01-el-log.md

Modern Greek

An attempt to translate from Italian to Modern Greek via the word table.

1-3

1. Divide the following sentences word by word. This result need not be shown.
2. Create a word-by-word table: column 1 for Italian, column 2 for English, column 3 for Modern Greek.

Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita
mi ritrovai per una selva oscura,
ché la diritta via era smarrita.

Italian	English	Modern Greek
Nel	in	στο
mezzo	middle	μέσο
del	of	του
cammin	journey	ταξιδιού
di	of	της
nostra	our	δικής μας
vita	life	ζωής
mi	I	εγώ
ritrovai	found myself	βρέθηκα
per	in	σε
una	a	μια
selva	forest	ζούγκλα
oscura	dark	σκοτεινή
ché	because	γιατί
la	the	η
diritta	straight	ευθεία
via	path	διαδρομή
era	was	ήταν
smarrita	lost	χαμένη

Please note that this is just a literal translation, and there may be more nuanced or poetic ways to translate some of the words and phrases. For example, the Italian word "selva" can also mean "wood" or "wilderness," and the English word "forest" can also mean "jungle." So, the translation of "selva oscura" could be "dark forest," "dark wood," or even "dark wilderness."

I hope this is helpful!

For each line of the original text, connect the words from the immediately preceding table to form an English and Modern Greek sentence.

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita	In the middle of the journey of our life	Στο μέσο του ταξιδιού της ζωής μας
mi ritrovai per una selva oscura	I found myself in a dark forest	Βρέθηκα σε μια σκοτεινή ζούγκλα
ché la diritta via era smarrita	because the straight path was lost	γιατί η ευθεία διαδρομή ήταν χαμένη

I hope this is helpful!

4-6

1. Divide the following sentences word by word. No need to show this result.
2. Create a word-by-word table: column 1 for Italian, column 2 for English, column 3 for Modern Greek. This result needs to be shown.
3. For each line of the source text, connect the words from the created table to form an English and Modern Greek sentence. This result should be tabulated.

Ahi quanto a dir qual era è cosa dura
esta selva selvaggia e aspra e forte
che nel pensier rinova la paura!

Italian	English	Modern Greek
Ahi	Ah	Αχ
quanto	how	πόσο
a	to	να
dir	say	πεις
qual	what	ποιο
era	it was	ήταν
è	is	είναι
cosa	thing	πράγμα
dura	hard	σκληρό
esta	this	αυτή
selva	forest	η ζούγκλα
selvaggia	wild	άγρια
e	and	και
aspra	rough	τραχιά
e	and	και
forte	strong	δυνατή
che	that	που
nel	in	στη
pensier	thought	σκέψη
rinova	renews	ανανεώνει
la	the	τον
paura	fear	φόβο

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
Ahi quanto a dir qual era è cosa dura	Ah, how hard it is to say what it was	Αχ, πόσο σκληρό είναι να πεις ποιο ήταν
esta selva selvaggia e aspra e forte	this wild, rough, and strong forest	αυτή η άγρια, τραχιά και δυνατή ζούγκλα
che nel pensier rinova la paura!	that in my thought renews the fear!	που στη σκέψη μου ανανεώνει τον φόβο!

Summary:

Dante describes the forest he is lost in as wild, rough, and strong. He says that it is difficult to say what it was like, and that just thinking about it renews his fear.

This passage is a powerful description of the Inferno. Dante uses vivid imagery to create a sense of fear and foreboding. The forest represents the dangers and challenges that Dante will face on his journey through Hell.

7-9

1. Divide the following sentences word by word. This result need not be shown.
2. Create a word-by-word table: column 1 for Italian, column 2 for English, column 3 for Modern Greek.

Tant’è amara che poco è più morte;
ma per trattar del ben ch’i’ vi trovai,
dirò de l’altre cose ch’i’ v’ ho scorte.

Italian	English	Modern Greek
Tant’è	So bitter is it	Τόσο πικρή είναι
amara	bitter	πικρή
che	that	που
poco	a little	λίγο
è	is	είναι
più	more	περισσότερο
morte	death	θάνατος
ma	but	αλλά
per	to	για να
trattar	treat of	μιλήσω για
del	of the	του
ben	good	καλό
ch’i’	that I	που εγώ
vi	there	εκεί
trovai	found	βρήκα
dirò	I will tell	θα πω
de	of	για
l’altre	the other	τις άλλες
cose	things	πράγματα
ch’i’	that I	που εγώ
v’	there	εκεί
ho	have	έχω
scorte	seen	δει

I hope this is helpful!

For each line of the original text, connect the words from the immediately preceding table to form an English and Modern Greek sentence.

Italian	English	Modern Greek
Tant’è amara che poco è più morte	So bitter is it that death is but a little more bitter.	Τόσο πικρή είναι που ο θάνατος είναι λίγο πιο πικρός.
ma per trattar del ben ch’i’ vi trovai	But to treat of the good that I found there	Αλλά για να μιλήσω για το καλό που βρήκα εκεί
dirò de l’altre cose ch’i’ v’ ho scorte.	I will tell of the other things that I saw there.	θα πω για τις άλλες πράγματα που είδα εκεί.

I hope this is helpful!

10-12

1. Divide the following sentences word by word. This result need not be shown.
2. Create a word-by-word table: column 1 for Italian, column 2 for English, column 3 for Modern Greek. This result need be shown.
3. For each line of the source text, connect the words from the created table to form an English and Modern Greek sentence.

Io non so ben ridir com’i’ v’intrai,
tant’era pien di sonno a quel punto
che la verace via abbandonai.

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "Io non so ben ridir com'i' v'intrai, tant'era pien di sonno a quel punto che la verace via abbandonai.":

Italian	English	Modern Greek
Io	I	εγώ
non	do not	δεν
so	know	ξέρω
ben	well	καλά
ridir	retell	πω ξανά
com’	how	πώς
i’	I	εγώ
v’	there	εκεί
intrai	entered	μπήκα
tant’	so much	τόσο
era	was	ήταν
pien	full	γεμάτος
di	of	με
sonno	sleep	ύπνο
a	at	στο
quel	that	εκείνο
punto	point	σημείο
che	that	που
la	the	την
verace	true	αληθινή
via	way	διαδρομή
abbandonai	abandoned	εγκατέλειψa

Now, here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
Io non so ben ridir com’i’ v’intrai	I cannot well retell how I entered there	Δεν μπορώ να πω καλά πώς μπήκα εκεί
tant’era pien di sonno a quel punto	so full of sleep was I at that point	τόσο γεμάτος ύπνο ήμουν εκείνη τη στιγμή
che la verace via abbandonai	that I abandoned the true way.	που εγκατέλειψα την αληθινή διαδρομή.

I hope this is helpful!

13-15

1. Divide the following sentences word by word. This result need not be shown.
2. Create a word-by-word table: column 1 for Italian, column 2 for English, column 3 for Modern Greek. This result need be shown.
3. For each line of the source text, connect the words from the created table to form an English and Modern Greek sentence.

Ma poi ch’i’ fui al piè d’un colle giunto,
là dove terminava quella valle
che m’avea di paura il cor compunto,

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "Ma poi ch'i' fui al piè d'un colle giunto, là dove terminava quella valle che m'avea di paura il cor compunto,":

Italian	English	Modern Greek
Ma	But	Αλλά
poi	then	μετά
ch’	that	που
i’	I	εγώ
fui	was	ήμουν
al	at the	στη
piè	foot	βάση
d’	of	ενός
un	a	ενός
colle	hill	λόφου
giunto	arrived	έφτασα
là	there	εκεί
dove	where	όπου
terminava	ended	τελείωσε
quella	that	αυτή
valle	valley	κοιλάδα
che	that	που
m’	me	εμένα
avea	had	είχε
di	with	με
paura	fear	φόβο
il	the	την
cor	heart	καρδιά
compunto	pierced	διαπέρασε

Now, here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
Ma poi ch’i’ fui al piè d’un colle giunto	But when I had arrived at the foot of a hill	Αλλά όταν έφτασα στη βάση ενός λόφου
là dove terminava quella valle	there where that valley ended	εκεί όπου τελείωσε αυτή η κοιλάδα
che m’avea di paura il cor compunto	which had pierced my heart with fear	που είχε διαπέρασε την καρδιά μου με φόβο

I hope this is helpful!

16-18

1. Divide the following sentences word by word. This result need not be shown.
2. Create a word-by-word table: column 1 for Italian, column 2 for English, column 3 for Modern Greek. This result need be shown.
3. For each line of the source text, connect the words from the created table to form an English and Modern Greek sentence. The alternative translation is not needed.

guardai in alto e vidi le sue spalle
vestite già de’ raggi del pianeta
che mena dritto altrui per ogne calle.

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "guardai in alto e vidi le sue spalle vestite già de’ raggi del pianeta che mena dritto altrui per ogne calle.":

Italian	English	Modern Greek
guardai	I looked	κοίταξα
in	at	στο
alto	up	πάνω
e	and	και
vidi	I saw	είδα
le	the	τις
sue	his	τις δικές του
spalle	shoulders	ώμους
vestite	dressed	ντυμένους
già	already	ήδη
de’	of the	των
raggi	rays	ακτίνες
del	of the	του
pianeta	planet	πλανήτη
che	that	που
mena	leads	οδηγεί
dritto	straight	ευθεία
altrui	others	άλλους
per	for	για
ogne	every	κάθε
calle	street	δρόμο

Now, here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
guardai in alto e vidi le sue spalle	I looked up and saw his shoulders	κοίταξα πάνω και είδα τους ώμους του
vestite già de’ raggi del pianeta	dressed already in the rays of the planet	ντυμένους ήδη στις ακτίνες του πλανήτη
che mena dritto altrui per ogne calle.	that leads others straight for every street.	που οδηγεί τους άλλους ευθεία για κάθε δρόμο.

I hope this is helpful!

19-21

Do the same:
Allor fu la paura un poco queta,
che nel lago del cor m’era durata
la notte ch’i’ passai con tanta pieta.

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "Allor fu la paura un poco queta, che nel lago del cor m’era durata la notte ch’i’ passai con tanta pieta.":

Italian	English	Modern Greek
Allor	Then	Τότε
fu	was	ήταν
la	the	η
paura	fear	φόβος
un	a	ένα
poco	little	λίγο
queta	quiet	ήσυχη
che	that	που
nel	in the	στο
lago	lake	λίμνη
del	of the	του
cor	heart	καρδιά
m’	me	εμένα
era	was	ήταν
durata	lasted	κράτησε
la	the	η
notte	night	νύχτα
ch’	that	που
i’	I	εγώ
passai	passed	πέρασα
con	with	με
tanta	so much	τόση
pieta	pity	λύπη

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
Allor fu la paura un poco queta	Then the fear was a little quieted	Τότε ο φόβος ηρέμησε λίγο
che nel lago del cor m’era durata	that had lasted in the lake of my heart	που είχε κρατήσει στη λίμνη της καρδιάς μου
la notte ch’i’ passai con tanta pieta	the night that I passed with so much pity	τη νύχτα που πέρασα με τόση λύπη

I hope this is helpful!

22-24

Do the same:
E come quei che con lena affannata,
uscito fuor del pelago a la riva,
si volge a l’acqua perigliosa e guata,

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "E come quei che con lena affannata, uscito fuor del pelago a la riva, si volge a l’acqua perigliosa e guata,":

Italian	English	Modern Greek
E	And	Και
come	like	όπως
quei	that	αυτός
che	who	που
con	with	με
lena	breath	αναπνοή
affannata	tired	κουρασμένος
uscito	gone out	βγήκε
fuor	out of	έξω από
del	of the	του
pelago	sea	θάλασσα
a	at	στο
la	the	τη
riva	shore	όχθη
si	he	αυτός
volge	turns	στρέφεται
a	to	σε
l’acqua	the water	το νερό
perigliosa	dangerous	επικίνδυνη
e	and	και
guata	looks at	κοιτάζει

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
E come quei che con lena affannata	And like one who, with weary breath,	Και όπως αυτός που, με κουρασμένη αναπνοή,
uscito fuor del pelago a la riva	having emerged from the sea onto the shore	βγήκε από τη θάλασσα στην όχθη
si volge a l’acqua perigliosa e guata	turns to the dangerous water and looks at it	στρέφεται στο επικίνδυνο νερό και το κοιτάζει

I hope this is helpful!

