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OpenRHCE.html
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OpenRHCE.html
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<div class="document" id="rhcsa-rhce-preparation">
<h1 class="title">RHCSA / RHCE Preparation</h1>
<h2 class="subtitle" id="a-creative-commons-courseware">A Creative Commons Courseware</h2>
<!-- Sequence of section adornments: -->
<!-- ==- - -->
<!-- ==- -==- -__++~~^^ -->
<!-- To exclude elements with a certain class from the PDF, use "- -strip-elements-with-class=classname" when producing a PDF. -->
<!-- To print a copy for other instructors, exclude the class "custom" -->
<!-- To print PDF slides (for classroom use), exclude the class "handout" -->
<!-- To print a handout version with additional explanatory notes, exclude the class "slides" -->
<!-- Course Outline -->
<!-- =========================== -->
<!-- .. contents:: -->
<div class="section" id="session-one-introductions">
<h1>Session One: Introductions</h1>
<div class="section" id="introductions-your-instructor">
<h2>Introductions: Your Instructor</h2>
<p class="custom">Scott Purcell</p>
<p class="custom"><a class="reference external" href="mailto:scott@texastwister.info">scott@texastwister.info</a></p>
<p class="custom"><a class="reference external" href="http://www.linkedin.com/in/scottpurcell">http://www.linkedin.com/in/scottpurcell</a></p>
<p class="custom"><a class="reference external" href="http://twitter.com/texastwister">http://twitter.com/texastwister</a></p>
<p class="custom"><a class="reference external" href="http://www.facebook.com/Scott.L.Purcell">http://www.facebook.com/Scott.L.Purcell</a></p>
<p class="custom"><strong>Qualifications</strong></p>
<blockquote class="custom">
<ul class="simple">
<li>RHCSA, RHCE #110-008-877 (RHEL6)</li>
<li>Also: CTT+, CLA, CLP, CNI, LPIC1, Linux+</li>
<li>Curriculum Developer and Trainer for a major computer manufacturer for 15 years</li>
<li>Linux Enthusiast since 2000</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<p class="custom"><strong>Personal</strong></p>
<blockquote class="custom">
<ul class="simple">
<li>Disciple of Jesus Christ, Husband, Father, Eagle Scout, Computer Geek, Balloon Entertainer, and occasional coach of youth sports or leader of scouting units.</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<p class="custom"><strong>Fun</strong></p>
<blockquote class="custom">
<ul class="simple">
<li>Fun: Part-time Balloon Entertainer</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="introductions-fellow-students">
<h2>Introductions: Fellow Students</h2>
<p><strong>Please Introduce Yourselves</strong></p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Name</li>
<li>Where you work or what you do.</li>
<li>What Linux experience do you already have?</li>
<li>What goals do you have for this class?</li>
<li>Something fun about yourself.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="introductions-the-course">
<h2>Introductions: The Course</h2>
<p>Our Textbook:</p>
<blockquote>
RHCSA/RHCE Red Hat Linux Certification Study Guide
(Exams EX200 & EX300), 6th Edition (Certification Press)
Michael Jang
ISBN-10: 0071765654 | ISBN-13: 978-0071765657
Publication Date: June 17, 2011 | Edition: 6</blockquote>
<p>Our classroom time will not follow it closely, but it is invaluable for your background reading, later reference, and out-of-class practice and study.</p>
<div class="section" id="course-goals">
<h3>Course Goals</h3>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt>Primary Goal:</dt>
<dd>Preparation to Pass the RHCE Exam (assumes passage of the RHCSA Exam)</dd>
<dt>Secondary Goal:</dt>
<dd>Preparation to Pass the RHCSA Exam</dd>
<dt>Tertiary Goal:</dt>
<dd>Acquiring high-level Enterprise-oriented Linux skills</dd>
<dt>NOT a Goal of this course:</dt>
<dd>Acquiring basic or user-oriented Linux skills. These are assumed as prerequisite for this course.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="reasonable-expectations">
<h2>Reasonable Expectations</h2>
<ul>
<li><p class="first">Should I be able to pass the RHCE on this class alone?</p>
<blockquote>
<p>A stunning number (estimated at 50% or more) of seasoned professionals taking Red Hat's own prep courses fail to pass on first attempt.</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Planning for more than one attempt is prudent.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Pass rates go up substantially on 2nd attempts.</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Maximizing your out-of-class preparation time is prudent.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="preparation-recommendations">
<h2>Preparation Recommendations</h2>
<p><strong>1. Build a Practice/Study Environment</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li><p class="first">Scenario 1 -- A single virtualization-capable system with multiple vm "guests".</p>
<blockquote>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Host must have a 64 bit CPU with HW virtualization extensions</li>
<li>4 GB or more of RAM recommended as a minimum -- 2GB is likely an absolute minimum</li>
