f32.rs

// Copyright 2012-2015 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
// file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
// http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
// except according to those terms.

//! This module provides constants which are specific to the implementation
//! of the `f32` floating point data type.
//!
//! Mathematically significant numbers are provided in the `consts` sub-module.
//!
//! *[See also the `f32` primitive type](../../std/primitive.f32.html).*

#![stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
#![allow(missing_docs)]

#[cfg(not(test))]
use core::num;
#[cfg(not(test))]
use intrinsics;
#[cfg(not(test))]
use num::FpCategory;
#[cfg(not(test))]
use sys::cmath;

#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub use core::f32::{RADIX, MANTISSA_DIGITS, DIGITS, EPSILON};
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub use core::f32::{MIN_EXP, MAX_EXP, MIN_10_EXP};
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub use core::f32::{MAX_10_EXP, NAN, INFINITY, NEG_INFINITY};
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub use core::f32::{MIN, MIN_POSITIVE, MAX};
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub use core::f32::consts;

#[cfg(not(test))]
#[lang = "f32"]
impl f32 {
    /// Returns `true` if this value is `NaN` and false otherwise.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let nan = f32::NAN;
    /// let f = 7.0_f32;
    ///
    /// assert!(nan.is_nan());
    /// assert!(!f.is_nan());
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_nan(self) -> bool { num::Float::is_nan(self) }

    /// Returns `true` if this value is positive infinity or negative infinity and
    /// false otherwise.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let f = 7.0f32;
    /// let inf = f32::INFINITY;
    /// let neg_inf = f32::NEG_INFINITY;
    /// let nan = f32::NAN;
    ///
    /// assert!(!f.is_infinite());
    /// assert!(!nan.is_infinite());
    ///
    /// assert!(inf.is_infinite());
    /// assert!(neg_inf.is_infinite());
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_infinite(self) -> bool { num::Float::is_infinite(self) }

    /// Returns `true` if this number is neither infinite nor `NaN`.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let f = 7.0f32;
    /// let inf = f32::INFINITY;
    /// let neg_inf = f32::NEG_INFINITY;
    /// let nan = f32::NAN;
    ///
    /// assert!(f.is_finite());
    ///
    /// assert!(!nan.is_finite());
    /// assert!(!inf.is_finite());
    /// assert!(!neg_inf.is_finite());
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_finite(self) -> bool { num::Float::is_finite(self) }

    /// Returns `true` if the number is neither zero, infinite,
    /// [subnormal][subnormal], or `NaN`.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let min = f32::MIN_POSITIVE; // 1.17549435e-38f32
    /// let max = f32::MAX;
    /// let lower_than_min = 1.0e-40_f32;
    /// let zero = 0.0_f32;
    ///
    /// assert!(min.is_normal());
    /// assert!(max.is_normal());
    ///
    /// assert!(!zero.is_normal());
    /// assert!(!f32::NAN.is_normal());
    /// assert!(!f32::INFINITY.is_normal());
    /// // Values between `0` and `min` are Subnormal.
    /// assert!(!lower_than_min.is_normal());
    /// ```
    /// [subnormal]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denormal_number
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_normal(self) -> bool { num::Float::is_normal(self) }

    /// Returns the floating point category of the number. If only one property
    /// is going to be tested, it is generally faster to use the specific
    /// predicate instead.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::num::FpCategory;
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let num = 12.4_f32;
    /// let inf = f32::INFINITY;
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(num.classify(), FpCategory::Normal);
    /// assert_eq!(inf.classify(), FpCategory::Infinite);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn classify(self) -> FpCategory { num::Float::classify(self) }

    /// Returns the largest integer less than or equal to a number.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// let f = 3.99_f32;
    /// let g = 3.0_f32;
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(f.floor(), 3.0);
    /// assert_eq!(g.floor(), 3.0);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn floor(self) -> f32 {
        // On MSVC LLVM will lower many math intrinsics to a call to the
        // corresponding function. On MSVC, however, many of these functions
        // aren't actually available as symbols to call, but rather they are all
        // `static inline` functions in header files. This means that from a C
        // perspective it's "compatible", but not so much from an ABI
        // perspective (which we're worried about).
        //
        // The inline header functions always just cast to a f64 and do their
        // operation, so we do that here as well, but only for MSVC targets.
        //
        // Note that there are many MSVC-specific float operations which
        // redirect to this comment, so `floorf` is just one case of a missing
        // function on MSVC, but there are many others elsewhere.
        #[cfg(target_env = "msvc")]
        return (self as f64).floor() as f32;
        #[cfg(not(target_env = "msvc"))]
        return unsafe { intrinsics::floorf32(self) };
    }

    /// Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to a number.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// let f = 3.01_f32;
    /// let g = 4.0_f32;
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(f.ceil(), 4.0);
    /// assert_eq!(g.ceil(), 4.0);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn ceil(self) -> f32 {
        // see notes above in `floor`
        #[cfg(target_env = "msvc")]
        return (self as f64).ceil() as f32;
        #[cfg(not(target_env = "msvc"))]
        return unsafe { intrinsics::ceilf32(self) };
    }

    /// Returns the nearest integer to a number. Round half-way cases away from
    /// `0.0`.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// let f = 3.3_f32;
    /// let g = -3.3_f32;
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(f.round(), 3.0);
    /// assert_eq!(g.round(), -3.0);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn round(self) -> f32 {
        unsafe { intrinsics::roundf32(self) }
    }

    /// Returns the integer part of a number.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// let f = 3.3_f32;
    /// let g = -3.7_f32;
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(f.trunc(), 3.0);
    /// assert_eq!(g.trunc(), -3.0);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn trunc(self) -> f32 {
        unsafe { intrinsics::truncf32(self) }
    }

    /// Returns the fractional part of a number.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let x = 3.5_f32;
    /// let y = -3.5_f32;
    /// let abs_difference_x = (x.fract() - 0.5).abs();
    /// let abs_difference_y = (y.fract() - (-0.5)).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference_x <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// assert!(abs_difference_y <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn fract(self) -> f32 { self - self.trunc() }