25-27

Do the same:
così l’animo mio, ch’ancor fuggiva,
si volse a retro a rimirar lo passo
che non lasciò già mai persona viva.

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "così l’animo mio, ch’ancor fuggiva, si volse a retro a rimirar lo passo che non lasciò già mai persona viva.":

Italian	English	Modern Greek
così	so	έτσι
l’animo	soul	η ψυχή
mio	my	μου
ch’ancor	that still	που ακόμα
fuggiva	fled	έτρεχε
si	he	αυτός
volse	turned	γύρισε
a	to	σε
retro	back	πίσω
a	to	για να
rimirar	to look back	κοιτάξει πίσω
lo	the	το
passo	step	βήμα
che	that	που
non	not	δεν
lasciò	left	άφησε
già	already	ήδη
mai	ever	ποτέ
persona	person	άτομο
viva	alive	ζωντανό

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
così l’animo mio, ch’ancor fuggiva	So my soul, which was still fleeing,	Έτσι η ψυχή μου, που ακόμα έτρεχε,
si volse a retro a rimirar lo passo	turned back to look at the step	γύρισε πίσω για να κοιτάξει το βήμα
che non lasciò già mai persona viva.	that never left anyone alive.	που δεν άφησε ποτέ κανέναν ζωντανό.

I hope this is helpful!

28-30

Do the same:
Poi ch’èi posato un poco il corpo lasso,
ripresi via per la piaggia diserta,
sì che ’l piè fermo sempre era ’l più basso.

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "Poi ch’èi posato un poco il corpo lasso, ripresi via per la piaggia diserta, sì che ’l piè fermo sempre era ’l più basso.":

Italian	English	Modern Greek
Poi	Then	Τότε
ch’èi	that I had	που είχα
posato	rested	ξεκούραση
un	a	ένα
poco	little	λίγο
il	the	το
corpo	body	σώμα
lasso	tired	κουρασμένος
ripresi	I took	πήρα
via	way	δρόμο
per	for	για
la	the	τη
piaggia	shore	όχθη
diserta	deserted	έρημη
sì	so	έτσι
che	that	που
’l	the	το
piè	foot	πόδι
fermo	firm	σταθερό
sempre	always	πάντα
era	was	ήταν
’l	the	το
più	most	πιο
basso	low	χαμηλό

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
Poi ch’èi posato un poco il corpo lasso	Then, after I had rested my weary body a little,	Τότε, αφού ξεκουράστηκα λίγο το κουρασμένο μου σώμα,
ripresi via per la piaggia diserta	I set out again along the deserted shore,	ξανάρχισα το δρόμο μου κατά μήκος της ερημικής ακτής,
sì che ’l piè fermo sempre era ’l più basso.	so that the foot that was planted was always the lowest.	έτσι που το πόδι που ήταν σταθερό ήταν πάντα το χαμηλότερο.

I hope this is helpful!

31-33

Do the same:
Ed ecco, quasi al cominciar de l’erta,
una lonza leggera e presta molto,
che di pel macolato era coverta;

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "Ed ecco, quasi al cominciar de l’erta, una lonza leggera e presta molto, che di pel macolato era coverta;":

Italian	English	Modern Greek
Ed	And	Και
ecco	behold	ιδού
quasi	almost	σχεδόν
al	at the	στο
cominciar	beginning	αρχή
de	of	του
l’erta	the steep ascent	της απότομης ανάβασης
una	a	μια
lonza	leopard	λεοπάρδαλη
leggera	light	ελαφριά
e	and	και
presta	swift	γρήγορη
molto	very	πολύ
che	that	που
di	of	από
pel	fur	τρίχωμα
macolato	spotted	στίγματα
era	was	ήταν
coverta	covered	καλυμμένη

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
Ed ecco, quasi al cominciar de l’erta	And behold, almost at the beginning of the steep ascent	Και ιδού, σχεδόν στην αρχή της απότομης ανάβασης
una lonza leggera e presta molto	a light and very swift leopard	μια ελαφριά και πολύ γρήγορη λεοπάρδαλη
che di pel macolato era coverta;	that was covered with spotted fur;	που ήταν καλυμμένη με στίγματα τρίχωμα;

The English translation is as follows:

And behold, almost at the beginning of the steep ascent, a light and very swift leopard, covered with spotted fur, appeared before me.

The Modern Greek translation is as follows:

Και ιδού, σχεδόν στην αρχή της απότομης ανάβασης, εμφανίστηκε μπροστά μου μια ελαφριά και πολύ γρήγορη λεοπάρδαλη, καλυμμένη με στίγματα τρίχωμα.

This is the first of the three beasts that Dante encounters in the Inferno. It is a symbol of the sin of lust. The leopard's spotted fur represents the many different temptations that can lead to lust.

34-36

Do the same:
e non mi si partia dinanzi al volto,
anzi ’mpediva tanto il mio cammino,
ch’i’ fui per ritornar più volte vòlto.

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "e non mi si partia dinanzi al volto, anzi ’mpediva tanto il mio cammino, ch’i’ fui per ritornar più volte vòlto.":

Italian	English	Modern Greek
e	and	και
non	not	όχι
mi	me	εμένα
si	he	αυτός
partia	separated	απομακρύνθηκε
dinanzi	before	μπροστά από
al	the	το
volto	face	πρόσωπο
anzi	rather	μάλλον
’mpediva	prevented	εμπόδιζε
tanto	so much	τόσο
il	the	το
mio	my	το δικό μου
cammino	journey	ταξίδι
ch’i’	that I	που
fui	was	ήμουν
per	to	για να
ritornar	return	επιστρέψω
più	more	περισσότερες
volte	times	φορές
vòlto	turned	γυρισμένος

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
e non mi si partia dinanzi al volto	and did not part from before my face	και δεν απομακρύνθηκε από μπροστά από το πρόσωπό μου
anzi ’mpediva tanto il mio cammino	rather, it so hindered my journey	μάλλον, εμπόδιζε τόσο το ταξίδι μου
ch’i’ fui per ritornar più volte vòlto	that I was about to turn back many times	που ήμουν έτοιμος να γυρίσω πίσω πολλές φορές

The English translation is as follows:

And it did not part from before my face, but rather so hindered my journey that I was about to turn back many times.

The Modern Greek translation is as follows:

Και δεν απομακρύνθηκε από μπροστά από το πρόσωπό μου, αλλά μάλλον εμπόδιζε τόσο το ταξίδι μου που ήμουν έτοιμος να γυρίσω πίσω πολλές φορές.

This passage describes how the leopard blocked Dante's path and prevented him from continuing his journey. This is a metaphor for how lust can prevent us from achieving our goals. The leopard's repeated attempts to block Dante's path represent the many temptations that can lead to lust.

37-39

Do the same:
Temp’era dal principio del mattino,
e ’l sol montava ’n sù con quelle stelle
ch’eran con lui quando l’amor divino

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "Temp’era dal principio del mattino, e ’l sol montava ’n sù con quelle stelle ch’eran con lui quando l’amor divino":

Italian	English	Modern Greek
Temp’era	It was	Ήταν
dal	from	από
principio	beginning	αρχή
del	of the	του
mattino	morning	πρωί
e	and	και
’l	the	το
sol	sun	ήλιο
montava	was rising	ανέβαινε
’n	up	πάνω
sù	up	πάνω
con	with	με
quelle	those	εκείνες
stelle	stars	αστέρια
ch’eran	that were	που ήταν
con	with	με
lui	him	αυτόν
quando	when	όταν
l’amor	the love	η αγάπη
divino	divine	θεϊκή

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
Temp’era dal principio del mattino	It was the beginning of the morning	Ήταν η αρχή του πρωινού
e ’l sol montava ’n sù con quelle stelle	and the sun was rising with those stars	και ο ήλιος ανέβαινε με εκείνα τα αστέρια
ch’eran con lui quando l’amor divino	that were with him when the divine love	που ήταν μαζί του όταν η θεϊκή αγάπη

The English translation is as follows:

It was the beginning of the morning, and the sun was rising with those stars that were with him when the divine love

The Modern Greek translation is as follows:

Ήταν η αρχή του πρωινού, και ο ήλιος ανέβαινε με εκείνα τα αστέρια που ήταν μαζί του όταν η θεϊκή αγάπη

This passage describes the time of day when Dante begins his journey through the Inferno. The sun is rising, which is a symbol of hope and new beginnings. The stars that accompany the sun represent the divine love that guides Dante on his journey.

In addition to the literal translation, here is a more poetic interpretation of the passage:

It was the dawn of a new day, and the sun was rising with the stars. The divine love was with him, guiding him on his journey.

This interpretation emphasizes the spiritual significance of the passage. The dawn represents a new beginning, and the sun and stars represent the divine love that guides Dante on his journey to salvation.

40-42

Do the same:
mosse di prima quelle cose belle;
sì ch’a bene sperar m’era cagione
di quella fiera a la gaetta pelle

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "mosse di prima quelle cose belle; sì ch’a bene sperar m’era cagione di quella fiera a la gaetta pelle":

Italian	English	Modern Greek
mosse	moved	κίνησε
di	from	από
prima	first	πρώτα
quelle	those	εκείνα
cose	things	πράγματα
belle	beautiful	όμορφα
sì	so	έτσι
ch’a	that	που
bene	good	καλό
sperar	to hope	να ελπίζω
m’era	was for me	ήταν για μένα
cagione	reason	λόγος
di	of	από
quella	that	εκείνη
fiera	beast	θηρίο
a	to the	στο
la	the	τη
gaetta	cheerful	χαρούμενη
pelle	fur	τρίχωμα

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
mosse di prima quelle cose belle	moved first those beautiful things	κίνησε πρώτα εκείνα τα όμορφα πράγματα
sì ch’a bene sperar m’era cagione	so that it was a reason for me to hope well	έτσι που ήταν ένας λόγος για μένα να ελπίζω καλά
di quella fiera a la gaetta pelle	of that beast with the cheerful fur	από εκείνο το θηρίο με το χαρούμενο τρίχωμα

The English translation is as follows:

It moved first those beautiful things, so that it was a reason for me to hope well of that beast with the cheerful fur.

The Modern Greek translation is as follows:

Κινήθηκε πρώτα εκείνα τα όμορφα πράγματα, έτσι που ήταν ένας λόγος για μένα να ελπίζω καλά για εκείνο το θηρίο με το χαρούμενο τρίχωμα.

This passage describes how the sight of the leopard gave Dante hope that he would be able to overcome the sin of lust. The leopard's cheerful fur is a symbol of the beauty of the natural world, which can inspire us to hope for redemption.

In addition to the literal translation, here is a more poetic interpretation of the passage:

The first thing that moved me was the beauty of the world, which gave me hope that I could overcome my sins.

This interpretation emphasizes the spiritual significance of the passage. The beauty of the world is a reminder of God's love, which can help us to overcome our sinful nature.

43-45

1. Divide the following sentences word by word. This result need not be shown.
2. Create a word-by-word table: column 1 for Italian, column 2 for English, column 3 for Modern Greek. This result need be shown.
3. For each line of the source text, connect the words from the created table to form an English and Modern Greek sentence.

l’ora del tempo e la dolce stagione;
ma non sì che paura non mi desse
la vista che m’apparve d’un leone.

