
 </div>
@@ -1373,9 +1523,12 @@
   aria-valuemax="value"
   aria-valuemin="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1400,9 +1553,12 @@
   id="pass51"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1429,9 +1585,12 @@
   aria-posinset="value"
   aria-setsize="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1459,9 +1618,12 @@
   aria-multiselectable="value"
   aria-orientation="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1485,9 +1647,12 @@
   id="pass54"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1515,9 +1680,12 @@
   aria-readonly="value"
   aria-required="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1542,9 +1710,12 @@
   id="pass56"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1569,9 +1740,12 @@
   aria-activedescendant="value"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1596,9 +1770,12 @@
   id="pass58"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1626,9 +1803,12 @@
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-orientation="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1660,9 +1840,12 @@
   aria-required="value"
   aria-rowcount="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1691,9 +1874,12 @@
   aria-posinset="value"
   aria-setsize="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1715,11 +1901,15 @@
 <div
   role="switch"
   id="pass62"
+  aria-expanded="value"
   aria-checked="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1734,6 +1924,7 @@
   aria-live="value"
   aria-owns="value"
   aria-relevant="value"
+  aria-required="value"
 >
   ok
 </div>
@@ -1746,9 +1937,12 @@
   aria-rowindex="value"
   aria-rowspan="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1776,9 +1970,12 @@
   aria-readonly="value"
   aria-required="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1803,9 +2000,12 @@
   id="pass65"
   aria-expanded="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1828,9 +2028,12 @@
   role="text"
   id="pass66"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1855,9 +2058,12 @@
   aria-colcount="value"
   aria-rowcount="value"
   aria-atomic="value"
+  aria-braillelabel="value"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="value"
   aria-busy="value"
   aria-controls="value"
   aria-describedby="value"
+  aria-description="value"
   aria-details="value"
   aria-disabled="value"
   aria-dropeffect="value"
@@ -1887,23 +2093,20 @@
 <button id="pass73" aria-roledescription="attachment button"></button>
 <input
   type="checkbox"
-  aria-roledescription="cuisine type checkbox"
   id="pass74"
+  aria-roledescription="cuisine type checkbox"
+  aria-expanded="false"
 />
 
 <span role="radio" id="pass75" aria-checked="false">I am RED!</span>
 <span role="radio" id="pass76" aria-checked="true">I am GREEN!</span>
 
 <table role="grid">
-  <td aria-selected="false" tabindex="0" id="pass77">
-    target 1
-  </td>
+  <td aria-selected="false" tabindex="0" id="pass77">target 1</td>
 </table>
 
 <table role="treegrid">
-  <td aria-selected="false" tabindex="0" id="pass78">
-    target 1
-  </td>
+  <td aria-selected="false" tabindex="0" id="pass78">target 1</td>
 </table>
 
 <div id="pass79" aria-label="  ">Foo</div>
@@ -1920,28 +2123,6 @@
 <svg aria-label="value" id="pass89"></svg>
 <video aria-label="value" id="pass90" controls></video>
 
-<table role="treegrid">
-  <thead>
-    <tr>
-      <th>Col 1</th>
-    </tr>
-  </thead>
-  <tbody>
-    <tr
-      id="treegrid"
-      role="row"
-      aria-level="1"
-      aria-posinset="1"
-      aria-setsize="1"
-      aria-expanded="true"
-    >
-      <td role="gridcell">
-        Treegrids are awesome
-      </td>
-    </tr>
-  </tbody>
-</table>
-
 <div
   id="pass91"
   role="comment"
@@ -1951,3 +2132,31 @@
 >
   ok
 </div>
+
+<!-- Prohibited attributes fail in aria-prohibited-attr -->
+<div role="caption" aria-label="value" id="pass92"></div>
+<div role="caption" aria-labelledby="value" id="pass93"></div>
+<div role="paragraph" aria-labelledby="value" id="pass94"></div>
+<div role="strong" aria-label="value" id="pass95"></div>
+
+<!-- Conditional ARIA attributes tested under aria-conditional-attr: -->
+<div role="table">
+  <div role="row" aria-expanded="false" id="pass96"></div>
+</div>
+<table role="treegrid">
+  <tr
+    id="pass97"
+    role="row"
+    aria-level="1"
+    aria-posinset="1"
+    aria-setsize="1"
+    aria-expanded="true"
+  >
+    <td role="gridcell">Treegrids are awesome</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<input type="checkbox" aria-checked="false" id="pass98" />
+<input type="checkbox" aria-checked="mixed" id="pass99" />
+
+<search aria-expanded="true" id="pass100"></search>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/passes.json b/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/passes.json
index 769cb1f93..aa13ff6f7 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/passes.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-attr/passes.json
@@ -93,7 +93,15 @@
     ["#pass88"],
     ["#pass89"],
     ["#pass90"],
-    ["#treegrid"],
-    ["#pass91"]
+    ["#pass91"],
+    ["#pass92"],
+    ["#pass93"],
+    ["#pass94"],
+    ["#pass95"],
+    ["#pass96"],
+    ["#pass97"],
+    ["#pass98"],
+    ["#pass99"],
+    ["#pass100"]
   ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-role/aria-allowed-role.html b/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-role/aria-allowed-role.html
index 009011977..3a2b99efa 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-role/aria-allowed-role.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-role/aria-allowed-role.html
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
   <li id="pass-li-role-doc-biblioentry" role="doc-biblioentry"></li>
 </ul>
 <aside id="pass-aside-doc-example" role="doc-example"></aside>
+<aside id="pass-aside-doc-glossary" role="doc-glossary"></aside>
 <div id="pass-div-has-any-role" role="contentinfo"></div>
 <div id="pass-div-valid-role" role="link">ok</div>
 <ol id="pass-ol-valid-role" role="directory"></ol>
@@ -125,6 +126,33 @@ <h1 id="pass-h1-role-doc-subtitle" role="doc-subtitle"></h1>
   aria-expanded="true"
   id="pass-input-tel-role-spinbutton"
 />
+<input
+  aria-autocomplete="list"
+  value="some label"
+  autocomplete="off"
+  role="combobox"
+  type="button"
+  aria-expanded="true"
+  id="pass-input-button-role-combobox"
+/>
+<button
+  aria-autocomplete="list"
+  aria-label="some label"
+  autocomplete="off"
+  role="combobox"
+  type="button"
+  aria-expanded="true"
+  id="pass-button-role-combobox"
+>
+  ok
+</button>
+<input
+  value="some label"
+  role="checkbox"
+  type="button"
+  aria-checked="true"
+  id="pass-input-button-role-checkbox"
+/>
 <input type="image" role="link" id="pass-input-image-valid-role" />
 <input
   type="checkbox"
@@ -198,7 +226,7 @@ <h1 id="pass-h1-valid-role" role="none"></h1>
   aria-label="IconCheckmark icon"
 ></button>
 <input id="fail-input-role-gridcell-multiple-role" role="gridcell combobox" />
-<div style="display:none">
+<div style="display: none">
   <button
     id="incomplete1"
     class="mm-tabstart"
@@ -219,6 +247,15 @@ <h1 id="pass-h1-valid-role" role="none"></h1>
 <div id="fail-dpub-4" role="doc-noteref">ok</div>
 <!-- images -->
 <div id="fail-dpub-5" role="doc-cover">ok</div>
+<img
+  src="#"
+  role="meter"
+  aria-valuenow="0"
+  aria-valuemin="0"
+  aria-valuemax="100"
+  alt="test"
+  id="pass-img-valid-role-meter"
+/>
 <img role="doc-cover" aria-label="foo" id="pass-img-valid-role-aria-label" />
 <img role="menuitem" title="bar" id="pass-img-valid-role-title" />
 <div id="image-baz">hazaar</div>
@@ -227,11 +264,7 @@ <h1 id="pass-h1-valid-role" role="none"></h1>
   aria-labelledby="image-baz"
   id="pass-img-valid-role-aria-labelledby"
 />
-<img
-	role="radio"
-	aria-label="test"
-	id="pass-img-valid-role-radio"
->
+<img role="radio" aria-label="test" id="pass-img-valid-role-radio" />
 <img role="text" aria-label="foo" id="fail-img-invalid-role-aria-label" />
 <img role="spinbutton" title="bar" id="fail-img-invalid-role-title" />
 <img
@@ -268,3 +301,5 @@ <h1 role="text" id="fail-text-1">ok</h1>
   />
   <area shape="circle" coords="15,15,10" role="checkbox" id="fail-imgmap-2" />
 </map>
+
+<search role="form" id="pass-search-elm"></search>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-role/aria-allowed-role.json b/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-role/aria-allowed-role.json
index b3deacb34..e8b7e83a4 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-role/aria-allowed-role.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-allowed-role/aria-allowed-role.json
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
     ["#pass-section-role-doc-bib"],
     ["#pass-li-role-doc-biblioentry"],
     ["#pass-aside-doc-example"],
+    ["#pass-aside-doc-glossary"],
     ["#pass-div-valid-role"],
     ["#pass-ol-valid-role"],
     ["#pass-nav-role-doc-index"],
@@ -45,6 +46,9 @@
     ["#pass-input-tel-role-spinbutton"],
     ["#pass-input-image-valid-role"],
     ["#pass-input-checkbox-valid-role"],
+    ["#pass-button-role-combobox"],
+    ["#pass-input-button-role-checkbox"],
+    ["#pass-input-button-role-combobox"],
     ["#pass-h1-valid-role"],
     ["#pass-img-valid-role"],
     ["#pass-button-role-radio"],
@@ -79,10 +83,12 @@
     ["#pass-img-valid-role-title"],
     ["#pass-img-valid-role-aria-labelledby"],
     ["#pass-img-valid-role-radio"],
+    ["#pass-img-valid-role-meter"],
     ["#pass-imgmap-1"],
     ["#pass-imgmap-2"],
     ["#pass-navnone-1"],
-    ["#pass-navnone-2"]
+    ["#pass-navnone-2"],
+    ["#pass-search-elm"]
   ],
   "violations": [
     ["#fail-dd-no-role"],
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-braille-equivalent/aria-braille-equivalent.html b/test/integration/rules/aria-braille-equivalent/aria-braille-equivalent.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c5aa2eb57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-braille-equivalent/aria-braille-equivalent.html
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<button id="pass1" aria-braillelabel="hello">Hello</button>
+<button id="pass2" aria-braillelabel=""></button>
+<button id="incomplete1" aria-braillelabel="hello"></button>
+
+<aside
+  id="pass3"
+  aria-roledescription="table of contents"
+  aria-brailleroledescription=""
+></aside>
+
+<aside
+  id="pass4"
+  aria-roledescription="table of contents"
+  aria-brailleroledescription="table of contents"
+></aside>
+
+<aside
+  id="pass5"
+  aria-roledescription=""
+  aria-brailleroledescription=""
+></aside>
+
+<aside
+  id="incomplete2"
+  aria-roledescription=""
+  aria-brailleroledescription="table of contents"
+></aside>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-braille-equivalent/aria-braille-equivalent.json b/test/integration/rules/aria-braille-equivalent/aria-braille-equivalent.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d1982970f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-braille-equivalent/aria-braille-equivalent.json
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "description": "aria-braille-equivalent tests",
+  "rule": "aria-braille-equivalent",
+  "passes": [["#pass1"], ["#pass2"], ["#pass3"], ["#pass4"], ["#pass5"]],
+  "incomplete": [["#incomplete1"], ["#incomplete2"]],
+  "violation": []
+}
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-conditional-attr/aria-conditional-attr.html b/test/integration/rules/aria-conditional-attr/aria-conditional-attr.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3831f26ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-conditional-attr/aria-conditional-attr.html
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<input type="checkbox" aria-checked="false" id="pass1" />
+<input type="checkbox" aria-checked="true" checked id="pass2" />
+<table role="treegrid">
+  <tr
+    id="pass3"
+    role="row"
+    aria-level="1"
+    aria-posinset="1"
+    aria-setsize="1"
+    aria-expanded="true"
+  >
+    <td role="gridcell">Treegrids are awesome</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<div role="table">
+  <div role="row" aria-expanded="false" id="fail1"></div>
+  <div role="row" aria-posinset="1" id="fail2"></div>
+  <div role="row" aria-setsize="10" id="fail3"></div>
+  <div role="row" aria-level="1" id="fail4"></div>
+</div>
+
+<div role="grid">
+  <div role="row" aria-expanded="false" id="fail5"></div>
+  <div role="row" aria-posinset="1" id="fail6"></div>
+  <div role="row" aria-setsize="10" id="fail7"></div>
+  <div role="row" aria-level="1" id="fail8"></div>
+</div>
+
+<input type="checkbox" aria-checked="mixed" id="fail9" />
+<input type="checkbox" aria-checked="true" id="fail10" />
+<input type="checkbox" aria-checked="false" checked id="fail11" />
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-conditional-attr/aria-conditional-attr.json b/test/integration/rules/aria-conditional-attr/aria-conditional-attr.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9dbaadcf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-conditional-attr/aria-conditional-attr.json
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+{
+  "description": "aria-conditional-attr tests",
+  "rule": "aria-conditional-attr",
+  "passes": [["#pass1"], ["#pass2"], ["#pass3"]],
+  "violations": [
+    ["#fail1"],
+    ["#fail2"],
+    ["#fail3"],
+    ["#fail4"],
+    ["#fail5"],
+    ["#fail6"],
+    ["#fail7"],
+    ["#fail8"],
+    ["#fail9"],
+    ["#fail10"],
+    ["#fail11"]
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-deprecated-role/aria-deprecated-role.html b/test/integration/rules/aria-deprecated-role/aria-deprecated-role.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e48b79d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-deprecated-role/aria-deprecated-role.html
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<div role="alert" id="pass1">ok</div>
+<div role="alertdialog" id="pass2">ok</div>
+<div role="application" id="pass3">ok</div>
+<!-- fallback roles -->
+<div role="button alert" id="pass4">fail</div>
+<!-- abstract roles -->
+<div role="command" id="pass5">fail</div>
+<div role="composite" id="pass6">fail</div>
+<!-- invalid roles -->
+<div role="lol" id="pass7">fail</div>
+
+<!-- deprecated roles-->
+<div role="doc-biblioentry" id="fail1">fail</div>
+<div role="doc-endnote" id="fail2">fail</div>
+<div role="directory" id="fail3">ok</div>
+
+<!-- inapplicable  -->
+<div id="inapplicable1">no role attribute</div>
+<div id="inapplicable2" role>role not defined</div>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-deprecated-role/aria-deprecated-role.json b/test/integration/rules/aria-deprecated-role/aria-deprecated-role.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0aa7ee866
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-deprecated-role/aria-deprecated-role.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "description": "aria-deprecated-role tests",
+  "rule": "aria-deprecated-role",
+  "violations": [["#fail1"], ["#fail2"], ["#fail3"]],
+  "passes": [
+    ["#pass1"],
+    ["#pass2"],
+    ["#pass3"],
+    ["#pass4"],
+    ["#pass5"],
+    ["#pass6"],
+    ["#pass7"]
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-dialog-name/aria-dialog-name.html b/test/integration/rules/aria-dialog-name/aria-dialog-name.html
index bcfdce3ef..2052a0501 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-dialog-name/aria-dialog-name.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-dialog-name/aria-dialog-name.html
@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@ <h2 id="alertdialog-heading">Cookies</h2>
 <div id="pass9" role="alertdialog" aria-labelledby="alertdialog-div-heading">
   <h2 id="alertdialog-div-heading">Cookies</h2>
 </div>
+<div id="pass10" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="pass10-heading">
+  <header id="pass10-heading">Named from author element</header>
+</div>
 
 <!-- FAIL -->
 <div id="fail1" role="dialog"></div>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-dialog-name/aria-dialog-name.json b/test/integration/rules/aria-dialog-name/aria-dialog-name.json
index ebda19ffd..e2171ce49 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-dialog-name/aria-dialog-name.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-dialog-name/aria-dialog-name.json
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@
     ["#pass6"],
     ["#pass7"],
     ["#pass8"],
-    ["#pass9"]
+    ["#pass9"],
+    ["#pass10"]
   ],
   "violations": [
     ["#fail1"],
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-hidden-focus/aria-hidden-focus.html b/test/integration/rules/aria-hidden-focus/aria-hidden-focus.html
index 71ed4a53e..b43814699 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-hidden-focus/aria-hidden-focus.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-hidden-focus/aria-hidden-focus.html
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 <!-- ///////////////// -->
 <!-- Pass -->
 <!-- ///////////////// -->
-<p id="pass1" aria-hidden="true">
-  Some text
-</p>
+<p id="pass1" aria-hidden="true">Some text</p>
 
 <div id="pass2" aria-hidden="true">
-  <a href="/" style="display:none">Link</a>
+  <a href="/" style="display: none">Link</a>
 </div>
 
 <div id="pass3" aria-hidden="true">
@@ -29,11 +27,17 @@
   </label>
 </div>
 
+<div id="pass7" aria-hidden="true">
+  <div inert>
+    <button>hello</button>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
 <!-- ///////////////// -->
 <!-- Fail -->
 <!-- ///////////////// -->
 <div id="violation1" aria-hidden="true">
-  <a href="/" style="position:absolute; top:-999em">Link</a>
+  <a href="/" style="position: absolute; top: -999em">Link</a>
 </div>
 
 <div id="violation2" aria-hidden="true">
@@ -72,3 +76,25 @@
 <div id="violation7" aria-hidden="true">
   <a href="">foo</a><button>bar</button>
 </div>
+
+<!-- ///////////////// -->
+<!-- Incomplete -->
+<!-- ///////////////// -->
+<div>
+  <div
+    id="incomplete1"
+    aria-hidden="true"
+    tabindex="0"
+    style="pointer-events: none; position: fixed"
+  ></div>
+  <div class="test-div">
+    <button>hello</button>
+  </div>
+  <div
+    id="incomplete2"
+    aria-hidden="true"
+    tabindex="0"
+    data-is-visible="true"
+    style="pointer-events: none; position: fixed"
+  ></div>
+</div>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-hidden-focus/aria-hidden-focus.json b/test/integration/rules/aria-hidden-focus/aria-hidden-focus.json
index 4110afedf..908a0e717 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-hidden-focus/aria-hidden-focus.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-hidden-focus/aria-hidden-focus.json
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
     ["#pass3"],
     ["#pass4"],
     ["#pass5"],
-    ["#pass6"]
-  ]
+    ["#pass6"],
+    ["#pass7"]
+  ],
+  "incomplete": [["#incomplete1"], ["#incomplete2"]]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-input-field-name/aria-input-field-name.html b/test/integration/rules/aria-input-field-name/aria-input-field-name.html
index bfd15eb38..a83a78cd2 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-input-field-name/aria-input-field-name.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-input-field-name/aria-input-field-name.html
@@ -1,6 +1,21 @@
 <!-- PASS -->
 <!-- combobox -->
-<div id="pass1" aria-label="country" role="combobox">England</div>
+<div
+  id="pass1"
+  aria-label="country"
+  role="combobox"
+  aria-expanded="true"
+  aria-controls="inapplicable1"
+>
+  England
+</div>
+
+<!-- Controlled by combobox: -->
+<ul role="listbox" id="inapplicable1">
+  <li role="option">Zebra</li>
+  <li role="option" id="selected_option">Zoom</li>
+</ul>
+
 <!-- listbox -->
 <p id="pass2Label">Select a color:</p>
 <div id="pass2" role="listbox" aria-labelledby="pass2Label">
@@ -87,13 +102,13 @@
 </label>
 
 <!-- INAPPLICABLE -->
-<input id="inapplicable1" />
-<select id="inapplicable2">
+<input id="inapplicable2" />
+<select id="inapplicable3">
   <option value="volvo">Volvo</option>
   <option value="saab">Saab</option>
   <option value="opel">Opel</option>
 </select>
-<textarea id="inapplicable3" title="Label"></textarea>
+<textarea id="inapplicable4" title="Label"></textarea>
 
 <!-- INCOMPLETE -->
 <!-- Implicit label -->
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-prohibited-attr/aria-prohibited-attr.html b/test/integration/rules/aria-prohibited-attr/aria-prohibited-attr.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ec354260a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-prohibited-attr/aria-prohibited-attr.html
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<div role="checkbox" aria-required="true" id="pass1">ok</div>
+<div id="pass2" aria-label="  ">Foo</div>
+<div id="pass3" aria-labelledby="  ">Foo</div>
+<div role="alert" aria-selected="true" id="pass4"></div>
+<div role="row" aria-colcount="value" id="pass5"></div>
+
+<div role="caption" aria-label="value" id="fail1"></div>
+<div role="caption" aria-labelledby="value" id="fail2"></div>
+<div role="code" aria-label="value" id="fail3"></div>
+<div role="code" aria-labelledby="value" id="fail4"></div>
+<div role="deletion" aria-label="value" id="fail5"></div>
+<div role="deletion" aria-labelledby="value" id="fail6"></div>
+<div role="emphasis" aria-label="value" id="fail7"></div>
+<div role="emphasis" aria-labelledby="value" id="fail8"></div>
+<div role="insertion" aria-label="value" id="fail9"></div>
+<div role="insertion" aria-labelledby="value" id="fail10"></div>
+<div role="paragraph" aria-label="value" id="fail11"></div>
+<div role="paragraph" aria-labelledby="value" id="fail12"></div>
+<div role="strong" aria-label="value" id="fail13"></div>
+<div role="strong" aria-labelledby="value" id="fail14"></div>
+<div role="subscript" aria-label="value" id="fail15"></div>
+<div role="subscript" aria-labelledby="value" id="fail16"></div>
+<div role="superscript" aria-label="value" id="fail17"></div>
+<div role="superscript" aria-labelledby="value" id="fail18"></div>
+<div aria-label="value" id="fail19"></div>
+<div aria-labelledby="value" id="fail20"></div>
+<!- aria-label(ledby) is prohibited on none / presentation. Axe-core considers this to trigger presentation role 
+conflict, which was true in ARIA 1.1. This changed in ARIA 1.2 but so far has only been implemented in Chomium. -->
+<span aria-label="value" id="fail21"></span>
+<strong aria-label="value" id="fail22"></strong>
+<kbd aria-label="value" id="fail23"></kbd>
+<abbr aria-label="value" id="fail24"></abbr>
+<custom-elm aria-label="value" id="fail25"></custom-elm>
+<div role="mark" aria-label="value" id="fail26"></div>
+<div role="mark" aria-labelledby="value" id="fail27"></div>
+<div role="suggestion" aria-label="value" id="fail28"></div>
+<div role="suggestion" aria-labelledby="value" id="fail29"></div>
+
+<div id="incomplete1" aria-label="foo">Foo</div>
+<div id="incomplete2" aria-labelledby="missing">Foo</div>
+<div id="incomplete3" aria-label="foo" role="code">Foo</div>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-prohibited-attr/aria-prohibited-attr.json b/test/integration/rules/aria-prohibited-attr/aria-prohibited-attr.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f6f9e7717
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-prohibited-attr/aria-prohibited-attr.json
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+{
+  "description": "aria-prohibited-attr tests",
+  "rule": "aria-prohibited-attr",
+  "passes": [["#pass1"], ["#pass2"], ["#pass3"], ["#pass4"], ["#pass5"]],
+  "incomplete": [["#incomplete1"], ["#incomplete2"], ["#incomplete3"]],
+  "violations": [
+    ["#fail1"],
+    ["#fail2"],
+    ["#fail3"],
+    ["#fail4"],
+    ["#fail5"],
+    ["#fail6"],
+    ["#fail7"],
+    ["#fail8"],
+    ["#fail9"],
+    ["#fail10"],
+    ["#fail11"],
+    ["#fail12"],
+    ["#fail13"],
+    ["#fail14"],
+    ["#fail15"],
+    ["#fail16"],
+    ["#fail17"],
+    ["#fail18"],
+    ["#fail19"],
+    ["#fail20"],
+    ["#fail21"],
+    ["#fail22"],
+    ["#fail23"],
+    ["#fail24"],
+    ["#fail25"],
+    ["#fail26"],
+    ["#fail27"],
+    ["#fail28"],
+    ["#fail29"]
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-required-attr/required-attr.html b/test/integration/rules/aria-required-attr/required-attr.html
index 12d699b34..79ac4b5f1 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-required-attr/required-attr.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-required-attr/required-attr.html
@@ -44,14 +44,18 @@
 >
   ok
 </div>
-<span role="radio" id="pass6">I am BLUE!</span>
-<span role="radio" id="pass7" aria-checked="false">I am RED!</span>
+<span role="radio" id="pass6" aria-checked="false">I am RED!</span>
+<span role="radio" id="pass7" aria-checked="true">I am GREEN!</span>
 <span role="radio" id="pass8" aria-checked="true">I am GREEN!</span>
 <input type="number" role="spinbutton" id="pass9" value="10" />
 <input type="number" role="spinbutton" id="pass10" />
+<div role="spinbutton" id="pass11">fail</div>
+<div role="separator" id="pass12"></div>
+<div role="separator" id="pass13" tabindex="0" aria-valuenow="foo"></div>
 
 <div role="scrollbar" id="violation1">fail</div>
 <div role="slider" id="violation2">fail</div>
-<div role="spinbutton" id="violation3">fail</div>
-<div role="heading" id="violation4">fail</div>
-<div role="combobox" id="violation5">fail</div>
+<div role="heading" id="violation3">fail</div>
+<div role="combobox" id="violation4">fail</div>
+<span role="radio" id="violation5">I am BLUE!</span>
+<div role="separator" id="violation6" tabindex="0"></div>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-required-attr/required-attr.json b/test/integration/rules/aria-required-attr/required-attr.json
index bf44895d6..8701edf2b 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-required-attr/required-attr.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-required-attr/required-attr.json
@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@
     ["#violation2"],
     ["#violation3"],
     ["#violation4"],
-    ["#violation5"]
+    ["#violation5"],
+    ["#violation6"],
+    ["#comboboxWithOwns"]
   ],
   "passes": [
     ["#pass1"],
@@ -19,6 +21,8 @@
     ["#pass8"],
     ["#pass9"],
     ["#pass10"],
-    ["#comboboxWithOwns"]
+    ["#pass11"],
+    ["#pass12"],
+    ["#pass13"]
   ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-required-children/aria-required-children.html b/test/integration/rules/aria-required-children/aria-required-children.html
index 1165908ff..af5b16d85 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-required-children/aria-required-children.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-required-children/aria-required-children.html
@@ -7,9 +7,7 @@
   <div role="menuitem" id="ignore3"></div>
 </div>
 <div role="list" id="fail2" aria-owns="ingore4"></div>
-<div role="menu" id="fail3"></div>
-<div role="menubar" id="fail4"></div>
-<div role="row" id="fail5"></div>
+<div role="row" id="fail3"></div>
 <div role="menuitem" id="ingore4"></div>
 <div role="list" id="pass3" aria-owns="parent"></div>
 <div id="parent">
@@ -26,13 +24,21 @@
 <div role="listbox" id="incomplete9">
   <div></div>
 </div>
-<div role="list" id="fail6">
+<div role="menu" id="incomplete10">
+  <!-- -->
+  <span role="menuitem" hidden></span>
+  <span role="none">
+    <span role="menuitem" aria-hidden="true">hidden</span>
+  </span>
+</div>
+<div role="menubar" id="incomplete11"></div>
+<div role="list" id="fail4">
   <div role="tabpanel" id="ignore6">
     <div role="listitem" id="ignore7">List item 1</div>
   </div>
 </div>
 <div role="grid" id="pass4">
-  <div role="row" id="fail7">
+  <div role="row" id="fail5">
     <span>Item 1</span>
   </div>
 </div>
@@ -49,8 +55,9 @@
 <div role="menu" id="pass7">
   <ul role="group" id="ignore11">
     <li role="menuitem" id="ignore12">>Inbox</li>
-    <li role="menuitem" id="ignore13">>Archive</li>
-    <li role="menuitem" id="ignore14">>Trash</li>
+    <li role="separator" id="ignored13"></li>
+    <li role="menuitem" id="ignore14">>Archive</li>
+    <li role="menuitem" id="ignore15">>Trash</li>
   </ul>
 </div>
 
@@ -59,7 +66,7 @@
   <span role="insertion">option</span>
 </div>
 
-<div role="suggestion" id="fail8"></div>
+<div role="suggestion" id="fail6"></div>
 
 <div role="listbox" id="pass9">
   <div role="group">
@@ -67,5 +74,88 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
+<div role="list" id="pass10" aria-busy="true"></div>
+<div role="suggestion" id="pass11" aria-busy="true"></div>
+<div role="menu" id="pass12" aria-busy="true"></div>
+<div role="listbox" id="pass13" aria-busy="true"></div>
+
+<div role="list" id="pass14">
+  <script></script>
+  <style></style>
+  <canvas hidden></canvas>
+  <div><div role="listitem">Item 1</div></div>
+  <div role="generic"><div role="listitem">item 2</div></div>
+  <div role="presentation"><div role="listitem">item 2</div></div>
+  <div role="none"><div role="listitem">item 2</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<div role="suggestion" id="fail7">
+  <div aria-busy="true"></div>
+</div>
+<div role="suggestion" id="fail8" aria-busy="false"></div>
+<div role="list" id="fail9">
+  <li>Item 1</li>
+  <span role="link">Item 2</span>
+</div>
+<div role="list" id="fail10">
+  <div aria-live="polite">
+    <div role="listitem">List item 1</div>
+    <div role="listitem">List item 2</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+<div role="list" id="fail11">
+  <div tabindex="0">
+    <div role="listitem">List item 1</div>
+    <div role="listitem">List item 2</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div role="list" id="fail12">
+  <div aria-busy="true"></div>
+</div>
+
+<div role="list" id="fail13" aria-busy="true">
+  <div role="alert">unallowed role</div>
+</div>
+
 <div role="doc-bibliography" id="inapplicable1"></div>
 <div role="doc-endnotes" id="inapplicable2"></div>
+<div role="radiogroup" id="inapplicable3">
+  <div role="heading" aria-level="2">Heading</div>
+  <ul>
+    <li><div role="radio"></div></li>
+    <li><div role="radio"></div></li>
+  </ul>
+</div>
+
+<ul role="menu" id="pass15">
+  <li role="none">
+    <a href="#" role="menuitem">Foo</a>
+    <ul role="menu" id="pass16">
+      <li role="none">
+        <a href="#" role="menuitem">Bar</a>
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul>
+
+<nav role="menubar" id="pass17">
+  <a role="menuitem" href="">Item 1</a>
+  <a role="menuitem" href="">Item 2</a>
+  <span role="separator"></span>
+  <a role="menuitem" href="">Item 3</a>
+</nav>
+
+<div role="menu" id="pass18">
+  <div role="menuitem">menu item</div>
+  <div aria-hidden="true">shouldn't be flagged but is</div>
+</div>
+
+<div role="list" id="pass19">
+  <div role="presentation">
+    <div style="display: none">ignore</div>
+    <div style="visibility: hidden" aria-hidden="true">ignore</div>
+    <li>item 1</li>
+    <li>item 2</li>
+  </div>
+</div>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-required-children/aria-required-children.json b/test/integration/rules/aria-required-children/aria-required-children.json
index 457c09595..4b32bb9c7 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-required-children/aria-required-children.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-required-children/aria-required-children.json
@@ -9,7 +9,12 @@
     ["#fail5"],
     ["#fail6"],
     ["#fail7"],
-    ["#fail8"]
+    ["#fail8"],
+    ["#fail9"],
+    ["#fail10"],
+    ["#fail11"],
+    ["#fail12"],
+    ["#fail13"]
   ],
   "passes": [
     ["#pass1"],
@@ -20,7 +25,17 @@
     ["#pass6"],
     ["#pass7"],
     ["#pass8"],
-    ["#pass9"]
+    ["#pass9"],
+    ["#pass10"],
+    ["#pass11"],
+    ["#pass12"],
+    ["#pass13"],
+    ["#pass14"],
+    ["#pass15"],
+    ["#pass16"],
+    ["#pass17"],
+    ["#pass18"],
+    ["#pass19"]
   ],
   "incomplete": [
     ["#incomplete1"],
@@ -31,6 +46,8 @@
     ["#incomplete6"],
     ["#incomplete7"],
     ["#incomplete8"],
-    ["#incomplete9"]
+    ["#incomplete9"],
+    ["#incomplete10"],
+    ["#incomplete11"]
   ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-required-parent/aria-required-parent.html b/test/integration/rules/aria-required-parent/aria-required-parent.html
index be9ef5a4d..d28fab7d8 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-required-parent/aria-required-parent.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-required-parent/aria-required-parent.html
@@ -64,3 +64,15 @@
     <div role="option" id="pass13">option</div>
   </div>
 </div>
+
+<div role="tree">
+  <ul role="group">
+    <li role="none">
+      <ul role="group">
+        <li role="none">
+          <div role="treeitem" id="pass14">tree item</div>
+        </li>
+      </ul>
+    </li>
+  </ul>
+</div>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-required-parent/aria-required-parent.json b/test/integration/rules/aria-required-parent/aria-required-parent.json
index 0092d1705..aa833134c 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-required-parent/aria-required-parent.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-required-parent/aria-required-parent.json
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
     ["#pass10"],
     ["#pass11"],
     ["#pass12"],
-    ["#pass13"]
+    ["#pass13"],
+    ["#pass14"]
   ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-roles/aria-roles.html b/test/integration/rules/aria-roles/aria-roles.html
index 7a574350e..612b0dba1 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-roles/aria-roles.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-roles/aria-roles.html
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
   <div role="contentinfo" id="pass11">ok</div>
   <div role="definition" id="pass12">ok</div>
   <div role="dialog" id="pass13">ok</div>
-  <div role="directory" id="pass14">ok</div>
   <div role="document" id="pass15">ok</div>
   <div role="feed" id="pass16">ok</div>
   <div role="form" id="pass17">ok</div>
@@ -112,6 +111,8 @@
   <div role="comment" id="pass114">ok</div>
   <div role="mark" id="pass115">ok</div>
   <div role="suggestion" id="pass116">ok</div>
+  <!-- fallback roles -->
+  <div role="button alert" id="pass117">fail</div>
 </div>
 <div id="violation">
   <!-- abstract roles -->
@@ -130,11 +131,10 @@
   <!-- invalid roles -->
   <div role="lol" id="fail13">fail</div>
   <!-- unsupported roles -->
-  <!-- fallback roles -->
-  <div role="button alert" id="fail14">fail</div>
   <!-- deprecated roles-->
-  <div role="doc-biblioentry" id="fail15">fail</div>
-  <div role="doc-endnote" id="fail16">fail</div>
+  <div role="doc-biblioentry" id="pass118">fail</div>
+  <div role="doc-endnote" id="pass119">fail</div>
+  <div role="directory" id="pass120">ok</div>
 </div>
 
 <!-- inapplicable  -->
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-roles/aria-roles.json b/test/integration/rules/aria-roles/aria-roles.json
index 75257c110..082a3d30d 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-roles/aria-roles.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-roles/aria-roles.json
@@ -14,10 +14,7 @@
     ["#fail10"],
     ["#fail11"],
     ["#fail12"],
-    ["#fail13"],
-    ["#fail14"],
-    ["#fail15"],
-    ["#fail16"]
+    ["#fail13"]
   ],
   "passes": [
     ["#pass1"],
@@ -33,7 +30,6 @@
     ["#pass11"],
     ["#pass12"],
     ["#pass13"],
-    ["#pass14"],
     ["#pass15"],
     ["#pass16"],
     ["#pass17"],
@@ -132,6 +128,10 @@
     ["#pass113"],
     ["#pass114"],
     ["#pass115"],
-    ["#pass116"]
+    ["#pass116"],
+    ["#pass117"],
+    ["#pass118"],
+    ["#pass119"],
+    ["#pass120"]
   ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-text/aria-text.html b/test/integration/rules/aria-text/aria-text.html
index 54809b6bd..9b4717155 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-text/aria-text.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-text/aria-text.html
@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@ <h1>
 <p role="text" id="fail5"><button tabindex="-1">Hello</button></p>
 <p role="text" id="pass4"><span tabindex="-1">Hello</span></p>
 <div role="text" id="pass5">
-  <a tabindex="-1">passes because no href makes this not have the implicit role of 'link'</a>
+  <a tabindex="-1"
+    >passes because no href makes this not have the implicit role of 'link'</a
+  >
 </div>
 <div role="text" id="pass6">
   <a>passes because no href makes this not have the implicit role of 'link'</a>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-text/aria-text.json b/test/integration/rules/aria-text/aria-text.json
index 9443502a1..f47759e9c 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-text/aria-text.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-text/aria-text.json
@@ -2,5 +2,12 @@
   "description": "aria-text tests",
   "rule": "aria-text",
   "violations": [["#fail1"], ["#fail2"], ["#fail3"], ["#fail4"], ["#fail5"]],
-  "passes": [["#pass1"], ["#pass2"], ["#pass3"], ["#pass4"], ["#pass5"], ["#pass6"]]
+  "passes": [
+    ["#pass1"],
+    ["#pass2"],
+    ["#pass3"],
+    ["#pass4"],
+    ["#pass5"],
+    ["#pass6"]
+  ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-valid-attr-value/aria-valid-attr-value.html b/test/integration/rules/aria-valid-attr-value/aria-valid-attr-value.html
index e34c9d38d..42e60bae4 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-valid-attr-value/aria-valid-attr-value.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-valid-attr-value/aria-valid-attr-value.html
@@ -39,57 +39,56 @@ <h2>Violations</h2>
     hi
   </div>
   <div id="violation35-ref"></div>
-  <div aria-valuetext="" id="violation36"></div>
   <!-- don't allow empty aria-valuetext -->
 
-  <div aria-level="0" id="violation37">hi</div>
-  <div aria-level="-1" id="violation38">hi</div>
-  <div aria-level="-22" id="violation39">hi</div>
+  <div aria-level="0" id="violation36">hi</div>
+  <div aria-level="-1" id="violation37">hi</div>
+  <div aria-level="-22" id="violation38">hi</div>
 
-  <div aria-posinset="0" id="violation40">hi</div>
-  <div aria-posinset="-1" id="violation41">hi</div>
-  <div aria-posinset="-22" id="violation42">hi</div>
+  <div aria-posinset="0" id="violation39">hi</div>
+  <div aria-posinset="-1" id="violation40">hi</div>
+  <div aria-posinset="-22" id="violation41">hi</div>
 
-  <div aria-setsize="-22" id="violation43">hi</div>
+  <div aria-setsize="-22" id="violation42">hi</div>
 
   <div>
     <input
       type="text"
-      id="violation44"
+      id="violation43"
       aria-invalid="true"
-      aria-errormessage="violation44-ref"
+      aria-errormessage="violation43-ref"
     />
-    <div id="violation44-ref" hidden>Error message 1</div>
+    <div id="violation43-ref" hidden>Error message 1</div>
   </div>
 
   <div>
     <input
       type="text"
-      id="violation45"
+      id="violation44"
       aria-invalid="true"
-      aria-errormessage="violation45-ref"
+      aria-errormessage="violation44-ref"
     />
-    <div id="violation45-ref" style="display: none">Error message 1</div>
+    <div id="violation44-ref" style="display: none">Error message 1</div>
   </div>
 
   <div>
     <input
       type="text"
-      id="violation46"
+      id="violation45"
       aria-invalid="true"
-      aria-errormessage="violation46-ref"
+      aria-errormessage="violation45-ref"
     />
-    <div id="violation46-ref" style="visibility: hidden">Error message 1</div>
+    <div id="violation45-ref" style="visibility: hidden">Error message 1</div>
   </div>
 
   <div>
     <input
       type="text"
-      id="violation47"
+      id="violation46"
       aria-invalid="true"
-      aria-errormessage="violation47-ref"
+      aria-errormessage="violation46-ref"
     />
-    <div id="violation47-ref" aria-hidden="true">Error message 1</div>
+    <div id="violation46-ref" aria-hidden="true">Error message 1</div>
   </div>
 </div>
 <h2>Possible False Positives</h2>
@@ -299,15 +298,14 @@ <h2>Possible False Positives</h2>
     hi
   </div>
 
+  <!-- Allowed empty -->
   <div aria-activedescendant="" id="pass171">hi</div>
   <div aria-current="" id="pass172">hi</div>
-  <div aria-invalid="" id="pass173">hi</div>
   <div aria-controls="" id="pass174">hi</div>
   <div aria-describedby="" id="pass175">hi</div>
   <div aria-errormessage="" id="pass176" aria-invalid="true">hi</div>
   <div aria-flowto="" id="pass177">hi</div>
   <div aria-haspopup="" id="pass178">hi</div>
-  <div aria-invalid="" id="pass179">hi</div>
   <div aria-keyshortcuts="" id="pass180">hi</div>
   <div aria-label="" id="pass181">hi</div>
   <div aria-labelledby="" id="pass182">hi</div>
@@ -344,6 +342,12 @@ <h2>Possible False Positives</h2>
       aria-errormessage="violation44-ref"
     />
   </div>
+  <div
+    id="pass191"
+    aria-braillelabel=""
+    aria-brailleroledescription=""
+    aria-valuetext=""
+  ></div>
 
   <div id="ref">Hi</div>
   <div id="ref2">Hi2</div>
@@ -353,4 +357,7 @@ <h2>Possible False Positives</h2>
   <div aria-labelledby="stuff" id="incomplete3">hi</div>
   <div aria-level="22" id="incomplete4">hi</div>
   <div aria-level="+22" id="incomplete5">hi</div>
+  <div role="checkbox" id="incomplete6" aria-checked>I'm not checked</div>
+  <div role="textbox" id="incomplete7" aria-invalid="">I'm actually valid</div>
+  <div role="textbox" id="incomplete8" aria-hidden>I'm not really gone</div>
 </div>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/aria-valid-attr-value/aria-valid-attr-value.json b/test/integration/rules/aria-valid-attr-value/aria-valid-attr-value.json
index e6e23e5ec..8fb15e119 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/aria-valid-attr-value/aria-valid-attr-value.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/aria-valid-attr-value/aria-valid-attr-value.json
@@ -44,8 +44,7 @@
     ["#violation43"],
     ["#violation44"],
     ["#violation45"],
-    ["#violation46"],
-    ["#violation47"]
+    ["#violation46"]
   ],
   "passes": [
     ["#pass1"],
@@ -211,13 +210,11 @@
     ["#pass170"],
     ["#pass171"],
     ["#pass172"],
-    ["#pass173"],
     ["#pass174"],
     ["#pass175"],
     ["#pass176"],
     ["#pass177"],
     ["#pass178"],
-    ["#pass179"],
     ["#pass180"],
     ["#pass181"],
     ["#pass182"],
@@ -228,13 +225,17 @@
     ["#pass187"],
     ["#pass188"],
     ["#pass189"],
-    ["#pass190"]
+    ["#pass190"],
+    ["#pass191"]
   ],
   "incomplete": [
     ["#incomplete1"],
     ["#incomplete2"],
     ["#incomplete3"],
     ["#incomplete4"],
-    ["#incomplete5"]
+    ["#incomplete5"],
+    ["#incomplete6"],
+    ["#incomplete7"],
+    ["#incomplete8"]
   ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/autocomplete-valid/autocomplete-valid.html b/test/integration/rules/autocomplete-valid/autocomplete-valid.html
index e38a7798a..d68033d65 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/autocomplete-valid/autocomplete-valid.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/autocomplete-valid/autocomplete-valid.html
@@ -25,6 +25,9 @@
 <!-- comma seperated rather than space separated list -->
 <input autocomplete="work,email" id="fail4" />
 
+<!-- webauthn goes at the end -->
+<input autocomplete="webauthn email" id="fail5" />
+
 <!-- Incorrect element -->
 <button autocomplete="username" id="inapplicable1"></button>
 
@@ -32,14 +35,14 @@
 <input autocomplete="" id="inapplicable2" />
 
 <!-- Hidden through display:none -->
-<input autocomplete="username" style="display:none" id="inapplicable3" />
+<input autocomplete="username" style="display: none" id="inapplicable3" />
 
 <!-- Off screen and not focusable -->
 <input
   autocomplete="username"
   tabindex="-1"
   aria-hidden="true"
-  style="position:absolute; top:-9999em"
+  style="position: absolute; top: -9999em"
   id="inapplicable4"
 />
 