    /// Computes the absolute value of `self`. Returns `NAN` if the
    /// number is `NAN`.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let x = 3.5_f32;
    /// let y = -3.5_f32;
    ///
    /// let abs_difference_x = (x.abs() - x).abs();
    /// let abs_difference_y = (y.abs() - (-y)).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference_x <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// assert!(abs_difference_y <= f32::EPSILON);
    ///
    /// assert!(f32::NAN.abs().is_nan());
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn abs(self) -> f32 { num::Float::abs(self) }

    /// Returns a number that represents the sign of `self`.
    ///
    /// - `1.0` if the number is positive, `+0.0` or `INFINITY`
    /// - `-1.0` if the number is negative, `-0.0` or `NEG_INFINITY`
    /// - `NAN` if the number is `NAN`
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let f = 3.5_f32;
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(f.signum(), 1.0);
    /// assert_eq!(f32::NEG_INFINITY.signum(), -1.0);
    ///
    /// assert!(f32::NAN.signum().is_nan());
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn signum(self) -> f32 { num::Float::signum(self) }

    /// Returns `true` if and only if `self` has a positive sign, including `+0.0`, `NaN`s with
    /// positive sign bit and positive infinity.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// let f = 7.0_f32;
    /// let g = -7.0_f32;
    ///
    /// assert!(f.is_sign_positive());
    /// assert!(!g.is_sign_positive());
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_sign_positive(self) -> bool { num::Float::is_sign_positive(self) }

    /// Returns `true` if and only if `self` has a negative sign, including `-0.0`, `NaN`s with
    /// negative sign bit and negative infinity.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// let f = 7.0f32;
    /// let g = -7.0f32;
    ///
    /// assert!(!f.is_sign_negative());
    /// assert!(g.is_sign_negative());
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_sign_negative(self) -> bool { num::Float::is_sign_negative(self) }

    /// Fused multiply-add. Computes `(self * a) + b` with only one rounding
    /// error. This produces a more accurate result with better performance than
    /// a separate multiplication operation followed by an add.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let m = 10.0_f32;
    /// let x = 4.0_f32;
    /// let b = 60.0_f32;
    ///
    /// // 100.0
    /// let abs_difference = (m.mul_add(x, b) - (m*x + b)).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn mul_add(self, a: f32, b: f32) -> f32 {
        unsafe { intrinsics::fmaf32(self, a, b) }
    }

    /// Takes the reciprocal (inverse) of a number, `1/x`.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let x = 2.0_f32;
    /// let abs_difference = (x.recip() - (1.0/x)).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn recip(self) -> f32 { num::Float::recip(self) }

    /// Raises a number to an integer power.
    ///
    /// Using this function is generally faster than using `powf`
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let x = 2.0_f32;
    /// let abs_difference = (x.powi(2) - x*x).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn powi(self, n: i32) -> f32 { num::Float::powi(self, n) }

    /// Raises a number to a floating point power.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let x = 2.0_f32;
    /// let abs_difference = (x.powf(2.0) - x*x).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn powf(self, n: f32) -> f32 {
        // see notes above in `floor`
        #[cfg(target_env = "msvc")]
        return (self as f64).powf(n as f64) as f32;
        #[cfg(not(target_env = "msvc"))]
        return unsafe { intrinsics::powf32(self, n) };
    }

    /// Takes the square root of a number.
    ///
    /// Returns NaN if `self` is a negative number.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let positive = 4.0_f32;
    /// let negative = -4.0_f32;
    ///
    /// let abs_difference = (positive.sqrt() - 2.0).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// assert!(negative.sqrt().is_nan());
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn sqrt(self) -> f32 {
        if self < 0.0 {
            NAN
        } else {
            unsafe { intrinsics::sqrtf32(self) }
        }
    }

    /// Returns `e^(self)`, (the exponential function).
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let one = 1.0f32;
    /// // e^1
    /// let e = one.exp();
    ///
    /// // ln(e) - 1 == 0
    /// let abs_difference = (e.ln() - 1.0).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn exp(self) -> f32 {
        // see notes above in `floor`
        #[cfg(target_env = "msvc")]
        return (self as f64).exp() as f32;
        #[cfg(not(target_env = "msvc"))]
        return unsafe { intrinsics::expf32(self) };
    }

    /// Returns `2^(self)`.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let f = 2.0f32;
    ///
    /// // 2^2 - 4 == 0
    /// let abs_difference = (f.exp2() - 4.0).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn exp2(self) -> f32 {
        unsafe { intrinsics::exp2f32(self) }
    }

    /// Returns the natural logarithm of the number.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let one = 1.0f32;
    /// // e^1
    /// let e = one.exp();
    ///
    /// // ln(e) - 1 == 0
    /// let abs_difference = (e.ln() - 1.0).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn ln(self) -> f32 {
        // see notes above in `floor`
        #[cfg(target_env = "msvc")]
        return (self as f64).ln() as f32;
        #[cfg(not(target_env = "msvc"))]
        return unsafe { intrinsics::logf32(self) };
    }

    /// Returns the logarithm of the number with respect to an arbitrary base.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let ten = 10.0f32;
    /// let two = 2.0f32;
    ///
    /// // log10(10) - 1 == 0
    /// let abs_difference_10 = (ten.log(10.0) - 1.0).abs();
    ///
    /// // log2(2) - 1 == 0
    /// let abs_difference_2 = (two.log(2.0) - 1.0).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference_10 <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// assert!(abs_difference_2 <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn log(self, base: f32) -> f32 { self.ln() / base.ln() }

    /// Returns the base 2 logarithm of the number.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let two = 2.0f32;
    ///
    /// // log2(2) - 1 == 0
    /// let abs_difference = (two.log2() - 1.0).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn log2(self) -> f32 {
        #[cfg(target_os = "android")]
        return ::sys::android::log2f32(self);
        #[cfg(not(target_os = "android"))]
        return unsafe { intrinsics::log2f32(self) };
    }

    /// Returns the base 10 logarithm of the number.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let ten = 10.0f32;
    ///
    /// // log10(10) - 1 == 0
    /// let abs_difference = (ten.log10() - 1.0).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn log10(self) -> f32 {
        // see notes above in `floor`
        #[cfg(target_env = "msvc")]
        return (self as f64).log10() as f32;
        #[cfg(not(target_env = "msvc"))]
        return unsafe { intrinsics::log10f32(self) };
    }