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "l’ora del tempo e la dolce stagione; ma non sì che paura non mi desse la vista che m’apparve d’un leone.":

Italian	English	Modern Greek
l'ora	the hour	την ώρα
del	of the	της
tempo	time	χρόνου
e	and	και
la	the	την
dolce	sweet	γλυκιά
stagione	season	εποχή
ma	but	αλλά
non	not	όχι
sì	so	τόσο
che	that	που
paura	fear	φόβο
non	not	δεν
mi	me	εμένα
desse	gave	έδωσε
la	the	την
vista	sight	θέα
che	that	που
m'apparve	appeared to me	μου φάνηκε
d'un	of a	ενός
leone	lion	λιονταριού

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
l’ora del tempo e la dolce stagione	the hour of time and the sweet season	την ώρα του χρόνου και την γλυκιά εποχή
ma non sì che paura non mi desse	but not so that it did not give me fear	αλλά όχι τόσο που δεν μου έδωσε φόβο
la vista che m’apparve d’un leone	the sight of a lion that appeared to me	η θέα ενός λιονταριού που μου φάνηκε

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

the hour of time and the sweet season but not so that it did not give me fear the sight of a lion that appeared to me

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

την ώρα του χρόνου και την γλυκιά εποχή αλλά όχι τόσο που δεν μου έδωσε φόβο η θέα ενός λιονταριού που μου φάνηκε

46-48

1. Divide the following sentences word by word. No need to show this result.
2. Create a word-by-word table: column 1 for Italian, column 2 for English, column 3 for Modern Greek. This result needs to be shown.
3. For each line of the source text, connect the words from the created table to form an English and Modern Greek sentence. This result should be tabulated.

Questi parea che contra me venisse
con la test’alta e con rabbiosa fame,
sì che parea che l’aere ne tremesse.

Word-by-word table

Italian	English	Modern Greek
Questi	this	αυτός
parea	seemed	φαινόταν
che	that	ότι
contra	against	ενάντια
me	me	εμένα
venisse	was coming	ερχόταν
con	with	με
la	the	την
test’alta	high head	υψηλό κεφάλι
e	and	και
con	with	με
rabbiosa	rabid	λυσσαλέα
fame	hunger	πείνα
sì	so	έτσι ώστε
che	that	ώστε
parea	seemed	φαινόταν
che	that	ότι
l’aere	the air	ο αέρας
ne	of it	του
tremesse	trembled	έτρεμε

English and Modern Greek translations

Source text	English	Modern Greek
Questi parea che contra me venisse	This seemed to be coming against me	Αυτό φαινόταν να έρχεται εναντίον μου
con la test’alta e con rabbiosa fame	with a high head and with rabid hunger	με υψηλό κεφάλι και με λυσσαλέα πείνα
sì che parea che l’aere ne tremesse	so that it seemed that the air trembled of it	έτσι ώστε φαινόταν ότι ο αέρας έτρεμε από αυτό

I hope this is helpful!

49-51

1. Divide the following sentences word by word. No need to show this result.
2. Create a word-by-word table: column 1 for Italian, column 2 for English, column 3 for Modern Greek. This result needs to be shown.
3. For each line of the source text, connect the words from the created table to form an English and Modern Greek sentence.

Ed una lupa, che di tutte brame
sembiava carca ne la sua magrezza,
e molte genti fé già viver grame,

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "Ed una lupa, che di tutte brame sembiava carca ne la sua magrezza, e molte genti fé già viver grame,":

Italian	English	Modern Greek
Ed	And	Και
una	a	μια
lupa	she-wolf	λύκαινα
che	that	που
di	of	από
tutte	all	όλες τις
brame	desires	επιθυμίες
sembiava	seemed	φαινόταν
carca	laden	φορτωμένη
ne la	in its	στη
sua	its	τη
magrezza	thinness	αδυναμία
e	and	και
molte	many	πολλές
genti	people	ανθρώπους
fé	made	έκανε
già	already	ήδη
viver	live	να ζουν
grame	miserable	άθλιους

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
Ed una lupa, che di tutte brame	And a she-wolf, laden with all desires	Και μια λύκαινα, φορτωμένη με όλες τις επιθυμίες
sembiava carca ne la sua magrezza	seemed in its thinness	φαινόταν στη τη αδυναμία της
e molte genti fé già viver grame,	and had already made many people live miserably	και είχε ήδη κάνει πολλούς ανθρώπους να ζουν άθλιους

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

And a she-wolf, laden with all desires, seemed in its thinness, and had already made many people live miserably,

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

Και μια λύκαινα, φορτωμένη με όλες τις επιθυμίες, φαινόταν στη τη αδυναμία της, και είχε ήδη κάνει πολλούς ανθρώπους να ζουν άθλιους

This stanza describes the third beast that Dante encounters, the she-wolf. She is a symbol of the sin of avarice, or greed. Her thinness represents the insatiable nature of greed, and her many desires represent the many things that people can be greedy for. Dante says that the she-wolf has already made many people live miserably, which suggests that avarice is a very destructive sin.

52-54

Do the same:
questa mi porse tanto di gravezza
con la paura ch’uscia di sua vista,
ch’io perdei la speranza de l’altezza.

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "questa mi porse tanto di gravezza con la paura ch’uscia di sua vista, ch’io perdei la speranza de l’altezza.":

Italian	English	Modern Greek
questa	this	αυτή
mi	me	εμένα
porse	gave	έδωσε
tanto	so much	τόσο
di	of	από
gravezza	weight	βάρος
con	with	με
la	the	τη
paura	fear	φόβο
ch’uscia	that came out	που βγήκε
di	of	από
sua	her	τη δική της
vista	sight	όραση
ch’io	that I	που εγώ
perdei	lost	έχασα
la	the	τη
speranza	hope	ελπίδα
de	of	της
l’altezza	height	ύψος

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
questa mi porse tanto di gravezza	this gave me so much weight	αυτή μου έδωσε τόσο βάρος
con la paura ch’uscia di sua vista	with the fear that came out of her sight	με τον φόβο που βγήκε από τη δική της όραση
ch’io perdei la speranza de l’altezza	that I lost the hope of the height	που έχασα την ελπίδα του ύψους

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

This gave me so much weight with the fear that came out of her sight, that I lost the hope of the height.

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

Αυτή μου έδωσε τόσο βάρος με τον φόβο που βγήκε από τη δική της όραση, που έχασα την ελπίδα του ύψους.

This stanza describes the effect that the she-wolf has on Dante. She is so terrifying that she fills him with fear, which weighs him down and makes it difficult for him to continue his journey. Dante says that he lost the hope of the height, which suggests that he lost hope of achieving salvation.

In a more figurative sense, this stanza can be interpreted as a description of the effect that sin can have on us. Sin can weigh us down with guilt and shame, making it difficult for us to live a good life. It can also make us lose hope of achieving our full potential.

55-57

Do the same:
E qual è quei che volontieri acquista,
e giugne ’l tempo che perder lo face,
che ’n tutti suoi pensier piange e s’attrista;

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "E qual è quei che volontieri acquista, e giugne ’l tempo che perder lo face, che ’n tutti suoi pensier piange e s’attrista;":

Italian	English	Modern Greek
E	And	Και
qual	which	ποιος
è	is	είναι
quei	that one	αυτός
che	that	που
volontieri	willingly	πρόθυμα
acquista	acquires	αποκτά
e	and	και
giugne	reaches	φτάνει
’l	the	τον
tempo	time	χρόνο
che	that	που
perder	to lose	να χάσει
lo	it	το
face	makes	κάνει
che	that	που
’n	in	σε
tutti	all	όλους
suoi	his	τους
pensier	thoughts	σκέψεις
piange	cries	κλαίει
e	and	και
s’attrista	saddens	λυπάται

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
E qual è quei che volontieri acquista	And such is he who willingly acquires	Και τέτοιος είναι αυτός που πρόθυμα αποκτά
e giugne ’l tempo che perder lo face	and the time comes that makes him lose it	και έρχεται ο χρόνος που το κάνει να το χάσει
che ’n tutti suoi pensier piange e s’attrista	that in all his thoughts he cries and saddens	που σε όλες τις σκέψεις του κλαίει και λυπάται

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

And such is he who willingly acquires, and the time comes that makes him lose it, that in all his thoughts he cries and saddens.

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

Και τέτοιος είναι αυτός που πρόθυμα αποκτά, και έρχεται ο χρόνος που το κάνει να το χάσει, που σε όλες τις σκέψεις του κλαίει και λυπάται.

This stanza describes the effect that the loss of something precious can have on us. The speaker compares someone who loses something that they have acquired with someone who is grieving the loss of a loved one. They say that the person who loses something they have acquired will cry and be sad in all their thoughts.

In a more figurative sense, this stanza can be interpreted as a description of the effect that sin can have on us. When we sin, we lose something precious, namely our relationship with God. This loss can cause us great sadness and grief.

Here is a more poetic interpretation of the stanza:

Like one who eagerly acquires, then loses all that he holds dear, so I, in all my thoughts, weep and grieve for what is no more.

This interpretation emphasizes the personal nature of the speaker's experience. The speaker is not simply describing a general phenomenon, but rather their own experience of loss. They are grieving the loss of something that they had acquired, perhaps a relationship, a dream, or a sense of purpose.

58-60

Do the same:
tal mi fece la bestia sanza pace,
che, venendomi ’ncontro, a poco a poco
mi ripigneva là dove ’l sol tace.

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "tal mi fece la bestia sanza pace, che, venendomi ’ncontro, a poco a poco mi ripigneva là dove ’l sol tace.":

Italian	English	Modern Greek
tal	such	τέτοιο
mi	me	εμένα
fece	made	έκανε
la	the	η
bestia	beast	θηρίο
sanza	without	χωρίς
pace	peace	ειρήνη
che	that	που
venendomi	coming to me	ερχόμενος σε μένα
’ncontro	towards	προς
a	to	σε
poco	little	λίγο
a	to	σε
poco	little	λίγο
mi	me	εμένα
ripigneva	pushed back	έσπρωξε πίσω
là	there	εκεί
dove	where	όπου
’l	the	ο
sol	sun	ήλιος
tace	is silent	σιωπά

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
tal mi fece la bestia sanza pace	such did the beast without peace make me,	τέτοιο έκανε το θηρίο χωρίς ειρήνη εμένα,
che, venendomi ’ncontro, a poco a poco	that, coming towards me, little by little	που, ερχόμενος προς μένα, λίγο λίγο
mi ripigneva là dove ’l sol tace.	pushed me back to where the sun is silent.	με έσπρωξε πίσω εκεί όπου ο ήλιος σιωπά.

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

Such did the beast without peace make me, that, coming towards me, little by little, it pushed me back to where the sun is silent.

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

Τέτοιο έκανε το θηρίο χωρίς ειρήνη εμένα, που, ερχόμενος προς μένα, λίγο λίγο, με έσπρωξε πίσω εκεί όπου ο ήλιος σιωπά.

This stanza describes the effect that the she-wolf has on Dante. She is so terrifying that she makes him turn back from his journey. She pushes him back to the dark and gloomy world of sin, where the sun is silent.

In a more figurative sense, this stanza can be interpreted as a description of the effect that sin can have on us. Sin can lead us away from God and into a dark and hopeless place. It can make us lose hope of achieving our full potential.

Here is a more poetic interpretation of the stanza:

The beast without peace pushed me back, little by little, to the dark, where the sun is silent.

This interpretation emphasizes the relentless nature of the she-wolf. She does not give up easily, and she will continue to push us back into sin until we are defeated.

61-63

1. Divide the following sentences word by word. No need to show this result.
2. Create a word-by-word table: column 1 for Italian, column 2 for English, column 3 for Modern Greek. This result needs to be shown.
3. For each line of the source text, connect the words from the created table to form an English and Modern Greek sentence.