@@ -161,3 +164,9 @@
 <input autocomplete="enabled" id="pass88" />
 <input autocomplete="undefined" id="pass89" />
 <input autocomplete="null" id="pass90" />
+
+<!-- Webauthn tokens -->
+<input autocomplete="email webauthn" id="pass91" />
+<input autocomplete="section-foo email webauthn" id="pass92" />
+<input autocomplete="section-foo work email webauthn" id="pass93" />
+<input autocomplete="section-foo billing work email webauthn" id="pass94" />
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/autocomplete-valid/autocomplete-valid.json b/test/integration/rules/autocomplete-valid/autocomplete-valid.json
index b4eceb260..f1f6f4d97 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/autocomplete-valid/autocomplete-valid.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/autocomplete-valid/autocomplete-valid.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "description": "autocomplete-valid tests",
   "rule": "autocomplete-valid",
-  "violations": [["#fail1"], ["#fail2"], ["#fail3"], ["#fail4"]],
+  "violations": [["#fail1"], ["#fail2"], ["#fail3"], ["#fail4"], ["#fail5"]],
   "passes": [
     ["#pass1"],
     ["#pass2"],
@@ -92,6 +92,10 @@
     ["#pass87"],
     ["#pass88"],
     ["#pass89"],
-    ["#pass90"]
+    ["#pass90"],
+    ["#pass91"],
+    ["#pass92"],
+    ["#pass93"],
+    ["#pass94"]
   ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/avoid-inline-spacing/avoid-inline-spacing.html b/test/integration/rules/avoid-inline-spacing/avoid-inline-spacing.html
index 0ecd6ccc7..f04298fa3 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/avoid-inline-spacing/avoid-inline-spacing.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/avoid-inline-spacing/avoid-inline-spacing.html
@@ -1,37 +1,52 @@
-<!-- Inapplicable -->
-<p id="inapplicable1">I am so blue I'm greener than purple.</p>
-
 <!-- Pass -->
 <p id="pass1" style="font-size: 200%">
   I stepped on a Corn Flake, now I'm a Cereal Killer
 </p>
-<p id="pass2" style="line-height: 1.5;">
+<p id="pass2" style="line-height: 1.5">
   On a scale from one to ten what is your favourite colour of the alphabet.
 </p>
-<p id="pass3" style="letter-spacing: 50px;">
+<p id="pass3" style="letter-spacing: 50px">
   The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog
 </p>
-<p id="pass4" style="word-spacing: 10px;">
+<p id="pass4" style="word-spacing: 10px">
   A group of 24 Caterpillars have 694 legs
 </p>
-<p
-  id="pass5"
-  style="word-spacing: 20ch; letter-spacing: 50rem; line-height: 3;"
->
+<p id="pass5" style="word-spacing: 20ch; letter-spacing: 50rem; line-height: 3">
   Look, a distraction!
 </p>
+<p id="pass6" style="line-height: 1.5em !important">Banana<br />pass</p>
+<!-- one-liner   -->
+<p id="pass7" style="line-height: 1.4em !important">Banana</p>
+<p id="pass8" style="letter-spacing: 0.12em !important">
+  We need more cheeeeeeessseeeee!!!
+</p>
+<p id="pass9" style="word-spacing: 0.16em !important">
+  The cheese grater is in the way!
+</p>
+
+<!-- CSS keywords -->
+<p id="pass10" style="letter-spacing: unset !important">Banana</p>
+<p id="pass11" style="word-spacing: inherit !important">Banana</p>
+<p id="pass12" style="line-height: revert !important">Banana<br />pass</p>
+<p id="pass13" style="line-height: revert-layer !important">Banana<br />pass</p>
 
 <!-- Fail -->
-<p id="fail1" style="line-height: 1.5 !important;">Banana error</p>
-<p id="fail2" style="letter-spacing: 100em !important;">
+<p id="fail1" style="line-height: 1.4em !important">Banana<br />error</p>
+<p id="fail2" style="letter-spacing: 0.1em !important">
   We need more cheeeeeeessseeeee!!!
 </p>
-<p id="fail3" style="word-spacing: -.4ch !important;">
+<p id="fail3" style="word-spacing: 0.15em !important">
   The cheese grater is in the way!
 </p>
 <p
   id="fail4"
-  style="word-spacing: 200%; letter-spacing: 50rem !important; line-height: 3;"
+  style="word-spacing: 200%; letter-spacing: 1px !important; line-height: 3"
 >
   Yo Darth Vader
 </p>
+
+<!-- Inapplicable -->
+<p id="inapplicable1">I am so blue I'm greener than purple.</p>
+<p id="inapplicable2" style="word-spacing: 0.15em; opacity: 0">
+  Some hidden text
+</p>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/avoid-inline-spacing/avoid-inline-spacing.json b/test/integration/rules/avoid-inline-spacing/avoid-inline-spacing.json
index 3265acd2d..e9b04dbd0 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/avoid-inline-spacing/avoid-inline-spacing.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/avoid-inline-spacing/avoid-inline-spacing.json
@@ -2,5 +2,19 @@
   "description": "avoid-inline-spacing tests",
   "rule": "avoid-inline-spacing",
   "violations": [["#fail1"], ["#fail2"], ["#fail3"], ["#fail4"]],
-  "passes": [["#pass1"], ["#pass2"], ["#pass3"], ["#pass4"], ["#pass5"]]
+  "passes": [
+    ["#pass1"],
+    ["#pass2"],
+    ["#pass3"],
+    ["#pass4"],
+    ["#pass5"],
+    ["#pass6"],
+    ["#pass7"],
+    ["#pass8"],
+    ["#pass9"],
+    ["#pass10"],
+    ["#pass11"],
+    ["#pass12"],
+    ["#pass13"]
+  ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/blink/blink.html b/test/integration/rules/blink/blink.html
index 9a32401b0..eb5f0d7db 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/blink/blink.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/blink/blink.html
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-<p style="display:none;"><blink id="pass1">text</blink></p>
+<p style="display: none"><blink id="pass1">text</blink></p>
 <p><blink id="fail1">text</blink></p>
 <p aria-hidden="true"><blink id="fail2">text</blink></p>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/color-contrast-enhanced/color-contrast-enhanced.html b/test/integration/rules/color-contrast-enhanced/color-contrast-enhanced.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e7848772b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/rules/color-contrast-enhanced/color-contrast-enhanced.html
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<div id="pass1" style="background-color: white; color: black">
+  This is a pass.
+</div>
+
+<div id="fail1" style="background-color: #666; color: white; font-size: 20px">
+  This is a fail. <b id="pass2">But this is a pass.</b>
+</div>
+
+<p style="color: #666; -webkit-text-stroke: 0.03em #444" id="pass3">
+  Text-stroke 0.03em
+</p>
+<p style="color: #666; -webkit-text-stroke: 0.02em #444" id="fail2">
+  Text-stroke 0.02em
+</p>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/color-contrast-enhanced/color-contrast-enhanced.json b/test/integration/rules/color-contrast-enhanced/color-contrast-enhanced.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..82a8d4716
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/rules/color-contrast-enhanced/color-contrast-enhanced.json
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+  "description": "color-contrast test",
+  "rule": "color-contrast-enhanced",
+  "violations": [["#fail1"], ["#fail2"]],
+  "passes": [["#pass1"], ["#pass2"], ["#pass3"]]
+}
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/color-contrast/color-contrast.html b/test/integration/rules/color-contrast/color-contrast.html
index a1e2ed099..f866b05ca 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/color-contrast/color-contrast.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/color-contrast/color-contrast.html
@@ -1,17 +1,22 @@
 <div id="pass1" style="background-color: white; color: black">
   This is a pass.
 </div>
-<div id="pass2" style="background-color: gray; color: white; font-size: 40px;">
+<div id="pass2" style="background-color: gray; color: white; font-size: 40px">
   This is a pass.
 </div>
 <div
   id="pass3"
-  style="background-color: gray; color: white; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold"
+  style="
+    background-color: gray;
+    color: white;
+    font-size: 20px;
+    font-weight: bold;
+  "
 >
   This is a pass.
 </div>
 
-<div style="background-color: black;">
+<div style="background-color: black">
   <div
     style="color: transparent; text-shadow: 0 0 0 white"
     id="text-shadow-fg-pass"
@@ -20,23 +25,23 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<div id="fail1" style="background-color: gray; color: white; font-size: 20px;">
+<div id="fail1" style="background-color: gray; color: white; font-size: 20px">
   This is a fail.<b id="pass4">But this is a pass.</b>
 </div>
 
-<div style="background-color: black;">
+<div style="background-color: black">
   <div
-    style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1); color: white;"
+    style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1); color: white"
     id="pass5"
   >
     Pass.
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<div style="position:relative; height: 40px;">
-  <label style="background-color:black; color: white;" id="pass7">
+<div style="position: relative; height: 40px">
+  <label style="background-color: black; color: white" id="pass7">
     Label
-    <input style="position:absolute; top:20px;" />
+    <input style="position: absolute; top: 20px" />
   </label>
 </div>
 
@@ -47,13 +52,10 @@
   Hello world
 </div>
 
-<div id="fail2" style="background-color: gray; color: white; font-size: 8px;">
+<div id="fail2" style="background-color: gray; color: white; font-size: 8px">
   This is a fail.
 </div>
-<div
-  id="fail3"
-  style="background-color: yellow; color: white; font-size: 40px;"
->
+<div id="fail3" style="background-color: yellow; color: white; font-size: 40px">
   This is a fail.
 </div>
 
@@ -65,7 +67,7 @@
 
 <div
   id="fail7"
-  style="color: #000; background: #777; text-shadow: black 0 0 .2em"
+  style="color: #000; background: #777; text-shadow: black 0 0 0.2em"
 >
   Hello world
 </div>
@@ -99,7 +101,13 @@
 
 <div
   id="ignore6"
-  style="color: yellow; width: 100px; overflow: hidden; text-indent: 200px; background-color: white;"
+  style="
+    color: yellow;
+    width: 100px;
+    overflow: hidden;
+    text-indent: 200px;
+    background-color: white;
+  "
 >
   text
 </div>
@@ -122,44 +130,63 @@
 </label>
 
 <div
-  style="background-image: url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAQAMQAAORHHOVSKudfOulrSOp3WOyDZu6QdvCchPGolfO0o/XBs/fNwfjZ0frl3/zy7////wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAkAABAALAAAAAAQABAAAAVVICSOZGlCQAosJ6mu7fiyZeKqNKToQGDsM8hBADgUXoGAiqhSvp5QAnQKGIgUhwFUYLCVDFCrKUE1lBavAViFIDlTImbKC5Gm2hB0SlBCBMQiB0UjIQA7)"
+  style="
+    background-image: url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhEAAQAMQAAORHHOVSKudfOulrSOp3WOyDZu6QdvCchPGolfO0o/XBs/fNwfjZ0frl3/zy7////wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAkAABAALAAAAAAQABAAAAVVICSOZGlCQAosJ6mu7fiyZeKqNKToQGDsM8hBADgUXoGAiqhSvp5QAnQKGIgUhwFUYLCVDFCrKUE1lBavAViFIDlTImbKC5Gm2hB0SlBCBMQiB0UjIQA7);
+  "
 >
   <div style="color: white" id="canttell1">Background image</div>
 </div>
 
-<div style="height:40px; position: relative;">
+<div style="height: 40px; position: relative">
   <div
-    style="background-color: white; height: 60px; width: 40px;border: 1px solid;"
+    style="
+      background-color: white;
+      height: 60px;
+      width: 40px;
+      border: 1px solid;
+    "
   >
     <div
       id="canttell2"
-      style="color: white; height: 40px; width: 60px; border: 1px solid red;"
+      style="color: white; height: 40px; width: 60px; border: 1px solid red"
     >
       Outside parent
     </div>
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<div style="background-color: white; height: 60px; width: 40px;">
-  <div id="canttell3" style="color: white; height: 40px; width: 60px;">
+<div style="background-color: white; height: 60px; width: 40px">
+  <div id="canttell3" style="color: white; height: 40px; width: 60px">
     Background overlap
   </div>
 </div>
 
 <div
-  style="background-color: white; height: 60px; width: 80px; border:1px solid;position: relative;"
+  style="
+    background-color: white;
+    height: 60px;
+    width: 80px;
+    border: 1px solid;
+    position: relative;
+  "
 >
   <div
     id="canttell4"
-    style="color: white; height: 40px; width: 60px; border:1px solid red;"
+    style="color: white; height: 40px; width: 60px; border: 1px solid red"
   >
     Element overlap
   </div>
   <div
-    style="position: absolute; top: 0; width: 60px; height: 40px;background-color: #000"
+    style="
+      position: absolute;
+      top: 0;
+      width: 60px;
+      height: 40px;
+      background-color: #000;
+    "
   ></div>
 </div>
-<div style="background-color: white;">
+<div style="background-color: white">
   <div
     style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1); color: white"
     id="canttell5"
@@ -228,8 +255,8 @@
   text
 </div>
 
-<div style="background-color: white; height: 60px; width: 80px;">
-  <div id="canttell18" style="color: white; height: 40px; width: 60px;">Hi</div>
+<div style="background-color: white; height: 60px; width: 80px">
+  <div id="canttell18" style="color: white; height: 40px; width: 60px">Hi</div>
 </div>
 
 <div
@@ -237,14 +264,14 @@
 >
   <div
     id="canttell19"
-    style="margin-left: 80px; color: white; height: 80px; width: 90px;"
+    style="margin-left: 80px; color: white; height: 80px; width: 90px"
   >
     Hi
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<div style="background-color: #FFF;">
-  <div id="canttell20" style="color:#DDD;">
+<div style="background-color: #fff">
+  <div id="canttell20" style="color: #ddd">
     &#x20A0; &#x20A1; &#x20A2; &#x20A3;
   </div>
 </div>
@@ -256,7 +283,13 @@
 </div>
 
 <p
-  style="text-overflow: ellipsis; overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap; max-width: 200px; background-color: #FFF"
+  style="
+    text-overflow: ellipsis;
+    overflow: hidden;
+    white-space: nowrap;
+    max-width: 200px;
+    background-color: #fff;
+  "
 >
   <span id="pass9" style="color: #000">
     Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed et sollicitudin
@@ -273,3 +306,162 @@
     felis ante non libero.
   </span>
 </p>
+
+<div
+  id="text-container"
+  style="
+    overflow: hidden;
+    background-color: teal;
+    height: 30px;
+    width: 200px;
+    margin-bottom: 60px;
+  "
+>
+  <span id="fail8" style="color: grey"
+    >this is a span with some text inside of it</span
+  >
+  <span id="fail9" style="color: grey"
+    >this is a span with some text inside of it</span
+  >
+  <span id="ignore8" style="color: grey"
+    >this is a span with some text inside of it</span
+  >
+  <span id="ignore9" style="color: grey"
+    >this is a span with some text inside of it</span
+  >
+</div>
+
+<details>
+  <summary id="pass10">Summary</summary>
+  <span id="ignore10">Some text</span>
+</details>
+
+<details open>
+  <summary id="pass11">Summary</summary>
+  <span id="pass12">Some text</span>
+</details>
+
+<div style="background: #222">
+  <div
+    style="
+      background-color: white;
+      white-space: nowrap;
+      overflow: hidden;
+      text-overflow: ellipsis;
+      max-width: 300px;
+    "
+  >
+    <span id="pass13"
+      >Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod
+      tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim
+      veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea
+      commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate
+      velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat
+      cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id
+      est laborum.</span
+    >
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div style="background-color: #222; height: 40px; width: 100px"></div>
+<div style="margin: -40px 0 40px" id="fail10">Hello world</div>
+
+<div
+  style="
+    overflow: hidden;
+    width: 300px;
+    height: 200px;
+    background: #222;
+    margin-bottom: 150px;
+  "
+>
+  <div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; left: 100px">
+    <div id="fail11" style="position: relative; top: 100px">
+      Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod
+      tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim
+      veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea
+      commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate
+      velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat
+      cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id
+      est laborum.
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<ul>
+  <li id="pass14">
+    Lorem
+    <ul>
+      <li id="pass15">Ipsum</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6em">
+  <li id="pass16">
+    Test
+    <ul>
+      <li></li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+
+  <li id="pass17">
+    Lorem <strong id="pass18">ipsum</strong>.
+    <ul>
+      <li></li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ul>
+
+<label id="pass19"
+  >Do you like peas?
+  <input id="pass20" name="peas" style="width: 100%" />
+</label>
+
+<p style="color: #ccc; -webkit-text-stroke: 0.03em #444" id="pass21">
+  Text-stroke 0.03em
+</p>
+<p style="color: #ccc; -webkit-text-stroke: 0.02em #444" id="fail12">
+  Text-stroke 0.02em
+</p>
+
+<div
+  id="backdrop"
+  style="
+    position: absolute;
+    z-index: 1;
+    height: 40px;
+    background: #333;
+    width: 100%;
+  "
+></div>
+<div style="display: flex">
+  <div style="background: white; z-index: 1">
+    <span id="pass22">This div will be on top of the stack</span>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div id="ignore11" style="background: #000; color: #333" inert>hello</div>
+
+<div inert>
+  <div>
+    <div id="ignore12" style="background: #000; color: #333">hello</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div
+  id="pass23"
+  style="
+    color: #000;
+    background: #737373;
+    text-shadow: color(display-p3 1 1 1 / 1) 0 0 3px;
+  "
+>
+  Hello world
+</div>
+
+<div style="overflow: hidden; width: 50px">
+  <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 25px">
+    <div id="ignore13" style="padding-left: 65px">Hello World</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/color-contrast/color-contrast.json b/test/integration/rules/color-contrast/color-contrast.json
index c661e1881..a5a8aa035 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/color-contrast/color-contrast.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/color-contrast/color-contrast.json
@@ -1,7 +1,18 @@
 {
   "description": "color-contrast test",
   "rule": "color-contrast",
-  "violations": [["#fail1"], ["#fail2"], ["#fail3"], ["#fail6"], ["#fail7"]],
+  "violations": [
+    ["#fail1"],
+    ["#fail2"],
+    ["#fail3"],
+    ["#fail6"],
+    ["#fail7"],
+    ["#fail8"],
+    ["#fail9"],
+    ["#fail10"],
+    ["#fail11"],
+    ["#fail12"]
+  ],
   "passes": [
     ["#pass1"],
     ["#pass2"],
@@ -12,7 +23,21 @@
     ["#pass7 > input"],
     ["#pass8"],
     ["#text-shadow-fg-pass"],
-    ["#pass9"]
+    ["#pass9"],
+    ["#pass10"],
+    ["#pass11"],
+    ["#pass12"],
+    ["#pass13"],
+    ["#pass14"],
+    ["#pass15"],
+    ["#pass16"],
+    ["#pass17"],
+    ["#pass18"],
+    ["#pass19"],
+    ["#pass20"],
+    ["#pass21"],
+    ["#pass22"],
+    ["#pass23"]
   ],
   "incomplete": [
     ["#canttell1"],
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/color-contrast/text-shadows.html b/test/integration/rules/color-contrast/text-shadows.html
index 980538afd..99fbcca08 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/color-contrast/text-shadows.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/color-contrast/text-shadows.html
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
   section {
     display: inline-block;
     padding: 18px;
-    font-size: 36px;
+    font-size: 32px;
   }
   section > div {
     display: flex;
@@ -67,6 +67,10 @@
     color: #444;
     background-color: #ccc;
   }
+  .s7 {
+    color: #838383;
+    background-color: #bbb;
+  }
 
   .f1 {
     font-size: 12px;
@@ -85,153 +89,297 @@
   }
 
   .r1 i:nth-child(1) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.03em #000, 0 0 0.03em #000, 0 0 0.03em #000;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.03em #000,
+      0 0 0.03em #000,
+      0 0 0.03em #000;
   }
   .r1 i:nth-child(2) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.06em #000, 0 0 0.06em #000, 0 0 0.06em #000;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.06em #000,
+      0 0 0.06em #000,
+      0 0 0.06em #000;
   }
   .r1 i:nth-child(3) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.12em #000, 0 0 0.12em #000, 0 0 0.12em #000;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.12em #000,
+      0 0 0.12em #000,
+      0 0 0.12em #000;
   }
   .r1 i:nth-child(4) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.25em #000, 0 0 0.25em #000, 0 0 0.25em #000;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.25em #000,
+      0 0 0.25em #000,
+      0 0 0.25em #000;
   }
 
   .r2 i:nth-child(1) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.03em #444, 0 0 0.03em #444, 0 0 0.03em #444;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.03em #444,
+      0 0 0.03em #444,
+      0 0 0.03em #444;
   }
   .r2 i:nth-child(2) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.06em #444, 0 0 0.06em #444, 0 0 0.06em #444;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.06em #444,
+      0 0 0.06em #444,
+      0 0 0.06em #444;
   }
   .r2 i:nth-child(3) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.12em #444, 0 0 0.12em #444, 0 0 0.12em #444;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.12em #444,
+      0 0 0.12em #444,
+      0 0 0.12em #444;
   }
   .r2 i:nth-child(4) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.25em #444, 0 0 0.25em #444, 0 0 0.25em #444;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.25em #444,
+      0 0 0.25em #444,
+      0 0 0.25em #444;
   }
 
   .r3 i:nth-child(1) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.03em #888, 0 0 0.03em #888, 0 0 0.03em #888;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.03em #888,
+      0 0 0.03em #888,
+      0 0 0.03em #888;
   }
   .r3 i:nth-child(2) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.06em #888, 0 0 0.06em #888, 0 0 0.06em #888;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.06em #888,
+      0 0 0.06em #888,
+      0 0 0.06em #888;
   }
   .r3 i:nth-child(3) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.12em #888, 0 0 0.12em #888, 0 0 0.12em #888;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.12em #888,
+      0 0 0.12em #888,
+      0 0 0.12em #888;
   }
   .r3 i:nth-child(4) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.25em #888, 0 0 0.25em #888, 0 0 0.25em #888;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.25em #888,
+      0 0 0.25em #888,
+      0 0 0.25em #888;
   }
 
   .r4 i:nth-child(1) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.03em #ccc, 0 0 0.03em #ccc, 0 0 0.03em #ccc;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.03em #ccc,
+      0 0 0.03em #ccc,
+      0 0 0.03em #ccc;
   }
   .r4 i:nth-child(2) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.06em #ccc, 0 0 0.06em #ccc, 0 0 0.06em #ccc;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.06em #ccc,
+      0 0 0.06em #ccc,
+      0 0 0.06em #ccc;
   }
   .r4 i:nth-child(3) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.12em #ccc, 0 0 0.12em #ccc, 0 0 0.12em #ccc;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.12em #ccc,
+      0 0 0.12em #ccc,
+      0 0 0.12em #ccc;
   }
   .r4 i:nth-child(4) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.25em #ccc, 0 0 0.25em #ccc, 0 0 0.25em #ccc;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.25em #ccc,
+      0 0 0.25em #ccc,
+      0 0 0.25em #ccc;
   }
 
   .r5 i:nth-child(1) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.03em #fff, 0 0 0.03em #fff, 0 0 0.03em #fff;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.03em #fff,
+      0 0 0.03em #fff,
+      0 0 0.03em #fff;
   }
   .r5 i:nth-child(2) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.06em #fff, 0 0 0.06em #fff, 0 0 0.06em #fff;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.06em #fff,
+      0 0 0.06em #fff,
+      0 0 0.06em #fff;
   }
   .r5 i:nth-child(3) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.12em #fff, 0 0 0.12em #fff, 0 0 0.12em #fff;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.12em #fff,
+      0 0 0.12em #fff,
+      0 0 0.12em #fff;
   }
   .r5 i:nth-child(4) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.25em #fff, 0 0 0.25em #fff, 0 0 0.25em #fff;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.25em #fff,
+      0 0 0.25em #fff,
+      0 0 0.25em #fff;
   }
 
   .r6 i:nth-child(1) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.03em #000, 0 0 0.03em #000, 0 0 0.03em #000,
-      0 0 0.5em #000, 0 0 0.5em #000;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.03em #000,
+      0 0 0.03em #000,
+      0 0 0.03em #000,
+      0 0 0.5em #000,
+      0 0 0.5em #000;
   }
   .r6 i:nth-child(2) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.06em #000, 0 0 0.06em #000, 0 0 0.06em #000,
-      0 0 0.5em #000, 0 0 0.5em #000;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.06em #000,
+      0 0 0.06em #000,
+      0 0 0.06em #000,
+      0 0 0.5em #000,
+      0 0 0.5em #000;
   }
   .r6 i:nth-child(3) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.12em #000, 0 0 0.12em #000, 0 0 0.12em #000,
-      0 0 0.5em #000, 0 0 0.5em #000;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.12em #000,
+      0 0 0.12em #000,
+      0 0 0.12em #000,
+      0 0 0.5em #000,
+      0 0 0.5em #000;
   }
   .r6 i:nth-child(4) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.25em #000, 0 0 0.25em #000, 0 0 0.25em #000,
-      0 0 0.5em #000, 0 0 0.5em #000;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.25em #000,
+      0 0 0.25em #000,
+      0 0 0.25em #000,
+      0 0 0.5em #000,
+      0 0 0.5em #000;
   }
 
   .r7 i:nth-child(1) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.03em #444, 0 0 0.03em #444, 0 0 0.03em #444,
-      0 0 0.5em #000, 0 0 0.5em #000;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.03em #444,
+      0 0 0.03em #444,
+      0 0 0.03em #444,
+      0 0 0.5em #000,
+      0 0 0.5em #000;
   }
   .r7 i:nth-child(2) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.06em #444, 0 0 0.06em #444, 0 0 0.06em #444,
-      0 0 0.5em #000, 0 0 0.5em #000;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.06em #444,
+      0 0 0.06em #444,
+      0 0 0.06em #444,
+      0 0 0.5em #000,
+      0 0 0.5em #000;
   }
   .r7 i:nth-child(3) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.12em #444, 0 0 0.12em #444, 0 0 0.12em #444,
-      0 0 0.5em #000, 0 0 0.5em #000;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.12em #444,
+      0 0 0.12em #444,
+      0 0 0.12em #444,
+      0 0 0.5em #000,
+      0 0 0.5em #000;
   }
   .r7 i:nth-child(4) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.25em #444, 0 0 0.25em #444, 0 0 0.25em #444,
-      0 0 0.5em #000, 0 0 0.5em #000;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.25em #444,
+      0 0 0.25em #444,
+      0 0 0.25em #444,
+      0 0 0.5em #000,
+      0 0 0.5em #000;
   }
 
   .r8 i:nth-child(1) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.03em #888, 0 0 0.03em #888, 0 0 0.03em #888,
-      0 0 0.5em #000, 0 0 0.5em #000;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.03em #888,
+      0 0 0.03em #888,
+      0 0 0.03em #888,
+      0 0 0.5em #000,
+      0 0 0.5em #000;
   }
   .r8 i:nth-child(2) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.06em #888, 0 0 0.06em #888, 0 0 0.06em #888,
-      0 0 0.5em #000, 0 0 0.5em #000;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.06em #888,
+      0 0 0.06em #888,
+      0 0 0.06em #888,
+      0 0 0.5em #000,
+      0 0 0.5em #000;
   }
   .r8 i:nth-child(3) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.12em #888, 0 0 0.12em #888, 0 0 0.12em #888,
-      0 0 0.5em #000, 0 0 0.5em #000;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.12em #888,
+      0 0 0.12em #888,
+      0 0 0.12em #888,
+      0 0 0.5em #000,
+      0 0 0.5em #000;
   }
   .r8 i:nth-child(4) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.25em #888, 0 0 0.25em #888, 0 0 0.25em #888,
-      0 0 0.5em #000, 0 0 0.5em #000;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.25em #888,
+      0 0 0.25em #888,
+      0 0 0.25em #888,
+      0 0 0.5em #000,
+      0 0 0.5em #000;
   }
 
   .r9 i:nth-child(1) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.03em #ccc, 0 0 0.03em #ccc, 0 0 0.03em #ccc,
-      0 0 0.5em #000, 0 0 0.5em #000;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.03em #ccc,
+      0 0 0.03em #ccc,
+      0 0 0.03em #ccc,
+      0 0 0.5em #000,
+      0 0 0.5em #000;
   }
   .r9 i:nth-child(2) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.06em #ccc, 0 0 0.06em #ccc, 0 0 0.06em #ccc,
-      0 0 0.5em #000, 0 0 0.5em #000;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.06em #ccc,
+      0 0 0.06em #ccc,
+      0 0 0.06em #ccc,
+      0 0 0.5em #000,
+      0 0 0.5em #000;
   }
   .r9 i:nth-child(3) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.12em #ccc, 0 0 0.12em #ccc, 0 0 0.12em #ccc,
-      0 0 0.5em #000, 0 0 0.5em #000;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.12em #ccc,
+      0 0 0.12em #ccc,
+      0 0 0.12em #ccc,
+      0 0 0.5em #000,
+      0 0 0.5em #000;
   }
   .r9 i:nth-child(4) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.25em #ccc, 0 0 0.25em #ccc, 0 0 0.25em #ccc,
-      0 0 0.5em #000, 0 0 0.5em #000;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.25em #ccc,
+      0 0 0.25em #ccc,
+      0 0 0.25em #ccc,
+      0 0 0.5em #000,
+      0 0 0.5em #000;
   }
 
   .r10 i:nth-child(1) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.03em #fff, 0 0 0.03em #fff, 0 0 0.03em #fff,
-      0 0 0.5em #000, 0 0 0.5em #000, 0 0 0.5em #000;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.03em #fff,
+      0 0 0.03em #fff,
+      0 0 0.03em #fff,
+      0 0 0.5em #000,
+      0 0 0.5em #000,
+      0 0 0.5em #000;
   }
   .r10 i:nth-child(2) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.06em #fff, 0 0 0.06em #fff, 0 0 0.06em #fff,
-      0 0 0.5em #000, 0 0 0.5em #000, 0 0 0.5em #000;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.06em #fff,
+      0 0 0.06em #fff,
+      0 0 0.06em #fff,
+      0 0 0.5em #000,
+      0 0 0.5em #000,
+      0 0 0.5em #000;
   }
   .r10 i:nth-child(3) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.12em #fff, 0 0 0.12em #fff, 0 0 0.12em #fff,
-      0 0 0.5em #000, 0 0 0.5em #000, 0 0 0.5em #000;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.12em #fff,
+      0 0 0.12em #fff,
+      0 0 0.12em #fff,
+      0 0 0.5em #000,
+      0 0 0.5em #000,
+      0 0 0.5em #000;
   }
   .r10 i:nth-child(4) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.25em #fff, 0 0 0.25em #fff, 0 0 0.25em #fff,
-      0 0 0.5em #000, 0 0 0.5em #000, 0 0 0.5em #000;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.25em #fff,
+      0 0 0.25em #fff,
+      0 0 0.25em #fff,
+      0 0 0.5em #000,
+      0 0 0.5em #000,
+      0 0 0.5em #000;
   }
 
   .r11 i:nth-child(1) {
@@ -251,13 +399,21 @@
     text-shadow: 0 0 0.03em #fff;
   }
   .l1 i:nth-child(2) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.03em #fff, 0 0 0.03em #fff;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.03em #fff,
+      0 0 0.03em #fff;
   }
   .l1 i:nth-child(3) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.03em #fff, 0 0 0.03em #fff, 0 0 0.03em #fff;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.03em #fff,
+      0 0 0.03em #fff,
+      0 0 0.03em #fff;
   }
   .l1 i:nth-child(4) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.03em #fff, 0 0 0.03em #fff, 0 0 0.03em #fff,
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.03em #fff,
+      0 0 0.03em #fff,
+      0 0 0.03em #fff,
       0 0 0.03em #fff;
   }
 
@@ -265,13 +421,21 @@
     text-shadow: 0 0 0.06em #fff;
   }
   .l2 i:nth-child(2) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.06em #fff, 0 0 0.06em #fff;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.06em #fff,
+      0 0 0.06em #fff;
   }
   .l2 i:nth-child(3) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.06em #fff, 0 0 0.06em #fff, 0 0 0.06em #fff;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.06em #fff,
+      0 0 0.06em #fff,
+      0 0 0.06em #fff;
   }
   .l2 i:nth-child(4) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.06em #fff, 0 0 0.06em #fff, 0 0 0.06em #fff,
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.06em #fff,
+      0 0 0.06em #fff,
+      0 0 0.06em #fff,
       0 0 0.06em #fff;
   }
 
@@ -279,13 +443,21 @@
     text-shadow: 0 0 0.12em #fff;
   }
   .l3 i:nth-child(2) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.12em #fff, 0 0 0.12em #fff;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.12em #fff,
+      0 0 0.12em #fff;
   }
   .l3 i:nth-child(3) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.12em #fff, 0 0 0.12em #fff, 0 0 0.12em #fff;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.12em #fff,
+      0 0 0.12em #fff,
+      0 0 0.12em #fff;
   }
   .l3 i:nth-child(4) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.12em #fff, 0 0 0.12em #fff, 0 0 0.12em #fff,
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.12em #fff,
+      0 0 0.12em #fff,
+      0 0 0.12em #fff,
       0 0 0.12em #fff;
   }
 
@@ -293,13 +465,21 @@
     text-shadow: 0 0 0.25em #fff;
   }
   .l4 i:nth-child(2) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.25em #fff, 0 0 0.25em #fff;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.25em #fff,
+      0 0 0.25em #fff;
   }
   .l4 i:nth-child(3) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.25em #fff, 0 0 0.25em #fff, 0 0 0.25em #fff;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.25em #fff,
+      0 0 0.25em #fff,
+      0 0 0.25em #fff;
   }
   .l4 i:nth-child(4) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.25em #fff, 0 0 0.25em #fff, 0 0 0.25em #fff,
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.25em #fff,
+      0 0 0.25em #fff,
+      0 0 0.25em #fff,
       0 0 0.25em #fff;
   }
 
@@ -307,13 +487,173 @@
     text-shadow: 0 0 0.5em #fff;
   }
   .l5 i:nth-child(2) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.5em #fff, 0 0 0.5em #fff;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.5em #fff,
+      0 0 0.5em #fff;
   }
   .l5 i:nth-child(3) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.5em #fff, 0 0 0.5em #fff, 0 0 0.5em #fff;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.5em #fff,
+      0 0 0.5em #fff,
+      0 0 0.5em #fff;
   }
   .l5 i:nth-child(4) {
-    text-shadow: 0 0 0.5em #fff, 0 0 0.5em #fff, 0 0 0.5em #fff, 0 0 0.5em #fff;
+    text-shadow:
+      0 0 0.5em #fff,
+      0 0 0.5em #fff,
+      0 0 0.5em #fff,
+      0 0 0.5em #fff;
+  }
+
+  .x1 i:nth-child(1) {
+    text-shadow:
+      0 -1px 0 #000,
+      1px 0 0 #000,
+      0 1px 0 #000;
+  }
+  .x1 i:nth-child(2) {
+    text-shadow:
+      0 -1px 0 #000,
+      1px 0 0 #000,
+      0 1px 0 #000,
+      -1px 0 0 #000;
+  }
+  .x1 i:nth-child(3) {
+    text-shadow:
+      -1px -1px 0 #000,
+      1px -1px 0 #000,
+      1px 1px 0 #000,
+      -1px 1px 0 #000;
+  }
+  .x1 i:nth-child(4) {
+    text-shadow:
+      -1px -1px 0 #000,
+      0 -1px 0 #000,
+      1px -1px 0 #000,
+      1px 0 0 #000,
+      1px 1px 0 #000,
+      0 1px 0 #000,
+      -1px 0 0 #000;
+  }
+  .x2 i:nth-child(1) {
+    text-shadow:
+      0 -1px 0 #444,
+      1px 0 0 #444,
+      0 1px 0 #444;
+  }
+  .x2 i:nth-child(2) {
+    text-shadow:
+      0 -1px 0 #444,
+      1px 0 0 #444,
+      0 1px 0 #444,
+      -1px 0 0 #444;
+  }
+  .x2 i:nth-child(3) {
+    text-shadow:
+      -1px -1px 0 #444,
+      1px -1px 0 #444,
+      1px 1px 0 #444,
+      -1px 1px 0 #444;
+  }
+  .x2 i:nth-child(4) {
+    text-shadow:
+      -1px -1px 0 #444,
+      0 -1px 0 #444,
+      1px -1px 0 #444,
+      1px 0 0 #444,
+      1px 1px 0 #444,
+      0 1px 0 #444,
+      -1px 0 0 #444;
+  }
+  .x3 i:nth-child(1) {
+    text-shadow:
+      0 -1px 0 #888,
+      1px 0 0 #888,
+      0 1px 0 #888;
+  }
+  .x3 i:nth-child(2) {
+    text-shadow:
+      0 -1px 0 #888,
+      1px 0 0 #888,
+      0 1px 0 #888,
+      -1px 0 0 #888;
+  }
+  .x3 i:nth-child(3) {
+    text-shadow:
+      -1px -1px 0 #888,
+      1px -1px 0 #888,
+      1px 1px 0 #888,
+      -1px 1px 0 #888;
+  }
+  .x3 i:nth-child(4) {
+    text-shadow:
+      -1px -1px 0 #888,
+      0 -1px 0 #888,
+      1px -1px 0 #888,
+      1px 0 0 #888,
+      1px 1px 0 #888,
+      0 1px 0 #888,
+      -1px 0 0 #888;
+  }
+  .x4 i:nth-child(1) {
+    text-shadow:
+      0 -1px 0 #aaa,
+      1px 0 0 #aaa,
+      0 1px 0 #aaa;
+  }
+  .x4 i:nth-child(2) {
+    text-shadow:
+      0 -1px 0 #aaa,
+      1px 0 0 #aaa,
+      0 1px 0 #aaa,
+      -1px 0 0 #aaa;
+  }
+  .x4 i:nth-child(3) {
+    text-shadow:
+      -1px -1px 0 #aaa,
+      1px -1px 0 #aaa,
+      1px 1px 0 #aaa,
+      -1px 1px 0 #aaa;
+  }
+  .x4 i:nth-child(4) {
+    text-shadow:
+      -1px -1px 0 #aaa,
+      0 -1px 0 #aaa,
+      1px -1px 0 #aaa,
+      1px 0 0 #aaa,
+      1px 1px 0 #aaa,
+      0 1px 0 #aaa,
+      -1px 0 0 #aaa;
+  }
+  .x5 i:nth-child(1) {
+    text-shadow:
+      0 -1px 0 #fff,
+      1px 0 0 #fff,
+      0 1px 0 #fff;
+  }
+  .x5 i:nth-child(2) {
+    text-shadow:
+      0 -1px 0 #fff,
+      1px 0 0 #fff,
+      0 1px 0 #fff,
+      -1px 0 0 #fff;
+  }
+  .x5 i:nth-child(3) {
+    text-shadow:
+      -1px -1px 0 #fff,
+      1px -1px 0 #fff,
+      1px 1px 0 #fff,
+      -1px 1px 0 #fff;
+  }
+  .x5 i:nth-child(4) {
+    text-shadow:
+      -1px -1px 0 #fff,
+      0 -1px 0 #fff,
+      1px -1px 0 #fff,
+      1px 0 0 #fff,
+      1px 1px 0 #fff,
+      0 1px 0 #fff,
+      -1px 0 0 #fff;
   }
 </style>
 
@@ -750,29 +1090,95 @@
   </div>
 </section>
 
+<section class="s4" id="b14">
+  <div class="f1 x2">
+    <i id="b14-f1-i1">b14-f1-i1</i>
+    <i id="b14-f1-i2">b14-f1-i2</i>
+    <i id="b14-f1-i3">b14-f1-i3</i>
+    <i id="b14-f1-i4">b14-f1-i4</i>
+  </div>
+  <div class="f2 x2">
+    <i id="b14-f2-i1">b14-f2-i1</i>
+    <i id="b14-f2-i2">b14-f2-i2</i>
+    <i id="b14-f2-i3">b14-f2-i3</i>
+    <i id="b14-f2-i4">b14-f2-i4</i>
+  </div>
+  <div class="f3 x2">
+    <i id="b14-f3-i1">b14-f3-i1</i>
+    <i id="b14-f3-i2">b14-f3-i2</i>
+    <i id="b14-f3-i3">b14-f3-i3</i>
+    <i id="b14-f3-i4">b14-f3-i4</i>
+  </div>
+  <div class="f4 x2">
+    <i id="b14-f4-i1">b14-f4-i1</i>
+    <i id="b14-f4-i2">b14-f4-i2</i>
+    <i id="b14-f4-i3">b14-f4-i3</i>
+    <i id="b14-f4-i4">b14-f4-i4</i>
+  </div>
+  <div class="f5 x2">
+    <i id="b14-f5-i1">b14-f5-i1</i>
+    <i id="b14-f5-i2">b14-f5-i2</i>
+    <i id="b14-f5-i3">b14-f5-i3</i>
+    <i id="b14-f5-i4">b14-f5-i4</i>
+  </div>
+</section>
+
+<section class="s7" id="b15">
+  <div class="x1">
+    <i id="b15-x1-i1">b15-x1-i1</i>
+    <i id="b15-x1-i2">b15-x1-i2</i>
+    <i id="b15-x1-i3">b15-x1-i3</i>
+    <i id="b15-x1-i4">b15-x1-i4</i>
+  </div>
+  <div class="x2">
+    <i id="b15-x2-i1">b15-x2-i1</i>
+    <i id="b15-x2-i2">b15-x2-i2</i>
+    <i id="b15-x2-i3">b15-x2-i3</i>
+    <i id="b15-x2-i4">b15-x2-i4</i>
+  </div>
+  <div class="x3">
+    <i id="b15-x3-i1">b15-x3-i1</i>
+    <i id="b15-x3-i2">b15-x3-i2</i>
+    <i id="b15-x3-i3">b15-x3-i3</i>
+    <i id="b15-x3-i4">b15-x3-i4</i>
+  </div>
+  <div class="x4">
+    <i id="b15-x4-i1">b15-x4-i1</i>
+    <i id="b15-x4-i2">b15-x4-i2</i>
+    <i id="b15-x4-i3">b15-x4-i3</i>
+    <i id="b15-x4-i4">b15-x4-i4</i>
+  </div>
+  <div class="x5">
+    <i id="b15-x5-i1">b15-x5-i1</i>
+    <i id="b15-x5-i2">b15-x5-i2</i>
+    <i id="b15-x5-i3">b15-x5-i3</i>
+    <i id="b15-x5-i4">b15-x5-i4</i>
+  </div>
+</section>
+
 <script src="/axe.js"></script>
 <script>
   // Script added for testing purposes, does not run in automated tests
   if (window.top == window.self) {
-    axe.run({ runOnly: ['color-contrast'], elementRef: true }, function(
-      err,
-      res
-    ) {
-      console.log(res);
-      /*
+    axe.run(
+      { runOnly: ['color-contrast'], elementRef: true },
+      function (err, res) {
+        console.log(res);
+        /*
 			All these test cases are on the edge of pass and fail. If we ever revisit them, these are the ones could be improved on:
 			- False negatives:
 				- b3-r1-i1
 				- b4-r1-i1, b4-r2-i1
 				- b8-r1-i1, b8-r5-i1
 			*/
-      ['violations', 'incomplete', 'passes'].forEach(key => {
-        if (res[key][0]) {
-          res[key][0].nodes.forEach(({ element }) => {
-            element.classList.add(key);
-          });
-        }
-      });
-    });
+        ['violations', 'incomplete', 'passes'].forEach(key => {
+          if (res[key][0]) {
+            res[key][0].nodes.forEach(({ element }) => {
+              element.classList.add(key);
+            });
+          }
+        });
+      }
+    );
   }
 </script>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/color-contrast/text-shadows.json b/test/integration/rules/color-contrast/text-shadows.json
index 81674e45e..cab0d0a6c 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/color-contrast/text-shadows.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/color-contrast/text-shadows.json
@@ -129,7 +129,29 @@
     ["#b13-f2-i3"],
     ["#b13-f2-i4"],
     ["#b13-f3-i3"],
-    ["#b13-f3-i4"]
+    ["#b13-f3-i4"],
+
+    ["#b14-f1-i2"],
+    ["#b14-f1-i3"],
+    ["#b14-f1-i4"],
+    ["#b14-f2-i2"],
+    ["#b14-f2-i3"],
+    ["#b14-f2-i4"],
+    ["#b14-f3-i2"],
+    ["#b14-f3-i3"],
+    ["#b14-f3-i4"],
+    ["#b14-f4-i2"],
+    ["#b14-f5-i2"],
+
+    ["#b15-x2-i2"],
+    ["#b15-x2-i3"],
+    ["#b15-x2-i4"],
+    ["#b15-x3-i2"],
+    ["#b15-x3-i3"],
+    ["#b15-x3-i4"],
+    ["#b15-x4-i2"],
+    ["#b15-x4-i3"],
+    ["#b15-x4-i4"]
   ],
   "passes": [
     ["#b1-r1-i1"],
@@ -290,6 +312,30 @@
     ["#b13-f5-i1"],
     ["#b13-f5-i2"],
     ["#b13-f5-i3"],
-    ["#b13-f5-i4"]
+    ["#b13-f5-i4"],
+
+    ["#b14-f4-i3"],
+    ["#b14-f4-i4"],
+    ["#b14-f5-i3"],
+    ["#b14-f5-i4"],
+
+    ["#b15-x1-i2"],
+    ["#b15-x1-i3"],
+    ["#b15-x1-i4"],
+    ["#b15-x5-i2"],
+    ["#b15-x5-i3"],
+    ["#b15-x5-i4"]
+  ],
+  "incomplete": [
+    ["#b14-f1-i1"],
+    ["#b14-f2-i1"],
+    ["#b14-f3-i1"],
+    ["#b14-f4-i1"],
+    ["#b14-f5-i1"],
+    ["#b15-x1-i1"],
+    ["#b15-x2-i1"],
+    ["#b15-x3-i1"],
+    ["#b15-x4-i1"],
+    ["#b15-x5-i1"]
   ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/duplicate-id-active/duplicate-id-active.html b/test/integration/rules/duplicate-id-active/duplicate-id-active.html
index bc1ca2271..5ff7df032 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/duplicate-id-active/duplicate-id-active.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/duplicate-id-active/duplicate-id-active.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <p id="ignore1">This is my first paragraph with this ID.</p>
-<div style="display:none">
+<div style="display: none">
   <p id="ignore1">This is my second paragraph with this ID.</p>
 </div>
 