    /// Converts radians to degrees.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32::{self, consts};
    ///
    /// let angle = consts::PI;
    ///
    /// let abs_difference = (angle.to_degrees() - 180.0).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "f32_deg_rad_conversions", since="1.7.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn to_degrees(self) -> f32 { num::Float::to_degrees(self) }

    /// Converts degrees to radians.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32::{self, consts};
    ///
    /// let angle = 180.0f32;
    ///
    /// let abs_difference = (angle.to_radians() - consts::PI).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "f32_deg_rad_conversions", since="1.7.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn to_radians(self) -> f32 { num::Float::to_radians(self) }

    /// Returns the maximum of the two numbers.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// let x = 1.0f32;
    /// let y = 2.0f32;
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(x.max(y), y);
    /// ```
    ///
    /// If one of the arguments is NaN, then the other argument is returned.
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn max(self, other: f32) -> f32 {
        num::Float::max(self, other)
    }

    /// Returns the minimum of the two numbers.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// let x = 1.0f32;
    /// let y = 2.0f32;
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(x.min(y), x);
    /// ```
    ///
    /// If one of the arguments is NaN, then the other argument is returned.
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn min(self, other: f32) -> f32 {
        num::Float::min(self, other)
    }

    /// The positive difference of two numbers.
    ///
    /// * If `self <= other`: `0:0`
    /// * Else: `self - other`
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let x = 3.0f32;
    /// let y = -3.0f32;
    ///
    /// let abs_difference_x = (x.abs_sub(1.0) - 2.0).abs();
    /// let abs_difference_y = (y.abs_sub(1.0) - 0.0).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference_x <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// assert!(abs_difference_y <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    #[rustc_deprecated(since = "1.10.0",
                       reason = "you probably meant `(self - other).abs()`: \
                                 this operation is `(self - other).max(0.0)` (also \
                                 known as `fdimf` in C). If you truly need the positive \
                                 difference, consider using that expression or the C function \
                                 `fdimf`, depending on how you wish to handle NaN (please consider \
                                 filing an issue describing your use-case too).")]
    pub fn abs_sub(self, other: f32) -> f32 {
        unsafe { cmath::fdimf(self, other) }
    }

    /// Takes the cubic root of a number.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let x = 8.0f32;
    ///
    /// // x^(1/3) - 2 == 0
    /// let abs_difference = (x.cbrt() - 2.0).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn cbrt(self) -> f32 {
        unsafe { cmath::cbrtf(self) }
    }

    /// Calculates the length of the hypotenuse of a right-angle triangle given
    /// legs of length `x` and `y`.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let x = 2.0f32;
    /// let y = 3.0f32;
    ///
    /// // sqrt(x^2 + y^2)
    /// let abs_difference = (x.hypot(y) - (x.powi(2) + y.powi(2)).sqrt()).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn hypot(self, other: f32) -> f32 {
        unsafe { cmath::hypotf(self, other) }
    }

    /// Computes the sine of a number (in radians).
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let x = f32::consts::PI/2.0;
    ///
    /// let abs_difference = (x.sin() - 1.0).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn sin(self) -> f32 {
        // see notes in `core::f32::Float::floor`
        #[cfg(target_env = "msvc")]
        return (self as f64).sin() as f32;
        #[cfg(not(target_env = "msvc"))]
        return unsafe { intrinsics::sinf32(self) };
    }

    /// Computes the cosine of a number (in radians).
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let x = 2.0*f32::consts::PI;
    ///
    /// let abs_difference = (x.cos() - 1.0).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn cos(self) -> f32 {
        // see notes in `core::f32::Float::floor`
        #[cfg(target_env = "msvc")]
        return (self as f64).cos() as f32;
        #[cfg(not(target_env = "msvc"))]
        return unsafe { intrinsics::cosf32(self) };
    }

    /// Computes the tangent of a number (in radians).
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let x = f32::consts::PI / 4.0;
    /// let abs_difference = (x.tan() - 1.0).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn tan(self) -> f32 {
        unsafe { cmath::tanf(self) }
    }

    /// Computes the arcsine of a number. Return value is in radians in
    /// the range [-pi/2, pi/2] or NaN if the number is outside the range
    /// [-1, 1].
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let f = f32::consts::PI / 2.0;
    ///
    /// // asin(sin(pi/2))
    /// let abs_difference = (f.sin().asin() - f32::consts::PI / 2.0).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn asin(self) -> f32 {
        unsafe { cmath::asinf(self) }
    }

    /// Computes the arccosine of a number. Return value is in radians in
    /// the range [0, pi] or NaN if the number is outside the range
    /// [-1, 1].
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let f = f32::consts::PI / 4.0;
    ///
    /// // acos(cos(pi/4))
    /// let abs_difference = (f.cos().acos() - f32::consts::PI / 4.0).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn acos(self) -> f32 {
        unsafe { cmath::acosf(self) }
    }

    /// Computes the arctangent of a number. Return value is in radians in the
    /// range [-pi/2, pi/2];
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let f = 1.0f32;
    ///
    /// // atan(tan(1))
    /// let abs_difference = (f.tan().atan() - 1.0).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn atan(self) -> f32 {
        unsafe { cmath::atanf(self) }
    }

    /// Computes the four quadrant arctangent of `self` (`y`) and `other` (`x`).
    ///
    /// * `x = 0`, `y = 0`: `0`
    /// * `x >= 0`: `arctan(y/x)` -> `[-pi/2, pi/2]`
    /// * `y >= 0`: `arctan(y/x) + pi` -> `(pi/2, pi]`
    /// * `y < 0`: `arctan(y/x) - pi` -> `(-pi, -pi/2)`
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let pi = f32::consts::PI;
    /// // All angles from horizontal right (+x)
    /// // 45 deg counter-clockwise
    /// let x1 = 3.0f32;
    /// let y1 = -3.0f32;
    ///
    /// // 135 deg clockwise
    /// let x2 = -3.0f32;
    /// let y2 = 3.0f32;
    ///
    /// let abs_difference_1 = (y1.atan2(x1) - (-pi/4.0)).abs();
    /// let abs_difference_2 = (y2.atan2(x2) - 3.0*pi/4.0).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference_1 <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// assert!(abs_difference_2 <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn atan2(self, other: f32) -> f32 {
        unsafe { cmath::atan2f(self, other) }
    }