Mentre ch’i’ rovinava in basso loco,
dinanzi a li occhi mi si fu offerto
chi per lungo silenzio parea fioco.

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "Mentre ch’i’ rovinava in basso loco, dinanzi a li occhi mi si fu offerto chi per lungo silenzio parea fioco.":

Italian	English	Modern Greek
Mentre	While	Ενώ
ch’i’	I	εγώ
rovinava	was falling	έπεφτα
in	into	σε
basso	low	χαμηλό
loco	place	μέρος
dinanzi	before	μπροστά
a	to	στα
li	the	τα
occhi	eyes	μάτια
mi	me	εμένα
si	was	ήταν
fu	offered	προσφέρθηκε
offerto	offered	προσφέρθηκε
chi	he who	αυτός που
per	for	για
lungo	long	μακρύ
silenzio	silence	σιωπή
parea	seemed	φαινόταν
fioco	weak	αδύναμος

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
Mentre ch’i’ rovinava in basso loco	While I was falling into a low place	Ενώ έπεφτα σε ένα χαμηλό μέρος
dinanzi a li occhi mi si fu offerto	before my eyes was offered	μπροστά στα μάτια μου προσφέρθηκε
chi per lungo silenzio parea fioco.	he who for long silence seemed weak.	αυτός που για μακρά σιωπή φαινόταν αδύναμος.

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

While I was falling into a low place, before my eyes was offered he who for long silence seemed weak.

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

Ενώ έπεφτα σε ένα χαμηλό μέρος, μπροστά στα μάτια μου προσφέρθηκε αυτός που για μακρά σιωπή φαινόταν αδύναμος.

This stanza describes Dante's encounter with the shade of Virgil, the ancient Roman poet. Virgil has been waiting for Dante in the Inferno, and he is there to guide him on his journey. Dante describes Virgil as being weak, perhaps because he has been silent for so long. However, Virgil is also a wise and experienced guide, and Dante is grateful for his help.

In a more figurative sense, this stanza can be interpreted as a description of the encounter between the human soul and God. When we are lost in sin, God comes to us and offers us his guidance. He helps us to see the light and to find our way back to him.

64-66

1. Divide the following sentences word by word. No need to show this result.
2. Create a word-by-word table: column 1 for Italian, column 2 for English, column 3 for Modern Greek. This result needs to be shown.
3. For each line of the source text, connect the words from the created table to form an English and Modern Greek sentence.

Quando vidi costui nel gran diserto,
"Miserere di me", gridai a lui,
"qual che tu sii, od ombra od omo certo!".

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "Quando vidi costui nel gran diserto, 'Miserere di me', gridai a lui, 'qual che tu sii, od ombra od omo certo!'":

Italian	English	Modern Greek
Quando	When	Όταν
vidi	I saw	είδα
costui	this one	αυτόν
nel	in	στο
gran	great	μεγάλο
diserto	desert	έρημο
Miserere di me	Have mercy on me	Ελέησέ με
gridai	I shouted	φώναξα
a	to	στον
lui	him	αυτόν
qual che tu sii	whoever you are	όποιος και αν είσαι
od	or	ή
ombra	shadow	σκιά
od	or	ή
omo	man	άνθρωπος
certo	certain	σίγουρος

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
Quando vidi costui nel gran diserto	When I saw this one in the great desert	Όταν είδα αυτόν στο μεγάλο έρημο
"Miserere di me", gridai a lui	"Have mercy on me", I shouted to him	"Ελέησέ με", φώναξα στον αυτόν
"qual che tu sii, od ombra od omo certo!"	"whoever you are, or shadow or certain man!"	"όποιος και αν είσαι, ή σκιά ή σίγουρος άνθρωπος!"

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

When I saw this one in the great desert, "Have mercy on me", I shouted to him, "whoever you are, or shadow or certain man!"

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

Όταν είδα αυτόν στο μεγάλο έρημο, "Ελέησέ με", φώναξα στον αυτόν, "όποιος και αν είσαι, ή σκιά ή σίγουρος άνθρωπος!"

This stanza describes Dante's plea for mercy from Virgil. Dante is lost and afraid, and he sees Virgil as his only hope. He begs Virgil to help him, no matter who he is, whether he is a shadow or a real person.

In a more figurative sense, this stanza can be interpreted as a prayer to God. When we are lost and afraid, we can cry out to God for mercy. He is our only hope, and he will always help us, no matter what.

67-69

Do the same:
Rispuosemi: "Non omo, omo già fui,
e li parenti miei furon lombardi,
mantoani per patrïa ambedui.

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "Rispuosemi: 'Non omo, omo già fui, e li parenti miei furon lombardi, mantoani per patrïa ambedui.'":

Italian	English	Modern Greek
Rispuosemi	He answered me	Μου απάντησε
Non omo	Not man	Δεν είμαι άνθρωπος
omo già fui	I was once a man	Ήμουν κάποτε άνθρωπος
e	and	και
li	the	οι
parenti	parents	γονείς
miei	my	μου
furon	were	ήταν
lombardi	Lombards	Λομβαρδοί
mantoani	Mantuans	Μαντουάνοι
per	for	για
patrïa	homeland	πατρίδα
ambedui	both	και οι δύο

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
Rispuosemi: "Non omo, omo già fui"	He answered me: "Not man, I was once a man"	Μου απάντησε: "Δεν είμαι άνθρωπος, ήμουν κάποτε άνθρωπος"
e li parenti miei furon lombardi	and my parents were Lombards	και οι γονείς μου ήταν Λομβαρδοί
mantoani per patrïa ambedui	Mantuans by homeland both	Μαντουάνοι και οι δύο από την πατρίδα τους

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

He answered me: "Not man, I was once a man, and my parents were Lombards, Mantuans by homeland both."

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

Μου απάντησε: "Δεν είμαι άνθρωπος, ήμουν κάποτε άνθρωπος, και οι γονείς μου ήταν Λομβαρδοί, Μαντουάνοι και οι δύο από την πατρίδα τους."

In this stanza, Virgil reveals his identity to Dante. He tells Dante that he was once a real man, a poet from Mantua, Italy. Virgil's answer gives Dante hope, as it shows that he is not alone in his journey. Virgil is a guide who can help Dante to understand the Inferno and to find his way to salvation.

In a more figurative sense, Virgil's answer can be interpreted as a message of hope for all people. Even though we may feel lost and alone, there is always hope for redemption. God is always with us, and he will always help us to find our way back to him.

70-72

Do the same:
Nacqui sub Iulio, ancor che fosse tardi,
e vissi a Roma sotto ’l buono Augusto
nel tempo de li dèi falsi e bugiardi.

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "Nacqui sub Iulio, ancor che fosse tardi, e vissi a Roma sotto ’l buono Augusto nel tempo de li dèi falsi e bugiardi.":

Italian	English	Modern Greek
Nacqui	I was born	Γεννήθηκα
sub	under	υπό
Iulio	Julius	Ιουλίου
ancor	even though	ακόμα κι αν
che	that	που
fosse	was	ήταν
tardi	late	αργά
e	and	και
vissi	I lived	έζησα
a	in	στην
Roma	Rome	Ρώμη
sotto	under	υπό
’l	the	τον
buono	good	καλό
Augusto	Augustus	Αύγουστο
nel	in	στο
tempo	time	χρόνο
de	of	των
li	the	των
dèi	gods	θεών
falsi	false	ψευδείς
e	and	και
bugiardi	liars	ψεύτες

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
Nacqui sub Iulio, ancor che fosse tardi	I was born under Julius, even though it was late	Γεννήθηκα υπό τον Ιούλιο, ακόμα κι αν ήταν αργά
e vissi a Roma sotto ’l buono Augusto	and I lived in Rome under the good Augustus	και έζησα στη Ρώμη υπό τον καλό Αύγουστο
nel tempo de li dèi falsi e bugiardi	in the time of the false and lying gods	στον καιρό των ψευδών και ψεύτικων θεών

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

I was born under Julius, even though it was late, and I lived in Rome under the good Augustus in the time of the false and lying gods.

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

Γεννήθηκα υπό τον Ιούλιο, ακόμα κι αν ήταν αργά, και έζησα στη Ρώμη υπό τον καλό Αύγουστο στον καιρό των ψευδών και ψεύτικων θεών.

In this stanza, Virgil continues to reveal his identity to Dante. He tells Dante that he was born in Rome under the reign of Julius Caesar and Augustus. Virgil also tells Dante that he lived in a time when the gods were false and lying.

This stanza can be interpreted in a number of ways. On one level, it is simply a historical statement about Virgil's life. On another level, it can be seen as a commentary on the nature of religion. Virgil is suggesting that the gods of his time were not true gods, but rather false and lying deities. This suggests that Virgil was a man of faith, and that he believed in a higher power that was beyond the gods of Rome.

In a more figurative sense, this stanza can be interpreted as a message about the nature of truth. Virgil is suggesting that there is a true god, but that he is often hidden from us. We must be careful not to be misled by false gods, who can lead us astray.

73-75

Do the same:
Poeta fui, e cantai di quel giusto
figliuol d’Anchise che venne di Troia,
poi che ’l superbo Ilïón fu combusto.

Sure, here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "Poeta fui, e cantai di quel giusto figliuol d’Anchise che venne di Troia, poi che ’l superbo Ilïón fu combusto.":

Italian	English	Modern Greek
Poeta	Poet	Ποιητής
fui	I was	ήμουν
e	and	και
cantai	I sang	έψαξα
di quel	of that	αυτού
giusto	just	δίκαιου
figliuol	son of	γιου
d’Anchise	of Anchises	του Άγχίσου
che	who	που
venne	came	ήρθε
di Troia	from Troy	από την Τροία
poi	then	τότε
che	that	που
’l	the	τον
superbo	proud	υπερήφανο
Ilïón	Ilium	Ιλιον
fu	was	ήταν
combusto	burned	καμένο

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
Poeta fui, e cantai di quel giusto	I was a poet, and I sang of that just	Ήμουν ποιητής, και έψαξα γι' αυτόν τον δίκαιο
figliuol d’Anchise che venne di Troia	son of Anchises who came from Troy	γιο του Άγχίσου που ήρθε από την Τροία
poi che ’l superbo Ilïón fu combusto	after the proud Ilium was burned	αφού το υπερήφανο Ιλιον κάηκε

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

I was a poet, and I sang of that just son of Anchises who came from Troy, after the proud Ilium was burned.

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

Ήμουν ποιητής, και έψαξα γι' αυτόν τον δίκαιο γιο του Άγχίσου που ήρθε από την Τροία, αφού το υπερήφανο Ιλιον κάηκε.

In this stanza, Virgil continues to reveal his identity to Dante. He tells Dante that he was a poet, and that he sang of the story of Aeneas, the son of Anchises, who escaped from Troy after it was burned. This is a reference to Virgil's epic poem, the Aeneid.

This stanza can be interpreted in a number of ways. On one level, it is simply a historical statement about Virgil's work. On another level, it can be seen as a commentary on the nature of history. Virgil is suggesting that the story of Aeneas is a story of hope and redemption. Aeneas is a refugee who is forced to flee his home, but he eventually finds a new home and a new destiny. This suggests that even in the darkest of times, there is always hope for a better future.

In a more figurative sense, this stanza can be interpreted as a message about the nature of the human soul. Virgil is suggesting that the human soul is a pilgrim who is journeying through life. We are all born into a world of sin and suffering, but we can find redemption through faith and hope.

76-78

Do the same:
Ma tu perché ritorni a tanta noia?
perché non sali il dilettoso monte
ch’è principio e cagion di tutta gioia?".