@@ -24,4 +24,4 @@
 <div aria-labelledby="ignored1 ignored2"></div>
 <input id="ignore3" type="hidden" />
 <button id="ignore4" disabled></button>
-<button id="ignore5" style="display:none"></button>
+<button id="ignore5" style="display: none"></button>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/duplicate-id-aria/duplicate-id-aria.html b/test/integration/rules/duplicate-id-aria/duplicate-id-aria.html
index 1754f7156..68dad1898 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/duplicate-id-aria/duplicate-id-aria.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/duplicate-id-aria/duplicate-id-aria.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <p id="ignore1">This is my first paragraph with this ID.</p>
-<div style="display:none">
+<div style="display: none">
   <p id="ignore1">This is my second paragraph with this ID.</p>
 </div>
 
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@
 <select id="ignore4"></select>
 <div tabindex="0" id="ignore5"></div>
 
-<span id="fail1" class="fail1"></span>
-<button id="fail1"></button>
+<span id="incomplete1" class="incomplete1"></span>
+<button id="incomplete1"></button>
 <span id="pass1"></span>
 <button id="pass2"></button>
-<div aria-labelledby="fail1 pass1 pass2"></div>
+<div aria-labelledby="incomplete1 pass1 pass2"></div>
 
 <input id="ignore6" type="hidden" />
 <button id="ignore7" disabled></button>
-<button id="ignore8" style="display:none"></button>
+<button id="ignore8" style="display: none"></button>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/duplicate-id-aria/duplicate-id-aria.json b/test/integration/rules/duplicate-id-aria/duplicate-id-aria.json
index 2d16afd67..ffb1ae4d9 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/duplicate-id-aria/duplicate-id-aria.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/duplicate-id-aria/duplicate-id-aria.json
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
   "description": "duplicate-id-aria test",
   "rule": "duplicate-id-aria",
-  "violations": [[".fail1"]],
+  "violations": [],
+  "incomplete": [[".incomplete1"]],
   "passes": [["#pass1"], ["#pass2"]]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/duplicate-id/duplicate-id.html b/test/integration/rules/duplicate-id/duplicate-id.html
index 95abf0258..9b4787720 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/duplicate-id/duplicate-id.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/duplicate-id/duplicate-id.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <p id="fail1" class="fail1">This is my first paragraph with this ID.</p>
-<div style="display:none">
+<div style="display: none">
   <p id="fail1">This is my second paragraph with this ID.</p>
 </div>
 
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@
 
 <input id="pass1" type="hidden" />
 <button id="pass2" disabled></button>
-<button id="pass3" style="display:none"></button>
+<button id="pass3" style="display: none"></button>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/empty-heading/empty-heading.html b/test/integration/rules/empty-heading/empty-heading.html
index d93bb54e7..ecbb554f5 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/empty-heading/empty-heading.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/empty-heading/empty-heading.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <title>empty-heading test</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/empty-table-header/empty-table-header.html b/test/integration/rules/empty-table-header/empty-table-header.html
index f8ab8feab..bcdb11e18 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/empty-table-header/empty-table-header.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/empty-table-header/empty-table-header.html
@@ -26,13 +26,13 @@
 
     <table>
       <tr>
-        <th id="incomplete1"></th>
+        <th id="fail1"></th>
       </tr>
     </table>
 
     <table>
       <tr>
-        <td id="incomplete2" role="rowheader">
+        <td id="fail2" role="rowheader">
           <div style="display: none">Not Ok</div>
         </td>
       </tr>
@@ -40,10 +40,16 @@
 
     <table>
       <tr>
-        <td id="incomplete3" role="columnheader">
+        <td id="fail3" role="columnheader">
           <div style="display: none">Not Ok</div>
         </td>
       </tr>
     </table>
+
+    <table>
+      <tr>
+        <th id="ignore1" role="spinbutton">rowheader with a role</th>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
   </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/empty-table-header/empty-table-header.json b/test/integration/rules/empty-table-header/empty-table-header.json
index a1c725abc..e1cbe04b7 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/empty-table-header/empty-table-header.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/empty-table-header/empty-table-header.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "description": "empty-table-header tests",
   "rule": "empty-table-header",
-  "incomplete": [["#incomplete1"], ["#incomplete2"], ["#incomplete3"]],
+  "violations": [["#fail1"], ["#fail2"], ["#fail3"]],
   "passes": [["#pass1"], ["#pass2"], ["#pass3"]]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/focus-order-semantics/focus-order-semantics.html b/test/integration/rules/focus-order-semantics/focus-order-semantics.html
index 3588fe1f9..7ac09790a 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/focus-order-semantics/focus-order-semantics.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/focus-order-semantics/focus-order-semantics.html
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ <h4>Valid landmark roles for scrollable containers</h4>
       <div id="pass7" role="region" tabindex="0"></div>
       <div id="pass8" role="application" tabindex="0"></div>
       <div id="pass9" role="tooltip" tabindex="0"></div>
+      <div id="pass10" role="article" tabindex="0"></div>
     </div>
     <h4>
       Valid scrollable HTML tags for scrollable regions, not selected by this
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/focus-order-semantics/focus-order-semantics.json b/test/integration/rules/focus-order-semantics/focus-order-semantics.json
index c682ed88e..dac1ba8f1 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/focus-order-semantics/focus-order-semantics.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/focus-order-semantics/focus-order-semantics.json
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@
     ["#pass6"],
     ["#pass7"],
     ["#pass8"],
-    ["#pass9"]
+    ["#pass9"],
+    ["#pass10"]
   ],
   "violations": [
     ["#violation1"],
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/frame-focusable-content/frame-focusable-content.html b/test/integration/rules/frame-focusable-content/frame-focusable-content.html
index c10c6d130..8928fc680 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/frame-focusable-content/frame-focusable-content.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/frame-focusable-content/frame-focusable-content.html
@@ -3,6 +3,11 @@
   tabindex="-1"
   id="pass1"
 ></iframe>
+<iframe
+  src="/integration/rules/frame-focusable-content/frames/focusable-negative-tabindex.html"
+  tabindex="-1"
+  id="pass2"
+></iframe>
 
 <iframe
   src="/integration/rules/frame-focusable-content/frames/focusable.html"
@@ -41,3 +46,8 @@
   height="0"
   id="inapplicable-3"
 ></iframe>
+<iframe
+  src="/integration/rules/frame-focusable-content/frames/focusable.html"
+  inert
+  id="inapplicable-4"
+></iframe>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/frame-focusable-content/frame-focusable-content.json b/test/integration/rules/frame-focusable-content/frame-focusable-content.json
index 0dcfe6567..998bf7330 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/frame-focusable-content/frame-focusable-content.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/frame-focusable-content/frame-focusable-content.json
@@ -5,5 +5,8 @@
     ["#fail1", "#focusable"],
     ["#fail2", "#focusable"]
   ],
-  "passes": [["#pass1", "#not-focusable"]]
+  "passes": [
+    ["#pass1", "#not-focusable"],
+    ["#pass2", "#focusable"]
+  ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/frame-focusable-content/frames/focusable-negative-tabindex.html b/test/integration/rules/frame-focusable-content/frames/focusable-negative-tabindex.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e74671c32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/rules/frame-focusable-content/frames/focusable-negative-tabindex.html
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html id="focusable">
+  <head>
+    <title>Hello</title>
+    <meta charset="utf8" />
+    <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <button tabindex="-1">Click</button>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/frame-focusable-content/frames/focusable.html b/test/integration/rules/frame-focusable-content/frames/focusable.html
index de5374ba3..c750c4c73 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/frame-focusable-content/frames/focusable.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/frame-focusable-content/frames/focusable.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="focusable">
   <head>
     <title>Hello</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/frame-focusable-content/frames/not-focusable.html b/test/integration/rules/frame-focusable-content/frames/not-focusable.html
index 6b3e41394..2ed44610e 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/frame-focusable-content/frames/not-focusable.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/frame-focusable-content/frames/not-focusable.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="not-focusable">
   <head>
     <title>Hello</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/frame-title-unique/frame-title-unique.html b/test/integration/rules/frame-title-unique/frame-title-unique.html
index 2f9240c92..8407667c1 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/frame-title-unique/frame-title-unique.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/frame-title-unique/frame-title-unique.html
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@
 <iframe
   src="/integration/rules/frame-title-unique/frames/level1a.html"
   title="Duplicated"
-  id="violation1"
+  id="incomplete1"
 ></iframe>
 <iframe
   src="/integration/rules/frame-title-unique/frames/level1a.html"
   title="Duplicated"
-  id="violation2"
+  id="incomplete2"
 ></iframe>
 <iframe
   src="/integration/rules/frame-title-unique/frames/level1a.html"
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/frame-title-unique/frame-title-unique.json b/test/integration/rules/frame-title-unique/frame-title-unique.json
index 94141de1b..85c9c5071 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/frame-title-unique/frame-title-unique.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/frame-title-unique/frame-title-unique.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "description": "frame-title-unique test",
   "rule": "frame-title-unique",
-  "violations": [["#violation1"], ["#violation2"]],
+  "incomplete": [["#incomplete1"], ["#incomplete2"]],
   "passes": [["#ignore1", "#pass1"], ["#pass2"]]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/frame-title-unique/frames/level1.html b/test/integration/rules/frame-title-unique/frames/level1.html
index e0defea84..72dd5e623 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/frame-title-unique/frames/level1.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/frame-title-unique/frames/level1.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html>
   <head>
     <title>Hello</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/frame-title-unique/frames/level1a.html b/test/integration/rules/frame-title-unique/frames/level1a.html
index 821358184..b4ec7b202 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/frame-title-unique/frames/level1a.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/frame-title-unique/frames/level1a.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html>
   <head>
     <title>Duplicated</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/frame-title-unique/frames/level2-a.html b/test/integration/rules/frame-title-unique/frames/level2-a.html
index a3dd1f0a7..8f8db6fcc 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/frame-title-unique/frames/level2-a.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/frame-title-unique/frames/level2-a.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html>
   <head>
     <title>Hello</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/frame-title-unique/frames/level2.html b/test/integration/rules/frame-title-unique/frames/level2.html
index 53643d78f..892f4dcb6 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/frame-title-unique/frames/level2.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/frame-title-unique/frames/level2.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html>
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/frame-title/frame-title.html b/test/integration/rules/frame-title/frame-title.html
index f7d6fd2e1..fec81a267 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/frame-title/frame-title.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/frame-title/frame-title.html
@@ -64,3 +64,20 @@
   role="presentation"
   tabindex="0"
 ></iframe>
+<iframe
+  src="/integration/rules/frame-title/frames/level1a.html"
+  id="violation8"
+  role="none"
+  title=" "
+></iframe>
+<iframe
+  src="/integration/rules/frame-title/frames/level1a.html"
+  id="violation9"
+  role="presentation"
+  title=""
+></iframe>
+<iframe
+  src="/integration/rules/frame-title/frames/level1a.html"
+  id="inapplicable1"
+  tabindex="-1"
+></iframe>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/frame-title/frame-title.json b/test/integration/rules/frame-title/frame-title.json
index 4efc5916b..dcded3ef7 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/frame-title/frame-title.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/frame-title/frame-title.json
@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@
     ["#violation4"],
     ["#violation5"],
     ["#violation6"],
-    ["#violation7"]
+    ["#violation7"],
+    ["#violation8"],
+    ["#violation9"]
   ],
   "passes": [
     ["#violation1", "#pass1"],
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/frame-title/frames/level1.html b/test/integration/rules/frame-title/frames/level1.html
index 8c353a821..219b17361 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/frame-title/frames/level1.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/frame-title/frames/level1.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html>
   <head>
     <title>Hello</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/frame-title/frames/level1a.html b/test/integration/rules/frame-title/frames/level1a.html
index 821358184..b4ec7b202 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/frame-title/frames/level1a.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/frame-title/frames/level1a.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html>
   <head>
     <title>Duplicated</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/frame-title/frames/level2-a.html b/test/integration/rules/frame-title/frames/level2-a.html
index a3dd1f0a7..8f8db6fcc 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/frame-title/frames/level2-a.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/frame-title/frames/level2-a.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html>
   <head>
     <title>Hello</title>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/frame-title/frames/level2.html b/test/integration/rules/frame-title/frames/level2.html
index 53643d78f..892f4dcb6 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/frame-title/frames/level2.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/frame-title/frames/level2.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html>
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/identical-links-same-purpose/identical-links-same-purpose.html b/test/integration/rules/identical-links-same-purpose/identical-links-same-purpose.html
index 5f28194fb..731c4f422 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/identical-links-same-purpose/identical-links-same-purpose.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/identical-links-same-purpose/identical-links-same-purpose.html
@@ -121,9 +121,7 @@
     <circle cx="50" cy="40" r="35" />
   </a>
   <a href="http://deque.com" id="pass17-identical1">
-    <text x="50" y="90" text-anchor="middle">
-      Pass 17
-    </text>
+    <text x="50" y="90" text-anchor="middle">Pass 17</text>
   </a>
 </svg>
 
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/image-alt/image-alt.html b/test/integration/rules/image-alt/image-alt.html
index a34644a73..4be7c1d25 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/image-alt/image-alt.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/image-alt/image-alt.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <div id="monkeys">Bananas</div>
-<div id="ninjamonkeys" style="display:none">Banana bombs</div>
+<div id="ninjamonkeys" style="display: none">Banana bombs</div>
 <img src="img.jpg" id="violation1" />
 <img src="img.jpg" id="violation2" aria-label="" />
 <img src="img.jpg" id="violation3" aria-labelledby="nomatchy" />
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/label/label.html b/test/integration/rules/label/label.html
index 995011e25..d83f72057 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/label/label.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/label/label.html
@@ -5,62 +5,85 @@
   <input type="submit" id="na4" />
   <input type="reset" id="na5" />
   <input type="text" id="fail1" />
-  <textarea id="fail3"></textarea>
+  <textarea id="fail2"></textarea>
   <input type="text" aria-label="label" id="pass1" />
-  <textarea aria-label="label" id="pass3"></textarea>
-  <input type="text" aria-labelledby="label" id="pass4" />
-  <textarea aria-labelledby="label" id="pass6"></textarea>
+  <textarea aria-label="label" id="pass2"></textarea>
+  <input type="text" aria-labelledby="label" id="pass3" />
+  <textarea aria-labelledby="label" id="pass4"></textarea>
   <div id="label">Label</div>
-  <label>Label <input type="text" id="pass7"/></label>
-  <label>Label <textarea id="pass9"></textarea></label>
+  <label>Label <input type="text" id="pass5" /></label>
+  <label>Label <textarea id="pass6"></textarea></label>
 
-  <label><input type="text" id="fail4"/></label>
-  <label><textarea id="fail6"></textarea></label>
-  <label for="fail7"></label><input type="text" id="fail7" />
-  <label for="fail9"></label><textarea id="fail9"></textarea>
+  <label><input type="text" id="fail3" /></label>
+  <label><textarea id="fail4"></textarea></label>
+  <label for="fail5"></label><input type="text" id="fail5" />
+  <label for="fail6"></label><textarea id="fail6"></textarea>
 
-  <label for="fail11" style="display: none;">Text</label
-  ><input type="text" id="fail11" /> <label for="pass10">Label</label
-  ><input type="text" id="pass10" /> <label for="pass12">Label</label
-  ><textarea id="pass12"></textarea>
+  <label for="fail7" style="display: none">Text</label
+  ><input type="text" id="fail7" /> <label for="pass7">Label</label
+  ><input type="text" id="pass7" /><label for="pass8">Label</label
+  ><textarea id="pass8"></textarea>
 
-  <input id="pass13" title="Label" />
-  <textarea id="pass15" title="Label"></textarea>
+  <input id="pass9" title="Label" />
+  <textarea id="pass10" title="Label"></textarea>
 
   <label
-    ><label><input type="text" id="fail22"/></label
+    ><label><input type="text" id="fail8" /></label
   ></label>
 
   <div>
-    <label>
-      <select id="fail24">
-        <option selected="selected">Chosen</option>
-        <option>Not Selected</option>
-      </select>
-    </label>
-    <input aria-labelledby="fail24" type="text" id="fail25" />
+    <select id="pass11-label">
+      <option selected="selected">Chosen</option>
+      <option>Not Selected</option>
+    </select>
+    <input aria-labelledby="pass11-label" type="text" id="pass11" />
   </div>
 
   <div>
-    <label for="fail27">
-      <select id="fail26">
+    <label for="pass12">
+      <select>
         <option selected="selected">Chosen</option>
         <option>Not Selected</option>
       </select>
     </label>
-    <input type="text" id="fail27" />
+    <input type="text" id="pass12" />
   </div>
 
   <div>
-    <label for="pass-gh1176" style="display:none">
-      Hello world
-    </label>
-    <input id="pass-gh1176" title="Hi" />
+    <label for="pass13" style="display: none"> Hello world </label>
+    <input id="pass13" title="Hi" />
   </div>
 
-  <input id="pass16" role="none" disabled />
-  <input id="pass17" role="presentation" disabled />
+  <input id="pass14" role="none" disabled />
+  <input id="pass15" role="presentation" disabled />
 
   <div id="hiddenlabel" aria-hidden="true">Hidden label</div>
-  <input type="text" id="pass18" aria-labelledby="hiddenlabel" />
+  <input type="text" id="pass16" aria-labelledby="hiddenlabel" />
+
+  <label> <input id="fail9" value="val" /></label>
+  <label for="fail10"> <input id="fail10" value="val" /></label>
+  <div id="lbl-f13">
+    <input id="fail11" value="val" aria-labelledby="lbl-f13" />
+  </div>
+  <label><textarea id="fail12"> value</textarea></label>
+
+  <table>
+    <tr>
+      <th id="pass17-label">Named from author elm</th>
+      <td><input id="pass17" aria-labelledby="pass17-label" /></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div id="fail13-label">
+    <span role="progressbar" aria-valuenow="23">23%</span>
+  </div>
+  <input type="text" id="fail13" aria-labelledby="fail13-label" />
+
+  <div id="fail14-label">
+    <select>
+      <option selected></option>
+      <option>Option 2</option>
+    </select>
+  </div>
+  <input type="text" id="fail14" aria-labelledby="fail14-label" />
 </form>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/label/label.json b/test/integration/rules/label/label.json
index 6df276396..1f99651df 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/label/label.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/label/label.json
@@ -3,30 +3,37 @@
   "rule": "label",
   "violations": [
     ["#fail1"],
+    ["#fail2"],
     ["#fail3"],
     ["#fail4"],
+    ["#fail5"],
     ["#fail6"],
     ["#fail7"],
+    ["#fail8"],
     ["#fail9"],
+    ["#fail10"],
     ["#fail11"],
-    ["#fail22"],
-    ["#fail25"],
-    ["#fail27"]
+    ["#fail12"],
+    ["#fail13"],
+    ["#fail14"]
   ],
   "passes": [
     ["#pass1"],
+    ["#pass2"],
     ["#pass3"],
     ["#pass4"],
+    ["#pass5"],
     ["#pass6"],
     ["#pass7"],
+    ["#pass8"],
     ["#pass9"],
     ["#pass10"],
+    ["#pass11"],
     ["#pass12"],
     ["#pass13"],
+    ["#pass14"],
     ["#pass15"],
     ["#pass16"],
-    ["#pass17"],
-    ["#pass-gh1176"],
-    ["#pass18"]
+    ["#pass17"]
   ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/landmark-unique/frame.html b/test/integration/rules/landmark-unique/frame.html
index bf447e5f7..661c441aa 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/landmark-unique/frame.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/landmark-unique/frame.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <meta charset="utf8" />
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/link-in-text-block/link-in-text-block.html b/test/integration/rules/link-in-text-block/link-in-text-block.html
index 60e3b882a..9d69d819d 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/link-in-text-block/link-in-text-block.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/link-in-text-block/link-in-text-block.html
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-<p><a href="#" id="ignore1">Link text 1</a></p>
+<h1>General applicability tests</h1>
+<p><a href="#" id="ignore1">Link text</a></p>
 <ul>
-  <li><a href="#" id="ignore2">Link text 2</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#" id="ignore2">Link text</a></li>
 </ul>
 <p>paragraph <a id="ignore3">Link</a></p>
 <p>paragraph <a href="#" id="ignore4"> </a></p>
@@ -8,7 +9,7 @@
   paragraph <a href="#" id="ignore5"><img src="" alt="some text" /> </a>
 </p>
 
-<p style="display:none;">
+<p style="display: none">
   paragraph
   <a style="" href="#" id="ignore6">Link text</a>
 </p>
@@ -25,19 +26,144 @@
   <a href="#" id="ignore9">Link text</a>
 </p>
 
-<p style="color:black">
-  paragraph of text
-  <a style="" href="#" id="pass1">Link</a>
+<p>
+  hello world, goodbye world
+  <a href="#" id="ignore10" style="text-decoration: none; background: #eee">
+    <style>
+      a {
+        color: #333;
+      }
+    </style>
+    <img width="50px" height="50px" src="some-img.png" alt="" />
+  </a>
+</p>
+
+<h1>Default styling tests</h1>
+
+<p style="color: black">
+  paragraph of text (default)
+  <a style="" href="#" id="pass-default-styling">Link text</a>
 </p>
 
 <p aria-hidden="true">
-  paragraph of text
-  <a style="" href="#" id="pass2">Link text</a>
+  paragraph of text (default + aria-hidden)
+  <a style="" href="#" id="pass-default-styling-aria-hidden">Link text</a>
+</p>
+
+<h1>Non-color change tests</h1>
+
+<p style="color: black">
+  paragraph of text (pass: link is bolder than paragraph)
+  <a
+    style="text-decoration: none; font-weight: bolder; color: black"
+    href="#"
+    id="pass-different-weight"
+  >
+    Link text</a
+  >
+</p>
+
+<p style="color: black">
+  paragraph of text (pass: link is larger that paragraph)
+  <a
+    style="text-decoration: none; font-size: larger; color: black"
+    href="#"
+    id="pass-different-size"
+  >
+    Link text</a
+  >
+</p>
+
+<h1>Color change tests</h1>
+<b
+  >Note that these tests limit changes to one variable per test. No attempt is
+  made to<br />
+  provide good color contrast <i>within the link</i>. We leave that to the
+  <i>color-contrast</i> rule</b
+>
+
+<p style="color: black; background-color: white">
+  paragraph of text (pass: background color has sufficient contrast against
+  paragraph)
+  <a
+    style="text-decoration: none; color: blue; background-color: black"
+    href="#"
+    id="pass-background-color"
+  >
+    Link text</a
+  >
+</p>
+
+<p style="color: black">
+  paragraph of text (pass: text color has sufficient contrast against paragraph)
+  <a
+    style="text-decoration: none; color: lightblue"
+    href="#"
+    id="pass-text-color"
+  >
+    Link text</a
+  >
+</p>
+
+<p style="color: black">
+  paragraph of text (pass: text color has sufficient contrast against paragraph)
+  <a style="text-decoration: none; color: black" href="#" id="pass-same-colors">
+    Link text</a
+  >
+</p>
+
+<p style="color: black">
+  paragraph of text (fail: text color has insufficient contrast against
+  paragraph)
+  <a
+    style="text-decoration: none; color: blue"
+    href="#"
+    id="fail-insufficient-text-contrast"
+  >
+    Link text</a
+  >
+</p>
+
+<p style="color: black">
+  paragraph of text (fail: background color has insufficient contrast against
+  paragraph)
+  <a
+    style="text-decoration: none; color: black; background-color: pink"
+    href="#"
+    id="fail-insufficient-background-contrast"
+  >
+    Link text</a
+  >
+</p>
+
+<h1>Incomplete tests</h1>
+
+<p style="color: black; background-image: linear-gradient(red, yellow)">
+  paragraph of text (incomplete: link has insufficient text contrast and
+  paragraph has a background gradient)
+  <a
+    style="text-decoration: none; color: black"
+    href="#"
+    id="incomplete-low-contrast-parent-has-gradient"
+  >
+    Link test</a
+  >
 </p>
 
-<p style="color:black">
-  paragraph of text
-  <a style="text-decoration:none; color:blue" href="#" id="fail1"> Link text</a>
-  <br />
-  <a href="#" id="ignore10">Link!</a>
+<style>
+  #incomplete-pseudo-before {
+    text-decoration: none;
+    position: relative;
+  }
+  #incomplete-pseudo-before:before {
+    content: '';
+    position: absolute;
+    width: 100%;
+    height: 1px;
+    background: purple;
+    bottom: 2px;
+  }
+</style>
+<p id="pseudo">
+  Lorem <a href="#" id="incomplete-pseudo-before">ipsum</a> dolor sit.
 </p>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/link-in-text-block/link-in-text-block.json b/test/integration/rules/link-in-text-block/link-in-text-block.json
index 100518b3e..e4e2c7dfa 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/link-in-text-block/link-in-text-block.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/link-in-text-block/link-in-text-block.json
@@ -1,6 +1,21 @@
 {
   "description": "link-in-text-block tests",
   "rule": "link-in-text-block",
-  "violations": [["#fail1"]],
-  "passes": [["#pass1"], ["#pass2"]]
+  "violations": [
+    ["#fail-insufficient-text-contrast"],
+    ["#fail-insufficient-background-contrast"]
+  ],
+  "passes": [
+    ["#pass-default-styling"],
+    ["#pass-default-styling-aria-hidden"],
+    ["#pass-different-weight"],
+    ["#pass-different-size"],
+    ["#pass-background-color"],
+    ["#pass-text-color"],
+    ["#pass-same-colors"]
+  ],
+  "incomplete": [
+    ["#incomplete-low-contrast-parent-has-gradient"],
+    ["#incomplete-pseudo-before"]
+  ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/list/list.json b/test/integration/rules/list/list.json
index b915cab25..230e3cc30 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/list/list.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/list/list.json
@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@
     ["#divol"],
     ["#mixedol"],
     ["#ulrolledallli"],
-    ["#olrolledallli"]
+    ["#olrolledallli"],
+    ["#ulrolledli"],
+    ["#olrolledli"]
   ],
   "passes": [
     ["#emptyul"],
@@ -17,8 +19,6 @@
     ["#emptyol"],
     ["#scriptemptyol"],
     ["#properol"],
-    ["#scriptproperol"],
-    ["#ulrolledli"],
-    ["#olrolledli"]
+    ["#scriptproperol"]
   ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/listitem/listitem.html b/test/integration/rules/listitem/listitem.html
index 77fea1a21..c8115d3de 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/listitem/listitem.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/listitem/listitem.html
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-<li id="uncontained">
-  Should belong to a list.
-</li>
+<li id="uncontained">Should belong to a list.</li>
 <ul>
   <li id="contained">Does belong to a list.</li>
 </ul>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/listitem/listitem.json b/test/integration/rules/listitem/listitem.json
index 3d9bd4913..7fc7edd66 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/listitem/listitem.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/listitem/listitem.json
@@ -2,5 +2,11 @@
   "description": "listitem test",
   "rule": "listitem",
   "violations": [["#uncontained"], ["#ulrolechanged"], ["#olrolechanged"]],
-  "passes": [["#contained"], ["#alsocontained"], ["#presentation"], ["#none"], ["#menuitem"]]
+  "passes": [
+    ["#contained"],
+    ["#alsocontained"],
+    ["#presentation"],
+    ["#none"],
+    ["#menuitem"]
+  ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/meta-viewport/meta-viewport-pass3.html b/test/integration/rules/meta-viewport/meta-viewport-pass3.html
index 5a3f8316e..aafb69cd9 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/meta-viewport/meta-viewport-pass3.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/meta-viewport/meta-viewport-pass3.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head>
     <meta id="mvp" name="viewport" content="maximum-scale=2;" />
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@
   <body>
     <div id="mocha"></div>
     <!-- iframe with zooming disabled should not fail the rule-->
-    <iframe src="frames/iframe-with-zooming-disabled"></iframe>
+    <iframe
+      src="/integration/rules/meta-viewport/frames/iframe-with-zooming-disabled.html"
+    ></iframe>
   </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/nested-interactive/nested-interactive.html b/test/integration/rules/nested-interactive/nested-interactive.html
index 1af908b26..64d0f51fb 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/nested-interactive/nested-interactive.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/nested-interactive/nested-interactive.html
@@ -8,11 +8,17 @@
 
 <button id="pass8"><span tabindex="0">pass</span></button>
 <div role="button" id="fail1"><input /></div>
-<div role="tab" id="fail2"><button id="pass9">div fails, button passes</button></div>
+<div role="tab" id="fail2">
+  <button id="pass9">div fails, button passes</button>
+</div>
 <div role="checkbox" id="fail3"><a href="foo.html">fail</a></div>
 <div role="radio" id="pass10"><span tabindex="0">pass</span></div>
-<div role="radio" id="fail4"><button id="pass11" tabindex="-1">not really hidden</button></div>
-<div role="radio" id="fail5"><button aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">not really hidden</button></div>
+<div role="radio" id="fail4">
+  <button id="pass11" tabindex="-1">not really hidden</button>
+</div>
+<div role="radio" id="fail5">
+  <button aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">not really hidden</button>
+</div>
 
 <a id="ignored1" href="foo.html">ignored</a>
 <span id="ignored2">ignored</span>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/nested-interactive/nested-interactive.json b/test/integration/rules/nested-interactive/nested-interactive.json
index 4db1a12cd..1b3228186 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/nested-interactive/nested-interactive.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/nested-interactive/nested-interactive.json
@@ -1,13 +1,7 @@
 {
   "description": "nested-interactive tests",
   "rule": "nested-interactive",
-  "violations": [
-    ["#fail1"], 
-    ["#fail2"], 
-    ["#fail3"], 
-    ["#fail4"], 
-    ["#fail5"]
-  ],
+  "violations": [["#fail1"], ["#fail2"], ["#fail3"], ["#fail4"], ["#fail5"]],
   "passes": [
     ["#pass1"],
     ["#pass2"],
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/object-alt/object-alt.html b/test/integration/rules/object-alt/object-alt.html
index 0945e5c45..5c0bb9ed9 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/object-alt/object-alt.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/object-alt/object-alt.html
@@ -1,18 +1,75 @@
-<object id="pass1" title="This object has text"></object>
-<object id="pass2" aria-label="this object has text"></object>
-<span id="label1">this object has text</span>
-<object id="pass3" aria-labelledby="label1"></object>
-<object id="pass4" role="presentation"></object>
-<object id="pass5" role="none"></object>
+<object
+  id="pass1"
+  title="This object has text"
+  data="data:text/html,Object%20content"
+></object>
+<object
+  id="pass2"
+  aria-label="this object has text"
+  data="data:text/html,Object%20content"
+></object>
+<span id="label1" data="data:text/html,Object%20content"
+  >this object has text</span
+>
+<object
+  id="pass3"
+  aria-labelledby="label1"
+  data="data:text/html,Object%20content"
+></object>
+<object
+  id="pass4"
+  role="presentation"
+  data="data:text/html,Object%20content"
+></object>
+<object id="pass5" role="none" data="data:text/html,Object%20content"></object>
 
-<object id="violation1"></object>
-<object id="violation2"><div></div></object>
-<object id="violation3">This object has text.</object>
-<object id="violation4" role="none" tabindex="0"></object>
-<object id="violation5" role="presentation" tabindex="0"></object>
-<object id="violation6" role="none" aria-live="assertive"></object>
-<object id="violation7" role="presentation" aria-live="assertive"></object>
+<object id="violation1" data="data:text/html,Object%20content"></object>
+<object id="violation2" data="data:text/html,Object%20content">
+  <div></div>
+</object>
+<object id="violation3" data="data:text/html,Object%20content">
+  This object has text.
+</object>
+<object
+  id="violation4"
+  role="none"
+  tabindex="0"
+  data="data:text/html,Object%20content"
+></object>
+<object
+  id="violation5"
+  role="presentation"
+  tabindex="0"
+  data="data:text/html,Object%20content"
+></object>
+<object
+  id="violation6"
+  role="none"
+  aria-live="assertive"
+  data="data:text/html,Object%20content"
+></object>
+<object
+  id="violation7"
+  role="presentation"
+  aria-live="assertive"
+  data="data:text/html,Object%20content"
+></object>
+<object
+  id="violation8"
+  role="img"
+  data="data:text/html,Object%20content"
+></object>
+<object
+  id="violation9"
+  role="separator"
+  tabindex="0"
+  data="data:text/html,Object%20content"
+></object>
 
-<object id="violation8" role="img"></object>
-<object id="violation9" role="separator" tabindex="0"></object>
-<object id="inapplicable1" role="separator"></object>
+<object id="inapplicable1"><!-- no data attribute --></object>
+<object id="inapplicable2" data="">Fallback content</object>
+<object
+  id="inapplicable3"
+  role="separator"
+  data="data:text/html,Object%20content"
+></object>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/p-as-heading/p-as-heading.html b/test/integration/rules/p-as-heading/p-as-heading.html
index 1be3c1986..d98ba9b52 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/p-as-heading/p-as-heading.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/p-as-heading/p-as-heading.html
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 </div>
 
 <div>
-  <p id="passed3" style="font-style:bold">Some text</p>
+  <p id="passed3" style="font-style: bold">Some text</p>
   <p><b>A paragraph!</b></p>
 </div>
 
@@ -50,12 +50,12 @@
 
 <!-- Failures -->
 <div>
-  <p id="failed1" style="font-weight:bold; font-size: 120%">Some text</p>
+  <p id="failed1" style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 120%">Some text</p>
   <p>A paragraph, A paragraph!</p>
 </div>
 
 <div>
-  <p id="failed2" style="font-size:150%">Some text</p>
+  <p id="failed2" style="font-size: 150%">Some text</p>
   <p>A paragraph, A paragraph!</p>
 </div>
 
@@ -68,14 +68,14 @@
 
 <!-- Cant Tell -->
 <div>
-  <p id="passed5"><b style="font-size:120%">Some text</b></p>
-  <p id="canttell1"><b style="font-size:120%">Some text</b></p>
+  <p id="passed5"><b style="font-size: 120%">Some text</b></p>
+  <p id="canttell1"><b style="font-size: 120%">Some text</b></p>
   <p>A paragraph, A paragraph!</p>
 </div>
 
 <div>
   <blockquote>
-    <p id="canttell2"><b style="font-size:120%">Some text</b></p>
+    <p id="canttell2"><b style="font-size: 120%">Some text</b></p>
     <p>A pragraph!</p>
   </blockquote>
 </div>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/preprocessor.js b/test/integration/rules/preprocessor.js
index 82ea1bae1..fb58dfc73 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/preprocessor.js
+++ b/test/integration/rules/preprocessor.js
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ var template = fs.readFileSync(path.join(__dirname, 'runner.js'), 'utf-8');
  * the runner.js script. This allow us to load the JSON files in
  * the karma config and they'll run as js files.
  */
-var createIntegrationPreprocessor = function(logger) {
+var createIntegrationPreprocessor = function (logger) {
   var log = logger.create('preprocessor.integration');
 
-  return function(content, file, done) {
+  return function (content, file, done) {
     try {
       log.debug('Processing "%s".', file.originalPath);
       file.path = file.originalPath.replace(extRegex, '.js');
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ var createIntegrationPreprocessor = function(logger) {
       try {
         var test = JSON.parse(content);
       } catch (e) {
-        throw new Error('Unable to parse content of ' + file.originalPath)
+        throw new Error('Unable to parse content of ' + file.originalPath);
       }
       test.content = html;
 
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/presentation-role-conflict/presentation-role-conflict.html b/test/integration/rules/presentation-role-conflict/presentation-role-conflict.html
index 547d05251..820f235a6 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/presentation-role-conflict/presentation-role-conflict.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/presentation-role-conflict/presentation-role-conflict.html
@@ -1,4 +1,14 @@
-<li id="violation1" role="presentation" aria-label="My Heading">Hello</li>
-<h1 id="violation2" role="none" aria-label="My Heading">Hello</h1>
+<h1 id="pass1" role="none">Just some big text</h1>
+<h1 id="pass2" role="presentation">Just some big text</h1>
+<img id="pass3" alt="" src="img.png" />
+
+<li id="fail1" role="presentation" aria-label="My Heading">Hello</li>
+<h1 id="fail2" role="none" aria-label="My Heading">Hello</h1>
+<img id="fail3" alt aria-label="foo" src="img.png" />
+<img id="fail4" alt="" tabindex="0" src="img.png" />
+<img id="fail5" alt="" aria-live="assertive" src="img.png" />
+
 <div id="inapplicable1" role="presentation">Test</div>
 <div id="inapplicable2" role="presentation">Test Button</div>
+<img id="inapplicable3" alg="foo" src="img.png" />
+<img id="inapplicable4" aria-label="foo" src="img.png" />
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/presentation-role-conflict/presentation-role-conflict.json b/test/integration/rules/presentation-role-conflict/presentation-role-conflict.json
index 0cd8dc357..c9256fca5 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/presentation-role-conflict/presentation-role-conflict.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/presentation-role-conflict/presentation-role-conflict.json
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
   "rule": "presentation-role-conflict",
   "description": "presentation-role-conflict tests",
-  "violations": [["#violation1"], ["#violation2"]]
+  "passes": [["#pass1"], ["#pass2"], ["#pass3"]],
+  "violations": [["#fail1"], ["#fail2"], ["#fail3"], ["#fail4"], ["#fail5"]]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/role-img-alt/role-img-alt.html b/test/integration/rules/role-img-alt/role-img-alt.html
index 72104ddb7..5cb3f1993 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/role-img-alt/role-img-alt.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/role-img-alt/role-img-alt.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <div id="match">Bananas</div>
-<div id="hidden-match" style="display:none">Banana bombs</div>
+<div id="hidden-match" style="display: none">Banana bombs</div>
 
 <div role="img" aria-label="blah" id="pass1"></div>
 <div role="img" aria-labelledby="match" id="pass2"></div>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/runner.js b/test/integration/rules/runner.js
index e426efc98..0110f03cd 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/runner.js
+++ b/test/integration/rules/runner.js
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-(function() {
+(() => {
   // this line is replaced with the test object in preprocessor.js
-  var test = {}; /*tests*/
+  const testObj = {}; /*tests*/
 
-  var ruleId = test.rule;
-  var testName = test.description || ruleId + ' test';
+  const ruleId = testObj.rule;
+  const testName = testObj.description || ruleId + ' test';
 
   function flattenResult(results) {
     return {
@@ -14,62 +14,63 @@
   }
 
   function waitForFrames(context, cb) {
+    let loaded = 0;
+    const frames = context.querySelectorAll('iframe');
+
     function loadListener() {
       loaded++;
       if (loaded === length) {
         cb();
       }
     }
-    var loaded = 0;
-    var frames = context.querySelectorAll('iframe');
     if (!frames.length) {
       return cb();
     }
-    for (var index = 0, length = frames.length; index < length; index++) {
+    for (let index = 0, length = frames.length; index < length; index++) {
       frames[index].addEventListener('load', loadListener);
     }
   }
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var rule = axe.utils.getRule(ruleId);
+  const fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  const rule = axe.utils.getRule(ruleId);
 
   if (!rule) {
     return;
   }
 
   // don't run rules that are deprecated and disabled
-  var deprecated = rule.tags.indexOf('deprecated') !== -1;
-  (deprecated && !rule.enabled ? describe.skip : describe)(ruleId, function() {
-    describe(testName, function() {
+  const deprecated = rule.tags.indexOf('deprecated') !== -1;
+  (deprecated && !rule.enabled ? describe.skip : describe)(ruleId, () => {
+    describe(testName, () => {
       function runTest(test, collection) {
         if (!test[collection]) {
           return;
         }
 
-        describe(collection, function() {
-          var nodes;
-          before(function() {
+        describe(collection, () => {
+          let nodes;
+          before(() => {
             if (typeof results[collection] === 'object') {
               nodes = results[collection].nodes;
             }
           });
 
-          test[collection].forEach(function(selector) {
-            it('should find ' + JSON.stringify(selector), function() {
+          test[collection].forEach(selector => {
+            it('should find ' + JSON.stringify(selector), () => {
               if (!nodes) {
                 assert(false, 'there are no ' + collection);
                 return;
               }
 
-              var matches = nodes.filter(function(node) {
-                for (var i = 0; i < selector.length; i++) {
+              const matches = nodes.filter(node => {
+                for (let i = 0; i < selector.length; i++) {
                   if (node.target[i] !== selector[i]) {
                     return false;
                   }
                 }
                 return node.target.length === selector.length;
               });
-              matches.forEach(function(node) {
+              matches.forEach(node => {
                 // remove each node we find
                 nodes.splice(nodes.indexOf(node), 1);
               });
@@ -87,24 +88,28 @@
             });
           });
 
-          it('should not return other results', function() {
+          it('should not return other results', () => {
             if (typeof nodes !== 'undefined') {
-              var targets = nodes.map(function(node) {
+              const targets = nodes.map(node => {
                 return node.target;
               });
               // check that all nodes are removed
               assert.equal(JSON.stringify(targets), '[]');
             } else {
-              assert(false, 'there are no ' + collection);
+              assert.lengthOf(
+                test[collection],
+                0,
+                'there are no ' + collection
+              );
             }
           });
         });
       }
 
-      var results;
-      before(function(done) {
-        fixture.innerHTML = test.content;
-        waitForFrames(fixture, function() {
+      let results;
+      before(done => {
+        fixture.innerHTML = testObj.content;
+        waitForFrames(fixture, () => {
           axe.run(
             fixture,
             {
@@ -116,16 +121,16 @@
               performanceTimer: false,
               runOnly: { type: 'rule', values: [ruleId] }
             },
-            function(err, r) {
+            (err, r) => {
               // assert that there are no errors - if error exists a stack trace is logged.
-              var errStack = err && err.stack ? err.stack : '';
+              const errStack = err && err.stack ? err.stack : '';
               assert.isNull(err, 'Error should be null. ' + errStack);
               // assert that result is defined
               assert.isDefined(r, 'Results are defined.');
               // assert that result has certain keys
               assert.hasAnyKeys(r, ['incomplete', 'violations', 'passes']);
               // assert incomplete(s) does not have error
-              r.incomplete.forEach(function(incomplete) {
+              r.incomplete.forEach(incomplete => {
                 assert.isUndefined(incomplete.error);
               });
               // flatten results
@@ -135,10 +140,10 @@
           );
         });
       });
-      runTest(test, 'passes');
-      runTest(test, 'violations');
-      if (test.incomplete) {
-        runTest(test, 'incomplete');
+      runTest(testObj, 'passes');
+      runTest(testObj, 'violations');
+      if (testObj.incomplete) {
+        runTest(testObj, 'incomplete');
       }
     });
   });
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/scrollable-region-focusable/scrollable-region-focusable.html b/test/integration/rules/scrollable-region-focusable/scrollable-region-focusable.html
index c920d8e57..750785c2b 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/scrollable-region-focusable/scrollable-region-focusable.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/scrollable-region-focusable/scrollable-region-focusable.html
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <!-- pass -->
-<div id="pass1" style="overflow-y: scroll; height: 5px;">
+<div id="pass1" style="overflow-y: scroll; height: 5px">
   <input type="text" />
 </div>
 
