client.py

# vim: tabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4

# Copyright 2010-2011 OpenStack, LLC
# All Rights Reserved.
#
#    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
#    not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain
#    a copy of the License at
#
#         http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
#    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
#    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
#    WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
#    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
#    under the License.

# HTTPSClientAuthConnection code comes courtesy of ActiveState website:
# http://code.activestate.com/recipes/
#   577548-https-httplib-client-connection-with-certificate-v/

import collections
import errno
import functools
import httplib
import logging
import os
import select
import urllib
import urlparse

try:
    from eventlet.green import socket, ssl
except ImportError:
    import socket
    import ssl

try:
    import sendfile
    SENDFILE_SUPPORTED = True
except ImportError:
    SENDFILE_SUPPORTED = False

from glance.common import auth
from glance.common import exception, utils


# common chunk size for get and put
CHUNKSIZE = 65536


def handle_unauthorized(func):
    """
    Wrap a function to re-authenticate and retry.
    """
    @functools.wraps(func)
    def wrapped(self, *args, **kwargs):
        try:
            return func(self, *args, **kwargs)
        except exception.NotAuthorized:
            self._authenticate(force_reauth=True)
            return func(self, *args, **kwargs)
    return wrapped


def handle_redirects(func):
    """
    Wrap the _do_request function to handle HTTP redirects.
    """
    MAX_REDIRECTS = 5

    @functools.wraps(func)
    def wrapped(self, method, url, body, headers):
        for _ in xrange(MAX_REDIRECTS):
            try:
                return func(self, method, url, body, headers)
            except exception.RedirectException as redirect:
                if redirect.url is None:
                    raise exception.InvalidRedirect()
                url = redirect.url
        raise exception.MaxRedirectsExceeded(redirects=MAX_REDIRECTS)
    return wrapped


class ImageBodyIterator(object):

    """
    A class that acts as an iterator over an image file's
    chunks of data.  This is returned as part of the result
    tuple from `glance.client.Client.get_image`
    """

    def __init__(self, source):
        """
        Constructs the object from a readable image source
        (such as an HTTPResponse or file-like object)
        """
        self.source = source

    def __iter__(self):
        """
        Exposes an iterator over the chunks of data in the
        image file.
        """
        while True:
            chunk = self.source.read(CHUNKSIZE)
            if chunk:
                yield chunk
            else:
                break


class SendFileIterator:
    """
    Emulate iterator pattern over sendfile, in order to allow
    send progress be followed by wrapping the iteration.
    """
    def __init__(self, connection, body):
        self.connection = connection
        self.body = body
        self.offset = 0
        self.sending = True

    def __iter__(self):
        class OfLength:
            def __init__(self, len):
                self.len = len

            def __len__(self):
                return self.len

        while self.sending:
            try:
                sent = sendfile.sendfile(self.connection.sock.fileno(),
                                         self.body.fileno(),
                                         self.offset,
                                         CHUNKSIZE)
            except OSError as e:
                # suprisingly, sendfile may fail transiently instead of
                # blocking, in which case we select on the socket in order
                # to wait on its return to a writeable state before resuming
                # the send loop
                if e.errno in (errno.EAGAIN, errno.EBUSY):
                    wlist = [self.connection.sock.fileno()]
                    rfds, wfds, efds = select.select([], wlist, [])
                    if wfds:
                        continue
                raise

            self.sending = (sent != 0)
            self.offset += sent
            yield OfLength(sent)


class HTTPSClientAuthConnection(httplib.HTTPSConnection):
    """
    Class to make a HTTPS connection, with support for
    full client-based SSL Authentication

    :see http://code.activestate.com/recipes/
            577548-https-httplib-client-connection-with-certificate-v/
    """

    def __init__(self, host, port, key_file, cert_file,
                 ca_file, timeout=None, insecure=False):
        httplib.HTTPSConnection.__init__(self, host, port, key_file=key_file,
                                         cert_file=cert_file)
        self.key_file = key_file
        self.cert_file = cert_file
        self.ca_file = ca_file
        self.timeout = timeout
        self.insecure = insecure

    def connect(self):
        """
        Connect to a host on a given (SSL) port.
        If ca_file is pointing somewhere, use it to check Server Certificate.

