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sql-92.bnf
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sql-92.bnf
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BNF Grammar for ISO/IEC 9075:1992 - Database Language SQL (SQL-92)
==================================================================
@(#)$Id: sql-92.bnf,v 2.5 2017/01/17 01:05:03 jleffler Exp $
--p
Using Appendix G of "Understanding the New SQL: A Complete Guide" by J
Melton and A R Simon (Morgan Kaufmann, 1993, ISBN 0-55860-245-3) as the
source of the syntax, here is (most of) the BNF syntax for SQL-92. The
missing parts are the Cobol, Fortran, MUMPS, Pascal and PL/I variable
definition rules.
--/p
--p
The plain text version of this grammar is
--## <a href='sql-92.bnf'> sql-92.bnf </a>.
--/p
--hr
--h2 Key SQL Statements and Fragments
--/h2
--bl
--li ALLOCATE CURSOR <allocate cursor statement>
--li ALTER DOMAIN <alter domain statement>
--li ALTER TABLE <alter table statement>
--li CLOSE cursor <close statement> <dynamic close statement>
--li Column definition <column definition>
--li COMMIT WORK <commit statement>
--li CONNECT <connect statement>
--li CREATE ASSERTION <assertion definition>
--li CREATE CHARACTER SET <character set definition>
--li CREATE COLLATION <collation definition>
--li CREATE DOMAIN <domain definition>
--li CREATE SCHEMA <schema definition>
--li CREATE TABLE <table definition>
--li CREATE TRANSLATION <translation definition>
--li CREATE VIEW <view definition>
--li Data type <data type>
--li DEALLOCATE PREPARE <deallocate prepared statement>
--li DECLARE cursor <declare cursor> <dynamic declare cursor>
--li DECLARE LOCAL TEMPORARY TABLE <temporary table declaration>
--li DELETE <delete statement: positioned> <delete statement: searched> <dynamic delete statement: positioned>
--li DESCRIBE <describe statement>
--li DESCRIPTOR statements <system descriptor statement>
--li DISCONNECT <disconnect statement>
--li EXECUTE <execute statement>
--li EXECUTE IMMEDIATE <execute immediate statement>
--li FETCH cursor <fetch statement> <dynamic fetch statement>
--li GET DIAGNOSTICS <get diagnostics statement>
--li GRANT <grant statement>
--li INSERT <insert statement>
--li Literal <literal>
--li MODULE <module>
--li OPEN cursor <open statement> <dynamic open statement>
--li PREPARE <prepare statement>
--li Preparable statement <preparable statement>
--li REVOKE <revoke statement>
--li ROLLBACK WORK <rollback statement>
--li Search condition <search condition>
--li SELECT <query specification>
--li SET CATALOG <set catalog statement>
--li SET CONNECTION <set connection statement>
--li SET CONSTRAINTS <set constraints mode statement>
--li SET NAMES <set names statement>
--li SET SCHEMA <set schema statement>
--li SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION <set session authorization identifier statement>
--li SET TIME ZONE <set local time zone statement>
--li SET TRANSACTION <set transaction statement>
--li UPDATE <update statement: positioned> <update statement: searched> <dynamic update statement: positioned>
--li Value expression <value expression>
--/bl
--hr
--h2 Basic Definitions of Characters Used, Tokens, Symbols, Etc.
--/h2
<SQL terminal character> ::=
<SQL language character>
| <SQL embedded language character>
<SQL language character> ::=
<simple Latin letter>
| <digit>
| <SQL special character>
<simple Latin letter> ::=
<simple Latin upper case letter>
| <simple Latin lower case letter>
<simple Latin upper case letter> ::=
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
<simple Latin lower case letter> ::=
a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z
<digit> ::=
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
<SQL special character> ::=
<space>
| <double quote>
| <percent>
| <ampersand>
| <quote>
| <left paren>
| <right paren>
| <asterisk>
| <plus sign>
| <comma>
| <minus sign>
| <period>
| <solidus>
| <colon>
| <semicolon>
| <less than operator>
| <greater than operator>
| <equals operator>
| <question mark>
| <underscore>
| <vertical bar>
<space> ::= !! space character in character set in use
<double quote> ::= "
<percent> ::= %
<ampersand> ::= &
<quote> ::= '
<left paren> ::= (
<right paren> ::= )
<asterisk> ::= *
<plus sign> ::= +
<comma> ::= ,
<minus sign> ::= -
<period> ::= .