@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@
   </div>
 </div>
 
-<div id="pass3" style="height: 20px; overflow: auto;">
+<div id="pass3" style="height: 20px; overflow: auto">
   <input type="text" tabindex="-1" />
   <select tabindex="-1"></select>
   <textarea tabindex="-1"></textarea>
-  <p style="height: 200px;" tabindex="0"></p>
+  <p style="height: 200px" tabindex="0"></p>
 </div>
 
 <div id="pass4" style="height: 200px; overflow-y: auto" contenteditable="true">
@@ -37,11 +37,11 @@
 </div>
 
 <!-- fail -->
-<div id="fail1" style="height: 5px; overflow: auto;">
+<div id="fail1" style="height: 5px; overflow: auto">
   <input type="text" tabindex="-1" />
 </div>
 
-<div id="fail2" style="height: 5px; overflow: auto;">
+<div id="fail2" style="height: 5px; overflow: auto">
   <input type="text" tabindex="-1" />
   <select tabindex="-1"></select>
   <textarea tabindex="-1"></textarea>
@@ -56,13 +56,13 @@
 <!-- inapplicable -->
 <section id="inapplicable1">This element is not scrollable</section>
 
-<div id="inapplicable2" style="height: 200px; width: 200px; overflow: auto;">
-  <div style="height: 10px; width: 100x;">Content</div>
+<div id="inapplicable2" style="height: 200px; width: 200px; overflow: auto">
+  <div style="height: 10px; width: 100x">Content</div>
 </div>
 
 <p
   id="inapplicable3"
-  style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted; overflow: visible;"
+  style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted; overflow: visible"
 >
   Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium
   doloremque laudantium.
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@
 </div>
 
 <div id="inapplicable6" style="height: 200px; width: 200px; overflow: hidden">
-  <div style="height: 2000px; width: 100px;">
+  <div style="height: 2000px; width: 100px">
     <p>Content</p>
   </div>
 </div>
@@ -131,4 +131,16 @@
   <div style="height: 2000px">
     <p>Content</p>
   </div>
-</div>
\ No newline at end of file
+</div>
+
+<select size="2" id="inapplicable11">
+  <option value="First">First</option>
+  <option value="Second">Second</option>
+  <option value="Third">Third</option>
+</select>
+
+<textarea rows="2" cols="20" id="inapplicable12">
+  test
+  test
+  test
+</textarea>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/select-name/select-name.html b/test/integration/rules/select-name/select-name.html
index a380fb7e3..a79437925 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/select-name/select-name.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/select-name/select-name.html
@@ -33,4 +33,20 @@
 
   <select id="pass6" role="presentation" disabled></select>
   <select id="pass7" role="none" disabled></select>
+
+  <label>
+    <select id="fail7">
+      <option>val</option>
+    </select>
+  </label>
+  <label for="fail8">
+    <select id="fail8">
+      <option>val</option>
+    </select>
+  </label>
+  <div id="lbl-f9">
+    <select id="fail9" aria-labelledby="lbl-f9">
+      <option>val</option>
+    </select>
+  </div>
 </form>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/select-name/select-name.json b/test/integration/rules/select-name/select-name.json
index 4473a99db..b2e7e3921 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/select-name/select-name.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/select-name/select-name.json
@@ -7,7 +7,10 @@
     ["#fail3"],
     ["#fail4"],
     ["#fail5"],
-    ["#fail6"]
+    ["#fail6"],
+    ["#fail7"],
+    ["#fail8"],
+    ["#fail9"]
   ],
   "passes": [
     ["#pass1"],
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/target-size/target-size.html b/test/integration/rules/target-size/target-size.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c4b0be94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/rules/target-size/target-size.html
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+<style>
+  /* Ensure sufficient space between tests */
+  p {
+    margin: 30px;
+  }
+  img {
+    vertical-align: bottom;
+  }
+</style>
+
+<!-- These fall on top of the elements immediately below it 
+this should not effect their outcome -->
+<p style="position: fixed">
+  <a href="#" id="pass-fixed">Wide link</a>
+  <a href="#" id="fail-fixed">x</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <button id="pass1" style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 20px">
+    x
+  </button>
+  <select id="pass2">
+    <option>opt 1</option>
+    <option>opt 2</option>
+  </select>
+  <textarea id="pass3" tabindex="-1">
+    Test elements with tabindex="-1".
+  </textarea>
+</p>
+
+<!-- Nested controls-->
+<p>
+  <a
+    role="link"
+    aria-label="play"
+    tabindex="0"
+    style="display: inline-block"
+    id="pass4"
+  >
+    <button
+      style="margin: 1px; line-height: 20px"
+      id="inapplicable7"
+      tabindex="-1"
+    >
+      Play
+    </button>
+  </a>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <a role="link" tabindex="0" id="pass5">
+    Wide link <button id="fail7">y</button>
+  </a>
+</p>
+
+<!-- Failed examples -->
+<p>
+  <button id="fail1">x</button
+  ><span role="button" tabindex="0" id="fail2">x</span>
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="#" id="fail3">Item1</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#" id="fail4">Item2</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+  <input type="checkbox" id="fail5" /><input type="checkbox" id="fail6" /><input
+    type="text"
+    id="pass-adjacent"
+  />
+</p>
+
+<!-- Incomplete examples -->
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="#" tabindex="-1" id="incomplete1">Item1</a></li>
+  <li><a href="#" tabindex="-1" id="incomplete2">Item2</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+  <a href="#" id="incomplete3" tabindex="-1">x</a>
+  <a href="#" id="pass6" tabindex="-1">Wide link</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <a href="#" id="incomplete4" tabindex="-1">abc</a>
+  <a
+    href="#"
+    id="pass7"
+    tabindex="-1"
+    style="display: inline-block; margin-left: -1em"
+    >Wide link</a
+  >
+  <a
+    href="#"
+    id="pass8"
+    tabindex="-1"
+    style="display: inline-block; margin-left: -1em"
+    >Wide link</a
+  >
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <!-- These links touch, images overflow on the left and right -->
+  <a href="#" id="incomplete5"
+    >&nbsp;
+    <img
+      src="https://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/2016/logos/W3C"
+      width="50"
+      height="33"
+      alt="M1"
+      style="float: left"
+    />
+  </a>
+  <a href="#" id="incomplete6"
+    >&nbsp;
+    <img
+      src="https://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/2016/logos/W3C"
+      width="50"
+      height="33"
+      alt="M4"
+      style="position: absolute"
+    />
+  </a>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+  <!-- These links touch, images overflow on the top and bottom -->
+  <a href="#" id="incomplete7">
+    <img
+      src="https://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/2016/logos/W3C"
+      width="50"
+      height="33"
+      alt="M3"
+    />
+  </a>
+  <br />
+  <a href="#" id="incomplete8" style="display: inline-block; height: 18px">
+    <img
+      src="https://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/2016/logos/W3C"
+      width="50"
+      height="33"
+      alt="M2"
+    />
+  </a>
+</p>
+
+<!-- Inapplicable -->
+<p>
+  The quick <a href="#" id="inapplicable1">brown</a><br />
+  fox jumped <a href="#" id="inapplicable2">over</a> the lazy dog.
+</p>
+<ul>
+  <li>Inapplicable <a href="#" id="inapplicable3">Item 1</a></li>
+  <li>Inapplicable <a href="#" id="inapplicable4">Item 2</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<svg>
+  <a href="#" id="inapplicable5"><text y="15">Hello</text></a>
+  <circle
+    tabindex="0"
+    role="button"
+    cx="50"
+    cy="50"
+    r="40"
+    stroke="black"
+    stroke-width="3"
+    fill="red"
+  />
+</svg>
+
+<img usemap="#imagemap" src="#" alt="" />
+<map name="imagemap">
+  <area id="inapplicable6" shape="circle" coords="75 75 75" href="#" />
+</map>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/target-size/target-size.json b/test/integration/rules/target-size/target-size.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..178312020
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/rules/target-size/target-size.json
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+{
+  "description": "target-size test",
+  "rule": "target-size",
+  "violations": [
+    ["#fail1"],
+    ["#fail2"],
+    ["#fail3"],
+    ["#fail4"],
+    ["#fail5"],
+    ["#fail6"],
+    ["#fail7"],
+    ["#fail-fixed"]
+  ],
+  "passes": [
+    ["#pass1"],
+    ["#pass2"],
+    ["#pass3"],
+    ["#pass4"],
+    ["#pass5"],
+    ["#pass6"],
+    ["#pass7"],
+    ["#pass8"],
+    ["#pass-adjacent"],
+    ["#pass-fixed"]
+  ],
+  "incomplete": [
+    ["#incomplete1"],
+    ["#incomplete2"],
+    ["#incomplete3"],
+    ["#incomplete4"],
+    ["#incomplete5"],
+    ["#incomplete6"],
+    ["#incomplete7"],
+    ["#incomplete8"]
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/td-headers-attr/td-headers-attr.html b/test/integration/rules/td-headers-attr/td-headers-attr.html
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..64fc6cb33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/rules/td-headers-attr/td-headers-attr.html
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+<table id="pass1">
+  <th>Hello</th>
+  <td>World</td>
+</table>
+
+<table id="pass2" role="grid">
+  <th id="p2h">Hello</th>
+  <td headers="p2h">World</td>
+</table>
+
+<table id="pass3" role="treegrid">
+  <th id="p3h1">Hello</th>
+  <th id="p3h2">Hello</th>
+  <td headers="p3h1 p3h2">World</td>
+</table>
+
+<table id="pass4" role="treegrid">
+  <th id="p4h">Hello</th>
+  <td id="self" headers="self" hidden>World</td>
+</table>
+
+<table id="fail1">
+  <th id="f1h1">Hello</th>
+  <td headers="f1h1 non-existing">World</td>
+</table>
+
+<table id="fail2" role="table">
+  <td id="self" headers="self">World</td>
+</table>
+
+<table id="fail3" role="none" tabindex="0">
+  <td id="self" headers="self">World</td>
+</table>
+
+<table id="inapplicable1" role="none">
+  <td id="self" headers="self">World</td>
+</table>
+
+<table id="inapplicable2" role="presentation">
+  <td id="self" headers="self">World</td>
+</table>
+
+<table id="inapplicable3" role="region">
+  <td id="self" headers="self">World</td>
+</table>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/td-headers-attr/td-headers-attr.json b/test/integration/rules/td-headers-attr/td-headers-attr.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e687869b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/rules/td-headers-attr/td-headers-attr.json
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+  "description": "td-headers-attr test",
+  "rule": "td-headers-attr",
+  "violations": [["#fail1"], ["#fail2"], ["#fail3"]],
+  "passes": [["#pass1"], ["#pass2"], ["#pass3"], ["#pass4"]]
+}
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/valid-lang/valid-lang.html b/test/integration/rules/valid-lang/valid-lang.html
index 0dd98d03b..c91d7e558 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/valid-lang/valid-lang.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/valid-lang/valid-lang.html
@@ -9,3 +9,18 @@
 <p xml:lang="gibberish-US" id="fail2">Not English</p>
 <p xml:lang="en-US" lang="gibberish-US" id="fail3">Mix</p>
 <p lang=" " id="fail4">English</p>
+
+<p lang="invalid" id="pass7"><!-- ignore --></p>
+<p lang="invalid" id="pass8"><img alt="" /></p>
+<p lang="invalid" id="pass9">
+  <span lang="en" id="pass10">English</span>
+</p>
+<p lang="hidden" id="pass11">
+  <span hidden>English</span>
+</p>
+
+<article lang="english" id="fail5">
+  <p aria-hidden="true">
+    They wandered into a strange Tiki bar on the edge of the small beach town.
+  </p>
+</article>
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/valid-lang/valid-lang.json b/test/integration/rules/valid-lang/valid-lang.json
index b8034e163..0221889af 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/valid-lang/valid-lang.json
+++ b/test/integration/rules/valid-lang/valid-lang.json
@@ -1,13 +1,18 @@
 {
   "description": "valid-lang test",
   "rule": "valid-lang",
-  "violations": [["#fail1"], ["#fail2"], ["#fail3"], ["#fail4"]],
+  "violations": [["#fail1"], ["#fail2"], ["#fail3"], ["#fail4"], ["#fail5"]],
   "passes": [
     ["#pass1"],
     ["#pass2"],
     ["#pass3"],
     ["#pass4"],
     ["#pass5"],
-    ["#pass6"]
+    ["#pass6"],
+    ["#pass7"],
+    ["#pass8"],
+    ["#pass9"],
+    ["#pass10"],
+    ["#pass11"]
   ]
 }
diff --git a/test/integration/rules/video-caption/video-caption.html b/test/integration/rules/video-caption/video-caption.html
index 1720e76b7..fccd37220 100644
--- a/test/integration/rules/video-caption/video-caption.html
+++ b/test/integration/rules/video-caption/video-caption.html
@@ -5,3 +5,7 @@
   <track kind="descriptions" />
   <track kind="captions" />
 </video>
+
+<!-- Inapplicable -->
+<!-- inapplicable 1 -->
+<video src="" controls style="display: none"></video>
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/area-alt.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/area-alt.js
index a28dede0f..0bde6af41 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/area-alt.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/area-alt.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('area-alt virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function() {
+describe('area-alt virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'map'
     });
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ describe('area-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function() {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'map'
     });
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ describe('area-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for alt', function() {
+  it('should pass for alt', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'map'
     });
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ describe('area-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function() {
+  it('should pass for title', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'map'
     });
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ describe('area-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when alt contains only whitespace', function() {
+  it('should fail when alt contains only whitespace', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'map'
     });
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ describe('area-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'map'
     });
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ describe('area-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'map'
     });
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-allowed-attr.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-allowed-attr.js
index b53d18839..4f9b67a2f 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-allowed-attr.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-allowed-attr.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('aria-allowed-attr virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass for required attributes', function() {
+describe('aria-allowed-attr virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass for required attributes', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-attr', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for allowed attributes', function() {
+  it('should pass for allowed attributes', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-attr', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for invalid attributes', function() {
+  it('should pass for invalid attributes', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-attr', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for global attributes and element with no role', function() {
+  it('should pass for global attributes and element with no role', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-attr', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for non-global attributes and element with no role', function() {
+  it('should fail for non-global attributes and element with no role', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-attr', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for unallowed attributes', function() {
+  it('should fail for unallowed attributes', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-attr', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for unallowed attributes - implicit role', function() {
+  it('should fail for unallowed attributes - implicit role', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-attr', {
       nodeName: 'a',
       attributes: {
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for unsupported attributes', function() {
+  it('should fail for unsupported attributes', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaAttrs: {
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for non-global attributes and custom element', function() {
+  it('should incomplete for non-global attributes and custom element', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-attr', {
       nodeName: 'custom-elm1',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-allowed-role.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-allowed-role.js
index 9b579e56e..e84ade70a 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-allowed-role.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-allowed-role.js
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-describe('aria-allowed-role virtual-rule', function() {
-  afterEach(function() {
+describe('aria-allowed-role virtual-rule', function () {
+  afterEach(function () {
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should pass for allowed role', function() {
+  it('should pass for allowed role', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-role', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for unallowed role', function() {
+  it('should fail for unallowed role', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-role', {
       nodeName: 'dd',
       attributes: {
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for element with ignored option', function() {
+  it('should pass for element with ignored option', function () {
     axe.configure({
       checks: [
         {
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for hidden element', function() {
+  it('should incomplete for hidden element', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-allowed-role', {
       nodeName: 'dd',
       attributes: {
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-role virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for hidden element parent', function() {
+  it('should incomplete for hidden element parent', function () {
     var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'dd',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-braille-equivalent.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-braille-equivalent.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cb20f3955
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-braille-equivalent.js
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+describe('aria-braille-equivalent virtual-rule', () => {
+  afterEach(() => {
+    axe.reset();
+  });
+
+  it('passes when aria-braillelabel is not empty', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-braille-equivalent', {
+      nodeName: 'img',
+      attributes: {
+        alt: 'Hello world',
+        'aria-braillelabel': 'Hello world'
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('incompletes when accessible text is empty but braille label is not', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-braille-equivalent', {
+      nodeName: 'img',
+      attributes: {
+        alt: '',
+        'aria-braillelabel': 'hello world'
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
+  });
+
+  it('passes when roledescription and brailleroledescription are not empty', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-braille-equivalent', {
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        'aria-roledescription': 'Hello world',
+        'aria-brailleroledescription': 'Hello world'
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('incompletes when roledescription is empty but brailleroledescription is not', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-braille-equivalent', {
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        'aria-roledescription': '',
+        'aria-brailleroledescription': 'Hello world'
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
+  });
+
+  it('incompletes if the subtree fails to compute with aria-braillelabel', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-braille-equivalent', {
+      nodeName: 'button',
+      attributes: {
+        'aria-braillelabel': 'Hello world'
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-command-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-command-name.js
index efdbfb55a..070c93434 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-command-name.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-command-name.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('aria-command-name virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function() {
+describe('aria-command-name virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ describe('aria-command-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function() {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ describe('aria-command-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function() {
+  it('should pass for title', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ describe('aria-command-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function() {
+  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ describe('aria-command-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-conditional-attr.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-conditional-attr.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9aa9ffd10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-conditional-attr.js
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+describe('aria-conditional-attr virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('passes when aria-checked is consistent with native checkbox state', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-conditional-attr', {
+      nodeName: 'input',
+      checked: true,
+      attributes: {
+        type: 'checkbox',
+        'aria-checked': 'true'
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('fails when aria-checked is inconsistent with native checkbox state', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-conditional-attr', {
+      nodeName: 'input',
+      checked: true,
+      attributes: {
+        type: 'checkbox',
+        'aria-checked': 'false'
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('passes conditional row attributes on detached rows', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-conditional-attr', {
+      nodeName: 'tr',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'row',
+        'aria-level': '1',
+        'aria-posinset': '1',
+        'aria-setsize': '1',
+        'aria-expanded': 'true'
+      }
+    });
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('fails conditional row attributes on table', () => {
+    const table = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'table'
+    });
+    const tr = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'tr',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'row',
+        'aria-level': '1',
+        'aria-posinset': '1',
+        'aria-setsize': '1',
+        'aria-expanded': 'true'
+      }
+    });
+    const td = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'td' });
+    table.children = [tr];
+    tr.children = [td];
+    td.parent = tr;
+    tr.parent = table;
+    table.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-conditional-attr', tr);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+
+    const { invalidAttrs } = results.violations[0].nodes[0].all[0].data;
+    invalidAttrs.sort();
+    assert.deepEqual(invalidAttrs, [
+      'aria-expanded',
+      'aria-level',
+      'aria-posinset',
+      'aria-setsize'
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('passes conditional row attributes on treegrid', () => {
+    const table = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'table',
+      attributes: { role: 'treegrid' }
+    });
+    const tr = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'tr',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'row',
+        'aria-level': '1',
+        'aria-posinset': '1',
+        'aria-setsize': '1',
+        'aria-expanded': 'true'
+      }
+    });
+    const td = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'td' });
+    table.children = [tr];
+    tr.children = [td];
+    td.parent = tr;
+    tr.parent = table;
+    table.parent = null;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-conditional-attr', tr);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-dialog-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-dialog-name.js
index 1a2c497f2..ccbfdc1ff 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-dialog-name.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-dialog-name.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('aria-dialog-name virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function() {
+describe('aria-dialog-name virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ describe('aria-dialog-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function() {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ describe('aria-dialog-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function() {
+  it('should pass for title', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ describe('aria-dialog-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function() {
+  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ describe('aria-dialog-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-input-field-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-input-field-name.js
index a1a0442ed..9e224a862 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-input-field-name.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-input-field-name.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('aria-input-field-name virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function() {
+describe('aria-input-field-name virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ describe('aria-input-field-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function() {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ describe('aria-input-field-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function() {
+  it('should pass for title', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ describe('aria-input-field-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function() {
+  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ describe('aria-input-field-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ describe('aria-input-field-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ describe('aria-input-field-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete if has explicit and implicit label', function() {
+  it('should incomplete if has explicit and implicit label', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-meter-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-meter-name.js
index 8e8d41710..5e5acb84d 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-meter-name.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-meter-name.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('aria-meter-name virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function() {
+describe('aria-meter-name virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ describe('aria-meter-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function() {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ describe('aria-meter-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function() {
+  it('should pass for title', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ describe('aria-meter-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function() {
+  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ describe('aria-meter-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-progressbar-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-progressbar-name.js
index 15a6dded1..aefb89535 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-progressbar-name.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-progressbar-name.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('aria-progressbar-name virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function() {
+describe('aria-progressbar-name virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ describe('aria-progressbar-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function() {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ describe('aria-progressbar-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function() {
+  it('should pass for title', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ describe('aria-progressbar-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function() {
+  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ describe('aria-progressbar-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-prohibited-attr.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-prohibited-attr.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ccacf57b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-prohibited-attr.js
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+describe('aria-prohibited-attr virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('should pass for required attributes', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-prohibited-attr', {
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'checkbox',
+        'aria-checked': true
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should pass for allowed attributes', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-prohibited-attr', {
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'radio',
+        'aria-required': true,
+        'aria-checked': true
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should pass for invalid attributes', () => {
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-prohibited-attr', {
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'dialog',
+        'aria-cats': true
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail for prohibited attributes', () => {
+    const vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'code',
+        'aria-label': 'foo'
+      }
+    });
+    vNode.children = [];
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-prohibited-attr', vNode);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-required-attr.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-required-attr.js
index ca2201ae8..1523888fe 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-required-attr.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-required-attr.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('aria-required-attr virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass for required attributes', function() {
+describe('aria-required-attr virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass for required attributes', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-required-attr', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ describe('aria-required-attr virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for missing attributes', function() {
+  it('should fail for missing attributes', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-required-attr', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-roledescription.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-roledescription.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cb1a8115c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-roledescription.js
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+describe('aria-roledescription virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass for elements with an implicit supported role', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'button',
+      attributes: {
+        'aria-roledescription': 'Awesome Button'
+      }
+    });
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roledescription', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should pass for elements with an explicit supported role', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        'aria-roledescription': 'Awesome Radio',
+        role: 'radio'
+      }
+    });
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roledescription', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should incomplete for elements with an unsupported role', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        'aria-roledescription': 'Awesome Main',
+        role: 'main'
+      }
+    });
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roledescription', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail for elements without role', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        'aria-roledescription': 'Awesome Main'
+      }
+    });
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roledescription', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail for elements with role=presentation', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        'aria-roledescription': 'Awesome Main',
+        role: 'presentation'
+      }
+    });
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roledescription', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail for elements with role=none', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        'aria-roledescription': 'Awesome Main',
+        role: 'none'
+      }
+    });
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roledescription', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-roles.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-roles.js
index d1952179e..b410e969d 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-roles.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-roles.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('aria-roles virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass for valid role', function() {
+describe('aria-roles virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass for valid role', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roles', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ describe('aria-roles virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for abstract role', function() {
+  it('should fail for abstract role', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roles', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ describe('aria-roles virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for invalid role', function() {
+  it('should fail for invalid role', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roles', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -38,20 +38,20 @@ describe('aria-roles virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for fallback role', function() {
+  it('should pass for fallback role', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-roles', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
-        role: 'button alert'
+        role: 'presentation none'
       }
     });
 
-    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
-    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for unsupported role', function() {
+  it('should fail for unsupported role', function () {
     axe.configure({
       standards: {
         ariaRoles: {
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-text.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-text.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..862823ff7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-text.js
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+describe('aria-text virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should incomplete for element with undefined children', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'text'
+      }
+    });
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-text', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail for focusable widget children', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'text'
+      }
+    });
+    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'button',
+        tabindex: 0
+      }
+    });
+    node.children = [child];
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-text', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail for children with native focus', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'text'
+      }
+    });
+    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'button'
+    });
+    node.children = [child];
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-text', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should pass if element only has descendants that are not focusable', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'text'
+      }
+    });
+    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'span'
+    });
+    var grandchild = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: '#text',
+      nodeType: 3,
+      nodeValue: 'hello'
+    });
+
+    child.children = [grandchild];
+    node.children = [child];
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-text', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail for deeply nested focusable children', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'text'
+      }
+    });
+    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div'
+    });
+    var grandchild = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div'
+    });
+    var greatgrandchild = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'button'
+    });
+    greatgrandchild.parent = grandchild;
+    grandchild.children = [greatgrandchild];
+    child.children = [grandchild];
+    node.children = [child];
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-text', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail when tabIndex is negative', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'text'
+      }
+    });
+    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'a',
+      attributes: {
+        tabindex: '-1',
+        href: '#'
+      }
+    });
+
+    node.children = [child];
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-text', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should pass when an anchor has no href and has implicit role of link', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'text'
+      }
+    });
+    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'a',
+      attributes: {
+        tabindex: '-1'
+      }
+    });
+    child.children = [];
+    node.children = [child];
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-text', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+  });
+
+  it('should incomplete when vNode has no children and is type 1', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'text',
+        nodeType: 1
+      }
+    });
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-text', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail when tabIndex is NaN', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'text'
+      }
+    });
+    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'a',
+      attributes: {
+        tabindex: 'foo',
+        href: '#'
+      }
+    });
+
+    node.children = [child];
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-text', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-toggle-field-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-toggle-field-name.js
index 09a2fa78e..c8a5a4d6d 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-toggle-field-name.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-toggle-field-name.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('aria-toggle-field-name virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function() {
+describe('aria-toggle-field-name virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ describe('aria-toggle-field-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function() {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-toggle-field-name', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ describe('aria-toggle-field-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function() {
+  it('should pass for title', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ describe('aria-toggle-field-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for visible text content', function() {
+  it('should pass for visible text content', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -72,7 +72,39 @@ describe('aria-toggle-field-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete when children are missing', function() {
+  it('should fail for hidden text', function () {
+    var button = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'radio'
+      }
+    });
+
+    var span = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'span',
+      attributes: {
+        'aria-hidden': true
+      }
+    });
+    span.parent = button;
+    button.children = [span];
+
+    var text = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: '#text',
+      nodeType: 3,
+      nodeValue: 'foobar'
+    });
+    text.parent = span;
+    span.children = [text];
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-toggle-field-name', button);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should incomplete when children are missing', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-toggle-field-name', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -85,7 +117,7 @@ describe('aria-toggle-field-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should fail children contain no visible text', function() {
+  it('should fail children contain no visible text', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -101,7 +133,7 @@ describe('aria-toggle-field-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function() {
+  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -118,7 +150,7 @@ describe('aria-toggle-field-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -135,7 +167,7 @@ describe('aria-toggle-field-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -152,7 +184,7 @@ describe('aria-toggle-field-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete if has explicit and implicit label', function() {
+  it('should incomplete if has explicit and implicit label', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-tooltip-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-tooltip-name.js
index 48e278603..676b39089 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-tooltip-name.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-tooltip-name.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('aria-tooltip-name virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function() {
+describe('aria-tooltip-name virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ describe('aria-tooltip-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function() {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ describe('aria-tooltip-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function() {
+  it('should pass for title', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ describe('aria-tooltip-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function() {
+  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ describe('aria-tooltip-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-treeitem-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-treeitem-name.js
index e4f7d324b..aacb5a27e 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-treeitem-name.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-treeitem-name.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('aria-treeitem-name virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function() {
+describe('aria-treeitem-name virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ describe('aria-treeitem-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function() {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ describe('aria-treeitem-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function() {
+  it('should pass for title', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ describe('aria-treeitem-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function() {
+  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ describe('aria-treeitem-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-valid-attr-value.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-valid-attr-value.js
index b13a60bdb..b530ed27b 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-valid-attr-value.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-valid-attr-value.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('aria-valid-attr-value virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass for valid values', function() {
+describe('aria-valid-attr-value virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass for valid values', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-valid-attr-value', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -17,13 +17,12 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr-value virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for invalid values', function() {
+  it('should fail for invalid values', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-valid-attr-value', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
         role: 'slider',
         'aria-valuemin': true,
-        'aria-valuetext': '',
         'aria-expanded': 'grid',
         'aria-haspopup': 'Range',
         'aria-valuenow': false
@@ -34,10 +33,10 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr-value virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
 
-    assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes[0].all[0].data, 5);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes[0].all[0].data, 4);
   });
 
-  it('should only mark invalid values', function() {
+  it('should only mark invalid values', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-valid-attr-value', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -59,7 +58,7 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr-value virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations[0].nodes[0].all[0].data, 3);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for idref attributes', function() {
+  it('should incomplete for idref attributes', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-valid-attr-value', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -73,7 +72,7 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr-value virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for empty idref attributes', function() {
+  it('should pass for empty idref attributes', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-valid-attr-value', {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-valid-attr.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-valid-attr.js
index b59485a0a..300d6ccde 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-valid-attr.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/aria-valid-attr.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('aria-valid-attr virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass for valid aria attrs', function() {
+describe('aria-valid-attr virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass for valid aria attrs', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-valid-attr', {
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for invalid aria attr', function() {
+  it('should fail for invalid aria attr', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('aria-valid-attr', {
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ describe('aria-valid-attr virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass when configured to accept attribute names', function() {
+  it('should pass when configured to accept attribute names', function () {
     axe.configure({
       checks: [
         {
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/autocomplete-valid.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/autocomplete-valid.js
index 8c1c5ea26..ba9f59a9e 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/autocomplete-valid.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/autocomplete-valid.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('autocomplete-valid virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass when autocomplete is valid', function() {
+describe('autocomplete-valid virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass when autocomplete is valid', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('autocomplete-valid', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ describe('autocomplete-valid virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass when autocomplete is correctly used', function() {
+  it('should pass when autocomplete is correctly used', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('autocomplete-valid', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ describe('autocomplete-valid virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail autocomplete is not valid', function() {
+  it('should fail autocomplete is not valid', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('autocomplete-valid', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/button-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/button-name.js
index fc4c94382..74e278233 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/button-name.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/button-name.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('button-name virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function() {
+describe('button-name virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', {
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ describe('button-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function() {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', {
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ describe('button-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function() {
+  it('should pass for title', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', {
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ describe('button-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=presentation when disabled', function() {
+  it('should pass for role=presentation when disabled', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', {
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ describe('button-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=none when disabled', function() {
+  it('should pass for role=none when disabled', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', {
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ describe('button-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for visible text content', function() {
+  it('should pass for visible text content', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button'
     });
@@ -84,7 +84,36 @@ describe('button-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete when alt and children are missing', function() {
+  it('should fail for hidden text', function () {
+    var button = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'button'
+    });
+
+    var span = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'span',
+      attributes: {
+        'aria-hidden': true
+      }
+    });
+    span.parent = button;
+    button.children = [span];
+
+    var text = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: '#text',
+      nodeType: 3,
+      nodeValue: 'foobar'
+    });
+    text.parent = span;
+    span.children = [text];
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', button);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should incomplete when alt and children are missing', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('button-name', {
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {}
@@ -95,7 +124,7 @@ describe('button-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should fail children contain no visible text', function() {
+  it('should fail children contain no visible text', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button'
     });
@@ -108,7 +137,7 @@ describe('button-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when alt contains only whitespace', function() {
+  it('should fail when alt contains only whitespace', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
@@ -124,7 +153,7 @@ describe('button-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
@@ -140,7 +169,7 @@ describe('button-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
@@ -156,7 +185,7 @@ describe('button-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for role=presentation', function() {
+  it('should fail for role=presentation', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
@@ -172,7 +201,7 @@ describe('button-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for role=none', function() {
+  it('should fail for role=none', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/definition-list.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/definition-list.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b399ef24d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/definition-list.js
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+describe('definition-list virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('passes when there are no invalid child nodes', () => {
+    const dl = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'dl' });
+    const dt = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'dt' });
+    const dd = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'dd' });
+    dl.children = [dt, dd];
+    dt.parent = dl;
+    dd.parent = dl;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('definition-list', dl);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('fails when there no dd / dt pair', () => {
+    const dl = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'dl' });
+    const dd1 = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'dd' });
+    const dd2 = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'dd' });
+    dl.children = [dd1, dd2];
+    dd1.parent = dl;
+    dd2.parent = dl;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('definition-list', dl);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('fails when there is an invalid child nodes', () => {
+    const dl = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'dl' });
+    const span = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'span',
+      attributes: {}
+    });
+    dl.children = [span];
+    span.parent = dl;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('definition-list', dl);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('is incomplete without child nodes', () => {
+    const dl = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'dl' });
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('definition-list', dl);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/empty-heading.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/empty-heading.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..544a26dea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/empty-heading.js
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+describe('empty-heading virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass with visible text', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'h1',
+      attributes: {}
+    });
+    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: '#text',
+      nodeType: 3,
+      nodeValue: 'OK',
+      attributes: {}
+    });
+
+    node.children = [child];
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+  });
+
+  it('should incomplete if no other properties are set', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'h1'
+    });
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should pass for title', function () {
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', {
+      nodeName: 'h1',
+      attributes: {
+        title: 'it has a title'
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should pass on explicit role', function () {
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', {
+      nodeName: 'span',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'heading',
+        title: 'foobar'
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should pass on implicit role', function () {
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', {
+      nodeName: 'h1',
+      attributes: {
+        title: 'foobar'
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', {
+      nodeName: 'h1',
+      attributes: {
+        'aria-label': 'foobar'
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'h1',
+      attributes: {
+        'aria-label': ''
+      }
+    });
+    node.children = [];
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', {
+      nodeName: 'h1',
+      attributes: {
+        'aria-labelledby': 'foobar'
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'h1',
+      attributes: {
+        title: ''
+      }
+    });
+    node.children = [];
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail in order to account for presentation conflict resolution', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'h1',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'none',
+        'aria-label': ''
+      }
+    });
+    node.children = [];
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-heading', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/empty-table-header.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/empty-table-header.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..407c119c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/empty-table-header.js
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+describe('empty-table-header virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should fail when children contain no visible text', function () {
+    var thNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'th'
+    });
+    thNode.children = [];
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-table-header', thNode);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should incomplete when children are missing', function () {
+    var thNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'th'
+    });
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-table-header', thNode);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail for role=rowheader', function () {
+    var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'rowheader'
+      }
+    });
+    vNode.children = [];
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-table-header', vNode);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail for role=columnheader', function () {
+    var vNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'columnheader'
+      }
+    });
+    vNode.children = [];
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-table-header', vNode);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should pass with a table header', function () {
+    var tableNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'table'
+    });
+
+    var trNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'tr'
+    });
+    trNode.parent = tableNode;
+
+    var thNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'th'
+    });
+    thNode.parent = trNode;
+
+    var textNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: '#text',
+      nodeType: 3,
+      nodeValue: 'foobar'
+    });
+    textNode.parent = thNode;
+
+    thNode.children = [textNode];
+    trNode.children = [thNode];
+    tableNode.children = [trNode];
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-table-header', tableNode);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should pass with scope of row', function () {
+    var tableNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'table'
+    });
+
+    var trNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'tr'
+    });
+    trNode.parent = tableNode;
+
+    var thNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'th',
+      attributes: {
+        scope: 'row'
+      }
+    });
+    thNode.parent = trNode;
+
+    var textNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: '#text',
+      nodeType: 3,
+      nodeValue: 'foobar'
+    });
+    textNode.parent = thNode;
+
+    thNode.children = [textNode];
+    trNode.children = [thNode];
+    tableNode.children = [trNode];
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-table-header', thNode);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should pass with scope of col', function () {
+    var tableNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'table'
+    });
+
+    var trNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'tr'
+    });
+    trNode.parent = tableNode;
+
+    var thNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'th',
+      attributes: {
+        scope: 'col'
+      }
+    });
+    thNode.parent = trNode;
+
+    var textNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: '#text',
+      nodeType: 3,
+      nodeValue: 'foobar'
+    });
+    textNode.parent = thNode;
+
+    thNode.children = [textNode];
+    trNode.children = [thNode];
+    tableNode.children = [trNode];
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-table-header', thNode);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should pass with a table definition of role rowheader', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'td',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'rowheader'
+      }
+    });
+    var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: '#text',
+      nodeType: 3,
+      nodeValue: 'foobar'
+    });
+    node.children = [child];
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-table-header', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should be inapplicable when the th has role of cell', function () {
+    var table = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'table'
+    });
+
+    var tr = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'tr'
+    });
+
+    var th = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'th',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'cell'
+      }
+    });
+
+    tr.children = [th];
+    tr.parent = table;
+    th.parent = tr;
+    th.children = [];
+    table.children = [tr];
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('empty-table-header', th);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 1);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/frame-title.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/frame-title.js
index 8f36cbaef..207cf8d2c 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/frame-title.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/frame-title.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('frame-title virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function() {
+describe('frame-title virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('frame-title', {
       nodeName: 'iframe',
       attributes: {
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ describe('frame-title virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function() {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('frame-title', {
       nodeName: 'iframe',
       attributes: {
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ describe('frame-title virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function() {
+  it('should pass for title', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('frame-title', {
       nodeName: 'iframe',
       attributes: {
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ describe('frame-title virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=presentation', function() {
+  it('should pass for role=presentation', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('frame-title', {
       nodeName: 'iframe',
       attributes: {
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ describe('frame-title virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=none', function() {
+  it('should pass for role=none', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('frame-title', {
       nodeName: 'iframe',
       attributes: {
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ describe('frame-title virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('frame-title', {
       nodeName: 'iframe',
       attributes: {
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ describe('frame-title virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('frame-title', {
       nodeName: 'iframe',
       attributes: {
@@ -89,4 +89,32 @@ describe('frame-title virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
+
+  it('should fail for role=presentation and title', function () {
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('frame-title', {
+      nodeName: 'iframe',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'presentation',
+        title: ''
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail for role=none and title', function () {
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('frame-title', {
+      nodeName: 'iframe',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'none',
+        title: ''
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/html-has-lang.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/html-has-lang.js
index a26aa3dfd..555ca917f 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/html-has-lang.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/html-has-lang.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('html-has-lang virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass for lang', function() {
+describe('html-has-lang virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass for lang', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-has-lang', {
       nodeName: 'html',
       attributes: {
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ describe('html-has-lang virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for lang and xml:lang', function() {
+  it('should pass for lang and xml:lang', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-has-lang', {
       nodeName: 'html',
       attributes: {
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ describe('html-has-lang virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for missing lang', function() {
+  it('should fail for missing lang', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-has-lang', {
       nodeName: 'html'
     });
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ describe('html-has-lang virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for just xml:lang', function() {
+  it('should fail for just xml:lang', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-has-lang', {
       nodeName: 'html',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/html-lang-valid.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/html-lang-valid.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..609066ec4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/html-lang-valid.js
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+describe('html-lang-valid virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('is inapplicable without lang or xml:lang', function () {
+    // Error caught by html-has-lang instead
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-lang-valid', {
+      nodeName: 'html',
+      attributes: {}
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('is inapplicable with empty lang or xml:lang', function () {
+    // Error caught by html-has-lang instead
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-lang-valid', {
+      nodeName: 'html',
+      attributes: {
+        lang: ''
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should pass with a valid lang', function () {
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-lang-valid', {
+      nodeName: 'html',
+      attributes: {
+        lang: 'en'
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should pass with a valid xml:lang', function () {
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-lang-valid', {
+      nodeName: 'html',
+      attributes: {
+        'xml:lang': 'en'
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should pass for both lang and xml:lang', function () {
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-lang-valid', {
+      nodeName: 'html',
+      attributes: {
+        lang: 'en',
+        'xml:lang': 'en'
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail with an invalid lang', function () {
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-lang-valid', {
+      nodeName: 'html',
+      attributes: {
+        lang: 'invalid'
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail with an invalid xml:lang', function () {
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-lang-valid', {
+      nodeName: 'html',
+      attributes: {
+        'xml:lang': 'invalid'
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail with an invalid lang, and explicitly no children', function () {
+    var html = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'html',
+      attributes: {
+        lang: 'invalid'
+      }
+    });
+    html.children = [];
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('html-lang-valid', html);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/image-alt.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/image-alt.js
index 00488f70b..e3e0b05bf 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/image-alt.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/image-alt.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('image-alt virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass for alt', function() {
+describe('image-alt virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass for alt', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'img',
       attributes: {
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ describe('image-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for empty alt', function() {
+  it('should pass for empty alt', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'img',
       attributes: {
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ describe('image-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function() {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'img',
       attributes: {
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ describe('image-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function() {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'img',
       attributes: {
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ describe('image-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function() {
+  it('should pass for title', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'img',
       attributes: {
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ describe('image-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=presentation', function() {
+  it('should pass for role=presentation', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'img',
       attributes: {
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ describe('image-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=none', function() {
+  it('should pass for role=none', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'img',
       attributes: {
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ describe('image-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when alt is missing', function() {
+  it('should fail when alt is missing', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'img',
       attributes: {}
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ describe('image-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when alt contains only whitespace', function() {
+  it('should fail when alt contains only whitespace', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'img',
       attributes: {
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ describe('image-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'img',
       attributes: {
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ describe('image-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'img',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/input-button-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/input-button-name.js
index 79aef7892..80f03a90d 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/input-button-name.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/input-button-name.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass for type=submit without value', function() {
+describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass for type=submit without value', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for value', function() {
+  it('should pass for value', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function() {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function() {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function() {
+  it('should pass for title', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=presentation when disabled', function() {
+  it('should pass for role=presentation when disabled', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=none when disabled', function() {
+  it('should pass for role=none when disabled', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when no other attributes are passed', function() {
+  it('should fail when no other attributes are passed', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when value is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when value is empty', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when alt contains only whitespace', function() {
+  it('should fail when alt contains only whitespace', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=presentation', function() {
+  it('should pass for role=presentation', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ describe('input-button-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=none', function() {
+  it('should pass for role=none', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-button-name', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/input-image-alt.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/input-image-alt.js
index c32390883..e2b5d48f2 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/input-image-alt.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/input-image-alt.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('input-image-alt virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass for alt', function() {
+describe('input-image-alt virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass for alt', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ describe('input-image-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function() {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ describe('input-image-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function() {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ describe('input-image-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function() {
+  it('should pass for title', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'img',
       attributes: {
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ describe('input-image-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when alt is missing', function() {
+  it('should fail when alt is missing', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ describe('input-image-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when alt is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when alt is empty', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ describe('input-image-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ describe('input-image-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('input-image-alt', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/label.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/label.js
index 12e9d76d4..a7e1c0e84 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/label.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/label.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('label virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should not apply if input type is hidden', function() {
+describe('label virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should not apply if input type is hidden', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ describe('label virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for aria-label (input)', function() {
+  it('should pass for aria-label (input)', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ describe('label virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for aria-label (textarea)', function() {
+  it('should pass for aria-label (textarea)', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', {
       nodeName: 'textarea',
       attributes: {
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ describe('label virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function() {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ describe('label virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for implicit label', function() {
+  it('should pass for implicit label', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input'
     });
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ describe('label virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for explicit label', function() {
+  it('should incomplete for explicit label', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ describe('label virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function() {
+  it('should pass for title', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ describe('label virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=presentation when disabled', function() {
+  it('should pass for role=presentation when disabled', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ describe('label virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=none when disabled', function() {
+  it('should pass for role=none when disabled', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ describe('label virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for both missing aria-label and implicit label', function() {
+  it('should incomplete for both missing aria-label and implicit label', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('label', {
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ describe('label virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace and no implicit label', function() {
+  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace and no implicit label', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ describe('label virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty and no implicit label', function() {
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty and no implicit label', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ describe('label virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty and no implicit label', function() {
+  it('should fail when title is empty and no implicit label', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ describe('label virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for role=presentation', function() {
+  it('should fail for role=presentation', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ describe('label virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for role=none', function() {
+  it('should fail for role=none', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'input',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/link-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/link-name.js
index c99f16037..be9010848 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/link-name.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/link-name.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('link-name virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function() {
+describe('link-name virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'a',
       attributes: {
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ describe('link-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function() {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'a',
       attributes: {
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ describe('link-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function() {
+  it('should pass for title', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'a',
       attributes: {
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ describe('link-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete when aria-label and children are missing', function() {
+  it('should incomplete when aria-label and children are missing', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'a',
       attributes: {
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ describe('link-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function() {
+  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'a',
       attributes: {
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ describe('link-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'a',
       attributes: {
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ describe('link-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete if anchor is still focusable and missing children', function() {
+  it('should incomplete if anchor is still focusable and missing children', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'a',
       attributes: {
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ describe('link-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should fail if anchor is still focusable and no children', function() {
+  it('should fail if anchor is still focusable and no children', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'a',
       attributes: {
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ describe('link-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'a',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/list.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/list.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cb97c7fc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/list.js
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+describe('list virtual-rule', () => {
+  it('passes when there are no invalid child nodes', () => {
+    const ul = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'ul' });
+    const li = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'li' });
+    ul.children = [li];
+    li.parent = ul;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('list', ul);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('fails when there is an invalid child node', () => {
+    const ul = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'ul' });
+    const span = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'span',
+      attributes: {}
+    });
+    ul.children = [span];
+    span.parent = ul;
+
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('list', ul);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('is incomplete without child nodes', () => {
+    const ul = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({ nodeName: 'ul' });
+    const results = axe.runVirtualRule('list', ul);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/meta-refresh-no-exceptions.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/meta-refresh-no-exceptions.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b9f200a53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/meta-refresh-no-exceptions.js
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+describe('meta-refresh-no-exceptions virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should be inapplicable for missing content', function () {
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh-no-exceptions', {
+      nodeName: 'meta',
+      attributes: {
+        'http-equiv': 'refresh'
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 1);
+  });
+
+  it('should pass for content=0', function () {
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh-no-exceptions', {
+      nodeName: 'meta',
+      attributes: {
+        'http-equiv': 'refresh',
+        content: '0'
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should pass for content=0 and url', function () {
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh-no-exceptions', {
+      nodeName: 'meta',
+      attributes: {
+        'http-equiv': 'refresh',
+        content: '0;url=http://example.com/'
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should pass for content equal to 72000', function () {
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh-no-exceptions', {
+      nodeName: 'meta',
+      attributes: {
+        'http-equiv': 'refresh',
+        content: '72000'
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail for content other greater than 72000', function () {
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh-no-exceptions', {
+      nodeName: 'meta',
+      attributes: {
+        'http-equiv': 'refresh',
+        content: '72001'
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail for content other than 0 and url', function () {
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh-no-exceptions', {
+      nodeName: 'meta',
+      attributes: {
+        'http-equiv': 'refresh',
+        content: '72001;url=http://example.com/'
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/meta-refresh.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/meta-refresh.js
index 9d316f3d4..899e6e383 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/meta-refresh.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/meta-refresh.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('meta-refresh virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass missing content', function() {
+describe('meta-refresh virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should be inapplicable for missing content', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
@@ -7,12 +7,13 @@ describe('meta-refresh virtual-rule', function() {
       }
     });
 