<li>60 GB of HDD space recommended as a minimum -- enough for the host OS and several VMs.</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Scenario 2 -- Several Rackspace or Amazon VMs.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Scenario 3 -- Several physical systems, networked together.</p>
<blockquote>
<ul class="simple">
<li>These can be 32-bit (i386 / i686) or 64-bit (x86_64) systems</li>
<li>Each should have 768 MB of RAM as a minimum.</li>
<li>Each should have 12-20 GB of HDD space as a minimum.</li>
</ul>
<div class="caution">
<p class="first admonition-title">Caution!</p>
<p class="last">You may be unable to practice a few of the objectives (those related to virtualization) in this scenario.</p>
</div>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id1">
<h2>Preparation Recommendations</h2>
<p><strong>2. Take initiative -- form a study group.</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<p>Find Participants:</p>
<blockquote>
<ul class="simple">
<li>In class</li>
<li>At work</li>
<li>Linked-In groups</li>
<li>Local LUGs</li>
<li>MeetUps</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>3. Practice, practice, practice!</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<p>Take the exam objectives and work to ensure that you can configure and secure every service, and implement every feature named in the course objectives.</p>
<p>Highlight areas on the objectives where you need review and bring your questions to class or post them on the Google Groups site:</p>
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://groups.google.com/d/forum/acc-ce-linux-learners">https://groups.google.com/d/forum/acc-ce-linux-learners</a></p>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="an-os-for-practice-and-study">
<h2>An OS for Practice and Study</h2>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt>RHEL 6</dt>
<dd><a class="reference external" href="https://www.redhat.com/rhel/details/eval/">https://www.redhat.com/rhel/details/eval/</a></dd>
<dt>CENTOS 6</dt>
<dd><a class="reference external" href="https://www.centos.org/">https://www.centos.org/</a> or <a class="reference external" href="http://vault.centos.org/">http://vault.centos.org/</a></dd>
<dt>Scientific Linux</dt>
<dd><a class="reference external" href="http://www.scientificlinux.org/">http://www.scientificlinux.org/</a></dd>
<dt>Fedora 13</dt>
<dd><a class="reference external" href="http://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/publiclist/Fedora/13/x86_64/">http://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/publiclist/Fedora/13/x86_64/</a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="online-information">
<h2>Online Information</h2>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt>Red Hat docs:</dt>
<dd><a class="reference external" href="https://access.redhat.com/knowledge/docs/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/">https://access.redhat.com/knowledge/docs/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/</a></dd>
<dt>RHCSA/RHCE Objectives and other information at:</dt>
<dd><a class="reference external" href="https://www.redhat.com/training/certifications/">https://www.redhat.com/training/certifications/</a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="classroom-infrastructure">
<h2>Classroom Infrastructure</h2>
<p>RHEL6 Server installed on virtualization-capable Dell Optiplex workstations.</p>
<p>We will be creating multiple virtual machines on the hosts on which the Lab Exercises will be performed.</p>
<p>A classroom server is available at 192.168.5.200, offering a variety of services to your lab stations.</p>
<p>File downloads are available at <a class="reference external" href="ftp://192.168.5.200/pub">ftp://192.168.5.200/pub</a>.</p>
<p>Note, especially, the preconfigured yum repo file at <a class="reference external" href="ftp://192.168.5.200/pub/classroom.repo">ftp://192.168.5.200/pub/classroom.repo</a>. The following commands can be used on a newly configured virtual machine to configure it for access to the repository:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
# wget ftp://192.168.5.200/pub/classroom.repo
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" id="red-hat-enterprise-linux">
<h2>Red Hat Enterprise Linux</h2>
<ul>
<li><p class="first">Overview</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Well-tested Linux distro focusing on Enterprise features and stability and a long lifecycle</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Server and Desktop variants</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Add-on Functionality</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Support for high-end features such as Load Balancing, Clustering, Management, High Performance networking, etc.</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p class="first">LifeCycle</p>
<blockquote>
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://access.redhat.com/support/policy/updates/errata/">https://access.redhat.com/support/policy/updates/errata/</a></p>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="the-red-hat-certification-landscape">
<h2>The Red Hat Certification Landscape</h2>
<ul>
<li><p class="first">RHCSA</p>
<blockquote>