<solidus> ::= /
<colon> ::= :
<semicolon> ::= ;
<less than operator> ::= <
<equals operator> ::= =
<greater than operator> ::= >
<question mark> ::= ?
<underscore> ::= _
<vertical bar> ::= |
<SQL embedded language character> ::= <left bracket> | <right bracket>
<left bracket> ::= [
<right bracket> ::= ]
<token> ::=
<nondelimiter token>
| <delimiter token>
<nondelimiter token> ::=
<regular identifier>
| <key word>
| <unsigned numeric literal>
| <national character string literal>
| <bit string literal>
| <hex string literal>
<regular identifier> ::= <identifier body>
<identifier body> ::= <identifier start> [ { <underscore> | <identifier part> } ... ]
<identifier start> ::= !! See the Syntax rules
<identifier part> ::= <identifier start> | <digit>
<key word> ::= <reserved word> | <non-reserved word>
<reserved word> ::=
ABSOLUTE | ACTION | ADD | ALL | ALLOCATE | ALTER | AND | ANY | ARE
| AS | ASC | ASSERTION | AT | AUTHORIZATION | AVG
| BEGIN | BETWEEN | BIT | BIT_LENGTH | BOTH | BY
| CASCADE | CASCADED | CASE | CAST | CATALOG | CHAR | CHARACTER | CHARACTER_LENGTH
| CHAR_LENGTH | CHECK | CLOSE | COALESCE | COLLATE | COLLATION | COLUMN | COMMIT
| CONNECT | CONNECTION | CONSTRAINT | CONSTRAINTS | CONTINUE | CONVERT | CORRESPONDING
| CREATE | CROSS | CURRENT | CURRENT_DATE | CURRENT_TIME | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | CURRENT_USER | CURSOR
| DATE | DAY | DEALLOCATE | DEC | DECIMAL | DECLARE | DEFAULT
| DEFERRABLE | DEFERRED | DELETE | DESC | DESCRIBE | DESCRIPTOR | DIAGNOSTICS
| DISCONNECT | DISTINCT | DOMAIN | DOUBLE | DROP
| ELSE | END | END-EXEC | ESCAPE | EXCEPT | EXCEPTION | EXEC | EXECUTE | EXISTS | EXTERNAL | EXTRACT
| FALSE | FETCH | FIRST | FLOAT | FOR | FOREIGN | FOUND | FROM | FULL
| GET | GLOBAL | GO | GOTO | GRANT | GROUP
| HAVING | HOUR
| IDENTITY | IMMEDIATE | IN | INDICATOR | INITIALLY | INNER | INPUT | INSENSITIVE
| INSERT | INT | INTEGER | INTERSECT | INTERVAL | INTO | IS | ISOLATION
| JOIN
| KEY
| LANGUAGE | LAST | LEADING | LEFT | LEVEL | LIKE | LOCAL | LOWER
| MATCH | MAX | MIN | MINUTE | MODULE | MONTH
| NAMES | NATIONAL | NATURAL | NCHAR | NEXT | NO | NOT | NULL | NULLIF | NUMERIC
| OCTET_LENGTH | OF | ON | ONLY | OPEN | OPTION | OR | ORDER | OUTER | OUTPUT | OVERLAPS
| PAD | PARTIAL | POSITION | PRECISION | PREPARE | PRESERVE | PRIMARY | PRIOR | PRIVILEGES | PROCEDURE | PUBLIC
| READ | REAL | REFERENCES | RELATIVE | RESTRICT | REVOKE | RIGHT | ROLLBACK | ROWS
| SCHEMA | SCROLL | SECOND | SECTION | SELECT | SESSION | SESSION_USER | SET
| SIZE | SMALLINT | SOME | SPACE | SQL | SQLCODE | SQLERROR | SQLSTATE | SUBSTRING | SUM | SYSTEM_USER
| TABLE | TEMPORARY | THEN | TIME | TIMESTAMP | TIMEZONE_HOUR | TIMEZONE_MINUTE
| TO | TRAILING | TRANSACTION | TRANSLATE | TRANSLATION | TRIM | TRUE
| UNION | UNIQUE | UNKNOWN | UPDATE | UPPER | USAGE | USER | USING
| VALUE | VALUES | VARCHAR | VARYING | VIEW
| WHEN | WHENEVER | WHERE | WITH | WORK | WRITE
| YEAR
| ZONE
<non-reserved word> ::=
ADA
| C | CATALOG_NAME | CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG | CHARACTER_SET_NAME | CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA
| CLASS_ORIGIN | COBOL | COLLATION_CATALOG | COLLATION_NAME | COLLATION_SCHEMA
| COLUMN_NAME | COMMAND_FUNCTION | COMMITTED | CONDITION_NUMBER | CONNECTION_NAME
| CONSTRAINT_CATALOG | CONSTRAINT_NAME | CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA | CURSOR_NAME