-    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for content=0', function() {
+  it('should pass for content=0', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ describe('meta-refresh virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for content=0 and url', function() {
+  it('should pass for content=0 and url', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ describe('meta-refresh virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for content other than 0', function() {
+  it('should fail for content other than 0', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ describe('meta-refresh virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for content other than 0 and url', function() {
+  it('should fail for content other than 0 and url', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
@@ -67,4 +68,18 @@ describe('meta-refresh virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
+
+  it('should pass for content greater than 20 hours', function () {
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-refresh', {
+      nodeName: 'meta',
+      attributes: {
+        'http-equiv': 'refresh',
+        content: '72001'
+      }
+    });
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/meta-viewport.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/meta-viewport.js
index fd9025795..55bb16827 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/meta-viewport.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/meta-viewport.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('meta-viewport virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass for missing user-scalable', function() {
+describe('meta-viewport virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass for missing user-scalable', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-viewport', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ describe('meta-viewport virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for user-scalable=yes', function() {
+  it('should pass for user-scalable=yes', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-viewport', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ describe('meta-viewport virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass comma-separated list', function() {
+  it('should pass comma-separated list', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-viewport', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ describe('meta-viewport virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass semicolon-separated list', function() {
+  it('should pass semicolon-separated list', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-viewport', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ describe('meta-viewport virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for user-scalable=no', function() {
+  it('should fail for user-scalable=no', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-viewport', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ describe('meta-viewport virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for user-scalable=0', function() {
+  it('should fail for user-scalable=0', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-viewport', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ describe('meta-viewport virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for maximum-scale=yes', function() {
+  it('should fail for maximum-scale=yes', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('meta-viewport', {
       nodeName: 'meta',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/nested-interactive.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/nested-interactive.js
index 45eebb9c7..e4a0ef222 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/nested-interactive.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/nested-interactive.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('nested-interactive virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass for element without focusable content', function() {
+describe('nested-interactive virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass for element without focusable content', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button'
     });
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ describe('nested-interactive virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for aria element without focusable content', function() {
+  it('should pass for aria element without focusable content', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ describe('nested-interactive virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for element with non-widget content which has negative tabindex', function() {
+  it('should pass for element with non-widget content which has negative tabindex', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button'
     });
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ describe('nested-interactive virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for empty element without', function() {
+  it('should pass for empty element without', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ describe('nested-interactive virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for element with non-widget content', function() {
+  it('should pass for element with non-widget content', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button'
     });
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ describe('nested-interactive virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for element with native widget content', function() {
+  it('should fail for element with native widget content', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ describe('nested-interactive virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should return incomplete if element has undefined children', function() {
+  it('should return incomplete if element has undefined children', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button'
     });
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ describe('nested-interactive virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should return incomplete if descendant has undefined children', function() {
+  it('should return incomplete if descendant has undefined children', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'button'
     });
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/object-alt.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/object-alt.js
index d641a8e9a..7aaf0e991 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/object-alt.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/object-alt.js
@@ -1,9 +1,20 @@
-describe('object-alt virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function() {
+describe('object-alt virtual-rule', function () {
+  const data = `data:text/html,Object%20content`;
+
+  it('is inapplicable when the object has no data attribute', function () {
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', {
+      nodeName: 'object',
+      attributes: {}
+    });
+    assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 1);
+  });
+
+  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', {
       nodeName: 'object',
       attributes: {
-        'aria-label': 'foobar'
+        'aria-label': 'foobar',
+        data
       }
     });
 
@@ -12,11 +23,12 @@ describe('object-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function() {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', {
       nodeName: 'object',
       attributes: {
-        'aria-labelledby': 'foobar'
+        'aria-labelledby': 'foobar',
+        data
       }
     });
 
@@ -25,11 +37,12 @@ describe('object-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function() {
+  it('should pass for title', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', {
       nodeName: 'object',
       attributes: {
-        title: 'foobar'
+        title: 'foobar',
+        data
       }
     });
 
@@ -38,11 +51,12 @@ describe('object-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=presentation', function() {
+  it('should pass for role=presentation', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', {
       nodeName: 'object',
       attributes: {
-        role: 'presentation'
+        role: 'presentation',
+        data
       }
     });
 
@@ -51,11 +65,12 @@ describe('object-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=none', function() {
+  it('should pass for role=none', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', {
       nodeName: 'object',
       attributes: {
-        role: 'none'
+        role: 'none',
+        data
       }
     });
 
@@ -64,9 +79,10 @@ describe('object-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for visible text content', function() {
+  it('should fail for visible text content', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
-      nodeName: 'object'
+      nodeName: 'object',
+      attributes: { data }
     });
     var child = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: '#text',
@@ -82,10 +98,10 @@ describe('object-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when alt and children are missing', function() {
+  it('should fail when alt and children are missing', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('object-alt', {
       nodeName: 'object',
-      attributes: {}
+      attributes: { data }
     });
 
     assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
@@ -93,9 +109,10 @@ describe('object-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail children contain no visible text', function() {
+  it('should fail children contain no visible text', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
-      nodeName: 'object'
+      nodeName: 'object',
+      attributes: { data }
     });
     node.children = [];
 
@@ -106,11 +123,12 @@ describe('object-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when alt contains only whitespace', function() {
+  it('should fail when alt contains only whitespace', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'object',
       attributes: {
-        alt: ' \t   \n   '
+        alt: ' \t   \n   ',
+        data
       }
     });
     node.children = [];
@@ -122,11 +140,12 @@ describe('object-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'object',
       attributes: {
-        'aria-label': ''
+        'aria-label': '',
+        data
       }
     });
     node.children = [];
@@ -138,11 +157,12 @@ describe('object-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'object',
       attributes: {
-        title: ''
+        title: '',
+        data
       }
     });
     node.children = [];
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/presentation-role-conflict.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/presentation-role-conflict.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bcefd5839
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/presentation-role-conflict.js
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+describe('presentation-role-conflict virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('fails img[alt=""] with aria-label', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'img',
+      attributes: {
+        alt: '',
+        'aria-label': 'foobar'
+      }
+    });
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('presentation-role-conflict', node);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail when role is presentation and aria-label is present', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'li',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'presentation',
+        'aria-label': 'foobar'
+      }
+    });
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('presentation-role-conflict', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail when role is none and aria-label is present', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'li',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'none',
+        'aria-label': 'foobar'
+      }
+    });
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('presentation-role-conflict', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should be inapplicable when explicit role is presentation for element without conflict', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'presentation'
+      }
+    });
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('presentation-role-conflict', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should be inapplicable when explicit role is none for element without conflict', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'div',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'none'
+      }
+    });
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('presentation-role-conflict', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.inapplicable, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should pass for element with implicit role in chromium', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'svg',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'presentation'
+      }
+    });
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('presentation-role-conflict', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail if element has native focusability', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'a',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'presentation',
+        href: '#'
+      }
+    });
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('presentation-role-conflict', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should pass if element has native focusability but is disabled', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'button',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'presentation',
+        disabled: 'disabled'
+      }
+    });
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('presentation-role-conflict', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail if element is focusable with tabIndex', function () {
+    var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'svg',
+      attributes: {
+        role: 'presentation',
+        tabindex: 1
+      }
+    });
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('presentation-role-conflict', node);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/role-img-alt.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/role-img-alt.js
index 48e896174..370b505fe 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/role-img-alt.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/role-img-alt.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('role-img-alt virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function() {
+describe('role-img-alt virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ describe('role-img-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function() {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ describe('role-img-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function() {
+  it('should pass for title', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ describe('role-img-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function() {
+  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ describe('role-img-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ describe('role-img-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/select-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/select-name.js
index 996017d2e..97783b389 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/select-name.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/select-name.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('select-name virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function() {
+describe('select-name virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', {
       nodeName: 'select',
       attributes: {
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ describe('select-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function() {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', {
       nodeName: 'select',
       attributes: {
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ describe('select-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for implicit label', function() {
+  it('should pass for implicit label', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'select'
     });
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ describe('select-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for explicit label', function() {
+  it('should incomplete for explicit label', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'select',
       attributes: {
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ describe('select-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function() {
+  it('should pass for title', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', {
       nodeName: 'select',
       attributes: {
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ describe('select-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=presentation when disabled', function() {
+  it('should pass for role=presentation when disabled', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', {
       nodeName: 'select',
       attributes: {
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ describe('select-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=none when disabled', function() {
+  it('should pass for role=none when disabled', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', {
       nodeName: 'select',
       attributes: {
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ describe('select-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for both missing aria-label and implicit label', function() {
+  it('should incomplete for both missing aria-label and implicit label', function () {
     var results = axe.runVirtualRule('select-name', {
       nodeName: 'select',
       attributes: {
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ describe('select-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace and no implicit label', function() {
+  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace and no implicit label', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'select',
       attributes: {
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ describe('select-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty and no implicit label', function() {
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty and no implicit label', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'select',
       attributes: {
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ describe('select-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty and no implicit label', function() {
+  it('should fail when title is empty and no implicit label', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'select',
       attributes: {
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ describe('select-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=presentation', function() {
+  it('should pass for role=presentation', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'select',
       attributes: {
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ describe('select-name virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for role=none', function() {
+  it('should pass for role=none', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'select',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/svg-img-alt.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/svg-img-alt.js
index 96753cbab..ec0b6ad64 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/svg-img-alt.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/svg-img-alt.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('svg-img-alt virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass for aria-label', function() {
+describe('svg-img-alt virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass for aria-label', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'svg',
       attributes: {
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ describe('svg-img-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function() {
+  it('should incomplete for aria-labelledby', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'svg',
       attributes: {
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ describe('svg-img-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title', function() {
+  it('should pass for title', function () {
     var parent = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'svg'
     });
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ describe('svg-img-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for title element', function() {
+  it('should pass for title element', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'svg',
       attributes: {
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ describe('svg-img-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete when aria-label and children are missing', function() {
+  it('should incomplete when aria-label and children are missing', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'svg',
       attributes: {
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ describe('svg-img-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function() {
+  it('should fail when aria-label contains only whitespace', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'svg',
       attributes: {
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ describe('svg-img-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when aria-label is empty', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'svg',
       attributes: {
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ describe('svg-img-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail when title is empty', function() {
+  it('should fail when title is empty', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'svg',
       attributes: {
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ describe('svg-img-alt virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should incomplete when title element has missing children', function() {
+  it('should incomplete when title element has missing children', function () {
     var node = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
       nodeName: 'svg',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/tabindex.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/tabindex.js
index 5725bc8a8..cdc8048d4 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/tabindex.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/tabindex.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('tabindex virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass for tabindex = 0', function() {
+describe('tabindex virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass for tabindex = 0', function () {
     var node = {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ describe('tabindex virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for tabindex = -1', function() {
+  it('should pass for tabindex = -1', function () {
     var node = {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ describe('tabindex virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for tabindex > 0', function() {
+  it('should fail for tabindex > 0', function () {
     var node = {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/table-duplicate-name.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/table-duplicate-name.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7edf5eb04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/table-duplicate-name.js
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+describe('table-duplicate-name virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should incomplete on table element with children undefined', function () {
+    var tableNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'table'
+    });
+    tableNode.children = undefined;
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('table-duplicate-name', tableNode);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 1);
+  });
+
+  it('should pass on table element', function () {
+    var tableNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'table'
+    });
+
+    tableNode.children = [];
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('table-duplicate-name', tableNode);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should pass when table has empty summary', function () {
+    var tableNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'table',
+      attributes: {
+        summary: ''
+      }
+    });
+    tableNode.children = [];
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('table-duplicate-name', tableNode);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should pass when table has empty caption and summary', function () {
+    var tableNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'table',
+      attributes: {
+        summary: ''
+      }
+    });
+
+    var captionNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'caption'
+    });
+    captionNode.parent = tableNode;
+
+    var textNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: '#text',
+      nodeType: 3,
+      nodeValue: ''
+    });
+    textNode.parent = captionNode;
+
+    captionNode.children = [textNode];
+    tableNode.children = [captionNode];
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('table-duplicate-name', tableNode);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail when table summary and <caption> have the same text', function () {
+    var DUPLICATED_TEXT = 'foobar';
+
+    var tableNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'table',
+      attributes: {
+        summary: DUPLICATED_TEXT
+      }
+    });
+
+    var captionNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'caption'
+    });
+    captionNode.parent = tableNode;
+
+    var textNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: '#text',
+      nodeType: 3,
+      nodeValue: DUPLICATED_TEXT
+    });
+    textNode.parent = captionNode;
+
+    captionNode.children = [textNode];
+    tableNode.children = [captionNode];
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('table-duplicate-name', tableNode);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+
+  it('should fail when table summary and <caption> have the same text, excluding whitespace', function () {
+    var DUPLICATED_TEXT = 'foobar';
+
+    var tableNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'table',
+      attributes: {
+        summary: '  ' + DUPLICATED_TEXT
+      }
+    });
+
+    var captionNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: 'caption'
+    });
+    captionNode.parent = tableNode;
+
+    var textNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
+      nodeName: '#text',
+      nodeType: 3,
+      nodeValue: ' \t  ' + DUPLICATED_TEXT
+    });
+    textNode.parent = captionNode;
+
+    captionNode.children = [textNode];
+    tableNode.children = [captionNode];
+
+    var results = axe.runVirtualRule('table-duplicate-name', tableNode);
+
+    assert.lengthOf(results.passes, 0);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.violations, 1);
+    assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/integration/virtual-rules/valid-lang.js b/test/integration/virtual-rules/valid-lang.js
index 2378d7936..18e177a20 100644
--- a/test/integration/virtual-rules/valid-lang.js
+++ b/test/integration/virtual-rules/valid-lang.js
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-describe('valid-lang virtual-rule', function() {
-  it('should pass for valid lang value', function() {
+describe('valid-lang virtual-rule', function () {
+  it('should pass for valid lang value', function () {
     var node = {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ describe('valid-lang virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for valid xml:lang value', function() {
+  it('should pass for valid xml:lang value', function () {
     var node = {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ describe('valid-lang virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for valid L10N lang value', function() {
+  it('should pass for valid L10N lang value', function () {
     var node = {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ describe('valid-lang virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should pass for valid L10N xml:lang value', function() {
+  it('should pass for valid L10N xml:lang value', function () {
     var node = {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ describe('valid-lang virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for invalid lang value', function() {
+  it('should fail for invalid lang value', function () {
     var node = {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ describe('valid-lang virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should fail for invalid L10N xml:lang value', function() {
+  it('should fail for invalid L10N xml:lang value', function () {
     var node = {
       nodeName: 'div',
       attributes: {
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ describe('valid-lang virtual-rule', function() {
     assert.lengthOf(results.incomplete, 0);
   });
 
-  it('should not apply for html element', function() {
+  it('should not apply for html element', function () {
     var node = {
       nodeName: 'html',
       attributes: {
diff --git a/test/karma.conf.js b/test/karma.conf.js
index b0e6f048e..b4036b908 100644
--- a/test/karma.conf.js
+++ b/test/karma.conf.js
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ var testDirs = [
 var testFiles = [];
 var args = process.argv.slice(2);
 
-args.forEach(function(arg) {
+args.forEach(function (arg) {
   // pattern: testDir=commons,core
   var parts = arg.split('=');
   if (parts[0] === 'testDirs') {
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ args.forEach(function(arg) {
 
 var testPaths = [];
 if (testFiles.length) {
-  testPaths = testFiles.map(function(file) {
+  testPaths = testFiles.map(function (file) {
     var basename = path.basename(file);
     var extname = path.extname(file);
 
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ if (testFiles.length) {
     }
   });
 } else if (testDirs.length) {
-  testPaths = testDirs.map(function(dir) {
+  testPaths = testDirs.map(function (dir) {
     if (dir === 'integration') {
       return path.join('test', dir, '**/*.json');
     }
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ if (testFiles.length) {
   });
 }
 
-module.exports = function(config) {
+module.exports = function (config) {
   config.set({
     basePath: '../',
     singleRun: true,
diff --git a/test/mock/frames/context.html b/test/mock/frames/context.html
index 2c9320628..d3c30c769 100644
--- a/test/mock/frames/context.html
+++ b/test/mock/frames/context.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en-US">
   <head>
     <title>Context Fixture</title>
@@ -26,17 +26,17 @@
         checks: [
           {
             id: 'has-target',
-            evaluate: function() {
+            evaluate: function () {
               return true;
             }
           },
           {
             id: 'first-div',
-            evaluate: function(node) {
+            evaluate: function (node) {
               this.relatedNodes([node]);
               return false;
             },
-            after: function(results) {
+            after: function (results) {
               if (results.length) {
                 results[0].result = true;
               }
diff --git a/test/mock/frames/e2e.html b/test/mock/frames/e2e.html
index d5c31d140..80b3d834a 100644
--- a/test/mock/frames/e2e.html
+++ b/test/mock/frames/e2e.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html>
   <head>
     <title>Message Iframe Fixture</title>
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
         checks: [
           {
             id: 'html',
-            evaluate: function() {
+            evaluate: function () {
               return true;
             }
           }
@@ -26,20 +26,20 @@
     <script>
       axe.registerPlugin({
         id: 'multi',
-        run: function(id, action, options, callback) {
+        run: function (id, action, options, callback) {
           this._registry[id][action].call(
             this._registry[id],
             options,
             callback
           );
         },
-        add: function(impl) {
+        add: function (impl) {
           this._registry[impl.id] = impl;
         },
         commands: [
           {
             id: 'run-multi',
-            callback: function(data, callback) {
+            callback: function (data, callback) {
               return axe.plugins.multi.run(
                 data.parameter,
                 data.action,
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
       });
       axe.plugins.multi.add({
         id: 'hideall',
-        run: function(options, callback) {
+        run: function (options, callback) {
           var frames;
           var q = axe.utils.queue();
 
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@
             document.querySelectorAll('iframe, frame')
           );
           if (frames.length) {
-            frames.forEach(function(frame) {
-              q.defer(function(done) {
+            frames.forEach(function (frame) {
+              q.defer(function (done) {
                 axe.utils.sendCommandToFrame(
                   frame,
                   {
@@ -75,14 +75,14 @@
               });
             });
           }
-          q.defer(function(done) {
+          q.defer(function (done) {
             // implementation
             done('ola!');
           });
-          q.then(function(data) {
+          q.then(function (data) {
             // done with all the frames
             var results = [];
-            data.forEach(function(datum) {
+            data.forEach(function (datum) {
               if (datum) {
                 results = results.concat(datum);
               }
diff --git a/test/mock/frames/frame-frame.html b/test/mock/frames/frame-frame.html
index 80d4e1a2e..a7a745e57 100644
--- a/test/mock/frames/frame-frame.html
+++ b/test/mock/frames/frame-frame.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html>
   <head>
     <title>Test Frame</title>
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
         checks: [
           {
             id: 'html',
-            evaluate: function() {
+            evaluate: function () {
               return true;
             }
           }
@@ -26,20 +26,20 @@
     <script>
       axe.registerPlugin({
         id: 'multi',
-        run: function(id, action, options, callback) {
+        run: function (id, action, options, callback) {
           this._registry[id][action].call(
             this._registry[id],
             options,
             callback
           );
         },
-        add: function(impl) {
+        add: function (impl) {
           this._registry[impl.id] = impl;
         },
         commands: [
           {
             id: 'run-multi',
-            callback: function(data, callback) {
+            callback: function (data, callback) {
               return axe.plugins.multi.run(
                 data.parameter,
                 data.action,
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
       });
       axe.plugins.multi.add({
         id: 'hideall',
-        run: function(options, callback) {
+        run: function (options, callback) {
           var frames;
           var q = axe.utils.queue();
 
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@
             document.querySelectorAll('iframe, frame')
           );
           if (frames.length) {
-            frames.forEach(function(frame) {
-              q.defer(function(done) {
+            frames.forEach(function (frame) {
+              q.defer(function (done) {
                 axe.utils.sendCommandToFrame(
                   frame,
                   {
@@ -75,14 +75,14 @@
               });
             });
           }
-          q.defer(function(done) {
+          q.defer(function (done) {
             // implementation
             done('ola!');
           });
-          q.then(function(data) {
+          q.then(function (data) {
             // done with all the frames
             var results = [];
-            data.forEach(function(datum) {
+            data.forEach(function (datum) {
               if (datum) {
                 results = results.concat(datum);
               }
diff --git a/test/mock/frames/frame1.html b/test/mock/frames/frame1.html
index afc0b383f..43783e920 100644
--- a/test/mock/frames/frame1.html
+++ b/test/mock/frames/frame1.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html>
   <head>
     <title>Test Frame</title>
diff --git a/test/mock/frames/nested0.html b/test/mock/frames/nested0.html
index 0b7ab150d..48fa6a91b 100644
--- a/test/mock/frames/nested0.html
+++ b/test/mock/frames/nested0.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html>
   <head>
     <title>Test Nest Frame</title>
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
         checks: [
           {
             id: 'iframe',
-            evaluate: function() {
+            evaluate: function () {
               return true;
             }
           }
diff --git a/test/mock/frames/nested1.html b/test/mock/frames/nested1.html
index 8fb67b301..bf86b8cfa 100644
--- a/test/mock/frames/nested1.html
+++ b/test/mock/frames/nested1.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html>
   <head>
     <title>Test Nest Frame</title>
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
         checks: [
           {
             id: 'iframe',
-            evaluate: function() {
+            evaluate: function () {
               return true;
             }
           }
diff --git a/test/mock/frames/nested2.html b/test/mock/frames/nested2.html
index 495deca1f..908033e29 100644
--- a/test/mock/frames/nested2.html
+++ b/test/mock/frames/nested2.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html>
   <head>
     <title>Test Nest Frame</title>
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
         checks: [
           {
             id: 'iframe',
-            evaluate: function() {
+            evaluate: function () {
               return true;
             }
           }
diff --git a/test/mock/frames/noHtml-config.html b/test/mock/frames/noHtml-config.html
index b6fe99473..c7063349e 100644
--- a/test/mock/frames/noHtml-config.html
+++ b/test/mock/frames/noHtml-config.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en-US">
   <head>
     <title>Context Fixture</title>
@@ -26,17 +26,17 @@
         checks: [
           {
             id: 'has-target',
-            evaluate: function() {
+            evaluate: function () {
               return true;
             }
           },
           {
             id: 'first-div',
-            evaluate: function(node) {
+            evaluate: function (node) {
               this.relatedNodes([node]);
               return false;
             },
-            after: function(results) {
+            after: function (results) {
               if (results.length) {
                 results[0].result = true;
               }
diff --git a/test/mock/frames/nocode.html b/test/mock/frames/nocode.html
index 65ffb3074..bb20d9e89 100644
--- a/test/mock/frames/nocode.html
+++ b/test/mock/frames/nocode.html
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
   <head> </head>
   <body>
     <h2>Hidden Iframe</h2>
-    <p>
-      Not really hidden, rather, has no axe code
-    </p>
+    <p>Not really hidden, rather, has no axe code</p>
   </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/test/mock/frames/results-timeout.html b/test/mock/frames/results-timeout.html
index 58e3c7fae..9420c90e7 100644
--- a/test/mock/frames/results-timeout.html
+++ b/test/mock/frames/results-timeout.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html>
   <head>
     <title>Message Iframe Fixture</title>
diff --git a/test/mock/frames/rule-error.html b/test/mock/frames/rule-error.html
index 1680a7dd1..31189de2f 100644
--- a/test/mock/frames/rule-error.html
+++ b/test/mock/frames/rule-error.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html>
   <head>
     <title>Test Rule error</title>
@@ -20,13 +20,13 @@
         checks: [
           {
             id: 'undeffed',
-            evaluate: function() {
+            evaluate: function () {
               return undefined;
             }
           },
           {
             id: 'thrower',
-            evaluate: function() {
+            evaluate: function () {
               throw new Error('Check failed to complete');
             }
           }
diff --git a/test/mock/frames/test.html b/test/mock/frames/test.html
index cbc698031..3616ae2b5 100644
--- a/test/mock/frames/test.html
+++ b/test/mock/frames/test.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html>
   <head>
     <title>Test Frame</title>
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
         checks: [
           {
             id: 'fred',
-            evaluate: function(node) {
+            evaluate: function (node) {
               return true;
             }
           }
diff --git a/test/mock/frames/throwing.html b/test/mock/frames/throwing.html
index ee35ec370..132fdde15 100644
--- a/test/mock/frames/throwing.html
+++ b/test/mock/frames/throwing.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html id="frameContent">
   <head>
     <title>Error returning frame frame</title>
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
   <body>
     <script src="/axe.js"></script>
     <script>
-      axe._audit.run = function() {
+      axe._audit.run = function () {
         throw new Error('error in axe.throw');
       };
     </script>
diff --git a/test/mock/frames/with-echo-axe.html b/test/mock/frames/with-echo-axe.html
index c81c5f7ff..f500cbbf1 100644
--- a/test/mock/frames/with-echo-axe.html
+++ b/test/mock/frames/with-echo-axe.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html>
   <head>
     <title>Echo frame with axe-core</title>
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
         checks: [
           {
             id: 'fred',
-            evaluate: function() {
+            evaluate: function () {
               return true;
             }
           }
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ <h1>Frame with axe-core</h1>
     <script>
       window.addEventListener(
         'message',
-        function(event) {
+        function (event) {
           window.top.postMessage(event.data, '*');
         },
         false
diff --git a/test/mock/frames/with-echo.html b/test/mock/frames/with-echo.html
index 30a292ce6..5f0f6e312 100644
--- a/test/mock/frames/with-echo.html
+++ b/test/mock/frames/with-echo.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html>
   <head>
     <title>Echo frame without axe-core</title>
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ <h1>Frame without axe-core</h1>
     <script>
       window.addEventListener(
         'message',
-        function(event) {
+        function (event) {
           window.top.postMessage(event.data, '*');
         },
         false
diff --git a/test/mock/frames/zombie-frame.html b/test/mock/frames/zombie-frame.html
index 0e593de65..256a51ae5 100644
--- a/test/mock/frames/zombie-frame.html
+++ b/test/mock/frames/zombie-frame.html
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html>
   <head>
     <title>Zombie Frame</title>
diff --git a/test/node/jsdom.js b/test/node/jsdom.js
index 8e03bd5ff..e7bddb419 100644
--- a/test/node/jsdom.js
+++ b/test/node/jsdom.js
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-var axe = require('../../');
-var jsdom = require('jsdom');
-var assert = require('assert');
+const axe = require('../../');
+const jsdom = require('jsdom');
+const assert = require('assert');
 
-var domStr =
+const domStr =
   '<!DOCTYPE html>' +
   '<html lang="en">' +
   '<head>' +
@@ -17,68 +17,68 @@ var domStr =
   '</body>' +
   '</html>';
 
-describe('jsdom axe-core', function() {
-  it('should run without setting globals', function() {
-    var dom = new jsdom.JSDOM(domStr);
+describe('jsdom axe-core', () => {
+  it('should run without setting globals', () => {
+    const dom = new jsdom.JSDOM(domStr);
 
     return axe
       .run(dom.window.document.documentElement, {
         rules: { 'color-contrast': { enabled: false } }
       })
-      .then(function(results) {
+      .then(function (results) {
         assert.notEqual(results.violations.length, 0);
       });
   });
 
-  it('should unset globals so it can run with a new set of globals', function() {
-    var dom = new jsdom.JSDOM(domStr);
+  it('should unset globals so it can run with a new set of globals', () => {
+    let dom = new jsdom.JSDOM(domStr);
 
     return axe
       .run(dom.window.document.documentElement, {
         rules: { 'color-contrast': { enabled: false } }
       })
-      .then(function(results) {
+      .then(function (results) {
         assert.notStrictEqual(results.violations.length, 0);
 
-        var dom = new jsdom.JSDOM(domStr);
+        dom = new jsdom.JSDOM(domStr);
 
         return axe
           .run(dom.window.document.documentElement, {
             rules: { 'color-contrast': { enabled: false } }
           })
-          .then(function(results) {
-            assert.notStrictEqual(results.violations.length, 0);
+          .then(function (res) {
+            assert.notStrictEqual(res.violations.length, 0);
           });
       });
   });
 
-  describe('audit', function() {
-    var audit = axe._audit;
+  describe('audit', () => {
+    const audit = axe._audit;
 
-    it('should have an empty allowedOrigins', function() {
+    it('should have an empty allowedOrigins', () => {
       // JSDOM does not have window.location, so there is no default origin
       assert.strictEqual(audit.allowedOrigins.length, 0);
     });
   });
 
-  describe('isCurrentPageLink', function() {
+  describe('isCurrentPageLink', () => {
     // because axe only sets the window global when calling axe.run,
     // we'll have to create a custom rule that calls
     // isCurrentPageLink to gain access to the middle of a run with
     // the proper window object
-    afterEach(function() {
+    afterEach(() => {
       axe.teardown();
     });
 
-    it('should return true if url starts with #', function() {
-      var dom = new jsdom.JSDOM(domStr);
-      var anchor = dom.window.document.getElementById('hash-link');
+    it('should return true if url starts with #', () => {
+      const dom = new jsdom.JSDOM(domStr);
+      const anchor = dom.window.document.getElementById('hash-link');
 
       axe.configure({
         checks: [
           {
             id: 'check-current-page-link',
-            evaluate: function() {
+            evaluate: () => {
               return axe.commons.dom.isCurrentPageLink(anchor) === true;
             }
           }
@@ -95,20 +95,20 @@ describe('jsdom axe-core', function() {
         .run(dom.window.document.documentElement, {
           runOnly: ['check-current-page-link']
         })
-        .then(function(results) {
+        .then(function (results) {
           assert.strictEqual(results.passes.length, 1);
         });
     });
 
-    it('should return null for absolute link when url is not set', function() {
-      var dom = new jsdom.JSDOM(domStr);
-      var anchor = dom.window.document.getElementById('skip');
+    it('should return null for absolute link when url is not set', () => {
+      const dom = new jsdom.JSDOM(domStr);
+      const anchor = dom.window.document.getElementById('skip');
 
       axe.configure({
         checks: [
           {
             id: 'check-current-page-link',
-            evaluate: function() {
+            evaluate: () => {
               return axe.commons.dom.isCurrentPageLink(anchor) === null;
             }
           }
@@ -125,20 +125,20 @@ describe('jsdom axe-core', function() {
         .run(dom.window.document.documentElement, {
           runOnly: ['check-current-page-link']
         })
-        .then(function(results) {
+        .then(function (results) {
           assert.strictEqual(results.passes.length, 1);
         });
     });
 
-    it('should return true for absolute link when url is set', function() {
-      var dom = new jsdom.JSDOM(domStr, { url: 'https://page.com' });
-      var anchor = dom.window.document.getElementById('skip');
+    it('should return true for absolute link when url is set', () => {
+      const dom = new jsdom.JSDOM(domStr, { url: 'https://page.com' });
+      const anchor = dom.window.document.getElementById('skip');
 
       axe.configure({
         checks: [
           {
             id: 'check-current-page-link',
-            evaluate: function() {
+            evaluate: () => {
               return axe.commons.dom.isCurrentPageLink(anchor) === true;
             }
           }
@@ -155,9 +155,42 @@ describe('jsdom axe-core', function() {
         .run(dom.window.document.documentElement, {
           runOnly: ['check-current-page-link']
         })
-        .then(function(results) {
+        .then(function (results) {
           assert.strictEqual(results.passes.length, 1);
         });
     });
   });
+
+  describe('axe.setup()', () => {
+    afterEach(() => {
+      axe.teardown();
+    });
+
+    it('sets up the tree', function () {
+      const { document } = new jsdom.JSDOM(domStr).window;
+      const tree = axe.setup(document.body);
+      assert.equal(tree, axe._tree[0]);
+      assert.equal(tree.actualNode, document.body);
+    });
+
+    it('can use commons after axe.setup()', () => {
+      const { document } = new jsdom.JSDOM(domStr).window;
+      axe.setup(document);
+
+      const skipLink = document.querySelector('#skip');
+      assert.equal(axe.commons.aria.getRole(skipLink), 'link');
+      assert.equal(axe.commons.text.accessibleText(skipLink), 'Skip Link');
+    });
+
+    it('is cleaned up with axe.teardown()', () => {
+      const { document } = new jsdom.JSDOM(domStr).window;
+      axe.setup(document);
+      axe.teardown();
+      const skipLink = document.querySelector('#skip');
+
+      assert.throws(() => {
+        assert.equal(axe.commons.aria.getRole(skipLink), 'link');
+      });
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/node/node.js b/test/node/node.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..88ec6d406
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/node/node.js
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+// this file is purposefully written without mocha and in es5 syntax in order
+// to be compatible with node 4+
+
+var axe = require('../../');
+var assert = require('assert');
+var spawn = require('child_process').spawn;
+var fs = require('fs');
+var path = require('path');
+
+initJsdom(function (err, window) {
+  assert.equal(err, null);
+
+  console.log('running axe');
+  axe.run(
+    window.document.documentElement,
+    {
+      preload: false,
+      rules: { 'color-contrast': { enabled: false } }
+    },
+    function (axeError, results) {
+      assert.equal(axeError, null);
+      assert.notEqual(results.violations.length, 0);
+      console.log('axe ran successfully');
+    }
+  );
+});
+
+/**
+ * Install a version of jsdom that is compatible with the currently running node
+ * version and return the jsdom window object.
+ * @param {Function} callback - callback function when jsdom is installed.
+ * Is passed any error object and the jsdom window object.
+ */
+function initJsdom(callback) {
+  try {
+    var nodeToJsdomMatrix = {
+      4: '9.12.0', // last jsdom version that supported this node version
+      6: '11.12.0',
+      8: '15.2.1',
+      10: '16.7.0',
+      12: '19.0.0',
+      14: '21.1.2',
+      16: '22.1.0'
+    };
+
+    var majorNodeVersion = process.versions.node.split('.')[0];
+    var jsdomVersion = nodeToJsdomMatrix[majorNodeVersion] || 'latest';
+
+    console.log('node version detected as: v' + majorNodeVersion);
+    console.log('installing jsdom@' + jsdomVersion);
+    var child = spawn(
+      'npm',
+      ['install', 'jsdom@' + jsdomVersion, '--no-save'],
+      {
+        cwd: __dirname
+      }
+    );
+    child.stdout.setEncoding('utf8');
+    child.stderr.setEncoding('utf8');
+    child.stdout.on('data', function (data) {
+      console.log(data);
+    });
+    child.stderr.on('data', function (data) {
+      console.error(data);
+    });
+    child.on('close', function () {
+      console.log('installed');
+      var jsdom = require('jsdom');
+      var domStr = fs.readFileSync(
+        path.join('test', 'integration', 'full', 'all-rules', 'all-rules.html'),
+        'utf8'
+      );
+
+      // jsdom 9
+      if (jsdom.env) {
+        jsdom.env(domStr, function (jsdomError, window) {
+          if (jsdomError) {
+            callback(jsdomError);
+          }
+
+          callback(null, window);
+        });
+      }
+      // jsdom 11+
+      else {
+        var dom = new jsdom.JSDOM(domStr);
+        callback(null, dom.window);
+      }
+    });
+  } catch (err) {
+    callback(err);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/node/package.json b/test/node/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9ce10c567
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/node/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+  "description": "This package.json is intentionally left empty so running the node.js test does not install jsdom at the root level node_modules",
+  "dependencies": {}
+}
diff --git a/test/playground.html b/test/playground.html
index 4de25a4c1..29b6d3837 100644
--- a/test/playground.html
+++ b/test/playground.html
@@ -1,18 +1,29 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!doctype html>
 <html lang="en">
-  <title>O hai</title>
+  <title>Axe Playground</title>
+  <!-- The playground is used for quick local host axe-core during development -->
 
-  <div class="foo" id="foo">foo</div>
+  <main>
+    <h1>Hello World</h1>
+  </main>
 
   <script src="/axe.js"></script>
+  <script src="/test/testutils.js"></script>
   <script>
-    window.addEventListener('load', function() {
-      axe.run(document, function(err, res) {
-        console.log(res.violations);
-        res.incomplete.forEach(function(issue) {
-          console.log(issue);
-        });
-      });
-    });
+    axe.testUtils.awaitNestedLoad(
+      window,
+      () => {
+        axe.run(
+          {
+            runOnly: 'color-contrast',
+            elementRef: true
+          },
+          (err, results) => {
+            console.log(err || results);
+          }
+        );
+      },
+      err => console.error(err)
+    );
   </script>
 </html>
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/aria-allowed-attr-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/aria-allowed-attr-matches.js
index a39bff87d..5b7dfb33a 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/aria-allowed-attr-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/aria-allowed-attr-matches.js
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
-describe('aria-allowed-attr-matches', function() {
+describe('aria-allowed-attr-matches', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('aria-allowed-attr');
   });
 
-  it('is a function', function() {
+  it('is a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(rule.matches);
   });
 
-  it('should return true on elements that have aria attributes', function() {
+  it('should return true on elements that have aria attributes', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div role="button" id="target" aria-label="Thing 1" aria-mccheddarton="Unsupported thing 2"></div>'
     );
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ describe('aria-allowed-attr-matches', function() {
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false on elements that have no aria attributes', function() {
+  it('should return false on elements that have no aria attributes', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div role="button" id="target"></div>');
 
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/aria-allowed-role-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/aria-allowed-role-matches.js
index 6c1cf5948..28992fde4 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/aria-allowed-role-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/aria-allowed-role-matches.js
@@ -1,26 +1,26 @@
-describe('aria-allowed-role-matches', function() {
+describe('aria-allowed-role-matches', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('aria-allowed-role');
   });
 
-  it('return false (no matches) for a <link> with a href to have any invalid role', function() {
+  it('return false (no matches) for a <link> with a href to have any invalid role', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<link id="target" href="/example.com" role="invalid-role"></link>'
     );
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('return true for input with redundant role', function() {
+  it('return true for input with redundant role', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="text" role="textbox"/>');
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('return true for element with valid role', function() {
+  it('return true for element with valid role', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<ol id="target" role="listbox"/>');
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/aria-has-attr-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/aria-has-attr-matches.js
index 22c0a951b..c3e0adbb5 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/aria-has-attr-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/aria-has-attr-matches.js
@@ -1,28 +1,28 @@
-describe('aria-has-attr-matches', function() {
+describe('aria-has-attr-matches', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
   var rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('aria-valid-attr-value');
   });
 
-  it('is a function', function() {
+  it('is a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(rule.matches);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if an element has no attributes', function() {
+  it('should return false if an element has no attributes', function () {
     var vNode = fixtureSetup('<div></div>');
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if an element has no ARIA attributes', function() {
+  it('should return false if an element has no ARIA attributes', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
-  it('should return true if an element has ARIA attributes', function() {
+  it('should return true if an element has ARIA attributes', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" aria-bats="monkeys"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/aria-hidden-focus-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/aria-hidden-focus-matches.js
index cd6d7a636..b770c8832 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/aria-hidden-focus-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/aria-hidden-focus-matches.js
@@ -1,24 +1,24 @@
-describe('aria-hidden-focus-matches', function() {
+describe('aria-hidden-focus-matches', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var rule;
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('aria-hidden-focus');
   });
 
-  it('is a function', function() {
+  it('is a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(rule.matches);
   });
 
-  it('return true when there is no parent with aria-hidden', function() {
+  it('return true when there is no parent with aria-hidden', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">' + '</div>');
     var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('return false when has a parent element with aria-hidden', function() {
+  it('return false when has a parent element with aria-hidden', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div aria-hidden="true">' +
         '<div id="target" aria-hidden="true">' +
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ describe('aria-hidden-focus-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('return false when has any parent element with aria-hidden', function() {
+  it('return false when has any parent element with aria-hidden', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div aria-hidden="true">' +
         '<div>' +
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ describe('aria-hidden-focus-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('return false when has any parent element with aria-hidden', function() {
+  it('return false when has any parent element with aria-hidden', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div aria-hidden="true">' +
         '<div aria-hidden="true">' +
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/aria-required-children-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/aria-required-children-matches.js
index 46dd19339..319e7845b 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/aria-required-children-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/aria-required-children-matches.js
@@ -1,24 +1,24 @@
-describe('aria-required-children-matches', function() {
+describe('aria-required-children-matches', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('aria-required-children');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true for a role that requires children', function() {
+  it('should return true for a role that requires children', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="list"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for a role that does not require children', function() {
+  it('should return false for a role that does not require children', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="alert"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/aria-required-parent-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/aria-required-parent-matches.js
index a35d8b847..53f380839 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/aria-required-parent-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/aria-required-parent-matches.js
@@ -1,24 +1,24 @@
-describe('aria-required-parent-matches', function() {
+describe('aria-required-parent-matches', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('aria-required-parent');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true for a role that requires parent', function() {
+  it('should return true for a role that requires parent', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="listitem"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for a role that does not require parent', function() {
+  it('should return false for a role that does not require parent', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="alert"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/autocomplete-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/autocomplete-matches.js
index fd5579d62..7c914c39b 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/autocomplete-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/autocomplete-matches.js
@@ -1,44 +1,44 @@
-describe('autocomplete-matches', function() {
+describe('autocomplete-matches', function () {
   'use strict';
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var rule = axe.utils.getRule('autocomplete-valid');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('is a function', function() {
+  it('is a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(rule.matches);
   });
 