        Redefined/copied and extended from httplib.py:1105 (Python 2.6.x).
        This is needed to pass cert_reqs=ssl.CERT_REQUIRED as parameter to
        ssl.wrap_socket(), which forces SSL to check server certificate against
        our client certificate.
        """
        sock = socket.create_connection((self.host, self.port), self.timeout)
        if self._tunnel_host:
            self.sock = sock
            self._tunnel()
        # Check CA file unless 'insecure' is specificed
        if self.insecure is True:
            self.sock = ssl.wrap_socket(sock, self.key_file, self.cert_file,
                                        cert_reqs=ssl.CERT_NONE)
        else:
            self.sock = ssl.wrap_socket(sock, self.key_file, self.cert_file,
                                        ca_certs=self.ca_file,
                                        cert_reqs=ssl.CERT_REQUIRED)


class BaseClient(object):

    """A base client class"""

    DEFAULT_PORT = 80
    DEFAULT_DOC_ROOT = None
    # Standard CA file locations for Debian/Ubuntu, RedHat/Fedora,
    # Suse, FreeBSD/OpenBSD
    DEFAULT_CA_FILE_PATH = '/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt:'\
        '/etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt:'\
        '/etc/ssl/ca-bundle.pem:'\
        '/etc/ssl/cert.pem'

    OK_RESPONSE_CODES = (
        httplib.OK,
        httplib.CREATED,
        httplib.ACCEPTED,
        httplib.NO_CONTENT,
    )

    REDIRECT_RESPONSE_CODES = (
        httplib.MOVED_PERMANENTLY,
        httplib.FOUND,
        httplib.SEE_OTHER,
        httplib.USE_PROXY,
        httplib.TEMPORARY_REDIRECT,
    )

    def __init__(self, host, port=None, use_ssl=False, auth_tok=None,
                 creds=None, doc_root=None, key_file=None,
                 cert_file=None, ca_file=None, insecure=False,
                 configure_via_auth=True):
        """
        Creates a new client to some service.

        :param host: The host where service resides
        :param port: The port where service resides
        :param use_ssl: Should we use HTTPS?
        :param auth_tok: The auth token to pass to the server
        :param creds: The credentials to pass to the auth plugin
        :param doc_root: Prefix for all URLs we request from host
        :param key_file: Optional PEM-formatted file that contains the private
                         key.
                         If use_ssl is True, and this param is None (the
                         default), then an environ variable
                         GLANCE_CLIENT_KEY_FILE is looked for. If no such
                         environ variable is found, ClientConnectionError
                         will be raised.
        :param cert_file: Optional PEM-formatted certificate chain file.
                          If use_ssl is True, and this param is None (the
                          default), then an environ variable
                          GLANCE_CLIENT_CERT_FILE is looked for. If no such
                          environ variable is found, ClientConnectionError
                          will be raised.
        :param ca_file: Optional CA cert file to use in SSL connections
                        If use_ssl is True, and this param is None (the
                        default), then an environ variable
                        GLANCE_CLIENT_CA_FILE is looked for.
        :param insecure: Optional. If set then the server's certificate
                         will not be verified.
        """
        self.host = host
        self.port = port or self.DEFAULT_PORT
        self.use_ssl = use_ssl
        self.auth_tok = auth_tok
        self.creds = creds or {}
        self.connection = None
        self.configure_via_auth = configure_via_auth
        # doc_root can be a nullstring, which is valid, and why we
        # cannot simply do doc_root or self.DEFAULT_DOC_ROOT below.
        self.doc_root = (doc_root if doc_root is not None
                         else self.DEFAULT_DOC_ROOT)
        self.auth_plugin = self.make_auth_plugin(self.creds)

        self.key_file = key_file
        self.cert_file = cert_file
        self.ca_file = ca_file
        self.insecure = insecure
        self.connect_kwargs = self.get_connect_kwargs()

    def get_connect_kwargs(self):
        connect_kwargs = {}
        if self.use_ssl:
            if self.key_file is None:
                self.key_file = os.environ.get('GLANCE_CLIENT_KEY_FILE')
            if self.cert_file is None:
                self.cert_file = os.environ.get('GLANCE_CLIENT_CERT_FILE')
            if self.ca_file is None:
                self.ca_file = os.environ.get('GLANCE_CLIENT_CA_FILE')

            # Check that key_file/cert_file are either both set or both unset
            if self.cert_file is not None and self.key_file is None:
                msg = _("You have selected to use SSL in connecting, "
                        "and you have supplied a cert, "
                        "however you have failed to supply either a "
                        "key_file parameter or set the "
                        "GLANCE_CLIENT_KEY_FILE environ variable")
                raise exception.ClientConnectionError(msg)

            if self.key_file is not None and self.cert_file is None:
                msg = _("You have selected to use SSL in connecting, "
                        "and you have supplied a key, "
                        "however you have failed to supply either a "
                        "cert_file parameter or set the "
                        "GLANCE_CLIENT_CERT_FILE environ variable")
                raise exception.ClientConnectionError(msg)