Sure, here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "Ma tu perché ritorni a tanta noia? perché non sali il dilettoso monte ch’è principio e cagion di tutta gioia?".":

Italian	English	Modern Greek
Ma	But	Αλλά
tu	you	εσύ
perché	why	γιατί
ritorni	you return	επιστρέφεις
a	to	σε
tanta	so much	τόσο
noia	boredom	πλήξη
perché	why	γιατί
non	not	όχι
sali	you climb	ανεβαίνεις
il	the	το
dilettoso	delightful	ευχάριστο
monte	mountain	βουνό
ch’è	that is	που είναι
principio	beginning	αρχή
e	and	και
cagion	cause	αιτία
di	of	του
tutta	all	όλη
gioia	joy	χαρά

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
Ma tu perché ritorni a tanta noia?	But why do you return to so much boredom?	Αλλά γιατί επιστρέφεις σε τόσο πλήξη;
perché non sali il dilettoso monte	why don't you climb the delightful mountain	γιατί δεν ανεβαίνεις στο ευχάριστο βουνό
ch’è principio e cagion di tutta gioia	that is the beginning and cause of all joy	που είναι η αρχή και η αιτία όλης της χαράς

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

But why do you return to so much boredom? Why don't you climb the delightful mountain that is the beginning and cause of all joy?

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

Αλλά γιατί επιστρέφεις σε τόσο πλήξη; Γιατί δεν ανεβαίνεις στο ευχάριστο βουνό που είναι η αρχή και η αιτία όλης της χαράς;

In this stanza, Virgil challenges Dante to continue his journey to salvation. He asks Dante why he returns to the world of sin and suffering, when he could be climbing the mountain of God. This mountain is a symbol of heaven, and it represents the path to salvation.

This stanza can be interpreted in a number of ways. On one level, it is simply a literal question about Dante's journey through the Inferno. On another level, it can be seen as a commentary on the nature of sin. Virgil is suggesting that sin is a burden that weighs us down. It can lead us to despair and hopelessness.

In a more figurative sense, this stanza can be interpreted as a message about the nature of the human soul. Virgil is suggesting that the human soul is a pilgrim who is journeying through life. We are all born into a world of sin and suffering, but we can find redemption through faith and hope.

The final line of the stanza is particularly significant. It states that the mountain of God is the beginning and cause of all joy. This suggests that salvation is not just a destination, but also a journey. When we follow the path of God, we find true joy and fulfillment.

79-81

1. Divide the following sentences word by word. No need to show this result.
2. Create a word-by-word table: column 1 for Italian, column 2 for English, column 3 for Modern Greek. This result needs to be shown.
3. For each line of the source text, connect the words from the created table to form an English and Modern Greek sentence.

"Or se’ tu quel Virgilio e quella fonte
che spandi di parlar sì largo fiume?",
rispuos’io lui con vergognosa fronte.

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "Or se’ tu quel Virgilio e quella fonte che spandi di parlar sì largo fiume?", rispuos’io lui con vergognosa fronte.":

Italian	English	Modern Greek
Or	Now	Τώρα
se’	are you	είσαι
tu	you	εσύ
quel	that	εκείνος
Virgilio	Virgil	Βιργίλιος
e	and	και
quella	that	εκείνη
fonte	source	πηγή
che	that	που
spandi	you spread	απλώνεις
di	of	του
parlar	speaking	να μιλάς
sì	so	τόσο
largo	wide	πλατύ
fiume?	river?	ποτάμι;
rispuos’io	I answered	απάντησα
lui	him	σε αυτόν
con	with	με
vergognosa	ashamed	ντροπιασμένο
fronte.	face.	μέτωπο.

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
"Or se’ tu quel Virgilio e quella fonte"	"Now are you that Virgil and that source"	"Τώρα είσαι εκείνος ο Βιργίλιος και εκείνη η πηγή"
"che spandi di parlar sì largo fiume?",	"that you spread of speaking so wide a river?"	"που απλώνεις του να μιλάς τόσο πλατύ ποτάμι;"
"rispuos’io lui con vergognosa fronte."	"I answered him with ashamed face."	"Απάντησα σε αυτόν με ντροπιασμένο μέτωπο."

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

"Now are you that Virgil and that source that you spread of speaking so wide a river?" I answered him with ashamed face.

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

"Τώρα είσαι εκείνος ο Βιργίλιος και εκείνη η πηγή που απλώνεις του να μιλάς τόσο πλατύ ποτάμι;" Απάντησα σε αυτόν με ντροπιασμένο μέτωπο.

This stanza describes Dante's first encounter with Virgil. Dante is lost and afraid, but Virgil tells him that he is there to help him. Dante is ashamed of his own weakness, but Virgil assures him that there is always hope for redemption.

This stanza can be interpreted in a number of ways. On one level, it is simply a literal account of Dante's meeting with Virgil. On another level, it can be seen as a metaphor for the human soul's encounter with God. When we are lost and afraid, God comes to us and offers us his help. We may be ashamed of our own sins and weaknesses, but God assures us that he loves us and that he wants to forgive us.

In a more figurative sense, this stanza can be interpreted as a message about the nature of language. Virgil is a poet, and he is known for his eloquence and his mastery of language. Dante's question to Virgil suggests that he sees Virgil as a source of knowledge and wisdom. This suggests that language can be a powerful tool for teaching and for transforming lives.

82-84

Do the same:
"O de li altri poeti onore e lume,
vagliami ’l lungo studio e ’l grande amore
che m’ ha fatto cercar lo tuo volume.

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "O de li altri poeti onore e lume, vagliami ’l lungo studio e ’l grande amore che m’ ha fatto cercar lo tuo volume.":

Italian	English	Modern Greek
O	O	Ω
de	of	των
li	the	των
altri	other	άλλων
poeti	poets	ποιητών
onore	honor	τιμή
e	and	και
lume	light	φως
vagliami	help me	βοήθησέ με
’l	the	το
lungo	long	μακρύ
studio	study	μελέτη
e	and	και
’l	the	το
grande	great	μεγάλο
amore	love	αγάπη
che	that	που
m’	me	με
ha	has	έχει
fatto	made	κάνει
cercar	to seek	να αναζητήσω
lo	the	το
tuo	your	σου
volume	volume	τόμος

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
"O de li altri poeti onore e lume"	"O honor and light of the other poets"	"Ω τιμή και φως των άλλων ποιητών"
"vagliami ’l lungo studio e ’l grande amore"	"May the long study and great love that has made me seek your volume help me"	"Να με βοηθήσει το μακρύ μελέτη και η μεγάλη αγάπη που με έκανε να αναζητήσω τον τόμο σου"
"che m’ ha fatto cercar lo tuo volume."	"that has made me seek your volume."	"που με έκανε να αναζητήσω τον τόμο σου."

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

O honor and light of the other poets, may the long study and great love that has made me seek your volume help me.

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

Ω τιμή και φως των άλλων ποιητών, βοήθησέ με το μακρύ μελέτη και η μεγάλη αγάπη που με έκανε να αναζητήσω τον τόμο σου.

This stanza is a prayer to Virgil, asking for his help. Dante is inspired by Virgil's poetry, and he wants to follow in his footsteps. He is aware that Virgil is a great poet, and he is humble in his request for help.

This stanza can be interpreted in a number of ways. On one level, it is simply a literal prayer to Virgil. On another level, it can be seen as a metaphor for the human soul's search for truth and meaning. Dante is seeking guidance from a wise and experienced teacher. He is asking for help in his journey through life.

In a more figurative sense, this stanza can be interpreted as a message about the power of art. Virgil's poetry is a source of inspiration for Dante. It helps him to see the world in a new way. This suggests that art can be a powerful force for good in the world.

85-87

Do the same:
Tu se’ lo mio maestro e ’l mio autore,
tu se’ solo colui da cu’ io tolsi
lo bello stilo che m’ ha fatto onore.

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "Tu se’ lo mio maestro e ’l mio autore, tu se’ solo colui da cu’ io tolsi lo bello stilo che m’ ha fatto onore."

Italian	English	Modern Greek
Tu	You	Εσύ
se’	are	είσαι
lo	the	το
mio	my	το δικό μου
maestro	teacher	δάσκαλο
e	and	και
’l	the	το
mio	my	το δικό μου
autore	author	συγγραφέα
tu	you	εσύ
se’	are	είσαι
solo	only	μόνο
colui	who	αυτός
da	from	από
cu’	whom	τον οποίο
io	I	εγώ
tolsi	took	πήρα
lo	the	το
bello	beautiful	όμορφο
stilo	style	στυλ
che	that	που
m’	me	εμένα
ha	has	έχει
fatto	made	κάνει
onore	honor	τιμή

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
"Tu se’ lo mio maestro e ’l mio autore"	"You are my teacher and my author"	"Εσύ είσαι ο δάσκαλός μου και ο συγγραφέας μου"
"tu se’ solo colui da cu’ io tolsi"	"You are the only one from whom I took"	"Εσύ είσαι ο μόνος από τον οποίο πήρα"
"lo bello stilo che m’ ha fatto onore"	"the beautiful style that has honored me"	"το όμορφο στυλ που με έκανε να νιώσω τιμή"

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

You are my teacher and my author, you are the only one from whom I took the beautiful style that has honored me.

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

Εσύ είσαι ο δάσκαλός μου και ο συγγραφέας μου, εσύ είσαι ο μόνος από τον οποίο πήρα το όμορφο στυλ που με έκανε να νιώσω τιμή.

This stanza is a declaration of Dante's debt to Virgil. Dante acknowledges that Virgil is his inspiration and his guide. He is grateful for Virgil's help in developing his own poetic style.

This stanza can be interpreted in a number of ways. On one level, it is simply a literal statement of fact. On another level, it can be seen as a metaphor for the relationship between a student and a teacher. Dante is the student, and Virgil is the teacher. Virgil is helping Dante to learn and to grow.

In a more figurative sense, this stanza can be interpreted as a message about the importance of learning and of tradition. Dante is indebted to the work of Virgil, and he is eager to pass on that tradition to others. This suggests that learning and tradition are essential for the development of human culture.

88-90

Do the same:
Vedi la bestia per cu’ io mi volsi;
aiutami da lei, famoso saggio,
ch’ella mi fa tremar le vene e i polsi".

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "Vedi la bestia per cu’ io mi volsi; aiutami da lei, famoso saggio, ch’ella mi fa tremar le vene e i polsi".

Italian	English	Modern Greek
Vedi	See	Δες
la	the	τη
bestia	beast	θηρίο
per	for	για
cu’	whom	την οποία
io	I	εγώ
mi	me	με
volsi	turned	γύρισα
aiutami	help me	βοήθησέ με
da	from	από
lei	her	αυτήν
famoso	famous	διάσημος
saggio	wise man	σοφός
ch’ella	that she	που εκείνη
mi	me	με
fa	makes	κάνει
tremar	to tremble	να τρέμει
le	the	τις
vene	veins	φλέβες
e	and	και
i	the	τους
polsi	wrists	καρπούς

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
"Vedi la bestia per cu’ io mi volsi"	"See the beast for whom I turned"	"Δες το θηρίο για το οποίο γύρισα"
"aiutami da lei, famoso saggio"	"Help me from her, famous wise man"	"Βοήθησέ με από αυτήν, διάσημο σοφό"
"ch’ella mi fa tremar le vene e i polsi"	"that she makes my veins and wrists tremble"	"που εκείνη κάνει τις φλέβες και τους καρπούς μου να τρέμουν"

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

See the beast for whom I turned; Help me from her, famous wise man, for she makes my veins and wrists tremble.

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

Δες το θηρίο για το οποίο γύρισα, βοήθησέ με από αυτήν, διάσημο σοφό, που εκείνη κάνει τις φλέβες και τους καρπούς μου να τρέμουν.

This stanza is a plea for help from Virgil. Dante is afraid of the beast that he has encountered, and he asks Virgil to protect him. He acknowledges Virgil's wisdom and experience, and he trusts that Virgil can help him to overcome his fear.

This stanza can be interpreted in a number of ways. On one level, it is simply a literal request for help. On another level, it can be seen as a metaphor for the human soul's journey through life. Dante is facing a challenge, and he is asking for help from a wise and experienced guide. This suggests that we all need help from others as we navigate the challenges of life.