-  it('returns true for input elements', function() {
+  it('returns true for input elements', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" autocomplete="foo">');
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for select elements', function() {
+  it('returns true for select elements', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<select id="target" autocomplete="foo">');
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for textarea elements', function() {
+  it('returns true for textarea elements', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<textarea id="target" autocomplete="foo">');
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for buttons elements', function() {
+  it('returns false for buttons elements', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target" autocomplete="foo">');
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for non-form field elements', function() {
+  it('should return false for non-form field elements', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" autocomplete="foo">');
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for input buttons', function() {
-    ['reset', 'submit', 'button'].forEach(function(type) {
+  it('returns false for input buttons', function () {
+    ['reset', 'submit', 'button'].forEach(function (type) {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<input id="target" type="' + type + '" autocomplete="foo">'
       );
@@ -46,20 +46,20 @@ describe('autocomplete-matches', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false for elements with an empty autocomplete', function() {
+  it('returns false for elements with an empty autocomplete', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" autocomplete="  ">');
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for intput[type=hidden]', function() {
+  it('returns false for intput[type=hidden]', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<input id="target" type="hidden" autocomplete="foo">'
     );
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for disabled fields', function() {
-    ['input', 'select', 'textarea'].forEach(function(tagName) {
+  it('returns false for disabled fields', function () {
+    ['input', 'select', 'textarea'].forEach(function (tagName) {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<' + tagName + ' id="target" disabled autocomplete="foo">'
       );
@@ -67,8 +67,8 @@ describe('autocomplete-matches', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false for aria-disabled=true fields', function() {
-    ['input', 'select', 'textarea'].forEach(function(tagName) {
+  it('returns false for aria-disabled=true fields', function () {
+    ['input', 'select', 'textarea'].forEach(function (tagName) {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<' + tagName + ' id="target" aria-disabled="true" autocomplete="foo">'
       );
@@ -76,8 +76,8 @@ describe('autocomplete-matches', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns true for aria-disabled=false fields', function() {
-    ['input', 'select', 'textarea'].forEach(function(tagName) {
+  it('returns true for aria-disabled=false fields', function () {
+    ['input', 'select', 'textarea'].forEach(function (tagName) {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<' + tagName + ' id="target" aria-disabled="false" autocomplete="foo">'
       );
@@ -85,9 +85,9 @@ describe('autocomplete-matches', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false for non-widget roles with tabindex=-1', function() {
+  it('returns false for non-widget roles with tabindex=-1', function () {
     var nonWidgetRoles = ['application', 'fakerole', 'main'];
-    nonWidgetRoles.forEach(function(role) {
+    nonWidgetRoles.forEach(function (role) {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<input id="target" role="' +
           role +
@@ -100,9 +100,9 @@ describe('autocomplete-matches', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns true for form fields with a widget role with tabindex=-1', function() {
+  it('returns true for form fields with a widget role with tabindex=-1', function () {
     var nonWidgetRoles = ['button', 'menuitem', 'slider'];
-    nonWidgetRoles.forEach(function(role) {
+    nonWidgetRoles.forEach(function (role) {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<input id="target" role="' +
           role +
@@ -112,8 +112,8 @@ describe('autocomplete-matches', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns true for form fields with tabindex=-1', function() {
-    ['input', 'select', 'textarea'].forEach(function(tagName) {
+  it('returns true for form fields with tabindex=-1', function () {
+    ['input', 'select', 'textarea'].forEach(function (tagName) {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<' + tagName + ' id="target" tabindex="-1" autocomplete="foo">'
       );
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ describe('autocomplete-matches', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false for off screen and hidden form fields with tabindex=-1', function() {
+  it('returns false for off screen and hidden form fields with tabindex=-1', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div aria-hidden="true">' +
         '<input id="target" tabindex="-1" style="position:absolute; top:-9999em" autocomplete="foo">' +
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/color-contrast-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/color-contrast-matches.js
index 8bd0a9a32..fc41e301e 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/color-contrast-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/color-contrast-matches.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
+describe('color-contrast-matches', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -6,20 +6,20 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
     document.body && typeof document.body.attachShadow === 'function';
   var rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('color-contrast');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('is a function', function() {
+  it('is a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(rule.matches);
   });
 
-  it('should not match when there is no text', function() {
+  it('should not match when there is no text', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="color: yellow; background-color: white;" id="target">' +
       ' </div>';
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should match when there is text', function() {
+  it('should match when there is text', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="color: yellow; background-color: white;" id="target">' +
       'My text</div>';
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match when text only contains emoji', function() {
+  it('should not match when text only contains emoji', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="color: yellow; background-color: white;" id="target">' +
       '🌎</div>';
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match when text only contains punctuation', function() {
+  it('should not match when text only contains punctuation', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="color: yellow; background-color: white;" id="target">' +
       '&rlm;</div>';
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should match when text only contains nonBmp unicode', function() {
+  it('should match when text only contains nonBmp unicode', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="color: yellow; background-color: white;" id="target">' +
       '◓</div>';
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match when there is text that is out of the container', function() {
+  it('should not match when there is text that is out of the container', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="color: yellow; text-indent: -9999px; background-color: white;" id="target">' +
       'My text</div>';
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match input when there is text that is out of the container', function() {
+  it('should not match input when there is text that is out of the container', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<input style="text-indent: -9999px" type="submit" value="Search" />';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('input');
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match select when there is text that is out of the container', function() {
+  it('should not match select when there is text that is out of the container', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<select style="text-indent: -9999px">' +
       '<option selected>My text</option>' +
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match textarea when there is text that is out of the container', function() {
+  it('should not match textarea when there is text that is out of the container', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<textarea style="text-indent: -9999px">My text</textarea>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('textarea');
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match when there is text that is out of the container with overflow hidden', function() {
+  it('should not match when there is text that is out of the container with overflow hidden', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="color: yellow; width: 100px; overflow: hidden; text-indent: 200px; background-color: white;" id="target">' +
       'text</div>';
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should match when there is text that is in the scroll reach of container', function() {
+  it('should match when there is text that is in the scroll reach of container', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="color: yellow; width: 100px; overflow: scroll; text-indent: 200px; background-color: white;" id="target">' +
       'text</div>';
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should match when there is text that is only partially out of the container', function() {
+  it('should match when there is text that is only partially out of the container', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div style="color: yellow; text-indent: -20px; background-color: white;" id="target">' +
       'My text</div>';
@@ -126,35 +126,35 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should match <input type="text">', function() {
+  it('should match <input type="text">', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="text">';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('input');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match <input type="hidden">', function() {
+  it('should not match <input type="hidden">', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="hidden">';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('input');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match <input type="checkbox">', function() {
+  it('should not match <input type="checkbox">', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="checkbox">';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('input');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match <input type="radio">', function() {
+  it('should not match <input type="radio">', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="radio">';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('input');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match <input type="color">', function() {
+  it('should not match <input type="color">', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="color">';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('input');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
     }
   });
 
-  it('should not match <input type="range">', function() {
+  it('should not match <input type="range">', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="range">';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('input');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -174,42 +174,42 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
     }
   });
 
-  it('should match <select> with options', function() {
+  it('should match <select> with options', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<select><option>Hello</option></select>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('select');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match <select> with no options', function() {
+  it('should not match <select> with no options', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<select></select>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('select');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should match <textarea>', function() {
+  it('should match <textarea>', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<textarea></textarea>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('textarea');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match <option>', function() {
+  it('should not match <option>', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<select><option>hi</option></select>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('option');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match inputs that are disabled', function() {
+  it('should not match inputs that are disabled', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="text" disabled>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('input');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match a disabled implicit label child', function() {
+  it('should not match a disabled implicit label child', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<label>' +
       '<input type="checkbox" style="position: absolute;display: inline-block;width: 1.5rem;height: 1.5rem;opacity: 0;" disabled checked>' +
@@ -222,35 +222,35 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('should not match <textarea disabled>', function() {
+  it('should not match <textarea disabled>', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<textarea disabled></textarea>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('textarea');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match <select> with options', function() {
+  it('should not match <select> with options', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<select disabled><option>Hello</option></select>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('select');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should match <button>', function() {
+  it('should match <button>', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<button>hi</button>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('button');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match <button disabled>', function() {
+  it('should not match <button disabled>', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<button disabled>hi</button>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('button');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match <button disabled><span></span></button>', function() {
+  it('should not match <button disabled><span></span></button>', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<button disabled><span>Hi</span></button>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('button');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should not match <button disabled><span><i></i></span></button>', function() {
+  it('should not match <button disabled><span><i></i></span></button>', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<button disabled><span><i>Hi</i></span></button>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('button');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
@@ -274,14 +274,14 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
     );
   });
 
-  it('should not match <input type=image>', function() {
+  it('should not match <input type=image>', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<input type="image">';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('input');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it("should not match a disabled input's label - explicit label", function() {
+  it("should not match a disabled input's label - explicit label", function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<label for="t1">Test</label><input type="text" id="t1" disabled>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('label');
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it("should not match an aria-disabled input's label - explicit label", function() {
+  it("should not match an aria-disabled input's label - explicit label", function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<label for="t1">Test</label><input type="text" id="t1" aria-disabled="true">';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('label');
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it("should not match a parent aria-disabled input's label - explicit label", function() {
+  it("should not match a parent aria-disabled input's label - explicit label", function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<label for="t1">Test</label><div aria-disabled="true"><input type="text" id="t1"></div>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('label');
@@ -305,21 +305,21 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it("should not match a disabled input's label - implicit label (input)", function() {
+  it("should not match a disabled input's label - implicit label (input)", function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<label>Test<input type="text" disabled></label>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('label');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it("should not match a disabled input's label - implicit label (textarea)", function() {
+  it("should not match a disabled input's label - implicit label (textarea)", function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<label>Test<textarea disabled>Hi</textarea></label>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('label');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it("should not match a disabled input's label - implicit label (select)", function() {
+  it("should not match a disabled input's label - implicit label (select)", function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<label>Test<select disabled><option>Test</option></select></label>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('label');
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it("should not match a disabled input's label - aria-labelledby", function() {
+  it("should not match a disabled input's label - aria-labelledby", function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="t1">Test</div><input type="text" aria-labelledby="bob t1 fred" disabled>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('div');
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should match when at least one input is not disabled - aria-labelledby', function() {
+  it('should match when at least one input is not disabled - aria-labelledby', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="t1">Test</div>' +
       '<input type="text" aria-labelledby="t1" disabled />' +
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match when inputs are disabled by an ancestor - aria-labelledby', function() {
+  it('should not match when inputs are disabled by an ancestor - aria-labelledby', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="t1">Test</div>' +
       '<fieldset disabled>' +
@@ -357,21 +357,21 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match aria-disabled=true', function() {
+  it('should not match aria-disabled=true', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div aria-disabled="true">hi</div>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('div');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match a descendant of aria-disabled=true', function() {
+  it('should not match a descendant of aria-disabled=true', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div aria-disabled="true"><span>hi</span></div>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('span');
     axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it("should not match an aria-disabled input's label - aria-labelledby", function() {
+  it("should not match an aria-disabled input's label - aria-labelledby", function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<div id="t1"><span>Test</span></div>' +
       '<div role="textbox" aria-labelledby="bob t1 fred" aria-disabled="true"></div>';
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match a descendant of a disabled fieldset', function() {
+  it('should not match a descendant of a disabled fieldset', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<fieldset disabled><label>hi <input type="checkbox"></label></fieldset>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('label');
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match a descendant of an explicit label for a disabled input', function() {
+  it('should not match a descendant of an explicit label for a disabled input', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<input id="input" type="checkbox" disabled><label for="input"><span>hi</span></label>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('span');
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
-  it('should not match a descendant of an implicit label for a disabled input', function() {
+  it('should not match a descendant of an implicit label for a disabled input', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<label for="input"><span>hi</span><input id="input" type="checkbox" disabled></label>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('span');
@@ -404,8 +404,35 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
   });
 
+  it('should not match inert', function () {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div inert>hi</div>';
+    var target = fixture.querySelector('div');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
+  });
+
+  it('should not match a descendant of inert', function () {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '<div inert><span>hi</span></div>';
+    var target = fixture.querySelector('span');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
+  });
+
+  it('should not match text outside overflow', () => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = `
+      <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 50px;">
+        <div style="overflow: hidden; width: 25px">
+          <div id="target" style="padding-left: 65px;">Hello World</div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    `;
+    var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+    axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+    assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
+  });
+
   if (shadowSupport) {
-    it('should match a descendant of an element across a shadow boundary', function() {
+    it('should match a descendant of an element across a shadow boundary', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="parent" style="background-color: #000;">' + '</div>';
 
@@ -415,16 +442,15 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
       shadowRoot.innerHTML =
         '<div id="shadowTarget" style="color: #333">Text</div>';
 
-      var shadowTarget = fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot.querySelector(
-        '#shadowTarget'
-      );
+      var shadowTarget =
+        fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot.querySelector('#shadowTarget');
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isTrue(
         rule.matches(shadowTarget, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(shadowTarget))
       );
     });
 
-    it('should look at the correct root node when looking up an explicit label and disabled input', function() {
+    it('should look at the correct root node when looking up an explicit label and disabled input', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="parent">' + '<input id="input">' + '</div>';
 
       var shadowRoot = document
@@ -436,16 +462,15 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
         '<input id="input" disabled>' +
         '</div>';
 
-      var shadowLabel = fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot.querySelector(
-        '#shadowLabel'
-      );
+      var shadowLabel =
+        fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot.querySelector('#shadowLabel');
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isFalse(
         rule.matches(shadowLabel, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(shadowLabel))
       );
     });
 
-    it('should look at the correct root node when looking up implicit label and disabled input', function() {
+    it('should look at the correct root node when looking up implicit label and disabled input', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="parent">' + '<input>' + '</div>';
 
       var shadowRoot = document
@@ -456,16 +481,15 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
         '<label id="shadowLabel">Label <input disabled></label>' +
         '</div>';
 
-      var shadowLabel = fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot.querySelector(
-        '#shadowLabel'
-      );
+      var shadowLabel =
+        fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot.querySelector('#shadowLabel');
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isFalse(
         rule.matches(shadowLabel, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(shadowLabel))
       );
     });
 
-    it("should look at the correct root node for a disabled control's label associated w/ aria-labelledby", function() {
+    it("should look at the correct root node for a disabled control's label associated w/ aria-labelledby", function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div id="parent">' + '<input id="input">' + '</div>';
 
       var shadowRoot = document
@@ -477,16 +501,15 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
         '<input aria-labelledby="shadowLabel" disabled>' +
         '</div>';
 
-      var shadowLabel = fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot.querySelector(
-        '#shadowLabel'
-      );
+      var shadowLabel =
+        fixture.firstChild.shadowRoot.querySelector('#shadowLabel');
       axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
       assert.isFalse(
         rule.matches(shadowLabel, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(shadowLabel))
       );
     });
 
-    it('should handle input/label spread across the shadow boundary', function() {
+    it('should handle input/label spread across the shadow boundary', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<label>Text <div id="firstChild"></div></label>';
 
       var container = document.getElementById('firstChild');
@@ -500,7 +523,7 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should look at the children of a virtual node for overlap', function() {
+    it('should look at the children of a virtual node for overlap', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<div id="parent">' +
         '<div id="firstChild" style="background-color: #ccc; color: #fff;"></div>' +
@@ -520,7 +543,7 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
       );
     });
 
-    it('should handle an input added through slotted content', function() {
+    it('should handle an input added through slotted content', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML =
         '<label>Option 1 <span class="slotted">' +
         '<input type="text" name="slottedLabel" />' +
@@ -541,4 +564,32 @@ describe('color-contrast-matches', function() {
       assert.isTrue(rule.matches(input, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(input)));
     });
   }
+
+  describe('with font icons', () => {
+    before(async () => {
+      const materialFont = new FontFace(
+        'Material Icons',
+        'url(/test/assets/MaterialIcons.woff2)'
+      );
+      await materialFont.load();
+      document.fonts.add(materialFont);
+    });
+
+    it('is false for a single icon', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML =
+        '<div id="target" style="font-family: \'Material Icons\'">delete</div>';
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
+    });
+
+    it('is false for multiple icons', () => {
+      fixture.innerHTML = `<div id="target" style="font-family: \'Material Icons\'">
+          check star favorite
+        </div>`;
+      const target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
+      axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup(fixture);
+      assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target, axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target)));
+    });
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/data-table-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/data-table-matches.js
index 941152d4f..ab1e92523 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/data-table-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/data-table-matches.js
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
-describe('data-table-matches', function() {
+describe('data-table-matches', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
   var rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('th-has-data-cells');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('is a function', function() {
+  it('is a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(rule.matches);
   });
 
-  it('should return false if table has role="presentation"', function() {
+  it('should return false if table has role="presentation"', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<table role="presentation" id="target">' +
         '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <td></td> </tr>' +
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ describe('data-table-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if table has role="none"', function() {
+  it('should return false if table has role="none"', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<table role="none" id="target">' +
         '  <tr> <th>hi</th> <td></td> </tr>' +
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ describe('data-table-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if table is a data table', function() {
+  it('should return true if table is a data table', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<table id="target">' +
         '	<caption>Table caption</caption>' +
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/duplicate-id-active-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/duplicate-id-active-matches.js
index 17ea302a3..60bb45d3c 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/duplicate-id-active-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/duplicate-id-active-matches.js
@@ -1,53 +1,53 @@
-describe('duplicate-id-active matches', function() {
+describe('duplicate-id-active matches', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
   var rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('duplicate-id-active');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('is a function', function() {
+  it('is a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(rule.matches);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is of an inactive non-referenced element', function() {
+  it('returns false if the ID is of an inactive non-referenced element', function () {
     fixtureSetup('<div id="foo"></div>');
     var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'div[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is of an inactive non-referenced element with a duplicate', function() {
+  it('returns false if the ID is of an inactive non-referenced element with a duplicate', function () {
     fixtureSetup('<div id="foo"></div><span id="foo"></span>');
     var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the ID is of an active non-referenced element', function() {
+  it('returns true if the ID is of an active non-referenced element', function () {
     fixtureSetup('<button id="foo"></button>');
     var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'button[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the ID is a duplicate of an active non-referenced element', function() {
+  it('returns true if the ID is a duplicate of an active non-referenced element', function () {
     fixtureSetup('<div id="foo"></div>' + '<button id="foo"></button>');
     var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'div[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is of an inactive ARIA referenced element', function() {
+  it('returns false if the ID is of an inactive ARIA referenced element', function () {
     fixtureSetup('<div id="foo"></div>' + '<div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>');
     var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'div[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is a duplicate of an inactive ARIA referenced element', function() {
+  it('returns false if the ID is a duplicate of an inactive ARIA referenced element', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<div id="foo"></div>' +
         '<div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ describe('duplicate-id-active matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is of an active ARIA referenced element', function() {
+  it('returns false if the ID is of an active ARIA referenced element', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<button id="foo"></button>' + '<div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>'
     );
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ describe('duplicate-id-active matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is a duplicate of of an active ARIA referenced element', function() {
+  it('returns false if the ID is a duplicate of of an active ARIA referenced element', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<button id="foo"></button>' +
         '<div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/duplicate-id-aria-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/duplicate-id-aria-matches.js
index cbae6747a..2ebd3a071 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/duplicate-id-aria-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/duplicate-id-aria-matches.js
@@ -1,53 +1,53 @@
-describe('duplicate-id-aria matches', function() {
+describe('duplicate-id-aria matches', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
   var rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('duplicate-id-aria');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('is a function', function() {
+  it('is a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(rule.matches);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is of an inactive non-referenced element', function() {
+  it('returns false if the ID is of an inactive non-referenced element', function () {
     fixtureSetup('<div id="foo"></div>');
     var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'div[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is of an inactive non-referenced element with a duplicate', function() {
+  it('returns false if the ID is of an inactive non-referenced element with a duplicate', function () {
     fixtureSetup('<div id="foo"></div><span id="foo"></span>');
     var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is of an active non-referenced element', function() {
+  it('returns false if the ID is of an active non-referenced element', function () {
     fixtureSetup('<button id="foo"></button>');
     var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'button[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is a duplicate of an active non-referenced element', function() {
+  it('returns false if the ID is a duplicate of an active non-referenced element', function () {
     fixtureSetup('<div id="foo"></div>' + '<button id="foo"></button>');
     var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'div[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the ID is of an inactive ARIA referenced element', function() {
+  it('returns true if the ID is of an inactive ARIA referenced element', function () {
     fixtureSetup('<div id="foo"></div>' + '<div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>');
     var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'div[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the ID is a duplicate of an inactive ARIA referenced element', function() {
+  it('returns true if the ID is a duplicate of an inactive ARIA referenced element', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<div id="foo"></div>' +
         '<div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ describe('duplicate-id-aria matches', function() {
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the ID is of an active ARIA referenced element', function() {
+  it('returns true if the ID is of an active ARIA referenced element', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<button id="foo"></button>' + '<div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>'
     );
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ describe('duplicate-id-aria matches', function() {
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the ID is a duplicate of of an active ARIA referenced element', function() {
+  it('returns true if the ID is a duplicate of of an active ARIA referenced element', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<button id="foo"></button>' +
         '<div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/duplicate-id-misc-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/duplicate-id-misc-matches.js
index 599b409aa..77f2331b2 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/duplicate-id-misc-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/duplicate-id-misc-matches.js
@@ -1,53 +1,53 @@
-describe('duplicate-id-misc matches', function() {
+describe('duplicate-id-misc matches', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
   var rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('duplicate-id');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('is a function', function() {
+  it('is a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(rule.matches);
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the ID is of an inactive non-referenced element', function() {
+  it('returns true if the ID is of an inactive non-referenced element', function () {
     fixtureSetup('<div id="foo"></div>');
     var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'div[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the ID is of an inactive non-referenced element with a duplicate', function() {
+  it('returns true if the ID is of an inactive non-referenced element with a duplicate', function () {
     fixtureSetup('<div id="foo"></div><span id="foo"></span>');
     var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'span[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is of an active non-referenced element', function() {
+  it('returns false if the ID is of an active non-referenced element', function () {
     fixtureSetup('<button id="foo"></button>');
     var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'button[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is a duplicate of an active non-referenced element', function() {
+  it('returns false if the ID is a duplicate of an active non-referenced element', function () {
     fixtureSetup('<div id="foo"></div>' + '<button id="foo"></button>');
     var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'div[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is of an inactive ARIA referenced element', function() {
+  it('returns false if the ID is of an inactive ARIA referenced element', function () {
     fixtureSetup('<div id="foo"></div>' + '<div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>');
     var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'div[id=foo]')[0];
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is a duplicate of an inactive ARIA referenced element', function() {
+  it('returns false if the ID is a duplicate of an inactive ARIA referenced element', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<div id="foo"></div>' +
         '<div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ describe('duplicate-id-misc matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is of an active ARIA referenced element', function() {
+  it('returns false if the ID is of an active ARIA referenced element', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<button id="foo"></button>' + '<div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>'
     );
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ describe('duplicate-id-misc matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the ID is a duplicate of of an active ARIA referenced element', function() {
+  it('returns false if the ID is a duplicate of of an active ARIA referenced element', function () {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<button id="foo"></button>' +
         '<div aria-labelledby="foo"></div>' +
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/frame-focusable-content-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/frame-focusable-content-matches.js
index addc664d9..8adc9ef5b 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/frame-focusable-content-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/frame-focusable-content-matches.js
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-describe('frame-focusable-content-matches', function() {
+describe('frame-focusable-content-matches', function () {
   'use strict';
   var rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('frame-focusable-content');
   });
 
-  it('returns false for the top-level context', function() {
+  it('returns false for the top-level context', function () {
     var result = rule.matches(null, null, {
       initiator: true,
       focusable: false,
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ describe('frame-focusable-content-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for focusable iframes', function() {
+  it('returns false for focusable iframes', function () {
     var result = rule.matches(null, null, {
       initiator: false,
       focusable: true,
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ describe('frame-focusable-content-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for non-focusable iframes that are too small (1x1)', function() {
+  it('returns false for non-focusable iframes that are too small (1x1)', function () {
     var result = rule.matches(null, null, {
       initiator: false,
       focusable: false,
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ describe('frame-focusable-content-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for non-focusable iframes that are too small (0x0)', function() {
+  it('returns false for non-focusable iframes that are too small (0x0)', function () {
     var result = rule.matches(null, null, {
       initiator: false,
       focusable: false,
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ describe('frame-focusable-content-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(result);
   });
 
-  it('returns true for non-focusable iframes', function() {
+  it('returns true for non-focusable iframes', function () {
     var result = rule.matches(null, null, {
       initiator: false,
       focusable: false,
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/frame-title-has-text-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/frame-title-has-text-matches.js
index 658b64dd3..cb9bbe42f 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/frame-title-has-text-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/frame-title-has-text-matches.js
@@ -1,30 +1,30 @@
-describe('layout-table-matches', function() {
+describe('layout-table-matches', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('frame-title-unique');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true if title attribute has text', function() {
+  it('should return true if title attribute has text', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<iframe title="hello"></iframe>';
     var node = fixture.firstChild;
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if title attribute is empty', function() {
+  it('should return false if title attribute is empty', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<iframe title=""></iframe>';
     var node = fixture.firstChild;
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if title attribute contains only whitespace', function() {
+  it('should return false if title attribute contains only whitespace', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<iframe title="    "></iframe>';
     var node = fixture.firstChild;
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node));
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/has-implicit-chromium-role-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/has-implicit-chromium-role-matches.js
index eedb8d519..55c54807c 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/has-implicit-chromium-role-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/has-implicit-chromium-role-matches.js
@@ -1,38 +1,38 @@
-describe('has-implicit-chromium-role-matches', function() {
+describe('has-implicit-chromium-role-matches', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var rule;
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('presentation-role-conflict');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('is a function', function() {
+  it('is a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(rule.matches);
   });
 
-  it('matches elements with an implicit role', function() {
+  it('matches elements with an implicit role', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<main id="target"></main>');
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('does not match elements with no implicit role', function() {
+  it('does not match elements with no implicit role', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('matches elements with an implicit role in chromium', function() {
+  it('matches elements with an implicit role in chromium', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<svg id="target"></svg>');
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('does not match elements with no implicit role even if they are focusable and have an explicit role', function() {
+  it('does not match elements with no implicit role even if they are focusable and have an explicit role', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="none" tabindex="1"></div>'
     );
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/heading-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/heading-matches.js
index e5ce5ff91..4939f16b9 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/heading-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/heading-matches.js
@@ -1,76 +1,51 @@
-describe('heading-matches', function() {
+describe('heading-matches', function () {
   'use strict';
-
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
+  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
   var rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('empty-heading');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
-  });
-
-  it('is a function', function() {
+  it('is a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(rule.matches);
   });
 
-  it('should return false on elements that are not headings', function() {
-    var div = document.createElement('div');
-    fixture.appendChild(div);
-    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    assert.isFalse(rule.matches(div));
+  it('should return false on elements that are not headings', function () {
+    var vNode = fixtureSetup('<div></div>');
+    assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true on elements with "heading" in the role', function() {
-    var div = document.createElement('div');
-    div.setAttribute('role', 'heading');
-    fixture.appendChild(div);
-    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(div));
-
-    div.setAttribute('role', 'slider heading');
-    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(div));
+  it('should return true on elements with role="heading"', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture('<div role="heading" id="target"></div>');
+    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true on regular headings without roles', function() {
-    var h1 = document.createElement('h1');
-    var h2 = document.createElement('h2');
-    var h3 = document.createElement('h3');
-
-    fixture.appendChild(h1);
-    fixture.appendChild(h2);
-    fixture.appendChild(h3);
+  it('should return true on regular headings without roles', function () {
+    for (var i = 1; i <= 6; i++) {
+      var vNode = queryFixture('<h' + i + ' id="target"></h' + i + '>');
+      assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
+    }
+  });
 
-    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(h1));
-    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(h2));
-    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(h3));
+  it('should return false on headings with their role changes', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture('<h1 role="banner" id="target"></h1>');
+    assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false on headings with their role changes', function() {
-    var h1 = document.createElement('h1');
-    h1.setAttribute('role', 'banner');
-    fixture.appendChild(h1);
-    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    assert.isFalse(rule.matches(h1));
+  it('should return true on headings with their role changes to an invalid role', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture('<h1 role="bruce" id="target"></h1>');
+    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true on headings with their role changes to an invalid role', function() {
-    var h1 = document.createElement('h1');
-    h1.setAttribute('role', 'bruce');
-    fixture.appendChild(h1);
-    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(h1));
+  it('should return true on headings with their role changes to an abstract role', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture('<h1 role="widget" id="target"></h1>');
+    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true on headings with their role changes to an abstract role', function() {
-    var h1 = document.createElement('h1');
-    h1.setAttribute('role', 'widget');
-    fixture.appendChild(h1);
-    flatTreeSetup(fixture);
-    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(h1));
+  it('should return true on headings with explicit role="none" and an empty aria-label to account for presentation conflict resolution', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture('<h1 aria-label="" role="none" id="target"></h1>');
+    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/html-namespace-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/html-namespace-matches.js
index 2fe591d12..48ff0a266 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/html-namespace-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/html-namespace-matches.js
@@ -1,41 +1,41 @@
-describe('html-namespace-matches', function() {
+describe('html-namespace-matches', function () {
   'use strict';
   var rule;
   var fixture;
   var axeFixtureSetup;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
     axeFixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('role-img-alt');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns true when passed an HTML element', function() {
+  it('returns true when passed an HTML element', function () {
     axeFixtureSetup('<h1>Hello world</h1>');
     var node = fixture.querySelector('h1');
     var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true when passed a custom HTML element', function() {
+  it('returns true when passed a custom HTML element', function () {
     axeFixtureSetup('<xx-heading>Hello world</xx-heading>');
     var node = fixture.querySelector('xx-heading');
     var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false when passed an SVG element', function() {
+  it('returns false when passed an SVG element', function () {
     axeFixtureSetup('<svg><title>Pretty picture</title></svg>');
     var node = fixture.querySelector('svg');
     var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false when passed an SVG circle element', function() {
+  it('returns false when passed an SVG circle element', function () {
     axeFixtureSetup(
       '<svg><circle><title>Pretty picture</title></circle></svg>'
     );
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ describe('html-namespace-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
   });
 
-  describe('Serial Virtual Node', function() {
-    it('returns true when passed an HTML element', function() {
+  describe('Serial Virtual Node', function () {
+    it('returns true when passed an HTML element', function () {
       var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'h1'
       });
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ describe('html-namespace-matches', function() {
       assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, serialNode));
     });
 
-    it('returns true when passed a custom HTML element', function() {
+    it('returns true when passed a custom HTML element', function () {
       var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'xx-heading'
       });
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ describe('html-namespace-matches', function() {
       assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, serialNode));
     });
 
-    it('returns false when passed an SVG circle element', function() {
+    it('returns false when passed an SVG circle element', function () {
       var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'circle'
       });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/html-xml-lang-mismatch.js b/test/rule-matches/html-xml-lang-mismatch.js
index 9c15c1b3c..b710aef5c 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/html-xml-lang-mismatch.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/html-xml-lang-mismatch.js
@@ -1,45 +1,45 @@
-describe('xml-lang-mismatch-matches', function() {
+describe('xml-lang-mismatch-matches', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   // nested this on a per rule basis, for future-proofing writing tests for multiple rules using the same matches
-  describe('for rule: html-xml-lang-mismatch', function() {
+  describe('for rule: html-xml-lang-mismatch', function () {
     var rule;
     var dom;
     var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-    beforeEach(function() {
+    beforeEach(function () {
       rule = axe.utils.getRule('html-xml-lang-mismatch');
       dom = document.createElement('html');
     });
 
-    afterEach(function() {
+    afterEach(function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '';
     });
 
-    it('is a function', function() {
+    it('is a function', function () {
       var actual = rule.matches;
       assert.isFunction(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns false if the element does not contain lang or xml:lang attribute', function() {
+    it('returns false if the element does not contain lang or xml:lang attribute', function () {
       var actual = rule.matches(dom);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns false if the element contains either/ only one of the lang or xml:lang attribute', function() {
+    it('returns false if the element contains either/ only one of the lang or xml:lang attribute', function () {
       dom.setAttribute('lang', 'nl');
       var actual = rule.matches(dom);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns true if the element contains both lang and xml:lang attribute', function() {
+    it('returns true if the element contains both lang and xml:lang attribute', function () {
       dom.setAttribute('lang', 'en');
       dom.setAttribute('xml:lang', 'nl');
       var actual = rule.matches(dom);
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns false for element of type that is not HTML', function() {
+    it('returns false for element of type that is not HTML', function () {
       var node = document.createElement('svg');
       node.setAttribute('lang', '');
       node.setAttribute('xml:lang', 'nl');
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/identical-links-same-purpose-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/identical-links-same-purpose-matches.js
index 4ae41ee68..9aa044bd0 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/identical-links-same-purpose-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/identical-links-same-purpose-matches.js
@@ -1,28 +1,28 @@
-describe('identical-links-same-purpose-matches tests', function() {
+describe('identical-links-same-purpose-matches tests', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var rule = axe.utils.getRule('identical-links-same-purpose');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('returns false when native link without accessible name', function() {
+  it('returns false when native link without accessible name', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<a id="target" href=""></a>');
     var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for ARIA link without accessible name', function() {
+  it('returns false for ARIA link without accessible name', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<span role="link" id="target"></span>');
     var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for native link with a role !== link', function() {
+  it('returns false for native link with a role !== link', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<a id="target" href="#" role="button">Go to Checkout</a>'
     );
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose-matches tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when `area` has no parent `map` element', function() {
+  it('returns false when `area` has no parent `map` element', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<area id="target" role="link" href="" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN" />'
     );
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose-matches tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when `area` has parent `map` that is not referred by `img[usemap]`', function() {
+  it('returns false when `area` has parent `map` that is not referred by `img[usemap]`', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<map name="iam-not-referred">' +
         '<area id="target" role="link" href="" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN" />' +
@@ -48,13 +48,13 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose-matches tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when native link without href', function() {
+  it('returns true when native link without href', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<a id="target">Book Now</a>');
     var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when ARIA link without href', function() {
+  it('returns true when ARIA link without href', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" role="link">Book Now</button>'
     );
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose-matches tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when native link has an accessible name', function() {
+  it('returns true when native link has an accessible name', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<a id="target" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/" aria-label="Go to MDN website"></a>'
     );
@@ -70,13 +70,13 @@ describe('identical-links-same-purpose-matches tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true for ARIA link has an accessible name', function() {
+  it('returns true for ARIA link has an accessible name', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<span role="link" id="target">Book Tour</span>');
     var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when `area` has parent `map` that is referred by `img`', function() {
+  it('returns true when `area` has parent `map` that is referred by `img`', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<map name="iam-referred">' +
         '<area id="target" role="link" href="" shape="circle" coords="130,136,60" aria-label="MDN" />' +
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/inserted-into-focus-order-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/inserted-into-focus-order-matches.js
index 1d09f16e7..f9a56f3ed 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/inserted-into-focus-order-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/inserted-into-focus-order-matches.js
@@ -1,47 +1,47 @@
-describe('inserted-into-focus-order-matches', function() {
+describe('inserted-into-focus-order-matches', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
   var rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('focus-order-semantics');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true for a non-focusable element with tabindex > -1', function() {
+  it('should return true for a non-focusable element with tabindex > -1', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div tabindex="0"></div>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var node = fixture.firstChild;
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for a non-focusable element with tabindex == -1', function() {
+  it('should return false for a non-focusable element with tabindex == -1', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div tabindex="-1"></div>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var node = fixture.firstChild;
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for a native focusable element with tabindex > 0', function() {
+  it('should return false for a native focusable element with tabindex > 0', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<button tabindex="0"></button>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var node = fixture.firstChild;
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for a native focusable element with no tabindex', function() {
+  it('should return false for a native focusable element with no tabindex', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<a href="#"></a>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var node = fixture.firstChild;
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false for non-numeric tabindex value', function() {
+  it('should return false for non-numeric tabindex value', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<div tabindex="abc"></div>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var node = fixture.firstChild;
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/is-initiator-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/is-initiator-matches.js
index acc5a5a40..8007f1f56 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/is-initiator-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/is-initiator-matches.js
@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
-describe('is-initiator-matches', function() {
+describe('is-initiator-matches', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('html-has-lang');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should return true if the context is the initiator', function() {
+  it('should return true if the context is the initiator', function () {
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, null, { initiator: true }));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the context is not the initiator', function() {
+  it('should return false if the context is not the initiator', function () {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, null, { initiator: false }));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/is-visible-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/is-visible-matches.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..847b796c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/rule-matches/is-visible-matches.js
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+describe('is-visible-matches', function () {
+  'use strict';
+
+  var isVisibleMatches =
+    axe._thisWillBeDeletedDoNotUse.base.metadataFunctionMap[
+      'is-visible-matches'
+    ];
+  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
+
+  it('returns true for visible elements', function () {
+    fixtureSetup('<p id="target">Hello world</p>');
+    assert.isTrue(isVisibleMatches(fixture.firstChild));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for elements with hidden', function () {
+    fixtureSetup('<p id="target" hidden>Hello world</p>');
+    assert.isFalse(isVisibleMatches(fixture.firstChild));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true for visible elements with aria-hidden="true"', function () {
+    fixtureSetup('<p id="target" aria-hidden="true">Hello world</p>');
+    assert.isTrue(isVisibleMatches(fixture.firstChild));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for opacity:0 elements with accessible text', function () {
+    fixtureSetup('<p id="target" style="opacity:0">Hello world</p>');
+    assert.isFalse(isVisibleMatches(fixture.firstChild));
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/is-visible-on-screen-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/is-visible-on-screen-matches.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7f8a6cc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/rule-matches/is-visible-on-screen-matches.js
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+describe('is-visible-on-screen-matches', () => {
+  'use strict';
+
+  const rule = axe.utils.getRule('avoid-inline-spacing');
+  const queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+
+  it('returns true for visible elements', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<p id="target">Hello world</p>');
+    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for elements with hidden', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<p id="target" hidden>Hello world</p>');
+    assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns true for visible elements with aria-hidden="true"', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<p id="target" aria-hidden="true">Hello world</p>'
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for opacity:0 elements with accessible text', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<p id="target" style="opacity:0">Hello world</p>'
+    );
+    assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/label-content-name-mismatch-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/label-content-name-mismatch-matches.js
index 3d16fcf8f..b47d2847d 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/label-content-name-mismatch-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/label-content-name-mismatch-matches.js
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-describe('label-content-name-mismatch-matches tests', function() {
+describe('label-content-name-mismatch-matches tests', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var rule = axe.utils.getRule('label-content-name-mismatch');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('returns false if given element has no role', function() {
+  it('returns false if given element has no role', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" aria-label="what color is the sky?"></div>'
     );
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch-matches tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if element role is not supported with name from contents', function() {
+  it('returns false if element role is not supported with name from contents', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div aria-label="choose your age" id="target" role="progressbar" aria-valuenow="20" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100">20 %</div>'
     );
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch-matches tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if implicit element role is overridden to a role that does not support name from contents', function() {
+  it('returns false if implicit element role is overridden to a role that does not support name from contents', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="labelForStatusMsg">Status message</div>' +
         '<button id="target" role="status" aria-labelledby="labelForStatusMsg">Your changes were automatically saved.</button>'
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch-matches tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if element does not have accessible name attributes (`aria-label` or `aria-labelledby`)', function() {
+  it('returns false if element does not have accessible name attributes (`aria-label` or `aria-labelledby`)', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" name="link">Until the very end.</button>'
     );
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch-matches tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if element has empty accessible name via `aria-label`', function() {
+  it('returns false if element has empty accessible name via `aria-label`', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" name="link" aria-label="">Until the very end.</button>'
     );
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch-matches tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true if element has accessible name via `aria-label`', function() {
+  it('returns true if element has accessible name via `aria-label`', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" name="link" aria-label="Until">Until the very end.</button>'
     );
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch-matches tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true if element has accessible name via `aria-labelledby`', function() {
+  it('returns true if element has accessible name via `aria-labelledby`', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div role="button" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo">some content</div>' +
         '<div id="foo">Foo text</div>'
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch-matches tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if element has empty accessible name (`aria-labelledby`)', function() {
+  it('returns false if element has empty accessible name (`aria-labelledby`)', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div role="button" id="target" aria-labelledby="foo">some content</div>' +
         '<div id="foo"></div>'
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch-matches tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if element has empty accessible name (`aria-labelledby`) because idref does not exist', function() {
+  it('returns false if element has empty accessible name (`aria-labelledby`) because idref does not exist', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div role="button" id="target" aria-labelledby="doesNotExist">some content</div>' +
         '<div id="idExists">Right Label</div>'
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch-matches tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true if element has accessible name (`aria-labelledby`) - multiple refs', function() {
+  it('returns true if element has accessible name (`aria-labelledby`) - multiple refs', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div role="button" id="target" aria-labelledby="bar baz foo">some content</div>' +
         '<div id="foo">Foo</div>' +
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch-matches tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for non-widget role', function() {
+  it('returns false for non-widget role', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<a role="contentinfo" id="target" aria-label="some content">Content Information</a>'
     );
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch-matches tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for non-widget role that does support name from content', function() {
+  it('returns false for non-widget role that does support name from content', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="tooltip" aria-label="OK">Next</div>'
     );
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch-matches tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for empty text content', function() {
+  it('returns false for empty text content', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="close"></button>'
     );
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch-matches tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for non text content', function() {
+  it('returns false for non text content', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="close"><i class="fa fa-icon-close"></i></button>'
     );
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch-matches tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for hidden (non visible) text content', function() {
+  it('returns false for hidden (non visible) text content', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="close"><span style="display:none">I am hidden</span></button>'
     );
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch-matches tests', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when visible text is combination of alphanumeric and emoji characters', function() {
+  it('returns true when visible text is combination of alphanumeric and emoji characters', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="I would like a burger">I would like a 🍔 </button>'
     );
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ describe('label-content-name-mismatch-matches tests', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when visible text is combination of alphanumeric and punctuation characters', function() {
+  it('returns true when visible text is combination of alphanumeric and punctuation characters', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" aria-label="next page">next page &gt;</button>'
     );
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/label-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/label-matches.js
index fe43f039f..8dbdc304d 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/label-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/label-matches.js
@@ -1,42 +1,42 @@
-describe('label-matches', function() {
+describe('label-matches', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('label');
   });
 
-  it('returns true for non-input elements', function() {
+  it('returns true for non-input elements', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<textarea id="target"></textarea>');
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for input elements without type', function() {
+  it('returns true for input elements without type', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" />');
 
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for input buttons', function() {
-    ['button', 'submit', 'image', 'reset'].forEach(function(type) {
+  it('returns false for input buttons', function () {
+    ['button', 'submit', 'image', 'reset'].forEach(function (type) {
       var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="' + type + '" />');
       assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false for input elements type=hidden', function() {
+  it('returns false for input elements type=hidden', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="hidden" />');
 
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for other input types', function() {
+  it('returns true for other input types', function () {
     ['text', 'password', 'url', 'range', 'date', 'checkbox', 'radio'].forEach(
-      function(type) {
+      function (type) {
         var vNode = queryFixture('<input id="target" type="' + type + '" />');
         assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
       }
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/landmark-has-body-context.js b/test/rule-matches/landmark-has-body-context.js
index 2aea99c94..124ba3dc9 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/landmark-has-body-context.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/landmark-has-body-context.js
@@ -1,28 +1,28 @@
-describe('landmark-has-body-context', function() {
+describe('landmark-has-body-context', function () {
   'use strict';
   var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
   var rule;
   var shadowSupport = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('landmark-banner-is-top-level');
   });
 
-  it('returns true for elements with a role', function() {
+  it('returns true for elements with a role', function () {
     fixtureSetup('<main><footer role="contentinfo"></footer></main>');
 
     var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'footer')[0];
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true for elements not contained in a landmark', function() {
+  it('returns true for elements not contained in a landmark', function () {
     fixtureSetup('<div><footer role="contentinfo"></footer></div>');
 
     var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'footer')[0];
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false for elements contained in a landmark', function() {
+  it('returns false for elements contained in a landmark', function () {
     fixtureSetup('<main><footer></footer></main>');
 
     var vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(axe._tree[0], 'footer')[0];
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ describe('landmark-has-body-context', function() {
 