            if (self.key_file is not None and
                not os.path.exists(self.key_file)):
                msg = _("The key file you specified %s does not "
                        "exist") % self.key_file
                raise exception.ClientConnectionError(msg)
            connect_kwargs['key_file'] = self.key_file

            if (self.cert_file is not None and
                not os.path.exists(self.cert_file)):
                msg = _("The cert file you specified %s does not "
                        "exist") % self.cert_file
                raise exception.ClientConnectionError(msg)
            connect_kwargs['cert_file'] = self.cert_file

            if (self.ca_file is not None and
                not os.path.exists(self.ca_file)):
                msg = _("The CA file you specified %s does not "
                        "exist") % self.ca_file
                raise exception.ClientConnectionError(msg)

            if self.ca_file is None:
                for ca in self.DEFAULT_CA_FILE_PATH.split(":"):
                    if os.path.exists(ca):
                        self.ca_file = ca
                        break

            connect_kwargs['ca_file'] = self.ca_file
            connect_kwargs['insecure'] = self.insecure

        return connect_kwargs

    def set_auth_token(self, auth_tok):
        """
        Updates the authentication token for this client connection.
        """
        # FIXME(sirp): Nova image/glance.py currently calls this. Since this
        # method isn't really doing anything useful[1], we should go ahead and
        # rip it out, first in Nova, then here. Steps:
        #
        #       1. Change auth_tok in Glance to auth_token
        #       2. Change image/glance.py in Nova to use client.auth_token
        #       3. Remove this method
        #
        # [1] http://mail.python.org/pipermail/tutor/2003-October/025932.html
        self.auth_tok = auth_tok

    def configure_from_url(self, url):
        """
        Setups the connection based on the given url.

        The form is:

            <http|https>://<host>:port/doc_root
        """
        parsed = urlparse.urlparse(url)
        self.use_ssl = parsed.scheme == 'https'
        self.host = parsed.hostname
        self.port = parsed.port or 80
        self.doc_root = parsed.path

        # ensure connection kwargs are re-evaluated after the service catalog
        # publicURL is parsed for potential SSL usage
        self.connect_kwargs = self.get_connect_kwargs()

    def make_auth_plugin(self, creds):
        """
        Returns an instantiated authentication plugin.
        """
        strategy = creds.get('strategy', 'noauth')
        plugin = auth.get_plugin_from_strategy(strategy, creds)
        return plugin

    def get_connection_type(self):
        """
        Returns the proper connection type
        """
        if self.use_ssl:
            return HTTPSClientAuthConnection
        else:
            return httplib.HTTPConnection

    def _authenticate(self, force_reauth=False):
        """
        Use the authentication plugin to authenticate and set the auth token.

        :param force_reauth: For re-authentication to bypass cache.
        """
        auth_plugin = self.auth_plugin

        if not auth_plugin.is_authenticated or force_reauth:
            auth_plugin.authenticate()

        self.auth_tok = auth_plugin.auth_token

        management_url = auth_plugin.management_url
        if management_url and self.configure_via_auth:
            self.configure_from_url(management_url)

    @handle_unauthorized
    def do_request(self, method, action, body=None, headers=None,
                   params=None):
        """
        Make a request, returning an HTTP response object.

        :param method: HTTP verb (GET, POST, PUT, etc.)
        :param action: Requested path to append to self.doc_root
        :param body: Data to send in the body of the request
        :param headers: Headers to send with the request
        :param params: Key/value pairs to use in query string
        :returns: HTTP response object
        """
        if not self.auth_tok:
            self._authenticate()

        url = self._construct_url(action, params)
        return self._do_request(method=method, url=url, body=body,
                                headers=headers)

    def _construct_url(self, action, params=None):
        """
        Create a URL object we can use to pass to _do_request().
        """
        path = '/'.join([self.doc_root or '', action.lstrip('/')])
        scheme = "https" if self.use_ssl else "http"
        netloc = "%s:%d" % (self.host, self.port)

        if isinstance(params, dict):
            for (key, value) in params.items():
                if value is None:
                    del params[key]
            query = urllib.urlencode(params)
        else:
            query = None

        return urlparse.ParseResult(scheme, netloc, path, '', query, '')

    @handle_redirects
    def _do_request(self, method, url, body, headers):
        """
        Connects to the server and issues a request.  Handles converting
        any returned HTTP error status codes to OpenStack/Glance exceptions
        and closing the server connection. Returns the result data, or
        raises an appropriate exception.