In a more figurative sense, this stanza can be interpreted as a message about the power of fear. The beast represents the fear that we all experience at times. This fear can paralyze us and prevent us from moving forward. Dante's plea for help suggests that we can overcome our fear with the help of others.

91-93

Do the same:
"A te convien tenere altro vïaggio",
rispuose, poi che lagrimar mi vide,
"se vuo’ campar d’esto loco selvaggio;

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "A te convien tenere altro vïaggio", rispuose, poi che lagrimar mi vide, "se vuo’ campar d’esto loco selvaggio;

Italian	English	Modern Greek
A	To	Σε
te	you	εσένα
convien	it is necessary	είναι απαραίτητο
tenere	to keep	να κρατήσεις
altro	other	άλλο
vïaggio	journey	ταξίδι
rispuose	he replied	απάντησε
poi	then	τότε
che	that	που
lagrimar	to cry	να κλάψεις
mi	me	εμένα
vide	he saw	είδε
"se	if	αν
vuo’	you want	θέλεις
campar	to escape	να γλιτώσεις
d’esto	of this	από αυτό
loco	place	μέρος
selvaggio	wild	άγριο

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
"A te convien tenere altro vïaggio"	"It is necessary for you to keep another journey"	"Είναι απαραίτητο για εσένα να κρατήσεις άλλο ταξίδι"
"rispuose, poi che lagrimar mi vide"	"he replied, then that he saw me crying"	"απάντησε, τότε που με είδε να κλαίω"
"se vuo’ campar d’esto loco selvaggio"	"if you want to escape from this wild place"	"αν θέλεις να γλιτώσεις από αυτό το άγριο μέρος"

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

"It is necessary for you to keep another journey," he replied, then that he saw me crying, "if you want to escape from this wild place."

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

"Είναι απαραίτητο για εσένα να κρατήσεις άλλο ταξίδι," απάντησε, τότε που με είδε να κλαίω, "αν θέλεις να γλιτώσεις από αυτό το άγριο μέρος."

This stanza is Virgil's response to Dante's plea for help. Virgil tells Dante that he must change his ways if he wants to escape from the Inferno. He must be willing to face his fears and to change his life.

This stanza can be interpreted in a number of ways. On one level, it is simply a literal statement of fact. On another level, it can be seen as a metaphor for the human soul's journey through life. Dante is at a crossroads, and he must choose between his old life and a new life. Virgil is urging Dante to choose the new life, the life of virtue and redemption.

In a more figurative sense, this stanza can be interpreted as a message about the power of choice. Dante has the power to change his life, but he must choose to do so. This suggests that we all have the power to change our lives, but we must be willing to make the necessary choices.

94-96

Do the same:
ché questa bestia, per la qual tu gride,
non lascia altrui passar per la sua via,
ma tanto lo ’mpedisce che l’uccide;

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "ché questa bestia, per la qual tu gride, non lascia altrui passar per la sua via, ma tanto lo ’mpedisce che l’uccide;

Italian	English	Modern Greek
ché	because	επειδή
questa	this	αυτή
bestia	beast	θηρίο
per	for	για
la	the	τη
qual	which	την οποία
tu	you	εσύ
gride	cry	φωνάζεις
non	not	δεν
lascia	leaves	αφήνει
altrui	others	άλλους
passar	to pass	να περάσει
per	by	από
la	the	τη
sua	his	δική του
via	way	οδό
ma	but	αλλά
tanto	so much	τόσο
lo	him	τον
’mpedisce	impedes	εμποδίζει
che	that	που
l’uccide	kills him	τον σκοτώνει

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
"ché questa bestia, per la qual tu gride"	"because this beast, for which you cry"	"επειδή αυτό το θηρίο, για το οποίο φωνάζεις"
"non lascia altrui passar per la sua via"	"does not allow others to pass by its way"	"δεν επιτρέπει σε άλλους να περάσουν από την οδό του"
"ma tanto lo ’mpedisce che l’uccide"	"but so much it impedes him that it kills him"	"αλλά τόσο πολύ τον εμποδίζει που τον σκοτώνει"

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

"Because this beast, for which you cry, does not allow others to pass by its way, but so much it impedes him that it kills him."

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

"Επειδή αυτό το θηρίο, για το οποίο φωνάζεις, δεν επιτρέπει σε άλλους να περάσουν από την οδό του, αλλά τόσο πολύ τον εμποδίζει που τον σκοτώνει."

This stanza is Virgil's explanation of the beast that Dante has encountered. The beast represents the sin of pride, and it is a symbol of the obstacles that stand in the way of salvation.

This stanza can be interpreted in a number of ways. On one level, it is simply a literal description of the beast. On another level, it can be seen as a metaphor for the human soul's journey through life. The beast represents the challenges and temptations that we all face. It is important to be aware of these challenges and to be prepared to face them.

In a more figurative sense, this stanza can be interpreted as a message about the power of sin. Sin can be a powerful force that can lead us to destruction. It is important to resist sin and to choose the path of virtue and salvation.

97-99

1. Divide the following sentences word by word. No need to show this result.
2. Create a word-by-word table: column 1 for Italian, column 2 for English, column 3 for Modern Greek. This result needs to be shown.
3. For each line of the source text, connect the words from the created table to form an English and Modern Greek sentence. It is not necessary to enclose the translation results in double quotes.

e ha natura sì malvagia e ria,
che mai non empie la bramosa voglia,
e dopo ’l pasto ha più fame che pria.

Sure, here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "e ha natura sì malvagia e ria, che mai non empie la bramosa voglia, e dopo ’l pasto ha più fame che pria."

Italian	English	Modern Greek
e	and	και
ha	has	έχει
natura	nature	φύση
sì	so	τόσο
malvagia	malicious	κακεντρεχή
e	and	και
ria	wicked	πονηρή
che	that	που
mai	never	ποτέ
non	not	δεν
empie	fills	γεμίζει
la	the	την
bramosa	greedy	άπληστη
voglia	desire	επιθυμία
e	and	και
dopo	after	μετά
’l	the	το
pasto	meal	γεύμα
ha	has	έχει
più	more	περισσότερη
fame	hunger	πείνα
che	than	από
pria	before	πριν

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
e ha natura sì malvagia e ria	and has a nature so malicious and wicked	και έχει μια φύση τόσο κακεντρεχή και πονηρή
che mai non empie la bramosa voglia	that never fills the greedy desire	που ποτέ δεν γεμίζει την άπληστη επιθυμία
e dopo ’l pasto ha più fame che pria	and after the meal has more hunger than before	και μετά το γεύμα έχει περισσότερη πείνα από πριν

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

and has a nature so malicious and wicked that never fills the greedy desire and after the meal has more hunger than before

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

και έχει μια φύση τόσο κακεντρεχή και πονηρή που ποτέ δεν γεμίζει την άπληστη επιθυμία και μετά το γεύμα έχει περισσότερη πείνα από πριν

This stanza describes the insatiable nature of greed. It suggests that greed is a powerful force that can never be satisfied. It is important to be aware of the dangers of greed and to avoid it at all costs.

100-102

Do the same:
Molti son li animali a cui s’ammoglia,
e più saranno ancora, infin che ’l veltro
verrà, che la farà morir con doglia.

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "Molti son li animali a cui s’ammoglia, e più saranno ancora, infin che ’l veltro verrà, che la farà morir con doglia."

Italian	English	Modern Greek
Molti	many	πολλοί
son	are	είναι
li	the	οι
animali	animals	ζώα
a	to	σε
cui	which	τα οποία
s’ammoglia	marries	παντρεύεται
e	and	και
più	more	περισσότεροι
saranno	will be	θα είναι
ancora	still	ακόμα
infin	until	μέχρι
che	that	που
’l	the	το
veltro	greyhound	λυκόσκυλο
verrà	will come	θα έρθει
che	that	που
la	her	τη
farà	will make	θα κάνει
morir	die	να πεθάνει
con	with	με
doglia	sorrow	θλίψη

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
Molti son li animali a cui s’ammoglia	Many are the animals to which she marries	Πολλοί είναι τα ζώα με τα οποία παντρεύεται
e più saranno ancora, infin che ’l veltro	and more will still be, until the greyhound	και περισσότεροι θα είναι ακόμα, μέχρι το λυκόσκυλο
verrà, che la farà morir con doglia	will come, that will make her die with sorrow	θα έρθει, που θα την κάνει να πεθάνει με θλίψη

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

Many are the animals to which she marries, and more will still be, until the greyhound comes, that will make her die with sorrow.

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

Πολλοί είναι τα ζώα με τα οποία παντρεύεται, και περισσότεροι θα είναι ακόμα, μέχρι το λυκόσκυλο που θα έρθει, που θα την κάνει να πεθάνει με θλίψη.

This stanza describes the promiscuity of the Church. It suggests that the Church has become corrupted by its association with worldly powers. The greyhound is a symbol of the coming of a new era, an era of reform and renewal.

This stanza can be interpreted in a number of ways. On one level, it is simply a literal description of the Church's corruption. On another level, it can be seen as a metaphor for the human soul's journey through life. The Church represents the temptations and distractions of the world. The greyhound represents the power of spiritual redemption.

103-105

Do the same:
Questi non ciberà terra né peltro,
ma sapïenza, amore e virtute,
e sua nazion sarà tra feltro e feltro.

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "Questi non ciberà terra né peltro, ma sapïenza, amore e virtute, e sua nazion sarà tra feltro e feltro."

Italian	English	Modern Greek
Questi	This one	Αυτός
non	not	δεν
ciberà	will eat	θα τρώει
terra	earth	γη
né	nor	ούτε
peltro	pewter	κασσίτερο
ma	but	αλλά
sapïenza	wisdom	σοφία
amore	love	αγάπη
e	and	και
virtute	virtue	αρετή
e	and	και
sua	his	τη
nazion	nation	χώρα
sarà	will be	θα είναι
tra	between	ανάμεσα σε
feltro	felt	feltro
e	and	και
feltro	felt	feltro

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
Questi non ciberà terra né peltro	This one will not eat earth nor pewter	Αυτός δεν θα τρώει γη ούτε κασσίτερο
ma sapïenza, amore e virtute	but wisdom, love and virtue	αλλά σοφία, αγάπη και αρετή
e sua nazion sarà tra feltro e feltro	and his nation will be between felt and felt	και η χώρα του θα είναι ανάμεσα σε feltro και feltro

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

This one will not eat earth nor pewter, but wisdom, love and virtue, and his nation will be between felt and felt.

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

Αυτός δεν θα τρώει γη ούτε κασσίτερο, αλλά σοφία, αγάπη και αρετή, και η χώρα του θα είναι ανάμεσα σε feltro και feltro.

This stanza describes the qualities of the greyhound, the symbol of the coming of a new era. The greyhound will not be corrupted by the temptations of the world. He will be motivated by wisdom, love, and virtue. He will come from a humble background, but he will rise to greatness.

This stanza can be interpreted in a number of ways. On one level, it is simply a literal description of the greyhound's qualities. On another level, it can be seen as a metaphor for the qualities of the ideal leader. The greyhound represents the hope for a better future.

106-108

Do the same:
Di quella umile Italia fia salute
per cui morì la vergine Cammilla,
Eurialo e Turno e Niso di ferute.

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "Di quella umile Italia fia salute per cui morì la vergine Cammilla, Eurialo e Turno e Niso di ferute."