| DATA | DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE | DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION | DYNAMIC_FUNCTION
| FORTRAN
| LENGTH
| MESSAGE_LENGTH | MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH | MESSAGE_TEXT | MORE | MUMPS
| NAME | NULLABLE | NUMBER
| PASCAL | PLI
| REPEATABLE | RETURNED_LENGTH | RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH | RETURNED_SQLSTATE | ROW_COUNT
| SCALE | SCHEMA_NAME | SERIALIZABLE | SERVER_NAME | SUBCLASS_ORIGIN
| TABLE_NAME | TYPE
| UNCOMMITTED | UNNAMED
--hr
--h2 Literal Numbers, Strings, Dates and Times
--/h2
<unsigned numeric literal> ::=
<exact numeric literal>
| <approximate numeric literal>
<exact numeric literal> ::=
<unsigned integer> [ <period> [ <unsigned integer> ] ]
| <period> <unsigned integer>
<unsigned integer> ::= <digit> ...
<approximate numeric literal> ::=
<mantissa> E <exponent>
<mantissa> ::= <exact numeric literal>
<exponent> ::= <signed integer>
<signed integer> ::= [ <sign> ] <unsigned integer>
<sign> ::= <plus sign> | <minus sign>
<national character string literal> ::=
N <quote> [ <character representation> ... ] <quote> [ { <separator>... <quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote> }... ]
<character representation> ::= <nonquote character> | <quote symbol>
<nonquote character> ::= !! See the Syntax rules
<quote symbol> ::= <quote> <quote>
<separator> ::= { <comment> | <space> | <newline> }...
<comment> ::= <comment introducer> [ <comment character>... ] <newline>
<comment introducer> ::= <minus sign><minus sign> [<minus sign>...]
<comment character> ::= <nonquote character> | <quote>
<newline> ::= !! implementation defined end of line indicator
<bit string literal> ::=
B <quote> [ <bit> ... ] <quote> [ { <separator>... <quote> [ <bit>... ] <quote> }... ]
<bit> ::= 0 | 1
<hex string literal> ::=
X <quote> [ <hexit> ... ] <quote> [ { <separator>... <quote> [ <hexit>... ] <quote> }... ]
<hexit> ::= <digit> | A | B | C | D | E | F | a | b | c | d | e | f
<delimiter token> ::=
<character string literal>
| <date string>
| <time string>
| <timestamp string>
| <delimited identifier>
| <SQL special character>
| <not equals operator>
| <greater than or equals operator>
| <less than or equals operator>
| <concatenation operator>
| <double period>
| <left bracket>
| <right bracket>
<character string literal> ::=
[ <introducer><character set specification> ] <quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote> [ { <separator>... <quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote> }... ]
<introducer> ::= <underscore>
<character set specification> ::=
<standard character repertoire name>
| <implementation-defined character repertoire name>
| <user-defined character repertoire name>
| <standard universal character form-of-use name>
| <implementation-defined universal character form-of-use name>
<standard character repertoire name> ::= <character set name>
<character set name> ::= [ <schema name> <period> ] <SQL language identifier>
<schema name> ::= [ <catalog name> <period> ] <unqualified schema name>
<catalog name> ::= <identifier>
<identifier> ::= [ <introducer><character set specification> ] <actual identifier>
<actual identifier> ::= <regular identifier> | <delimited identifier>
<delimited identifier> ::= <double quote> <delimited identifier body> <double quote>
<delimited identifier body> ::= <delimited identifier part>...