    /// Simultaneously computes the sine and cosine of the number, `x`. Returns
    /// `(sin(x), cos(x))`.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let x = f32::consts::PI/4.0;
    /// let f = x.sin_cos();
    ///
    /// let abs_difference_0 = (f.0 - x.sin()).abs();
    /// let abs_difference_1 = (f.1 - x.cos()).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference_0 <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// assert!(abs_difference_1 <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn sin_cos(self) -> (f32, f32) {
        (self.sin(), self.cos())
    }

    /// Returns `e^(self) - 1` in a way that is accurate even if the
    /// number is close to zero.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let x = 6.0f32;
    ///
    /// // e^(ln(6)) - 1
    /// let abs_difference = (x.ln().exp_m1() - 5.0).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn exp_m1(self) -> f32 {
        unsafe { cmath::expm1f(self) }
    }

    /// Returns `ln(1+n)` (natural logarithm) more accurately than if
    /// the operations were performed separately.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let x = f32::consts::E - 1.0;
    ///
    /// // ln(1 + (e - 1)) == ln(e) == 1
    /// let abs_difference = (x.ln_1p() - 1.0).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn ln_1p(self) -> f32 {
        unsafe { cmath::log1pf(self) }
    }

    /// Hyperbolic sine function.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let e = f32::consts::E;
    /// let x = 1.0f32;
    ///
    /// let f = x.sinh();
    /// // Solving sinh() at 1 gives `(e^2-1)/(2e)`
    /// let g = (e*e - 1.0)/(2.0*e);
    /// let abs_difference = (f - g).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn sinh(self) -> f32 {
        unsafe { cmath::sinhf(self) }
    }

    /// Hyperbolic cosine function.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let e = f32::consts::E;
    /// let x = 1.0f32;
    /// let f = x.cosh();
    /// // Solving cosh() at 1 gives this result
    /// let g = (e*e + 1.0)/(2.0*e);
    /// let abs_difference = (f - g).abs();
    ///
    /// // Same result
    /// assert!(abs_difference <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn cosh(self) -> f32 {
        unsafe { cmath::coshf(self) }
    }

    /// Hyperbolic tangent function.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let e = f32::consts::E;
    /// let x = 1.0f32;
    ///
    /// let f = x.tanh();
    /// // Solving tanh() at 1 gives `(1 - e^(-2))/(1 + e^(-2))`
    /// let g = (1.0 - e.powi(-2))/(1.0 + e.powi(-2));
    /// let abs_difference = (f - g).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn tanh(self) -> f32 {
        unsafe { cmath::tanhf(self) }
    }

    /// Inverse hyperbolic sine function.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let x = 1.0f32;
    /// let f = x.sinh().asinh();
    ///
    /// let abs_difference = (f - x).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn asinh(self) -> f32 {
        if self == NEG_INFINITY {
            NEG_INFINITY
        } else {
            (self + ((self * self) + 1.0).sqrt()).ln()
        }
    }

    /// Inverse hyperbolic cosine function.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let x = 1.0f32;
    /// let f = x.cosh().acosh();
    ///
    /// let abs_difference = (f - x).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference <= f32::EPSILON);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn acosh(self) -> f32 {
        match self {
            x if x < 1.0 => ::f32::NAN,
            x => (x + ((x * x) - 1.0).sqrt()).ln(),
        }
    }

    /// Inverse hyperbolic tangent function.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    ///
    /// let e = f32::consts::E;
    /// let f = e.tanh().atanh();
    ///
    /// let abs_difference = (f - e).abs();
    ///
    /// assert!(abs_difference <= 1e-5);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn atanh(self) -> f32 {
        0.5 * ((2.0 * self) / (1.0 - self)).ln_1p()
    }

    /// Raw transmutation to `u32`.
    ///
    /// This is currently identical to `transmute::<f32, u32>(self)` on all platforms.
    ///
    /// See `from_bits` for some discussion of the portability of this operation
    /// (there are almost no issues).
    ///
    /// Note that this function is distinct from `as` casting, which attempts to
    /// preserve the *numeric* value, and not the bitwise value.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// assert_ne!((1f32).to_bits(), 1f32 as u32); // to_bits() is not casting!
    /// assert_eq!((12.5f32).to_bits(), 0x41480000);
    ///
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "float_bits_conv", since = "1.20.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn to_bits(self) -> u32 {
        unsafe { ::mem::transmute(self) }
    }

    /// Raw transmutation from `u32`.
    ///
    /// This is currently identical to `transmute::<u32, f32>(v)` on all platforms.
    /// It turns out this is incredibly portable, for two reasons:
    ///
    /// * Floats and Ints have the same endianess on all supported platforms.
    /// * IEEE-754 very precisely specifies the bit layout of floats.
    ///
    /// However there is one caveat: prior to the 2008 version of IEEE-754, how
    /// to interpret the NaN signaling bit wasn't actually specified. Most platforms
    /// (notably x86 and ARM) picked the interpretation that was ultimately
    /// standardized in 2008, but some didn't (notably MIPS). As a result, all
    /// signaling NaNs on MIPS are quiet NaNs on x86, and vice-versa.
    ///
    /// Rather than trying to preserve signaling-ness cross-platform, this
    /// implementation favours preserving the exact bits. This means that
    /// any payloads encoded in NaNs will be preserved even if the result of
    /// this method is sent over the network from an x86 machine to a MIPS one.
    ///
    /// If the results of this method are only manipulated by the same
    /// architecture that produced them, then there is no portability concern.
    ///
    /// If the input isn't NaN, then there is no portability concern.
    ///
    /// If you don't care about signalingness (very likely), then there is no
    /// portability concern.
    ///
    /// Note that this function is distinct from `as` casting, which attempts to
    /// preserve the *numeric* value, and not the bitwise value.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::f32;
    /// let v = f32::from_bits(0x41480000);
    /// let difference = (v - 12.5).abs();
    /// assert!(difference <= 1e-5);
    /// ```
    #[stable(feature = "float_bits_conv", since = "1.20.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn from_bits(v: u32) -> Self {
        // It turns out the safety issues with sNaN were overblown! Hooray!
        unsafe { ::mem::transmute(v) }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use f32;
    use f32::*;
    use num::*;
    use num::FpCategory as Fp;