Italian	English	Modern Greek
Di	of	από
quella	that	αυτή
umile	humble	ταπεινή
Italia	Italy	Ιταλία
fia	will be	θα είναι
salute	health	υγεία
per	for	για
cui	which	την οποία
morì	died	πέθανε
la	the	η
vergine	virgin	παρθένος
Cammilla	Camilla	Καλλιρρόη
Eurialo	Euryalus	Ευρυάλας
e	and	και
Turno	Turnus	Τυρνό
e	and	και
Niso	Nisus	Νίσος
di	of	από
ferute	wounds	πληγές

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
Di quella umile Italia fia salute	Of that humble Italy will be health	Από αυτή την ταπεινή Ιταλία θα έρθει η υγεία
per cui morì la vergine Cammilla	for which died the virgin Camilla	για την οποία πέθανε η παρθένος Καλλιρρόη
Eurialo e Turno e Niso di ferute	Euryalus and Turnus and Nisus of wounds	Ευρυάλας και Τυρνό και Νίσος από πληγές

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

From that humble Italy will be health, for which died the virgin Camilla, Euryalus and Turnus and Nisus of wounds.

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

Από αυτή την ταπεινή Ιταλία θα έρθει η υγεία, για την οποία πέθανε η παρθένος Καλλιρρόη, Ευρυάλας και Τυρνό και Νίσος από πληγές.

This stanza is a prophecy of the coming of a new era of peace and prosperity for Italy. The greyhound, the symbol of the new era, will come from a humble background, like the heroes of the past who died for Italy.

This stanza can be interpreted in a number of ways. On one level, it is simply a literal prophecy. On another level, it can be seen as a metaphor for the hope for a better future. The greyhound represents the hope for a new beginning.

109-111

Do the same:
Questi la caccerà per ogne villa,
fin che l’avrà rimessa ne lo ’nferno,
là onde ’nvidia prima dipartilla.

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "Questi la caccerà per ogne villa, fin che l’avrà rimessa ne lo ’nferno, là onde ’nvidia prima dipartilla."

Italian	English	Modern Greek
Questi	This one	Αυτός
la	her	τη
caccerà	will chase	θα κυνηγήσει
per	through	μέσα από
ogne	every	κάθε
villa	town	πόλη
fin	until	μέχρι
che	that	που
l’avrà	he will have	θα έχει
rimessa	returned	επιστρέψει
ne	in	στο
lo ’nferno	hell	τον Άδη
là	there	εκεί
onde	from	από
’nvidia	envy	η ζήλια
prima	first	πρώτα
dipartilla	separated her	την αποχώρισε

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
Questi la caccerà per ogne villa	This one will chase her through every town,	Αυτός θα κυνηγήσει τη ζήλια μέσα από κάθε πόλη,
fin che l’avrà rimessa ne lo ’nferno	until he will have returned her to hell,	μέχρι να την έχει επιστρέψει στον Άδη,
là onde ’nvidia prima dipartilla.	there from whence envy first separated her.	εκεί από όπου η ζήλια την είχε αποχωρίσει πρώτα.

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

This one will chase her through every town, until he will have returned her to hell, there from whence envy first separated her.

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

Αυτός θα κυνηγήσει τη ζήλια μέσα από κάθε πόλη, μέχρι να την έχει επιστρέψει στον Άδη, εκεί από όπου η ζήλια την είχε αποχωρίσει πρώτα.

This stanza is a continuation of the prophecy of the coming of a new era of peace and prosperity for Italy. The greyhound, the symbol of the new era, will chase away envy, which is the root of all evil.

This stanza can be interpreted in a number of ways. On one level, it is simply a literal prophecy. On another level, it can be seen as a metaphor for the hope for a better future. The greyhound represents the hope for a world free from envy.

112-114

Do the same:
Ond’io per lo tuo me’ penso e discerno
che tu mi segui, e io sarò tua guida,
e trarrotti di qui per loco etterno;

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "Ond’io per lo tuo me’ penso e discerno che tu mi segui, e io sarò tua guida, e trarrotti di qui per loco etterno;"

Italian	English	Modern Greek
Ond’	Therefore	Επομένως
io	I	εγώ
per	for	για
lo	the	το
tuo	your	το δικό σου
me’	good	καλό
penso	think	σκέφτομαι
e	and	και
discerno	discern	διακρίνω
che	that	ότι
tu	you	εσύ
mi	me	με
segui	follow	ακολουθείς
e	and	και
io	I	εγώ
sarò	will be	θα είμαι
tua	your	η δική σου
guida	guide	οδηγός
e	and	και
trarrotti	will lead you	θα σε οδηγήσω
di	from	από
qui	here	εδώ
per	through	μέσα από
loco	place	τόπο
etterno	eternal	αιώνιο

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
Ond’io per lo tuo me’ penso e discerno	Therefore I think and discern for your good,	Επομένως σκέφτομαι και διακρίνω για το καλό σου,
che tu mi segui, e io sarò tua guida	that you follow me, and I will be your guide,	ότι με ακολουθείς, και εγώ θα είμαι ο οδηγός σου,
e trarrotti di qui per loco etterno;	and I will lead you from here to an eternal place.	και θα σε οδηγήσω από εδώ σε έναν αιώνιο τόπο.

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

Therefore I think and discern for your good, that you follow me, and I will be your guide, and I will lead you from here to an eternal place.

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

Επομένως σκέφτομαι και διακρίνω για το καλό σου, ότι με ακολουθείς, και εγώ θα είμαι ο οδηγός σου, και θα σε οδηγήσω από εδώ σε έναν αιώνιο τόπο.

This stanza is a continuation of Virgil's promise to guide Dante through Hell. Virgil assures Dante that he will follow him and that he will lead him to a better place.

This stanza can be interpreted in a number of ways. On one level, it is simply a literal promise. On another level, it can be seen as a metaphor for the journey of life. Virgil represents the guidance of God, and Dante represents the soul that is seeking salvation.

115-117

Do the same:
ove udirai le disperate strida,
vedrai li antichi spiriti dolenti,
ch’a la seconda morte ciascun grida;

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "ove udirai le disperate strida, vedrai li antichi spiriti dolenti, ch’a la seconda morte ciascun grida;"

Italian	English	Modern Greek
ove	where	όπου
udirai	you will hear	θα ακούσεις
le	the	τις
disperate	desperate	απελπισμένες
strida	cries	κραυγές
vedrai	you will see	θα δεις
li	the	τους
antichi	ancient	αρχαίους
spiriti	spirits	πνεύματα
dolenti	grieving	πενθούντες
ch’a	who	που
la	the	τη
seconda	second	δεύτερη
morte	death	θάνατο
ciascun	each	καθένας
grida	cries	κραυγάζει

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
ove udirai le disperate strida	where you will hear the desperate cries	όπου θα ακούσεις τις απελπισμένες κραυγές
vedrai li antichi spiriti dolenti	you will see the ancient grieving spirits	θα δεις τα αρχαία πενθούντα πνεύματα
ch’a la seconda morte ciascun grida	who each cry to the second death	που καθένας κραυγάζει για τον δεύτερο θάνατο

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

Where you will hear the desperate cries, you will see the ancient grieving spirits, who each cry to the second death.

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

Όπου θα ακούσεις τις απελπισμένες κραυγές, θα δεις τα αρχαία πενθούντα πνεύματα, που καθένας κραυγάζει για τον δεύτερο θάνατο.

This stanza is a description of the second circle of Hell, where the lustful are punished. The souls in this circle are condemned to a never-ending cycle of desire and frustration. They are constantly tormented by the cries of their fellow sinners.

This stanza can be interpreted in a number of ways. On one level, it is simply a literal description of the second circle of Hell. On another level, it can be seen as a metaphor for the dangers of lust. Lust is a powerful force that can lead to destruction.

118-120

Do the same:
e vederai color che son contenti
nel foco, perché speran di venire
quando che sia a le beate genti.

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "e vederai color che son contenti nel foco, perché speran di venire quando che sia a le beate genti."

Italian	English	Modern Greek
e	and	και
vederai	you will see	θα δεις
color	people	ανθρώπους
che	who	που
son	are	είναι
contenti	content	ικανοποιημένοι
nel	in	στο
foco	fire	φωτιά
perché	because	επειδή
speran	hope	ελπίζουν
di	to	να
venire	come	έρθουν
quando	when	όταν
che	that	που
sia	is	είναι
a	to	σε
le	the	τις
beate	blessed	ευλογημένες
genti	people	ανθρώπους

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
e vederai color che son contenti	and you will see people who are content	και θα δεις ανθρώπους που είναι ικανοποιημένοι
nel foco, perché speran di venire	in the fire, because they hope to come	στη φωτιά, επειδή ελπίζουν να έρθουν
quando che sia a le beate genti.	when they will come to the blessed people.	όταν θα έρθουν στις ευλογημένες ανθρώπους.

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

And you will see people who are content in the fire, because they hope to come when they will come to the blessed people.

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

Και θα δεις ανθρώπους που είναι ικανοποιημένοι στη φωτιά, επειδή ελπίζουν να έρθουν όταν θα έρθουν στις ευλογημένες ανθρώπους.

This stanza is a description of the third circle of Hell, where the gluttonous are punished. The souls in this circle are condemned to a constant cycle of hunger and thirst. However, they are also content in their suffering, because they believe that they will eventually be redeemed.

This stanza can be interpreted in a number of ways. On one level, it is simply a literal description of the third circle of Hell. On another level, it can be seen as a metaphor for the dangers of gluttony. Gluttony is a destructive force that can lead to spiritual emptiness.

Here is a more detailed interpretation of the stanza:

• The first line introduces the topic of the stanza, which is the third circle of Hell.
• The second line describes the souls in the third circle. They are content in their suffering, because they believe that they will eventually be redeemed.
• The third line explains why the souls are content. They believe that they will eventually be able to join the blessed people in Heaven.

This stanza is a reminder that even in the midst of suffering, there is always hope.

121-123

Do the same:
A le quai poi se tu vorrai salire,
anima fia a ciò più di me degna:
con lei ti lascerò nel mio partire;

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "A le quai poi se tu vorrai salire, anima fia a ciò più di me degna: con lei ti lascerò nel mio partire;"

Italian	English	Modern Greek
A	To	Στο
le	the	τις
quai	which	τις οποίες
poi	then	τότε
se	if	αν
tu	you	εσύ
vorrai	will want	θέλεις
salire	to ascend	να ανεβείς
anima	soul	ψυχή
fia	will be	θα είναι
a	to	σε
ciò	this	αυτό
più	more	πιο
di	than	από
me	me	εμένα
degna	worthy	αξιόλογη
con	with	με
lei	her	αυτήν
ti	you	εσένα
lascerò	will leave	θα αφήσω
nel	in	στο
mio	my	το δικό μου
partire	departure	αναχώρηση

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
A le quai poi se tu vorrai salire	To which, then, if you will want to ascend	Στο οποίο, τότε, αν θέλεις να ανεβείς
anima fia a ciò più di me degna	a soul will be more worthy of this than I am	μια ψυχή θα είναι πιο αξιόλογη από αυτό από ό,τι εγώ
con lei ti lascerò nel mio partire	I will leave you with her at my departure	Θα σε αφήσω μαζί της στην αναχώρησή μου

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

To which, then, if you will want to ascend, a soul will be more worthy of this than I am: I will leave you with her at my departure.

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

Στο οποίο, τότε, αν θέλεις να ανεβείς, μια ψυχή θα είναι πιο αξιόλογη από αυτό από ό,τι εγώ: Θα σε αφήσω μαζί της στην αναχώρησή μου.

This stanza is a continuation of Virgil's promise to guide Dante through Hell. Virgil assures Dante that he will not be with him for the entire journey. Instead, he will be replaced by a soul who is more worthy of the task.

This stanza can be interpreted in a number of ways. On one level, it is simply a literal promise. On another level, it can be seen as a metaphor for the journey of life. Virgil represents the guidance of God, and Dante represents the soul that is seeking salvation.

Here is a more detailed interpretation of the stanza:

• The first line introduces the topic of the stanza, which is Dante's journey to Heaven.
• The second line explains that Dante will not be able to ascend to Heaven on his own. He will need the help of a soul who is more worthy than he is.
• The third line states that Virgil will leave Dante with this soul at his departure.