<delimited identifier part> ::= <nondoublequote character> | <doublequote symbol>
<nondoublequote character> ::= !! See the syntax rules
<doublequote symbol> ::= <double quote><double quote>
<unqualified schema name> ::= <identifier>
<SQL language identifier> ::=
<SQL language identifier start> [ { <underscore> | <SQL language identifier part> }... ]
<SQL language identifier start> ::= <simple Latin letter>
<SQL language identifier part> ::= <simple Latin letter> | <digit>
<implementation-defined character repertoire name> ::= <character set name>
<user-defined character repertoire name> ::= <character set name>
<standard universal character form-of-use name> ::= <character set name>
<implementation-defined universal character form-of-use name> ::= <character set name>
<date string> ::= <quote> <date value> <quote>
<date value> ::= <years value> <minus sign> <months value> <minus sign> <days value>
<years value> ::= <datetime value>
<datetime value> ::= <unsigned integer>
<months value> ::= <datetime value>
<days value> ::= <datetime value>
<time string> ::= <quote> <time value> [ <time zone interval> ] <quote>
<time value> ::= <hours value> <colon> <minutes value> <colon> <seconds value>
<hours value> ::= <datetime value>
<minutes value> ::= <datetime value>
<seconds value> ::= <seconds integer value> [ <period> [ <seconds fraction> ] ]
<seconds integer value> ::= <unsigned integer>
<seconds fraction> ::= <unsigned integer>
<time zone interval> ::= <sign> <hours value> <colon> <minutes value>
<timestamp string> ::= <quote> <date value> <space> <time value> [ <time zone interval> ] <quote>
<interval string> ::= <quote> { <year-month literal> | <day-time literal> } <quote>
<year-month literal> ::=
<years value>
| [ <years value> <minus sign> ] <months value>
<day-time literal> ::= <day-time interval> | <time interval>
<day-time interval> ::=
<days value> [ <space> <hours value> [ <colon> <minutes value> [ <colon> <seconds value> ] ] ]
<time-interval> ::=
<hours value> [ <colon> <minutes value> [ <colon> <seconds value> ] ]
| <minutes value> [ <colon> <seconds value> ]
| <seconds value>
<not equals operator> ::= <>
<greater than or equals operator> ::= >=
<less than or equals operator> ::= <=
<concatenation operator> ::= ||
<double period> ::= ..
--hr
--h2 SQL Module
--/h2
<module> ::=
<module name clause> <language clause> <module authorization clause>
[ <temporary table declaration>... ]
<module contents>...
<module name clause> ::=
MODULE [ <module name> ] [ <module character set specification> ]
<module name> ::= <identifier>
<module character set specification> ::= NAMES ARE <character set specification>
<language clause> ::= LANGUAGE <language name>
<language name> ::= ADA | C | COBOL | FORTRAN | MUMPS | PASCAL | PLI
<module authorization clause> ::=
SCHEMA <schema name>
| AUTHORIZATION <module authorization identifier>
| SCHEMA <schema name> AUTHORIZATION <module authorization identifier>
<module authorization identifier> ::= <authorization identifier>
<authorization identifier> ::= <identifier>
<temporary table declaration> ::=
DECLARE LOCAL TEMPORARY TABLE <qualified local table name> <table element list> [ ON COMMIT { PRESERVE | DELETE } ROWS ]
<qualified local table name> ::= MODULE <period> <local table name>
<local table name> ::= <qualified identifier>
<qualified identifier> ::= <identifier>
<table element list> ::= <left paren> <table element> [ { <comma> <table element> }... ] <right paren>
<table element> ::= <column definition> | <table constraint definition>
<column definition> ::=
<column name> { <data type> | <domain name> } [ <default clause> ] [ <column constraint definition>... ] [ <collate clause> ]
<column name> ::= <identifier>
--hr
--h2 Data Types
--/h2
<data type> ::=
<character string type> [ CHARACTER SET <character set specification> ]
| <national character string type>
| <bit string type>
| <numeric type>
| <datetime type>
| <interval type>
<character string type> ::=
CHARACTER [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
| CHAR [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
| CHARACTER VARYING [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
| CHAR VARYING [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
| VARCHAR [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
<length> ::= <unsigned integer>
<national character string type> ::=
NATIONAL CHARACTER [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
| NATIONAL CHAR [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
| NCHAR [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