        :param method: HTTP method ("GET", "POST", "PUT", etc...)
        :param url: urlparse.ParsedResult object with URL information
        :param body: data to send (as string, filelike or iterable),
                     or None (default)
        :param headers: mapping of key/value pairs to add as headers

        :note

        If the body param has a read attribute, and method is either
        POST or PUT, this method will automatically conduct a chunked-transfer
        encoding and use the body as a file object or iterable, transferring
        chunks of data using the connection's send() method. This allows large
        objects to be transferred efficiently without buffering the entire
        body in memory.
        """
        if url.query:
            path = url.path + "?" + url.query
        else:
            path = url.path

        try:
            connection_type = self.get_connection_type()
            headers = headers or {}

            if 'x-auth-token' not in headers and self.auth_tok:
                headers['x-auth-token'] = self.auth_tok

            c = connection_type(url.hostname, url.port, **self.connect_kwargs)

            def _pushing(method):
                return method.lower() in ('post', 'put')

            def _simple(body):
                return body is None or isinstance(body, basestring)

            def _filelike(body):
                return hasattr(body, 'read')

            def _sendbody(connection, iter):
                connection.endheaders()
                for sent in iter:
                    # iterator has done the heavy lifting
                    pass

            def _chunkbody(connection, iter):
                connection.putheader('Transfer-Encoding', 'chunked')
                connection.endheaders()
                for chunk in iter:
                    connection.send('%x\r\n%s\r\n' % (len(chunk), chunk))
                connection.send('0\r\n\r\n')

            # Do a simple request or a chunked request, depending
            # on whether the body param is file-like or iterable and
            # the method is PUT or POST
            #
            if not _pushing(method) or _simple(body):
                # Simple request...
                c.request(method, path, body, headers)
            elif _filelike(body) or self._iterable(body):
                c.putrequest(method, path)

                for header, value in headers.items():
                    c.putheader(header, value)

                iter = self.image_iterator(c, headers, body)

                if self._sendable(body):
                    # send actual file without copying into userspace
                    _sendbody(c, iter)
                else:
                    # otherwise iterate and chunk
                    _chunkbody(c, iter)
            else:
                raise TypeError('Unsupported image type: %s' % body.__class__)

            res = c.getresponse()
            status_code = self.get_status_code(res)
            if status_code in self.OK_RESPONSE_CODES:
                return res
            elif status_code in self.REDIRECT_RESPONSE_CODES:
                raise exception.RedirectException(res.getheader('Location'))
            elif status_code == httplib.UNAUTHORIZED:
                raise exception.NotAuthorized(res.read())
            elif status_code == httplib.FORBIDDEN:
                raise exception.NotAuthorized(res.read())
            elif status_code == httplib.NOT_FOUND:
                raise exception.NotFound(res.read())
            elif status_code == httplib.CONFLICT:
                raise exception.Duplicate(res.read())
            elif status_code == httplib.BAD_REQUEST:
                raise exception.Invalid(res.read())
            elif status_code == httplib.MULTIPLE_CHOICES:
                raise exception.MultipleChoices(body=res.read())
            elif status_code == httplib.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR:
                raise Exception("Internal Server error: %s" % res.read())
            else:
                raise Exception("Unknown error occurred! %s" % res.read())

        except (socket.error, IOError), e:
            raise exception.ClientConnectionError(e)

    def _seekable(self, body):
        # pipes are not seekable, avoids sendfile() failure on e.g.
        #   cat /path/to/image | glance add ...
        # or where add command is launched via popen
        try:
            os.lseek(body.fileno(), 0, os.SEEK_SET)
            return True
        except OSError as e:
            return (e.errno != errno.ESPIPE)

    def _sendable(self, body):
        return (SENDFILE_SUPPORTED      and
                hasattr(body, 'fileno') and
                self._seekable(body)    and
                not self.use_ssl)

    def _iterable(self, body):
        return isinstance(body, collections.Iterable)

    def image_iterator(self, connection, headers, body):
        if self._sendable(body):
            return SendFileIterator(connection, body)
        elif self._iterable(body):
            return utils.chunkreadable(body)
        else:
            return ImageBodyIterator(body)

    def get_status_code(self, response):
        """
        Returns the integer status code from the response, which
        can be either a Webob.Response (used in testing) or httplib.Response
        """
        if hasattr(response, 'status_int'):
            return response.status_int
        else:
            return response.status

    def _extract_params(self, actual_params, allowed_params):
        """
        Extract a subset of keys from a dictionary. The filters key
        will also be extracted, and each of its values will be returned
        as an individual param.

        :param actual_params: dict of keys to filter
        :param allowed_params: list of keys that 'actual_params' will be
                               reduced to
        :retval subset of 'params' dict
        """
        try:
            # expect 'filters' param to be a dict here
            result = dict(actual_params.get('filters'))
        except TypeError:
            result = {}

        for allowed_param in allowed_params:
            if allowed_param in actual_params:
                result[allowed_param] = actual_params[allowed_param]

        return result