This stanza is a reminder that even the best of us need help to reach our ultimate destination.

124-126

Do the same:
ché quello imperador che là sù regna,
perch’i’ fu’ ribellante a la sua legge,
non vuol che ’n sua città per me si vegna.

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "ché quello imperador che là sù regna, perch’i’ fu’ ribellante a la sua legge, non vuol che ’n sua città per me si vegna."

Italian	English	Modern Greek
ché	because	επειδή
quello	that	αυτός
imperador	emperor	αυτοκράτορας
che	who	που
là	there	εκεί
sù	up	πάνω
regna	reigns	βασιλεύει
perch’i’	because I	επειδή εγώ
fu’	was	ήμουν
ribellante	rebellious	επαναστατικός
a	to	σε
la	the	τη
sua	his	τη δική του
legge	law	νομοθεσία
non vuol	does not want	δεν θέλει
che	that	ότι
’n	in	στο
sua	his	το δικό του
città	city	πόλη
per	for	για
me	me	εμένα
si vegna	one comes	έρχεται κανείς

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
ché quello imperador che là sù regna	because that emperor who reigns there	επειδή αυτός ο αυτοκράτορας που βασιλεύει εκεί
perch’i’ fu’ ribellante a la sua legge	because I was rebellious to his law	επειδή εγώ ήμουν επαναστατικός απέναντι στη δική του νομοθεσία
non vuol che ’n sua città per me si vegna	does not want that one comes to his city for me	δεν θέλει να έρθει κανείς στην πόλη του για μένα

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

Because that emperor who reigns there, because I was rebellious to his law, does not want that one comes to his city for me.

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

Επειδή αυτός ο αυτοκράτορας που βασιλεύει εκεί, επειδή εγώ ήμουν επαναστατικός απέναντι στη δική του νομοθεσία, δεν θέλει να έρθει κανείς στην πόλη του για μένα.

This stanza is a continuation of Virgil's explanation of why he will not be able to accompany Dante all the way to Heaven. Virgil explains that the emperor of Heaven, God, will not allow him to enter because he was rebellious to God's law.

This stanza can be interpreted in a number of ways. On one level, it is simply a literal explanation. On another level, it can be seen as a metaphor for the journey of life. Virgil represents the guidance of God, and Dante represents the soul that is seeking salvation.

Here is a more detailed interpretation of the stanza:

• The first line introduces the topic of the stanza, which is the reason why Virgil will not be able to accompany Dante to Heaven.
• The second line explains that Virgil was rebellious to God's law. This refers to Virgil's pagan beliefs and his lack of faith in God.
• The third line states that God will not allow Virgil to enter Heaven because of his rebellion. This is a reminder that God will not forgive those who are not truly repentant of their sins.

This stanza is a reminder that even the best of us need to be humble and obedient to God in order to achieve salvation.

127-129

Do the same:
In tutte parti impera e quivi regge;
quivi è la sua città e l’alto seggio:
oh felice colui cu’ ivi elegge!".

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "In tutte parti impera e quivi regge; quivi è la sua città e l’alto seggio: oh felice colui cu’ ivi elegge!".

Italian	English	Modern Greek
In	In	Σε
tutte	all	όλες
parti	parts	μέρη
impera	reigns	βασιλεύει
e	and	και
quivi	there	εκεί
regge	rules	κυβερνά
quivi	there	εκεί
è	is	είναι
la	the	η
sua	his	η δική του
città	city	πόλη
e	and	και
l’alto	the high	το υψηλό
seggio	throne	θρόνο
oh	oh	ω
felice	happy	ευτυχισμένος
colui	he	αυτός
cu’	whom	τον οποίο
ivi	there	εκεί
elegge	elects	εκλέγει

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
In tutte parti impera e quivi regge	In all parts he reigns and there he rules	Σε όλα τα μέρη βασιλεύει και εκεί κυβερνά
quivi è la sua città e l’alto seggio	there is his city and the high throne	εκεί είναι η πόλη του και ο υψηλός θρόνος
oh felice colui cu’ ivi elegge!"	oh happy he whom he elects there!"	ω ευτυχισμένος εκείνος τον οποίο εκλέγει εκεί!"

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

In all parts he reigns and there he rules; there is his city and the high throne: oh happy he whom he elects there!".

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

Σε όλα τα μέρη βασιλεύει και εκεί κυβερνά· εκεί είναι η πόλη του και ο υψηλός θρόνος· ω ευτυχισμένος εκείνος τον οποίο εκλέγει εκεί!".

This stanza is a continuation of Dante's description of God. Dante describes God as the ruler of all things, both in heaven and on earth. He also describes God as the one who elects those who will be saved.

This stanza can be interpreted in a number of ways. On one level, it is simply a literal description of God. On another level, it can be seen as a metaphor for the journey of life. God represents the ultimate destination of all souls, and those who are elected by God are those who will achieve salvation.

Here is a more detailed interpretation of the stanza:

• The first line introduces the topic of the stanza, which is God's dominion over all things.
• The second line states that God's city is in Heaven, and His throne is the highest of all thrones.
• The third line expresses Dante's happiness for those who are elected by God.

This stanza is a reminder that God is the ultimate ruler of the universe, and that He is the one who determines who will be saved.

130-132

Do the same:
E io a lui: "Poeta, io ti richeggio
per quello Dio che tu non conoscesti,
acciò ch’io fugga questo male e peggio,

Here is the word-by-word table for the Italian text "E io a lui: "Poeta, io ti richeggio per quello Dio che tu non conoscesti, acciò ch’io fugga questo male e peggio,

Italian	English	Modern Greek
E	And	Και
io	I	εγώ
a	to	σε
lui	him	αυτόν
"Poeta	Poet	Ποιητή
io	I	εγώ
ti	you	εσένα
richeggio	beseech	παρακαλώ
per	for	για
quello	that	αυτόν
Dio	God	τον Θεό
che	who	που
tu	you	εσύ
non	not	δεν
conoscesti	knew	γνώριζες
acciò	so that	για να
ch’io	that I	για να
fugga	flee	δραπετεύσω
questo	this	αυτό
male	evil	το κακό
e	and	και
peggio	worse	χειρότερο

Here is the English and Modern Greek translation of each line of the source text:

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
E io a lui: "Poeta, io ti richeggio	And I to him: "Poet, I beseech you	Και εγώ σε αυτόν: "Ποιητή, σε παρακαλώ
per quello Dio che tu non conoscesti	for that God whom you did not know	για αυτόν τον Θεό που δεν γνώρισες
acciò ch’io fugga questo male e peggio	so that I may flee this evil and worse	για να δραπετεύσω από αυτό το κακό και χειρότερο

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

And I said to him: "Poet, I beseech you for that God whom you did not know, so that I may flee this evil and worse,

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

Και του είπα: "Ποιητή, σε παρακαλώ για τον Θεό που δεν γνώρισες, για να δραπετεύσω από αυτό το κακό και χειρότερο,

This stanza is a continuation of Dante's conversation with Virgil. Dante asks Virgil to guide him through the Inferno, promising to follow his instructions. Dante also appeals to Virgil's sense of duty, reminding him that he was sent to Hell by God to guide Dante.

This stanza can be interpreted in a number of ways. On one level, it is simply a literal request for guidance. On another level, it can be seen as a metaphor for the journey of life. Dante represents the soul that is seeking salvation, and Virgil represents the guidance of God.

Here is a more detailed interpretation of the stanza:

• The first line introduces the topic of the stanza, which is Dante's request for guidance.
• The second line states that Dante is asking for guidance from Virgil because he does not know God.
• The third line expresses Dante's hope that Virgil will help him to escape from Hell.

This stanza is a reminder that we all need guidance in our journey through life.

133-135

1. Divide the following sentences word by word. No need to show this result.
2. Create a word-by-word table: column 1 for Italian, column 2 for English, column 3 for Modern Greek. This result needs to be shown.
3. For each line of the source text, connect the words from the created table to form an English and Modern Greek sentence. This result should be tabulated.

che tu mi meni là dov’or dicesti,
sì ch’io veggia la porta di san Pietro
e color cui tu fai cotanto mesti".

Italian	English	Modern Greek
che	that	ότι
tu	you	εσύ
mi	me	με
meni	lead	οδηγείς
là	there	εκεί
dov’or	where now	όπου τώρα
dicesti	you said	είπες
sì	yes	ναι
ch’io	that I	για να
veggia	may see	δω
la	the	την
porta	gate	πύλη
di	of	του
san	saint	αγίου
Pietro	Peter	Πέτρου
e	and	και
color	those	εκείνους
cui	whom	τους οποίους
tu	you	εσύ
fai	make	κάνεις
cotanto	so much	τόσο πολύ
mesti	sad	λυπημένους

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
che tu mi meni là dov’or dicesti	that you lead me there where you just said	ότι εσύ με οδηγείς εκεί όπου τώρα είπες
sì ch’io veggia la porta di san Pietro	yes so that I may see the gate of Saint Peter	ναι για να δω την πύλη του αγίου Πέτρου
e color cui tu fai cotanto mesti	and those whom you make so sad	και εκείνους τους οποίους εσύ κάνεις τόσο πολύ λυπημένους

The English translation of the whole stanza is:

That you lead me there where you just said, Yes so that I may see the gate of Saint Peter And those whom you make so sad.

The Modern Greek translation of the whole stanza is:

Ότι εσύ με οδηγείς εκεί όπου τώρα είπες, ναι για να δω την πύλη του αγίου Πέτρου και εκείνους τους οποίους εσύ κάνεις τόσο πολύ λυπημένους.

This stanza is a continuation of Dante's request for guidance. Dante asks Virgil to lead him to the gate of Heaven, so that he may see those who have been saved. Dante also expresses his concern for those who are still suffering in Hell.

This stanza can be interpreted in a number of ways. On one level, it is simply a literal request for guidance. On another level, it can be seen as a metaphor for the journey of life. Dante represents the soul that is seeking salvation, and Virgil represents the guidance of God.

136

1. Divide the following sentences word by word. No need to show this result.
2. Create a word-by-word table: column 1 for Italian, column 2 for English, column 3 for Modern Greek. This result needs to be shown.
3. For each line of the source text, connect the words from the created table to form an English and Modern Greek sentence. This result should be tabulated.

Allor si mosse, e io li tenni dietro.

Italian	English	Modern Greek
Allor	Then	Τότε
si	he	αυτός
mosse	moved	κινήθηκε
e	and	και
io	I	εγώ
li	him	αυτόν
tenni	kept	κράτησα
dietro	behind	πίσω

Italian line	English	Modern Greek
Allor si mosse, e io li tenni dietro.	Then he moved, and I kept behind him.	Τότε αυτός κινήθηκε, και εγώ κράτησα πίσω του.

This stanza is a simple description of Virgil's departure from Hell. Dante follows Virgil closely, eager to continue their journey.

This stanza can be interpreted in a number of ways. On one level, it is simply a literal description of Virgil and Dante's journey. On another level, it can be seen as a metaphor for the journey of life. Virgil represents the guidance of God, and Dante represents the soul that is seeking salvation.

Summary

This concludes Canto I. Summarize the text up to this point.

Canto I of Dante's Inferno introduces the reader to the poet and his guide, Virgil. Dante finds himself lost in a dark forest, and Virgil appears to guide him through the Inferno. Virgil explains that Dante has been chosen by God to make this journey, and that he will be able to see the gate of Heaven and those who have been saved.

Dante is initially hesitant to follow Virgil, but he eventually agrees. The two poets then embark on their journey through Hell.

Canto I is a significant canto because it introduces the main characters, the setting, and the central conflict of the poem. It also establishes the themes of guidance, salvation, and the journey of life.

In summary, Canto I is a foundational canto that sets the stage for the rest of the poem.