| NATIONAL CHARACTER VARYING [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
| NATIONAL CHAR VARYING [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
| NCHAR VARYING [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
<bit string type> ::=
BIT [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
| BIT VARYING [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
<numeric type> ::=
<exact numeric type>
| <approximate numeric type>
<exact numeric type> ::=
NUMERIC [ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]
| DECIMAL [ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]
| DEC [ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]
| INTEGER
| INT
| SMALLINT
<precision> ::= <unsigned integer>
<scale> ::= <unsigned integer>
<approximate numeric type> ::=
FLOAT [ <left paren> <precision> <right paren> ]
| REAL
| DOUBLE PRECISION
<datetime type> ::=
DATE
| TIME [ <left paren> <time precision> <right paren> ] [ WITH TIME ZONE ]
| TIMESTAMP [ <left paren> <timestamp precision> <right paren> ] [ WITH TIME ZONE ]
<time precision> ::= <time fractional seconds precision>
<time fractional seconds precision> ::= <unsigned integer>
<timestamp precision> ::= <time fractional seconds precision>
<interval type> ::= INTERVAL <interval qualifier>
<interval qualifier> ::=
<start field> TO <end field>
| <single datetime field>
<start field> ::=
<non-second datetime field> [ <left paren> <interval leading field precision> <right paren> ]
<non-second datetime field> ::= YEAR | MONTH | DAY | HOUR | MINUTE
<interval leading field precision> ::= <unsigned integer>
<end field> ::=
<non-second datetime field>
| SECOND [ <left paren> <interval fractional seconds precision> <right paren> ]
<interval fractional seconds precision> ::= <unsigned integer>
<single datetime field> ::=
<non-second datetime field> [ <left paren> <interval leading field precision> <right paren> ]
| SECOND [ <left paren> <interval leading field precision> [ <comma> <interval fractional seconds precision> ] <right paren> ]
<domain name> ::= <qualified name>
<qualified name> ::= [ <schema name> <period> ] <qualified identifier>
<default clause> ::= DEFAULT <default option>
<default option> ::=
<literal>
| <datetime value function>
| USER
| CURRENT_USER
| SESSION_USER
| SYSTEM_USER
| NULL
--hr
--h2 Literals
--/h2
<literal> ::= <signed numeric literal> | <general literal>
<signed numeric literal> ::= [ <sign> ] <unsigned numeric literal>
<general literal> ::=
<character string literal>
| <national character string literal>
| <bit string literal>
| <hex string literal>
| <datetime literal>
| <interval literal>
<datetime literal> ::=
<date literal>
| <time literal>
| <timestamp literal>
<date literal> ::= DATE <date string>
<time literal> ::= TIME <time string>
<timestamp literal> ::= TIMESTAMP <timestamp string>
<interval literal> ::= INTERVAL [ <sign> ] <interval string> <interval qualifier>
<datetime value function> ::=
<current date value function>
| <current time value function>
| <current timestamp value function>
<current date value function> ::= CURRENT_DATE
<current time value function> ::= CURRENT_TIME [ <left paren> <time precision> <right paren> ]
<current timestamp value function> ::= CURRENT_TIMESTAMP [ <left paren> <timestamp precision> <right paren> ]
--hr
--h2 Constraints
--/h2
<column constraint definition> ::=
[ <constraint name definition> ] <column constraint> [ <constraint attributes> ]
<constraint name definition> ::= CONSTRAINT <constraint name>
<constraint name> ::= <qualified name>
<column constraint> ::=
NOT NULL
| <unique specification>
| <references specification>
| <check constraint definition>
<unique specification> ::= UNIQUE | PRIMARY KEY
<references specification> ::=
REFERENCES <referenced table and columns> [ MATCH <match type> ] [ <referential triggered action> ]
<referenced table and columns> ::= <table name> [ <left paren> <reference column list> <right paren> ]
<table name> ::= <qualified name> | <qualified local table name>
<reference column list> ::= <column name list>
<column name list> ::= <column name> [ { <comma> <column name> }... ]
<match type> ::= FULL | PARTIAL
<referential triggered action> ::=
<update rule> [ <delete rule> ]
| <delete rule> [ <update rule> ]
<update rule> ::= ON UPDATE <referential action>
<referential action> ::= CASCADE | SET NULL | SET DEFAULT | NO ACTION
<delete rule> ::= ON DELETE <referential action>
<check constraint definition> ::= CHECK <left paren> <search condition> <right paren>
--hr
--h2 Search Condition
--/h2
<search condition> ::=
<boolean term>
