wavfile.py

"""
Module to read / write wav files using numpy arrays

Functions
---------
`read`: Return the sample rate (in samples/sec) and data from a WAV file.

`write`: Write a numpy array as a WAV file.

"""
from __future__ import division, print_function, absolute_import

import sys
import numpy
import struct
import warnings


class WavFileWarning(UserWarning):
    pass

_big_endian = False

WAVE_FORMAT_PCM = 0x0001
WAVE_FORMAT_IEEE_FLOAT = 0x0003
WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE = 0xfffe
KNOWN_WAVE_FORMATS = (WAVE_FORMAT_PCM, WAVE_FORMAT_IEEE_FLOAT)

# assumes file pointer is immediately
#  after the 'fmt ' id


def _read_fmt_chunk(fid):
    if _big_endian:
        fmt = '>'
    else:
        fmt = '<'
    res = struct.unpack(fmt+'iHHIIHH',fid.read(20))
    size, comp, noc, rate, sbytes, ba, bits = res
    if comp not in KNOWN_WAVE_FORMATS or size > 16:
        comp = WAVE_FORMAT_PCM
        warnings.warn("Unknown wave file format", WavFileWarning)
        if size > 16:
            fid.read(size - 16)

    return size, comp, noc, rate, sbytes, ba, bits


# assumes file pointer is immediately
#   after the 'data' id
def _read_data_chunk(fid, comp, noc, bits, mmap=False):
    if _big_endian:
        fmt = '>i'
    else:
        fmt = '<i'
    size = struct.unpack(fmt,fid.read(4))[0]

    bytes = bits//8
    if bits == 8:
        dtype = 'u1'
    else:
        if _big_endian:
            dtype = '>'
        else:
            dtype = '<'
        if comp == 1:
            dtype += 'i%d' % bytes
        else:
            dtype += 'f%d' % bytes
    if not mmap:
        data = numpy.fromstring(fid.read(size), dtype=dtype)
    else:
        start = fid.tell()
        data = numpy.memmap(fid, dtype=dtype, mode='c', offset=start,
                            shape=(size//bytes,))
        fid.seek(start + size)

    if noc > 1:
        data = data.reshape(-1,noc)
    return data


def _skip_unknown_chunk(fid):
    if _big_endian:
        fmt = '>i'
    else:
        fmt = '<i'

    data = fid.read(4)
    size = struct.unpack(fmt, data)[0]
    fid.seek(size, 1)


def _read_riff_chunk(fid):
    global _big_endian
    str1 = fid.read(4)
    if str1 == b'RIFX':
        _big_endian = True
    elif str1 != b'RIFF':
        raise ValueError("Not a WAV file.")
    if _big_endian:
        fmt = '>I'
    else:
        fmt = '<I'
    fsize = struct.unpack(fmt, fid.read(4))[0] + 8
    str2 = fid.read(4)
    if (str2 != b'WAVE'):
        raise ValueError("Not a WAV file.")
    if str1 == b'RIFX':
        _big_endian = True
    return fsize

# open a wave-file


def read(filename, mmap=False):
    """
    Return the sample rate (in samples/sec) and data from a WAV file

    Parameters
    ----------
    filename : string or open file handle
        Input wav file.
    mmap : bool, optional
        Whether to read data as memory mapped.
        Only to be used on real files (Default: False)

        .. versionadded:: 0.12.0

    Returns
    -------
    rate : int
        Sample rate of wav file
    data : numpy array
        Data read from wav file

    Notes
    -----

    * The file can be an open file or a filename.

    * The returned sample rate is a Python integer
    * The data is returned as a numpy array with a
      data-type determined from the file.

    """
    if hasattr(filename,'read'):
        fid = filename
        mmap = False
    else:
        fid = open(filename, 'rb')

    try:
        fsize = _read_riff_chunk(fid)
        noc = 1
        bits = 8
        comp = WAVE_FORMAT_PCM
        while (fid.tell() < fsize):
            # read the next chunk
            chunk_id = fid.read(4)
            if chunk_id == b'fmt ':
                size, comp, noc, rate, sbytes, ba, bits = _read_fmt_chunk(fid)
            elif chunk_id == b'fact':
                _skip_unknown_chunk(fid)
            elif chunk_id == b'data':
                data = _read_data_chunk(fid, comp, noc, bits, mmap=mmap)
            elif chunk_id == b'LIST':
                # Someday this could be handled properly but for now skip it
                _skip_unknown_chunk(fid)
            else:
                warnings.warn("Chunk (non-data) not understood, skipping it.",
                              WavFileWarning)
                _skip_unknown_chunk(fid)
    finally:
        if not hasattr(filename,'read'):
            fid.close()
        else:
            fid.seek(0)

    return rate, data

# Write a wave-file
# sample rate, data


def write(filename, rate, data):
    """
    Write a numpy array as a WAV file

    Parameters
    ----------
    filename : string or open file handle
        Output wav file
    rate : int
        The sample rate (in samples/sec).
    data : ndarray
        A 1-D or 2-D numpy array of either integer or float data-type.

    Notes
    -----
    * The file can be an open file or a filename.

    * Writes a simple uncompressed WAV file.
    * The bits-per-sample will be determined by the data-type.
    * To write multiple-channels, use a 2-D array of shape
      (Nsamples, Nchannels).

    """
    if hasattr(filename,'write'):
        fid = filename
    else:
        fid = open(filename, 'wb')

    try:
        dkind = data.dtype.kind
        if not (dkind == 'i' or dkind == 'f' or (dkind == 'u' and data.dtype.itemsize == 1)):
            raise ValueError("Unsupported data type '%s'" % data.dtype)

        fid.write(b'RIFF')
        fid.write(b'\x00\x00\x00\x00')
        fid.write(b'WAVE')
        # fmt chunk
        fid.write(b'fmt ')
        if dkind == 'f':
            comp = 3
        else:
            comp = 1
        if data.ndim == 1:
            noc = 1
        else:
            noc = data.shape[1]
        bits = data.dtype.itemsize * 8
        sbytes = rate*(bits // 8)*noc
        ba = noc * (bits // 8)
        fid.write(struct.pack('<ihHIIHH', 16, comp, noc, rate, sbytes, ba, bits))
        # data chunk
        fid.write(b'data')
        fid.write(struct.pack('<i', data.nbytes))
        if data.dtype.byteorder == '>' or (data.dtype.byteorder == '=' and sys.byteorder == 'big'):
            data = data.byteswap()
        _array_tofile(fid, data)

        # Determine file size and place it in correct
        #  position at start of the file.
        size = fid.tell()
        fid.seek(4)
        fid.write(struct.pack('<i', size-8))

    finally:
        if not hasattr(filename,'write'):
            fid.close()
        else:
            fid.seek(0)


if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
    def _array_tofile(fid, data):
        # ravel gives a c-contiguous buffer
        fid.write(data.ravel().view('b').data)
else:
    def _array_tofile(fid, data):
        fid.write(data.tostring())