<p>RHCSA is new, replacing the RHCT. It is the "core" sysadmin certification from Red Hat. To earn RHCE and other system administration certs will require first earning the RHCSA.</p>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li><p class="first"><a class="reference external" href="https://www.redhat.com/training/certifications/rhcsa/">RHCSA Details</a></p>
<blockquote>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p class="first"><a class="reference external" href="https://www.redhat.com/training/courses/ex200/examobjective">RHCSA Objectives</a></p>
<blockquote>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p class="first">RHCE</p>
<blockquote>
<p>RHCE is a senior system administration certification. It is an eligibility requirement for taking any COE exams and is thus a requirement for the upper-level credentials as well.</p>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li><p class="first"><a class="reference external" href="https://www.redhat.com/training/courses/ex300/">RHCE Details</a></p>
<blockquote>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p class="first"><a class="reference external" href="https://www.redhat.com/training/courses/ex300/examobjective">RHCE Objectives</a></p>
<blockquote>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><p class="first">Certificates of Expertise</p>
<blockquote>
<p>COEs are incremental credentials demonstrating skills and knowledge in specialized areas. They are worthy credentials in their own right, but also the building blocks of the upper level credentials.</p>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li><p class="first"><a class="reference external" href="https://www.redhat.com/training/certifications/expertise/">Overview of COEs</a></p>
<blockquote>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p class="first">RHCSS, RHCDS, RHCA</p>
<blockquote>
<p>These upper level credentials recognize those who have achieved expertise in several related specialized areas. Each one requires multiple COEs.</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="exercise-1-1-install-rhel6-on-a-virtual-machine">
<h2>Exercise 1-1: Install RHEL6 on a Virtual Machine</h2>
<p>Following the instructor, install your first virtual machine.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id2">
<h2>RHCSA Objectives</h2>
<div class="section" id="rhcsa-objectives-understand-use-essential-tools">
<h3>RHCSA Objectives: Understand & Use Essential Tools</h3>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li><p class="first">Access a shell prompt and issue commands with correct syntax</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Use input-output redirection (>, >>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">|</span></tt>, 2>, etc.)</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Use grep and regular expressions to analyze text</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Access remote systems using ssh and VNC</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Log in and switch users in multi-user runlevels</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Archive, compress, unpack and uncompress files using tar, star, gzip, and bzip2</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Create and edit text files</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Create, delete, copy and move files and directories</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Create hard and soft links</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">List, set and change standard ugo/rwx permissions</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Locate, read and use system documentation including man, info, and files in /usr/share/doc .</p>
<blockquote>
<p>[Note: Red Hat may use applications during the exam that are not included in Red Hat Enterprise Linux for the purpose of evaluating candidate's abilities to meet this objective.]</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="rhcsa-operate-running-systems">
<h3>RHCSA: Operate Running Systems</h3>
<blockquote>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Boot, reboot, and shut down a system normally</li>
<li>Boot systems into different runlevels manually</li>
<li>Use single-user mode to gain access to a system</li>
<li>Identify CPU/memory intensive processes, adjust process priority with renice, and kill processes</li>
<li>Locate and interpret system log files</li>
<li>Access a virtual machine's console</li>
<li>Start and stop virtual machines</li>
<li>Start, stop and check the status of network services</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="rhcsa-configure-local-storage">
<h3>RHCSA: Configure Local Storage</h3>
<blockquote>
<ul class="simple">
<li>List, create, delete and set partition type for primary, extended, and logical partitions</li>
<li>Create and remove physical volumes, assign physical volumes to volume groups, create and delete logical volumes</li>
<li>Create and configure LUKS-encrypted partitions and logical volumes to prompt for password and mount a decrypted file system at boot</li>
<li>Configure systems to mount file systems at boot by Universally Unique ID (UUID) or label</li>
<li>Add new partitions, logical volumes and swap to a system non-destructively</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="rhcsa-create-and-configure-file-systems">