| <search condition> OR <boolean term>
<boolean term> ::=
<boolean factor>
| <boolean term> AND <boolean factor>
<boolean factor> ::= [ NOT ] <boolean test>
<boolean test> ::= <boolean primary> [ IS [ NOT ] <truth value> ]
<boolean primary> ::= <predicate> | <left paren> <search condition> <right paren>
<predicate> ::=
<comparison predicate>
| <between predicate>
| <in predicate>
| <like predicate>
| <null predicate>
| <quantified comparison predicate>
| <exists predicate>
| <match predicate>
| <overlaps predicate>
<comparison predicate> ::= <row value constructor> <comp op> <row value constructor>
<row value constructor> ::=
<row value constructor element>
| <left paren> <row value constructor list> <right paren>
| <row subquery>
<row value constructor element> ::=
<value expression>
| <null specification>
| <default specification>
<value expression> ::=
<numeric value expression>
| <string value expression>
| <datetime value expression>
| <interval value expression>
<numeric value expression> ::=
<term>
| <numeric value expression> <plus sign> <term>
| <numeric value expression> <minus sign> <term>
<term> ::=
<factor>
| <term> <asterisk> <factor>
| <term> <solidus> <factor>
<factor> ::= [ <sign> ] <numeric primary>
<numeric primary> ::= <value expression primary> | <numeric value function>
<value expression primary> ::=
<unsigned value specification>
| <column reference>
| <set function specification>
| <scalar subquery>
| <case expression>
| <left paren> <value expression> <right paren>
| <cast specification>
<unsigned value specification> ::= <unsigned literal> | <general value specification>
<unsigned literal> ::= <unsigned numeric literal> | <general literal>
<general value specification> ::=
<parameter specification>
| <dynamic parameter specification>
| <variable specification>
| USER
| CURRENT_USER
| SESSION_USER
| SYSTEM_USER
| VALUE
<parameter specification> ::= <parameter name> [ <indicator parameter> ]
<parameter name> ::= <colon> <identifier>
<indicator parameter> ::= [ INDICATOR ] <parameter name>
<dynamic parameter specification> ::= <question mark>
<variable specification> ::= <embedded variable name> [ <indicator variable> ]
<embedded variable name> ::= <colon><host identifier>
<host identifier> ::=
<Ada host identifier>
| <C host identifier>
| <Cobol host identifier>
| <Fortran host identifier>
| <MUMPS host identifier>
| <Pascal host identifier>
| <PL/I host identifier>
<Ada host identifier> ::= !! See syntax rules
<C host identifier> ::= !! See syntax rules
<Cobol host identifier> ::= !! See syntax rules
<Fortran host identifier> ::= !! See syntax rules
<MUMPS host identifier> ::= !! See syntax rules
<Pascal host identifier> ::= !! See syntax rules
<PL/I host identifier> ::= !! See syntax rules
<indicator variable> ::= [ INDICATOR ] <embedded variable name>
<column reference> ::= [ <qualifier> <period> ] <column name>
<qualifier> ::= <table name> | <correlation name>
<correlation name> ::= <identifier>
<set function specification> ::=
COUNT <left paren> <asterisk> <right paren>
| <general set function>
<general set function> ::=
<set function type> <left paren> [ <set quantifier> ] <value expression> <right paren>
<set function type> ::= AVG | MAX | MIN | SUM | COUNT
<set quantifier> ::= DISTINCT | ALL
--hr
--h2 Queries
--/h2
<scalar subquery> ::= <subquery>
<subquery> ::= <left paren> <query expression> <right paren>
<query expression> ::= <non-join query expression> | <joined table>
<non-join query expression> ::=
<non-join query term>
| <query expression> UNION [ ALL ] [ <corresponding spec> ] <query term>
| <query expression> EXCEPT [ ALL ] [ <corresponding spec> ] <query term>
<non-join query term> ::=
<non-join query primary>
| <query term> INTERSECT [ ALL ] [ <corresponding spec> ] <query primary>
<non-join query primary> ::= <simple table> | <left paren> <non-join query expression> <right paren>
<simple table> ::=
<query specification>
| <table value constructor>
| <explicit table>
<query specification> ::=
SELECT [ <set quantifier> ] <select list> <table expression>
<select list> ::=
<asterisk>
| <select sublist> [ { <comma> <select sublist> }... ]
<select sublist> ::= <derived column> | <qualifier> <period> <asterisk>
<derived column> ::= <value expression> [ <as clause> ]
<as clause> ::= [ AS ] <column name>
<table expression> ::=
<from clause>
[ <where clause> ]
[ <group by clause> ]
[ <having clause> ]
<from clause> ::= FROM <table reference> [ { <comma> <table reference> }... ]
--small
--i
Note that <correlation specification> does not appear in the ISO/IEC grammar.