    #[test]
    fn test_num_f32() {
        test_num(10f32, 2f32);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_min_nan() {
        assert_eq!(NAN.min(2.0), 2.0);
        assert_eq!(2.0f32.min(NAN), 2.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_max_nan() {
        assert_eq!(NAN.max(2.0), 2.0);
        assert_eq!(2.0f32.max(NAN), 2.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_nan() {
        let nan: f32 = f32::NAN;
        assert!(nan.is_nan());
        assert!(!nan.is_infinite());
        assert!(!nan.is_finite());
        assert!(!nan.is_normal());
        assert!(nan.is_sign_positive());
        assert!(!nan.is_sign_negative());
        assert_eq!(Fp::Nan, nan.classify());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_infinity() {
        let inf: f32 = f32::INFINITY;
        assert!(inf.is_infinite());
        assert!(!inf.is_finite());
        assert!(inf.is_sign_positive());
        assert!(!inf.is_sign_negative());
        assert!(!inf.is_nan());
        assert!(!inf.is_normal());
        assert_eq!(Fp::Infinite, inf.classify());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_neg_infinity() {
        let neg_inf: f32 = f32::NEG_INFINITY;
        assert!(neg_inf.is_infinite());
        assert!(!neg_inf.is_finite());
        assert!(!neg_inf.is_sign_positive());
        assert!(neg_inf.is_sign_negative());
        assert!(!neg_inf.is_nan());
        assert!(!neg_inf.is_normal());
        assert_eq!(Fp::Infinite, neg_inf.classify());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_zero() {
        let zero: f32 = 0.0f32;
        assert_eq!(0.0, zero);
        assert!(!zero.is_infinite());
        assert!(zero.is_finite());
        assert!(zero.is_sign_positive());
        assert!(!zero.is_sign_negative());
        assert!(!zero.is_nan());
        assert!(!zero.is_normal());
        assert_eq!(Fp::Zero, zero.classify());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_neg_zero() {
        let neg_zero: f32 = -0.0;
        assert_eq!(0.0, neg_zero);
        assert!(!neg_zero.is_infinite());
        assert!(neg_zero.is_finite());
        assert!(!neg_zero.is_sign_positive());
        assert!(neg_zero.is_sign_negative());
        assert!(!neg_zero.is_nan());
        assert!(!neg_zero.is_normal());
        assert_eq!(Fp::Zero, neg_zero.classify());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_one() {
        let one: f32 = 1.0f32;
        assert_eq!(1.0, one);
        assert!(!one.is_infinite());
        assert!(one.is_finite());
        assert!(one.is_sign_positive());
        assert!(!one.is_sign_negative());
        assert!(!one.is_nan());
        assert!(one.is_normal());
        assert_eq!(Fp::Normal, one.classify());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_is_nan() {
        let nan: f32 = f32::NAN;
        let inf: f32 = f32::INFINITY;
        let neg_inf: f32 = f32::NEG_INFINITY;
        assert!(nan.is_nan());
        assert!(!0.0f32.is_nan());
        assert!(!5.3f32.is_nan());
        assert!(!(-10.732f32).is_nan());
        assert!(!inf.is_nan());
        assert!(!neg_inf.is_nan());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_is_infinite() {
        let nan: f32 = f32::NAN;
        let inf: f32 = f32::INFINITY;
        let neg_inf: f32 = f32::NEG_INFINITY;
        assert!(!nan.is_infinite());
        assert!(inf.is_infinite());
        assert!(neg_inf.is_infinite());
        assert!(!0.0f32.is_infinite());
        assert!(!42.8f32.is_infinite());
        assert!(!(-109.2f32).is_infinite());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_is_finite() {
        let nan: f32 = f32::NAN;
        let inf: f32 = f32::INFINITY;
        let neg_inf: f32 = f32::NEG_INFINITY;
        assert!(!nan.is_finite());
        assert!(!inf.is_finite());
        assert!(!neg_inf.is_finite());
        assert!(0.0f32.is_finite());
        assert!(42.8f32.is_finite());
        assert!((-109.2f32).is_finite());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_is_normal() {
        let nan: f32 = f32::NAN;
        let inf: f32 = f32::INFINITY;
        let neg_inf: f32 = f32::NEG_INFINITY;
        let zero: f32 = 0.0f32;
        let neg_zero: f32 = -0.0;
        assert!(!nan.is_normal());
        assert!(!inf.is_normal());
        assert!(!neg_inf.is_normal());
        assert!(!zero.is_normal());
        assert!(!neg_zero.is_normal());
        assert!(1f32.is_normal());
        assert!(1e-37f32.is_normal());
        assert!(!1e-38f32.is_normal());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_classify() {
        let nan: f32 = f32::NAN;
        let inf: f32 = f32::INFINITY;
        let neg_inf: f32 = f32::NEG_INFINITY;
        let zero: f32 = 0.0f32;
        let neg_zero: f32 = -0.0;
        assert_eq!(nan.classify(), Fp::Nan);
        assert_eq!(inf.classify(), Fp::Infinite);
        assert_eq!(neg_inf.classify(), Fp::Infinite);
        assert_eq!(zero.classify(), Fp::Zero);
        assert_eq!(neg_zero.classify(), Fp::Zero);
        assert_eq!(1f32.classify(), Fp::Normal);
        assert_eq!(1e-37f32.classify(), Fp::Normal);
        assert_eq!(1e-38f32.classify(), Fp::Subnormal);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_floor() {
        assert_approx_eq!(1.0f32.floor(), 1.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!(1.3f32.floor(), 1.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!(1.5f32.floor(), 1.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!(1.7f32.floor(), 1.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!(0.0f32.floor(), 0.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!((-0.0f32).floor(), -0.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!((-1.0f32).floor(), -1.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!((-1.3f32).floor(), -2.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!((-1.5f32).floor(), -2.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!((-1.7f32).floor(), -2.0f32);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_ceil() {
        assert_approx_eq!(1.0f32.ceil(), 1.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!(1.3f32.ceil(), 2.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!(1.5f32.ceil(), 2.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!(1.7f32.ceil(), 2.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!(0.0f32.ceil(), 0.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!((-0.0f32).ceil(), -0.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!((-1.0f32).ceil(), -1.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!((-1.3f32).ceil(), -1.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!((-1.5f32).ceil(), -1.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!((-1.7f32).ceil(), -1.0f32);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_round() {