<h3>RHCSA: Create and Configure File Systems</h3>
<blockquote>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Create, mount, unmount and use ext2, ext3 and ext4 file systems</li>
<li>Mount, unmount and use LUKS-encrypted file systems</li>
<li>Mount and unmount CIFS and NFS network file systems</li>
<li>Configure systems to mount ext4, LUKS-encrypted and network file systems automatically</li>
<li>Extend existing unencrypted ext4-formatted logical volumes</li>
<li>Create and configure set-GID directories for collaboration</li>
<li>Create and manage Access Control Lists (ACLs)</li>
<li>Diagnose and correct file permission problems</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="rhcsa-deploy-configure-maintain">
<h3>RHCSA: Deploy, Configure & Maintain</h3>
<blockquote>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Configure networking and hostname resolution statically or dynamically</li>
<li>Schedule tasks using cron</li>
<li>Configure systems to boot into a specific runlevel automatically</li>
<li>Install Red Hat Enterprise Linux automatically using Kickstart</li>
<li>Configure a physical machine to host virtual guests</li>
<li>Install Red Hat Enterprise Linux systems as virtual guests</li>
<li>Configure systems to launch virtual machines at boot</li>
<li>Configure network services to start automatically at boot</li>
<li>Configure a system to run a default configuration HTTP server</li>
<li>Configure a system to run a default configuration FTP server</li>
<li>Install and update software packages from Red Hat Network, a remote repository, or from the local filesystem</li>
<li>Update the kernel package appropriately to ensure a bootable system</li>
<li>Modify the system bootloader</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="rhcsa-manage-users-and-groups">
<h3>RHCSA: Manage Users and Groups</h3>
<blockquote>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Create, delete, and modify local user accounts</li>
<li>Change passwords and adjust password aging for local user accounts</li>
<li>Create, delete and modify local groups and group memberships</li>
<li>Configure a system to use an existing LDAP directory service for user and group information</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="rhcsa-manage-security">
<h3>RHCSA: Manage Security</h3>
<blockquote>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Configure firewall settings using system-config-firewall or iptables</li>
<li>Set enforcing and permissive modes for SELinux</li>
<li>List and identify SELinux file and process context</li>
<li>Restore default file contexts</li>
<li>Use boolean settings to modify system SELinux settings</li>
<li>Diagnose and address routine SELinux policy violations</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id3">
<h2>RHCE Objectives</h2>
<div class="section" id="rhce-system-configuration-and-management">
<h3>RHCE: System Configuration and Management</h3>
<blockquote>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Route IP traffic and create static routes</li>
<li>Use iptables to implement packet filtering and configure network address translation (NAT)</li>
<li>Use /proc/sys and sysctl to modify and set kernel run-time parameters</li>
<li>Configure system to authenticate using Kerberos</li>
<li>Build a simple RPM that packages a single file</li>
<li>Configure a system as an iSCSI initiator that persistently mounts an iSCSI target</li>
<li>Produce and deliver reports on system utilization (processor, memory, disk, and network)</li>
<li>Use shell scripting to automate system maintenance tasks</li>
<li>Configure a system to log to a remote system</li>
<li>Configure a system to accept logging from a remote system</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="rhce-network-services">
<h3>RHCE: Network Services</h3>
<p>Network services are an important subset of the exam objectives. RHCE candidates should be capable of meeting the following objectives for each of the network services listed below:</p>
<blockquote>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Install the packages needed to provide the service</li>
<li>Configure SELinux to support the service</li>
<li>Configure the service to start when the system is booted</li>
<li>Configure the service for basic operation</li>
<li>Configure host-based and user-based security for the service</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<p>RHCE candidates should also be capable of meeting the following objectives associated with specific services:</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="rhce-http-https">
<h3>RHCE: HTTP/HTTPS</h3>
<blockquote>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Install the packages needed to provide the service</li>
<li>Configure SELinux to support the service</li>
<li>Configure the service to start when the system is booted</li>
<li>Configure the service for basic operation</li>
<li>Configure host-based and user-based security for the service</li>
<li>Configure a virtual host</li>
<li>Configure private directories</li>
<li>Deploy a basic CGI application</li>
<li>Configure group-managed content</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="rhce-dns">
<h3>RHCE: DNS</h3>