   (shadowSupport ? it : xit)(
     'returns false for elements contained in a landmark in a shadow DOM tree',
-    function() {
+    function () {
       // Safari has a bug in 12.0 that throws an error when calling
       // attachShadow on <main>
       // @see https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=197726
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/landmark-unique-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/landmark-unique-matches.js
index b8cdc4646..539d83769 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/landmark-unique-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/landmark-unique-matches.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('landmark-unique-matches', function() {
+describe('landmark-unique-matches', function () {
   'use strict';
   var rule;
   var fixture;
@@ -13,20 +13,20 @@ describe('landmark-unique-matches', function() {
   ];
   var headerFooterElements = ['header', 'footer'];
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
     axeFixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('landmark-unique');
   });
 
-  it('should not match because not a landmark', function() {
+  it('should not match because not a landmark', function () {
     axeFixtureSetup('<h1>some heading</h1>');
     var node = fixture.querySelector('h1');
     var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
   });
 
-  it('should pass because is a landmark', function() {
+  it('should pass because is a landmark', function () {
     axeFixtureSetup('<div role="banner">some banner</div>');
     var node = fixture.querySelector('div');
     fixture.appendChild(node);
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ describe('landmark-unique-matches', function() {
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
   });
 
-  it('should not match because landmark is hidden', function() {
+  it('should not match because landmark is hidden', function () {
     axeFixtureSetup('<div role="banner">some banner</div>');
     var node = fixture.querySelector('div');
     node.style.display = 'none';
@@ -43,13 +43,13 @@ describe('landmark-unique-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
   });
 
-  describe('form and section elements must have accessible names to be matched', function() {
+  describe('form and section elements must have accessible names to be matched', function () {
     var sectionFormElements = ['section', 'form'];
 
-    sectionFormElements.forEach(function(elementType) {
+    sectionFormElements.forEach(function (elementType) {
       it(
         'should match because it is a ' + elementType + ' with a label',
-        function() {
+        function () {
           axeFixtureSetup(
             '<' +
               elementType +
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ describe('landmark-unique-matches', function() {
 
       it(
         'should not match because it is a ' + elementType + ' without a label',
-        function() {
+        function () {
           axeFixtureSetup(
             '<' +
               elementType +
@@ -85,15 +85,15 @@ describe('landmark-unique-matches', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  describe('header/footers should only match when not inside the excluded descendants', function() {
-    headerFooterElements.forEach(function(elementType) {
-      excludedDescendantsForHeadersFooters.forEach(function(exclusionType) {
+  describe('header/footers should only match when not inside the excluded descendants', function () {
+    headerFooterElements.forEach(function (elementType) {
+      excludedDescendantsForHeadersFooters.forEach(function (exclusionType) {
         it(
           'should not match because ' +
             elementType +
             ' is contained inside an ' +
             exclusionType,
-          function() {
+          function () {
             axeFixtureSetup(
               '<' +
                 exclusionType +
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ describe('landmark-unique-matches', function() {
         'should match because ' +
           elementType +
           ' is not contained inside the excluded descendants',
-        function() {
+        function () {
           axeFixtureSetup(
             '<' + elementType + '>an element</' + elementType + '>'
           );
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ describe('landmark-unique-matches', function() {
   });
 
   if (shadowSupport) {
-    it('return true for landmarks contained within shadow dom', function() {
+    it('return true for landmarks contained within shadow dom', function () {
       var container = document.createElement('div');
       var shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       shadow.innerHTML = '<footer></footer>';
@@ -139,24 +139,24 @@ describe('landmark-unique-matches', function() {
       assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
     });
 
-    describe('header/footers should only match when not inside the excluded descendants within shadow dom', function() {
+    describe('header/footers should only match when not inside the excluded descendants within shadow dom', function () {
       var container;
       var shadow;
 
-      beforeEach(function() {
+      beforeEach(function () {
         container = document.createElement('div');
         shadow = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       });
 
-      headerFooterElements.forEach(function(elementType) {
-        excludedDescendantsForHeadersFooters.forEach(function(exclusionType) {
+      headerFooterElements.forEach(function (elementType) {
+        excludedDescendantsForHeadersFooters.forEach(function (exclusionType) {
           it(
             'should not match because ' +
               elementType +
               ' is contained inside an ' +
               exclusionType +
               '',
-            function() {
+            function () {
               shadow.innerHTML =
                 '<' +
                 exclusionType +
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ describe('landmark-unique-matches', function() {
           'should match because ' +
             elementType +
             ' is not contained inside the excluded descendants',
-          function() {
+          function () {
             shadow.innerHTML =
               '<' + elementType + '>an element</' + elementType + '>';
             axeFixtureSetup(container);
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/layout-table-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/layout-table-matches.js
index 648956a7b..cae2b1ff7 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/layout-table-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/layout-table-matches.js
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-describe('layout-table-matches', function() {
+describe('layout-table-matches', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var flatTreeSetup = axe.testUtils.flatTreeSetup;
   var rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     axe.configure({
       rules: [
         {
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ describe('layout-table-matches', function() {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('layout-rule');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe.reset();
   });
 
-  it('should return false for data table', function() {
+  it('should return false for data table', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table><caption>Hello></caption></table>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var node = fixture.firstChild;
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ describe('layout-table-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if the table is focusable', function() {
+  it('should return false if the table is focusable', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table tabindex="0"></table>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var node = fixture.firstChild;
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ describe('layout-table-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if table has role=presentation', function() {
+  it('should return true if table has role=presentation', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table role="presentation"></table>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var node = fixture.firstChild;
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ describe('layout-table-matches', function() {
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if table has role=none', function() {
+  it('should return true if table has role=none', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<table role="none"></table>';
     flatTreeSetup(fixture);
     var node = fixture.firstChild;
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/link-in-text-block-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/link-in-text-block-matches.js
index 60bdc3d56..e1740114d 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/link-in-text-block-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/link-in-text-block-matches.js
@@ -1,67 +1,82 @@
-describe('link-in-text-block-matches', function() {
+describe('link-in-text-block-matches', () => {
   'use strict';
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var fixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
-  var rule;
+  const { fixtureSetup } = axe.testUtils;
+  const rule = axe.utils.getRule('link-in-text-block');
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
-    rule = axe.utils.getRule('link-in-text-block');
-  });
-
-  afterEach(function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
-  });
-
-  it('should return true if link is in text block', function() {
+  it('should return true if link is in text block', () => {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<p>Some paragraph with text <a id="target" href="#">world</a></p>'
     );
-    var node = document.getElementById('target');
+    const node = document.getElementById('target');
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if element has a non-link role', function() {
+  it('should return false if element has a non-link role', () => {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<p>Some paragraph with text <a id="target" href="#" role="button">hello</a></p>'
     );
-    var node = document.getElementById('target');
+    const node = document.getElementById('target');
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node));
   });
 
-  it('should should return false if element does not have text', function() {
+  it('should should return false if element does not have text', () => {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<p>Some paragraph with text <a id="target" href="#"></a></p>'
     );
-    var node = document.getElementById('target');
+    const node = document.getElementById('target');
+    assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false if element has <style>', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(`
+      <p>Some paragraph with text
+        <a id="target" href="#">
+          <style>a { color: #333 }</style>
+        </a>
+      </p>
+    `);
+    const node = document.getElementById('target');
+    assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node));
+  });
+
+  it('should return false if element has <script>', () => {
+    fixtureSetup(`
+      <p>Some paragraph with text
+        <a id="target" href="#">
+          <script>console.log('foo')</script>
+        </a>
+      </p>
+    `);
+    const node = document.getElementById('target');
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if element is hidden', function() {
+  it('should return false if element is hidden', () => {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<p>Some paragraph with text <a id="target" href="#"" style="display: none">hello</a></p>'
     );
-    var node = document.getElementById('target');
+    const node = document.getElementById('target');
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if link is not in text block', function() {
+  it('should return false if link is not in text block', () => {
     fixtureSetup('<a id="target" href="#">hello</a>');
-    var node = document.getElementById('target');
+    const node = document.getElementById('target');
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if link is only text in block', function() {
+  it('should return false if link is only text in block', () => {
     fixtureSetup('<p><a id="target" href="#">world</a></p>');
-    var node = document.getElementById('target');
+    const node = document.getElementById('target');
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if link is display block', function() {
+  it('should return false if link is display block', () => {
     fixtureSetup(
       '<p>Some paragraph with text <a id="target" href="#" style="display: block">world</a></p>'
     );
-    var node = document.getElementById('target');
+    const node = document.getElementById('target');
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/nested-interactive-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/nested-interactive-matches.js
index dc53d2995..c4bebe514 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/nested-interactive-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/nested-interactive-matches.js
@@ -1,32 +1,32 @@
-describe('nested-interactive-matches', function() {
+describe('nested-interactive-matches', function () {
   var fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('nested-interactive');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('should match if element has children presentational', function() {
+  it('should match if element has children presentational', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target"></button>');
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should match if aria element has children presentational', function() {
+  it('should match if aria element has children presentational', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div role="button" id="target"></div>');
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should not match if element does not have children presentational', function() {
+  it('should not match if element does not have children presentational', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<a href="foo.html" id="target"></a>');
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should not match if element has no role', function() {
+  it('should not match if element has no role', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<span id="target"></span>');
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/no-autoplay-audio-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/no-autoplay-audio-matches.js
index d87027af0..1769e3e89 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/no-autoplay-audio-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/no-autoplay-audio-matches.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('no-autoplay-audio-matches', function() {
+describe('no-autoplay-audio-matches', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -6,45 +6,45 @@ describe('no-autoplay-audio-matches', function() {
   var preloadOptions = { preload: { assets: ['media'] } };
   var rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('no-autoplay-audio');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns false for <audio> element that has no src attribute', function(done) {
+  it('returns false for <audio> element that has no src attribute', function (done) {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<audio id="target"></audio>');
-    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function() {
+    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function () {
       var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false for <video> element that is paused', function(done) {
+  it('returns false for <video> element that is paused', function (done) {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<video id="target" autoplay="true" paused="true">' +
         '<source src="/test/assets/video.webm" type="video/webm" />' +
         '<source src="/test/assets/video.mp4" type="video/mp4" />' +
         '</video>'
     );
-    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function() {
+    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function () {
       var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
       done();
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false for <video> element that is muted', function(done) {
+  it('returns false for <video> element that is muted', function (done) {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<video id="target" autoplay="true" muted="true">' +
         '<source src="/test/assets/video.webm" type="video/webm" />' +
         '<source src="/test/assets/video.mp4" type="video/mp4" />' +
         '</video>'
     );
-    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function() {
+    axe.utils.preload(preloadOptions).then(function () {
       var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode);
       assert.isFalse(actual);
       done();
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/no-empty-role-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/no-empty-role-matches.js
index 145f026fd..c632540eb 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/no-empty-role-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/no-empty-role-matches.js
@@ -1,43 +1,43 @@
-describe('no-role-empty-matches', function() {
+describe('no-role-empty-matches', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('aria-roles');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element does not have `role` attribute', function() {
+  it('returns false when element does not have `role` attribute', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target">Some Content</div>');
     var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element has role attribute has no value', function() {
+  it('returns false when element has role attribute has no value', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div role id="target">Some Content</div>');
     var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element has empty role attribute', function() {
+  it('returns false when element has empty role attribute', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div role="" id="target">Some Content</div>');
     var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element has role attribute consisting of only whitespace', function() {
+  it('returns false when element has role attribute consisting of only whitespace', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div role=" " id="target">Some Content</div>');
     var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element has role attribute', function() {
+  it('returns true when element has role attribute', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div role="button" id="target">Some Content</div>'
     );
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ describe('no-role-empty-matches', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element has multiple roles', function() {
+  it('returns true when element has multiple roles', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div role="button link" id="target">Some Content</div>'
     );
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ describe('no-role-empty-matches', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element has invalid role', function() {
+  it('returns true when element has invalid role', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div role="xyz" id="target">Some Content</div>');
     var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/no-explicit-name-required-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/no-explicit-name-required-matches.js
index e9064b416..2cbde6d07 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/no-explicit-name-required-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/no-explicit-name-required-matches.js
@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
-describe('no-explicit-name-matches', function() {
+describe('no-explicit-name-matches', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('button-name');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element does not have `role` attribute', function() {
+  it('returns true when element does not have `role` attribute', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target"></button>');
     var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element has an explicit role of presentation', function() {
+  it('returns true when element has an explicit role of presentation', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<button id="target" role="presentation"></button>'
     );
@@ -27,26 +27,26 @@ describe('no-explicit-name-matches', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element has an explicit role of none', function() {
+  it('returns true when element has an explicit role of none', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target" role="none"></button>');
     var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element has an invalid explicit role', function() {
+  it('returns true when element has an invalid explicit role', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target" role="foo"></button>');
     var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element has an explicit role that requires an accessible name', function() {
+  it('returns true when element has an explicit role that requires an accessible name', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target" role="button"></button>');
     var actual = rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  describe('with a role that does not require an accessible name', function() {
-    it('returns true when element is focusable', function() {
+  describe('with a role that does not require an accessible name', function () {
+    it('returns true when element is focusable', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<button id="target" role="separator"></button>'
       );
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ describe('no-explicit-name-matches', function() {
       assert.isTrue(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns false when element is not focusable', function() {
+    it('returns false when element is not focusable', function () {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<button id="target" role="separator" disabled></button>'
       );
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/no-naming-method-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/no-naming-method-matches.js
index 38bb98ca8..c92213817 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/no-naming-method-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/no-naming-method-matches.js
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
-describe('no-naming-method-matches', function() {
+describe('no-naming-method-matches', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
   var rule = axe.utils.getRule('aria-toggle-field-name');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns false for node `a[href]`', function() {
+  it('returns false for node `a[href]`', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<a href="# role="checkbox" id="target"></a>');
     var actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for node `map area[href]`', function() {
+  it('returns false for node `map area[href]`', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<map><area id="target" href="#" role="checkbox"></map>'
     );
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ describe('no-naming-method-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when node is either INPUT, SELECT or TEXTAREA', function() {
-    ['input', 'select', 'textarea'].forEach(function(node) {
+  it('returns false when node is either INPUT, SELECT or TEXTAREA', function () {
+    ['input', 'select', 'textarea'].forEach(function (node) {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<' + node + ' role="menuitemcheckbox" id="target"><' + node + '>'
       );
@@ -33,26 +33,26 @@ describe('no-naming-method-matches', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false when node is IMG', function() {
+  it('returns false when node is IMG', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<img id="target" role="menuitemradio">');
     var actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when node is not SVG', function() {
+  it('returns false when node is not SVG', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<svg id="target"></svg>');
     var actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when node is BUTTON', function() {
+  it('returns false when node is BUTTON', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target"></button>');
     var actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for INPUT of type `BUTTON`, `SUBMIT` or `RESET`', function() {
-    ['button', 'submit', 'reset'].forEach(function(type) {
+  it('returns false for INPUT of type `BUTTON`, `SUBMIT` or `RESET`', function () {
+    ['button', 'submit', 'reset'].forEach(function (type) {
       var vNode = queryFixture(
         '<input id="target" role="radio" type="' + type + '">'
       );
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ describe('no-naming-method-matches', function() {
     });
   });
 
-  it('returns false when role=`combobox` has a child input', function() {
+  it('returns false when role=`combobox` has a child input', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" role="combobox"><input type="text"/></div>'
     );
@@ -69,7 +69,25 @@ describe('no-naming-method-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true for a div with role=`button`', function() {
+  it('returns false for the listbox popup of a role=`combobox`', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div role="combobox" aria-controls="target"></div>' +
+        '<div id="target" role="listbox"></div>'
+    );
+    var actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('returns true for the dialog popup of a role=`combobox`', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture(
+      '<div role="combobox" aria-controls="target"></div>' +
+        '<div id="target" role="dialog"></div>'
+    );
+    var actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
+    assert.isTrue(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('returns true for a div with role=`button`', function () {
     var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" role="button"></div>');
     var actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
     assert.isTrue(actual);
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/no-negative-tabindex.js b/test/rule-matches/no-negative-tabindex.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0699edc39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/rule-matches/no-negative-tabindex.js
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+describe('no-negative-tabindex-matches', function () {
+  'use strict';
+
+  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  var queryFixture = axe.testUtils.queryFixture;
+  var rule = axe.utils.getRule('frame-title');
+
+  afterEach(function () {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '';
+  });
+
+  it('returns true for nodes with no tabindex', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
+    var actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
+    assert.isTrue(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('returns true for nodes with a zero tabindex', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="0"></div>');
+    var actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
+    assert.isTrue(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('returns true for nodes with a positive tabindex', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="4"></div>');
+    var actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
+    assert.isTrue(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('returns true for nodes with an invalid tabindex', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="foo"></div>');
+    var actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
+    assert.isTrue(actual);
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for nodes with a negative tabindex', function () {
+    var vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target" tabindex="-10"></div>');
+    var actual = rule.matches(null, vNode);
+    assert.isFalse(actual);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/no-role-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/no-role-matches.js
index 6a1cefad2..d0e4d56ef 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/no-role-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/no-role-matches.js
@@ -1,32 +1,19 @@
-describe('link-in-text-block-matches', function() {
-  'use strict';
+describe('link-in-text-block-matches', () => {
+  const rule = axe.utils.getRule('definition-list');
+  const { queryFixture } = axe.testUtils;
 
-  var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-  var rule;
-
-  beforeEach(function() {
-    rule = axe.utils.getRule('definition-list');
-  });
-
-  afterEach(function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
-  });
-
-  it('should return true if element does not have a role attribute', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
-    var node = fixture.firstChild;
-    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node));
+  it('should return true if element does not have a role attribute', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div id="target"></div>');
+    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return true if element has an empty role attribute', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<div role=""></div>';
-    var node = fixture.firstChild;
-    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node));
+  it('should return true if element has an empty role attribute', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div role="" id="target"></div>');
+    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('should return false if element has a role attribute', function() {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '<div role="button"></div>';
-    var node = fixture.firstChild;
-    assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node));
+  it('should return false if element has a role attribute', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div role="button" id="target"></div>');
+    assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/not-html-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/not-html-matches.js
index c850c94a9..ad51493b4 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/not-html-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/not-html-matches.js
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
-describe('not-html-matches', function() {
+describe('not-html-matches', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
   var rule;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('valid-lang');
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element is not the html element', function() {
+  it('returns true when element is not the html element', function () {
     var vNode = axe.setup(fixture);
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element is the html element', function() {
+  it('returns false when element is the html element', function () {
     var vNode = axe.setup(document.documentElement);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, vNode));
   });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/object-is-loaded-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/object-is-loaded-matches.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0beb01373
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/rule-matches/object-is-loaded-matches.js
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+describe('object-is-loaded-matches', () => {
+  let rule, fixture;
+  const data = `data:text/html,Object%20content`;
+
+  // Give enough time for the browser to load / decide it cannot load objects
+  async function delayedQueryFixture(html, delay = 50) {
+    fixture.innerHTML = html;
+    await new Promise(r => setTimeout(r, delay));
+    const tree = axe.setup();
+    return axe.utils.querySelectorAll(tree, '#target')[0];
+  }
+
+  before(() => {
+    fixture = document.querySelector('#fixture');
+    rule = axe.utils.getRule('object-alt');
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    fixture.innerHTML = '';
+  });
+
+  it(`returns true objects with hidden fallback content`, async () => {
+    const vNode = await delayedQueryFixture(
+      `<object data="${data}" height="30" id="target">
+          Fallback content
+        </object>`
+    );
+    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
+  });
+
+  it(`returns false if the object shows any content`, async () => {
+    const vNode = await delayedQueryFixture(
+      `<object data="invalid" height="30" id="target">
+          Fallback content
+        </object>`
+    );
+    assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
+  });
+
+  it(`returns true if the object shows no content`, async () => {
+    const vNode = await delayedQueryFixture(
+      `<object data="invalid" height="30" id="target"></object>`
+    );
+    // Ideally, this should be false, don't know it can be done
+    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
+  });
+
+  it(`returns false if the object has a role that doesn't require a name`, async () => {
+    const vNode = await delayedQueryFixture(
+      `<object data="${data}" height="30" id="target" role="grid">
+          Fallback content
+        </object>`
+    );
+    assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/p-as-heading-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/p-as-heading-matches.js
index 02f9bd17d..e33a6fdbc 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/p-as-heading-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/p-as-heading-matches.js
@@ -1,36 +1,36 @@
-describe('p-as-heading-matches', function() {
+describe('p-as-heading-matches', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var rule;
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('p-as-heading');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('is a function', function() {
+  it('is a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(rule.matches);
   });
 
-  it('matches p elements', function() {
+  it('matches p elements', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<p id="target">some text</p><p>some other text</p>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
 
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(target));
   });
 
-  it('ignores the last p element in a list of children', function() {
+  it('ignores the last p element in a list of children', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<p>some text</p><p id="target">some other text</p>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
 
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target));
   });
 
-  it('ignores p elements that contains punctuation marks', function() {
+  it('ignores p elements that contains punctuation marks', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<p id="target">A text. Paragraph?</p><p>some other text</p>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
@@ -38,21 +38,21 @@ describe('p-as-heading-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target));
   });
 
-  it('matches p elements with a single punctuation mark', function() {
+  it('matches p elements with a single punctuation mark', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<p id="target">A paragraph?</p><p>some other text</p>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
 
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(target));
   });
 
-  it('ignores p elements that have no text-like characters', function() {
+  it('ignores p elements that have no text-like characters', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '<p id="target"> \n\t\r </p><p>some other text</p>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
 
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target));
   });
 
-  it('ignores siblings that are not p elements', function() {
+  it('ignores siblings that are not p elements', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<p id="target">some text</p><div></div><p>some other text</p>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ describe('p-as-heading-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(target));
   });
 
-  it('ignores empty p elements as siblings', function() {
+  it('ignores empty p elements as siblings', function () {
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<p id="target">some text</p><p> <!-- nothing here --><img src="" alt="" /></p>';
     var target = fixture.querySelector('#target');
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/scrollable-region-focusable-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/scrollable-region-focusable-matches.js
index d0a64498b..96ce6d32c 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/scrollable-region-focusable-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/scrollable-region-focusable-matches.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-describe('scrollable-region-focusable-matches', function() {
+describe('scrollable-region-focusable-matches', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ describe('scrollable-region-focusable-matches', function() {
   var shadowSupported = axe.testUtils.shadowSupport.v1;
   var rule = axe.utils.getRule('scrollable-region-focusable');
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element is not scrollable', function() {
+  it('returns false when element is not scrollable', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<section id="target">This element is not scrollable</section>'
     );
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ describe('scrollable-region-focusable-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element has no visible children', function() {
+  it('returns false when element has no visible children', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="height: 200px; width: 200px;">' +
         '<div style="display:none; height: 2000px; width: 100px;">' +
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ describe('scrollable-region-focusable-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element does not overflow', function() {
+  it('returns false when element does not overflow', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="height: 200px; width: 200px; overflow: auto;">' +
         '<div style="height: 10px; width: 100x;">Content</div>' +
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ describe('scrollable-region-focusable-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element is not scrollable (overflow=hidden)', function() {
+  it('returns false when element is not scrollable (overflow=hidden)', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="height: 200px; width: 200px; overflow: hidden">' +
         '<div style="height: 2000px; width: 100px; background-color: pink;">' +
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ describe('scrollable-region-focusable-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element is scrollable (overflow=auto)', function() {
+  it('returns true when element is scrollable (overflow=auto)', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="height: 200px; width: 200px; overflow: auto">' +
         '<div style="height: 10px; width: 2000px; background-color: red;">' +
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ describe('scrollable-region-focusable-matches', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element overflow is visible', function() {
+  it('returns false when element overflow is visible', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted; overflow: visible;">Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium doloremque laudantium.</p>'
     );
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ describe('scrollable-region-focusable-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true when element overflow is scroll', function() {
+  it('returns true when element overflow is scroll', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<p id="target" style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted; overflow: scroll;">Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium doloremque laudantium.</p>'
     );
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ describe('scrollable-region-focusable-matches', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element overflow is scroll but has no content', function() {
+  it('returns false when element overflow is scroll but has no content', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div id="target" style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted; overflow: scroll;"><div style="height: 15rem"></div></div>'
     );
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ describe('scrollable-region-focusable-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element has combobox ancestor', function() {
+  it('returns false when element has combobox ancestor', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div role="combobox"><ul id="target" role="listbox" style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted; overflow: scroll;"><li role="option" style="height: 15rem">Option</li></ul></div>'
     );
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ describe('scrollable-region-focusable-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element is owned by combobox', function() {
+  it('returns false when element is owned by combobox', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<input role="combobox" aria-owns="foo target"/><ul id="target" role="listbox" style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted; overflow: scroll;"><li role="option" style="height: 15rem">Option</li></ul>'
     );
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ describe('scrollable-region-focusable-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false when element is controlled by combobox', function() {
+  it('returns false when element is controlled by combobox', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<input role="combobox" aria-controls="foo target"/><ul id="target" role="listbox" style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted; overflow: scroll;"><li role="option" style="height: 15rem">Option</li></ul>'
     );
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ describe('scrollable-region-focusable-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for combobox with tree', function() {
+  it('returns false for combobox with tree', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div role="combobox"><ul id="target" role="tree" style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted; overflow: scroll;"><li role="option" style="height: 15rem">Option</li></ul></div>'
     );
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ describe('scrollable-region-focusable-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for combobox with grid', function() {
+  it('returns false for combobox with grid', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div role="combobox"><ul id="target" role="grid" style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted; overflow: scroll;"><li role="option" style="height: 15rem">Option</li></ul></div>'
     );
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ describe('scrollable-region-focusable-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns false for combobox with dialog', function() {
+  it('returns false for combobox with dialog', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div role="combobox"><ul id="target" role="dialog" style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted; overflow: scroll;"><li role="option" style="height: 15rem">Option</li></ul></div>'
     );
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ describe('scrollable-region-focusable-matches', function() {
     assert.isFalse(actual);
   });
 
-  it('returns true for combobox with non-valid role', function() {
+  it('returns true for combobox with non-valid role', function () {
     var target = queryFixture(
       '<div role="combobox"><ul id="target" role="section" style="width: 12em; height: 2em; border: dotted; overflow: scroll;"><li role="option" style="height: 15rem">Option</li></ul></div>'
     );
@@ -144,18 +144,18 @@ describe('scrollable-region-focusable-matches', function() {
     assert.isTrue(actual);
   });
 
-  describe('shadowDOM - scrollable-region-focusable-matches', function() {
-    before(function() {
+  describe('shadowDOM - scrollable-region-focusable-matches', function () {
+    before(function () {
       if (!shadowSupported) {
         this.skip();
       }
     });
 
-    afterEach(function() {
+    afterEach(function () {
       axe._tree = undefined;
     });
 
-    it('returns false when shadowDOM element does not overflow', function() {
+    it('returns false when shadowDOM element does not overflow', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
 
       var root = fixture.firstChild.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ describe('scrollable-region-focusable-matches', function() {
       assert.isFalse(actual);
     });
 
-    it('returns true when shadowDOM element has overflow', function() {
+    it('returns true when shadowDOM element has overflow', function () {
       fixture.innerHTML = '<div></div>';
 
       var root = fixture.firstChild.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/skip-link-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/skip-link-matches.js
index 997fc554f..5c0106ce8 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/skip-link-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/skip-link-matches.js
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-describe('skip-link-matches', function() {
+describe('skip-link-matches', function () {
   'use strict';
 
   var rule, link;
   var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('skip-link');
     fixture.innerHTML =
       '<a href="" id="target" style="position: absolute; left: -10000px;">Click me</a><div id="main"></div>';
@@ -12,47 +12,47 @@ describe('skip-link-matches', function() {
     axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(fixture);
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
     axe._tree = undefined;
   });
 
-  it('is a function', function() {
+  it('is a function', function () {
     assert.isFunction(rule.matches);
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the links is onscreen', function() {
+  it('returns false if the links is onscreen', function () {
     link.removeAttribute('style');
     link.href = '#main';
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(link));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the href attribute does not start with #', function() {
+  it('returns false if the href attribute does not start with #', function () {
     link.href = 'foo#bar';
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(link));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the href attribute is `#`', function() {
+  it('returns false if the href attribute is `#`', function () {
     link.href = '#';
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(link));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the href attribute starts with #!', function() {
+  it('returns false if the href attribute starts with #!', function () {
     link.href = '#!foo';
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(link));
   });
 
-  it('returns false if the href attribute starts with #/', function() {
+  it('returns false if the href attribute starts with #/', function () {
     link.href = '#/foo';
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(link));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the href attribute starts with #', function() {
+  it('returns true if the href attribute starts with #', function () {
     link.href = '#main';
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(link));
   });
 
-  it('returns true if the href attribute starts with /# (angular)', function() {
+  it('returns true if the href attribute starts with /# (angular)', function () {
     link.href = '/#main';
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(link));
   });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/svg-namespace-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/svg-namespace-matches.js
index ee355202c..868efe088 100644
--- a/test/rule-matches/svg-namespace-matches.js
+++ b/test/rule-matches/svg-namespace-matches.js
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
-describe('svg-namespace-matches', function() {
+describe('svg-namespace-matches', function () {
   'use strict';
   var rule;
   var fixture;
   var axeFixtureSetup;
 
-  beforeEach(function() {
+  beforeEach(function () {
     fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
     axeFixtureSetup = axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup;
     rule = axe.utils.getRule('svg-img-alt');
   });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
+  afterEach(function () {
     fixture.innerHTML = '';
   });
 
-  it('returns true when passed an SVG element', function() {
+  it('returns true when passed an SVG element', function () {
     axeFixtureSetup('<svg><title>Pretty picture</title></svg>');
     var node = fixture.querySelector('svg');
     var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns true when passed an SVG circle element', function() {
+  it('returns true when passed an SVG circle element', function () {
     axeFixtureSetup(
       '<svg><circle><title>Pretty picture</title></circle></svg>'
     );
@@ -30,22 +30,22 @@ describe('svg-namespace-matches', function() {
     assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false when passed an HTML element', function() {
+  it('returns false when passed an HTML element', function () {
     axeFixtureSetup('<h1>Hello world</h1>');
     var node = fixture.querySelector('h1');
     var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
   });
 
-  it('returns false when passed a custom HTML element', function() {
+  it('returns false when passed a custom HTML element', function () {
     axeFixtureSetup('<xx-heading>Hello world</xx-heading>');
     var node = fixture.querySelector('xx-heading');
     var virtualNode = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(axe._tree[0], node);
     assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, virtualNode));
   });
 
-  describe('Serial Virtual Node', function() {
-    it('should return true when passed an SVG element', function() {
+  describe('Serial Virtual Node', function () {
+    it('should return true when passed an SVG element', function () {
       var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'svg'
       });
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ describe('svg-namespace-matches', function() {
       assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, serialNode));
     });
 
-    it('returns true when passed an SVG circle element', function() {
+    it('returns true when passed an SVG circle element', function () {
       var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'svg'
       });
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ describe('svg-namespace-matches', function() {
       assert.isTrue(rule.matches(null, child));
     });
 
-    it('returns false when passed an HTML element', function() {
+    it('returns false when passed an HTML element', function () {
       var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'h1',
         nodeValue: 'Hello world'
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ describe('svg-namespace-matches', function() {
       assert.isFalse(rule.matches(null, serialNode));
     });
 
-    it('should return false when passed an svg element without a parent', function() {
+    it('should return false when passed an svg element without a parent', function () {
       var serialNode = new axe.SerialVirtualNode({
         nodeName: 'circle'
       });
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/table-or-grid-role-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/table-or-grid-role-matches.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9d196ec3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/rule-matches/table-or-grid-role-matches.js
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+describe('table-or-grid-role-matches', () => {
+  const { queryFixture } = axe.testUtils;
+  const rule = axe.utils.getRule('td-headers-attr');
+
+  it(`returns true for tables without role`, () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(`<table id="target">
+        <th id="h">foo</th> <td headers="h">bar</td>
+      </table>`);
+    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
+  });
+
+  ['table', 'grid', 'treegrid'].forEach(role => {
+    it(`returns true for tables with role=${role}`, () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(`<table id="target" role="${role}">
+          <th id="h">foo</th> <td headers="h">bar</td>
+        </table>`);
+      assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
+    });
+  });
+
+  ['region', 'presentation', 'none'].forEach(role => {
+    it(`returns false for tables with role=${role}`, () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(`<table id="target" role="${role}">
+          <th id="h">foo</th> <td headers="h">bar</td>
+        </table>`);
+      assert.isFalse(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
+    });
+  });
+
+  it(`returns true for tables with an invalid role`, () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(`<table id="target" role="invalid-aria-role">
+        <th id="h">foo</th> <td headers="h">bar</td>
+      </table>`);
+    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
+  });
+
+  it(`returns true for focusable tables with role=none`, () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture(`<table id="target" role="none" tabindex="0">
+        <th id="h">foo</th> <td headers="h">bar</td>
+      </table>`);
+    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
+  });
+
+  it(`returns true for tables with role=none but with a global ARIA attribute`, () => {
+    const vNode =
+      queryFixture(`<table id="target" role="none" aria-live="assertive">
+        <th id="h">foo</th> <td headers="h">bar</td>
+      </table>`);
+    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(vNode.actualNode, vNode));
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/rule-matches/widget-not-inline-matches.js b/test/rule-matches/widget-not-inline-matches.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3521b2d9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/rule-matches/widget-not-inline-matches.js
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+describe('widget-not-inline-matches', () => {
+  let rule;
+  const { queryFixture, queryShadowFixture } = axe.testUtils;
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    rule = axe.utils.getRule('target-size');
+  });
+
+  it('returns true for native widgets', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<button id="target"></button>');
+    const node = vNode.actualNode;
+    assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for non-widget elements', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div role="banner" id="target"></div>');
+    const node = vNode.actualNode;
+    assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for non-focusable native widgets', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<button disabled id="target"></button>');
+    const node = vNode.actualNode;
+    assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, vNode));
+  });
+
+  it('returns false for non-focusable custom widgets', () => {
+    const vNode = queryFixture('<div role="button" id="target"></div>');
+    const node = vNode.actualNode;
+    assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, vNode));
+  });
+
+  describe('non-native components', () => {
+    it('returns true for a tabbable button', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div role="button" tabindex="0" id="target"></div>'
+      );
+      const node = vNode.actualNode;
+      assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('returns true for button with tabindex="-1"', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div role="button" tabindex="-1" id="target"></div>'
+      );
+      const node = vNode.actualNode;
+      assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for a non-tabbable button (widgets)', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<div role="button" id="target"></div>');
+      const node = vNode.actualNode;
+      assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('returns true for a listbox (component)', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div role="listbox" tabindex="0" id="target"></div>'
+      );
+      const node = vNode.actualNode;
+      assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('returns true for a combobox (component)', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<div role="combobox" tabindex="0" id="target"></div>'
+      );
+      const node = vNode.actualNode;
+      assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, vNode));
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('inline components', () => {
+    it('returns false for elements inline with text', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<p>Some ' + ' <a href="#" id="target">link</a>' + '</p>'
+      );
+      const node = vNode.actualNode;
+      assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('returns false for multiple inline links', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<p>' +
+          ' <a href="#" id="target">link 1</a>, ' +
+          ' <a href="#">link 2</a>, ' +
+          ' <a href="#">link 3</a>' +
+          '</p>'
+      );
+      const node = vNode.actualNode;
+      assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('returns true if the widget is the only element in its block parent', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture('<p><a href="#" id="target">link</a></p>');
+      const node = vNode.actualNode;
+      assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, vNode));
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('graphics (for which size may be essential)', () => {
+    it('returns false for area elements', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<img usemap="#imgmap" src="#" alt="img"/>' +
+          '<map name="imgmap">' +
+          '  <area id="target" shape="circle" coords="10,10,10" href="#" alt="map" />' +
+          '</map>'
+      );
+      const node = vNode.actualNode;
+      assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('returns false SVG elements', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<svg role="button" tabindex="0" id="target"></svg>'
+      );
+      const node = vNode.actualNode;
+      assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, vNode));
+    });
+
+    it('returns false descendants of SVG elements', () => {
+      const vNode = queryFixture(
+        '<svg><a href="#" id="target">' +
+          '  <text y="15">link</text></a>' +
+          '</svg>'
+      );
+      const node = vNode.actualNode;
+      assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, vNode));
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('nested widget', () => {
+    describe('that are is in the tab order', () => {
+      it('is true when the target is in the tab order', () => {
+        const vNode = queryFixture(`
+          <span role="link" tabindex="0">
+            Link text
+            <a href="#" id="target">Nested link</a>
+          </span>`);
+        const node = vNode.actualNode;
+        assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, vNode));
+      });
+
+      it('is false when the target is not in the tab order', () => {
+        const vNode = queryFixture(`
+          <span role="link" tabindex="0">
+            Link text
+            <a href="#" id="target" tabindex="-1">Nested link</a>
+          </span>`);
+        const node = vNode.actualNode;
+        assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, vNode));
+      });
+
+      describe('within a shadow DOM tree', () => {
+        it('is true when the target is in the tab order', () => {
+          const vNode = queryShadowFixture(
+            `<div role="link" tabindex="0"><span id="shadow"></span></div>`,
+            `<a href="#" id="target">Nested link</a>`
+          );
+          const node = vNode.actualNode;
+          assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, vNode));
+        });
+
+        it('is false when the target is not in the tab order', () => {
+          const vNode = queryShadowFixture(
+            `<div role="link" tabindex="0"><span id="shadow"></span></div>`,
+            `<a href="#" id="target" tabindex="-1">Nested link</a>`
+          );
+          const node = vNode.actualNode;
+          assert.isFalse(rule.matches(node, vNode));
+        });
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('that is not in the tab order', () => {
+      it('is true when the target is in the tab order', () => {
+        const vNode = queryFixture(`
+          <span role="link" tabindex="-1">
+            Link text
+            <a href="#" id="target">Nested link</a>
+          </span>`);
+        const node = vNode.actualNode;
+        assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, vNode));
+      });
+
+      it('is true when the target is not in the tab order', () => {
+        const vNode = queryFixture(`
+          <span role="link" tabindex="-1">
+            Link text
+            <a href="#" id="target" tabindex="-1">Nested link</a>
+          </span>`);
+        const node = vNode.actualNode;
+        assert.isTrue(rule.matches(node, vNode));
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/test/test-locales.js b/test/test-locales.js
index d0b030543..1a3958902 100644
--- a/test/test-locales.js
+++ b/test/test-locales.js
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ var axe = require(path.join(__dirname, '../axe'));
 
 var localeFiles = glob.sync(path.join(__dirname, '../locales/*.json'));
 
-describe('locales', function() {
-  localeFiles.forEach(function(localeFile) {
+describe('locales', function () {
+  localeFiles.forEach(function (localeFile) {
     var localeName = path.basename(localeFile);
-    it(localeName + ' should be valid', function() {
+    it(localeName + ' should be valid', function () {
       var localeData = fs.readFileSync(localeFile, 'utf-8');
       var locale = JSON.parse(localeData);
       function fn() {
diff --git a/test/test-rule-help-version.js b/test/test-rule-help-version.js
index 04c248168..5388448c1 100644
--- a/test/test-rule-help-version.js
+++ b/test/test-rule-help-version.js
@@ -8,12 +8,13 @@ var version = versions[0] + '.' + versions[1];
 
 it(
   'latest axe version (' + version + ') rule help docs should be active',
-  function(done) {
-    https.get('https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/' + version, function(
-      res
-    ) {
-      assert(res.statusCode >= 200 && res.statusCode <= 299);
-      done();
-    });
+  function (done) {
+    https.get(
+      'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/' + version,
+      function (res) {
+        assert(res.statusCode >= 200 && res.statusCode <= 299);
+        done();
+      }
+    );
   }
 );
diff --git a/test/test-virtual-rules.js b/test/test-virtual-rules.js
index b00291d56..a14d04da6 100644
--- a/test/test-virtual-rules.js
+++ b/test/test-virtual-rules.js
@@ -5,18 +5,18 @@ var axe = require('../axe');
 
 var files = glob.sync(path.join(__dirname, 'integration/virtual-rules/*.js'));
 
-before(function() {
+before(function () {
   global.axe = axe;
   global.assert = assert;
 });
 
-after(function() {
+after(function () {
   delete global.axe;
   delete global.assert;
 });
 
-describe('virtual-rule node tests', function() {
-  files.forEach(function(file) {
+describe('virtual-rule node tests', function () {
+  files.forEach(function (file) {
     // load the test file and run with global axe and assert now defined
     require(file);
   });
diff --git a/test/testutils.js b/test/testutils.js
index d049de80b..a9168b10f 100644
--- a/test/testutils.js
+++ b/test/testutils.js
@@ -1,602 +1,711 @@
-/* global axe, checks */
+/*eslint no-unused-vars: 0*/
 
-// Let the user know they need to disable their axe/attest extension before running the tests.
-if (window.__AXE_EXTENSION__) {
-  throw new Error(
-    'You must disable your axe/attest browser extension in order to run the test suite.'
-  );
-}
+// these are global to the entire test suite so need to be declared at the global
+// level (old architecture that should not be relied on in any new code)
+var checks;
+var commons;
 
-/*eslint indent: 0*/
-var testUtils = {};
+(() => {
+  // Let the user know they need to disable their axe/attest extension before running the tests.
+  if (window.__AXE_EXTENSION__) {
+    throw new Error(
+      'You must disable your axe/attest browser extension in order to run the test suite.'
+    );
+  }
 
-/*eslint no-unused-vars: 0*/
-var checks, commons;
-var originalChecks = (checks = axe._audit.checks);
-var originalAudit = axe._audit;
-var originalRules = axe._audit.rules;
-var originalCommons = (commons = axe.commons);
-
-// add fixture to the body if it's not already
-var fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
-if (!fixture) {
-  fixture = document.createElement('div');
-  fixture.setAttribute('id', 'fixture');
-  document.body.insertBefore(fixture, document.body.firstChild);
-}
-
-// determine which checks are used only in the `none` array of rules
-var noneChecks = [];
-
-function verifyIsNoneCheck(check) {
-  var index = noneChecks.indexOf(check);
-  if (index !== -1) {
-    noneChecks.splice(index, 1);
+  const testUtils = (axe.testUtils = {});
+
+  const originalChecks = (checks = axe._audit.checks);
+  const originalAudit = axe._audit;
+  const originalRules = axe._audit.rules;
+  const originalCommons = (commons = axe.commons);
+
+  // Global chai configuration
+  if (window.chai) {
+    window.chai.config.truncateThreshold = 0;
   }
-}
 
-axe._audit.rules.forEach(function(rule) {
-  rule.none.forEach(function(check) {
-    check = check.id || check;
-    if (noneChecks.indexOf(check) === -1) {
-      noneChecks.push(check);
-    }
-  });
-});
-
-axe._audit.rules.forEach(function(rule) {
-  rule.any.forEach(verifyIsNoneCheck);
-  rule.all.forEach(verifyIsNoneCheck);
-});
-
-/**
- * Create a check context for mocking/resetting data and relatedNodes in tests
- *
- * @return Object
- */
-testUtils.MockCheckContext = function() {
-  'use strict';
-  return {
-    _relatedNodes: [],
-    _data: null,
-    // When using this.async() in a check, assign a function to _onAsync
-    // to catch the response.
-    _onAsync: null,
-    async: function() {
-      var self = this;
-      return function(result) {
-        // throws if _onAsync isn't set
-        self._onAsync(result, self);
-      };
-    },
-    data: function(d) {
-      this._data = d;
-    },
-    relatedNodes: function(nodes) {
-      this._relatedNodes = Array.isArray(nodes) ? nodes : [nodes];
-    },
-    reset: function() {
-      this._data = null;
-      this._relatedNodes = [];
-      this._onAsync = null;
+  // add fixture to the body if it's not already
+  let fixture = document.getElementById('fixture');
+  if (!fixture) {
+    fixture = document.createElement('div');
+    fixture.setAttribute('id', 'fixture');
+    document.body.insertBefore(fixture, document.body.firstChild);
+  }
+
+  // determine which checks are used only in the `none` array of rules
+  const noneChecks = [];
+
+  function verifyIsNoneCheck(check) {
+    const index = noneChecks.indexOf(check);
+    if (index !== -1) {
+      noneChecks.splice(index, 1);
     }
-  };
-};
-
-/**
- * Provide an API for determining Shadow DOM v0 and v1 support in tests.
- *
- * @param HTMLDocumentElement		The document of the current context
- * @return Object
- */
-testUtils.shadowSupport = (function(document) {
-  'use strict';
-  var v0 =
-      document.body && typeof document.body.createShadowRoot === 'function',
-    v1 = document.body && typeof document.body.attachShadow === 'function';
-
-  return {
-    v0: v0 === true,
-    v1: v1 === true,
-    undefined:
-      document.body &&
-      typeof document.body.attachShadow === 'undefined' &&
-      typeof document.body.createShadowRoot === 'undefined'
-  };
-})(document);
-
-/**
- * Return the fixture element
- * @return HTMLElement
- */
-testUtils.getFixture = function() {
-  'use strict';
-  return fixture;
-};
-
-/**
- * Method for injecting content into a fixture
- * @param {String|Node} content Stuff to go into the fixture (html or DOM node)
- * @return HTMLElement
- */
-testUtils.injectIntoFixture = function(content) {
-  'use strict';
-  if (typeof content !== 'undefined') {
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
   }
 