        assert_approx_eq!(1.0f32.round(), 1.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!(1.3f32.round(), 1.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!(1.5f32.round(), 2.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!(1.7f32.round(), 2.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!(0.0f32.round(), 0.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!((-0.0f32).round(), -0.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!((-1.0f32).round(), -1.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!((-1.3f32).round(), -1.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!((-1.5f32).round(), -2.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!((-1.7f32).round(), -2.0f32);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_trunc() {
        assert_approx_eq!(1.0f32.trunc(), 1.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!(1.3f32.trunc(), 1.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!(1.5f32.trunc(), 1.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!(1.7f32.trunc(), 1.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!(0.0f32.trunc(), 0.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!((-0.0f32).trunc(), -0.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!((-1.0f32).trunc(), -1.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!((-1.3f32).trunc(), -1.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!((-1.5f32).trunc(), -1.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!((-1.7f32).trunc(), -1.0f32);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_fract() {
        assert_approx_eq!(1.0f32.fract(), 0.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!(1.3f32.fract(), 0.3f32);
        assert_approx_eq!(1.5f32.fract(), 0.5f32);
        assert_approx_eq!(1.7f32.fract(), 0.7f32);
        assert_approx_eq!(0.0f32.fract(), 0.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!((-0.0f32).fract(), -0.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!((-1.0f32).fract(), -0.0f32);
        assert_approx_eq!((-1.3f32).fract(), -0.3f32);
        assert_approx_eq!((-1.5f32).fract(), -0.5f32);
        assert_approx_eq!((-1.7f32).fract(), -0.7f32);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_abs() {
        assert_eq!(INFINITY.abs(), INFINITY);
        assert_eq!(1f32.abs(), 1f32);
        assert_eq!(0f32.abs(), 0f32);
        assert_eq!((-0f32).abs(), 0f32);
        assert_eq!((-1f32).abs(), 1f32);
        assert_eq!(NEG_INFINITY.abs(), INFINITY);
        assert_eq!((1f32/NEG_INFINITY).abs(), 0f32);
        assert!(NAN.abs().is_nan());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_signum() {
        assert_eq!(INFINITY.signum(), 1f32);
        assert_eq!(1f32.signum(), 1f32);
        assert_eq!(0f32.signum(), 1f32);
        assert_eq!((-0f32).signum(), -1f32);
        assert_eq!((-1f32).signum(), -1f32);
        assert_eq!(NEG_INFINITY.signum(), -1f32);
        assert_eq!((1f32/NEG_INFINITY).signum(), -1f32);
        assert!(NAN.signum().is_nan());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_is_sign_positive() {
        assert!(INFINITY.is_sign_positive());
        assert!(1f32.is_sign_positive());
        assert!(0f32.is_sign_positive());
        assert!(!(-0f32).is_sign_positive());
        assert!(!(-1f32).is_sign_positive());
        assert!(!NEG_INFINITY.is_sign_positive());
        assert!(!(1f32/NEG_INFINITY).is_sign_positive());
        assert!(NAN.is_sign_positive());
        assert!(!(-NAN).is_sign_positive());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_is_sign_negative() {
        assert!(!INFINITY.is_sign_negative());
        assert!(!1f32.is_sign_negative());
        assert!(!0f32.is_sign_negative());
        assert!((-0f32).is_sign_negative());
        assert!((-1f32).is_sign_negative());
        assert!(NEG_INFINITY.is_sign_negative());
        assert!((1f32/NEG_INFINITY).is_sign_negative());
        assert!(!NAN.is_sign_negative());
        assert!((-NAN).is_sign_negative());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_mul_add() {
        let nan: f32 = f32::NAN;
        let inf: f32 = f32::INFINITY;
        let neg_inf: f32 = f32::NEG_INFINITY;
        assert_approx_eq!(12.3f32.mul_add(4.5, 6.7), 62.05);
        assert_approx_eq!((-12.3f32).mul_add(-4.5, -6.7), 48.65);
        assert_approx_eq!(0.0f32.mul_add(8.9, 1.2), 1.2);
        assert_approx_eq!(3.4f32.mul_add(-0.0, 5.6), 5.6);
        assert!(nan.mul_add(7.8, 9.0).is_nan());
        assert_eq!(inf.mul_add(7.8, 9.0), inf);
        assert_eq!(neg_inf.mul_add(7.8, 9.0), neg_inf);
        assert_eq!(8.9f32.mul_add(inf, 3.2), inf);
        assert_eq!((-3.2f32).mul_add(2.4, neg_inf), neg_inf);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_recip() {
        let nan: f32 = f32::NAN;
        let inf: f32 = f32::INFINITY;
        let neg_inf: f32 = f32::NEG_INFINITY;
        assert_eq!(1.0f32.recip(), 1.0);
        assert_eq!(2.0f32.recip(), 0.5);
        assert_eq!((-0.4f32).recip(), -2.5);
        assert_eq!(0.0f32.recip(), inf);
        assert!(nan.recip().is_nan());
        assert_eq!(inf.recip(), 0.0);
        assert_eq!(neg_inf.recip(), 0.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_powi() {
        let nan: f32 = f32::NAN;
        let inf: f32 = f32::INFINITY;
        let neg_inf: f32 = f32::NEG_INFINITY;
        assert_eq!(1.0f32.powi(1), 1.0);
        assert_approx_eq!((-3.1f32).powi(2), 9.61);
        assert_approx_eq!(5.9f32.powi(-2), 0.028727);
        assert_eq!(8.3f32.powi(0), 1.0);
        assert!(nan.powi(2).is_nan());
        assert_eq!(inf.powi(3), inf);
        assert_eq!(neg_inf.powi(2), inf);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_powf() {
        let nan: f32 = f32::NAN;
        let inf: f32 = f32::INFINITY;
        let neg_inf: f32 = f32::NEG_INFINITY;
        assert_eq!(1.0f32.powf(1.0), 1.0);
        assert_approx_eq!(3.4f32.powf(4.5), 246.408218);
        assert_approx_eq!(2.7f32.powf(-3.2), 0.041652);
        assert_approx_eq!((-3.1f32).powf(2.0), 9.61);
        assert_approx_eq!(5.9f32.powf(-2.0), 0.028727);
        assert_eq!(8.3f32.powf(0.0), 1.0);
        assert!(nan.powf(2.0).is_nan());
        assert_eq!(inf.powf(2.0), inf);
        assert_eq!(neg_inf.powf(3.0), neg_inf);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_sqrt_domain() {
        assert!(NAN.sqrt().is_nan());
        assert!(NEG_INFINITY.sqrt().is_nan());
        assert!((-1.0f32).sqrt().is_nan());
        assert_eq!((-0.0f32).sqrt(), -0.0);
        assert_eq!(0.0f32.sqrt(), 0.0);
        assert_eq!(1.0f32.sqrt(), 1.0);
        assert_eq!(INFINITY.sqrt(), INFINITY);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_exp() {
        assert_eq!(1.0, 0.0f32.exp());
        assert_approx_eq!(2.718282, 1.0f32.exp());
        assert_approx_eq!(148.413162, 5.0f32.exp());