<blockquote>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Install the packages needed to provide the service</li>
<li>Configure SELinux to support the service</li>
<li>Configure the service to start when the system is booted</li>
<li>Configure the service for basic operation</li>
<li>Configure host-based and user-based security for the service</li>
<li>Configure a caching-only name server</li>
<li>Configure a caching-only name server to forward DNS queries</li>
<li>Note: Candidates are not expected to configure master or slave name servers</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="rhce-ftp">
<h3>RHCE: FTP</h3>
<blockquote>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Install the packages needed to provide the service</li>
<li>Configure SELinux to support the service</li>
<li>Configure the service to start when the system is booted</li>
<li>Configure the service for basic operation</li>
<li>Configure host-based and user-based security for the service</li>
<li>Configure anonymous-only download</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="rhce-nfs">
<h3>RHCE: NFS</h3>
<blockquote>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Install the packages needed to provide the service</li>
<li>Configure SELinux to support the service</li>
<li>Configure the service to start when the system is booted</li>
<li>Configure the service for basic operation</li>
<li>Configure host-based and user-based security for the service</li>
<li>Provide network shares to specific clients</li>
<li>Provide network shares suitable for group collaboration</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="rhce-smb">
<h3>RHCE: SMB</h3>
<blockquote>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Install the packages needed to provide the service</li>
<li>Configure SELinux to support the service</li>
<li>Configure the service to start when the system is booted</li>
<li>Configure the service for basic operation</li>
<li>Configure host-based and user-based security for the service</li>
<li>Provide network shares to specific clients</li>
<li>Provide network shares suitable for group collaboration</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="rhce-smtp">
<h3>RHCE: SMTP</h3>
<blockquote>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Install the packages needed to provide the service</li>
<li>Configure SELinux to support the service</li>
<li>Configure the service to start when the system is booted</li>
<li>Configure the service for basic operation</li>
<li>Configure host-based and user-based security for the service</li>
<li>Configure a mail transfer agent (MTA) to accept inbound email from other systems</li>
<li>Configure an MTA to forward (relay) email through a smart host</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="rhce-ssh">
<h3>RHCE: SSH</h3>
<blockquote>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Install the packages needed to provide the service</li>
<li>Configure SELinux to support the service</li>
<li>Configure the service to start when the system is booted</li>
<li>Configure the service for basic operation</li>
<li>Configure host-based and user-based security for the service</li>
<li>Configure key-based authentication</li>
<li>Configure additional options described in documentation</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="rhce-ntp">
<h3>RHCE: NTP</h3>
<blockquote>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Install the packages needed to provide the service</li>
<li>Configure SELinux to support the service</li>
<li>Configure the service to start when the system is booted</li>
<li>Configure the service for basic operation</li>
<li>Configure host-based and user-based security for the service</li>
<li>Synchronize time using other NTP peers</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="operating-a-system">
<h1>Operating a System</h1>
<div class="section" id="boot-reboot-shutdown">
<h2>Boot, Reboot, Shutdown</h2>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Power On</li>
<li>GRUB Menu</li>
<li>Display Manager Screen</li>
<li>Gnome or KDE</li>
<li>Terminal commands: shutdown, halt, poweroff, reboot, init</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="runlevels">
<h2>Runlevels</h2>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Default</li>
<li>From GRUB Menu</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="single-user-mode">
<h2>Single User Mode</h2>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Password Recovery</li>
</ul>
<p>Note: SELinux bug prevents password changes while set to "Enforcing".</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="exercise-1-2-use-single-user-mode-to-recover-a-root-password">
<h2>Exercise 1-2: Use Single-user mode to recover a root password</h2>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Reboot your virtual machine</li>
<li>Activate the GRUB Menu</li>
<li>Boot the system in Single User Mode</li>
<li>Set SELinux to Permissive Mode</li>
<li>Change the root password</li>
<li>Set SELinux back to Enforcing Mode</li>
<li>Activate runlevel 5</li>
<li>Login as root with the new password</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="exercise-1-3-boot-into-runlevel-3">