-  if (typeof content === 'string') {
-    fixture.innerHTML = content;
-  } else if (content instanceof Node) {
-    fixture.appendChild(content);
-  } else if (Array.isArray(content)) {
-    content.forEach(function(node) {
-      fixture.appendChild(node);
+  axe._audit.rules.forEach(function (rule) {
+    rule.none.forEach(function (check) {
+      check = check.id || check;
+      if (noneChecks.indexOf(check) === -1) {
+        noneChecks.push(check);
+      }
     });
-  }
+  });
 
-  return fixture;
-};
-
-/**
- * Method for injecting content into a fixture and caching
- * the flattened DOM tree (light and Shadow DOM together)
- *
- * @param {String|Node} content Stuff to go into the fixture (html or DOM node)
- * @return HTMLElement
- */
-testUtils.fixtureSetup = function(content) {
-  'use strict';
-  testUtils.injectIntoFixture(content);
-  axe.teardown();
-  return axe.setup(fixture);
-};
-
-/**
- * Create check arguments
- *
- * @param Node|String 	Stuff to go into the fixture (html or node)
- * @param Object				Options argument for the check (optional, default: {})
- * @param String				Target for the check, CSS selector (default: '#target')
- * @return Array
- */
-testUtils.checkSetup = function(content, options, target) {
-  'use strict';
-  // Normalize the params
-  if (typeof options !== 'object') {
-    target = options;
-    options = {};
-  }
-  // Normalize target, allow it to be the inserted node or '#target'
-  target = target || (content instanceof Node ? content : '#target');
-  var rootNode = testUtils.fixtureSetup(content);
-
-  var node;
-  if (typeof target === 'string') {
-    node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(rootNode, target)[0];
-  } else if (target instanceof Node) {
-    node = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target);
-  } else {
-    node = target;
-  }
-  return [node.actualNode, options, node];
-};
-
-/**
- * Create check arguments with Shadow DOM. Target can be inside or outside of Shadow DOM, queried by
- * adding `id="target"` to a fragment. Or specify a custom selector as the `targetSelector` argument.
- *
- * @param Node|String 	Stuff to go into the fixture (html string or DOM Node)
- * @param Node|String 	Stuff to go into the shadow boundary (html or node)
- * @param Object				Options argument for the check (optional, default: {})
- * @param String				Target selector for the check, can be inside or outside of Shadow DOM (optional, default: '#target')
- * @return Array
- */
-testUtils.shadowCheckSetup = function(
-  content,
-  shadowContent,
-  options,
-  targetSelector
-) {
-  'use strict';
-
-  // Normalize target, allow it to be the provided string or use '#target' to query composed tree
-  if (typeof targetSelector !== 'string') {
-    targetSelector = '#target';
-  }
+  axe._audit.rules.forEach(function (rule) {
+    rule.any.forEach(verifyIsNoneCheck);
+    rule.all.forEach(verifyIsNoneCheck);
+  });
 
-  // Normalize the object params
-  if (typeof options !== 'object') {
-    options = {};
-  }
+  /**
+   * Create a check context for mocking/resetting data and relatedNodes in tests
+   *
+   * @return Object
+   */
+  testUtils.MockCheckContext = function () {
+    'use strict';
+    return {
+      _relatedNodes: [],
+      _data: null,
+      // When using this.async() in a check, assign a function to _onAsync
+      // to catch the response.
+      _onAsync: null,
+      async: function () {
+        const self = this;
+        return function (result) {
+          // throws if _onAsync isn't set
+          self._onAsync(result, self);
+        };
+      },
+      data: function (d) {
+        this._data = d;
+      },
+      relatedNodes: function (nodes) {
+        this._relatedNodes = Array.isArray(nodes) ? nodes : [nodes];
+      },
+      reset: function () {
+        this._data = null;
+        this._relatedNodes = [];
+        this._onAsync = null;
+      }
+    };
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Provide an API for determining Shadow DOM v0 and v1 support in tests.
+   *
+   * @param HTMLDocumentElement		The document of the current context
+   * @return Object
+   */
+  testUtils.shadowSupport = (function (document) {
+    'use strict';
+    const v0 =
+        document.body && typeof document.body.createShadowRoot === 'function',
+      v1 = document.body && typeof document.body.attachShadow === 'function';
+
+    return {
+      v0: v0 === true,
+      v1: v1 === true,
+      undefined:
+        document.body &&
+        typeof document.body.attachShadow === 'undefined' &&
+        typeof document.body.createShadowRoot === 'undefined'
+    };
+  })(document);
+
+  /**
+   * Return the fixture element
+   * @return HTMLElement
+   */
+  testUtils.getFixture = function () {
+    'use strict';
+    return fixture;
+  };
 
-  var fixture = testUtils.injectIntoFixture(content);
-  var targetCandidate = fixture.querySelector(targetSelector);
-  var container = targetCandidate;
-  if (!targetCandidate) {
-    // check if content specifies a shadow container
-    container = fixture.querySelector('#shadow');
-    if (!container) {
-      container = fixture.firstChild;
+  /**
+   * Method for injecting content into a fixture
+   * @param {String|Node} content Stuff to go into the fixture (html or DOM node)
+   * @return HTMLElement
+   */
+  testUtils.injectIntoFixture = function (content) {
+    'use strict';
+    if (typeof content !== 'undefined') {
+      fixture.innerHTML = '';
     }
-  }
-  // attach a shadowRoot with the content provided
-  var shadowRoot = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
-  if (typeof shadowContent === 'string') {
-    shadowRoot.innerHTML = shadowContent;
-  } else if (content instanceof Node) {
-    shadowRoot.appendChild(shadowContent);
-  }
 
-  if (!targetCandidate) {
-    targetCandidate = shadowRoot.querySelector(targetSelector);
-  }
-  if (!targetSelector && !targetCandidate) {
-    throw 'shadowCheckSetup requires at least one fragment to have #target, or a provided targetSelector';
-  }
+    if (typeof content === 'string') {
+      fixture.innerHTML = content;
+    } else if (content instanceof Node) {
+      fixture.appendChild(content);
+    } else if (Array.isArray(content)) {
+      content.forEach(function (node) {
+        fixture.appendChild(node);
+      });
+    }
 
-  // query the composed tree AFTER shadowDOM has been attached
-  axe.setup(fixture);
-  var node = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(targetCandidate);
-  return [node.actualNode, options, node];
-};
-
-/**
- * Setup axe._tree flat tree
- * @param Node   Stuff to go in the flat tree
- * @returns vNode[]
- */
-testUtils.flatTreeSetup = function(content) {
-  axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(content);
-  return axe._tree;
-};
-
-/**
- * Wait for all nested frames to be loaded
- *
- * @param Object				Window to wait for (optional)
- * @param function			Callback, called once resolved
- */
-testUtils.awaitNestedLoad = function awaitNestedLoad(win, cb) {
-  'use strict';
-  if (typeof win === 'function') {
-    cb = win;
-    win = window;
-  }
-  var document = win.document;
-  var q = axe.utils.queue();
+    return fixture;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Method for injecting content into a fixture and caching
+   * the flattened DOM tree (light and Shadow DOM together)
+   *
+   * @param {String|Node} content Stuff to go into the fixture (html or DOM node)
+   * @return HTMLElement
+   */
+  testUtils.fixtureSetup = function (content) {
+    'use strict';
+    testUtils.injectIntoFixture(content);
+    axe.teardown();
+    return axe.setup(fixture);
+  };
 
-  // Wait for page load
-  q.defer(function(resolve) {
-    if (document.readyState === 'complete') {
-      resolve();
+  /**
+   * Create check arguments
+   *
+   * @param Node|String 	Stuff to go into the fixture (html or node)
+   * @param Object				Options argument for the check (optional, default: {})
+   * @param String				Target for the check, CSS selector (default: '#target')
+   * @return Array
+   */
+  testUtils.checkSetup = function (content, options, target) {
+    'use strict';
+    // Normalize the params
+    if (typeof options !== 'object') {
+      target = options;
+      options = {};
+    }
+    // Normalize target, allow it to be the inserted node or '#target'
+    target = target || (content instanceof Node ? content : '#target');
+    const rootNode = testUtils.fixtureSetup(content);
+
+    let node;
+    if (typeof target === 'string') {
+      node = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(rootNode, target)[0];
+    } else if (target instanceof Node) {
+      node = axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(target);
     } else {
-      win.addEventListener('load', resolve);
+      node = target;
     }
-  });
+    return [node.actualNode, options, node];
+  };
 
-  // Wait for all frames to be loaded
-  Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('iframe')).forEach(function(frame) {
-    q.defer(function(resolve) {
-      return awaitNestedLoad(frame.contentWindow, resolve);
-    });
-  });
+  /**
+   * Create a shadow DOM tree on #shadow and setup axe for it, returning #target
+   *
+   * @param Node|String 	Stuff to go into the fixture (html string or DOM Node)
+   * @param Node|String 	Stuff to go into the shadow boundary (html or node)
+   * @param String				Target selector for the check, can be inside or outside of Shadow DOM (optional, default: '#target')
+   * @return VirtualNode
+   */
+  testUtils.queryShadowFixture = function (
+    content,
+    shadowContent,
+    targetSelector
+  ) {
+    'use strict';
+
+    // Normalize target, allow it to be the provided string or use '#target' to query composed tree
+    if (typeof targetSelector !== 'string') {
+      targetSelector = '#target';
+    }
 
-  // Complete (don't pass the args on to the callback)
-  q.then(function() {
-    cb();
-  });
-};
-
-/**
- * Add a given stylesheet dynamically to the document
- *
- * @param {Object} data composite object containing properties to create stylesheet
- * @property {String} data.href relative or absolute url for stylesheet to be loaded
- * @property {Boolean} data.mediaPrint boolean to represent if the constructed sheet is for print media
- * @property {String} data.text text contents to be written to the stylesheet
- * @property {String} data.id id reference to link or style to be added to document
- * @param {Object} rootNode document/fragment to which to append style
- * @returns {Object} axe.utils.queue
- */
-testUtils.addStyleSheet = function addStyleSheet(data, rootNode) {
-  var doc = rootNode ? rootNode : document;
-  var q = axe.utils.queue();
-  if (data.href) {
-    q.defer(function(resolve, reject) {
-      var link = doc.createElement('link');
-      link.rel = 'stylesheet';
-      link.href = data.href;
-      if (data.id) {
-        link.id = data.id;
+    const fixtureNode = testUtils.injectIntoFixture(content);
+    let targetCandidate = fixtureNode.querySelector(targetSelector);
+    let container = targetCandidate;
+    if (!targetCandidate) {
+      // check if content specifies a shadow container
+      container = fixtureNode.querySelector('#shadow');
+      if (!container) {
+        container = fixtureNode.firstChild;
       }
-      if (data.mediaPrint) {
-        link.media = 'print';
+    }
+    // attach a shadowRoot with the content provided
+    const shadowRoot = container.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
+    if (typeof shadowContent === 'string') {
+      shadowRoot.innerHTML = shadowContent;
+    } else if (content instanceof Node) {
+      shadowRoot.appendChild(shadowContent);
+    }
+
+    if (!targetCandidate) {
+      targetCandidate = shadowRoot.querySelector(targetSelector);
+    }
+    if (!targetSelector && !targetCandidate) {
+      throw 'shadowCheckSetup requires at least one fragment to have #target, or a provided targetSelector';
+    }
+
+    // query the composed tree AFTER shadowDOM has been attached
+    axe.setup(fixtureNode);
+    return axe.utils.getNodeFromTree(targetCandidate);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Create check arguments with Shadow DOM. Target can be inside or outside of Shadow DOM, queried by
+   * adding `id="target"` to a fragment. Or specify a custom selector as the `targetSelector` argument.
+   *
+   * @param Node|String 	Stuff to go into the fixture (html string or DOM Node)
+   * @param Node|String 	Stuff to go into the shadow boundary (html or node)
+   * @param Object				Options argument for the check (optional, default: {})
+   * @param String				Target selector for the check, can be inside or outside of Shadow DOM (optional, default: '#target')
+   * @return Array
+   */
+  testUtils.shadowCheckSetup = function (
+    content,
+    shadowContent,
+    options,
+    targetSelector
+  ) {
+    // Normalize the object params
+    if (typeof options !== 'object') {
+      options = {};
+    }
+    const node = testUtils.queryShadowFixture(
+      content,
+      shadowContent,
+      targetSelector
+    );
+    return [node.actualNode, options, node];
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Setup axe._tree flat tree
+   * @param Node   Stuff to go in the flat tree
+   * @returns vNode[]
+   */
+  testUtils.flatTreeSetup = function (content) {
+    axe._tree = axe.utils.getFlattenedTree(content);
+    return axe._tree;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Wait for all nested frames to be loaded
+   *
+   * @param Object				Window to wait for (optional)
+   * @param function			Callback, called once resolved
+   * @param function      Callback, called once rejected
+   */
+  testUtils.awaitNestedLoad = function awaitNestedLoad(win, cb, errCb) {
+    'use strict';
+    if (typeof win === 'function') {
+      errCb = cb;
+      cb = win;
+      win = window;
+    }
+    const document = win.document;
+    const q = axe.utils.queue();
+
+    // Wait for page load
+    q.defer(function (resolve) {
+      if (document.readyState === 'complete') {
+        resolve();
+      } else {
+        win.addEventListener('load', resolve);
       }
-      link.onload = function() {
-        setTimeout(function() {
+    });
+
+    // Wait for all frames to be loaded
+    Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('iframe')).forEach(function (frame) {
+      q.defer(function (resolve) {
+        return awaitNestedLoad(frame.contentWindow, resolve);
+      });
+    });
+
+    // Complete (don't pass the args on to the callback)
+    q.then(function () {
+      cb();
+    });
+
+    if (errCb) {
+      q.catch(errCb);
+    }
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Add a given stylesheet dynamically to the document
+   *
+   * @param {Object} data composite object containing properties to create stylesheet
+   * @property {String} data.href relative or absolute url for stylesheet to be loaded
+   * @property {Boolean} data.mediaPrint boolean to represent if the constructed sheet is for print media
+   * @property {String} data.text text contents to be written to the stylesheet
+   * @property {String} data.id id reference to link or style to be added to document
+   * @param {Object} rootNode document/fragment to which to append style
+   * @returns {Object} axe.utils.queue
+   */
+  testUtils.addStyleSheet = function addStyleSheet(data, rootNode) {
+    const doc = rootNode ? rootNode : document;
+    const q = axe.utils.queue();
+    if (data.href) {
+      q.defer(function (resolve, reject) {
+        const link = doc.createElement('link');
+        link.rel = 'stylesheet';
+        link.href = data.href;
+        if (data.id) {
+          link.id = data.id;
+        }
+        if (data.mediaPrint) {
+          link.media = 'print';
+        }
+        link.onload = function () {
+          setTimeout(function () {
+            resolve();
+          });
+        };
+        link.onerror = function () {
+          reject();
+        };
+        doc.head.appendChild(link);
+      });
+    } else {
+      q.defer(function (resolve) {
+        const style = doc.createElement('style');
+        if (data.id) {
+          style.id = data.id;
+        }
+        style.type = 'text/css';
+        style.appendChild(doc.createTextNode(data.text));
+        doc.head.appendChild(style);
+        setTimeout(function () {
           resolve();
-        });
-      };
-      link.onerror = function() {
-        reject();
-      };
-      doc.head.appendChild(link);
+        }, 100); // -> note: gives firefox to load (document.stylesheets), other browsers are fine.
+      });
+    }
+    return q;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Add a list of stylesheets
+   *
+   * @param {Object} sheets array of sheets data object
+   * @returns {Object} axe.utils.queue
+   */
+  testUtils.addStyleSheets = function addStyleSheets(sheets, rootNode) {
+    const q = axe.utils.queue();
+    sheets.forEach(function (data) {
+      q.defer(axe.testUtils.addStyleSheet(data, rootNode));
     });
-  } else {
-    q.defer(function(resolve) {
-      var style = doc.createElement('style');
-      if (data.id) {
-        style.id = data.id;
-      }
-      style.type = 'text/css';
-      style.appendChild(doc.createTextNode(data.text));
-      doc.head.appendChild(style);
-      setTimeout(function() {
+    return q;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Remove a list of stylesheets from the document
+   * @param {Array<Object>} sheets array of sheets data object
+   * @returns {Object} axe.utils.queue
+   */
+  testUtils.removeStyleSheets = function removeStyleSheets(sheets) {
+    const q = axe.utils.queue();
+    sheets.forEach(function (data) {
+      q.defer(function (resolve, reject) {
+        const node = document.getElementById(data.id);
+        if (!node || !node.parentNode) {
+          reject();
+        }
+        node.parentNode.removeChild(node);
         resolve();
-      }, 100); // -> note: gives firefox to load (document.stylesheets), other browsers are fine.
-    });
-  }
-  return q;
-};
-
-/**
- * Add a list of stylesheets
- *
- * @param {Object} sheets array of sheets data object
- * @returns {Object} axe.utils.queue
- */
-testUtils.addStyleSheets = function addStyleSheets(sheets, rootNode) {
-  var q = axe.utils.queue();
-  sheets.forEach(function(data) {
-    q.defer(axe.testUtils.addStyleSheet(data, rootNode));
-  });
-  return q;
-};
-
-/**
- * Remove a list of stylesheets from the document
- * @param {Array<Object>} sheets array of sheets data object
- * @returns {Object} axe.utils.queue
- */
-testUtils.removeStyleSheets = function removeStyleSheets(sheets) {
-  var q = axe.utils.queue();
-  sheets.forEach(function(data) {
-    q.defer(function(resolve, reject) {
-      var node = document.getElementById(data.id);
-      if (!node || !node.parentNode) {
-        reject();
-      }
-      node.parentNode.removeChild(node);
-      resolve();
+      });
     });
-  });
-  return q;
-};
-
-/**
- * Assert a given stylesheet against selectorText and cssText
- *
- * @param {Object} sheet CSS Stylesheet
- * @param {String} selectorText CSS Selector
- * @param {String} cssText CSS Values
- * @param {Boolean} includes (Optional) flag to check if existence of selectorText within cssText
- */
-testUtils.assertStylesheet = function assertStylesheet(
-  sheet,
-  selectorText,
-  cssText,
-  includes
-) {
-  assert.isDefined(sheet);
-  assert.property(sheet, 'cssRules');
-  if (includes) {
-    assert.isTrue(cssText.includes(selectorText));
-  } else {
-    assert.equal(sheet.cssRules[0].selectorText, selectorText);
-
-    // compare the selector properties
-    var styleEl = document.createElement('style');
-    styleEl.type = 'text/css';
-    styleEl.innerHTML = cssText;
-    document.body.appendChild(styleEl);
-
-    var testSheet = document.styleSheets[document.styleSheets.length - 1];
-    var sheetRule = sheet.cssRules[0];
-    var testRule = testSheet.cssRules[0];
-
-    try {
-      for (var i = 0; i < testRule.style.length; i++) {
-        var property = testRule.style[i];
-        assert.equal(sheetRule.style[property], testRule.style[property]);
+    return q;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Assert a given stylesheet against selectorText and cssText
+   *
+   * @param {Object} sheet CSS Stylesheet
+   * @param {String} selectorText CSS Selector
+   * @param {String} cssText CSS Values
+   * @param {Boolean} includes (Optional) flag to check if existence of selectorText within cssText
+   */
+  testUtils.assertStylesheet = function assertStylesheet(
+    sheet,
+    selectorText,
+    cssText,
+    includes
+  ) {
+    assert.isDefined(sheet);
+    assert.property(sheet, 'cssRules');
+    if (includes) {
+      assert.isTrue(cssText.includes(selectorText));
+    } else {
+      assert.equal(sheet.cssRules[0].selectorText, selectorText);
+
+      // compare the selector properties
+      const styleEl = document.createElement('style');
+      styleEl.type = 'text/css';
+      styleEl.innerHTML = cssText;
+      document.body.appendChild(styleEl);
+
+      const testSheet = document.styleSheets[document.styleSheets.length - 1];
+      const sheetRule = sheet.cssRules[0];
+      const testRule = testSheet.cssRules[0];
+
+      try {
+        for (let i = 0; i < testRule.style.length; i++) {
+          const property = testRule.style[i];
+          assert.equal(sheetRule.style[property], testRule.style[property]);
+        }
+      } finally {
+        styleEl.parentNode.removeChild(styleEl);
       }
-    } finally {
-      styleEl.parentNode.removeChild(styleEl);
     }
-  }
-};
-
-/*
- * Injecting content into a fixture and return queried element within fixture
- *
- * @param {String|Node} content to go into the fixture (html or DOM node)
- * @return HTMLElement
- */
-testUtils.queryFixture = function queryFixture(html, query) {
-  var rootNode = testUtils.fixtureSetup(html);
-  return axe.utils.querySelectorAll(rootNode, query || '#target')[0];
-};
-
-/**
- * Return the checks evaluate method and apply default options
- * @param {String} checkId - ID of the check
- * @return Function
- */
-testUtils.getCheckEvaluate = function getCheckEvaluate(checkId, testOptions) {
-  var check = checks[checkId];
-  testOptions = testOptions || {};
-
-  return function evaluateWrapper(node, options, virtualNode, context) {
-    var opts = check.getOptions(options);
-    var result = check.evaluate.call(this, node, opts, virtualNode, context);
-
-    // ensure that every result has a corresponding message
-    if (testOptions.verifyMessage !== false) {
-      var messages = axe._audit.data.checks[checkId].messages;
-      var messageKey = this._data && this._data.messageKey;
-
-      // see how the check is used to know where to find the message
-      // e.g. a check used only in the `none` array of a rule will look at
-      // the messageKey of a passing result in the `fail` messages
-      var keyResult = result;
-      var isNoneCheck = noneChecks.indexOf(checkId) !== -1;
-      if (isNoneCheck) {
-        keyResult = result === true ? false : result === false ? true : result;
-      }
+  };
 
-      var key =
-        keyResult === true
-          ? 'pass'
-          : keyResult === false
-          ? 'fail'
-          : 'incomplete';
-      var noneCheckMessage = isNoneCheck
-        ? '. Note that since this check is only used in the "none" array of all rules, the messages use the inverse of the result (e.g. a result of false uses the "pass" messages)'
-        : '';
-
-      assert.exists(
-        messages[key],
-        'Missing "' +
-          key +
-          '" message for check result of ' +
-          result +
-          noneCheckMessage
+  /**
+   * Injecting content into a fixture and return queried element within fixture
+   *
+   * @param {String|Node} html - content to go into the fixture (html or DOM node)
+   * @param {String} [query=#target] - the CSS selector query to find target DOM node
+   * @return {VirtualNode}
+   */
+  testUtils.queryFixture = function queryFixture(html, query) {
+    query = query || '#target';
+    const rootNode = testUtils.fixtureSetup(html);
+    const vNode = axe.utils.querySelectorAll(rootNode, query)[0];
+    assert.exists(
+      vNode,
+      'Node does not exist in query `' +
+        query +
+        '`. This is usually fixed by adding the default target (`id="target"`) to your html parameter. If you do not intend on querying the fixture for #target, consider using `axe.testUtils.fixtureSetup()` instead.'
+    );
+    return vNode;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Return the checks evaluate method and apply default options
+   * @param {string} checkId - ID of the check
+   * @param {} testOptions - Options for the test
+   * @returns {evaluateWrapper} evaluateWrapper - Check evaluation wrapper
+   */
+  testUtils.getCheckEvaluate = function getCheckEvaluate(checkId, testOptions) {
+    const check = checks[checkId];
+    testOptions = testOptions || {};
+
+    /**
+     * Wraps a check for evaluation using .call()
+     * @param {HTMLElement} node
+     * @param {*} options
+     * @param {VirtualNode} virtualNode
+     * @param {Context} context
+     */
+    const evaluateWrapper = function (node, options, virtualNode, context) {
+      const opts = check.getOptions(options);
+
+      const result = check.evaluate.call(
+        this,
+        node,
+        opts,
+        virtualNode,
+        context
       );
-      if (messageKey) {
+
+      // ensure that every result has a corresponding message
+      if (testOptions.verifyMessage !== false) {
+        const messages = axe._audit.data.checks[checkId].messages;
+        const messageKey = this._data && this._data.messageKey;
+
+        // see how the check is used to know where to find the message
+        // e.g. a check used only in the `none` array of a rule will look at
+        // the messageKey of a passing result in the `fail` messages
+        let keyResult = result;
+        const isNoneCheck = noneChecks.indexOf(checkId) !== -1;
+        if (isNoneCheck) {
+          keyResult =
+            result === true ? false : result === false ? true : result;
+        }
+
+        const key =
+          keyResult === true
+            ? 'pass'
+            : keyResult === false
+              ? 'fail'
+              : 'incomplete';
+        const noneCheckMessage = isNoneCheck
+          ? '. Note that since this check is only used in the "none" array of all rules, the messages use the inverse of the result (e.g. a result of false uses the "pass" messages)'
+          : '';
+
         assert.exists(
-          messages[key][messageKey],
-          'Missing ' +
+          messages[key],
+          'Missing "' +
             key +
-            ' message key "' +
-            messageKey +
-            '" for check result of ' +
+            '" message for check result of ' +
             result +
             noneCheckMessage
         );
+        if (messageKey) {
+          assert.exists(
+            messages[key][messageKey],
+            'Missing ' +
+              key +
+              ' message key "' +
+              messageKey +
+              '" for check result of ' +
+              result +
+              noneCheckMessage
+          );
+
+          const message = axe.utils.processMessage(
+            messages[key][messageKey],
+            this._data
+          );
+          assert.isTrue(
+            message.indexOf('${') === -1,
+            'Data object missing properties for ' +
+              key +
+              ' message key "' +
+              messageKey +
+              '": "' +
+              message +
+              '"'
+          );
+        } else {
+          const message = axe.utils.processMessage(messages[key], this._data);
+          assert.isTrue(
+            message.indexOf('${') === -1,
+            'Data object missing properties for ' +
+              key +
+              ' message: "' +
+              message +
+              '"'
+          );
+        }
+      }
 
-        var message = axe.utils.processMessage(
-          messages[key][messageKey],
-          this._data
-        );
-        assert.isTrue(
-          message.indexOf('${') === -1,
-          'Data object missing properties for ' +
-            key +
-            ' message key "' +
-            messageKey +
-            '": "' +
-            message +
-            '"'
-        );
-      } else {
-        var message = axe.utils.processMessage(messages[key], this._data);
-        assert.isTrue(
-          message.indexOf('${') === -1,
-          'Data object missing properties for ' +
-            key +
-            ' message: "' +
-            message +
-            '"'
-        );
+      return result;
+    };
+    return evaluateWrapper;
+  };
+
+  if (typeof beforeEach !== 'undefined' && typeof afterEach !== 'undefined') {
+    // prevent setting read-only properties
+    // @see https://github.com/dequelabs/axe-core/issues/3837
+    const readonlyRect = new DOMRectReadOnly();
+    const proto = Object.getPrototypeOf(readonlyRect);
+    ['left', 'right', 'top', 'bottom'].forEach(prop => {
+      Object.defineProperty(proto, prop, {
+        set(value) {
+          throw new TypeError(`setting getter-only property "${prop}"`);
+        }
+      });
+    });
+
+    beforeEach(function () {
+      // reset from axe._load overriding
+      checks = originalChecks;
+      axe._audit = originalAudit;
+      axe._audit.rules = originalRules;
+      commons = axe.commons = originalCommons;
+    });
+
+    afterEach(function () {
+      axe.teardown();
+      fixture.innerHTML = '';
+
+      // remove all attributes from fixture (otherwise a leftover
+      // style attribute would cause avoid-inline-spacing integration
+      // test to fail with [#fixture] being included in the results)
+      const attrs = fixture.attributes;
+      for (let i = 0; i < attrs.length; i++) {
+        const attrName = attrs[i].name;
+        if (attrName !== 'id') {
+          fixture.removeAttribute(attrs[i].name);
+        }
       }
-    }
 
-    return result;
+      // reset html and body styles
+      document.body.removeAttribute('style');
+      document.documentElement.removeAttribute('style');
+    });
+  }
+
+  testUtils.captureError = function captureError(cb, errorHandler) {
+    return function () {
+      try {
+        cb.apply(null, arguments);
+      } catch (e) {
+        errorHandler(e);
+      }
+    };
   };
-};
-
-/**
- * Test function for detecting IE11 user agent string
- *
- * @param {Object} navigator The navigator object of the current browser
- * @return {boolean}
- */
-testUtils.isIE11 = (function isIE11(navigator) {
-  return navigator.userAgent.indexOf('Trident/7') !== -1;
-})(navigator);
-
-axe.testUtils = testUtils;
-
-if (typeof beforeEach !== 'undefined' && typeof afterEach !== 'undefined') {
-  beforeEach(function() {
-    // reset from axe._load overriding
-    checks = originalChecks;
-    axe._audit = originalAudit;
-    axe._audit.rules = originalRules;
-    commons = axe.commons = originalCommons;
-  });
 
-  afterEach(function() {
-    axe.teardown();
-    fixture.innerHTML = '';
-
-    // remove all attributes from fixture (otherwise a leftover
-    // style attribute would cause avoid-inline-spacing integration
-    // test to fail with [#fixture] being included in the results)
-    var attrs = fixture.attributes;
-    for (var i = 0; i < attrs.length; i++) {
-      var attrName = attrs[i].name;
-      if (attrName !== 'id') {
-        fixture.removeAttribute(attrs[i].name);
+  testUtils.runPartialRecursive = function runPartialRecursive(
+    context,
+    options,
+    win
+  ) {
+    options = options || {};
+    win = win || window;
+    const axe = win.axe;
+    const frameContexts = axe.utils.getFrameContexts(context);
+    let promiseResults = [axe.runPartial(context, options)];
+
+    frameContexts.forEach(function (c) {
+      const frame = testUtils.shadowQuerySelector(
+        c.frameSelector,
+        win.document
+      );
+      const frameWin = frame.contentWindow;
+      const frameResults = testUtils.runPartialRecursive(
+        c.frameContext,
+        options,
+        frameWin
+      );
+      promiseResults = promiseResults.concat(frameResults);
+    });
+    return promiseResults;
+  };
+
+  testUtils.shadowQuerySelector = function shadowQuerySelector(
+    axeSelector,
+    doc
+  ) {
+    let elm;
+    doc = doc || document;
+    axeSelector = Array.isArray(axeSelector) ? axeSelector : [axeSelector];
+    axeSelector.forEach(function (selectorStr) {
+      elm = doc && doc.querySelector(selectorStr);
+      doc = elm && elm.shadowRoot;
+    });
+    return elm;
+  };
+
+  testUtils.createNestedShadowDom = function createFixtureShadowTree(
+    fixtureNode,
+    ...htmlCodes
+  ) {
+    if (htmlCodes.length <= 1) {
+      throw new Error(
+        'createNestedShadowDom must contain at least two HTML snippets'
+      );
+    }
+    let htmlCode;
+    while ((htmlCode = htmlCodes.shift())) {
+      appendHtml(fixtureNode, htmlCode);
+      if (htmlCodes.length) {
+        const query = fixtureNode.querySelectorAll('#shadowHost, .shadowHost');
+        fixtureNode = query[query.length - 1];
+        fixtureNode = fixtureNode.attachShadow({ mode: 'open' });
       }
     }
+    return fixtureNode.querySelector('#target');
+  };
 
-    // reset body styles
-    document.body.removeAttribute('style');
-  });
-}
-
-testUtils.captureError = function captureError(cb, errorHandler) {
-  return function() {
-    try {
-      cb.apply(null, arguments);
-    } catch (e) {
-      errorHandler(e);
-    }
+  /**
+   * Enables test code like html` <img /> ` to get code highlighting
+   * @param {array} strings
+   * @param  {...any} values
+   * @returns {string}
+   */
+  testUtils.html = (strings, ...values) => {
+    return strings.reduce((total, string, i) => {
+      return total + string + (values[i] ?? '');
+    }, '');
   };
-};
-
-testUtils.runPartialRecursive = function runPartialRecursive(
-  context,
-  options,
-  win
-) {
-  options = options || {};
-  win = win || window;
-  var axe = win.axe;
-  var frameContexts = axe.utils.getFrameContexts(context);
-  var promiseResults = [axe.runPartial(context, options)];
-
-  frameContexts.forEach(function(c) {
-    var frame = testUtils.shadowQuerySelector(c.frameSelector, win.document);
-    var frameWin = frame.contentWindow;
-    var frameResults = testUtils.runPartialRecursive(
-      c.frameContext,
-      options,
-      frameWin
-    );
-    promiseResults = promiseResults.concat(frameResults);
-  });
-  return promiseResults;
-};
-
-testUtils.shadowQuerySelector = function shadowQuerySelector(axeSelector, doc) {
-  var elm;
-  doc = doc || document;
-  axeSelector = Array.isArray(axeSelector) ? axeSelector : [axeSelector];
-  axeSelector.forEach(function(selectorStr) {
-    elm = doc && doc.querySelector(selectorStr);
-    doc = elm && elm.shadowRoot;
-  });
-  return elm;
-};
+
+  function appendHtml(fixtureNode, htmlCode) {
+    const tmp = document.createElement('div');
+    tmp.innerHTML = htmlCode;
+    // Append to avoid clobbering other shadow trees with innerHTML
+    for (let child of tmp.children) {
+      fixtureNode.appendChild(child.cloneNode(true));
+    }
+  }
+})();
diff --git a/typings/axe-core/axe-core-tests.ts b/typings/axe-core/axe-core-tests.ts
index 32f3e67a7..5d421307a 100644
--- a/typings/axe-core/axe-core-tests.ts
+++ b/typings/axe-core/axe-core-tests.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,13 @@ import * as axe from '../../axe';
 
 var context: any = document;
 var $fixture = [document];
-var options = { iframes: false, selectors: false, elementRef: false };
+var options: axe.RunOptions = {
+  iframes: false,
+  selectors: false,
+  elementRef: false
+};
+options.reporter = 'rawEnv';
+options.reporter = 'custom';
 
 axe.run(context, {}, (error: Error, results: axe.AxeResults) => {
   if (error) {
@@ -14,7 +20,7 @@ axe.run(context, {}, (error: Error, results: axe.AxeResults) => {
   console.log(results.violations.length);
   console.log(results.violations[0].nodes[0].failureSummary);
 });
-axe.run().then(function(done: any) {
+axe.run().then(function (done: any) {
   done();
 });
 // additional configuration options
@@ -29,6 +35,60 @@ axe.run(
     console.log(error || results);
   }
 );
+export async function runAsync() {
+  await axe.run('main'); // Single selector
+  await axe.run(['main']); // Array of one selector
+  await axe.run([['main']]); // Selecting in the outer frame
+  // @ts-expect-error // Shadow DOM selectors must be at least 2 items long
+  await axe.run([[['main']]]);
+  await axe.run([[['#app', 'main']]]); // Selecting in the outer frame
+
+  await axe.run(document.querySelector('main'));
+  await axe.run(document.querySelectorAll('main'));
+  // axe.run with frameContext context
+  await axe.run({ fromShadowDom: ['#app', '#main', '#inner'] });
+  // @ts-expect-error // Must be two long:
+  await axe.run({ fromShadowDom: ['#app'] });
+  // @ts-expect-error // Must be two long:
+  await axe.run({ fromFrames: ['#app'] });
+  // axe.run with fromFrames context
+  await axe.run({
+    fromFrames: ['#frame', { fromShadowDom: ['#app', '#main'] }]
+  });
+  // Mixed type array
+  await axe.run([
+    'main',
+    document.head,
+    { fromShadowDom: ['#app', '#header', '#search'] },
+    { fromFrames: ['#frame', '#main'] }
+  ]);
+  // Combined fromFrames & fromContext
+  await axe.run({
+    include: { fromShadowDom: ['#frame', '#main'] },
+    exclude: [
+      'footer',
+      document.head,
+      { fromFrames: ['#frame', { fromShadowDom: ['#app', '#main'] }] }
+    ]
+  });
+}
+
+let ctxt: axe.ContextObject;
+// @ts-expect-error
+ctxt = {};
+ctxt = { exclude: ['foo'] };
+ctxt.include = ['bard'];
+ctxt = { include: ['foo'] };
+ctxt.exclude = ['bar'];
+
+let serialContext: axe.SerialContextObject;
+// @ts-expect-error
+serialContext = {};
+serialContext = { exclude: ['foo'] };
+serialContext.include = ['bard'];
+serialContext = { include: ['foo'] };
+serialContext.exclude = ['bar'];
+
 axe.run(
   { exclude: [$fixture[0]] },
   {},
@@ -36,6 +96,43 @@ axe.run(
     console.log(error || results);
   }
 );
+
+export async function frameContextTypes() {
+  let { frameContext, frameSelector } = axe.utils.getFrameContexts()[0];
+  await axe.run(frameContext);
+  await axe.runPartial(frameContext, {});
+  axe.utils.shadowSelect(frameSelector);
+}
+
+export async function serialContextType() {
+  // @ts-expect-error
+  const exclude: axe.SerialSelector = document.body;
+  // @ts-expect-error
+  const include: axe.SerialSelectorList = [document.body];
+
+  let serialContext: axe.SerialContextObject;
+  // @ts-expect-error
+  serialContext = {}; // At lease one of the props is required
+  serialContext = { include, exclude };
+  serialContext = { include };
+  serialContext = { exclude };
+  await axe.runPartial(serialContext, {});
+}
+
+export async function customReporters() {
+  type MyReport = { issues: any[] };
+  let report: MyReport;
+
+  report = await axe.run<MyReport>();
+  report = await axe.run<MyReport>(document);
+  report = await axe.run<MyReport>({});
+  report = await axe.run<MyReport>(document, {});
+  axe.run<MyReport>((_, results) => (report = results));
+  axe.run<MyReport>(document, (_, results) => (report = results));
+  axe.run<MyReport>({}, (_, results) => (report = results));
+  axe.run<MyReport>(document, {}, (_, results) => (report = results));
+}
+
 // additional configuration options
 axe.run(context, options, (error: Error, results: axe.AxeResults) => {
   console.log(error || results.passes.length);
@@ -92,11 +189,11 @@ axe.run(context, someRulesConfig, (error: Error, results: axe.AxeResults) => {
 });
 
 // just context
-axe.run(context).then(function(done: any) {
+axe.run(context).then(function (done: any) {
   done();
 });
 // just options
-axe.run(options).then(function(done: any) {
+axe.run(options).then(function (done: any) {
   done();
 });
 // just callback
@@ -112,7 +209,7 @@ axe.run(options, (error: Error, results: axe.AxeResults) => {
   console.log(error || results);
 });
 // context and options
-axe.run(context, options).then(function(done: any) {
+axe.run(context, options).then(function (done: any) {
   done();
 });
 // context, options, and callback
@@ -130,12 +227,37 @@ var spec: axe.Spec = {
   checks: [
     {
       id: 'custom-check',
-      evaluate: function() {
+      evaluate: function (node) {
+        this.relatedNodes([node]);
+        this.data('some data');
         return true;
+      },
+      after: function (results) {
+        const id = results[0].id;
+        return results;
+      },
+      metadata: {
+        impact: 'minor',
+        messages: {
+          pass: 'yes',
+          fail: 'nope',
+          incomplete: {
+            maybe: 'maybe',
+            or: 'maybe not'
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      id: 'async-check',
+      evaluate: function (node) {
+        const done = this.async();
+        done(true);
       }
     }
   ],
   standards: {
+    ...axe.utils.getStandards(),
     ariaRoles: {
       'custom-role': {
         type: 'widget',
@@ -160,7 +282,17 @@ var spec: axe.Spec = {
   rules: [
     {
       id: 'custom-rule',
-      any: ['custom-check']
+      any: ['custom-check'],
+      matches: function (node) {
+        return node.tagName === 'BODY';
+      },
+      tags: ['a'],
+      actIds: ['b'],
+      metadata: {
+        description: 'custom rule',
+        help: 'different help',
+        helpUrl: 'https://example.com'
+      }
     }
   ]
 };
@@ -179,24 +311,6 @@ rules.forEach(rule => {
   rule.ruleId.substr(1234);
 });
 
-// Plugins
-var pluginSrc: axe.AxePlugin = {
-  id: 'doStuff',
-  run: (data: any, callback: Function) => {
-    callback();
-  },
-  commands: [
-    {
-      id: 'run-doStuff',
-      callback: (data: any, callback: Function) => {
-        axe.plugins['doStuff'].run(data, callback);
-      }
-    }
-  ]
-};
-axe.registerPlugin(pluginSrc);
-axe.cleanup();
-
 axe.configure({
   locale: {
     checks: {
@@ -227,7 +341,99 @@ axe.configure({
         incomplete: {
           foo: 'bar'
         }
+      },
+      bar: {
+        pass: 'pass',
+        fail: 'fail'
       }
     }
   }
 });
+
+const results: axe.RawResult[] = [
+  {
+    id: 'the-best-rule',
+    result: 'passed',
+    pageLevel: false,
+    impact: null,
+    tags: ['best-practice'],
+    description: 'Be cool',
+    help: 'No, cooler',
+    helpUrl:
+      'https://dequeuniversity.com/rules/axe/4.8/the-best-rule?application=axeAPI',
+    inapplicable: [],
+    passes: [
+      {
+        any: [
+          {
+            id: 'the-best-check',
+            data: null,
+            impact: 'serious',
+            message: 'Element has sufficient color contrast of 21',
+            relatedNodes: [
+              new axe.utils.DqElement(document.body),
+              new axe.utils.DqElement(document.body).toJSON()
+            ]
+          }
+        ],
+        all: [],
+        none: [],
+        impact: null,
+        result: 'passed',
+        node: new axe.utils.DqElement(document.body)
+      }
+    ],
+    incomplete: [],
+    violations: []
+  }
+];
+
+// Reporters
+let fooReporter = (
+  results: axe.RawResult[],
+  options: axe.RunOptions,
+  resolve: (out: 'foo') => void,
+  reject: (err: Error) => void
+) => {
+  reject && resolve('foo');
+};
+
+axe.addReporter<'foo'>('foo', fooReporter, true);
+axe.configure({ reporter: fooReporter });
+fooReporter = axe.getReporter<'foo'>('foo');
+const hasFoo: boolean = axe.hasReporter('foo');
+
+// setup & teardown
+axe.setup();
+axe.setup(document);
+axe.setup(document.createElement('div'));
+axe.teardown();
+
+// Plugins
+var pluginSrc: axe.AxePlugin = {
+  id: 'doStuff',
+  run: (data: any, callback: Function) => {
+    callback();
+  },
+  commands: [
+    {
+      id: 'run-doStuff',
+      callback: (data: any, callback: Function) => {
+        axe.plugins['doStuff'].run(data, callback);
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+};
+axe.registerPlugin(pluginSrc);
+axe.cleanup();
+
+// Utils
+const dqElement = new axe.utils.DqElement(document.body);
+const element = axe.utils.shadowSelect(dqElement.selector[0]);
+const uuid = axe.utils.uuid() as string;
+
+// Commons
+axe.commons.aria.getRoleType('img');
+axe.commons.dom.isFocusable(document.body);
+axe.commons.dom.isNativelyFocusable(document.body);
+axe.commons.text.accessibleText(document.body);