        let inf: f32 = f32::INFINITY;
        let neg_inf: f32 = f32::NEG_INFINITY;
        let nan: f32 = f32::NAN;
        assert_eq!(inf, inf.exp());
        assert_eq!(0.0, neg_inf.exp());
        assert!(nan.exp().is_nan());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_exp2() {
        assert_eq!(32.0, 5.0f32.exp2());
        assert_eq!(1.0, 0.0f32.exp2());

        let inf: f32 = f32::INFINITY;
        let neg_inf: f32 = f32::NEG_INFINITY;
        let nan: f32 = f32::NAN;
        assert_eq!(inf, inf.exp2());
        assert_eq!(0.0, neg_inf.exp2());
        assert!(nan.exp2().is_nan());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_ln() {
        let nan: f32 = f32::NAN;
        let inf: f32 = f32::INFINITY;
        let neg_inf: f32 = f32::NEG_INFINITY;
        assert_approx_eq!(1.0f32.exp().ln(), 1.0);
        assert!(nan.ln().is_nan());
        assert_eq!(inf.ln(), inf);
        assert!(neg_inf.ln().is_nan());
        assert!((-2.3f32).ln().is_nan());
        assert_eq!((-0.0f32).ln(), neg_inf);
        assert_eq!(0.0f32.ln(), neg_inf);
        assert_approx_eq!(4.0f32.ln(), 1.386294);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_log() {
        let nan: f32 = f32::NAN;
        let inf: f32 = f32::INFINITY;
        let neg_inf: f32 = f32::NEG_INFINITY;
        assert_eq!(10.0f32.log(10.0), 1.0);
        assert_approx_eq!(2.3f32.log(3.5), 0.664858);
        assert_eq!(1.0f32.exp().log(1.0f32.exp()), 1.0);
        assert!(1.0f32.log(1.0).is_nan());
        assert!(1.0f32.log(-13.9).is_nan());
        assert!(nan.log(2.3).is_nan());
        assert_eq!(inf.log(10.0), inf);
        assert!(neg_inf.log(8.8).is_nan());
        assert!((-2.3f32).log(0.1).is_nan());
        assert_eq!((-0.0f32).log(2.0), neg_inf);
        assert_eq!(0.0f32.log(7.0), neg_inf);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_log2() {
        let nan: f32 = f32::NAN;
        let inf: f32 = f32::INFINITY;
        let neg_inf: f32 = f32::NEG_INFINITY;
        assert_approx_eq!(10.0f32.log2(), 3.321928);
        assert_approx_eq!(2.3f32.log2(), 1.201634);
        assert_approx_eq!(1.0f32.exp().log2(), 1.442695);
        assert!(nan.log2().is_nan());
        assert_eq!(inf.log2(), inf);
        assert!(neg_inf.log2().is_nan());
        assert!((-2.3f32).log2().is_nan());
        assert_eq!((-0.0f32).log2(), neg_inf);
        assert_eq!(0.0f32.log2(), neg_inf);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_log10() {
        let nan: f32 = f32::NAN;
        let inf: f32 = f32::INFINITY;
        let neg_inf: f32 = f32::NEG_INFINITY;
        assert_eq!(10.0f32.log10(), 1.0);
        assert_approx_eq!(2.3f32.log10(), 0.361728);
        assert_approx_eq!(1.0f32.exp().log10(), 0.434294);
        assert_eq!(1.0f32.log10(), 0.0);
        assert!(nan.log10().is_nan());
        assert_eq!(inf.log10(), inf);
        assert!(neg_inf.log10().is_nan());
        assert!((-2.3f32).log10().is_nan());
        assert_eq!((-0.0f32).log10(), neg_inf);
        assert_eq!(0.0f32.log10(), neg_inf);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_to_degrees() {
        let pi: f32 = consts::PI;
        let nan: f32 = f32::NAN;
        let inf: f32 = f32::INFINITY;
        let neg_inf: f32 = f32::NEG_INFINITY;
        assert_eq!(0.0f32.to_degrees(), 0.0);
        assert_approx_eq!((-5.8f32).to_degrees(), -332.315521);
        assert_eq!(pi.to_degrees(), 180.0);
        assert!(nan.to_degrees().is_nan());
        assert_eq!(inf.to_degrees(), inf);
        assert_eq!(neg_inf.to_degrees(), neg_inf);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_to_radians() {
        let pi: f32 = consts::PI;
        let nan: f32 = f32::NAN;
        let inf: f32 = f32::INFINITY;
        let neg_inf: f32 = f32::NEG_INFINITY;
        assert_eq!(0.0f32.to_radians(), 0.0);
        assert_approx_eq!(154.6f32.to_radians(), 2.698279);
        assert_approx_eq!((-332.31f32).to_radians(), -5.799903);
        assert_eq!(180.0f32.to_radians(), pi);
        assert!(nan.to_radians().is_nan());
        assert_eq!(inf.to_radians(), inf);
        assert_eq!(neg_inf.to_radians(), neg_inf);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_asinh() {
        assert_eq!(0.0f32.asinh(), 0.0f32);
        assert_eq!((-0.0f32).asinh(), -0.0f32);