The notation is written out longhand several times, instead.
--/i
--/small
<table reference> ::=
<table name> [ <correlation specification> ]
| <derived table> <correlation specification>
| <joined table>
<correlation specification> ::=
[ AS ] <correlation name> [ <left paren> <derived column list> <right paren> ]
<derived column list> ::= <column name list>
<derived table> ::= <table subquery>
<table subquery> ::= <subquery>
<joined table> ::=
<cross join>
| <qualified join>
| <left paren> <joined table> <right paren>
<cross join> ::=
<table reference> CROSS JOIN <table reference>
<qualified join> ::=
<table reference> [ NATURAL ] [ <join type> ] JOIN <table reference> [ <join specification> ]
<join type> ::=
INNER
| <outer join type> [ OUTER ]
| UNION
<outer join type> ::= LEFT | RIGHT | FULL
<join specification> ::= <join condition> | <named columns join>
<join condition> ::= ON <search condition>
<named columns join> ::= USING <left paren> <join column list> <right paren>
<join column list> ::= <column name list>
<where clause> ::= WHERE <search condition>
<group by clause> ::= GROUP BY <grouping column reference list>
<grouping column reference list> ::=
<grouping column reference> [ { <comma> <grouping column reference> }... ]
<grouping column reference> ::= <column reference> [ <collate clause> ]
<collate clause> ::= COLLATE <collation name>
<collation name> ::= <qualified name>
<having clause> ::= HAVING <search condition>
<table value constructor> ::= VALUES <table value constructor list>
<table value constructor list> ::= <row value constructor> [ { <comma> <row value constructor> }... ]
<explicit table> ::= TABLE <table name>
<query term> ::= <non-join query term> | <joined table>
<corresponding spec> ::= CORRESPONDING [ BY <left paren> <corresponding column list> <right paren> ]
<corresponding column list> ::= <column name list>
<query primary> ::= <non-join query primary> | <joined table>
--hr
--h2 Query expression components
--/h2
<case expression> ::= <case abbreviation> | <case specification>
<case abbreviation> ::=
NULLIF <left paren> <value expression> <comma> <value expression> <right paren>
| COALESCE <left paren> <value expression> { <comma> <value expression> }... <right paren>
<case specification> ::= <simple case> | <searched case>
<simple case> ::=
CASE <case operand>
<simple when clause>...
[ <else clause> ]
END
<case operand> ::= <value expression>
<simple when clause> ::= WHEN <when operand> THEN <result>
<when operand> ::= <value expression>
<result> ::= <result expression> | NULL
<result expression> ::= <value expression>
<else clause> ::= ELSE <result>
<searched case> ::=
CASE
<searched when clause>...
[ <else clause> ]
END
<searched when clause> ::= WHEN <search condition> THEN <result>
<cast specification> ::= CAST <left paren> <cast operand> AS <cast target> <right paren>
<cast operand> ::= <value expression> | NULL
<cast target> ::= <domain name> | <data type>
<numeric value function> ::= <position expression> | <extract expression> | <length expression>
<position expression> ::=
POSITION <left paren> <character value expression> IN <character value expression> <right paren>
<character value expression> ::= <concatenation> | <character factor>
<concatenation> ::= <character value expression> <concatenation operator> <character factor>
<character factor> ::= <character primary> [ <collate clause> ]
<character primary> ::= <value expression primary> | <string value function>
<string value function> ::= <character value function> | <bit value function>
<character value function> ::=
<character substring function>
| <fold>
| <form-of-use conversion>
| <character translation>
| <trim function>
<character substring function> ::=
SUBSTRING <left paren> <character value expression> FROM <start position> [ FOR <string length> ] <right paren>
<start position> ::= <numeric value expression>
<string length> ::= <numeric value expression>
<fold> ::= { UPPER | LOWER } <left paren> <character value expression> <right paren>
<form-of-use conversion> ::=
CONVERT <left paren> <character value expression> USING <form-of-use conversion name> <right paren>
<form-of-use conversion name> ::= <qualified name>
<character translation> ::=
TRANSLATE <left paren> <character value expression> USING <translation name> <right paren>
<translation name> ::= <qualified name>
<trim function> ::= TRIM <left paren> <trim operands> <right paren>