<h2>Exercise 1-3: Boot into runlevel 3</h2>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Reboot your virtual machines</li>
<li>Activate the GRUB Menu</li>
<li>Boot the system into runlevel 3</li>
<li>Login as root</li>
<li>Transition the system back to runlevel 5</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="log-files">
<h2>Log Files</h2>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/var/log/*</span></tt></p>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/root/install.log</span></tt></p>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/root/anaconda-ks.cfg</span></tt></p>
<p>View with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cat</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">less</span></tt> or other tools</p>
<p>Search with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">grep</span></tt></p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="exercise-1-4-view-logs-from-an-x-term-and-a-virtual-terminal">
<h2>Exercise 1-4: View Logs from an x-term and a virtual terminal</h2>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Launch a gnome-terminal session and browse the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/var/log/messages</span></tt> file.</li>
<li>Switch to a virtual terminal, login as root, and view <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/var/log/secure</span></tt></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="start-stop-virtual-machines">
<h2>Start/Stop Virtual Machines</h2>
<ul>
<li><p class="first">Using virt-manager</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Select the desired VM. There are several approaches to these operations in the GUI.</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Using virsh commands:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
# virsh list --all
# virsh start <VM ID or Name>
# virsh stop <VM ID or Name>
# virsh destroy <VM ID or Name>
</pre>
</li>
</ul>
<!-- -->
<div class="note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">"stop" requests a graceful shutdown. "destroy" forces a poweroff -- data loss could result.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="virtual-machine-consoles">
<h2>Virtual Machine Consoles</h2>
<ul>
<li><p class="first">virt-manager</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Double-click the Virtual Machine desired.</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p class="first">virt-viewer</p>
<blockquote>
<pre class="literal-block">
# virt-viewer <VM ID or Name>
</pre>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="virtual-machine-text-console">
<h2>Virtual Machine Text Console</h2>
<p>With libguestfs-tools installed and the VM in question shut-down, from the host:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
# virt-edit {VMname} /boot/grub/menu.lst
</pre>
<p>There, append to the kernel line:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
console=tty0 console=ttyS0.
</pre>
<p>After saving, the following commands should allow a console based view of the boot process and a console login:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
# virsh start {VMname} ; virsh console {VMname}
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" id="virtual-machine-text-console-caveat">
<h2>Virtual Machine Text Console Caveat</h2>
<blockquote>
After this change, some messages that appear only on the default console will be visible only here. For example, the passphrase prompt to decrypt LUKS-encrypted partitions mounted in /etc/fstab will not be visible when using virt-viewer and the vm will appear to be hung. Only by using virsh console can the passphrase be entered to allow the boot process to continue.</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="section" id="start-stop-and-check-the-status-of-network-services">
<h2>Start, stop, and check the status of network services</h2>
<p>Distinguish between starting a service and configuring it to be persistently on.</p>
<ul>
<li><p class="first">Start services with:</p>
<blockquote>
<pre class="literal-block">
# service <servicename> start
</pre>
<!-- -->
<p>or</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
# /etc/init.d/<servicescript> start
</pre>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Configure services to run on each reboot with:</p>
<blockquote>
<pre class="literal-block">
# chkconfig <servicename> on
</pre>
<!-- -->
<p>or with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ntsysv</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">system-config-services</span></tt></p>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="exercise-1-5-manipulate-the-cups-service">
<h2>Exercise 1-5: Manipulate the cups service</h2>
<ul>
<li><dl class="first docutils">
<dt>Check the status of the cups service</dt>
<dd><ul class="first last simple">
<li>Is it running now?</li>
<li>Is it configured to run on future boots? In which runlevels?</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Stop the cups service.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Start the cups service.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Configure cups to start only on runlevels 3 and 5</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="modify-the-system-bootloader">