        let inf: f32 = f32::INFINITY;
        let neg_inf: f32 = f32::NEG_INFINITY;
        let nan: f32 = f32::NAN;
        assert_eq!(inf.asinh(), inf);
        assert_eq!(neg_inf.asinh(), neg_inf);
        assert!(nan.asinh().is_nan());
        assert_approx_eq!(2.0f32.asinh(), 1.443635475178810342493276740273105f32);
        assert_approx_eq!((-2.0f32).asinh(), -1.443635475178810342493276740273105f32);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_acosh() {
        assert_eq!(1.0f32.acosh(), 0.0f32);
        assert!(0.999f32.acosh().is_nan());

        let inf: f32 = f32::INFINITY;
        let neg_inf: f32 = f32::NEG_INFINITY;
        let nan: f32 = f32::NAN;
        assert_eq!(inf.acosh(), inf);
        assert!(neg_inf.acosh().is_nan());
        assert!(nan.acosh().is_nan());
        assert_approx_eq!(2.0f32.acosh(), 1.31695789692481670862504634730796844f32);
        assert_approx_eq!(3.0f32.acosh(), 1.76274717403908605046521864995958461f32);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_atanh() {
        assert_eq!(0.0f32.atanh(), 0.0f32);
        assert_eq!((-0.0f32).atanh(), -0.0f32);

        let inf32: f32 = f32::INFINITY;
        let neg_inf32: f32 = f32::NEG_INFINITY;
        assert_eq!(1.0f32.atanh(), inf32);
        assert_eq!((-1.0f32).atanh(), neg_inf32);

        assert!(2f64.atanh().atanh().is_nan());
        assert!((-2f64).atanh().atanh().is_nan());

        let inf64: f32 = f32::INFINITY;
        let neg_inf64: f32 = f32::NEG_INFINITY;
        let nan32: f32 = f32::NAN;
        assert!(inf64.atanh().is_nan());
        assert!(neg_inf64.atanh().is_nan());
        assert!(nan32.atanh().is_nan());

        assert_approx_eq!(0.5f32.atanh(), 0.54930614433405484569762261846126285f32);
        assert_approx_eq!((-0.5f32).atanh(), -0.54930614433405484569762261846126285f32);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_real_consts() {
        use super::consts;

        let pi: f32 = consts::PI;
        let frac_pi_2: f32 = consts::FRAC_PI_2;
        let frac_pi_3: f32 = consts::FRAC_PI_3;
        let frac_pi_4: f32 = consts::FRAC_PI_4;
        let frac_pi_6: f32 = consts::FRAC_PI_6;
        let frac_pi_8: f32 = consts::FRAC_PI_8;
        let frac_1_pi: f32 = consts::FRAC_1_PI;
        let frac_2_pi: f32 = consts::FRAC_2_PI;
        let frac_2_sqrtpi: f32 = consts::FRAC_2_SQRT_PI;
        let sqrt2: f32 = consts::SQRT_2;
        let frac_1_sqrt2: f32 = consts::FRAC_1_SQRT_2;
        let e: f32 = consts::E;
        let log2_e: f32 = consts::LOG2_E;
        let log10_e: f32 = consts::LOG10_E;
        let ln_2: f32 = consts::LN_2;
        let ln_10: f32 = consts::LN_10;

        assert_approx_eq!(frac_pi_2, pi / 2f32);
        assert_approx_eq!(frac_pi_3, pi / 3f32);
        assert_approx_eq!(frac_pi_4, pi / 4f32);
        assert_approx_eq!(frac_pi_6, pi / 6f32);
        assert_approx_eq!(frac_pi_8, pi / 8f32);
        assert_approx_eq!(frac_1_pi, 1f32 / pi);
        assert_approx_eq!(frac_2_pi, 2f32 / pi);
        assert_approx_eq!(frac_2_sqrtpi, 2f32 / pi.sqrt());
        assert_approx_eq!(sqrt2, 2f32.sqrt());
        assert_approx_eq!(frac_1_sqrt2, 1f32 / 2f32.sqrt());
        assert_approx_eq!(log2_e, e.log2());
        assert_approx_eq!(log10_e, e.log10());
        assert_approx_eq!(ln_2, 2f32.ln());
        assert_approx_eq!(ln_10, 10f32.ln());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_float_bits_conv() {
        assert_eq!((1f32).to_bits(), 0x3f800000);
        assert_eq!((12.5f32).to_bits(), 0x41480000);
        assert_eq!((1337f32).to_bits(), 0x44a72000);
        assert_eq!((-14.25f32).to_bits(), 0xc1640000);
        assert_approx_eq!(f32::from_bits(0x3f800000), 1.0);
        assert_approx_eq!(f32::from_bits(0x41480000), 12.5);
        assert_approx_eq!(f32::from_bits(0x44a72000), 1337.0);
        assert_approx_eq!(f32::from_bits(0xc1640000), -14.25);

        // Check that NaNs roundtrip their bits regardless of signalingness
        // 0xA is 0b1010; 0x5 is 0b0101 -- so these two together clobbers all the mantissa bits
        let masked_nan1 = f32::NAN.to_bits() ^ 0x002A_AAAA;
        let masked_nan2 = f32::NAN.to_bits() ^ 0x0055_5555;
        assert!(f32::from_bits(masked_nan1).is_nan());
        assert!(f32::from_bits(masked_nan2).is_nan());

        assert_eq!(f32::from_bits(masked_nan1).to_bits(), masked_nan1);
        assert_eq!(f32::from_bits(masked_nan2).to_bits(), masked_nan2);
    }
}